{"id": 10, "summary": [{"text": "idunella is a genus of crustacean in family liljeborgiidae .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it contains the following species : idunella aequicornis ( sars , 1876 ) idunella excavata ( schecke , 1973 ) idunella longirostris ( chevreux , 1920 ) idunella nana ( schecke , 1973 ) idunella pirata krapp-schickel , 1975 idunella sketi karaman , 1980", "topic": 26}], "title": "idunella", "paragraphs": ["worms - world register of marine species - idunella g . o . sars , 1894\nworms - world register of marine species - idunella aeqvicornis ( g . o . sars , 1877 )\nliljeborgia aeqvicornis g . o . sars , 1877 accepted as idunella aeqvicornis ( g . o . sars , 1877 ) ( type by monotypy )\nty - jour ti - idunella smithi , a new species of marine amphipod ( gammaridea , liljeborgiidae ) from the east coast of the united states t2 - proceedings of the biological society of washington . vl - 98 ur - urltoken pb - biological society of washington cy - washington , py - 1985 sp - 705 ep - 710 sn - 0006 - 324x au - lazowasem , e a er -\n@ article { bhlpart46607 , title = { idunella smithi , a new species of marine amphipod ( gammaridea , liljeborgiidae ) from the east coast of the united states } , journal = { proceedings of the biological society of washington . } , volume = { 98 } , copyright = { in copyright . digitized with the permission of the rights holder . } , url = urltoken publisher = { washington , biological society of washington } , author = { lazowasem , e a } , year = { 1985 } , pages = { 705 - - 710 } , }\n< mods xmlns : xlink =\nurltoken\nversion =\n3 . 0\nxmlns : xsi =\nurltoken\nxmlns =\nurltoken\nxsi : schemalocation =\nurltoken urltoken\n> < titleinfo > < title > idunella smithi , a new species of marine amphipod ( gammaridea , liljeborgiidae ) from the east coast of the united states < / title > < / titleinfo > < name > < namepart > lazowasem , e a < / namepart > < / name > < typeofresource > text < / typeofresource > < genre authority =\nmarcgt\n> < / genre > < note type =\ncontent\n> 98 < / note > < relateditem type =\nhost\n> < titleinfo > < title > proceedings of the biological society of washington . < / title > < / titleinfo > < origininfo > < place > < placeterm type =\ntext\n> washington , < / placeterm > < / place > < publisher > biological society of washington < / publisher > < / origininfo > < part > < detail type =\nvolume\n> < number > 98 < / number > < / detail > < extent unit =\npages\n> < start > 705 < / start > < end > 710 < / end > < / extent > < date > 1985 < / date > < / part > < / relateditem > < identifier type =\nuri\n> urltoken < / identifier > < accesscondition type =\nuseandreproduction\n> in copyright . digitized with the permission of the rights holder . < / accesscondition > < / mods >\netymology diminutive of i\u00f0unn ( sometimes spelled iduna ) , goddess of the norse mythology .\netymology diminutive of i\u00f0unn ( sometimes spelled iduna ) , goddess of the norse mythology . [ details ]\nhorton , t . ; lowry , j . ; de broyer , c . ; bellan - santini , d . ; coleman , c . o . ; corbari , l . ; daneliya , m . ; dauvin , j - c . ; fi\u0161er , c . ; gasca , r . ; grabowski , m . ; guerra - garc\u00eda , j . m . ; hendrycks , e . ; hughes , l . ; jaume , d . ; jazdzewski , k . ; kim , y . - h . ; king , r . ; krapp - schickel , t . ; lecroy , s . ; l\u00f6rz , a . - n . ; mamos , t . ; senna , a . r . ; serejo , c . ; sket , b . ; souza - filho , j . f . ; tandberg , a . h . ; thomas , j . ; thurston , m . ; vader , w . ; v\u00e4in\u00f6l\u00e4 , r . ; vonk , r . ; white , k . ; zeidler , w . ( 2018 ) . world amphipoda database .\n( of listriella j . l . barnard , 1959 ) barnard j . l . ( 1959a ) . liljeborgiid amphipods of southern california coastal bottoms , with a revision of the family . pacific naturalist , 1 , 4 , 12 - 28 ; figs . 1 - 12 ; . [ details ]\nbellan - santini , d . ; costello , m . j . ( 2001 ) . amphipoda . in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels 50 : pp . 295 - 308 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of listriella j . l . barnard , 1959 ) bellan - santini , d . ; costello , m . j . ( 2001 ) . amphipoda . in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels 50 : pp . 295 - 308 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of listriella j . l . barnard , 1959 ) nomenclator zoologicus online . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of listriella j . l . barnard , 1959 ) d ' udekem d ' acoz , c . ( 2010 ) . contribution to the knowledge of european liljeborgiidae ( crustacea , amphipoda ) , with considerations on the family and its affinities . bull . inst . r . sci . nat . belg . , entomol . biol . 80 : 127 - 259 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nto biological information system for marine life ( bismal ) ( from synonym listriella j . l . barnard , 1959 ) to itis\nchilton c . ( 1921a ) . fauna of the chilka lake . amphipoda . memoirs of the indian museum , 5 , 8 , 519 - 557 ; figs . 1 - 12 ; . [ details ]\n( of listriella chilkensis ( chilton , 1921 ) ) barnard , j . l . ; karaman , g . s . ( 1991 ) . the families and genera of marine gammaridean amphipoda ( except marine gammaroids ) . part 1 . records of the australian museum , supplement . 13 ( 1 ) : 1 - 417 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of listriella chilkensis ( chilton , 1921 ) ) d ' udekem d ' acoz , c . ( 2010 ) . contribution to the knowledge of european liljeborgiidae ( crustacea , amphipoda ) , with considerations on the family and its affinities . bulletin van het koninklijk belgisch instituut voor natuurwetenschappen , biologie . 80 : 127 - 259 ; plates : fig . 1 - 32 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\ndistribution saguenay fjord , southern gaspe waters ( baie des chaleurs , gaspe bay to american , orphan and bradelle banks ; eastern . . .\ndistribution saguenay fjord , southern gaspe waters ( baie des chaleurs , gaspe bay to american , orphan and bradelle banks ; eastern boundary : eastern bradelle valley ) ; lower st . lawrence estuary [ details ]\nbrunel , p . ; bosse , l . ; lamarche , g . ( 1998 ) . catalogue of the marine invertebrates of the estuary and gulf of st . lawrence . canadian special publication of fisheries and aquatic sciences , 126 . 405 p . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nintegrated taxonomic information system ( itis ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nd ' udekem d ' acoz , c . ( 2010 ) . contribution to the knowledge of european liljeborgiidae ( crustacea , amphipoda ) , with considerations on the family and its affinities . bull . inst . r . sci . nat . belg . , entomol . biol . 80 : 127 - 259 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nd ' udekem d ' acoz , c . ( 2010 ) . contribution to the knowledge of european liljeborgiidae ( crustacea , amphipoda ) , with considerations on the family and its affinities . bulletin van het koninklijk belgisch instituut voor natuurwetenschappen , biologie . 80 : 127 - 259 ; plates : fig . 1 - 32 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nintergovernmental oceanographic commission ( ioc ) of unesco . the ocean biogeographic information system ( obis ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of listriella longipalma othman & morino , 2006 ) othman & morino . 2006 . listriella longipalma sp . nov . , a new amphipod species ( crustacea : liljeborgiidae ) from the straits of melaka , malaysia . zootaxa volume : 1305 pages : 21 - 32 [ details ]\n( of listriella longipalma othman & morino , 2006 ) liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of listriella longipalma othman & morino , 2006 ) d ' udekem d ' acoz , c . ( 2010 ) . contribution to the knowledge of european liljeborgiidae ( crustacea , amphipoda ) , with considerations on the family and its affinities . bull . inst . r . sci . nat . belg . , entomol . biol . 80 : 127 - 259 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of listriella longipalma othman & morino , 2006 ) bouchet , p . ; fontaine , b . ( 2009 ) . list of new marine species described between 2002 - 2006 . census of marine life . [ details ]\n( of listriella bahia mckinney , 1979 ) lecroy , s . e . ; gasca , r . ; winfield , i . ; ortiz , m . ; escobar - briones , e . ( 2009 ) . amphipoda ( crustacea ) of the gulf of mexico . in : felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico\u2013origins , waters , and biota . biodiversity . texas a & m ; press , college . pp . 941\u2013972 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of listriella bahia mckinney , 1979 ) d ' udekem d ' acoz , c . ( 2010 ) . contribution to the knowledge of european liljeborgiidae ( crustacea , amphipoda ) , with considerations on the family and its affinities . bull . inst . r . sci . nat . belg . , entomol . biol . 80 : 127 - 259 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of listriella picta norman , 1889 ) bellan - santini , d . ; costello , m . j . ( 2001 ) . amphipoda . in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels 50 : pp . 295 - 308 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of listriella picta norman , 1889 ) bachelet , g . ; dauvin , j . - c . ; sorbe , j . c . ( 2003 ) . an updated checklist of marine and brackish water amphipoda ( crustacea : peracarida ) of the southern bay of biscay ( ne atlantic ) . cah . biol . mar . 44 ( 2 ) : 121 - 151 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of listriella picta norman , 1889 ) muller , y . ( 2004 ) . faune et flore du littoral du nord , du pas - de - calais et de la belgique : inventaire . [ coastal fauna and flora of the nord , pas - de - calais and belgium : inventory ] . commission r\u00e9gionale de biologie r\u00e9gion nord pas - de - calais : france . 307 pp . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of listriella picta norman , 1889 ) d ' udekem d ' acoz , c . ( 2010 ) . contribution to the knowledge of european liljeborgiidae ( crustacea , amphipoda ) , with considerations on the family and its affinities . bull . inst . r . sci . nat . belg . , entomol . biol . 80 : 127 - 259 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of listriella similis rabindranath , 1971 ) d ' udekem d ' acoz , c . ( 2010 ) . contribution to the knowledge of european liljeborgiidae ( crustacea , amphipoda ) , with considerations on the family and its affinities . bull . inst . r . sci . nat . belg . , entomol . biol . 80 : 127 - 259 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nbiodivlibrary @ jzed _ trees @ kew _ laa awesome ! we ' re so honored to have this treasure in # bhlib . thanks @ kew _ laa ! now we can enjoy p\u2026 urltoken"]}
{"id": 11, "summary": [{"text": "magilus antiquus , common name the magilus coral snail , is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family muricidae , the murex snails or rock snails . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "magilus antiquus", "paragraphs": ["magilus coral snail or magilus antiquus , vintage engraved illustration . dictionary of words and things - larive and fleury - 189\nmagilus coral snail or magilus antiquus , vintage engraved illustration . dictionary of words and things - larive and fleury - 1895\ncoralliophilidae \u00bb magilus antiquus , id : 345505 , shell detail \u00ab shell encyclopedia , conchology , inc .\nhome freshwater and marine image bank magilus antiquus l . : a , the adult , imbedded in coral , which has been broken away to show the tube ; . . .\nspecies magilus fimbriatus a . adams accepted as coralliophila fimbriata ( a . adams , 1854 )\n( of magilus antiquatus ) taylor , j . d . ( 1973 ) . provisional list of the mollusca of aldabra atoll . [ details ]\nspecies magilus cumingii ( h . adams & a . adams , 1864 ) accepted as coralliophila cumingii ( h . adams & a . adams , 1864 )\ntwo young shells were obtained alive in company with the galeropsis just mentioned . tryon ' s remark\nthat all the species that have been differentiated from m . antiquus must be regarded with suspicion ,\nhas guided my determination . nothing seems to be recorded of the distribution of this species in the central pacific . a specimen from the solomon islands is in this museum .\noliverio , m . ( 2008 ) . coralliophilinae ( neogastropoda : muricidae ) from the southwest pacific . in : h\u00e9ros , v . et al . ( ed . ) tropical deep - sea benthos 25 . m\u00e9moires du mus\u00e9um national d ' histoire naturelle ( 1993 ) . 196 : 481 - 585 . ( look up in imis ) page ( s ) : 557 [ details ]\nspencer , h . g . , marshall , b . a . & willan , r . c . ( 2009 ) . checklist of new zealand living mollusca . pp 196 - 219 . in : gordon , d . p . ( ed . ) new zealand inventory of biodiversity . volume one . kingdom animalia : radiata , lophotrochozoa , deuterostomia . canterbury university press , christchurch . [ details ]\nkilburn , r . n . ( 1977 ) taxonomic studies on the marine mollusca of southern africa and mozambique . part 1 . annals of the natal museum , 23 , 173\u2013214 . [ details ]\nliu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nkilburn r . n . , marais j . p . & marais a . p . ( 2010 ) coralliophilinae . pp . 272 - 292 , in : marais a . p . & seccombe a . d . ( eds ) , identification guide to the seashells of south africa . volume 1 . groenkloof : centre for molluscan studies . 376 pp . [ details ]\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthe star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :\nwe want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only , as we handle very few foreign shells in general . as time goes , the system will become more and more performant .\nenter your email address and we will send you an email with your username and password .\ne - mail jecilia sisican if you do not receive your email with your username and password .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . 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( ed . ) , marine mollusks in japan . tokai university press , tokyo , 365 - 421 ( in japanese ) .\noccurrence record in darwincore format ( elements of obis schema and some of dwc1 . 4 )\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\ndoctype html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nvery cool . . . oliva amethysthina carnicolor ~ 38 . 6mm ~ philippine seashell\nthis amount includes applicable customs duties , taxes , brokerage and other fees . this amount is subject to change until you make payment . for additional information , see the global shipping program terms and conditions - 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2018 ebay inc . all rights reserved . accessibility , user agreement , privacy , cookies and adchoice\nmost materials are located in the university of washington libraries . images were scanned by staff of the uw fisheries - oceanography library .\nmaterials in the freshwater and marine image bank are in the public domain . no copyright permissions are needed . acknowledgement of the freshwater and marine image bank as a source for borrowed images is requested .\nthe university of washington libraries does not provide reproductions of this image . this record contains a citation for this image . if you want to use the scanned image , acknowledgement of the freshwater and marine image bank as a source for borrowed images is requested .\nbarnes ( albert h . ) photographs of western washington , ca . 1895 - 1920\nboyd and braas photographs of seattle and washington state , ca . 1888 - 1893\ncobb ( john n . ) photographs of the fishing industry , ca . 1897 - 1917\nhegg ( eric a . ) photographs of alaska and the klondike , 1897 - 1901\nlindsley ( lawrence denny ) photographs of washington state , ca . 1875 - 1971\nmeed ( william e . ) photographs of the yukon territory , ca . 1898 - 1907\nmorell ( karen l . ) africa , trinidad , and new orleans multimedia collection\npeiser ( theodore e . ) photographs of washington state , ca . 1864 - 1910\nsarvant ( henry m . ) photographs of washington state and the yukon , 1892 - 1912\nvan olinda ( oliver s . ) photographs of puget sound , 1880s - 1930s\nwaite ( alvin h . ) photographs of tacoma and washington state , 1892 - 1907\nmontfort , p . d . de 1810 . conchyliologie syst\u00e9matique , et classification m\u00e9thodique des coquilles ; offrant leurs figures , leur arrangement g\u00e9n\u00e9rique , leurs descriptions caract\u00e9ristiques , leurs noms ; ainsi que leur synonymie en plusieurs langues . ouvrage destin\u00e9 \u00e0 faciliter l ' \u00e9tude des coquilles , ainsi que leur disposition dans les cabinets d ' histoire naturelle . coquilles univalves , non cloisonn\u00e9es . tome second . - pp . [ 1 - 3 ] , 1 - 676 . paris . ( sch\u0153ll ) .\nyou will be directed to the entry page of the digitized work . go to the page you need in the navigation system there .\nthe basic data of this taxon were entered by hand , consulting the original description , and following animalbase standard .\n( of campulotus guettard , 1770 ) guettard j . e . ( 1770 ) . m\u00e9moires sur diff\u00e9rentes parties des sciences et arts [ qui referme ] . . . deuxi\u00e8me m\u00e9moire , qui renferme la concordance des auteurs qui ont parl\u00e9 des tuyaux marins fossiles , auxquels on a compar\u00e9 ceux qui se p\u00eachent actuellement dans la mer . classe des tuyaux marins . troisi\u00e8me m\u00e9moire . sur les erreurs o\u00f9 l ' on a \u00e9t\u00e9 au sujet des tuyaux marins . paris , prault . 3 ( 544 ) : 71 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 94 [ details ]\nvaught , k . c . ; tucker abbott , r . ; boss , k . j . ( 1989 ) . a classification of the living mollusca . american malacologists : melbourne . isbn 0 - 915826 - 22 - 4 . xii , 195 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of campulotus guettard , 1770 ) bieler , r . ; petit , r . e . ( 2011 ) . catalogue of recent and fossil \u201cworm - snail\u201d taxa of the families vermetidae , siliquariidae , and turritellidae ( mollusca : caenogastropoda ) . zootaxa . 2948 , 1 - 103 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 13 , 69 , 73 [ details ]\nsorry , we just need to make sure you ' re not a robot . for best results , please make sure your browser is accepting cookies .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 / / en\nurltoken\nin : the atoll of funafuti , ellice group : its zoology , botany , ethnology and general structure based on collections made by charles hedley of the australian museum , sydney , n . s . w .\nthe atoll of funafuti , ellice group : its zoology , botany , ethnology and general structure based on collections made by charles hedley of the australian museum , sydney , n . s . w .\nauthors : hesse , richard , 1868 - 1944 ; allee , w . c . 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{"id": 15, "summary": [{"text": "oedignathus inermis is a species of king crab found off the pacific coasts of the united states and canada , from california to alaska , and disjunctly around the coasts of japan .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "it is the only species in the genus oedignathus , and is sometimes called the granular claw crab , paxillose crab or tuberculate nestling lithode crab . ", "topic": 18}], "title": "oedignathus", "paragraphs": ["where are you likely to find oedignathus inermis ? how could you tell it apart from petrolisthes spp . ? what does it presumably eat ( two food types ) ?\nsecurity for granular claw crabs , oedignathus inermis , is an abandoned barnacle shell . they have to locate protection because their soft - shelled abdomens are vulnerable and nutritious . the specific epithet , inermis , means unarmed . some people call o . inermis soft - bellied crabs . they are much sought by predators .\nthese crabs are scientifically called oedignathus inermis . they are usually found in large numbers across the pacific coast of the usa , from california to alaska . a feature that differentiates them from other species is the large number of eminences which are visible on the planate chelipeds and leg areas . they usually reside underneath purple - colored algae .\nshallow - water representatives of the hapalogastrinae ( oedignathus , hapalogaster , cryptolithodes ) and lithodinae ( paralithodes , lopholithodes ) have average egg diameters ranging from 0 . 63 to 1 . 15 mm and are significantly smaller ( p < 0 . 01 ) than those produced by deep - sea genera ( neolithodes , lithodes and paralomis ) .\n( of oedignathus gilli benedict , 1895 ) mclaughlin , p . a . ; komai , t . ; lemaitre , r . ; listyo , r . ( 2010 ) . annotated checklist of anomuran decapod crustaceans of the world ( exclusive of the kiwaoidea and families chirostylidae and galatheidae of the galatheoidea . part i \u2013 lithodoidea , lomisoidea and paguroidea . the raffles bulletin of zoology . supplement no 23 , 5 - 107 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmclaughlin et al . 2005 . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : crustaceans . american fisheries society special publication 31\nwilliams , austin b . , lawrence g . abele , d . l . felder , h . h . hobbs , jr . , r . b . manning , et al .\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; no other information is captured .\nin general , only the information that you provide , or the choices you make while visiting a web site , can be stored in a cookie . for example , the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it . allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer , and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\nmclaughlin , p . a . ; komai , t . ; lemaitre , r . ; listyo , r . ( 2010 ) . annotated checklist of anomuran decapod crustaceans of the world ( exclusive of the kiwaoidea and families chirostylidae and galatheidae of the galatheoidea . part i \u2013 lithodoidea , lomisoidea and paguroidea . the raffles bulletin of zoology . supplement no 23 , 5 - 107 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nliu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of hapalogaster inermis stimpson , 1860 ) mclaughlin , p . a . ; komai , t . ; lemaitre , r . ; listyo , r . ( 2010 ) . annotated checklist of anomuran decapod crustaceans of the world ( exclusive of the kiwaoidea and families chirostylidae and galatheidae of the galatheoidea . part i \u2013 lithodoidea , lomisoidea and paguroidea . the raffles bulletin of zoology . supplement no 23 , 5 - 107 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of hapalogaster brandtii schalfeew , 1892 ) mclaughlin , p . a . ; komai , t . ; lemaitre , r . ; listyo , r . ( 2010 ) . annotated checklist of anomuran decapod crustaceans of the world ( exclusive of the kiwaoidea and families chirostylidae and galatheidae of the galatheoidea . part i \u2013 lithodoidea , lomisoidea and paguroidea . the raffles bulletin of zoology . supplement no 23 , 5 - 107 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\n) . the first ( basal ) segment of the abdomen has calcified plates , as do the two terminal ones .\n, and small spines but no large spines . note , however , that there are large spines on the anterior margins of leg 1 ( the\nto 3 cm long and 2 . 5 cm wide in males , 2 cm wide in females ; wider posteriorly than anteriorly , brown with scales on the dorsal surface . it has white - centered orange granules and dark brown spots , but these colors may be masked by mud . may have white on the sternum . there are few if any\namchitka island , ak to monterey , ca ; eastern russia , japan , korea . mostly on the open coast . rarely seen in the san juan islands and is said to not to occur in puget sound ; rare in california .\nthese crabs are often found in pairs , and may be in such a tightly secluded space that they appear to be trapped . they feed by straining plankton from the water with their third\n. captive individuals also catch worms and small crustaceans with their small claw and crush mussels with the large claw . predators include black oystercatchers .\nthe abdomen of this species is thick and soft . the basal segment and the two distal segments have some calcified plates , which are not evident in this view .\none claw is much larger than the other . the\npalm\nof the\nthe rostrum is short . the carapace has orange - red tubercles with a white spot in the middle .\ngranular claw crab found in an intertidal area of calvert island . note the granules covering the larger claw . photo by cody gold .\nin : nishimura , s . ( ed . ) , guide to seashore animals of japan with color pictures and keys , vol . ii . hoikusha , osaka , 347 - 378 ( in japanese ) .\nannotated checklist of anomuran decapod crustaceans of the world ( exclusive of the kiwaoidea and families chirostylidae and galatheidae of the galatheoidea ) . part i - lithodoidea , lomisoidea and paguroidea .\njapanese crustacean decapods and stomatopods in color , vol . i . macrura , anomura and stomatopoda .\noccurrence record in darwincore format ( elements of obis schema and some of dwc1 . 4 )\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nking crabs are well - known due to their exceptionally big size and their ability to reside in cold waters . this article provides some basic facts about the various species of king crabs .\nking crabs are one of the most hunted sea dwellers . there are different species of these creatures which are found in seas all around the globe . they are also known as ' stone crabs ' due to their appearance . they prefer to live in freezing cold waters , whereas other species of crabs are normally found in warmer waters . they are the largest amongst all kinds of crabs , and have a great commercial demand and importance . some of their species are used as food by many people due to their size and taste . japanese and american restaurants are famous for preparing king crab recipes . around 40 species of these crabs are known till now . the most common are red , blue , and golden king crabs , which are generally found in alaskan waters .\nthese crabs are usually hunted in alaska . their scientific name is paralithodes platypus . the ones which are caught in the pribilof islands are the largest among the blue king crabs . they have a brown - colored body with blue highlights on it . they have exceptionally big claws which seem really dangerous .\nthese crabs are also known as lithodes aequispinus , and are generally found in regions from the british columbia to the aleutian islands , and also japan . these are relatively smaller in size in comparison with other species . as their name suggests , they have a golden - colored outer covering .\nthese are also called golf - ball crabs , and are normally found at depths of about 10 - 75 meters . their shell is triangular in shape , and approximately seven centimeters in length . there are numerous spines and bristle - like structures present on the legs of these crabs .\nthey are scientifically known as lithodes couesi , and are smaller in size . they are found in large numbers , which lessens their commercial value .\nfishing for king crabs is largely carried out in alaska . due to this reason , the government has implemented regulations on overfishing to save these king crabs from becoming extinct .\ndoctype html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\ndorsoventrally flattened , carapace as long as or wider than long ; carapace with linea anomurica ; outer orbital spines absent ; rostrum overreaching distal corneal margin , or not overreaching bases of corneas . eye cornea well developed ; ocular acicles absent .\nbases widely separated ; crista dentata present ; accessory tooth present ; dactylus simple .\nall of similar form ; 2 - 4 with basis and ischium fused ; dactyli of pereopods 2 to 3 simple . pereopod 3 about the same length as pereopod 2 ; pereopods 3 dactyli and propodi of right and left similar . pereopod 4 simple .\npartially divided ; sternite of pereopod 5 reduced , contiguous with preceding sternite ; somite of pereopod 5 not fused with first abdominal somite , or somite of pereopod 5 fused with first abdominal somite .\n3 - 5 absent ; none modified as gonopods . male with no other sexual modifications ; female with first pleopods paired and modified as gonopods . uropods absent .\ncite this publication as : ' mclaughlin , p . , s . ahyong & j . k . lowry ( 2002 onwards ) . ' anomura : families . ' version : 2 october 2002 . urltoken ' .\nthe infraorder anomura has long captivated the attention of evolutionary biologists due to its impressive morphological diversity and ecological adaptations . to date , 2500 extant species have been described but phylogenetic relationships at high taxonomic levels remain unresolved . here , we reconstruct the evolutionary history\u2014phylogeny , divergence times , character evolution and diversification\u2014of this speciose clade . for this purpose , we sequenced two mitochondrial ( 16s and 12s ) and three nuclear ( h3 , 18s and 28s ) markers for 19 of the 20 extant families , using traditional sanger and next - generation 454 sequencing methods . molecular data were combined with 156 morphological characters in order to estimate the largest anomuran phylogeny to date . the anomuran fossil record allowed us to incorporate 31 fossils for divergence time analyses .\nour findings are compared against current classifications and previous hypotheses of anomuran relationships . many families and genera appear to be poly - or paraphyletic suggesting a need for further taxonomic revisions at these levels . a divergence time analysis provides key insights into the origins of major lineages and events and the timing of morphological ( body form ) and ecological ( habitat ) transitions . living anomuran biodiversity is the product of 2 major changes in the tempo of diversification ; our initial insights suggest that the acquisition of a crab - like form did not act as a key innovation .\nthe infraorder anomura represents a highly diverse group of decapod crustaceans comprised of hermit crabs , mole crabs , king crabs , squat - lobsters and porcelain crabs . the fossil record contains representatives of nearly all extant families and spans the norian / rhaetian ( late triassic ) [\n] and the common use of hermit crabs as pets in the aquarium trade . moreover , some species are threatened or endangered due to rarity in nature , e . g . , pylochelidae [\n] . thus , improved understanding of these groups bears not only on appreciation of their diversity and ecology , but also strategies for their conservation .\n] ] . early classifications from the 19th to the first half of the 20th centuries were based on adult morphological characters including mouthparts , antennae , gills , pleon type , and / or larval characteristics . these classifications often differed in higher - level composition and , in some cases , the infraordinal name ( e . g . anomura vs . anomala ) . since these studies , various researchers have proposed changes in the classification scheme [\n] , many of which remain actively debated . more recently , molecular and / or morphological data have been used to reevaluate anomuran relationships [\none of the most debated evolutionary questions within anomura is phylogenetic relationships between hermit and king crabs . since the early 1800\u2019s [ e . g . , [\n] ] , studies have suggested king crabs and hermit crabs are close relatives , despite first appearances to the contrary . king crabs are among the largest arthropods and have a crab - like body shape , whereas hermit crabs are relatively small and depend on a shell for protection . despite glaring morphological differences as adults , an affinity between king crabs ( lithodoids ) and hermit crabs ( paguroids ) has been long suggested [\n] . although most accept this claim , the evolutionary pathways and hypothesized ancestor of both groups has been debated for decades , with two major hypotheses being proposed . the first suggests that the lithodids (\n) ( \u201chermit to king hypothesis\u201d ) while the second suggests the opposite evolutionary pathway ( \u201cking to hermit hypothesis\u201d ) . here we revisit these hypotheses in light of new phylogenetic data to test the \u201chermit to king\u201d / \u201cking to hermit\u201d evolutionary pathway .\nadditional controversy over anomuran relationships stems from apparently rampant examples of convergent and / or parallel evolution in body forms . anomurans span an impressive array of body configurations that include : 1 ) crab - like forms 2 ) squat - lobster forms 3 ) hermit crab forms with pleonal ( abdomen ) symmetry ( found in 1 hermit crab family ) and 4 ) hermit crab forms with pleonal asymmetry ( found in 4 hermit crab families ) . recent studies suggest that the acquisition of a crab - like body form , known as carcinization [ see , [\n] , possibly impacting diversification rates within these lineages . for the first time , we explore diversification patterns in anomura and specifically test if carcinized lineages underwent unusually rapid diversification rates . if the emergence of the crab - like form promoted diversification we would expect the overall rate in carcinized lineages to be high compared to net of diversification across anomura . additionally , we test if the acquisition of different body forms ( i . e . , crab - like , squat - lobster - like , pleonal asymmetry and symmetry ( hermit ) ) arose once or multiple times during the emergence of the anomurans and reconstruct the evolutionary pathways of these transitions .\ndivergence dating is a powerful tool used to estimate the timing and origins of diversity , morphological traits , habitat shifts , and diversification . although nearly all the family - level groups of anomura are represented in the fossil record , the discovery has not been as frequent as that of other decapod groups ( i . e . , true crabs , lobsters ) . two factors , variations in cuticular sclerotization and habitat preference , are likely responsible for the limited occurrence of anomuran fossils . many taxa are weakly calcified , whereas others possess well - calcified claws and poorly calcified carapaces and pleons . in addition , habitats currently occupied by anomurans , including freshwater , terrestrial , intertidal marine , deep marine , and hydrothermal vent areas are strongly underrepresented in the fossil record . despite these limitations , we incorporate 31 fossil calibrations to estimate the origin of lineages and major events during anomuran evolutionary history , including the transition of body forms and shift into freshwater and terrestrial environments .\nhere , we present the taxonomically broadest and largest dataset yet assembled . we combine sequences generated by traditional sanger and next - generation 454 sequencing methods with morphological characters , including 19 / 20 extant families and 137 species , to estimate phylogenetic relationships , character state evolution , divergence times , and diversification patterns among major lineages of this diverse clade of crustaceans . our comprehensive sampling , in combination with modern integrative approaches , allows us to present the most complete evolutionary picture for the infraorder anomura to date .\n) . alternative outgroup sampling schemes did not affect internal relationships among anomura . the optimal models of evolution for each gene selected in modeltest were as follows : gtr + i + g 18s , 28s , h3 and tvm + i + g 12s , 16s . several sequences downloaded from genbank were excluded from the analysis due to contamination after a blast search and / or strange alignment results ( see additional file\nan \u201cn / a\u201d not available indicates missing sequence data . new sequences are indicated as kfxxxxxx .\nalternative outgroup selections did not affect internal anomuran relationships . with all outgroups included , brachyura was recovered as the sister taxon . the bayesian analysis from the combined molecular + morphology dataset recovers anomura as a monophyletic group with high support ( 100 = pp , figure\n) . the majority of the nodes ( 86 % ) are recovered with very high support ( > 95 ) . three families are recovered as para - or polyphyletic ( diogenidae , paguridae , munididae ) . with the exception of three families ( blepharipodidae , kiwaidae , lomisidae ) each having a single representative , the remaining families were found to be monophyletic ( hippidae , albuneidae , munidopsidae , galatheidae , porcellanidae , parapaguridae , aeglidae , eumunididae , chirostylidae , lithodidae , hapalogastridae , pylochelidae , and coenobitidae ) with high support . blepharipodidae , hippidae , and albuneidae ( hippoidea ) group together with very high support ( 100 ) , being sister to the remaining 16 anomuran families . lomisidae , eumunididae , kiwaidae , and chirostylidae ( lomisoidea + chirostyloidea ) form a clade with high support ( 100 ) and are sister to aeglidae ( aegloidea ) . munidopsidae , galatheidae , munididae , and porcellanidae ( galatheoidea ) form a clade with high bayesian support ( 100 ) . within the galatheoidea , munididae is paraphyletic with the galatheids nested within the group . pylochelidae , parapaguridae , diogenidae , coenobitidae , paguridae , hapalogastridae , and lithodidae ( = paguroidea + lithodoidea ) form a statistically supported clade ( 97 ) . six of the seven anomuran superfamilies are monophyletic ( hippoidea , galatheoidea , aegloidea , lomisoidea [ monotypic ] , chirostyloidea , and lithodoidea ) . the remaining superfamily , paguroidea is found to be paraphyletic and includes the superfamily lithodoidea ( lithodidae + hapalogastridae ) . 11 genera were found to be poly - or paraphyletic (\ncombined bayesian phylogram based on molecular ( 3669 characters ) and morphological ( 156 characters ) data . vertical colored bars represent anomuran families , grey brackets represent superfamilies , and the black vertical line represents outgroups . bayesian posterior probabilities represented as percentages and > 70 % are noted above or below branches .\n) is similar to our combined phylogeny , with most differences being found in placement and composition of paguroidea . unlike the combined phylogeny , which recovered paguroidea as paraphyletic , paguroidea was found to be polyphyletic . the family pylochelidae was recovered as polyphyletic according to molecular data but was monophyletic when morphology was added . parapaguridae was sister to a clade containing pylochelidae , aeglidae , lomisidae , eumunididae , kiwaidae , and chirostylidae , similar to the results of tsang et al . [\n] based on nuclear protein coding genes . as in the combined phylogeny , coenobitidae is nested within the diogenidae , and lithodoidea nested within the paguroidea . within lithodoidea of the molecular\u2013only phylogeny , hapalogastridae was found to be paraphyletic , with representatives of the genera\n) end of the tree . however lithodoid relationships in the molecular - only phylogeny should be interpreted with caution as many were recovered with little to no support . in the combined phylogeny hapalogastridae was found to be a monophyletic and sister to lithodidae ( figure\nsome deep splits and short branches in the molecular - only phylogeny should be interpreted with caution , as support is low .\nbayesian phylogram based on 5 genes 12s , 16s , 18s , 28s , h3 and 3669 characters . vertical colored bars represent anomuran families , grey brackets represent superfamilies , and the black vertical line represents outgroups . bayesian posterior probabilities represented as percentages and maximum likelihood bootstrap values are noted above or below branches .\n] were tested using the shimodaira - hasegawa test ( s - h ) . three of the seven hypotheses were found to be significantly worse than our unconstrained topology (\n= \u221268430 . 951016 ) . hypotheses that tested a \u201cking to hermit\u201d evolutionary pathway were all significantly worse than the alternative ( i . e . , \u201chermit to king\u201d ) as recovered in our best ml tree (\na ) . analyses indicated that a crab - like ancestor gave rise to all extant anomuran lineages . in addition to the earliest branching clade , hippoidea , carcinization occurred independently three times during the evolution of the group , twice through squat lobster - like intermediaries ( squat intermediary = si on tree ) and once through an asymmetrical hermit crab - like ancestor ( asymmetrical hermit intermediary = ahi on tree ) ( figure\na ) . the squat lobster - like form arose once as an early branching lineage and gave rise to the crab - like clades , lomisidae and porcellanidae . within the hermit crab lineages , the symmetrical pleon arose once within the pylochelidae . the asymmetrical pleon arose once within the paguroidea , but was subsequently partially reverted to the ancestral symmetrical condition ( in males only ) within the crab - like lithodidae and hapalogastridae ( = lithodoidea , figure\nb ) . in combination with divergence time results , we can make predictions about the timing of these events ( see discussion ) . maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood methods recovered similar ancestral state reconstructions for body form and habitat ( figure\nancestral state reconstruction analysis using maximum likelihood methods for body shape and habitat transition within anomura . colored taxa correspond to anomuran families as noted in legend . pie charts represent the likelihood of the ancestral state . ( a ) character states for body shape were defined as crab - like white , squat lobster blue , symmetrical hermit green and asymmetrical hermit black . ( b ) character states for habitat were defined as freshwater white , semi - terrestrial green , and marine black . subtrees are shown for the transition into freshwater ( aeglidae ) and semi - terrestrial habitats ( coenobitidae ) .\n) . all parameters reached convergence for individual runs . beast estimated the divergence of the anomurans from the true crabs , brachyura , to be in the permian ( ~ 259 ( 224\u2013296 ) mya , figure\n, square g ) . the origin of the asymmetrical hermit crab lineages followed soon after in the pliensbachian , early jurassic ( ~ 187 mya , square h ) . two hermit crab families were recovered as non - monophyletic assemblages ( diogenidae , paguridae ) , which resulted in multiple timing of origins for these families . parapaguridae split from one clade of diogenidae (\n) in the bathonian , middle jurassic ( ~ 167 mya , square i ) , while the family coenobitidae is found nested within a slightly older clade of diogenidae ( ~ 173 mya , square j ) , which includes most present day genera . paguridae is not monophyletic , because of the internally nested lithodidae and haplogastridae . the most recent common ancestor of the pagurid + lithodid + hapalogastrid clade was placed in the late cretaceous ( cenomanian , ~ 98 mya , square k ) with lithodidae and hapalogastridae splitting from one another around 18 mya ( burdigalian , miocene ) .\n) . divergence time estimates ( my ) are noted adjacent to their respective nodes and blue nodal bars correspond to the 95 % highest posterior density regions . geological periods are superimposed onto the phylogeny and listed as follows : d , devonian ; c , carboniferous ; p , permian ; tr , triassic ; j , jurassic ; k , cretaceous ; t , tertiary . colored taxa correspond to anomuran families as noted in the legend . green boxes indicate a diversification shift .\n] was used to detect whether any clade within the anomuran tree was best explained by independent diversification models , and to specifically address whether acquisition of the crab - like form resulted in an increase of diversification rates . the background tempo of diversification across the anomuran tree is characterized by a speciation rate\n) . a slow speciation rate is detected in the lineage leading to the monotypic and carcinized family lomisidae , and an increase rate occurred in the squat - lobster family chirostylidae . the ancient but species - depauperate branch leading to the monotypic family lomisidae was optimally modelled separately with maximum likelihood estimate of\nof 0 . 054182 ( rate acceleration ) . all three resulting clade - specific diversification models were optimally fit as yule models ( aic = 339 . 3032 ) .\n] to resolve phylogenetic relationships . these studies have dramatically increased our understanding of anomuran relationships and resulted in several major changes within higher - level classification [\n) . as mentioned previously , anomurans have undergone dramatic changes in higher - level classification based on recent phylogenetic studies . galatheoidea has been revised recently to exclude aeglidae , kiwaidae , and chirostylidae [\n] . with the recent revision of galatheoidea , all superfamilies were recovered as monophyletic ( i . e . , hippoidea , aegloidea , lomisoidea , chirostyloidea , galatheoidea , lithodoidea ) , except for paguroidea ( figures\n] for review of literature ] , based on morphological characters including mouthparts , gills , and pleonal characters . however , the evolutionary pathways of the two groups continue to be debated ( see also \u201chermit to king , king to hermit evolutionary hypotheses\u201d ) with all recent evidence pointing to a \u201chermit to king\u201d hypothesis .\n) . galatheidae was found nested inside munididae , but alternative topologies that recovered munididae as monophyletic were not significantly worse than our best estimate ( see results ) . deeper sampling within both families is needed to resolve family and genus level relationships . the families galatheidae , munidopsidae , and porcellanidae were all recovered as monophyletic with high support ( figure\n] . alternative hypotheses proposing the monophyly of these families ( i . e . , diogenidae , paguridae ) were rejected using s - h tests , confirming our findings ( see results ) . coenobitidae ( semi - terrestrial hermit crab ) was deeply nested within diogenidae ( left - handed hermit crabs ) while\n] , which he collectively called the paguristinen . the families pylochelidae and hapalogastridae were found to be polyphyletic in the molecular analysis ( figure\ngeneric relationships within anomura seem to be much less resolved than superfamily and family level relationships . we found several genera to be poly - or paraphyletic ( i . e . ,\n] . most instances of non - monophyly occur within highly speciose genera ( i . e . ,\n, suggesting deeper sampling and continued research needs to be undertaken on these groups .\nalthough past studies have shown an affinity between paguridae ( hermit crabs ) and lithodidae ( king crabs ) , the evolutionary pathways and ancestry of these anomuran lineages have been debated for the past two centuries . the traditional and prevalent hypothesis posits that lithodids are free - living hermit crabs that abandoned shell use and underwent a series of morphological changes ( carcinization ) resulting in a crab - like form . it has been argued that the asymmetry of the lithodid female pleon , in particular , is evidence of asymmetrical hermit crab ancestry . boas [\n] similarly derived the lithodids from the pagurids , agreeing with boas on the structural pleonal similarities between these two groups . however , bouvier also proposed a series of gradual and linear progressive stages in the transformation of the pagurid pleon , starting from a pagurid precursor to various genera of hapalogastrids (\n) . in modern times , this concept of pagurid and lithodid evolution was brought to attention when cunningham et al . [\n] supported this same evolutionary view of pagurid and lithodid evolution . recently , a study that examines the hemolymph vascular system in hermit and king crabs found close similarities in arterial systems of the dorsal cephalothorax [\n] . based on observations of the complex changes in pleonal tergites from megalopa to juvenile crab stages , these studies demonstrated that adult lithodid pleonal tergite structure in several species was the result of decalcification and sundering , not secondary calcification and fusion as had been proposed by bouvier .\n] . with the largest number of taxa and most robust molecular / morphological dataset ever used in a phylogenetic study of anomurans , our study once again shows lithodoidea to be nested within paguridae . moreover , our conclusions are consistent with the fossil record , which suggest hermits are much older ( jurassic ) than king crabs ( miocene , table\n< 0 . 05 ) ( i . e . , \u201chermit to king\u201d ) ( see results ) .\nwhile there is undeniable evidence of a close relationship between hermits and king crabs , it is less clear how morphological changes associated with carcinization may have proceeded within the lithodoidea . a recent study comparing hermit and king crab circulatory systems identified several vascular changes that occurred as the result of carcinization , arguing for more comparative studies that look at morphology ( both internal and external ) and development [\n] . however , only with a clear phylogenetic hypothesis can many of these studies be correctly interpreted . recent molecular or combined morphological - molecular phylogenies recover conflicting evolutionary relationships , although only three lithodoid genera ( and not always the same , or excluding hapalogastridae ) have been used in previous analyses [\n) shows the less carcinized and less calcified hapalogastridae as sister to lithodidae , in agreement with virtually every study since bouvier\u2019s in the 19th century . but within lithodidae , and in contrast to bouvier\u2019s linear hypothesis , our study places\n) . it thus appears that the process of heavy calcification may have appeared at least twice in lithodid lineages . more lithodoid genera / species are needed to examine the process of carcinization within the lithodoidea and to properly test bouvier\u2019s and boas\u2019 earlier hypotheses ( explaining the transition of a shell - dwelling hermit crab to a fully calcified lithodid crab ) . in conclusion , while recent , modern studies , including ours , overwhelmingly and clearly support a \u201chermit to king\u201d evolutionary scenario , it is also clear that the evolutionary process and concomitant morphological changes ( particularly in pleonal tergal plates and pleopods ) that occurred within the lithodoidea to produce the various degrees of crab - like forms in that family , is at best poorly understood .\n\u201d could be the most likely candidate for lithodoid ancestry . the close relationship between\n- like hermit crab as the precursor to the crab - like lithodoids . all species of\nare tube - dwellers , not shell - dwellers , and show pleonal asymmetry only in having unpaired pleopods . the genus is relatively small in size compared to the typically large - sized lithodoids with a distribution across both sides of the north pacific , from the sea of japan to puget sound and the straits of juan de fuca , washington [\n) in similar areas . future studies with increased sampling within these groups will shed light into the evolutionary pathway of lithodoids from paguroid ( possibly\n] . although this date is considerably older than the hippoid fossil record , closely related extinct forms extend into the triassic and present day hippoidea are found in substrates underrepresented in the fossil record . the superfamily hippoidea containing blepharipodidae , hippidae , and albuneidae , has been described as being similar to primitive brachyurans [\na ) . the next radiation occurred in the late triassic , giving rise to the squat - lobsters and crab - like superfamilies chirostyloidea and galatheoidea , aegloidea , lomisoidea , and the hermit crab and crab - like superfamilies paguroidea and lithodoidea . our results suggest these superfamily clades were derived from a squat - lobster - like ancestor approximately ~ 205 mya ( figures\nwith a possibly squat - lobster - like body form , dates back to the late triassic ( ~ 201 . 6 - 228 mya ) and has strong morphological affinity with the superfamilies chirostyloidea and galatheoidea . this fossil was found as part of a biotic assemblage suggesting that\naround 137 mya a squat - lobster like ancestor gave rise to a unique superfamily of anomurans , aegloidea . aegloid crabs represent the only freshwater anomuran family and can be found in caves , lakes , and streams throughout the neotropical region of south america [\n] . in combination with our divergence time analyses , we hypothesize that the complete transition in freshwater occurred sometime between the late cretaceous and miocene . this transition appears to have allowed for rapid diversification approximately 13 mya ( 20\u20137 . 4 mya ) .\nfrom approximately 180 mya to 147 mya , the families of galatheoidea radiated and diversified . these include the squat lobsters families munidopsidae , munididae and galatheidae , and the porcelain crab family porcellanidae . the porcellanids diverged in the middle jurassic ( ~ 172 mya ) from squat - lobster like ancestors , but a crab - like body form evolved by the tithonian ( ~ 151 - 145 . 5 mya ) based on fossil evidence and ancestral reconstruction analyses . this was the first occurrence of carcinization from a squat - lobster or hermit - like ancestor within anomura ( figures\n] suggested porcellanid crabs were derived galatheids despite the differences in body shape and form , and this is consistent with our current evolutionary hypothesis .\nlomisoidea and chirostyloidea diverged around 122 mya from a squat - lobster like ancestor . this body form was retained within the chirostyloids and underwent further carcinization , attaining a crab - like form in the monotypic lomisidae , endemic to australia .\n] . in our combined analysis , the hermit crab families , pylochelidae , parapaguridae , diogenidae , coenobitidae , and paguridae , formed a monophyletic group with the inclusion of lithodidae or king crabs , and hapalogastridae . we estimated these families arose early in the evolution of anomura , approximately 205 mya . the symmetrical hermit crabs , pylochelidae , are unique with most having complete body symmetry and in utilizing broken gastropod shells , siboglinid tubes , and coral pieces for shelter and protection , in contrast to other hermit groups that commonly use coiled gastropod shells [\n) . this is consistent with our divergence time analysis , which recovers these families as early branching lineages . diogenidae , coenobitidae , and paguridae typically possess an asymmetrical pleon accompanied by an enlarged right or left chela . according to our combined analysis , pleonal asymmetry in hermits appears to have been derived once in the evolution of the anomurans , most probably between 200\u2013187 mya . this contrasts with the results obtained by tsang et al . [\n] , who proposed that the pleonal asymmetry evolved independently in two different hermit crab lineages , once in parapaguridae , and a second time in diogenidae , coenobitidae , and paguridae . these contrasting differences are the result of incongruent phylogenies based on total evidence ( molecular + morphology , this paper ) and molecular only approaches [\n] . note , however , that our molecular - only analyses recover similar results to those of tsang et al . [\n) . carcinization occurred for the third time in the crab - like superfamily lithodoidea between 29\u201318 mya from an asymmetrical hermit - like ancestor . this estimation is consistent with other timing estimates of king crab carcinization [\nthe crab - like body form was recovered in our study as the ancestral state for all the anomurans . in our study , all alternative body forms were present ( crab - like , squat lobster , symmetrical hermit , and asymmetrical hermit ) early in the divergence of the anomurans . from these ancestral character states , carcinization occurred independently three times during the evolution of anomura , once in the lithodoidea through an asymmetrical hermit intermediate , and twice in lomisidae and porcellanidae through squat lobster intermediates ( see ahi and si , figure\n] . however , our tree differs significantly from tsang et al . \u2019s study [\n] in the deep ancestral origins of carcinization . tsang et al . \u2019s hypothesis suggests a symmetrical hermit crab - like ancestor predated the squat lobster and asymmetrical intermediaries , whereas we recovered a crab - like ancestor to predate these intermediaries . we acknowledge that our analysis recovers two deep nodes that are unresolved , however symmetrical reconstruction at these nodes seems unlikely ( figure\na ) . it must also be noted that the most recent common ancestor of anomura is unresolved in the tsang et al . analysis , although it appears to be a crab - like or symmetrical hermit ancestor . the major differences in the two analyses stems from the differences in phylogeny and more specifically the monophyly ( our study ) or polyphyly [\n] of paguroidea and families therein ( i . e . , pylochelidae ) . there is agreement with tsang et al . in the sister group relationship between paguridae and lithodoidea , although tsang et al . used only four lithodid genera ( vs . eight in our study ) and did not include representatives of hapalogastridae . in addition , both studies provide strong evidence for the intermediary ancestors directly predating carcinization across anomura ( twice through squat lobster ( si ) and once through asymmetrical hermit ( asi ) , figure\nthe multiple cases of carcinization among the anomurans have been noted since the early 1900s . borradaile ( 1916 ) was the first to propose the term carcinization to explain the crab - like aspects of the hermit crab\nand the tendency of anomurans to achieve this form , a phenomenon unique to anomura not evident in other decapod lineages ( e . g . , lobsters , shrimp ) . the emergence of the crab - like form is not \u2018evenly distributed\u2019 across our phylogeny , first occurring in the older lineages porcellanidae and lomisidae and only more recently within the superfamily lithodoidea . some questions naturally arise . why did carcinization occur independently three times during the evolution of the anomura ? why did the presumably shell - dwelling asymmetrical hermit crab ancestors of lithodid king crabs forsake the use of shells for protection , which already provided them with survival advantage ? morrison et al . [\n] suggest that the crab - like form might represent a key innovation that is associated with an evolutionary advantage , possibly due to the greater mobility and agility provided by this morphology . this seems to be evident within the true crabs , or brachyura , which dominate decapods in terms of species richness [ > 6 , 559 species ; 34 ] and have thrived in marine , freshwater , and terrestrial environments . although diversification seems to be low in the crab - like anomurans when compared to the brachyurans , fossil evidence and divergence time analyses suggest crab - like anomurans are much younger when compared to the closely related true crabs ( table\n) . furthermore , the crab - like porcellanids are one of the oldest ( ~ 172 mya , mrca = 139 mya ) and most diverse families of anomurans [ ~ 247 species , 22 ] . lithodids represent an even younger lineage , originating ~ 18 mya , but comprising over 100 extant species . it is plausible that a crab - like form may hold some evolutionary advantage when considering age and diversification within anomura , although this does not seem to hold true for all groups that underwent the crab - like transition ( i . e . , monotypic family lomisidae ) . a second hypothesis explains the possible advantage of carcinization from a hermit - like ancestor . previous studies have suggested a free - living body form may have a selective advantage in obtaining food resources when unconstrained by a gastropod shell [\nthe extraordinary morphological and ecological diversity of anomurans has long fascinated evolutionary biologists . previous studies covering a wide range of faunas have shown how morphological or ecological factors may influence the course of subsequent evolutionary diversification [\nour analysis reports the pattern of diversification in anomura to be characterized by a low net rate of diversification , with two major changes in the rates of speciation along its evolutionary history . the initial diversification of the group during the late permian was characterized by slow rates of diversification and it was not concomitant with major family radiations , which took place from the jurassic onwards .\n) and currently occupy deep - sea habitats suggests that similar geological and environmental changes may also have driven major diversification within the munididae , which shifted habitats at some point because the jurassic forms are nearly all coral - reef associated . currently , the family chirostylidae accounts for 7 % of all anomuran species , but the true diversity is underestimated and about 100 new species are in hand of taxonomists [\n] . clearly , a more accurate phylogenetic framework is needed to interpret in detail the exceptionally high speciation rates reported here .\nthe monotypic family lomisidae showed a strikingly lower rate than the overall tempo of diversification in anomura .\nis anomalous in its prolonged persistence despite an inferred speciation rate of zero ( as recovered by the medusa analysis , see results ) . these taxa , old lineages with few extant species , have been reported in several invertebrates and vertebrates [\n] , suggesting that extremely low rates of diversification characterize these groups . high extinction rates could also account for this pattern ; however , we report that a pure - birth yule model best explains our data . under a high - extinction scenario we would expect to see an overabundance of more recently arisen species that simply have not yet gone extinct ; such a pattern is not observed in our phylogeny .\nour analysis failed to identify a correlation between the timing of branching events ( speciation ) and the evolutionary history of carcinized lineages , which suggests that the acquisition of a crab - like form did not play a major role in shaping extant anomuran biodiversity . however , a major limitation of the medusa approach is that rate shifts cannot be assigned below the level of phylogenetic resolution [\nour study included extant representatives from 19 families , 77 genera , and 137 species of anomurans . the exceptionally rare family pylojaquesidae is excluded for lack of molecular grade tissue samples . a total of 345 sequences from 76 of 144 anomuran specimens were new to this study , while sequences for all five genes from 68 taxa were obtained from genbank . newly included specimens were collected on cruise and field expeditions , from collaborators , or from the university of louisiana at lafayette zoological ( ullz ) collection of molecular grade specimen and tissue samples ( table\n) spanning several decapod lineages . different outgroups were included / excluded to explore sister relationships to anomura and the impact of outgroup selection on anomuran relationships . they consist of representatives from infraorders brachyura ( 5 ) , axiidea ( 4 ) , gebiidea ( 3 ) , caridea ( 4 ) , and suborder dendrobranchiata ( 2 ) .\nour morphological data matrix consisted of 156 characters and 154 species ( including outgroups ) and was constructed in macclade 4 . 0 ( see additional files\nmissing data were scored as unknown ( ? ) and polymorphisms were scored as such rather than assuming a plesiomorphic state . just as alignment gaps in molecular data have been variously treated as a fifth position or as missing in different studies , inapplicable character states in the morphological data may be scored as missing or as an additional character state , \u2018inapplicable\u2019 [\ntotal genomic dna was extracted from the pleon or gills using the qiagendneasy\u00ae blood and tissue kit cat . no . 69582 . two partial mitochondrial genes , 16s and 12s , were amplified by pcr using the following primers , respectively : l2 / l9 & 16s1472 or 16sf & 16s1472 [ ~ 580 bps , [\n] ] . the nuclear large subunit 28s rrna was amplified in sections by 1 . 3 f / 4b , 3 . 25 / 4 . 4b , sa / 5b , and 4 . 8 / 6b [ ~ 2200 bps , [\n] ] or by 1 f / 2 . 9 , 0 . 7 / bi , 2 . 0 / 9r [\n] ] . the majority of target gene regions were obtained through traditional sanger sequencing and data for seven taxa were obtained through next - generation 454 sequencing ( see below ) .\npcr amplifications were performed in 25 \u03bcl volumes containing 1 \u03bcl of taq polymerase hotmaster or redtaq , pcr buffer , 2 . 5 mm of deoxyribonucleotide triphosphate mix dntps , 0 . 5 \u03bcm forward and reverse primer , and extracted dna . the thermal profile used an initial denaturation for 1 min at 94\u00b0c followed by 35\u201340 cycles of 30 sec at 94\u00b0c , 45 sec at 45 - 60\u00b0c depending on gene region , 1 min at 72\u00ba and a final extension of 10 min at 72\u00b0c . pcr products were purified using plate filters prepease\u2122 pcr purification 96 - well plate kit , usb corporation and sequenced with abi bigdye\u00ae terminator mix ( applied biosystems , foster city , ca , usa ) . cycle sequencing reactions were performed in an applied biosystems 9800 fast thermal cycler ( applied biosystems , foster city , ca , usa ) , and sequencing products were run forward and reverse on an abi 3730xl dna analyzer 96 - capillary automated sequencer in the brigham young university ( byu ) sequencing center .\n] . the process required a two - step pcr to prepare selected dna regions for targeted / directed sequencing . the first pcr used a locus specific primer ( e . g . , 16s , 12s , etc . ) with a 22 bp adapter . these amplicons were cleaned using plate filters prepease\u2122 pcr purification 96 - well plate kit , usb corporation . one \u03bcl of cleaned pcr product was used as template for the second pcr . pcr ii incorporated a 10 bp barcode multiplex identifier , mid , 4 bp key , and a 21 bp 454 titanium primer . samples were again cleaned using the millipore system and subsequently combined in emulsion pcr and sequenced via 454 gs flx titanium pyrosequencing technology ( roche ) at the byu sequencing center . the bioinformatic pipeline , barcodecruncher , allowed us to exclude short reads , trim adapters , identify contamination , parse barcoded sequences , and assembly consensus sequences for phylogenetic reconstruction [ for full description of methods see [\nsequences were cleaned and assembled using sequencher 4 . 9 ( genecodes , ann arbor , mi , usa ) . to check for pseudogenes , we followed suggestions by song et al . ( 2008 ) , which included extracting dna from tissue with high amounts of mitochondrial gill tissue , translating protein - coding sequences h3 to check for indels and stop codons , comparing sequences among closely - related species , and building individual gene trees to ensure similar topologies [\n] . comparing gene trees and blast searches helped identify contamination . two datasets were assembled : 1 ) molecular dataset including all 5 gene regions 2 ) combined dataset including molecular + morphological data .\nindividual gene alignments were performed using mafft , implementing the \u201ce - ins - i\u201d option . for non - protein coding genes 12s , 16s , 18s , 28s , gblocks v0 . 91b were used to exclude regions of the alignment with questionable positional homology ["]}
{"id": 25, "summary": [{"text": "gonospira holostoma is a species of air-breathing land snail , terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family streptaxidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "this species is endemic to mauritius . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "gonospira holostoma", "paragraphs": ["html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ngland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) \u2013 australia\u2019s unique reptiles \u2013 including lizards and snakes \u2013 face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .\nthe value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .\na recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nevi , an amazon company , was founded in 2005 under the name true knowledge . the team started out with a mission to make it possible to access the world ' s knowledge simply by asking for information using natural language .\nwe\u2019re part of the amazon alexa team based in amazon ' s innovative cambridge development centre , alongside other amazon teams including prime air , core machine learning , amazon devices and amazon web services .\nnatural history museum ( 2014 ) . dataset : collection specimens . resource : specimens . natural history museum data portal ( data . nhm . ac . uk ) . urltoken\nan open source project by the natural history museum ' s biodiversity informatics group ."]}
{"id": 30, "summary": [{"text": "impages cinerea , common name the grey atlantic auger , is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family terebridae , the auger snails . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "impages cinerea", "paragraphs": ["as an authority for recognizing both impages and hastula and for putting both of those in impages as valid species .\nimpages acuminata lamarck , j . b . p . a . de , 1822\n- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - species : impages cinerea ( i . von born , 1778 ) - id : 2131050020\nhastula c . cinerea vs hastula c . salleana - let ' s talk seashells !\nterebra cinerea luctuosa ( var . ) hinds , r . b . , 1844 : mazatlan , mexico - n peru\nto biodiversity heritage library ( 10 publications ) ( from synonym terebra jamaicensis c . b . adams , 1850 ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 12 publications ) ( from synonym hastula cinerea ( born , 1778 ) ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 75 publications ) ( from synonym terebra cinerea ( born , 1778 ) ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 8 publications ) ( from synonym hastula luctuosa ( hinds , 1958 ) ) to encyclopedia of life ( from synonym terebra cinerea ( born , 1778 ) ) to encyclopedia of life to usnm invertebrate zoology mollusca collection ( from synonym hastula cinerea ( born , 1778 ) ) to usnm invertebrate zoology mollusca collection ( from synonym terebra jamaicensis c . b . adams , 1850 )\n( of hastula cinerea ( born , 1778 ) ) bratcher t . & cernohorsky w . o . ( 1987 ) . living terebras of the world . a monograph of the recent terebridae of the world . american malacologists , melbourne , florida & burlington , massachusetts . 240pp . [ details ]\n( of terebra cinerea ( born , 1778 ) ) dautzenberg , ph . ( 1929 ) . contribution \u00e0 l ' \u00e9tude de la faune de madagascar : mollusca marina testacea . faune des colonies fran\u00e7aises , iii ( fasc . 4 ) . soci\u00e9t\u00e9 d ' editions g\u00e9ographiques , maritimes et coloniales : paris . 321 - 636 , plates iv - vii pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of hastula cinerea ( born , 1778 ) ) rosenberg , g . ; moretzsohn , f . ; garc\u00eda , e . f . ( 2009 ) . gastropoda ( mollusca ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 579\u2013699 in : felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico\u2013origins , waters , and biota . texas a & m ; press , college station , texas . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of terebra jamaicensis c . b . adams , 1850 ) adams , c . b . 1850 . description of supposed new species of marine shells which inhabit jamaica . contributions to conchology , 4 : 56 - 68 , 109 - 123 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nterryn , y . ( 2007 ) . terebridae : a collectors guide . conchbooks & natural art . 59pp + plates . [ details ]\n( of hastula luctuosa ( hinds , 1958 ) ) bratcher t . & cernohorsky w . o . ( 1987 ) . living terebras of the world . a monograph of the recent terebridae of the world . american malacologists , melbourne , florida & burlington , massachusetts . 240pp . [ details ]\n( of terebra acuta deshayes , 1857 ) bratcher t . & cernohorsky w . o . ( 1987 ) . living terebras of the world . a monograph of the recent terebridae of the world . american malacologists , melbourne , florida & burlington , massachusetts . 240pp . [ details ]\n( of buccinum cinereum born , 1778 ) dautzenberg , ph . ( 1929 ) . contribution \u00e0 l ' \u00e9tude de la faune de madagascar : mollusca marina testacea . faune des colonies fran\u00e7aises , iii ( fasc . 4 ) . soci\u00e9t\u00e9 d ' editions g\u00e9ographiques , maritimes et coloniales : paris . 321 - 636 , plates iv - vii pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of buccinum cinereum born , 1778 ) bratcher t . & cernohorsky w . o . ( 1987 ) . living terebras of the world . a monograph of the recent terebridae of the world . american malacologists , melbourne , florida & burlington , massachusetts . 240pp . [ details ]\n( of terebra jamaicensis c . b . adams , 1850 ) bratcher t . & cernohorsky w . o . ( 1987 ) . living terebras of the world . a monograph of the recent terebridae of the world . american malacologists , melbourne , florida & burlington , massachusetts . 240pp . [ details ]\n( of terebra laurina hinds , 1844 ) bratcher t . & cernohorsky w . o . ( 1987 ) . living terebras of the world . a monograph of the recent terebridae of the world . american malacologists , melbourne , florida & burlington , massachusetts . 240pp . [ details ]\n( of terebra luctuosa hinds , 1844 ) bratcher t . & cernohorsky w . o . ( 1987 ) . living terebras of the world . a monograph of the recent terebridae of the world . american malacologists , melbourne , florida & burlington , massachusetts . 240pp . [ details ]\nbratcher t . & cernohorsky w . o . ( 1987 ) . living terebras of the world . a monograph of the recent terebridae of the world . american malacologists , melbourne , florida & burlington , massachusetts . 240pp . [ details ]\nrosenberg , g . ; moretzsohn , f . ; garc\u00eda , e . f . ( 2009 ) . gastropoda ( mollusca ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 579\u2013699 in : felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico\u2013origins , waters , and biota . texas a & m ; press , college station , texas . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nversion 43 . 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed . my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nterryn , y . ( 2007 ) terebridae : a collectors guide : conchbooks & natural art . 59pp + plates .\nterryn , y . ( 2007 ) . terebridae : a collectors guide . < em > conchbooks & natural art . < / em > 59pp + plates .\nborn , i . 1778 . index rerum naturalium musei c\u00e6sarei vindobonensis . pars i . ma . testacea . verzeichni\u00df der nat\u00fcrlichen seltenheiten des k . k . naturalien cabinets zu wien . erster theil . schalthiere . - pp . [ 1 - 40 ] , 1 - 458 , [ 1 - 82 ] . vindobon\u00e6 . ( kraus ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nan educational resource dedicated mainly to the photography and diversity of marine life that can be found in coastal waters and intertidal areas of great britain and ireland .\nscroll down and rollover titles to change screen image or click on title to view image .\nthe specimen above was collected by odoardo ravelo in sand and mud at a depth of 6m , at higuerote , edo miranda , venezuela . july 2009 .\naphotomarine supports open source data recording and sharing for the benefit of wildlife , recorders , research , science and education . the project recommends the following websites and works with the following bodies and organisations .\nthe conchological society of great britain and ireland helping to understand , identify , record , and conserve molluscs .\nthe marine biological association or mba , based in plymouth , is one of the world\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s longest - running societies dedicated to promoting research into our oceans and the life they support . since 1884 the mba has been providing a unified , clear , independent voice on behalf of the marine biological community . it has a growing membership in over 40 countries .\nthe cisfbr or cornwall and isles of scilly federation of biological recorders is an independent umbrella organisation supporting independent recorders and recording groups in the county of cornwall .\nthe cornish biodiversity network or cbn is the largest open source wildlife database in cornwall that sends open source data to the nbn ( national biodiversity network ) . it is a new recording system based on the erica database , the largest recording resource in cornwall . the cbn best supports the activities and needs of the independent recording community and recording groups in cornwall .\nthe national biodiversity network or nbn is a charity that supports open source data sharing and recording supporting conservation , science and education .\nwhy do recorders need open source ?\n. simply because it supports the core values of wildlife recording and the free use of records and data over a very wide network that includes partners like the natural history museum . the link here is to the nbn atlas . the link here is to the nbn atlas .\nthe taxonomy used here is based on that of the following database , which is also used by the mba , nhm and the nbn .\nover 99 % of the species records on aphotomarine are open source but they are also copyright david fenwick . species records published on aphotomarine may not be used on any database , list or distribution map , without a signed user agreement . cornish records that appear on aphotomarine are recorded using the erica database to benefit recording in cornwall and scientific and historical recording in general . no financial benefit must be taken from any record produced by david fenwick , records are of educational benefit only . records by david fenwick must ' ' never ' ' be financially traded .\nthe main objective of this website is in furthering environmental awareness and education through the medium of photography . to increase awareness and access to the wildlife of the region and help\npeople find and identify it . sometimes the difference between species is obvious but many species can only be determined by observing microscopic characteristics that are specific to any one species .\nyou will be directed to the entry page of the digitized work . go to the page you need in the navigation system there .\nthe basic data of this taxon were entered by hand , consulting the original description , and following animalbase standard .\nusing cookies on urltoken shellauction uses cookies only for technical reasons and to facilitate and speed up your site navigation . by continuing to browse , you accept the use of cookies ; if you do not wish to receive them please disable them or not navigate this website further . more info cookies on urltoken\nutilizzo dei cookies su urltoken shellauction utilizza i cookies esclusivamente per ragioni tecniche e per facilitare e velocizzare la navigazione del sito . continuando a navigare accetti l ' utilizzo dei cookies , se non desideri riceverli ti invitiamo a disabilitarli oppure a non navigare questo sito ulteriormente . altre informazioni sui cookies di urltoken\nwe ' ve updated our privacy policy and by continuing you ' re agreeing to the updated terms .\nwhen you visit our site , preselected companies may use cookies or other certain information on your device to serve relevant ads and for analytics purposes . learn more\ndiscussions , photo series , how to identify or distinguish a species or between species .\njust because two taxa interbreed does not necessarily mean that they are not different species . it certainly makes it difficult to apply the biological species concept . however , the number of species that do interbreed from time to time is legion . competent taxonomists in all fields can cite examples . many toads in the united states that are considered separate species by herpetologists interbreed in areas of disturbed habitats which is nearly everywhere now .\ni understand this does not help with the hastula problem . but it might suggest that it is going to be a difficult problem to get an absolute answer to .\nterryn y . ( 2007 ) . terebridae : a collectors guide . conchbooks & naturalart .\nmacroevolution of venom apparatus innovations in auger snails ( gastropoda ; conoidea ; terebridae ) .\nincludes in its abstract the statement :\nthe non - monophyly of most terebrid genera analyzed indicates that the current genus - level classification of the group is plagued with homoplasy and requires further taxonomic investigations .\n, and a later draft appears in lee ( 2009 : 125 * ) .\n. regrettably that issue in not available on - line . i concluded that the two were allopatric and closely - related , certainly meeting criteria for subspecies : a carolinian one ( jax to se fl , reconstituting itself in w florida and inhabiting almost all the continental shoreline of the gulf of mexico ) and a caribbean one , extending well into brasil . the zoogeographic interfaces provided evidence of incomplete reproductive isolation .\nas for generic assignment , i suppose it ' s essential to first decide which of the two candidates more closely resembles our gray augers . although there are important non - conchological characters , e . g . , the proboscis and radula , i think shell characters might be sufficient .\nor does it merit full generic recognition . all of a sudden i have a sense of d\u00e9j\u00e0 - vu ; as i recall , this issue that has been bandied about for some time . i think any decision in this regard must be informed by a more holistic ( read anterior digestive tract ) data matrix . this cop - out appears in the terebrid literature repeatedly .\nmarlo , i know you like definitive and\naccepted\nsystematics , so maybe you ' ll conform to the worms / terryn fiat , but there certainly isn ' t any evidence that the later work utilized any criteria other than conchological for its generic parsing . thus there is good reason to hang on to the earlier hastula for the topical species - level taxa .\nas the question - man used to say : ' my two cents worth . '\nit ' s worth bearing in mind that terryn is responsible for the worms classification using terryn ' s book as the reference , so the two together constitute one opinion rather than an independent support for its use .\nthe dna paper definitely suggests that more work is needed ; of course , that ' s true for almost any organism . whether a particular group deserves to have a genus name or not is ultimately a subjective decision . analyses can will tell whether a particular group seems coherent or not , and we can say that\nif a is considered a genus , b is a similar group and probably should be treated in a similar manner\n. but there ' s no magic amount of difference in dna , anatomy , or shell that must or must not be a genus .\ni framed this string in terms of controversy and got little response . where\u2019re the hornets ? so , here\u2019s a little stirring in hopes i\u2019ll learn what it is i misunderstand .\nuntil dna analysis demonstrates otherwise . so , it comes down to nomenclature . i prefer\n[ note : i am not saying dna analysis is the only measurement . a group of characters ( protoconch , sculpture , radula , color , habitat , reproduction , etc . ) taken together can , as a whole , show that there is sufficient dissimilarity that separate species are at hand . but , a few slight differences in size , shape , degree of expression , color , etc . of a few characters are too easily explained by allopatric genetic drift , diet , habitat , sex , polymorphism , and inadequate breath of the writer\u2019s examination of populations ( or just plain biased observations ) to be accepted as the basis for speciation . ]\n* i know the iczn accepts \u201csubspecies\u201d as a rank within the classification system . and , i can accept the utility of doing so . it is the terminology to which i object . the term \u201cform\u201d would be far more accurate on its face and the botanical nomenclature clearer ; namely\nwe have to admit , we like to classify things ( as shell enthusiasts we are worst than most ) . biological systems defy neatly classifying organisms . and that complication extends to questions as to when is something a genus , family , class etc . dna does inform us what is most closely related to what unless you are in my world of microbes where organisms swap dna all the time . talk about a mess !\npersonally , when it comes to identification of my shell collection , i blow with the wind . let the conchologists mix it up and follow their lead . they may ultimately be right , they may ultimately be wrong . it is an artificial human endeavor applied to a biological systems where there are few ' laws ' . think about it , even central ' theories ' of biology have fallen flat . the cell theory ( the smallest living entity is a cell , what of slime molds , phycomycota , streptomyces ) . ' one gene , one protein theory ' it fell when we realized that different tissues transcribe genes in different tissues . so if we fundamentally have trouble holding onto theories in living systems , with a few exceptions , notably of the theory of evolution . ergo in living systems it is going to be fundamentally difficult to have universal ways to speciate all organisms .\nit may be irritating that our endeavors to explain the\nmessy\nbiological world have fallen flat or constantly changing as new discovers are made . however , i prefer this to a world where everything is solved or most of the earths biota is described , or more likely extinct , leaving many biologists wondering what to do with their time . i love the fact that i can go out and conduct surveys in the pacific northwest where i discover on average 2 new freshwater or terrestrial mollusks . the possibilities that new species or ideas can still be discovered get me out of bed everyday .\ngreat commentaries ! doug ' s report of a minuscule alternation of the genome ( e . g . , the single gene alteration of the monk flower petal coloration ) initiating reproductive isolation of a morph has its parallel in malacology and seems quite relevant to marlo ' s predicament .\nto lecithotrophy in marine prosobranchs ( marien ? ) seem to be analogous to the monk flower story . each of these situations is accompanied by a small morphological change ( one character state ) , but in each instance reproductive isolation can be inferred , convincingly so in some instances , e . g . clausiliids in the carpathians and\n. it is not unreasonable to expect acquisition of further alterations in the genome of each divergent stock to generate further morphologic and physiologic divergences and ultimately enough accrual of distinctive characters to satisfy even the most devout lumper .\nspeciation is a dynamic process . it has to begin somewhere , and , by strict criteria , is not complete in that instant . that ' s why the concept of\nsubspecies ,\nwith all its arbitrary encumbrances , is a tenable construct to define a phylogenetic relationship between the initiating event , be it\n) , and the emergence consensus sibling species . is this so messy ?\n( ignoring mutation producing new ones ) . however , that can take a long time , so that a population has two very different versions of a gene within it . and an occasional hybridization event can put odd genes into a population . a definitive answer on dna patterns requires thorough sampling of multiple genes across the range of the species of interest .\na further problem on subspecies is that , given the lack of official standardization , old below - species names are to be credited as subspecies . sometimes these were merely intended as recognition of individual variation , the modern concept of variety , but they get credited as subspecies . those wanting to have or to sell as many kinds as possible like to recognize more forms . thus , there is a need to distinguish between what is thought to be a type of individual variant ( such as an albino ) and what is thought to be distinctive of a large population that eventually intergrades with other populations .\nthank you for the monk flower ( did not hear about this one before ) and summary . great to see confirmed , in a way , what i ' ve been thinking ever since i took sem photos of iniforis turrithomae and\n, now more than 30 years ago . of course there was nothing smart about that because the alternative option ( that the planktotrophic\ncame from very different lineages and just happened to converge to identicality in every teleoconch character ) totally lacks parsimony .\ntalking gastropods : the fun part of all this is that you can have two bona fide species with exactly the same genome - if one accepts that by - practical - definition the switch in larval development is the start of a new species . i do believe , however , that successful speciation ( mostly the switch from r to k strategy , perhaps also the reverse ) is near entirely\ni thought r and k reproductive strategies were part of a continuum . it seems to me , at least in the example you cite , that\nas for peripatry vs . sympatry : the former certainly helps restrict gene flow , but is it necessary in any of the scenarios we ' ve discussed .\ni hesitate to step into these deep waters , but just to mix things up a bit . the widespread european\ncan be found in freshwater as well as brackish water within tidal influence - thus at times salt water . specimens from these two extremes have been shown to be genetically the same species , but they cannot interbreed because neither can tolerate the habitat of the other . this is surely a setup for allopatric speciation , but where they are on that genetic trail is unknown . another interesting case , now talking about planktotrophy and lecithotrophy , is\nas a planktotrophic spawner , until przeslawski , 2008 , 2011 ) discovered that sometimes the egg capsules hatched out lecithotropic juveniles . it seems the majority of the time the eggs hatch typical planktotrophic veligers , but every now and then they develop in the egg and hatch out as crawl - away juveniles . if further research bears this out , it means a chance to actually observe as a major phenotype change takes place , and eventually maybe parapatric speciation .\nthese critters do not read our biology texts and so do not know or always follow the rules . sure is interesting though . . .\nprzeslawski , rachael . 2008 . temporal patterns of gastropod egg mass deposition on southeastern australian shores , marine and freshwater research , 59 : 652 .\nprzeslawski , rachaeil . 2011 . notes on the egg capsule and variable embryonic development of nerita melanotragus ( gastropoda : neritidae ) , molluscan research , 31 ( 3 ) : 152 - 158 .\ni think it is more all - or - nothing like , as once demonstrated in the paper by johannesson ( 1988 ) on rockall ( peripheral ! ) littorinids . and there is always a distinct morphological gap between the two protoconch types , and nothing inbetweenish . regarding chirality , that ' s more problematical in terms of speciation , because the next step : getting offspring , is so much harder . hence the low incidence . for instance in 60 my of conus history , there was only one lefty ( unless your name is ed petuch ) , whereas left handed specimens are less rare ( and there has been one case of a cluster of left - handed cones - in the mediterranean if i remember correctly - but that went nowhere either ) .\nin terms of hastula species on treasure coast i usually find in shell hash in splash zone . the ones i find on higher section of beach once in a while tend to be worn . at least in winter that only when i ' m in fla they ' re uncommon . they are fragile beached compare to american auger with lips damages , missing tips . found one juvenile and it ' s see thru bluish white . worn shells tend to be golden tan in color . hadn ' t seen any white and doesn ' t exist in fossil form on treasure coast .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 strict / / en\nplacing orders is easy as 1 - 2 - 3 . here ' s how\nvaried colors from yellowish - orange to grayish . a pair makes for a nice display .\nthe very tip of the nuclear whorl is missing as is typical for this species .\nhastula luctuosa is the name applied to the eastern pacific specimens of this widely ranging species . formerly placed in the genus hastula .\na less extremely sculptured form with only a hint of punctations described from the hawaiian islands .\nquite variable throughout its indo - pacific range . the form puncticulata described from hawaii has much deeper punctations in the interspaces between the ribs ; more uncommon that the peasii form . the validity of the forms is probably nill since integrades are frequently found .\nlong considered a subspecies , t . a . brachygyra has most recently been synonymized with t . argus .\nslight lip roughness . very little , if any , color - pattern variation .\nall content on this web site is \u00a9 2018 , worldwide specimen shells . all right reserved . no content may be reproduced , or retransmitted without prior written approval from the copyright holder .\ndautzenberg , ph . ( 1929 ) . contribution \u00e0 l ' \u00e9tude de la faune de madagascar : mollusca marina testacea . faune des colonies fran\u00e7aises , iii ( fasc . 4 ) . soci\u00e9t\u00e9 d ' editions g\u00e9ographiques , maritimes et coloniales : paris . 321 - 636 , plates iv - vii pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nyou selected terebra exacuminata ( sacco , 1891 ) . this is a synonym for :\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322c1faa - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322fc869 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322fc9b6 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 32336b46 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 32336cc1 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 326341d6 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 383d1507 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nbieler r . bouchet p . dijkstra h . faber m . finn j . garcia - alvarez o . gofas s . la perna r . marshall b . moretzsohn f . neubauer t . a . rosenberg g . sartori a . f . schneider s . taylor j . ter poorten j . j . & vos c . ( eds ) . ( 2018 ) . worms mollusca : molluscabase ( version 2018 - 06 - 06 ) . in : roskov y . , abucay l . , orrell t . , nicolson d . , bailly n . , kirk p . m . , bourgoin t . , dewalt r . e . , decock w . , de wever a . , nieukerken e . van , zarucchi j . , penev l . , eds . ( 2018 ) . species 2000 & itis catalogue of life , 30th june 2018 . digital resource at urltoken species 2000 : naturalis , leiden , the netherlands . issn 2405 - 8858 .\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 95ed0efd - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\n. if you continue to use the site we will assume that you agree with this .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , world , . . . more"]}
{"id": 51, "summary": [{"text": "candoia carinata , known commonly as the pacific ground boa or the pacific keel-scaled boa , is a species of snake in the family boidae . ", "topic": 22}], "title": "candoia carinata", "paragraphs": ["pacific boa : candoia carinata carinata and new guinea tree boa : c . c . tepedeleni\njacobs , p . 1990 . things worth knowing about candoia carinata carinata and candoia carinata paulsoni . litteratura serpentium 10 ( 4 ) : 179 - 180 - get paper here\nboa carinata schneider 1801 : 261 boa variegata thunberg 1807 candoia carinata \u2014 gray 1842 : 43 enygrus carinatus \u2014 dum\u00e9ril & bibron 1844 : 479 enygrus carinatus \u2014 g\u00fcnther 1863 : 398 enygrus carinatus \u2014 boulenger 1893 : 107 enygrus carinatus \u2014 boulenger 1895 : 31 enygrus carinatus \u2014 de rooij 1917 : 31 enygrus carinatus \u2014 barbour 1921 : 109 enygrus carinatus \u2014 kinghorn 1928 : 290 candoia carinata \u2014 stimson 1969 candoia carinata \u2014 mcdiarmid , campbell & tour\u00e9 1999 : 188 candoia carinata \u2014 wallach et al . 2014 : 147 candoia carinata carinata ( schneider 1801 ) boa carinata schneider 1801 : 261 candoia carinata carinata \u2014 wirz 2003 candoia carinata tepedeleni smith et al . 2001 candoia carinata tepedeleni smith chiszar , tepedelen & breukelen 2001 enygrus carinatus ( part ) \u2014 werner 1899 : 373 enygrus carinatus ( part ) \u2014 hediger 1933 : 15 candoia carinata carinata ( part ) : stimson 1969 : 7 ( bismarck archipelago ) . candoia carinata ( part ) \u2014 mcdowell 1979 : 27 - 51 candoia carinata tepedeleni smith et al . 2001\ncandoia superciliosa superciliosa ( g\u00fcnther 1863 ) candoia superciliosa crombiei smith et al . 2001\nenygrus carinatus paulsoni stull 1956 candoia paulsoni \u2014 smith et al . 2001 candoia paulsoni \u2014 wirz 2003 candoia paulsoni \u2014 wallach et al . 2014 : 147 candoia paulsoni tasmai smith & tepedelen 2001 candoia paulsoni tasmai \u2014 koch et al . 2007 candoia paulsoni tasmai \u2014 koch 2012\njacobs p . 1990 things worth knowing about candoia carinata carinata and c . c . paulsoni . litteratura serpentium 10 ( 2 ) : 179 - 180 .\nrenato agazzi added the italian common name\nboa delle isole salomone\nto\ncandoia carinata schneider 1801\n.\ncitation : - candoia carinata . malaysia biodiversity information system ( mybis ) . urltoken downloaded on 10 july 2018 .\npols , j . j . van der 1986 . candoia carinata carinata ( schneider ) in captivity . litteratura serpentium 6 ( 5 ) : 162 - 166 - get paper here\nwirz , s . 2002 . ein kleinod im terrarium - die pazifik - boa candoia carinata carinata ( schneider 1801 ) . herpetofauna 24 ( 139 ) : 19 - 27 .\nwirz , s . 2002 . ein kleinod im terrarium - die pazifik - boa candoia carinata carinata ( schneider 1801 ) . herpetofauna 24 ( 139 ) : 19 - 27 - get paper here\nrenato agazzi marked the classification from\nintegrated taxonomic information system ( itis )\nas preferred for\ncandoia carinata schneider 1801\n.\ntaxonomic note : the recent revision of the candoia carinata complex , which basically recognized the various populations defined by sam mcdowell , has elevated its two subspecies to full species status and defined eight subspecies between them . in addition a third species , with two subspecies has been described . the form occurring on karkar island is the nominate candoia carinata carinata .\njohann gottlo schneider originally described boa carinata in 1801 , and in 1842 thanks to john edward gray become candoia carinata . four more snakes were later added to the same genus . candoia bibroni bibroni was described as enygrus bibroni by dumeril _ bibron in 1844 . there\u2019s also another subspecies of candoia bibroni known as c . b . australis .\njennifer hammock split the classifications by integrated taxonomic information system ( itis ) from candoia carinata paulsoni ( stull 1956 ) to their own page .\njohnson c . r . 1975 thermoregulation in the papuan - new guinean boid and colubrid snakes , candoia carinata , candoia aspera and boiga irregularis . zoological journal of linnean society . 56 : 283 - 290 .\nsmith h . m . , d . chiszar , k . tepedelen & f . van breukelen 2001 a revision of the bevel - nosed boas ( candoia carinata carinata ) ( reptilia : serpentes ) . hamadryad 26 ( 2 ) : 283 - 315 .\nwynn a . h . & g . r . zug 1985 observations on the reproductive biology of candoia carinata ( serpentes , boidae . the snake 17 : 15 - 24 .\npacific boa : candoia bibroni bibroni and fiji island boa : c . b . australis\nbelau bevelnosed boa : candoia superciliosa superciliosa and ngeaur bevelnosed boa : c . s . crombiei\nb\u00f6hme , wolfgang ; hobart m . smith , john rybak , frank van breukelen , and david chiszar 1998 . the lectotype and type locality of candoia carinata ( reptilia , serpentes ) . contemporary herpetology 1998 ( 2 ) : urltoken\ndistribution : not on the solomon island ( mccoy 2015 ) . until recently the species was considered a subspecies of candoia carinata , which is found throughout most of the solomon islands archipelago ( harlow and shine 1992 ) . it is now a full species , but due to a lack of specific data , much of the available information refers to candoia carinata ( smith et al 2001 , o . tallowin in iucn 2012 and pers . comm . , 23 nov 2016 ) .\nb\u00f6hme , wolfgang ; hobart m . smith , john rybak , frank van breukelen , and david chiszar . 1998 . the lectotype and type locality of candoia carinata ( reptilia , serpentes ) . contemporary herpetology 1998 ( 2 ) : urltoken .\nwhat is candoia ? candoia is a family or genus of snakes that includes 3 valid species at the time of this writing . further taxonomic research may show candoia to include 5 or more valid species within the genus . they are small boas , normally between 2 & 3 feet , which occur in many different sizes , colors and patterns .\nsmith , h . m . ; chiszar , d . ; tepedelen , k . & van breukelen , f . 2001 . a revision of bevdelnosed boas ( candoia carinata complex ) ( reptilia : serpentes ) . hamadryad 26 ( 2 ) : 283 - 315\nsmith , h . m . ; chiszar , d . ; tepedelen , k . & van breukelen , f . 2001 . a revision of bevelnosed boas ( candoia carinata complex ) ( reptilia : serpentes ) . hamadryad 26 ( 2 ) : 283 - 315 .\none of the easiest aspects of candoia husbandry is the ease of sexing your specimens . there is never a need to probe or pop any candoia species . to sex any specimen , just look for spurs or absence of spurs on either side of the vent . male candoia of all species have very large hooks for spurs . females have no spurs at all . it is very easy to see provided you are looking in the correct place . all male candoia are smaller than females .\ntimmis w . h . 1969 observations on pacific boas candoia spp . at sydney zoo . international zoo yearbook 9 : 53 .\nenygrus superciliosus g\u00fcnther 1863 : 360 enygrus carinatus var . superciliosus \u2014 kinghorn 1928 : 142 enygrus carinatus ( nec schneider ) \u2014 boettger 1898 : 111 ( part ; ) enygrus carinatus \u2014 sternfeld 1920 : 423 ( part ) enygrus carinatus \u2014 dryden & taylor 1969 : 271 candoia superciliosa \u2014 smith et al . 2001 candoia superciliosa \u2014 wallach et al . 2014 : 148 candoia superciliosa crombiei smith et al . 2001 candoia superciliosa crombiei smith chiszar , tepedelen & breukelen 2001 enygrus carinatus ( nec schneider ) \u2014 sternfeld 1920 : 425\nthus all distinctive features of the lectotype of boa carinata conform with those of other material from the stated type locality of ambon , which we conclude cannot be contested .\nhi all : ) , i want to ask does anybody have a candoia carinata carinata ? what do you give them for food ? because i have a plan to give mine a pinkies , but my friend said that it would be no good for the diggestion , because in the wild the used to have a lizard or a gecko for food . . i need your suggestion then , is it true what my friend opinion is ? ps : i ' m sorry if my english is bad : ( - - bram - -\ncandoia look venomous , particularly the viper boa , which in its native habitat is killed routinely by humans who mistake it for the highly venomous death adder .\nthe other species in candoia are candoia aspera , from new guinea , with two subspecies ( c . a . aspera and c . a . schmidti ) , and c . bibroni , from samoa to the solomons , also with two subspecies ( c . b . bibroni and c . b . australis ) .\ncandoia carinata has been assessed as least concern . it has a large distribution occurring in eastern indonesian islands , new guinea , the bismarck archipelago and admiralty islands . it is not likely to be affected by any significant threats and is present in many protected areas . it has been recorded in the pet trade but this is not posing a threat at present .\nsorry i didnt asnwer you previously but i think anubis is a perfect name for your wee fella : ) carinata remind me of ancient egypt for some reason , maybe the shape of the head .\nsubspecies : smith et al . ( 2001 ) elevated c . c . paulsoni to full species status and stated the existence of 2 subspecies of c . carinata ( carinata and tepedeleni ) . in addition , these authors revalidated another species , c . superciliosa ( g\u00fcnther 1863 ) with 2 subspecies , c . s . superciliosa and c . s . crombiei from ngeaur island in the belau archipelago .\naustin , c . c . 2000 . molecular phylogeny and historical biogeography of pacific island boas ( candoia ) . copeia 2000 ( 2 ) : 341 - 352 .\ncolv\u00e9e , s . & mart\u00edn , a . 2005 . keeping pacific island boas of the genus candoia . reptilia ( gb ) ( 39 ) : 73 - 77 .\nsolomon island ground boa : candoia paulsoni paulsoni , c . p . vindumi , c . p . mcdowelli , c . p . sadlieri , and c . p . rosadoi\ncolv\u00e9e , s . & weffer , e . 2004 . candoia aspera - the short - tailed ground boa . reptilia ( gb ) ( 33 ) : 43 - 49 .\naustin , c . c . 2000 . molecular phylogeny and historical biogeography of pacific island boas ( candoia ) . copeia 2000 ( 2 ) : 341 - 352 - get paper here\nharlow p . & r . shine 1992 food habits and reproductive biology of the pacific island boas ( candoia ) . journal of herpetology 26 ( 1 ) : 60 - 66 .\nharlow p . & r . shine 1992 food habits and reproductive biology of the pacific island boas ( candoia ) . journal of herpetology 26 ( 1 ) : 60 - 66 .\nc . c . carinata : sangihe , w moluccas ( banda , gora , haruku ) , irian jaya ( miosool , batanta , salawati ) , papua new guinea , bismarck archipelago , tanimbar ( fide wirz 2003 ) .\ncolv\u00e9e , s . & mart\u00edn , a . 2005 . keeping pacific island boas of the genus candoia . reptilia ( gb ) ( 39 ) : 73 - 77 - get paper here\ncolv\u00e9e , s . & weffer , e . 2004 . candoia aspera - the short - tailed ground boa . reptilia ( gb ) ( 33 ) : 43 - 49 - get paper here\nas with all tropical species , temperature plays a vital role in a candoia environment . i keep the ambient temperature at approximately 80 - 84 degrees year round . a brief winter cool down is needed for breeding candoia species . humidity is kept between 50 - 80 % with occasional cage misting . i have witnessed some specimens become restless or uneasy when exposed to temperatures near 90 degrees .\ngravid females also tend to stay away from their heating pads . temperature is not a major concern for candoia maintenance . they will do just fine at room temperature and require no special needs .\nborer , m . & l . meier 2011 . candoia paulsoni paulsoni : haltung und nachzucht der pazifikboa . reptilia ( m\u00fcnster ) 16 ( 90 ) : 69 - 72 - get paper here\nbustard h . r . 1969 defensive behavior and locomotion of the pacific boa candoia aspera , with a brief review of head concealment in snakes . herpetologica 25 ( 3 ) : 164 - 170 .\nharlow , p . and r . shine . 1992 . food habits and reproductive biology of the pacific island boas ( candoia ) . j . herp . 26 ( 1 ) : 60 - 66\nour own studies of geographic variation indicate that the species as currently recognized does indeed constitute a complex of several taxa . resolution of nomenclature for those taxa hinges upon fixation of the earliest name applied in the complex , schneider ' s boa carinata .\nall other candoia species average 5 - 20 young per litter . i highly recommend giving a female a year off after giving birth . too much stress can be detrimental to her health and future breeding success .\na third , apparently completely distinctive feature of typical c . carinata is the presence of at least weak keels on some part of the 2nd scale row , as in the lectotype . keels do not occur on the 2nd scale row in any material from elsewhere .\nc . carinata ( schneider\u2019s bevelnosed boa ) from eastern indonesia , new guinea & bismarcks . c . carinata carinata ( western schneider\u2019s bevelnosed boa ) from east indonesia & new guinea . c . carinata tepedeleni ( tepedelen\u2019s bevelnosed boa ) from bismarck archipelago . c . paulsoni ( paulson\u2019s bevelnosed boa ) from eastern indonesia , new guinea & solomons . c . paulsoni paulsoni ( solomon bevelnosed boa ) from solomon islands , excl . bougainville . c . paulsoni mcdowelli ( mcdowell\u2019s bevelnosed boa ) from png & louisiade archipelago . c . paulsoni rosadoi ( rosado\u2019s bevelnosed boa ) from misima island , louisiade archipelago . c . paulsoni sadlieri ( sadlier\u2019s bevelnosed boa ) from woodlark island , louisiade archipelago . c . paulsoni tasmai ( tasma\u2019s bevelnosed boa ) halmahera & northeastern sulawesi , indonesia . c . paulsoni vindumi ( vindum\u2019s bevelnosed boa ) from bougainville & buka . c . superciliosa ( belau bevelnosed boa ) from palau archipelago . c . superciliosa superciliosa ( northern belau bevelnosed boa ) from babeldaob to beliliou . c . superciliosa crombei ( ngeaur bevelnosed boa ) from ngear , southern palau .\n@ isaac : now you give your candoia pinkies ? yep , pinkies when he was starting out , we were doing fresh , tiny pinkies - about 1 gram each . he ' s up to 2 - 3g pinks now : )\nno evidence exists that more than one taxon of the c . carinata complex occurs on ambon island or anywhere else in the south moluccas or irian jaya . nevertheless , it is also important that the morphological features of the lectotype conform with those of other material known to have originated in that area , thus substantiating the purported source of the lectotype from the stated locality .\nfixation of application of the name c . carinata , through discovery of the lectotype , clarification of type locality , and analysis of the characteristics of the lectotype , removes all uncertainty in application of other names , such as enygrus superciliosus g\u00fcnther ( 1863 ) and e . c . paulsoni stull ( 1956 ) to the complex , as junior synonyms or for separately valid taxa .\nwe are much indebted to thomas ziegler for the photographs ; to dr . k . l . williams for vital aid with the literature ; to kamuran tepedelen and vern veer for access to both live and preserved specimens of c . carinata ; to dr . kraig adler for bibliographic aid ; and to numerous institutions and their curators for the loan of specimens from their collections .\naustralis is smaller and more slender , the 2 species look remarkably similar . more scientific and taxonomic studies are needed to confirm major differences in these and other candoia species . fiji boas can reach maximum lengths of 3 - 4 feet for males and over 7 feet for females . average size is 3 - 6 feet .\nin their native habitats some candoia begin life eating amphibians and lizards then switching to mammals and birds later on . if you plan to own candoia in the future , we cannot recommend enough that you demand captive bred snakes . the reason is it can be very difficult to bring in a wild caught snake , used to eating lizards and amphibians , and then getting it to switch over to a rodent diet . i\u2019m not saying it cannot be done , just that it\u2019s best to avoid that situation if possible . feed appropriate size euthanized mice and rats . we prefer to buy in bulk frozen rodents which we later defrost in warm water .\n* special note : because i moved to new brunswick i cannot keep candoia spp at all in the province . however , two hours away the species is allowed . ironic isn\u2019t it , i mean what exactly are the environmental impact differences that the two provinces face ? want to find out more about this and other issues facing canadian herpetoculture ? join urltoken right now !\nover 300 specimens have been examined for comparison from all parts of the range of the species , enabling us to compare the features of the lectotype with those of populations in all parts of the range of the species . especially critical is the presence of a conspicuous white postanal spot , immediately following the anus ; the spot is invariably present in the morphologically uniform populations of the south moluccas , irian jaya , northern papua new guinea , new britain and new ireland , all regarded as typical c . carinata . there is , indeed , no way to limit the origin of the lectotype morphologically to any one of those regions . a white , immediately postanal spot occurs elsewhere in the c . carinata complex only in the palau population , which , however , has fewer than 9 intersupraoculars ( 4 - 7 , n = 29 ) , usually fewer anterior scale rows ( 25 - 27 , 28 occurring in only two of 29 ) , and several other average differences .\nas published by b\u00f6hme and bischoff ( 1984 , see also myers and b\u00f6hme , 1996 ) , the entire collection of the zoological museum of g\u00f6ttingen was transferred to the zoologisches forschungsinstitut und museum alexander koenig ( zfmk ) , bonn , in 1977 . the specimen included by schneider ( 1801 ) in his syntype series of boa carinata and designated as lectotype by mcdowell ( 1979 ) is from\namboina\n( = ambon ) and is now cataloged as zfmk 35503 ( figures 1 , 2 ) .\nthe entire genus candoia is one that would be considered tropical species . when keeping tropical species three things should come to mind : heat , humidity and uvb . some may have said humidity and heat . in addition to heat , most tropical reptiles in our experience also require humidity and uvb . with snakes it\u2019s a long standing presumption that snakes don\u2019t benefit from uvb . however , we\u2019ve not seen reports of blood calcium levels which would prove uvb is not necessary .\nfor the more fossorial ( burrowing ) or terrestrial ( surface ) dwelling species of candoia we offer two hide boxes of appropriate size . the snake can go inside the box , curl itself up and have its sides touching the hide box interior . we place a hide box on each side of the enclosure , one on the cool side and one on the basking side . this allows the snake to thermoregulate while being hidden and feeling secure if they so choose .\nit is truly amazing to see a 26 inch male paulsoni on the back of a nearly 5 foot female . but yet , they get the job done and in approximately 7 - 9 months a litter of neonates will be born . as with all boas , candoia give birth to live young . paulsoni litters are the largest , with total amounts of nearly 100 babies at a time possible . standard size litters average 20 - 40 for a normal size 3 - 4 foot female .\nif you\u2019re a regular reader skip the next two sentences . you shouldn\u2019t use colored lights as they will disrupt the normal circadian rhythms of the reptile . we have explained this in the article \u201c colored lights and other myths the pet store told me . \u201d ceramic heating elements are the best way to go . sometimes the enclosure you\u2019re using needs an alternative way of heating . therefore , we have what are known as under tank heaters which make for excellent secondary heating source with the candoia spp .\n: sexing aspera , as well as all candoia , is extremely easy . they males have predominant spurs protruding from either side of the cloaca . if these are present then you have a male although some females will have very small spurs too . the females also have a slightly shorter tail , but popping is almost never necessary to sex the snake properly . of course , as all of you well know , the only 100 % way to know the sex of a snake is to probe it properly .\nwhy decor is not covered more often within herpetoculture is beyond us here at reptile apartment group , but that\u2019s another topic . for now suffice it to say , in our experience an enriched environment with various types of decor appears to have a direct correlation with a healthy snake . not just physically , but also their behaviours seem to be calmer and not as flinching when a naturalistic environment is provided . live plants should be offered for candoia not only low growing plants for cover but also some taller species .\na second generally distinctive feature of south moluccan populations is the relatively long tail , as noted by mcdowell ( 1979 ) , who struggled with an analysis of its possible taxonomic significance . the lectotype number of 45 subcaudals , even though incomplete , occurs within the range of 45 - 53 that occurs in south moluccan c . carinata ( n = 21 ) , and is matched elsewhere only in misima island specimens ( 49 - 50 , n = 3 ) . none is as high as 45 in material from bougainville and halmahera ( n = 52 ) , in only 3 % in material from central and southern papua new guinea ( n = 29 ) , although in 25 % of specimens from the solomons ( n = 56 ) and 45 % in palau material ( n = 20 ) . concomitantly , the tl / ttl ratio is consistently higher in typical c . carinata , including the holotype with a ratio of . 16 ; 81 % of south moluccan specimens have a ratio of . 16 or higher , whereas 0 % occurs in material from halmahera and central and southern papua new guinea ( n = 55 ) , 4 % in bougainville ( n = 23 ) , 5 % in the solomon islands ( n = 55 ) , 15 % in palau ( n = 20 ) , and 33 % in misima ( n = 3 ) .\nat first glance , that may seem an odd combination substrate and humidity . the two are interwoven and will play a major role in keeping a healthy candoia in captivity . substrates are like the heating sources , where there are numerous opinions and they all claim to be right . to cut to the chase of the substrate , we recommend and use earthgro organic orchid bark and earthgro organic soil for all of our tropical species of reptiles , amphibians , and invertebrates . for the boas we will often tear up and place a few mats of sphagnum moss to hold more moisture . if you\u2019d like to read a more in depth treatise on substrates then we recommend the substrates : getting your hands dirty article .\ncontinent : asia distribution : indonesia ( sulawesi , sangihe , telaud , moluccas , misool , batanta , salawati , angaur , irian jaya ) , papua new guinea ( bismarck archipelago ) , solomon i c . c . carinata : sangihe , w moluccas ( banda , gora , haruku ) , irian jaya ( miosool , batanta , salawati ) , papua new guinea , bismarck archipelago , tanimbar ( fide wirz 2003 ) . c . c . tepedeleni ( smith et al . 2001 ) : liki , new britain , new ireland . c . s . superciliosa : belau . c . s . crombiei : ngeaur . type locality : not been reported previously , but is indicated as\namboina\non a label with the lectotype . the specimen is redescribed and figured , and conforms with expectations for material from the vicinity of the type locality\u201d ( b\u00f6hme et al . 1998 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nuetz , p . & jir\u00ed hosek ( eds . ) , the reptile database , ( http : / / www . reptile - database . org )\nbanks , r . c . , r . w . mcdiarmid , and a . l . gardner\nchecklist of vertebrates of the united states , the u . s . territories , and canada\nmcdiarmid , roy w . , jonathan a . campbell , and t ' shaka a . tour\u00e9\nsnake species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , vol . 1\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nindonesia ( sulawesi , sangihe , telaud , moluccas , misool , batanta , salawati , angaur , irian jaya ) , papua new guinea ( bismarck archipelago ; northern province : s slope mt . trafalgar , 9 . 2340\u00b0s , 149 . 1541\u00b0e , 223 m elevation ; lae ) ( smith et al . 2001 , kraus 2013 ) , vanuatu ( possibly introduced )\nc . c . tepedeleni ( smith et al . 2001 ) : from liki island off the northern eoast of irian jaya eastward through the admiralty islands , new britain , new ireland and some adjacent islands , bismarck archipelago . type locality : rabaul , new britain .\ntype locality : not been reported previously , but is indicated as\namboina\non a label with the lectotype . the specimen is redescribed and figured , and conforms with expectations for material from the vicinity of the type locality\u201d ( b\u00f6hme et al . 1998 ) .\nnote : tdwg regions are generated automatically from the text in the distribution field and not in every cases it works well . we are working on it .\nlectotype : zfmk 35503 holotype mcz 72155 , an adult male , fred parker collector ; 1963 [ tepedeleni ] .\nbarbour , thomas 1921 . reptiles and amphibians from the british solomon islands . proc . new england zool . club 7 : 91 - 112 - get paper here\nbauer , a . m . and wahlgren , r . 2000 . on boa variegata thunberg 1807 , a neglected boid snake name . hamadryad 25 : 93 - 97\nboulenger , g . a . 1895 . on a collection of reptiles and batrachians from ferguson island , d ' entrecasteaux group british new guinea . ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 6 ) 16 : 28 - 32 - get paper here\nboulenger , g . a . 1886 . on the reptiles and batrachians of the solomon islands . trans . zool . soc . london 12 : 35 - 62\nboulenger , g . a . 1893 . catalogue of the snakes in the british museum ( nat . hist . ) i . london ( taylor & francis ) , 448 pp . - get paper here\nclegg , jonathan r . and merlijn jocque 2015 . the collection of snakes made by beno\u00eet mys and jan swerts in northern papua new guinea in 1982\u201385 journal of herpetology sep 2016 , vol . 50 , no . 3 : 476 - 485 . - get paper here\ndum\u00e9ril , a . m . c . and g . bibron . 1844 . erpetologie g\u00e9n\u00e9rale ou histoire naturelle complete des reptiles . vol . 6 . libr . encyclop\u00e9dique roret , paris , 609 pp . - get paper here\ngray , j . e . 1842 . synopsis of the species of prehensile - tailed snakes , or family boidae . zoological miscellany 2 : 41 - 46\ng\u00fcnther , a . 1863 . contribution to the herpetology of ceram . ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 3 ) 12 : 397 - 399 - get paper here\nineich , i . 2011 . amphibians and reptiles . in : bouchet p . , le guyader h . & pascal o . ( eds ) , the natural history of santo . pp . 187 - 236 . mnhn , paris ; ird , marseille ; pni , paris . 572 pp . ( patrimoines naturels ; 70 ) .\njan , g . 1861 . iconographie g\u00e9n\u00e9rale des ophidiens . 2 . livraison . j . b . baili\u00e8re et fils , paris - get paper here\nkinghorn , j . r . 1928 . notes on some reptiles and batrachians from the northern division of papua , with descriptions of new species of apisthocalamus and lygosoma . rec . austral . mus . 16 : 289 - 293 . - get paper here\nkinghorn , j . r . 1928 . herpetology of the solomon islands . rec . austral . mus . 16 : 123 - 178 - get paper here\nkoch , a . 2012 . discovery , diversity , and distribution of the amphibians and reptiles of sulawesi and its offshore islands . edition chimaira , 374 pp . [ isbn 978 - 3 - 89973 - 432 - 4 ] - get paper here\nkraus , fred . 2013 . further range extensions for reptiles and amphibians from papua new guinea . herpetological review 44 ( 2 ) : 277 - 280\nlang , r . de & g . vogel 2005 . the snakes of sulawesi . a field guide to the land snakes of sulawesi with identification keys . frankfurter beitr\u00e4ge zur naturkunde , 25 , edition chimaira , frankfurt am main , 312 pp .\nmccoy , m . 2015 . a field guide to the reptiles of the solomon islands . michael mccoy , kuranda - get paper here\nmcdiarmid , r . w . ; campbell , j . a . & tour\u00e9 , t . a . 1999 . snake species of the world . vol . 1 . herpetologists\u2019 league , 511 pp .\nnoonan , b . p . & sites , j . w . jr . 2010 . tracing the origins of iguanid lizards and boine snakes of the paci\ufb01c . american naturalist 175 ( 1 ) : 61 - 72 - get paper here\no ' shea , m . 1996 . a guide to the snakes of papua new guinea . independent publishing , port moresby , xii + 239 pp . - get paper here\npyron , r . alexander ; reynolds , r . graham & frank t . burbrink 2014 . a taxonomic revision of boas ( serpentes : boidae ) . zootaxa 3846 ( 2 ) : 249\u2013260\nschmidt , kp 1932 . reptiles and amphibians from the solomon islands . field mus . nat . hist . zool . ser . - 18 ( 9 ) : 175 - 190 - get paper here\nschneider , johann gottlob 1801 . historiae amphibiorum naturalis et literariae . fasciculus secundus continens crocodilos , scincos , chamaesauras , boas . pseudoboas , elapes , angues . amphisbaenas et caecilias . frommanni , jena . 374 pp . - get paper here\nstimson , andrew f . 1969 . liste der rezenten amphibien und reptilien : boidae ( boinae + bolyeriinae + loxoceminae + pythoninae ) . das tierreich 89 xi + 1 - 49\nstull , o . g . 1956 . description of a new subspecies of the boid snake , enygrus carinatus . copeia 1956 ( 3 ) : 185 - 186 - get paper here\nswitak , karl h . 2006 . adventures in green python country . natur und tier verlag ( m\u00fcnster ) , 364 pp . - get paper here\nwallach , van ; kenneth l . williams , jeff boundy 2014 . snakes of the world : a catalogue of living and extinct species . taylor and francis , crc press , 1237 pp .\nwerner , f . 1899 . beitr\u00e4ge zur herpetologie der pacifischen inselwelt und von kleinasien . i . bemerkungen \u00fcber einige reptilien aus neu - guinea und polynesien . ii . \u00fcber einige reptilien und batrachier aus kleinasien . zool . anz . 22 : 371 - 375 , 375 - 378 - get paper here\nwerner , f . 1899 . ueber reptilien und batrachier aus togoland , kamerun und deutsch - neu - guinea gr\u00f6sstentheils aus dem k . museum f\u00fcr naturkunde in berlin . verhandlungen der kaiserlich - k\u00f6niglichen zoologisch - botanischen gesellschaft in wien 49 : 132 - 157 - get paper here\nthis database is maintained by peter uetz ( database content ) and jakob hallermann , zoological museum hamburg ( new species and updates ) .\nhtml public\n- / / ietf / / dtd html 3 . 2 / / en\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nand other stimuli will cause these changes . despite their common name , ground boas will use branches if provided . many will ambush their prey while hanging from the branch . a large water bowl is very much needed as paulsoni love to soak .\nadults can reach maximum lengths of 3 feet for males and 5 feet for females but average in the 2 - 4 foot range .\naustralis are semi - arboreal and need sturdy branches to climb on in addition to a large water bowl . most specimens are fairly calm and deliberate , but once in a while you will run into a nasty individual . adults can reach maximum sizes of 3 - 4 feet for males and nearly 7 feet for some females . average size is 3 - 5 feet .\nbeautiful colors and patterns can then be seen , and that dull brown snake may turn into a golden beauty . these snakes will readily accept rodents in captivity . they prefer rat pups over adult mice . stubborn feeders may need a little more time to acclimate . scenting methods can be used if the specimen starts to lose weight . not all aspera are nasty . i own many specimens which can easily be picked up and handled without incident . aspera will often spend all or most of their day in the water bowl . they will use the water bowl for defecating and also breed while in the water . maximum size for viper boas is 24 - 36 inches but average approximately\nonce your neonates are established rodent feeders they will begin to grow fairly quickly and will double their size within the first 6 months . lizard and frog feeders will slowly catch up with the growth rate of their siblings after the switch over to pinkies . i have also seen several instances of\ncannibalism with neonate paulsoni . this has occurred when several hungry neonates were housed together . it does not happen when they become established feeders .\nit is especially noticeable in paulsoni , where most males are dwarfed by females that may be 10 times larger and heavier .\nloveridge a . 1948 new guinean reptiles and amphibians in the museum of comparative zoology and united states national museum . bulletin of the museum of comparative zoology , harvard . 101 ( 2 ) : 307 - 430 .\nmcdowell s . b . 1979 a catalogue of the snakes of new guinea and the solomons , with special reference to those in the bernice p . bishop museum . part iii . boinae and acrochordidae . journal of herpetology 13 ( 1 ) : 1 - 92 .\no\u2019shea m . 1989 the boas of the southwest pacific . the herptile . 14 ( 1 ) : 20 - 30 .\n1996 a guide to the snakes of papua new guinea . independent pub . xii + 239 .\n1994 the herpetofauna of coconut husk piles on kar kar island , madang province , papua new guinea : the initial surveys . asra journal 1994 : 51 - 72 .\nstickel w . h . & l . f . stickel 1946 sexual dimorphism in the pelvic spurs of enygrus . copeia 1946 ( 1 ) : 10 - 12 .\nusfws will render a decision on the narrow headed garter snake and the northern mexican garter snake in fiscal year 2014 .\ncity issues cease and desist order , later issues home business permit for breeder of ball pythons and boa constrictors .\nthis page requires javascript . it seems that your browser does not have javascript enabled . please enable javascript and press the reload / refresh button on your browser .\nclassification from integrated taxonomic information system ( itis ) selected by renato agazzi - see more .\nyan wong changed the thumbnail image of\nfile : pazifikboa . jpg\n.\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nwas watching my candoias this morning and thought i might record this behavior for y ' all . this is what a snake looks like when it pukes .\nover 100 snakes & lizards available from urltoken with uk delivery options ! online store with actual pictures of our animals for sale . quickest responses via telephone to 02920 190291 or facebook message\ni bred these alot of years ago started the babies by assist feeding mice tails and slowly one by one they started taking them on there own . they were hard to get going but once started i never had any problems after . kept them on kitchen roll and warm damp moss , hope this may help a little\ngot a pair of these from cpr at the weekend . they were non / assist feeders . tried assist feed tonight , but both released the pinky as soon as they had the chance . hoping that they will assist feed once settled a little more . have also just ordered lizard maker , fingers crossed . so i am also looking to hear opinions and experiences that others have had in getting them to feed .\nhi all , i have heard that lizard maker has been taken off the market , so if you use it i would stockpile it , or try to get them on something else . slither61\n_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ my reptiles 1 . 1 . 0 royal pythons 0 . 1 . 0 cal king 2 . 2 . 0 western hognose 1 . 0 . 0 caramel corn 1 . 0 . 0 anery corn 1 . 0 . 0 amel mot het butter 0 . 1 . 0 butter corn 0 . 1 . 0 creamsicle mot het butter 1 . 0 . 0 ultramel corn 1 . 0 . 0 b c i 1 . 0 . 0 tri couour hognose 1 . 1 . 0 albino ro corn 0 . 1 . 0 b r b 1 . 0 . 0 trinket snake 1 . 1 . 0 white sided texas ratsnake 1 . 1 . 0 radiated rats h yellow 0 . 1 . 0 sumartran blood p 1 . 0 . 0 argentine l nosed snake [ option ] my flickr gallery - urltoken member no 2300\n_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ captive bred boas and tree boas a speciality . tel : 07813723259 dont be shy phone or txt your enquiry e - mail : gazboas @ urltoken facebook : gereint gazboas mortimer website : urltoken payment plans available with minimum payment of \u00a350 per month on any animal ratking gaz ive seen you with boa chewing on your hand while you chewed on a bacon buttie so im sure the little worm didnt phase you . your like chuck norris of the snake world the wanderer you can always be relied on to swing your huge cat among the pigeons old chap _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _\ni don ' t mind assist feeding really , and he / she is taking it really easily now ( was a bit of a struggle at first ) , but obviously it isn ' t the ideal solution . oh well , i ' ll keep trying ! i ' ve been told to try a live frog but unless i could find a day old tree frog or something i don ' t think that ' d fit either . . . and even if i could , it ' s not something i could provide weekly so wouldn ' t exactly be a solution .\npowered by vbulletin\u00ae version 3 . 8 . 8 copyright \u00a92000 - 2018 , vbulletin solutions , inc . content relevant urls by vbseo 3 . 6 . 0\nvbulletin security provided by vbsecurity v2 . 2 . 2 ( pro ) - vbulletin mods & addons copyright \u00a9 2018 dragonbyte technologies ltd . copyright \u00a9 2005 - 2011 , reptile forums ( rfuk\u0099 )\nattention : 1 ) te pr\u00e9senter avant de poster tu devras 2 ) avant 10 posts aucune annonce ( de vente ) tu ne posteras 3 ) rester courtois tu devras 4 ) en bon fran\u00e7ais tu t ' exprimeras 5 ) sans quoi au bout de 3 avertissements tu d\u00e9gageras 6 ) t ' inscrire pour ne pas \u00eatre actif tu \u00e9viteras , sinon ton compte on supprimera .\nsauter vers : s\u00e9lectionner un forum | | - - r\u00e8gles et pr\u00e9sentation | | - - r\u00e8glement & annonces | | - - les bases de la terrario | | - - morphologie simplifi\u00e9e | | - - dico ' terrario | | - - biblioth\u00e8que | | - - la nourriture | | - - g\u00e9neral | | - - l\u00e9gislation | | - - liens | | - - asso . | | - - site terrariophile | | - - forum | | - - bo\u00efnes | | - - fiches d ' \u00e9levage | | - - photos & vid\u00e9os | | - - discussion | | - - bo\u00efn\u00e9s en images | | - - reproductions et naissances | | - - pythonines | | - - fiches d ' \u00e9levage | | - - photos & vid\u00e9os | | - - discussion | | - - pythonin\u00e9s en images | | - - reproductions et naissances | | - - erycinae | | - - erycinae | | - - fiches d ' \u00e9levage | | - - photos et vid\u00e9os | | - - dicussion erycinae | | - - colubrides | | - - fiches d ' \u00e9levage | | - - photos & vid\u00e9os | | - - discussion colubrid\u00e9s | | - - colubrid\u00e9 en images | | - - reproductions et naissances | | - - venom | | - - fiches d ' \u00e9levage | | - - photos & vid\u00e9os | | - - discussion venom | | - - v\u00e9nom en images | | - - le reptilarium | | - - mat\u00e9riels & installations | | - - fiches d ' \u00e9levage | | - - discussion g\u00e9n\u00e9rale terrario . | | - - vos autres animaux de terrario | | | - - sauriens | | | - - invert\u00e9br\u00e9s | | | - - batraciens | | | - - divers | | | | - - sant\u00e9 | | - - herping | | - - le coin photo | | - - petites annonces | | - - vente d ' animaux | | - - vente / recherche de mat\u00e9riel | | - - ventes / recherches de nourriture | | - - ventes professionnelles | | - - le salon | | - - espace d\u00e9tente | | - - les grands concours | | - - quizz | | - - rencontre entre membres | | - - espace anglophone | - - introduction | - - introduce yourself . | - - foreign countries ' legislations | - - health | - - care sheets . | | - - ophidians | | - - other reptiles | | - - herp discussion | - - herp photos and videos | - - lexical help\na curated database of candidate human ageing - related genes and genes associated with longevity and / or ageing in model organisms .\na curated database of genes associated with dietary restriction in model organisms either from genetic manipulation experiments or gene expression profiling .\nprojects focused on gene expression profiling of ageing and of dietary manipulations of ageing , such as caloric restriction .\nsoftware for ageing research , including the ageing research computational tools ( arct ) perl toolkit .\na curated database of ageing and life history information in animals , including extensive longevity records .\nthe benchmark genome assembly and annotation of the long - lived , cancer - resistant naked mole - rat ( heterocephalus glaber ) .\na high - coverage genome of the bowhead whale ( balaena mysticetus ) , the longest - lived mammal .\nanalyses using the anage database to study the evolution of longevity and ageing in vertebrate lineages .\na portal of ageing changes covering different biological levels , integrating molecular , physiological and pathological age - related data .\nthe whosage database contains people and biotech companies that are contributing to increase our understanding of ageing and life - extension .\n[ 0485 ] andrew snider and j . bowler ( 1992 ) , longevity of reptiles and amphibians in north american collections , second edition\ncomments , suggestions , ideas , and bug reports are welcome . please contact us .\ncontinent : oceania distribution : western samoa , melanesia , polynesia , solomon islands [ mccoy 2000 ] , new caledonia , toga , loh , linua , tegua , hiu islands . type locality : viti levu , fiji islands\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\njustification : this species is listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , large overall population , and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category . however , as the species is seen in trade , further research and monitoring of harvest and trade levels is recommended .\nthis widespread species ranges through the solomon islands , vanuatu , the loyalty islands ( but not mainland new caledonia ) , fiji , tokelau , wallace and futuna islands , samoa , american samoa , and tonga . it is found up to 1 , 200 m asl .\nthis species is probably reasonably common to uncommon over its wide range . the population is probably stable across the range as a whole , but is perhaps decreasing somewhat in the central pacific .\nthis snake is found in trees , bushes and rock clefts in a range of forests including lowland forest , coastal vegetation and dry forest ( morrison 2003 ) . animals have been recorded as abundant in mangroves ( m . mccoy pers . comm . november 2011 ) . it can be found in cacao plantations . it is an ovoviviparous species .\nthere appear to be no significant threats to this species , although , as with many snakes , animals are frequently killed on sight by people . it is found in trade , but the effects of this are unknown .\nthis species is present in some protected areas . it is listed on appendix ii of cites . further research and monitoring of harvest and trade levels is recommended .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nthis species has a large distribution , ranging from the eastern indonesian islands , new guinea to the bismarck archipelago . in indonesia it has been recorded on the minahassa peninsula , sangihe and talaud islands in northern sulawesi , tanimbar islands , seram and the other northern maluku islands ( in de bosch 1985 , o\u2019shea 1996 ) . in indonesian new guinea it occurs throughout west papua province and across the northern coastal region to the huon peninsula of moreby province , papua new guinea . it is found in the south west of papua new guinea in western and gulf province . it is also found throughout the bismarck archipelago and admiralty islands . it is found at elevations from sea level to around 1 , 525 m asl . ( o\u2019shea 1996 ) .\nthis species can be found in a variety of habitats from rainforests to caves and also disturbed environments such as plantations and rural gardens ( o ' shea 1996 ) . typical of snakes of this genus , this species is generally found either on or close to the ground ( foufopoulos and richards 2007 ) . it is viviparous with a clutch size of up to six . its diet consists primarily of skinks but may also take gecko eggs and frogs ( o\u2019shea 1996 ) .\nthere is no population information available for this species but its population is probably stable .\nyuwono ( 1998 ) recorded the trade of this species from indonesian new guinea , and that thousands of specimens could be collected if required . natusch and lyons ( 2012 ) noted the trade of this species from jayapura and the vogelkop in indonesian new guinea . sixteen and eighty - three individuals ( respectively ) were recorded at wildlife traders between september 2010 - april 2011 . this species is listed under cites but does not have protected status in indonesia . the cites quota for this species was 400 from papua and 400 from west papua .\nit is unlikely that any major threats are impacting this species . it is present in the pet trade but current levels are unlikely to be posing a significant threat to this species .\nthis species is listed under appendix ii of the convention on international trade in endangered species of wild fauna and flora ( cities ) ( urltoken ) .\nthis species has protection status in papua new guinea but not in indonesian new guinea ( natusch and lyons 2012 ) .\nthis species occurs in protected areas in new guinea and the bismarck archipelago . monitoring the trade and harvest levels of this species is recommended .\ncrombie , r . i . and pregill , g . k . 1999 . a checklist of the herpetofauna of the palau islands ( republic of belau ) , oceania . herpetological monographs 13 : 29 - 80 .\nfoufopoulos , j . and richards , s . 2007 . amphibians and reptiles of new britain island , papua new guinea : diversity and conservation status . hamadryad 31 ( 2 ) : 176 - 201 .\nin den bosch , h . a . j . 1985 . snakes of sulawesi : checklist , key and additional biogeographical remarks . zoologische verhandelingen 217 : 3 - 50 .\nnatusch , d . j . d . and lyons , j . a . 2012 . exploited for pets . the harvest and trade of amphibians and reptiles from indonesia new guinea . biodiversity conservation 21 : 2899 - 2911 .\no ' shea , m . 1996 . a guide to the snakes of papua new guinea . independent publishing , independent group ltd . , port moresby , png .\nyuwono , f . b . 1998 . the trade of live reptiles & amphibians in indonesia . in w . erdelen ( ed . ) conservation , trade & sustainable use of lizards & snakes in indonesia . mertensiella 9 : 9 - 16 .\ncopy and paste the following code to embed this assessment into another web page .\nnote : you can modify the ' height ' attribute to fit the available space on your web page .\nthe most common snake inhabiting coconut husk piles on karkar island is the new guinea ground boa .\nbismarck ground boa ( c . aspera aspera ) from new britain and new ireland , and new guinea ground boa ( c . aspera schmidti ) from new guinea ( west papua and papua new guinea ) and its continental islands including karkar . the scale counts defining the two subspecies are listed in the table below .\nin addition , a single new ireland juvenile compared with several juvenile karkar island specimens , was found to be of more slender build , have a longer tail , a raised vertebral ridge and lighter coloured eyes but all those characters are relative and the sample was small .\nloveridge a . 1948 new guinean reptiles and amphibians in the museum of comparative zoology and united states national museum . bulletin of the museum of comparative zoology , harvard . 101 ( 2 ) : 307 - 430 .\no\u2019shea m . 1989 the boas of the southwest pacific . the herptile . 14 ( 1 ) : 20 - 30 . 1994 the herpetofauna of coconut husk piles on kar kar island , madang province , papua new guinea : the initial surveys . asra journal 1994 : 51 - 72 .\n1996 a guide to the snakes of papua new guinea . independent pub . xii + 239 .\nstickel w . h . & l . f . stickel 1946 sexual dimorphism in the pelvic spurs of enygrus . copeia 1946 ( 1 ) : 10 - 12 .\nstull o . g . 1932 five new subspecies of the family boidae . occasional papers of the boston society of natural history . 8 : 25 - 30 .\nopheodrys vernalis were hatched as part of breeding program in conjunction with lake county forest preserve district .\nyoutube video of a frog eating a caterpillar gets close to 1 . 5 million views in three days\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 1 / / en\nurltoken"]}
{"id": 54, "summary": [{"text": "otolithes ruber , commonly known as the tigertooth croaker , is a fish native to the indian and western pacific oceans and the bay of bengal . ", "topic": 22}], "title": "otolithes ruber", "paragraphs": ["nerocila sundaica ( isopoda , cymothoidae ) parasitizing otolithes ruber from nagapattinam , southeast coast of india .\nnerocila sundaica ( isopoda , cymothoidae ) parasitizing otolithes ruber from nagapattinam , southeast coast of india . - pubmed - ncbi\nsilver teraglin , otolithes ruber . source : dinh d . tran , fimsea / http : / / ffish . asia . license : cc by attribution\nsanthoshkumar s , cbt rajagopalsamy , p jawahar , n jayakumar and p pavinkumar . growth and mortality characteristics of otolithes ruber ( schneider , 1801 ) exploited off thoothukudi coast , tamil nadu . 2017 ; 5 ( 4 ) : 1746 - 1749 .\nabstract : a detailed analysis was undertaken to study the growth and mortality characteristics of the otolithes ruber in thoothukudi coast from july 2006 to june 2007 . the growth parameters l\u221e , k and t 0 were estimated as 37 . 28 cm , 0 . 27 and - 0 . 58 respectively . the k value of o . ruber was relatively low which inferring slow growth rate of this tropical demersal fish species . the estimated total instantaneous mortality co - efficient ( z ) of o . ruber was 2 . 45 and the fishing mortality co - efficient ( f ) was 1 . 74 . the species are slightly over exploited in this region .\n( of otolithes argenteus ( cuvier , 1830 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of otolithes rubber ( bloch & schneider , 1801 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of johnius ruber bloch & schneider , 1801 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nseveral nerocila species appear to have little or no host specificity . however , in india , nerocila sundaica was found to be attached to the pectoral fin or on the body of the fish otolithes ruber . during october 2013 , the parasitic prevalence reached 42 . 2 % and the mean intensity was equal to 1 . the infected host fish ' s size ranged from 12 . 5 to 17 . 2 cm . moreover , slight tissue damages were also observed in the host fish .\n( of otolithoides ruber ( bloch & schneider , 1801 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of otolithus ruber ( bloch & schneider , 1801 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\ndescription found in coastal waters . feeds on fishes , prawns and other invertebrates ( ref . 5213 ; 9772 ) . occurs at temperatures ranging from . . .\ndescription found in coastal waters . feeds on fishes , prawns and other invertebrates ( ref . 5213 ; 9772 ) . occurs at temperatures ranging from 26 to 29\u00b0c ( ref . 4959 ) . generally marketed fresh , may be dried or salted ( ref . 5284 ) . [ details ]\nthe webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 license\nfroese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nliu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of otolithus argenteus cuvier , 1830 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of otolithus orientalis seale , 1910 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of otolithus tridentifer richardson , 1846 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of otolithus versicolor cuvier , 1829 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nang , p . o . ; wong , c . k . ; lin , t . p . ; ma , w . c . ; hung , s . ( 2005 ) . biological monitoring in sha chau and lung kwu chau marine park . submitted to agriculture , fisheries and conservation department , the hong kong sar government . [ details ]\nfound in coastal waters ( ref . 30573 ) . feeds on fishes , prawns and other invertebrates ( ref . 5213 , 9772 ) . generally marketed fresh , may be dried or salted ( ref . 5284 ) .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nen - tigertooth croaker , fr - grande verrue tigre , sp - bombache tigre mayor .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\ntrewavas , e . 1977 ,\nthe sciaenid fishes ( croakers or drums ) of the indo - west pacific\n, transactions of the zoological society of london , vol . 33 , pp . 253 - 541 figs 1 - 61 pls 1 - 14\ncuvier , g . l . in cuvier , g . l . & valenciennes , a . 1830 , vol . 5 , pp . 499 pp . pls 100 - 140 , levrault , paris\nhuber , m . 2010 ,\nneotrapezium sublaevigatum ( lamarck , 1819 ) .\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : feb17128 - 761e - 4080 - 93fa - fe18297e4c8f\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : cdd525c0 - 5ce5 - 454f - ac8f - 6386507c43d2\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 303497\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\ncopyright \u00a9 2013 - 2018 . all rights reserved . journal of entomology and zoology studies\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nrameshkumar g 1 , ramesh m 1 , ravichandran s 2 , trilles jp 3 , shobana c 1 .\nunit of toxicology , department of zoology , school of life sciences , bharathiar university , coimbatore , 641 046 tamil nadu india .\ncentre of advanced study in marine biology , faculty of marine science , annamalai university , parangipettai , 608 502 tamil nadu india .\numr 5119 ( cnrs - um2 - ifremer - ird ) , equipe adaptation ecophysiologique et ontogen\u00e8se , universit\u00e9 montpellier 2 , cc . 092 , place e . bataillon , 34095 montpellier cedex 05 , france .\npmid : 26688655 pmcid : pmc4675587 doi : 10 . 1007 / s12639 - 014 - 0439 - 1"]}
{"id": 62, "summary": [{"text": "melanocetus eustalus is a deep sea anglerfish in the family melanocetidae , found off the pacific coast of mexico at depths down to about 1,675 m ( 5,500 ft ) . ", "topic": 18}], "title": "melanocetus eustalus", "paragraphs": ["melanocetus eustalus is derived in having an extremely large escal bulb , comparable to no other known ceratioid . distribution melanocetus johnsonii and m . more\nmelanocetus eustalus on fish mapper tsn 690551 ( taxonomic serial number ) retrieved on from the integrated taxonomic information system online database . this is a cached copy . more\nblack seadevils are small , deep - sea anglerfish of the family melanocetidae , which includes one genus ( melanocetus ) and six species ( melanocetus eustalus , m . johnsonii , m . murrayi , m . niger , m . polyactis and m . rossi ) found worldwide .\nfree - living male of melanocetus sp , zmuc p92675 . after bertelsen ( 1951 ) . \u00a9 1951 , 1983 bertelsen\nblack seadevil ( probably melanocetus johnsonii ) , about 9 cm long . image credit : \u00a9 monterey bay aquarium research institute .\n\u201canglerfish , like this melanocetus , are among the most rarely seen of all deep - sea fishes , dr robison said .\nthe four remaining species are much more closely related to each other than any is to m . murrayi . five characters can be used to distinguish these forms : 1 ) number of lower jaw teeth , 2 ) longest lower jaw tooth , 3 ) illicium length , 4 ) escal bulb width , and 5 ) escal morphology . unfortunately , all but the last of these characters overlap in variation among the remaining forms of the genus , and , furthermore , the relative primitiveness of character states among these features is nearly impossible to determine . melanocetus johnsonii is perhaps derived in having a relatively long illicium , and in having fewer , but longer jaw teeth ( see pietsch 1972b , 1974a ) . melanocetus polyactis and m . niger are similar in having relatively short jaw teeth , a similar escal morphology lacking anterior and posterior crests , and a sympatric geographic distribution that is restricted to the gulf of panama and adjacent eastern tropical pacific . melanocetus eustalus is derived in having an extremely large escal bulb , comparable to no other known ceratioid .\ndr bruce robison of the monterey bay aquarium research institute and his colleagues observed a black seadevil ( probably melanocetus johnsonii ) in the waters of the monterey canyon just off monterey bay , california , on november 17 , 2014 .\nmelanocetus johnsonii and m . murrayi , by far the best known species of the genus , have broad distributions , the former known from all three major oceans of the world , the latter from the atlantic and pacific . melanocetus rossi is represented by a single specimen collected in the ross sea , antarctica ; m . polyactis and m . niger , known from 15 and six specimens , respectively , are both restricted to the eastern tropical pacific ; and m . eustales , is known from a single specimen collected in the eastern pacific off mazatl\u00e1n , mexico .\nbalushkin , a . v . , and v . v . fedorov . 1981 . on finding the deepwater anglerfishes ( melanocetus rossi sp . n . and oneirodes notius ) in the ross sea ( antarctica ) . biologiya morya , 2 ( 2 ) : 79\u009682 . [ in russian , with english abstract . ]\ncolor of metamorphosed females dark brown to black over entire surface of head and body ( except for distal portion of escal bulb ) and oral cavity ; all fins white in specimens less than approximately 40 mm ( except for caudal - fin rays of adolescent specimens of melanocetus murrayi ; bertelsen , 1951 : 47 , fig . 16i ) . metamorphosed males with outer pigmentation as for females ( except nasal area unpigmented ) , subdermal pigmentation variable ( bertelsen , 1951 : 42 ; pietsch and van duzer , 1980 : 83 ) .\nthe family melanocetidae includes globose bathypelagic anglerfishes , easily separated from members of allied families by having a combination of features that includes 12 or more dorsal - fin rays , three to five anal - fin rays , a huge mouth , and numerous long fang - like teeth ( bertelsen , 1951 ; pietsch , 1972a ; pietsch and van duzer , 1980 ) . the only currently recognized genus of the family was established by g\u00fcnther ( 1864 ) with the description of melanocetus johnsonii , based on a single female specimen collected in the atlantic ocean off madeira . since that time , 13 additional species based on females have been described . the family currently includes six recognized species ( pietsch and van duzer , 1980 ; balushkin and fedorov , 1981 )\ngreek , ' melas ' or ' melanos ' = black + greek , ' ketos ' = any large sea creature , more often referring to a whale ( ref . 86949 )\nmarine ; bathypelagic ; depth range 0 - 1675 m ( ref . 46206 ) . deep - water\ndorsal soft rays ( total ) : 14 - 16 ; anal soft rays : 4 . distinguishing characteristics of metamorphosed female : nearly straight anterior margin of vomer ; least outside width between frontals 18 . 0 % sl ; upper jaw with 91 teeth , lower jaw with 60 teeth ; vomerine teeth 0 - 6 ; length of longest tooth in lower jaw 5 . 9 % sl ; width of pectoral fin lobe 9 . 9 % sl ; width of escal bulb 11 . 3 % sl ; illicium length 30 . 6 % sl ; esca without crest ; relatively thick integument ( ref . 86949 )\neschmeyer , w . n . ( ed . ) , 2003 . catalog of fishes . updated database version of march 2003 . catalog databases as made available to fishbase in march 2003 . ( ref . 46206 )\n) : 6 . 7 - 11 . 2 , mean 9 . 3 ( based on 9 cells ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5312 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01000 ( 0 . 00244 - 0 . 04107 ) , b = 3 . 04 ( 2 . 81 - 3 . 27 ) , in cm total length , based on all lwr estimates for this body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 8 \u00b10 . 2 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 10 of 100 ) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\npietsch & van duzer , 1980 . accessed through : world register of marine species at : urltoken ; = 272602 on 2018 - 07 - 09\nthe webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 license\nfroese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe root of the current tree connects the organisms featured in this tree to their containing group and the rest of the tree of life . the basal branching point in the tree represents the ancestor of the other groups in the tree . this ancestor diversified over time into several descendent subgroups , which are represented as internal nodes and terminal taxa to the right .\nyou can click on the root to travel down the tree of life all the way to the root of all life , and you can click on the names of descendent subgroups to travel up the tree of life all the way to individual species .\nfor more information on tol tree formatting , please see interpreting the tree or classification . to learn more about phylogenetic trees , please visit our phylogenetic biology pages .\nmetamorphosed males and females of the family melanocetidae are distinguished from those of all other ceratioid families by having a combination of 13 - 16 ( rarely 12 or 17 ) dorsal - fin rays and 4 ( rarely 3 or 5 ) anal - fin rays .\nmetamorphosed males are further differentiated in having the following combination of character states : eyes directed laterally , elliptical in shape , pupil larger than lens ; olfactory organs large , nostrils lateral , inflated ; nasal area unpigmented ; 12 - 24 olfactory lamellae ; jaw teeth absent ; upper denticular with 2 or 3 semicircular series of strong recurved denticles , fused with a median series of 3 - 9 enlarged dermal spines that articulate with the pterygiophore of the illicium ; lower denticular with 10 - 23 recurved denticles , fused into a median and two lateral groups ; skin spinulose or naked ; fin - ray counts as given for metamorphosed females ; free - living , never parasitic , two known examples of males attached to females in temporary coupling ( pietsch , 2005 ) .\nlarvae are further differentiated in having the following combination of character states : body short , almost spherical ; skin moderately inflated ; pectoral fins of normal size , not reaching beyond dorsal and anal fins ; pelvic fins absent ; sexual dimorphism evident , females with a small , club - shaped illicial rudiment protruding from head ; fin - ray counts as given for metamorphosed females ; metamorphosis beginning at lengths of 8 - 10 mm sl ( bertelsen , 1951 : 45 , 49 , figs . 16a - g , 17a - f ; 1984 : 326 , 328 , fig . 169c - d ) .\nthe largest known female is a 135 - mm specimen of m . johnsonii ; the largest known metamorphosed male , also identified as m . johnsoni , measures 28 mm .\nthe melanocetidae appears to be a relatively primitive ceratioid family ( bertelsen 1951 ; pietsch 1972a , 1976 , 1979 ) . the five species are characterized by a confusing mosaic of primitive and derived character states such that an interpretation of interspecific phylogenetic relationships is difficult . in any case , however , it seems apparent that m . murrayi has split off from the main line of melanocetid evolution and acquired a number of unique features that reflect its most derived position in the genus : 1 ) depressed cranium , 2 ) concave vomer , 3 ) small pectoral fin , 4 ) tiny escal bulb , and 5 ) thin integument . living in considerably deeper strata than its congeners most probably also reflects a derived condition .\nbertelsen , e . 1951 . the ceratioid fishes . ontogeny , taxonomy , distribution and biology . dana rept . , 39 , 276 pp .\nbertelsen , e . 1980 . notes on linophrynidae v : a revision of the deepsea anglerfishes of the linophryne arborifer - group ( pisces , ceratioidei ) . steenstrupia , 6 ( 6 ) : 29\u009670 .\nbertelsen , e . 1982 . notes on linophrynidae viii : a review of the genus linophryne , with new records and descriptions of two new species . steenstrupia , 8 ( 3 ) : 49\u0096104 .\nbertelsen , e . 1984 . ceratioidei : development and relationships . pp . 325 - 334 , in : moser , h . g . , w . j . richards , d . m . cohen , m . p . fahay , a . w . kendall , jr . , and s . l . richardson ( editors ) , ontogeny and systematics of fishes , spec . publ . no . 1 , amer . soc . ichthy . herpet . , ix + 760 pp .\ng\u00fcnther , a . c . l . g . 1864 . on a new genus of pediculate fish from the sea of madeira . proc . zool . soc . london , 1864 ( 6 ) : 301\u0096303 .\npietsch , t . w . 1969 . a remarkable new genus and species of deep - sea anglerfish ( family oneirodidae ) from off guadalupe island , mexico . copeia , 1969 ( 2 ) : 365\u0096369 .\npietsch , t . w . 1972a . a review of the monotypic deep - sea anglerfish family centrophrynidae : taxonomy , distribution , and osteology . copeia , 1972 ( 1 ) : 17\u009647 .\npietsch , t . w . 1972b . a second specimen of the deep - sea anglerfish , phyllorhinichthys micractis ( family oneirodidae ) , with a histological description of the snout flaps . copeia , 1972 ( 2 ) : 335\u0096340 .\npietsch , t . w . 1974a . osteology and relationships of ceratioid anglerfishes of the family oneirodidae , with a review of the genus oneirodes l\u00fctken . nat . hist . mus . l . a . co . , sci . bull . , 18 , 113 pp .\npietsch , t . w . 1974b . systematics and distribution of ceratioid anglerfishes of the genus lophodolos ( family oneirodidae ) . breviora , 425 : 1\u009619 .\npietsch , t . w . 1979 . ceratioid anglerfishes of the family caulophrynidae with the description of a new genus and species from the banda sea . contrib . sci . , nat . hist . mus . los angeles co . , 310 : 1\u009625 .\npietsch , t . w . 2005 . dimorphism , parasitism , and sex revisited : modes of reproduction among deep - sea ceratioid anglerfishes ( teleostei : lophiiformes ) . ichthyol . res . , 52 : 207\u0096236 .\npietsch , t . w . , and j . p . van duzer . 1980 . systematics and distribution of ceratioid anglerfishes of the family melanocetidae , with description of a new species from the eastern north pacific ocean . u . s . fish . bull . , 78 ( 1 ) : 59\u009687 .\ncorrespondence regarding this page should be directed to theodore w . pietsch at and christopher p . kenaley at\n. note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own license , and they may or may not be available for reuse . click on an image or a media link to access the media data window , which provides the relevant licensing information . for the general terms and conditions of tol material reuse and redistribution , please see the\neach tol branch page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a branch of the tree of life . the major distinction between a branch and a leaf of the tree of life is that each branch can be further subdivided into descendent branches , that is , subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages .\nfor a more detailed explanation of the different tol page types , have a look at the structure of the tree of life page .\ntree of life design and icons copyright \u00a9 1995 - 2004 tree of life project . all rights reserved .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nwe parsed the following live from the web into this page . such content is managed by its original site and not cached on discover life . please send feedback and corrections directly to the source . see original regarding copyrights and terms of use .\n) : 6 . 7 - 11 . 2 , mean 9 . 3 ( based on 9 cells ) . phylogenetic diversity index ( ref .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01000 ( 0 . 00244 - 0 . 04107 ) , b = 3 . 04 ( 2 . 81 - 3 . 27 ) , in cm total length , based on all lwr estimates for this body shape ( ref .\nscientists from the monterey bay aquarium research institute using their remotely operated vehicle doc ricketts have filmed a rare and bizarre - looking anglerfish called the black seadevil in its native habitat , at depths of about 580 meters .\n\u201cthe shining spot at the tip of the \u2018fishing pole\u2019 projecting from the fish\u2019s head is a glowing lure . \u201d\n\u201cthe anglerfish uses its light to attract prey in its deep , dark habitat . \u201d\nthe scientists believe that this is the first video footage ever made of this species alive and at depth .\n\u201cthis is the first time we have captured this fish on video in its habitat , \u201d dr robison said .\njuvenile australopithecus climbed trees , 3 . 32 - million - year - old foot fossil shows\n\u00a9 2011 - 2018 . sci - news . com . all rights reserved . | back to top\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken"]}
{"id": 73, "summary": [{"text": "tyrrhenaria ceratina is a species of air-breathing land snail , a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family helicidae , the typical snails .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "this species is endemic to corsica . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "tyrrhenaria ceratina", "paragraphs": ["have a fact about tyrrhenaria ceratina ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for tyrrhenaria ceratina ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nm . charrier * , a . nicolai * . ( in review ) plan national d\u2019actions de tyrrhenaria ceratina , escargot terrestre end\u00e9mique de corse . national recovery plan , ed . ministry of ecology , of energy , of sustainable development and of the ocean\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ncritically endangered b1ab ( i , ii , iii ) + 2ab ( i , ii , iii ) ver 3 . 1\nfalkner , m . , falkner , g . , von proschwitz , t . & charrier , m .\nworldwide . it is today restricted to a very narrow distribution area which is highly fragmented , suggesting a genetic impoverishment and unforeseeable events . moreover , 40 % of the population is located on a 0 . 0051 km\u00b2 area surrounded by the airport and the beach . these facts justify the maintenance of the species in the category critically endangered ( cr b1ab ( i , ii , iii ) + 2ab ( i , ii , iii ) ) .\nthe corsican snail is only found near ajaccio , in a biotope restricted to a small geographic area named\ncampo dell ' oro\n( which really occupies only 0 . 02 km\u00b2 ) , located near the airport , delimited at the east side by the joint delta of the two rivers gravona and prunelli and at the west side by a marina .\nthanks to human assistance and biotope management ( natura 2000 site ) providing protected areas appropriate for snail colonization , the population is considered to be stable . the population size is estimated to be between 7 , 500 and 10 , 000 individuals among which 3 , 800\u20135 , 200 are mature individuals ( estimated information from samplings made in 2009\u20132010 , m . charrier , pers . comm . , 2011 )\nthe main threats to this species are urbanisation and land use around the town of ajaccio , leading to habitat fragmentation and habitat loss , as well as leisure activities on the sand beach .\nfalkner , m . , falkner , g . , von proschwitz , t . & charrier , m . 2011 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nshuttleworth , r . j . 1843 . \u00fcber die land - und s\u00fcsswasser - mollusken von corsica . - mittheilungen der naturforschenden gesellschaft in bern 1843 ( 2 / 3 ) : 9 - 21 .\nshell looks like helix , yellowish brown with 4 - 5 reddish brown bands , irregularly striated and weakly reticulated , 3 . 5 - 4 convex whorls , last whorl slightly descending , aperture inside shiny and with distinct bands , margin straight and sharp , parietal side sometimes with a weak whitish layer , usually no umbilicus .\nsandy and periodically flooded habitats in the coastal plain , in a broken masaic terrain of isolated shrubs of genista salzman - nii , avoids too densely vegetated areas and open areas devoid of genista spots . the snails bury inside the soft and sandy soil ( up to 60 cm deep ) in periods of heat and appear usually only at night and during rainfall , unable to survive in compact soils . reproduction from end of august to mid - october , up to 20 eggs are laid inside a cavity in the sand , covered by mucus , juveniles hatch after 15 - 16 days and 2 - 3 weeks later appear at the surface . maturity is reached after 2 - 4 years , life span 6 - 10 years .\nreferences : moquin - tandon 1855 : 184 , westerlund 1889 : 449 ( h . tristis ) , germain 1930 : 188 , falkner et al . 2001 : 65 , charrier et al . 2005 , gargominy et al . 1999 in urltoken ( 02 . 2011 ) , urltoken ( 2010 ) , welter - schultes 2012 : 628 ( range map ) .\nthis work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - share alike 3 . 0 license\npesi is funded by the european union 7th framework programme within the research infrastructures programme . contract no . ri - 223806 . activity area : capacities . period 2008 - 2011 - website hosted & developed by vliz banner picture : gannet ( morus bassanus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) by karl van ginderdeuren - contact pesi\nusing cookies on urltoken shellauction uses cookies only for technical reasons and to facilitate and speed up your site navigation . by continuing to browse , you accept the use of cookies ; if you do not wish to receive them please disable them or not navigate this website further . more info cookies on urltoken\nutilizzo dei cookies su urltoken shellauction utilizza i cookies esclusivamente per ragioni tecniche e per facilitare e velocizzare la navigazione del sito . continuando a navigare accetti l ' utilizzo dei cookies , se non desideri riceverli ti invitiamo a disabilitarli oppure a non navigare questo sito ulteriormente . altre informazioni sui cookies di urltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\na . nicolai , p . vernon , r . lenz , j . le lannic , v . briand , m . charrier . ( in press ) well wrapped eggs : effects of egg shell structure on heat resistance and hatchling mass in the invasive land snail cornu aspersum . journal of experimental zoology a , n\u00b0 : jez - a - 2012 - 03 - 0030\na . nicolai , j . filser , r . lenz , v . briand , m . charrier . ( 2012 ) the composition of body storage compounds influences egg quality and the reproductive investment in the land snail cornu aspersum . canadian journal of zoology 90 ( 9 ) : 1161 - 1170\na . nicolai , j . filser , r . lenz , c . bertrand , m . charrier . ( 2012 ) quantitative assessment of haemolymph metabolites in respect to the physiological state in two populations of the land snail helix pomatia . physiological and biochemical zoology 83 ( 3 ) : 274 - 284\na . nicolai , j . filser , r . lenz , c . bertrand , m . charrier . ( 2011 ) adjustment of metabolite composition in the haemolymph to seasonal variations in the land snail helix pomatia . journal of comparative physiology b 181 : 457 - 466\na . nicolai , j . filser , v . briand , m . charrier . ( 2010 ) seasonally contrasting life history strategies in the land snail cornu aspersum : physiological and ecological implications . canadian journal of zoology 88 : 995 - 1002\na . ansart , a . nicolai , p . vernon and l . madec . ( 2010 ) do ice nucleating agents limit the supercooling ability of the land snail cornu aspersum ? cryoletters 31 ( 4 ) : 329 - 340\na . nicolai , p . vernon , m . lee , a . ansart and m . charrier . ( 2005 ) supercooling ability in two populations of the land snail helix pomatia ( gastropoda : helicidae ) and ice - nucleating activity of gut bacteria . cryobiology 50 : 48 - 57\na . nicolai . ( 2010 ) the impact of diet treatment on reproduction and thermo - physiological processes in the land snails cornu aspersum and helix pomatia . joint - supervision phd thesis university rennes 1 , france / university bremen , germany , urltoken\na . nicolai , r . lenz . roman . ( 2007 ) weinbergschneckenzucht auf der schw\u00e4bischen alb \u2013 ein beitrag zur regionalentwicklung . horizonte 30 : 3 - 4\na . nicolai , r . lenz . ( 2006 ) die \u201calbschneck\u00ae\u201d - zucht auf der schw\u00e4bischen alb . \u00a9interessengemeinschaft albschneck , snail farming instruction manual , ed . region aktiv , baden - w\u00fcrttemberg , germany\nl . williams * , a . nicolai * . ( 2005 ) monitoring of rare species 2005 and study of tourism impact in the nalychevo nature reserve . research report , wwf russia ( * contributed equally )\na . nicolai , j . filser , r . lenz , c . bertrand , m . charrier . ( 2011 ) adjustment of metabolite composition in the haemolymph to seasonal variations in the land snail helix pomatia . 4th international symposium on the environmental physiology of ectotherms & plants at rennes , france ; society for experimental biology annual main meeting at glasgow , united kingdom\na . nicolai . cold and heat resistance in cornu aspersum . ( 2009 ) national congress of snail farming at ile de r\u00e9 , france\na . nicolai . ( 2006 , 2008 , 2009 ) the impact of diet treatment on reproduction and thermo - physiological processes in the land snails cornu aspersum and helix pomatia . scholarship seminar series , federal foundation for environment of germany\nr . lenz , a . nicolai . the roman snail as a member of the ark of taste of slow food . ( 2006 , 2008 ) terra madre , international congress at turin , italy\nr . lenz , a . nicolai . ( 2007 ) albschneck\u00ae - roman snail farming in the svabian alps . regional agriculture exposition , m\u00fcnsingen , slow food exposition , stuttgart , germany\nr . lenz , a . nicolai . ( 2006 , 2007 ) ecology of the roman snail and its farming in the svabian alps . ark of taste market , slow food , beurren , germany\na . nicolai . ( 2006 ) the impact of diet treatment on reproduction in the land snail helix pomatia and roman snail farming as contribution to regional sustainable development in the svabian alps . umr - cnrs 6553 ecology / biology , university rennes 1 , france\na . nicolai . ( 2006 ) roman snail population management in the svabian alps \u2013 a contribution to regional sustainable development . uft , university bremen , germany\na . nicolai , p . vernon , a . ansart , m . lee , m . charrier . ( 2003 ) eco - physiological research in helix pomatia : supercooling capacity and potential role of intestinal bacteria as ice - nucleating agents . 3rd international congress of european societies of malacology at la rochelle , france poster presentation a . nicolai , s . fournier , v . briand and m . charrier . ( 2007 ) allocation of energy to reproductive success in cornu aspersum before and after hibernation . international congress of malacology at antwerp , belgium\nkeyword search - try again , but check your spelling , and / or use fewer search terms .\nif we don ' t have it today , create a ' want ' and receive an automated email when the item is listed for sale .\nfind books from over 100 , 000 booksellers worldwide , for easy searches and price comparison .\nby using the web site , you confirm that you have read , understood , and agreed to be bound by the terms and conditions . \u00a9 1996 - 2018 abebooks inc . all rights reserved . abebooks , the abebooks logo , abebooks . com ,\npassion for books .\nand\npassion for books . books for your passion .\nare registered trademarks with the registered us patent & trademark office .\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation ."]}
{"id": 83, "summary": [{"text": "dancer 's image ( april 10 , 1965 \u2013 december 26 , 1992 ) was an american thoroughbred racehorse who is the only winner in the history of the kentucky derby to have been disqualified . ", "topic": 7}], "title": "dancer ' s image", "paragraphs": ["according to thoroughbred times , dancer ' s image was the leading freshman sire in japan in 1983 . according to jockey club records , dancer ' s image\nto ask other readers questions about dancer ' s image , please sign up .\ndancer ' s image was initially named \u201calvan t . \u201d in honor of peter fuller ' s late father . the name was changed when dancer ' s image was a yearling .\n, dancer ' s image died of colic in japan on december 25 , 1992 .\ndancer ' s image did get to wear the roses of a kentucky derby champion .\ndancer ' s verde ( dancer ' s image ) . 8 wins , 2d pimlico city of baltimore h . , l . sire .\ndancer ' s image ' s derby disqualification was named the top sports story of 1968 by sports illustrated .\npeter fuller and wife joan with dancer\u2019s image and richard mitchell ( rider ) in 1968 .\nas a youngster dancer ' s image used to roam a pasture at old runnymeade farm .\nnoors image , the dam of dancer ' s image , was claimed by fuller for just us $ 5 , 000 in 1958 .\ndancer ' s image : the forgotten story of the 1968 kentucky derby by milton c . toby\nwe\u2019d love your help . let us know what\u2019s wrong with this preview of dancer ' s image by milton c . toby .\nthe first and second favorites in the 1968 kentucky derby were calumet farm\u2019s forward pass and peter fuller\u2019s dancer\u2019s image , the latter being by the acclaimed racehorse and sire native dancer . like his sire , dancer\u2019s image was a grey . the colt was trained by lou cavalaris and ridden by bobby ussery .\ndancer\u2019s image had sore ankles and a veterinarian had given him the drug , commonly used to relieve inflammation of the joints . it was legal at many u . s . racetrack s , but not at churchill downs . why the drug appeared on dancer\u2019s image\u2019s test results remains a mystery .\ndancer ' s image had inherited tender ankles from his famous sire native dancer . they were especially sore after the colt ' s victory in his final derby prep , the wood memorial .\ndancer ' s image : the forgotten story of the 1968 kentucky derby by milton c . toby | the history press books\ndancer ' s image : the forgotten story of the 1968 kentucky derby by milton c . toby , paperback | barnes & noble\u00ae\npeter fuller was jaunting to the winner ' s circle 40 years ago , a harvard man who now had a kentucky derby winner in dancer ' s image .\nwon wood memorial s . , governor ' s gold cup s . , e . palmer heagerty s .\na month later dancer ' s image faced his toughest competition in the wood memorial , where he rallied from far back to score an impressive three - quarter - length victory . dancer ' s image would be the first starter in the kentucky derby for both fuller and cavalaris .\npeter fuller believed he was set up . either someone sneaked into the stall and gave dancer\u2019s image the drug or someone altered the test results .\nthe stewards passed the buck to the state racing commission , leaving behind a stream of unanswered questions about the disqualification of dancer ' s image .\ndancer ' s image was retired after the preakness with 12\nofficial\nvictories in 24 starts with career earnings of $ 236 , 636 . in the aftermath of the controversy a multimillion - dollar syndication fell apart . dancer ' s image entered stud in maryland in 1969 and later stood in ireland , france and japan . one of the leading stallions in japan , dancer ' s image died of colic in december 1992 , at age 27 .\nfuller bought noor\u2019s image in 1958 and bred her to native dancer , a celebrated stallion . he named the horse after his father but then changed his name to dancer\u2019s image when he decided to sell him . his wife joan begged him to keep the beautiful horse and he bought him back at auction .\ndancing on , by dancer ' s image . 2 wins in u . s . a . sister to dancer ' s verde , half - sister to raisela , joe frazier , unchallenged . dam of 12 foals , 10 to race , 6 winners , inc : -\nbute disappears from a horse\u2019s system six days after it\u2019s administered . it had been given to dancer\u2019s image more than six days before the kentucky derby . after the race , churchill downs followed its usual practice of testing the winner and one horse chosen at random . that\u2019s when the test results showed bute in dancer\u2019s image\u2019s system . the second place finisher , forward pass , was declared the winner , though he was not tested .\nthe kentucky state racing commission was aware of dancer\u2019s image\u2019s inherited leg problems , and swelling in the horse\u2019s front left ankle almost sidelined him for the 1968 derby altogether . history shows that fuller and his trainers were public about the horse\u2019s ankle problems .\ndancer\u2019s image stood at stud in the united states , ireland , france , and japan , with moderate success , and died in 1992 at age 27 .\nthree days later , churchill downs president walter knebelkamp announced dancer ' s image had traces of phenylbutazone , an anti - inflammatory drug , in his bloodstream during the race . runner - up forward pass was declared the winner . dancer ' s image was placed last - - the only disqualification in derby history .\nthe frisky colt was the spitting image of native dancer . he also inherited his troublesome ankles . when fuller ' s trainer , lou cavalaris , spotted the colt ' s weak ankles he recommended fuller put him in the yearling sale at hialeah . fuller reluctantly entered the colt . he also petitioned the jockey club to change the colt ' s name to dancer ' s image .\ndancer ' s image was disqualified by the stewards and placed 14th and last ; forward pass was declared the winner . the scandal raised all sorts of theories .\nlouisville , ky . - - peter fuller was jaunting to the winner ' s circle 40 years ago , a harvard man who now had a kentucky derby winner in dancer ' s image .\njockey bob ussery celebrates aboard dancer\u2019s image on his way to the winner\u2019s circle flanked by owner peter fuller , left , and trainer louis c . cavalaris jr . , right , at churchill downs .\ntoby starts off with a brief narrative about the career of native dancer , who would go on to sire dancer ' s image . peter fuller sent unproven broodmare noors image to native dancer , an outcross which he hoped would get him to the kentucky derby . the foal was originally named a . t . ' s image , to honor peter ' s father alvan tufts fuller . however , the colt inherited his sire ' s bad ankles and , as fuller was planning to sell him , he requested the name be changed to dancer ' s image , so that his father ' s namesake horse wouldn ' t be running for someone else , and likely losing . ironically , at auction fuller ' s wife convinced him to buy the colt back .\ndespite a slow start , dancer\u2019s image crossed the finish line first at the 1968 derby . but in the end , he would not be recognized as the champion .\nstill not knowing that the sample belonged to dancer ' s image , smith phoned lewis finley , one of the churchill downs stewards , and told him what they had .\nthere are no records of dancer ' s image getting bute since the sunday before the race . have you drawn any conclusions on how he tested positive for the drug ?\npeter fuller may have lost the battle , but he won the war and brought about change by standing up for dancer ' s image through years of costly legal wrangling .\nthis entry was posted in the breeders ' cup forum and tagged breeders ' cup forum , dancer ' s image , kentucky derby by ray paulick . bookmark the permalink .\nthe new hampshire thoroughbred dancer\u2019s image won , then lost , the kentucky derby in 1968 because his owner made a kind gesture to the widow of martin luther king , jr .\nthis entry was posted in racing and tagged abby fuller , dancer ' s image , horse racing , hrtv , peter fuller , thoroughbred by press release . bookmark the permalink .\nas a practical matter , though , it ' s difficult to imagine a crank letter writer being clever enough to obtain some bute , slip onto the backstretch , locate dancer ' s image , and administer the drug to a fractious , 1 , 000 - pound thoroughbred . what are some of the most surprising things you learned about the dancer ' s image case in doing your research ?\na billboard with dancer ' s image picture still stands at fuller ' s farm in new hampton , n . h . , proclaiming the colt as the derby winner , even though the record book says otherwise .\n\u201cmr . fuller received death threats , dancer\u2019s image was derided with a racial epithet around louisville , and one of the fuller stables was set on fire , \u201d the new york times wrote in fuller\u2019s 2012 obituary .\nat 2 : won maryland futurity s . , grey h . , clarendon s . , vandal s .\nwas the urine sample tainted ? did someone sprinkle crushed - up tablets of bute into the horse ' s feed ? was there pressure to crown forward pass yet another derby champion for calumet farm , a racing giant in those days ? was dancer ' s image set up as retribution for fuller ' s support of dr . king ? why was there limited security around dancer image ' s barn ? was it a gambling fix ?\nsent off as the 7 - 2 second choice , dancer ' s image rallied from last to win by 1\u00bd lengths over forward pass even though jockey bobby ussery lost his whip .\ntraces of phenylbutazone , known as bute , were found in dancer ' s image ' s post - race urinalysis . then it was legal at some tracks , but churchill downs wasn ' t yet one of them .\nin 1958 , fuller claimed noor ' s image , a former stakes runner , for $ 5 , 000 .\ntoby recently authored a book on that subject : \u201cdancer ' s image : the forgotten story of the 1968 kentucky derby ( published by the history press ; for more information click here ) .\non may 4 , 1968 , dancer ' s image crossed the finish line at churchill downs to win the 94th kentucky derby . yet the jubilation ended three days later for the owner , the jockey and the trainers who propelled the celebrated thoroughbred to victory . amid a firestorm of controversy , dancer ' s image was disqualified after blood tests revealed the presence of a widely used anti - inf\ni just want to thank jose for his support and friendship over these 32 + years that i have known him . dancer\u2019s image and i were fortunate to have him in our sphere . bravissimo !\nsome of the changes in procedure at churchill downs were immediate . horsesshipping in for the derby were put in one barn with enhanced security . prior to the dancer ' s image controversy , derby horses were scattered around the backstretch . dr . harthill was the only race track veterinarian allowed to maintain an office on the backstretch , and dancer ' s image was stabled in the \u201charthill barn . \u201d\nof course , this is a primary topic of mine but i have never seen it from a professional dancer\u2019s perspective .\nfuller thought he was targeted because of his support for martin luther king , jr . two days after the civil rights leader ' s assassination in memphis that year , fuller gave a purse of $ 62 , 000 won by dancer\u2019s image to king\u2019s widow , coretta scott king .\non a brilliant spring afternoon at churchill downs , fuller ' s strapping grey colt dancer ' s image was weaving his way through 13 rivals when jockey bobby ussery lost his stick at the three - sixteenths pole . it didn ' t matter . with a vigorous hand ride dancer ' s image surged to the lead in the final furlong and drew clear , winning by a length and a half in the 94th running of the kentucky derby .\ntoday , horses still graze contentedly , but visitors also find a timeworn billboard there saluting fuller ' s racing stars with a huge picture of mom ' s command ( his 1985 filly champion ) and dancer ' s image , proclaiming :\nwinner of the 1968 kentucky derby .\neight belles was buried at the kentucky derby museum . image by flickr user windsurfgirl .\nharthill later said he gave dancer ' s image a single dose of bute . he was a controversial figure in his own right , having twice been implicated in drugging scandals . he died nearly three years ago .\nhe died at age 89 on may 14 , 2012 in portsmouth , n . h . to this day , a weathered billboard at runnymede farm proclaims dancer ' s image the winner of the 1968 kentucky derby .\ntwo weeks later in the preakness , dancer\u2019s image was again disqualified after running third for bumping another horse and placed eighth in the ten - entry field . plagued by sore ankles , his racing career was over .\nit was legal before dancer ' s image , too ,\nussery said .\nvenetian way had it when he won the derby in ' 60 . i was second on bally ache that year .\nalex harthill , nicknamed the\nderby doc\nfor treating past winners , gave dancer ' s image a dose of bute six days before , seemingly enough time for it to clear the colt ' s bloodstream . trainer lou cavalaris agreed with the tactic .\nby current racing medication standards in the united states , dancer\u2019s image won the kentucky derby fair and square . but that was not the case in 1968 and the name inscribed as the winner will forever be forward pass .\npositive tests for any banned substances are extremely rare in the premier races . the most commonly cited example is dancer\u2019s image , whose victory in the 1968 kentucky derby was nullified when tests turned up traces of a painkiller .\nthe disqualification of dancer ' s image from winning the 1968 kentucky derby remains the only disqualification of a winner in the storied history of the triple crown . it was unquestionably one of the sport ' s most controversial decisions and still leaves unanswered questions 45 years later .\nprominent veterinarian alex harthill , whose long career included several other implications of improprieties , had given dancer ' s image a dose of \u201cbute\u201d almost a week prior to the derby , which normally would not trigger the positive test .\ndancer ' s image wove through 13 rivals from last place to win the kentucky derby by a length and a half . three days later , churchill downs ruled fuller had to return the $ 122 , 600 winner\u2019s purse . track officials discovered the painkiller phenylbutazone , also known as bute , in the horse\u2019s system .\nthat decision obviously rankled many at that time , including dancer ' s image ' s owner , peter fuller . in its wake it left a host of non - definitive speculation about the circumstances and any concrete explanations remain a mystery . inside information ' s thorough documentary serves to outline many of the unproven theories .\n\u201cthe reason for dancer\u2019s image\u2019s derby tragedy never would be exactly known , \u201d michael madden wrote in the globe in 1982 . \u201cfuller could have been the victim of a ) the thoroughbred establishment in kentucky or b ) even the flaming racial rhetoric of the spring of 1968 . \u201d\na picture on the card is about the size of two postage stamps , but it clearly shows ussery aboard dancer ' s image in the winner ' s circle after the 1968 derby , with peter fuller , the horse ' s owner , holding the reins and motioning to people in front of him to join the celebration .\nhere , in this close - up , you can see the the gas plumes painted along the highlight on the dancer ' s body .\nanother irony of dancer ' s image ' s derby disqualification is that forward pass , declared the winner after the disqualification , was not himself tested for drugs following the race ; in fact , the only other horse to be tested was the fifth - place finisher , kentucky sherry .\nfuller said he spent $ 250 , 000 and four years unsuccessfully fighting the dq in court . the derby media guide includes the official chart showing dancer ' s image as the winner , but in other sections forward pass gets the credit .\nin 1969 , the first five finishers in the derby were tested for prohibited medications . in 1968 , only dancer ' s image and one other horse selected at random , kentucky sherry , were drug tested . one of the claims made by peter fuller ' s attorneys was that forward pass was declared the winner without having been subjected to a drug test after the race . the results of the expanded drug tests also were announced immediately . the positive test for dancer ' s image was not announced until three days after the derby .\npeter fuller fought for years to have dancer\u2019s image declared the rightful winner of the kentucky derby . he appealed the racetrack\u2019s ruling to the kentucky state racing commission , which sided with churchill downs . he took his case to court and , in 1970 , won . but then he lost on appeal .\ni did not have an opportunity to discuss dancer ' s image in any detail with dr . harthill before his death a few years ago . i relied , instead , on sworn testimony he gave during the investigation and hearings . everyone agreed that dr . harthill was a brilliant veterinarian , and his record confirms that reputation . he also was a lightning rod for controversy throughout his career , and the circumstances surrounding the dancer ' s image case led to questions about his role \u2014 if he had one .\nthe late veterinarian , alex harthill , was a central figure in this drama . did you ever have a chance to interview him on dancer ' s image ? if not , what role did he play , based on his sworn statements in the case ?\nlong associated with fine thoroughbred horses , kentucky\u2019s bluegrass region is also home to america\u2019s oldest . . .\nthe day before the 1968 kentucky derby , peter fuller had such confidence in dancer ' s image that he practiced the walk from his box to the winner ' s circle at churchill downs in louisville . he even composed an acceptance speech . he demanded 50 tickets rather than the usual four allotted to owners .\nthere ' s no way to know for sure . the stewards accepted the racing chemist ' s positive test result without question and concentrated on how dancer ' s image received the bute . cavalaris and assistant trainer robert barnard were suspended because of the trainer responsibility rule , but there was never any evidence that linked them ( or anyone else ) to the bute .\na touch of derby in the orient ,\nwhich followed up on the japanese stud careers of dancer ' s image , forward pass and sunday silence , is the ninth chapter in jim bolus ' kentucky derby stories ( 1993 , pelican publishing company ) .\ndancer ' s image won the governor ' s gold cup at bowie a few days after rev . king was assassinated , and peter fuller ' s gift of the winner ' s share of the purse to mrs . king must have ruffled some feathers . fuller received a batch ofcrack , racist letters and he was worried enough to ask for additional security for the horse at churchill downs . that request was denied .\ni know they took the derby away from dancer ' s image ,\nsays a puffy , bright - eyed ussery , now a 53 - year - old jockey ' s agent and bloodstock salesman .\nbut we were first across the finish line , they paid off the people that bet on him , and that ' s good enough for me .\ndancer ' s image next ran third behind forward pass in the preakness , but was disqualified for bumping another horse and placed eighth . he was retired after that . fuller eventually sold him and the colt had a successful stud career overseas . he died in 1992 .\ndancer\u2019s image won the race , which was just weeks before the derby , and fuller made good on the promise , giving his winnings of more than $ 60 , 000 to the recently widowed coretta scott king . but the act of goodwill wouldn\u2019t come without consequences .\nhe had donated the earnings from one of dancer ' s image ' s pre - derby victories to coretta scott king , widow of the civil rights leader whom he had briefly met that year . he did so without fanfare , but the gift became public knowledge at the wood memorial after a tv announcer mentioned it .\nbrannigan , erin . dancefilm : choreography and the moving image . new york : oxford university press , 2011 .\nwhen a client comes into your office and says \u201cit ' s not about the money , it ' s about the principle of the thing , \u201d it ' s usually really about the money . there was a lot of money at stake in the dancer ' s image case \u2014 the winner ' s purse of $ 122 , 600 , a likely multi - million - dollar syndication that fell apart , a goldtrophy , and a quarter - million in legal bills \u2014 but peter fuller always maintained that he was most interested in righting a wrong and getting dancer ' s image the credit the horse deserved for finishing first in the kentucky derby . i never came across anything to suggest that fuller was not being completely honest about that . even now , when he reads something derogatory in the press about dancer ' s image , fuller usually writes a polite note to the author , or to the magazine or newspaper , and points out the errors . he was , and still is , a sportsman in the truest sense of the word .\nway out where you would never expect to see it is a large , open paddock owned by the longtime north hampton resident peter fuller . horses graze contentedly in the distance , but what catches the eye is a billboard proudly proclaiming the virtues of the farm\u2019s most famous equine residents from decades ago\u2014the filly champion mom\u2019s command , and dancer\u2019s image , touted as \u201cwinner 1968 kentucky derby . \u201d\nprior to the derby , fuller contributed some of dancer ' s image ' s winnings to coretta scott king , the widow of civil rights leader martin luther king , which was not well - received by many people in the south . that led some to surmise that the positive test may have been a backlash to the donation and fuller ' s general support of the civil rights movement .\ntrainer cavalaris and his assistant robert barnard were suspended for 30 days following the derby disqualification . forward pass won the preakness by six lengths . dancer ' s image did run in the preakness and finished third , but amazingly was disqualified again for bumping in the stretch and placed eighth .\nbid ' s image ( spectacular bid ) . 5 wins , 2d fair grounds dr ab leggio memorial h . , l , 3d fair grounds truly bound s . , l , furl sail h . , l . producer .\nsorry , this image isn ' t available for this licence . please refer to the license restrictions for more information .\none last thought : humans of the world untie\u2014free yourself from the bonds that hold you to an unrealistic body image .\nrosenberg , douglas . screendance : inscribing the ephemeral image . oxford and new york : oxford university press , 2012 .\nthe 1968 race changed that forever . after testing a sample of dancer ' s image ' s saliva and urine , the racing chemist ruled a positive test . the stewards accepted it without question . fuller unleashed his attorneys . they argued repeatedly that the chemist was not credible and the testing procedures were so flawed that the test results were unreliable .\nracing for a questionable triple crown , forward pass led until the eighth pole in the belmont stakes , eventually giving way to stage door johnny , who won by more than a length . forward pass wound up as a stallion in japan , where he died in 1980 . he could not match dancer ' s image ' s success in the breeding shed .\ndancer ' s image , ridden by bobby ussery , rallied from last to win the derby , besting calumet farms ' forward pass , but was later disqualified , and placed 14th and last , when traces of the illegal substance phenylbutazone , known commonly as \u201cbute , \u201d were found in his system .\nmilt toby attended his first kentucky derby in 1968 , the year peter fuller ' s dancer ' s image finished first but later became the race ' s only winner to be disqualified when a post - race test detected the prohibited anti - inflammatory phenylbutazone in his system . five years later , when toby joined the editorial staff of the blood - horse magazine , the controversy surrounding the race still had not been resolved .\nthe next edition of hrtv ' s award - winning inside information : dancer ' s image , on sunday , july 14 at 8 : 30 p . m . et , will be expanded to a special one - hour format to present an in - depth retrospective on one of thoroughbred racing ' s landmark cases , which will recount the machinations of the decision , along with revealing interviews with key people directly involved .\ntangled stories on both sides continue to make this case a curious one , but a lack of evidence from fuller\u2019s team ultimately led to the decision to disqualify dancer\u2019s image . three days after the 1968 derby , the kentucky state racing commission\u2019s chemist reported that he had detected traces of bute , or some derivative of the drug . bute wasn\u2019t illegal in most racetracks at the time , but at churchill downs , it was banned .\nbut on the night of may 4 , 1968 , in a mobile laboratory on the churchill downs grounds , an assistant racing chemist for the commonwealth of kentucky ran a $ 9 . 50 test by acidifying with sulfuric acid a urine sample taken from dancer ' s image after the race . he called kenny smith , kentucky ' s head racing chemist , who was attending a post - derby party at louisville ' s audubon country club .\nyes , especially my mommy friends after pregnancy . it\u2019s like a race to see who can get thin the fastest after their baby . it\u2019s a pressure all in its own . every person\u2019s\n\u201caccording to local and national sports writer billy reed , thoroughbred owner paul mellon once told mr . fuller he \u2018\u2026shouldn\u2019t have mixed politics and racing\u2019 in regards to the donation . \u2019\u201d goodlet said . \u201cthe implication being that some in the racing industry may have had issues with fuller\u2019s actions . however , any statement that state racing officials disqualified dancer\u2019s image as an act of retribution toward fuller and / or dr . king\u2019s protest is pure speculation . \u201d\nas the race approached , the biggest worry in fuller ' s mind was his horse ' s health . when dancer ' s image tweaked his right front ankle in a workout , dr . alex harthill , the famous\nderby vet ,\nadministered a therapeutic dose of four grams of phenylbutazone six days before the race . universally known as\nbute ,\nit is classified as a pain killer effective in alleviating inflammation of the joints .\nfor the first time in the 36 - year history of new york state\u2019s iconic \u201ci love ny\u201d tourism campaign , a thrilling action image of horse racing is featured on the cover of the state\u2019s annual summer travel guide \u2013 its signature promotional publication . read more\u2026\ndancer ' s image ( usa ) gr . h , 1965 { 4 - r } dp = 5 - 16 - 13 - 4 - 0 ( 38 ) di = 2 . 62 cd = 0 . 58 - 24 starts , 12 wins , 5 places , 1 shows career earnings : $ 236 , 636\nafter snapping a few photos of the dancer\u2019s image shrine , i drove away wondering what mr . fuller , 85 , thinks of the current drug problems plaguing racing . steroid abuse and blood doping are rampant . bute , however , is now legal all across the country\u2014to the point where 40 years after the infamous derby disqualification , it\u2019s difficult to find a thoroughbred not running on it .\nthere have been suggestions by peter fuller , the owner of dancer ' s image , that the civil rights movement played a part in his horse being disqualified . he donated money to coretta scott king just days after her husband , martin luther king , was assassinated in memphis . do you give any credence to this angle ?\ndancer\u2019s image came in third behind forward pass in the preakness stakes , the second leg of the triple crown . he was disqualified again for bumping another horse . fuller decided to retire him after that race because of his sore ankles . he was sent to stud and died in japan at age 27 on december 26 , 1992 .\ndancer ' s image was disqualified from his victory in the derby for after post - race tests detected the prohibited anti - inflammatory phenylbutazone in his system . kentucky rules in 1968 called for zero tolerance for bute . was that because there was no quantitative testing available at that time or were the medication rules that strict by design ?\ndancer\u2019s image won the derby , circling the field from last to first . but two days later , the kentucky racing commission reported the post - race urine test had returned positive for butazolidin , a then - illegal drug likened to equine aspirin and commonly known as \u201cbute . \u201d runner - up forward pass was declared the official winner .\nthe news was big enough to land on the cover of sports illustrated , but several loose ends have left it open to much speculation through the years . who drugged dancer\u2019s image ? was he even drugged at all ? and did an act of kindness in the heat of the american civil rights movement have some effect on the decision ?\nphotographer barbara morgan discussing her first meeting with dancer martha graham , from the documentary barbara morgan : everything is dancing ( 1980 ) .\nthe scandal rocked the industry . conspiracy theories erupted . reputations were sullied . a tortuous court battle would drag on for more than five years . thirty - one months after his original run for the roses , a kentucky court declared dancer ' s image the rightful winner , only to see that decision overturned on appeal in april 1972 . fuller never collected the winner ' s purse of $ 122 , 600 .\nloved it . what a story . i ' m horse crazy so it was right up my alley . never knew about this . i ' ve met the jockey who rode dancer ' s image . he won the derby two years in a row . seems there was some skullduggery going on there . there ' s politics in everything . what a shame . of course now the rules have been changed .\ni have no idea ,\nfuller replied .\nas far as dr . harthill was concerned the horse was in his barn and he wanted him to win - - in my opinion . as far as we ' re concerned the only time dancer ' s image had bute [ that week ] was the [ sunday ] before the race .\non may 4 , 1968 , dancer ' s image crossed the finish line at churchill downs to win the 94th kentucky derby . yet the jubilation ended three days later for the owner , the jockey and the trainers who propelled the celebrated thoroughbred to victory . amid a firestorm of controversy , dancer ' s image was disqualified after blood tests revealed the presence of a widely used anti - inflammatory drug with a dubious legal status . over forty years later , questions still linger over the origins of the substance and the turmoil it created . veteran turfwriter and noted equine law expert milt toby gives the first in - depth look at the only disqualification in derby history and how the run for the roses was changed forever .\nnative dancer was sire to dancer ' s image , and was named horse of the year in 1952 and 1954 . they called him the gray ghost . going into the 1953 kentucky derby , he was far and away the favorite , with the shortest odds in derby history . but he was bumped twice during the race , and came in second to long shot dark star by a nose . it was the only race native dance ever lost . you can relive the 1953 derby in this video .\non may 4 , 1968 , dancer ' s image crossed the finish line at churchill downs to win the ninety - fourth kentucky derby . yet the jubilation ended three days later for the owner the jockey and the trainers who propelled the celebrated thoroughbred to victory . amid a firestorm of controversy , dancer ' s image was disqualified after blood tests revealed the presence of a widely used anti - inflammatory drug with a dubious legal status . over forty years later , questions still linger over the origins of the substance and the turmoil it created . veteran turfwriter and noted equine law expert milt toby gives the first in - depth look at the only disqualification in derby history and how the run for the roses was changed forever .\npeter fuller said he wouldn\u2019t take another horse to the kentucky derby unless he thought it could win . he never found that horse , but if he had he had a name for it : \u2018dancer\u2019s revenge . \u2019\nfuller hired five separate chemists who conducted private tests and didn\u2019t find any traces of bute , according to a 1981 globe story . the dagger in fuller\u2019s case was testimony from a veterinarian , who said he gave dancer\u2019s image a single tablet of the drug six days and seven hours before the derby , which fuller said he didn\u2019t know about . fuller defended his integrity in the years following , and remained skeptical of the entire incident .\nthe colt broke his maiden at woodbine racecourse and in a tough six - month juvenile campaign dancer ' s image started 15 times , closing out his season winning by a nose in the maryland futurity stakes . each morning cavalaris ' sad brown eyes inspected the colt ' s tender ankles , while his hands rubbed and then treated them with a variety of paints and liniment braces as well as bandages and tubs and tubs of ice .\n( 1981 ) . in 1970 she announced her retirement as a dancer , but she continued to create dances and to teach . her autobiography ,\ni recently sat down with an amazing woman , alexandra weber , and had the most interesting conversation about body image that i just had to share .\nat the start of the colt ' s 3 - year - old season cavalaris eliminated the blinkers , which allowed the colt to relax and rally from far off the pace to make a dramatic dash down the stretch . in early march , with bobby ussery in the irons , dancer ' s image nearly set a track record in the $ 100 , 000 governor ' s gold cup derby prep race at bowie racetrack . after the race , fuller turned down a $ 1 million cash offer for the horse .\ndespite the disqualification and the subsequent court decision , the kentucky derby media guide still includes the official chart showing dancer ' s image as the winner of the 1968 kentucky derby . their position is supported by sports illustrated , which pointed out in a 1968 article that kentucky rules provided for disqualification from purse money but not from a placing in the event of a drug positive .\npeter fuller ' s attorneys , on the other hand , argued from the start that the chemist was not credible and the testing procedures were so flawed that thetest results were unreliable . if dancer ' s image won the derby with bute in his system , and experts on fuller ' s side of the argument raised serious questions about that conclusion , how it happened remains a mystery . i ' d like to be able to answer that question , but 40 years after the fact it will take a confession to solve the riddle .\nthe 94th running of the kentucky derby is one that will forever be marked by an asterisk . dancer ' s image crossed the line first , but was later found to have had bute , then an illegal drug , in his urine and was disqualified , handing the victory to runner - up forward pass . some four decades later , details about dancer ' s image and his kentucky derby have mostly been forgotten . in his latest book , kentucky attorney and equine author milton toby retells this amazing story , the result of hours of digging through news archives and legal files , so that contemporary followers of horse racing history can fully understand what happened , including some irregularities in the testing methods , which to this day may draw into question the validity of the disqualification .\nthe post - race urinalysis came back the week after the derby with the finding that dancer\u2019s image\u2019s urine had traces of the anti - inflammatory phenylbutazone , or bute , which was a legal medication in some racing jurisdictions in 1968 but not in kentucky . dr . alex harthill , a noted racetrack veterinarian , said that he had administered bute to the colt six days before the derby , supposedly enough time for the medication to clear the bloodstream . skeptics did not buy harthill\u2019s timeline because of some previous similar episodes the vet was involved in .\ncourteous , by affirmed . raced twice . three - quarter - sister to lady affirmed , half - sister to festivity , bid ' s image . dam of 11 named foals , 9 to race , 6 winners , inc : -\nas for dancer ' s image , he faced formidable foes in calumet farm ' s forward pass and his puffy right front ankle that was especially sore following the wood victory . the clear favorite heading into the derby , forward pass , trained by henry forrest , had triumphed in the hibiscus stakes , the everglades stakes , the florida derby and the blue grass stakes , the premier derby prep race . calumet farm was confident of picking up its eighth derby trophy .\non may 4 , 1968 , dancer\u2019s image , a maryland - bred colt owned by boston boxer - turned - auto - businessman peter fuller , took the starting line at the 93rd running of the kentucky derby . fuller , the son of former massachusetts gov . alvan t . fuller , won with the same horse just a few weeks earlier at the wood memorial stakes in new york .\n\u201cfuller spent $ 250 , 000 over the next four years fighting dancer\u2019s disqualification , \u201d the globe reported in 2008 . \u201che won an early round in 1970 when a state circuit judge overruled the kentucky racing commission and declared dancer the winner . but fuller lost the final round two years later when the state\u2019s highest court found \u2018an abundance of substantial evidence\u2019 for the disqualification , despite acknowledging numerous contradictions in the voluminous trial record , which topped 4 , 000 pages . \u201d\ni have been learning ballroom dancing for about 4 years and have shopped at other stores . nothing made the difference as much as going to dancer ' s image and meeting nicole . she helped me get the right fit in shoes , took time to explain things to me , gave me insider tips on dancing and what to wear . it was a fabulous shopping and learning experience . highly recommended .\ndr . harthill stated on numerous occasions that he treated dancer ' s image with bute on the sunday before the race . that event never was in question . dr . harthill billed peter fuller for the treatment and fuller paid the charge . dr . harthill always denied giving the horse bute at any other time , however , and there was no evidence to suggest that he had any other involvement .\nthat tuesday , while bobby ussery played golf in new york , and ismael ( milo ) valenzuela , the jockey who rode forward pass to a second - place finish , was on a golf course in louisville , wathen knebelkamp , the president of churchill downs , announced that because of the test , dancer ' s image had been dropped to last place and the derby victory was given to forward pass .\nsteph\u2019s first real experience of a dancer\u2019s london left her in tears . until that moment , she had been , by everyone\u2019s consent , the greatest dancer in skegness . her parents had moved to the northern coastal town from hong kong when she was young . she was scouted from the local school and driven to the capital where she danced on the biggest stage she\u2019d ever seen , under coloured lights and before rows and rows of enchanted , sparkling eyes . when her standing ovation came , she knew it : this was what she wanted to do for ever .\n3rd prince george ' s stakes ( usa , 8 . 5fd , bowie )\nking was murdered on april 4 , 1968 . fuller didn\u2019t announce his gift to coretta scott king , but it made the news in louisville in the run - up to the derby . fuller feared reprisal . he received death threats , one of his stables was set on fire and dancer\u2019s image was given a racial slur as a nickname . fuller asked churchill downs for extra security . he didn\u2019t get it .\nmy daughter has been using dancer ' s image for three years now and finds them very reliable . she ' s always treated with value even in the store ' s busiest hours ( which are often ) . she mostly uses them to get fitted for pointe shoes and has always been shown attention to detail in fittings - not just focusing on what looks good , but what feels good for her . the employees are almost almost always attentive to their customers and looking to fill their needs . nice to have such a reliable dance supply and shoe fitting store in boston !\nbute was commonly used for training , but not for racing in 1968 . in 1962 , kentucky and illinois became the last two states to ban bute on race day . a decade later , bute was legal again in most states and emphasis shifted from zero tolerance to testing for acceptable levels of the medication . how to regulate bute remains a serious issue for racing today . lou cavalaris jr . , who trained dancer ' s image for owner peter fuller , said that the horse received his first dose of bute on the sunday before the derby , which everyone thought would be sufficient lead time for the drug to clear his system and not show up on a post - race test . cavalaris and fuller knew not to take any chances , and dancer ' s image was scratched from the derby trial because of the treatment .\nt . d . thornton writes from massachusetts . he is the author of not by a long shot\u2014a season at a hard - luck horse track , which was recently named the winner of the castleton - lyons - thoroughbred times best book of the year about horse racing . during the summer , he calls races as the track announcer at suffolk downs in boston . he looks back on dancer\u2019s image and the 1968 kentucky derby .\n\u201cdancer\u2019s image , void of speed through the early stages after being bumped at start , commenced a rally after three - quarters to advance between horses on the second turn , cut back to the inside when clear entering the stretch at which point his rider dropped his whip . responding to a vigorous hand ride the colt continued to save ground to take command nearing the furlong marker and was hard pressed to edge forward pass . \u201c\nin a mandatory urinalysis two days after the race , the thoroughbred tested positive for phenylbutazone , an anti - inflammatory tablet used for joint pain , which is better known in the racing community as \u201cbute . \u201d at the time , the substance was banned at churchill downs . despite a lengthy appeals process , dancer\u2019s image would be disqualified , and forward pass\u2014the second horse to cross the finish line that day\u2014would be declared the winner .\nwon governor ' s gold cup stakes ( usa , 8 . 5fd , bowie )\none of fuller ' s attorneys was ned bonnie , who still practices in louisville .\nget news as it happens . sign up for urltoken ' s email news alerts .\npack your beach blanket for a bittersweet tale of love and summer ' s magic .\nchoose the plan that\u2019s right for you . digital access or digital and print delivery .\nthere goes michelle queen , the commercial dancer , on her way to rehearse for a forthcoming video shoot ; there goes karl bowe , to join his castmates at dirty dancing at the aldwych ; there goes stephanie sit , the underground dancer , to practise freestyling with friends in an abandoned , graffiti - strewn corridor in the basement of the trocadero .\ndancer\u2019s image was a precocious gray whose career peaked in the spring of 1968 just as the country was becoming embroiled in political and civil unrest . after he won a prestigious derby prep race , fuller quietly donated the purse to the widow of dr . martin luther king jr . , but the gift sparked a backlash that included violent racist threats . fuller headed to louisville with a fast horse and a reputation as an anti - establishment northerner .\nthe highlighting is completed throughout the dancer ' s body . the blurred\nglow\neffect is intensified along her neck , arms , and upper thighs to give the illusion of ' illumination from within ' . on a separate layer , i do the secondary highlights for the ' fabric ' streaming around the dancer . her costume is what gives the feeling of weightlessness and indicate the flow of the movement in this image . soft , light pink is applied in\nsoft charcoal\nwith low opacity on broad area , while the same color in higher opacity with sharper tip is added along the edges of the fabric . the ' bubbles ' get their highlights in lines and spots on the same layer . the total number of layers utilized in this image was 7 : canvas , background wash , stars , dancer ' s outline highlights , gas plumes , costume details , and fabric details . i am a minimalist when it comes to the number of layers used . there are many digital artists who regularly utilize dozens or over a hundred layers in their works .\nrey alfredo ( show up ) . 4 wins at 1100m , 1400m in venezuela , la rinconada copa jib dancer , l , 4th la rinconada copa gran abuelo , l .\nit ' s important to remember what the court of appeals decision did , and what it did not do . in affirming the racing commission , the court of appeals did not make a ruling that the commission ' s conclusion that dancer ' s image won the derby with bute in his system was correct . what the court of appeals did do was to remind everyone that the racing commission ( and other state administrative agencies ) required only \u201csubstantial evidence\u201d to take action . this is much less than the \u201cbeyond a reasonable doubt\u201d standard in criminal trials and can be less than the \u201cmore likely than not\u201d standard in civil trials .\nthe second surprise was the amount of blind faith that just about everyone put into state racing chemists and their testing procedures . the dancer ' s image case was the first time that a chemist has been asked to prove that the testing procedures in use at the time actually were reliable . and although the racing commission ultimately determined that the tests could be trusted , the challenges raised by peter fuller and his attorneys were a wake - up call foreveryone .\nthe author seems biased in his account and fails to provide proof in many instances when he alleges incompetence etc . i am also astonished that he does not follow up more on the suspicious behavior by the veterinarian that treated dancer ' s image . in the end , i was not sure what the point of the book was . was it to say that phenylbutazone was actually not in the horse ' s urine sample ? or was it to say that maybe the drug was there , but the owner and trainer should not have been held accountable ?"]}
{"id": 98, "summary": [{"text": "stenodactylus doriae , commonly known as the middle eastern short-fingered gecko or doria 's comb-fingered gecko , is a species of lizard in the family gekkonidae . ", "topic": 27}], "title": "stenodactylus doriae", "paragraphs": ["embed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - middle eastern short - fingered gecko ( stenodactylus doriae )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - middle eastern short - fingered gecko ( stenodactylus doriae )\ntitle =\narkive species - middle eastern short - fingered gecko ( stenodactylus doriae )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nbouskila , a . 1987 . preliminary observations on the ecology of stenodactylus doriae . hardun , jour . israel herp . inf . center 4 ( 1987 ) : e9 - e10\ndescription of choleoeimeria duszynskii n . sp . ( apicomplexa : eimeriidae ) from the gallbladder of the middle eastern short - fingered gecko stenodactylus doriae ( blanford ) ( sauria : gekkonidae ) in saudi arabia\ndescription of choleoeimeria duszynskii n . sp . ( apicomplexa : eimeriidae ) from the gallbladder of the middle eastern short - fingered gecko stenodactylus doriae ( blanford ) ( sauria : gekkonidae ) in saudi arabia | springerlink\nbi tree of the genus stenodactylus inferred using 12s , 16s mtdna and . . . | download scientific diagram\nc . michael hogan marked\nglobal distribution\nas visible on the\nstenodactylus petrii anderson 1896\npage .\nc . michael hogan marked\nglobal distribution\nas hidden on the\nstenodactylus petrii anderson 1896\npage .\nc . michael hogan selected\nglobal distribution\nto show in overview on\nstenodactylus petrii anderson 1896\n.\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - slevin\u2019s sand gecko ( stenodactylus slevini )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - slevin\u2019s sand gecko ( stenodactylus slevini )\ntitle =\narkive species - slevin\u2019s sand gecko ( stenodactylus slevini )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - arabian sand gecko ( stenodactylus arabicus )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - arabian sand gecko ( stenodactylus arabicus )\ntitle =\narkive species - arabian sand gecko ( stenodactylus arabicus )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nsynonymy : the paratype of s . leptocosymbotes leviton and anderson , 1967 is a s . doriae , albeit with a very short digital fringe [ fide arnold 1980 : 399 ] . population genetics : the habitat specialist s . doriae had a low level of gene flow whereas the habitat generalist s . sthenodactylus had a relatively high level of gene flow . the most isolated population of s . doriae , exhibited the highest level of gene diversity . the generalist s . sthenodactylus , in contrast , did not exhibit an exceptional level of gene diversity [ peled et al . 2014 ] . distribution : see map in smid et al . 2014 for distribution in iran .\narnold e n 1980 . reptiles of saudi arabia . a review of the lizard genus stenodactylus ( reptilia : gekkonidae ) . fauna of saudi arabia 2 : 368 - 404\nfujita , matthew k . and theodore j . papenfuss 2011 . molecular systematics of stenodactylus ( gekkonidae ) , an afro - arabian gecko species complex . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 58 ( 1 ) : 71 - 75 - get paper here\nlittle information is available on the biology of slevin\u2019s sand gecko . it is a nocturnal , ground - dwelling species ( 5 ) , which , like other geckos , is likely to feed on insects and other small invertebrates ( 4 ) . like the closely related arabian sand gecko ( stenodactylus arabicus ) , the female may lay a single egg ( 3 ) . the young slevin\u2019s sand gecko is reported to produce a distraction display when confronted by a potential predator , passing waves of movement along the extended tail . this is thought to distract the predator\u2019s attention towards the tail , which is expendable , and away from the vulnerable head and body ( 5 ) .\nactive at night , the middle eastern short - fingered gecko is most commonly encountered walking slowly across the desert sands , body raised high off the ground on its long legs ( 2 ) . prey mainly comprises insects and arachnids , which are caught by active pursuit or by remaining still and using an ambush strategy ( 6 ) ( 7 ) . as prey is located by sight , the middle eastern short - fingered gecko is usually more active on moonlit nights ( 7 ) .\nduring the daytime , the middle eastern short - fingered gecko resides in a burrow which it excavates in the sand . this provides shelter from the extremely high surface temperatures and from predators . while inside the burrow , this species will further deter discovery by predators , such as snakes , by obliterating the burrow entrance using vigorous tail sweeps ( 6 ) ( 7 ) . in order to construct a stable burrow , the middle eastern short - fingered gecko requires the presence of a thin surface crust , formed from microorganisms and the chemicals they produce , which bind the sand grains together . the middle eastern short - fingered gecko usually has several burrows in its home range , and will reside in each for a few days , before switching to one of the alternatives ( 6 ) .\ninhabiting the middle east and the arabian peninsula , the middle eastern short - fingered gecko can be found in saudi arabia , iran , iraq , israel , the united arab emirates , oman and jordan ( 3 ) .\nthe middle eastern short - fingered gecko can be found on the loose , wind - blown sands of dunes and sandy plains ( 2 ) ( 5 ) .\nthe middle eastern short - fingered gecko is classified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .\nalthough apparently common , at least in some parts of its range ( 6 ) ( 8 ) , the middle eastern short - fingered gecko\u2019s habitat is surprisingly vulnerable to disturbance ( 6 ) . trampling of sand by livestock and off - road vehicles destroys the surface crust that supports burrow excavation , and can therefore have a negative impact on this species ( 6 ) .\nthe middle eastern short - fingered gecko is found in the al wathba wetland reserve , in the emirate of abu dhabi , where it receives protection from the increasing disturbance that is occurring as a result of land reclamation for housing and farming ( 8 ) . any future conservation efforts within this species\u2019 range should take into account its vulnerability to disturbance from trampling ( 6 ) .\nenvironment agency - abu dhabi is a principal sponsor of arkive . ead is working to protect and conserve the environment as well as promoting sustainable development in the emirate of abu dhabi .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken\nhellyer , p . and aspinall , s . ( 2005 ) the emirates : a natural history . trident press limited , united arab emirates .\nboulenger , g . a . ( 2001 ) catalogue of the lizards in the british museum ( natural history ) . volume 1 . adamant media corporation , boston .\nvine , p . and al - abed , i . ( 1997 ) natural emirates : wildlife and environment of the united arab emirates . trident press ltd , london .\nzaadyw , e . and bouskilaz , a . ( 2002 ) lizard burrows association with successional stages of biological soil crusts in an arid sandy region . journal of arid environments , 50 : 235 - 246 .\ntourenq , c . , barcelo , i . , kumari , a . and drew , c . ( 2005 ) the terrestrial mammals , reptiles and invertebrates of al wathba wetland reserve \u2013 species list and status report . environmental research and wildlife development agency , abu dhabi .\nnature picture library 5a great george street bristol bs1 5rr united kingdom tel : + 44 ( 0 ) 117 911 4675 fax : + 44 ( 0 ) 117 911 4699 info @ urltoken http : / / www . urltoken\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u2019s species and habitats from destruction .\nthis species is featured in jewels of the uae , which showcases biodiversity found in the united arab emirates in association with the environment agency \u2013 abu dhabi .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa\nnote : tdwg regions are generated automatically from the text in the distribution field and not in every cases it works well . we are working on it .\nal - quran , s . 2009 . the herpetofauna of the southern jordan . american - eurasian j . agric . & environ . sci . , 6 ( 4 ) : 385 - 391 [ this journal has a dubious record , see urltoken\nal - shammari , ahmed m . 2012 . additional records of lizards in ha ' il province , saudi arabia . russ . j . herpetol . 19 ( 4 ) : 287 - 291 - get paper here\nalshammari , ahmed m . and adel a . ibrahim 2015 . lizards and snakes in the historical faid protected area ( faid hema ) , ha ' il region , saudi arabia . herp . cons . biol . 10 ( 3 ) - get paper here\nalshammari , ahmed m . and adel a . ibrahim 2015 . lizards and snakes in the historical faid protected area ( faid hema ) , ha ' il region , saudi arabia herp . cons . biol . 10 ( 3 ) : 1021\u20131029 - get paper here\nanderson , john 1896 . a contribution to the herpetology of arabia , with a preliminary list of the reptiles and batrachians of egypt . london , r . h . porter , 124 pp .\nanderson , steven c 1999 . the lizards of iran . contributions to herpetology volume 15 , society for the study of amphibians and reptiles , saint louis , missouri : i - vii , 1 - 442 [ review in copeia 2000 ( 4 ) : 1144 ] - get paper here\nanderson , s . c . 1963 . amphibians and reptiles from iran . proc . cal . acad . sci . ser . 4 , 31 ( 16 ) : 417 - 498 - get paper here\narnold e n 1980 . the scientific results of the oman flora and fauna survey 1977 ( dhofar ) . the reptiles and amphibians of dhofar , southern arabia . journal of oman studies special report ( no . 2 ) : 273 - 332 - get paper here\nbar , aviad and guy haimovitch 2012 . a field guide to reptiles and amphibians of israel . pazbar ltd , 246 pp . - get paper here\nbauer , aaron m . ; rafaqat masroor , james titus - mcquillan , matthew p . heinicke , , juan d . daza & todd r . jackman 2013 . a preliminary phylogeny of the palearctic naked - toed geckos ( reptilia : squamata : gekkonidae ) with taxonomic implications . zootaxa 3599 ( 4 ) : 301\u2013324 - get paper here\nbeolens , bo ; michael watkins , and michael grayson 2011 . the eponym dictionary of reptiles . johns hopkins university press , baltimore , usa - get paper here\nblanford , w . t . 1874 . descriptions of new lizards from persia and baluchist\u00e0n . ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 4 ) 13 : 453 - 455 - get paper here\nboulenger , g . a . 1885 . catalogue of the lizards in the british museum ( nat . hist . ) i . geckonidae , eublepharidae , uroplatidae , pygopodidae , agamidae . london : 450 pp . - get paper here\nboulenger , g . a . 1887 . a list of the reptiles and batrachians obtained near muscat , arabia , and presented to the british museum by surgeon - major a . s . g . jayakar . ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 5 ) 20 : 407 - 408 - get paper here\ncarranza s , xipell m , tarroso p , gardner a , arnold en , robinson md , et al . 2018 . diversity , distribution and conservation of the terrestrial reptiles of oman ( sauropsida , squamata ) . plos one 13 ( 2 ) : e0190389 - get paper here\ncog\u0103lniceanu , dan ; aurora castilla , aitor valdeon , alberto gosa , noora al jaidah , ali alkuwary , essam saifelnasr , paloma mas , renee richer , ahmad amer al hemaidi 2014 . a preliminary report on the distribution of lizards in qatar . zookeys 373 ( 2014 ) : 67 - 91 < br / > doi : 10 . 3897 / zookeys . 373 . 5994 - get paper here\ndisi , a . m . ; modry , d . ; necas , p . & rifai , l . 2001 . amphibians and reptiles of the hashemite kingdom of jordan . edition chimaira , frankfurt , 408 pp .\ngrossmann , wolfgang ; thomas kowalski & hans - j\u00fcrgen zilger 2012 . \u00fcberraschendes arabien 2 . 0 . teil 2 . terraria - elaphe 2012 ( 2 ) : 50 - 57 - get paper here\nhaas , georg 1957 . some amphibians and reptiles from arabia . proc . cal . acad . sci . 29 ( 3 ) : 47 - 86 - get paper here\nhenkel , f . - w . 2003 . herpetological expedition through oman . reptilia ( gb ) ( 27 ) : 50 - 55 - get paper here\njongbloed , m . 2000 . field guide to the reptiles and amphibians of the uae - wild about reptiles . barkers trident communications , 116 pp .\nleviton , a . e . & anderson , s . c . 1967 . survey of the reptiles of the sheikdom of abu dhabi , arabian peninsula . part ii . systematic account of the collction of reptiles made in the sheikdom of abu daby by john gasperetti . proc . cal . acad . sci . ( 4 ) 39 : 157 - 192 - get paper here\nleviton , a . e . ; anderson , s . c . ; adler , k . ; minton , s . a . 1992 . handbook to middle east amphibians and reptiles . ssar , oxford , ohio ( contr . to herpetol . no . 8 ) , 1 - 252\nparker , h . w . 1930 . three new reptiles from southern arabia . ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 10 ) 6 : 594\u2014598\npeled , e . ; r . ben - shlomo & u . shanas 2014 . specialists may thrive in small habitats : the case of high genetic diversity within a confined gecko population . journal of zoology , doi : 10 . 1111 / jzo . 12124 - get paper here\nrastegar - pouyani , nasrullah ; haji gholi kami , mehdi rajabzadeh , soheila shafiei and steven clement anderson 2008 . annotated checklist of amphibians and reptiles of iran . iranian journal of animal biosystematics 4 ( 1 ) : 7 - 30\nr\u00f6sler , h . 2000 . kommentierte liste der rezent , subrezent und fossil bekannten geckotaxa ( reptilia : gekkonomorpha ) . gekkota 2 : 28 - 153\nsindaco , r . & jeremcenko , v . k . 2008 . the reptiles of the western palearctic . edizioni belvedere , latina ( italy ) , 579 pp . - get paper here\n\u0161m\u00edd , ji\u0159\u00ed ; ji\u0159\u00ed moravec , petr kodym , luk\u00e1\u0161 kratochv\u00edl , seyyed saeed hosseinian yousefkhani , eskandar rastegar - pouyani & daniel frynta 2014 . annotated checklist and distribution of the lizards of iran . zootaxa 3855 ( 1 ) : 001\u2013097\nsteindachner , franz 1903 . batrachier und reptilien von s\u00fcdarabien und sokotra , gesammelt w\u00e4hrend der s\u00fcdarabischen expedition der kaiserlichen akademie der wissenschaften . sitzungsb . akad . wiss . wien , math . - naturwiss . kl . , 112 , abt . 1 : 7 - 14 - get paper here\nvan der kooij , jeroen 2001 . the herpetofauna of the sultanate of oman : part 2 : the geckoes . podarcis 1 ( 4 ) : 105 - 120\nwerner , f . 1917 . reptilien aus persien ( provinz fars ) . verhandlungen der kaiserlich - k\u00f6niglichen zoologisch - botanischen gesellschaft in wien , 67 : 191\u2014220 . - get paper here\nwerner , y . l . ; okada , s . ; ota , h . ; perry , g . & tokunaga , s . 1997 . varied and fluctuating foraging modes in nocturnal lizards of the family gekkonidae . asiatic herpetological research 7 : 153 - 165 - get paper here\nwerner , yehudah l . 2008 . tales of tails . gekko 5 ( 2 ) : 6 - 18\nwilms , t . 2007 . unternehmen \u201cdornschwanzagame\u201d : das reptilium - freilandforschungsprojekt in saudi - arabien . draco 8 ( 31 ) : 45 - 54 - get paper here\nthis database is maintained by peter uetz ( database content ) and jakob hallermann , zoological museum hamburg ( new species and updates ) .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive photo - middle eastern short - fingered gecko\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive photo - middle eastern short - fingered gecko\ntitle =\narkive photo - middle eastern short - fingered gecko\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s species and habitats from destruction .\nthis species ranges from southwestern israel and southern and eastern jordan , south into saudi arabia , the united arab emirates , yemen and oman , and east into iraq , southwestern iran ( fars and kerman provinces and the lower mesopotamian plain [ anderson 1999 ] ) . it occurs from sea level up to 1 , 000 m asl .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nall photos and information taken and written by alejandro lozano unless stated otherwise . none of the photos or information may be used without alejandro lozano ' s express permission .\nterra typica : bandar abbas , persia ( = iran ) . ( distribution info from embl , see\nbibliography & links\nlink above )\nthese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors . this process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves .\nthe author extends his appreciation to the deanship of scientific research at king saud university for funding the work through the research group project number rgp - vpp - 004 .\nabdel - baki , a . s . , abdel - haleem , h . m . , & al - quraishy , s . ( 2013 ) . redescription of\nal - oran , r . m . ( 2000 ) . notable herpetological records from central and southern jordan .\nal - quraishy , s . , abdel - baki , a . s . , & al otaibi , m . s . a . ( 2013 ) .\nal - sadoon , m . k . ( 2004 ) . student handbook for practical herpetology . management of scientific publishing and printing presses , king saud university , saudi arabia , 159 pp .\ncarini , a . , & pinto , c . ( 1926 ) . estudos sobre coccideas .\n( apicomplexa : eimeriidae ) , coccidian of bile - bladder of reptiles , illustrating a multiplicity of host cell - parasite interrelatios .\npaperna , i . , & landsberg , j . h . ( 1989 ) . description and taxonomic discussion of eimerian coccidian from african and levantine geckoes .\nabdel - baki , aa . s . syst parasitol ( 2014 ) 87 : 299 . urltoken\nchief editor : prof dr abdulaziz h . abuzinada editors : e . r . robinson , iyad a . nader & yousef i . al wetaid publisher\nthe following are the key taxa that have been included in the updated syatem plan for saudi arabia ( llewellyn in prep ) . species were selected by applying the following set of criteria and the numbers in the species lists refer to which criterion or criteria qualify particular organisms for inclusion as \u201ckey taxa\u201d .\n1 ) . genera , species , or subspecies that are critically endangered , endangered , or vulnerable ( globally , regionally , or nationally ) ; taxa which are locally extinct in the wild may be included , provided that there is an ncwcd policy to reintroduce them .\n2 ) . genera , species , or subspecies that are endemic to the arabian peninsula , the red sea , or the gulf .\n3 ) . genera , species , or subspecies of which the conservation of populations within saudi arabia is essential to the conservation of the taxon ( e . g . near - endemics and migrants for which saudi arabia represents a critical range ) .\n4 ) . relict genera , species , or subspecies that are of global , regional , or national significance .\n5 ) . genera or species of special ecological importance ( i . e . fulfilling a vitally important function in an ecosystem such as providing a key habitat for other species , serving as indicator species , etc ) .\n7 ) . genera or species that serve a \u201cflagship\u201d function ( i . e . high - profile species of cultural value , the protection of which will also protect large numbers of other species that share their habitats ) .\nthe list of key plant species is based on existing information available to the ncwcd . however , more research needs to be done ; new species from saudi arabia are being discovered every year , and many of these new species are endemics . already , some 246 endemic species have been listed by mrs . sheila collenette , and many of these are rare , vulnerable , or threatened , such as a number of succulent asclepiads and aloes , or the endemic genus dolichorhynchus .\nsimilarly many of the relict plants of mediterranean , eurasian , or african origin such as the almond prunus korshinskyii , the tulip tulipa biflora , or the heather erica arborea , survive in small populations in restricted localities , which makes them especially vulnerable . during long - term climatic fluctuations , such relict populations may play a vitally important role in the conservation and re - dispersal of genetic material , as well as the evolution of new forms .\nspecies of special ecological importance include the brown algae , seagrasses , mangroves , and junipers , which constitute the habitats of exceptionally large numbers of other species . species of actual or potential economic importance such as the truffles , some of the aloes , maerua crassifolia , artemisia judaica , the wild barleys , the wild olive , and feral date palms may be endangered by overharvesting , but at the same time represent opportunities for conservation through sustainable use . some of these are medicinal plants , or wild crop strains of potential agricultural importance .\nseveral of the plants mentioned above could serve as flagship species . so are spectacular species such as the dragon tree dracaena ombet , the \u201cdesert rose\u201d adenium obesum , the one apparently native population of oleander in the kingdom , the ban tree moringa peregrina , and mimusops laurifolia , the largest of saudi arabia\u2019s trees . a good example of a flagship species is the lote tree ziziphus spina - christi , with its many uses in arabian culture from shade to fruit and forage , soap , timber , and honey production , its recurrence in the qur\u2019anic imagery of paradise , and the teachings of the prophet muhammad , upon whom be blessings and peace , condemning its destruction .\naloe x abhaica lavr . & collen . ined . ( 1 , 2 )\ncrinum album ( forssk . ) herbert = c . yemense ( 1 , 7 )\nadenium obesum ( forssk . ) roem . & schult . ( 2 or 3 , 6 , 7 )\nangolluma commutata ( berger ) plowes ssp . sheilae plowes ( 1 , 2 ) angolluma deflersiana ( lavr . ) plowes ( 1 )\ncommiphora erythraea ( ehrenb . ) engl . ( 1 , 6 , 7 )\ncommiphora gileadensis ( l . ) c . christ . ( 6 , 7 )\ngypsophila umbricola ( j . r . i . wood ) r . a . king ( 1 , 2 )\narthrocnemum macrostachyum ( moric . ) k . koch ( 5 , 7 ? )\ncrepis sancta ( l . ) bornm . ssp . sancta ( 1 , 2 )\nkleinia pendula ( forssk . ) sch . bip . ( 2 , 7 )\ndracaena ombet ky & peyr . ( 1 , 3 , 4 , 7 )\nflueggea virosa ( roxb . ex . willd . ) voight = securinega virosa ( 1 , 4 )\nenteropogon macrostachyos ( hochst . ex . a . rich ) munro ex benth . ( 4 )\nhalophila ovalis ( r . br . ) hook . f . ( 5 )\nfaidherbia albida ( delile ) a . chev . ( 1 , 4 , 5 , 6\u200e )\nrecherche bei umlauten ggf . \u00fcber ae , oe , ue suchen ! dasselbe gilt : wenn mit \u201e\u00df\u201c kein ergebnis vorliegt , ggf mit \u201ess\u201c suchen ! bei den\nrecherche bei umlauten ggf . \u00fcber ae , oe , ue suchen ! dasselbe gilt : wenn mit \u201e\u00df\u201c kein ergebnis vorliegt , ggf . mit \u201ess\u201c suchen ! bei den signaturnummern gibt das letzte k\u00fcrzel ( z .\na ( 1 ) indefinite article , c . 1150 , a variation of o . e . an ( see an ) in which the - n - began to disappear before consonants , a process mostly complete by 1340 . t\na ( 1 ) indefinite article , c . 1150 , a variation of o . e . an ( see an ) in which the - n - began to disappear before consonants , a process mostly complete by 1340 .\nthis bibliography contains isee newsletter entries , vols . 1 - 16 , 1990 - 2005 , but not 2006 newsletter entries . they will be merged into this document spring 2007 .\ni began this project after i looked one day for a free dictionary of word origins online and found that there was none . you could subscribe to the oxford english dictionary for $ 550 a year .\nay 59 . u55 195 1953 the unicorn book of 195 / prepared under the editorial direction of joseph laffan morse .\nstanford university is accredited by the accrediting commission for senior colleges and universities of the western association of schools and colleges ( wasc ) , 985 atlantic avenue , suite 100 , alameda , ca 94501 ; ( 510 ) 748 - 9001 .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nbauer , a . m . , masroor , r . , titus - mcquillan , j . , heinicke , m . p . , daza , j . d . and jackman , t . r . 2013 . a preliminary phylogeny of the palearctic naked - toed geckos ( reptilia : squamata : gekkonidae ) with taxonomic implications . zootaxa 3599 ( 4 ) : 301 - 324 .\nsoorae , p . , amr , z . s . s . , al johany , a . m . h . , els , j . , sharifi , m . , papenfuss , t . , sadek , r . , disi , a . m . , hraoui - bloquet , s . , werner , y . l . & shafiei bafti , s .\njustification : this species is listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , presumed large population , and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category .\nthis species ranges from southwestern israel and southern and eastern jordan , south into saudi arabia , the united arab emirates , yemen and oman , and east into iraq , southwestern iran ( fars and kerman provinces and the lower mesopotamian plain [ anderson 1999 ] ) . it occurs from sea level up to 1 , 000 m asl .\nit can be locally abundant in suitable habitat ( van der kooij 2000 ) .\nthis terrestrial species is only found in the areas between mobile sandy dunes , where there is a ' green crust ' substrate in which the species can dig burrows . the females lay clutches of one to two eggs . it is not present in agricultural land .\nthere appear to be no threats to the species in iran , and it is widespread in the united arab emirates and oman ( t . papenfuss pers . comm . september 2008 ) . there are no threats in saudi arabia . in israel and jordan , this species is threatened by habitat loss through trampling of the green crust by livestock ( goats and other animals ) and by students visiting the habitat .\nit is found in protected areas in saudi arabia . it is found in protected areas in both jordan ( wadi rum reserve and dana wildlife reserve ) and israel . it is perhaps not present in protected areas within iran ( t . papenfuss pers . comm . september 2008 ) . it is protected by national legislation in israel where it is considered to be a highly threatened species .\nthis errata assessment has been created because the map was accidentally left out of the version published previously .\nsoorae , p . , amr , z . s . s . , al johany , a . m . h . , els , j . , sharifi , m . , papenfuss , t . , sadek , r . , disi , a . m . , hraoui - bloquet , s . , werner , y . l . & shafiei bafti , s . 2012 .\n( errata version published in 2017 ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2012 : e . t164683a115304527 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; no other information is captured .\nin general , only the information that you provide , or the choices you make while visiting a web site , can be stored in a cookie . for example , the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it . allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer , and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\nthis species is present in saudi arabia , southern and central oman and the united arab emirates . it is found from sea level to 500 - 600 m asl .\nsaharan northern africa , from senegal and mauritania in the west to the western negev in israel . penetrates into the northern ( sandy ) fringes of the sahel . three reports from sudan : between atbara and berber ( loveridge 1947 ) , around the second cataract ( mathiasson 1964 [ in mahmoud et al . 1997 ] ) and from dabarosa ( west side of nile opposite wadi haifa , smith et al . [ 1998 ] ) , but it is likely to be found further south in that country .\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\nplasticity , or are , to an extent , a result of both ( i . e . , adaptive\nincreases in colder and wetter ( i . e . , more productive ) areas .\ntemperature on size , we used worldclim data ( at a 2 . 5 - mi\neven stronger vifs ( i . e . , of 10 ) have recently been criti -\nsize ( meiri et al . 2004 ) . we do this by comparing the\nrainfall ( seven species , vs . none that increase in size ) , but\nin npp of species showing clines is 0 . 776 versus 0 . 396 of\nmoregulate ) , the impact of other factors ( e . g . , food , sexual\nsome non - emergent traits ( e . g . , body size , metabolic rate )\npendent data - points . ( 2 ) in our data ( see above ) there\nher life was interrupted on her way to her ph . d viva . natalia\u2019s work\nashton , k . g . , tracy , m . c . , & de queiroz , a . ( 2000 ) . is bergmann\u2019s\ndayan , t . , tchernov , e . , yom - tov , y . , & simberloff , d . ( 1989 ) .\nfeldman , a . & meiri , s . ( 2013 ) . length - mass allometry in snakes .\niverson , j . b . ( 1982 ) . adaptations to herbivory in iguanine lizards . in\ng . m . burghardt , & a . s . rand ( eds . ) , iguanas of the world .\nmeiri , s . ( 2008 ) . evolution and ecology of lizard body sizes .\nmeiri , s . ( 2010 ) . length - weight allometries in lizards .\nfeldman , a . , castro - herrera , f . , novosolov , m . , pa\ufb01lis , p . ,\npincheira - donoso , d . , powney , g . , torres - carvajal , o . , uetz , p . ,\n& van damme , r . ( 2013 ) . are lizards feeling the heat ? a tale of\nmeiri , s . , & dayan , t . ( 2003 ) . on the validity of bergmann\u2019s rule .\nmeiri , s . , yom - tov , y . , & geffen , e . ( 2007 ) . what determines\nolalla - tarraga , m . a . , rodriguez , m . a . , & hawkins , b . a . ( 2006 ) .\npincheira - donoso , d . ( 2010 ) . the balance between predictions and\npincheira - donoso , d . ( 2011 ) . predictable variation of range - sizes\npincheira - donoso , d . , bauer , a . m . , meiri , s . , & uetz , p . ( 2013 ) .\npincheira - donoso , d . , fox , s . f . , scolaro , j . a . , ibargu\npincheira - donoso , d . , hodgson , d . j . , & tregenza , t . ( 2008a ) . the\npincheira - donoso , d . , scolaro , j . a . , & sura , p . ( 2008b ) . a\npincheira - donoso , d . , tregenza , t . , & hodgson , d . j . ( 2007 ) . body\nyom - tov , y . ( 2003 ) . body sizes of carnivores commensal with\nyom - tov , y . , & geffen , e . ( 2006 ) . the determination of mammal\n. . . these clades , liolaemus and phymaturus , display highly contrasting patterns of biodiversity distribution . at one extreme , liolaemus is one of the most prolific genera among living vertebrates , numbering 270 + species [ 17 ] and inhabiting one the widest ranges of environmental / climatic conditions recorded among reptiles [ 12 , [ 18 ] [ 19 ] [ 20 ] . these unique features have contributed to consolidate liolaemus as a highly promising vertebrate model system to investigate diversification , adaptation and extinction theories [ 21 ] [ 22 ] [ 23 ] [ 24 ] . . . .\n. . . species of the andean dwelling palluma group , inhabiting colder climatic conditions at higher altitudes , have evolved larger body sizes as shown by the larger 96 . 5 mm adaptive peak . the pattern of larger bodied species occupying colder environmental temperatures is the fundamental prediction of bergmann ' s rule , which , despite being consistently rejected in the sister genus liolaemus [ 20 , 64 , 94 ] , is a question yet to be statistically analysed in phymaturus . the explicit testing of niche - overlap within the genus , in conjunction with the findings presented here , is needed before phymaturus can be established as an example of a non - adaptive radiation as is often hypothesised . . . .\n. . . body size is thought not to affect snake meristic characters , as those are probably determined during embryonic development and do not change during later ontogeny ( ewert , 1985 ) . because body size does affect a wide array of morphological attributes of species ( e . g . , peters 1983 , calder 1984 , and can vary geographically in snakes ( pincheira - donoso & meiri 2013 ) , we nonetheless examined whether it can predict meristic traits such as scale counts . we used svl as a proxy to body size , as it has an advantage over body mass within a species , which is more prone to change during an individual ' s life time , because of its reproductive and nutritional status and because of seasonality ( feldman & meiri , 2013 ) . . . .\n. . . most ectotherms follow the temperature\u2013size rule with smaller adult body size under lower temperatures . this holds true especially when tested under controlled conditions , but such a pattern in nature is less often discovered , especially when comparing latitudinal clines of body size ( blanckenhorn & demont , 2004 ; shelomi , 2012 ; pincheira - donoso & meiri , 2013 ) . our results support the recent conclusion of shelomi ( 2012 ) , that the effect of temperature on insect body size under natural conditions is more complex or species - specific . . . .\n. . . most ectotherms follow the temperature - size rule with smaller adult body size under lower temperatures . this holds true especially when tested under controlled conditions , but such a pattern in nature is less often discovered , especially when comparing latitudinal clines of body size ( blanckenhorn & demont , 2004 ; shelomi , 2012 ; pincheira - donoso & meiri , 2013 ) . our results support the recent conclusion of shelomi ( 2012 ) , that the effect of temperature on insect body size under natural conditions is more complex or species - specific . . . .\n. . . increased temperature generally results in faster growth rates , shorter development times , and smaller adult size in insects and other ectotherms ( nylin and gotthard 1998 ) . olallatarraga and rodriguez ( 2007 ) claimed that similar selection pressures acting on endotherms can apply to behaviourally thermoregulating ectotherms ( but seeadams and church 2008 ; pincheira - donoso and meiri 2013 ) . terrestrial isopods behaviourally thermoregulate to a certain extent ( hassall et al . 2010 ) , but show little tendency ( especially within closely related taxa ) to follow bergmann ' s rule . . . .\n. . . journal of biogeography published by john wiley & sons ltd . summer and winter temperatures may also help to explain mixed support for the heat conservation hypothesis . some studies measured skeleton dimensions to quantify body size , whereas others measure total body mass , including both lean mass and energy reserves , which may confound attempts to assign cause ( pincheira - donoso & meiri , 2013 ) . this is because an animal that is designed to resist starvation might be selected to be highly adipose , so that it has a high ratio of fuel stores to energetic requirements . . . .\n. . . however , despite years of intense study , its effect on continental - level gradients in ectotherms is still debated ( e . g . intraspecific : ashton & feldman , 2003 ; pincheira - donoso & meiri , 2013 ; interspecific : olalla - t arraga et al . , 2006 ; pincheira - donoso et al . , 2008 ; terribile et al . , 2009 ; feldman & meiri , 2014 ) . several hypotheses have been proposed to explain the effect of climate on body size . . . .\n. . . there is an extended debate about the interpretation of this rule and its application to different groups and scales beyond bergmann ' s original postulation ( blackburn et al . , 1999 ) . the inclusion of a mechanism driving the pattern as part of the rule has been also matter of debate ( reviews in watt , mitchell & salewski , analysed also in ectothermic species ( ray , 1960 ; lindsey , 1966 ; ashton & feldman , 2003 ; olalla - t\u00e1rraga & rodr\u00edguez , 2007 ; pincheira - donoso & meiri , 2013 ) . the study of this rule in ectotherms yielded contradictory results , reporting different trends among different groups . . . .\n. . . alternatively , smaller body size at high elevation may also be nonadaptive and may be the result of reduced activity times that limit growth ( sears and angilletta 2004 ; caruso et al . 2014 ) . finally , individuals are also subject to a range of abiotic and biotic selection pressures beyond temperature , including but not limited to microhabitat availability , competition , predation , disease , and resource availability , all of which may influence body size ( angilletta et al . 2004b ; pincheira - donoso and meiri 2013 ) . although the precise mechanisms underlying inverse size clines remain unknown , it is clear that they were constructed in different ways on cuba and hispaniola . . . .\n. . . members of this genus are small - to medium - sized , diurnal , terrestrial , and oviparous species that inhabit semi - arid to desert ecosystems from the iberian peninsula , through north africa , to the middle east and west india , including cyprus and the arabian peninsula ( salvador , the huge geographical range of a . boskianus includes areas with very different climates ( from submediterranean climate on the sea coasts of north africa to the hyperarid climate of central sahara ) . this wide range leads to adaptations to different environments , with great geographical variation ( boulenger , 1921 ; salvador , 1982 ; arnold , 1983 ; pincheira - donoso & meiri , 2013 ) and consequent taxonomic confusion . this problem is well known ( salvador , 1982 ; arnold , 1983 ; baha el din , 2006 ) and has great effect when examining closely related species in an attempt to assess their systematic status . arnold ( 1983 ) suggested that a . boskianus and a . schreiberi might be sister species as they share a relatively high number of primitive features . . . .\nthis is a special issue in biological conservation that just came out - december 2016 . there are some great cutting edge manuscripts in this issue on reptile conservation .\nthe balance between predictions and evidence and the search for universal macroecological patterns : . . .\ngeographical variation in environmental temperatures is expected to impose clinal phenotypic selection that results in the expression of large - scale gradients of body mass variation within animal clades . body size is predicted to increase with increasing latitude and elevation , and hence , with decreasing temperature , a pattern broadly known as bergmann ' s rule . however , empirical observations . . . [ show full abstract ]\nbergmann\u2019s rule ( i . e . , the tendency of body size to increase with decreasing environmental temperature ) was originally explained by a mechanism that is unique to endotherms . nevertheless , geographic variation of body size of ectotherms , including snakes , is increasingly studied , and some claim that the rule should apply to ectotherms , or to thermoregulating ectotherms . such studies usually . . . [ show full abstract ]\npredictable variation of range - sizes across an extreme environmental gradient in a lizard adaptive r . . .\nlarge - scale patterns of current species geographic range - size variation reflect historical dynamics of dispersal and provide insights into future consequences under changing environments . evidence suggests that climate warming exerts major damage on high latitude and elevation organisms , where changes are more severe and available space to disperse tracking historical niches is more limited . . . . [ show full abstract ]\nthe liolaemidae lizard evolutionary radiation has resulted from active spatial expansions into an extensive territorial area accompanied by active events of cladogenesis that have produced high levels of taxonomic and ecological diversity , es - pecially within the liolaemus genus . as a result , these lizards have been for decades the subject of intense taxonomic and systematic debates . here , i . . . [ show full abstract ]\njoin researchgate to access over 30 million figures and 118 + million publications \u2013 all in one place .\nslevin\u2019s sand gecko is a small gecko with a large head , a tapering tail , and relatively slender , rounded toes ( 2 ) . as in other gecko species , the eyes are large , with a pupil that contracts to a vertical slit , and the skin is soft , with small scales ( 3 ) ( 4 ) . the body of slevin\u2019s sand gecko is a fairly dark sandy colour , lighter on the underside , and with bands and mottling that range from orange to brown ( 2 ) . there is a chevron mark on the back of the head ( 3 ) . the juvenile has strong light and dark barring on the tail , which is somewhat reduced in adults ( 5 ) .\nslevin\u2019s sand gecko occurs in saudi arabia , bahrain , kuwait , southern iraq , yemen , the western united arab emirates , and qatar ( 2 ) ( 6 ) .\nthis species is reported to inhabit areas of relatively firm sand in sandy plains ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 5 ) .\nslevin ' s sand gecko is classified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .\nlittle is known about the threats faced by this species . in areas such as the united arab emirates , it may potentially by impacted by a range of threats to its habitat , including urbanisation , development , overgrazing , overextraction of groundwater , pollution , and increasing levels of tourism ( 7 ) . however , its status in the wild , as well as its occurrence in the pet trade , are currently unknown .\nthere are no known conservation measures specifically in place for slevin\u2019s sand gecko . in the united arab emirates , the environment agency - abu dhabi ( ead ) are working to protect and manage biodiversity in the region ( 8 ) , but further research into slevin\u2019s sand gecko is likely to be needed before any specific conservation action can be taken for this attractive small lizard .\nhellyer , p . and aspinall , s . ( 2005 ) the emirates : a natural history . trident press limited , london .\ninvertebrates animals with no backbone , such as insects , crustaceans , worms , molluscs , spiders , cnidarians ( jellyfish , corals , sea anemones ) , echinoderms , and others . nocturnal active at night .\nhalliday , t . and adler , k . ( 2002 ) the new encyclopedia of reptiles and amphibians . oxford university press , oxford .\narnold , e . n . ( 1984 ) evolutionary aspects of tail shedding in lizards and their relatives . journal of natural history , 18 : 127 - 169 .\ngetty images 101 bayham street london nw1 0ag united kingdom tel : + 44 ( 0 ) 800 376 7981 sales @ urltoken http : / / www . urltoken\na small and attractively marked gecko , the arabian sand gecko is unusual for its webbed feet , which increase the surface area for burrowing and walking on soft sand ( 2 ) ( 3 ) . the skin is delicate and pinkish in colour , almost transparent , and the relatively long tail has distinctive white and brown bands ( 3 ) , particularly in juveniles ( 4 ) . like other gecko species ( 2 ) ( 5 ) , the arabian sand gecko has a large head , with large eyes that have vertical pupils . the male is somewhat smaller and more slender than the female ( 3 ) .\nlittle information is available on the biology of the arabian sand gecko . active at night , it is a ground - dwelling species ( 4 ) ( 7 ) , and the female is reported to lay a single egg ( 2 ) . like other geckos , it is likely to feed on insects and other small invertebrates ( 5 ) .\nthe arabian sand gecko is found in saudi arabia , bahrain , oman , kuwait and the united arab emirates ( 3 ) ( 6 ) .\nthe arabian sand gecko inhabits the loose sand of dunes , coastal beaches and sandy plains ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 7 ) .\nthe arabian sand gecko is classified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .\nvery little is known about the threats to this small gecko . it is sometimes kept as a pet , but is apparently relatively rare in captivity , its delicate nature making it difficult to care for ( 3 ) . in areas such as the united arab emirates , the species may potentially be impacted by a range of threats to its habitat , including urbanisation , industrial development , overgrazing , overextraction of groundwater , pollution , and increasing levels of tourism ( 8 ) . however , the status of the arabian sand gecko throughout its range is currently unknown .\nthere are currently no specific conservation measures known to be in place for the arabian sand gecko . in the united arab emirates , the environment agency - abu dhabi ( ead ) is working to protect and manage biodiversity in the region , and to promote sustainable development ( 9 ) . further research is likely to be needed into its biology , populations and the threats it faces , before specific conservation action can be taken for this delicate small lizard .\ninvertebrates animals with no backbone , such as insects , crustaceans , worms , molluscs , spiders , cnidarians ( jellyfish , corals , sea anemones ) , echinoderms , and others .\nvine , p . ( 1996 ) natural emirates : wildlife and environment of the united arab emirates . trident press , london .\nthis is a small lizard with a total length smaller than 15 cm . it is quite a colourful gecko showing pinkish skin with yellow and dark reticules , but without dorsal tubercles . the toes of the forefeet are fringed but they have not adhesive pads in their toes . they do not climb vertical surfaces but are strictly ground dwelling geckos . this is a nocturnal species , during the day it hides in burrows . they can be found in vegetated sandy habitats . they eat insects and other small invertebrates . females dig burrows in the sand to lay the eggs .\nwe have found 15 scientific publications about the species in international databases . most studies are general and about their geographic distribution . few studies focus on ecology , osteology , tail regeneration and genetics . no information about the ecology of the species exists for qatar\ndescription of choleoeimeria duszynskii n . sp . ( apicomplexa : eimeriidae ) from the gallbladder of the middle eastern short - fingered gecko stenodactylusdoriae ( blanford ) ( sauria : gekkonidae ) in saudi arabia - proquest\nthis is a short preview of the document . your library or institution may give you access to the complete full text for this document in proquest .\ndescription of choleoeimeria duszynskii n . sp . ( apicomplexa : eimeriidae ) from the gallbladder of the middle eastern short - fingered gecko stenodactylusdoriae ( blanford ) ( sauria : gekkonidae ) in saudi arabia\nsystematic parasitology ; dordrecht vol . 87 , iss . 3 , ( mar 2014 ) : 299 - 304 .\ntype status : other material . occurrence : recordedby : salvador carranza ; raquel vasconcelos ; margarita metallinou ; roberto sindaco ; jiri smid ; individualcount : 1 ; sex : male ; taxon : taxonid : urltoken ; scientificnameid : urn : lsid : organismnames . com : name : 2791139 ; location : country : oman ; stateprovince : al wusta ; verbatimlocality : north of hasirah oil field , ' uruq al mu\u2019taridah area ; verbatimelevation : 143 m ; verbatimlatitude : 20 30 7 . 704n ; verbatimlongitude : 55 41 56 . 2554e ; event : eventdate : 2013 - 10 - 07t00 : 30 + 0400 ; record level : collectionid : ibe - cn7611 ; institutioncode : institute of evolutionary biology ( csic - universitat pompeu fabra )\ntype status : other material . occurrence : recordedby : salvador carranza ; roberto sindaco ; margarita metallinou ; raquel vasconcelos ; jiri smid ; individualcount : 1 ; sex : juvenile ; taxon : taxonid : urltoken ; scientificnameid : urn : lsid : organismnames . com : name : 2791139 ; location : country : oman ; stateprovince : al wusta ; verbatimlocality : about 13km by air east of sahmah oil filed , ' uruq al mu\u2019taridah area ; verbatimelevation : 96 m ; verbatimlatitude : 20 39 37 . 0434n ; verbatimlongitude : 55 32 28 . 716e ; event : eventdate : 2013 - 10 - 07t02 : 00 + 0400 ; record level : collectionid : ibe - cn8073 ; institutioncode : institute of evolutionary biology ( csic - universitat pompeu fabra )"]}
{"id": 119, "summary": [{"text": "fissurella nodosa , commonly known as the knobbed keyhole limpet , is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family fissurellidae , the keyhole limpets . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "fissurella nodosa", "paragraphs": ["what type of species is fissurella nodosa ? below , you will find the taxonomic groups the fissurella nodosa species belongs to .\nwhich photographers have photos of fissurella nodosa species ? below , you will find the list of underwater photographers and their photos of the marine species fissurella nodosa .\nhow to identify fissurella nodosa marine species ? below , you will find the list of main identification criteria and physical characteristics of marine species fissurella nodosa . for each identification criteria , the corresponding physical characteristics of marine species fissurella nodosa are marked in green .\nwhere is fissurella nodosa found in the world ? below , you will find the list and a world map of the geographic distribution where the marine species fissurella nodosa can be found .\nphoto : mary agnes wotton fissurella nodosa ( born , 1778 ) the animal . boston beach , portland , jamaica\n( of patella rudis r\u00f6ding , 1798 ) mclean j . h . ( 1984 ) systematics of fissurella in the peruvian and magellanic faunal provinces ( gastropoda : prosobranchia ) . contributions in science , natural history museum of los angeles county 354 : 1 - 70 . [ 29 october 1984 ] , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nrosenberg , g . ; moretzsohn , f . ; garc\u00eda , e . f . ( 2009 ) . gastropoda ( mollusca ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 579\u2013699 in : felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico\u2013origins , waters , and biota . texas a & m ; press , college station , texas . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nturgeon , d . ; quinn , j . f . ; bogan , a . e . ; coan , e . v . ; hochberg , f . g . ; lyons , w . g . ; mikkelsen , p . m . ; neves , r . j . ; roper , c . f . e . ; rosenberg , g . ; roth , b . ; scheltema , a . ; thompson , f . g . ; vecchione , m . ; williams , j . d . ( 1998 ) . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks . 2nd ed . american fisheries society special publication , 26 . american fisheries society : bethesda , md ( usa ) . isbn 1 - 888569 - 01 - 8 . ix , 526 + cd - rom pp . ( look up in imis ) page ( s ) : 58 [ details ]\nin continuing your browsing of this site , you accept the use of cookies to offer you suitable content and services and realize visits statistics . learn more about cookies .\nwarning : the data available reflects the progression status of knowledge or the availability of the inventories . it should never be considered as comprehensive .\nnational inventory of natural heritage , website : https : / / inpn . mnhn . fr .\nborn , i . 1778 . index rerum naturalium musei c\u00e6sarei vindobonensis . pars i . ma . testacea . verzeichni\u00df der nat\u00fcrlichen seltenheiten des k . k . naturalien cabinets zu wien . erster theil . schalthiere . - pp . [ 1 - 40 ] , 1 - 458 , [ 1 - 82 ] . vindobon\u00e6 . ( kraus ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nturgeon , d . d . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , w . k . emerson , w . g . lyons , w . pratt , et al .\nturgeon , d . d . , j . f . quinn , jr . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , f . g . hochberg , w . g . lyons , et al .\ncommon and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks , 2nd ed .\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nversion 43 . 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed . my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\nfull reference : i . born . 1778 . index rerum naturalium musei c\u00e6sarei vindobonensis - pars i ma testacea - verzeichni\u00df der nat\u00fcrlichen seltenheiten des k k naturalien cabinets zu wien - erster theil - schalthiere - vindobonae 1 - 458\ndistribution : found only at loc . 6 - punta sabanilla , matanzas bay ( quaternary of cuba )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ngarcia , e . ; marine invertebrate taxonomy workshop ii , bocas del toro , august 2004 . axel a . olsson & thomas l . mcginty .\nolsson , a . a . & mcginty , t . l . 1958 . recent marine mullusks from the caribbean coast of panama with the description of some new genera and species . bulletins of american paleontology vol . 39 n\u00ba200\nfull reference : g . p . deshayes . 1824 . description des coquilles fossiles des environs de paris , tome second : mollusques 1 - 80\nyou will be directed to the entry page of the digitized work . go to the page you need in the navigation system there .\nthe basic data of this taxon were entered by hand , consulting the original description , and following animalbase standard .\nwe ' ve updated our privacy policy and by continuing you ' re agreeing to the updated terms .\nwhen you visit our site , preselected companies may use cookies or other certain information on your device to serve relevant ads and for analytics purposes . learn more\ndiscussions , photo series , how to identify or distinguish a species or between species .\nusing cookies on urltoken shellauction uses cookies only for technical reasons and to facilitate and speed up your site navigation . by continuing to browse , you accept the use of cookies ; if you do not wish to receive them please disable them or not navigate this website further . more info cookies on urltoken\nutilizzo dei cookies su urltoken shellauction utilizza i cookies esclusivamente per ragioni tecniche e per facilitare e velocizzare la navigazione del sito . continuando a navigare accetti l ' utilizzo dei cookies , se non desideri riceverli ti invitiamo a disabilitarli oppure a non navigare questo sito ulteriormente . altre informazioni sui cookies di urltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nif you do not have an account yet , you can register here first .\nenter your email address and we will send you an email with your username and password .\ne - mail conchbooks office if you do not receive your email with your username and password .\nmonographs of the marine mollusks of the western atlantic : vols . 1 & 2 [ original ]"]}
{"id": 121, "summary": [{"text": "latirus unifasciatus is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family fasciolariidae , the spindle snails , the tulip snails and their allies . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "latirus unifasciatus", "paragraphs": ["species latirus imbricatus g . b . sowerby iii , 1903 accepted as latirus abnormis sowerby iii , 1894\nspecies latirus contemptus a . adams , 1854 accepted as orania ficula ( reeve , 1848 )\nspecies latirus marshalli finlay , 1924 \u2020 accepted as turehua dubia ( p . marshall , 1919 ) \u2020\nspecies latirus burnupi e . a . smith , 1906 accepted as benimakia flavida ( a . adams , 1855 )\nspecies latirus coreanicus ( smith , 1879 ) accepted as fusolatirus coreanicus ( e . a . smith , 1879 )\nspecies latirus dubius p . marshall , 1919 \u2020 accepted as turehua dubia ( p . marshall , 1919 ) \u2020\nspecies latirus armatus a . adams , 1855 accepted as hemipolygona armata ( a . adams , 1855 ) ( original combination )\nspecies latirus distinctus a . adams , 1855 accepted as hemipolygona distincta ( a . adams , 1855 ) ( original combination )\nspecies latirus flavidus a . adams , 1855 accepted as benimakia flavida ( a . adams , 1855 ) ( original combination )\nspecies latirus marquesanus a . adams , 1855 accepted as peristernia marquesana ( a . adams , 1855 ) ( original combination )\nspecies latirus nagasakiensis e . a . smith , 1880 accepted as turrilatirus nagasakiensis ( e . a . smith , 1880 )\nspecies latirus neglectus a . adams , 1855 accepted as peristernia neglecta ( a . adams , 1855 ) ( original combination )\nspecies latirus bairstowi g . b . sowerby iii , 1886 accepted as dolicholatirus bairstowi ( sowerby iii , 1886 ) ( original combination )\nspecies latirus filosus ( schubert & wagner , 1829 ) accepted as fusinus filosus ( schubert & j . a . wagner , 1829 )\nspecies latirus longirostris p . marshall , 1917 \u2020 accepted as microfulgur longirostris ( p . marshall , 1917 ) \u2020 ( original combination )\nspecies latirus lugubris ( c . b . adams , 1852 ) accepted as trachypollia lugubris ( c . b . adams , 1852 )\nspecies latirus huttoni suter , 1908 accepted as taron dubius ( hutton , 1878 ) ( unnecessary replacement name for trophon dubius hutton , 1878 . )\nspecies latirus mediamericanus hertlein & a . m . strong , 1951 accepted as pustulatirus mediamericanus ( hertlein & a . m . strong , 1951 )\nspecies latirus aureocinctus g . b . sowerby iii , 1875 accepted as teralatirus noumeensis ( crosse , 1870 ) accepted as crassicantharus noumeensis ( crosse , 1870 )\nspecies latirus cayohuesonicus g . b . sowerby ii , 1878 accepted as dolicholatirus cayohuesonicus ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1878 ) ( original combination )\nspecies latirus maximus g . b . sowerby iii , 1893 accepted as viridifusus maximus ( g . b . sowerby iii , 1893 ) ( original combination )\nspecies latirus hemphilli hertlein & a . m . strong , 1951 accepted as pustulatirus hemphilli ( hertlein & a . m . strong , 1951 ) ( original combination )\nspecies latirus angustus e . a . smith , 1884 accepted as dolicholatirus smithi snyder , 2000 ( invalid : secondary junior homonym of murex angustus gmelin , 1791 ; dolicholatirus smithi is a replacement name )\nsubfamily : peristerniinae - genus : latirus p . d . montfort , 1810 ( syn : chascax , lathires , lathirus , lathyra , lathyrus , latyrus - db : 96 sp , 56 img )\nmontfort p . [ denys de ] . ( 1808 - 1810 ) . conchyliologie syst\u00e9matique et classification m\u00e9thodique des coquilles . paris : schoell . vol . 1 : pp . lxxxvii + 409 [ 1808 ] . vol . 2 : pp . 676 + 16 [ 1810 ( before 28 may ) ] . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 530 [ details ]\nsnyder m . a . ( 2003 ) . catalogue of the marine gastropod family fasciolariidae . academy of natural sciences . of philadelphia , special publication . 21iii + 1\u2013431 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\ncouto d . , bouchet p . , kantor yu . i . , simone l . r . l . & giribet g . ( 2016 ) . a multilocus molecular phylogeny of fasciolariidae ( neogastropoda : buccinoidea ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution . 99 : 309 - 322 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of lathyrus [ sic ] ) schinz h . r . 1825 . das thierreich eingetheilt nach dem bau der thiere als grundlage ihrer naturgeschichte und der vergleichenden anatomie von dem herrn ritter von cuvier . j . g . cottas , stuttgart and t\u00fcbingen , pp . i - xiii , 1 - 793 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : vol . 4 , p . 588 [ details ]\n( of latyrus carpenter , 1857 ) carpenter p . ( 1857 ) . report on the present state of our knowledge with regard to the mollusca of the west coast of north america . report of the british association for the advancement of science , 1856 : 159 - 368 , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 282 [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken"]}
{"id": 145, "summary": [{"text": "the brook lamprey ( lampetra planeri , also known as the european brook lamprey and the western brook lamprey ) is a small european lamprey species that exclusively inhabits freshwater environments .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "the species is related to , but distinct from , the north american western brook lamprey ( lampetra richardsoni ) . ", "topic": 25}], "title": "brook lamprey", "paragraphs": ["his lamprey is the most common irish species of lamprey and is also the smallest . adult brook lamprey (\nbrook lamprey larvae are active filter feeders , feeding on detritus similar to both seam and river lamprey species ; however , the adult brook lamprey does not feed .\nunlike its relative , the sea lamprey , the brook lamprey is non - parasitic . the american brook lamprey is also small , only 10 inches long at the most . ( below )\n: the american brook lamprey is located in the northeastern quarter of iowa , mostly in small streams .\ncolouring : the belly of the brook lamprey is a uniform pale colour , while that of the river lamprey is similar but has irregular dark spots .\nthe brook lamprey lampetra planeri is a non - parasitic freshwater lamprey that undertakes only localised migrations . it is the smallest of the three species occurring in ireland and is normally up to 15 cm long . identification between the ammocoetes of river lamprey and brook lamprey is difficult , except when nearing metamorphosis ; however , the adults can easily be distinguished by size and the absence of developed teeth in brook lamprey .\nthree other lamprey species are found in the lake champlain basin . two species - the northern brook lamprey and the american brook lamprey - are non - parasitic filter feeders similar in size and habits to sea lamprey ammocoetes . the silver lamprey is parasitic , but does not have the negative impact on the lake champlain fish community that the sea lamprey does , due to its smaller size and fewer numbers .\nalthough morthern brook lamprey often share habitat with mayfly nymphs and small mussels , there is little evidence that there is any competition amongst these species . unlike many lamprey species , this species is non - parasitic . there is currently no research available regarding parasites of northern brook lamprey .\nthe wye is an extensive river system spanning the border between england and wales and the brook lamprey lampetra planeri population is widely distributed in its catchment . the river provides exceptionally good quality habitat for brook lamprey and supports a healthy population .\nadditional research needs for the southern brook lamprey include minnesota life history studies , genetic analysis , and identification of habitat guilds .\nbrook lamprey are likely to be spawning in a wide range of rivers and streams all over the country over the coming weeks . we would love to hear from you if you come across brook lamprey spawning over the next several weeks ; email your sightings to\nthe brook lamprey is the most abundant and widespread of the lampreys of the british isles , and still present in many areas throughout northern europe where other lamprey species have gone extinct .\nit is likely that the brook lamprey has been affected by pollution , river engineering works and changes in land use ( 2 ) .\nbrook lamprey spawn in shallow flowing water during march - may when water temperatures are over 10 - 11\u00b0c . typical brook lamprey spawning requirements include water depths of 3 - 30cm and current velocities between 0 . 2m s - 1 and 0 . 3m s - 1 . the spawning nest is constructed on a sand or shallow gravel with average particle size of the substrate used by the brook lamprey less than 0 . 5cm . the nest of the brook lamprey is an oval depressions 20\u00d715 cm in width and 5 - 10 cm deep .\nphoto : brook lamprey active in an area where some digging of the bed material has commenced . they can be hard to spot !\nthe recent inception of minnesota\u2019s clean water legacy program will eventually yield benefits to southern brook lamprey habitats through nutrient and sediment load reductions .\nto be endangered means to have a creature ' s habitat , or prey taken away , or the invasion of another species that pushes the native one out . one reason why the american brook lamprey is endangered because of the invasive sea lamprey . the sea lamprey is parasitic and feeds on the blood of fish . since it is very invasive , it is sometimes found in the same places as the brook lamprey . the sea lamprey is harmful and a poison called chemical tfm targets its ' young to kill them off . unfortunately , when the brook lamprey is in the same place as the sea lamprey , they get killed off too .\nfelbaum , m . 2007 .\nnorthern brook lamprey\n( on - line pdf ) . accessed april 02 , 2012 at urltoken .\nlampetra lamottei , the american brook lamprey , is an inhabitant of streams throughout the great lakes region . i have gathered data on this species with specimens collected in the maple river in northern lower michigan . this paper will focus on the morphology and ecology of the brook lamprey .\nthe endrick brook lamprey lampetra planeri population is strong and healthy and represents the species in scotland . the site also supports important populations of 1099 river lamprey lampetra fluviatilis , for it is also selected .\nvideo : underwater video of brook lamprey at spawning time in an irish stream . in this clip you can see the lamprey use its sucker mouth to carry a stone back to its redd or nest .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - brook lamprey ( lampetra planeri )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - brook lamprey ( lampetra planeri )\ntitle =\narkive species - brook lamprey ( lampetra planeri )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nalthough ammocoetes are blind , adult northern brook lamprey have small eyes . this species also has a lateral line through which the fish may sense vibrations .\nnorthern brook lamprey only feed as ammocoetes . during this time , they feed mainly on organic detrius , diatoms , desmids , protozoans , algae and pollen .\nthe minnesota dnr lists northern brook lamprey as a species of special concern . in order to keep game fish populations high and parasitic sea lamprey populations low , a lampricide treatment is put into streams and rivers where many lamprey , including non - parasitic northern brook lamprey , reside . this lampricide , among other poisons and pollutants , is adversely affecting population size . there is not currently a direct management / conservation plan in place for this species .\nunlike most species of lamprey , the adults do not migrate to sea nor do they have a parasitic phase . adult brook lamprey do not feed and they spawn close to the soft sediment in which they were previously resident .\nkott , e . 1971 . characteristics of pre - spawning american brook lamprey from big creek , ontario . can . field - nat . 85 : 235\u2013240 .\nbrook lampreys are communal spawners usually nesting in groups of 2 - 10 but occasionally as many as 30 have been recorded using the same nest . brook lampreys are characteristically known to spawn at the lower ends of pools and sometimes favour shaded spawning sites , such as under bridges . the spawning ritual is similar to that of the other two species but due to the smaller size of the brook lamprey , females can be less fecund . spawning activity may last over one week and brook lamprey adults die within one month of spawning .\ndistribution and habitat : brook lampreys occur in small streams throughout finland with the exception of northernmost lapland .\nthe freshwater brook lamprey lives in small streams , rivers and lakes ( 6 ) with clean gravel beds to spawn in and silt or sand for the larvae ( 7 ) .\npurvis , h . a . 1970 . growth , age at metamorphosis and sex ratio of northern brook lamprey in a tributary of southern lake superior . copeia 1970 : 326\u2013332 .\nloan - wilsey , a . 2012 .\niowa fish atlas : northern brook lamprey - ichthyomyzon fossor\n( on - line ) . accessed april 02 , 2012 at urltoken .\nthe eden is an example of a brook lamprey lampetra planeri population associated with an extensive river system on a varied and base - rich geology in northern england . the highly erodible nature of the rock results in extensive areas of gravel and finer silt being deposited throughout the system , providing conditions for spawning and nursery areas . brook lamprey is supported widely within the catchment .\nnorthern brook lamprey are solitary outside of breeding season . this species is also mainly sessile , spending the first 4 - 6 years of its life in a burrow until they complete metamorphosis .\ncochran , p . a . 1987 . the southern brook lamprey ( ichthyomyzon gagei ) in the st . croix river drainage of wisconsin and minnesota . copeia 1987 : 443 - 446 .\nnorthern brook lamprey typically live for 5 - 8 years in the wild , dying within a few days of reaching sexual maturity and completing mating . there is no data available regarding captive lifespan .\nminnesota department of natural resources . 2012 .\nichthyomyzon fossor : northern brook lamprey\n( on - line ) . minnesota department of natural resources . accessed april 02 , 2012 at urltoken .\nphoto : spawning usually occurs in relatively shallow and slow flowing water in areas of sandy / gravely bed material . here 3 brook lamprey work together to move stones and form a redd or nest\n, a new species of lamprey from northern italy . copeia 1955 : 215\u2013223 .\nthe river teith rises and flows through upland areas before crossing the highland boundary fault , a major geological feature in scotland , at the falls of leny and meandering through the central lowlands to the east coast . the river system supports a strong brook lamprey lampetra planeri population . brook lampreys have been recorded from the headwaters downstream to the lower reaches . the river provides excellent habitat with usually pristine water quality , well - vegetated banks and a substantially unaltered river channel . the river teith supports high densities of brook / river lamprey ammocoetes and also supports a healthy population of sea lamprey .\nalthough the southern brook lamprey population in minnesota is apparently healthy , it is limited in range and highly disjunct from the southern population . this makes it especially vulnerable to impacts such as habitat degradation .\nthe sea lamprey ( petromyzon marinus ) is one of 31 species of lamprey found throughout the world and one of four lamprey species found in the lake champlain basin . lamprey are eel - shaped fish with a skeleton made of cartilage , not bone . they belong to a relic ( primitive ) group of jawless fishes called agnathans .\nivanova - berg , m . m . 1933 . biology of the river lamprey (\nthe adult lamprey are preyed upon by walleyes , muskellunge , and small mouth bass .\nthe usk in south wales supports a healthy population of brook lamprey lampetra planeri and is considered to provide exceptionally good quality habitat likely to ensure the continued survival of the species in this part of the uk .\nanother possible outcome if the brook lamprey goes extinct , would be an overabundance of its food . since the american brook lamprey often feeds on algae and organic matter that falls into the water , the streams could eventually become clogged with it , causing great harm to all creatures that inhabit the waters . such a change of habitat will lead to a rise of another species , which will adapt and dominate the streams .\nthe brook lamprey is classified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) . listed on annex iii of the bern convention and annex ii of the ec habitats directive ( 3 ) .\nduring mating , 3 - 7 northern brook lamprey will build a nest together and spawn in groups of 10 - 30 . once eggs are fertilized and laid they are often covered with the substrate surrounding the nest .\n2010 .\nthe northern brook lamprey ( great lakes - upper st . lawrence ) \u2026a species at risk\n( on - line ) . fisheries and oceans canada . accessed april 02 , 2012 at urltoken .\nthe sea lamprey was first noted in lake champlain in 1929 by j . r . greeley , who reported that sea lamprey were found in moderate numbers at that time . it is not clear if , or for how long , sea lamprey had existed in lake champlain prior to this time . taking into account that salmon and trout were sought by both the native people and settlers as a source of food , and later for commercial purposes , coupled with the obvious signs of lamprey parasitism - wounds , scars and attached lamprey - the lack of mention of lamprey in the oral and written history is consistent with the position that sea lamprey may be a non - native invasive species .\nenvironment agency . ( 1998 ) species awareness leaflet number 5 . lamprey . environment agency , bristol .\nsouthern brook lamprey and chestnut lamprey have been observed spawning together in the same nests in the st . croix river system ( namekagon and yellow rivers , wi ) , and samples from the adults and eggs were preserved for genetic analysis ; however , there has been no funding available to run the analyses ( j . lyons , personal communication ) .\nthe habitat of northern brook lamprey varies throughout the life cycle . adults are generally found in areas of rapidly flowing water above a very coarse bed , spawning and then laying eggs in crevices beneath rocks and boulders . ammocoetes ( larvae ) are generally found in the the calmer waters of brook , stream and river side channels where there is fine sediment or organic debris in which to burrow .\nregion 5 fisheries p . o . box 296 1115 state route 86 ray brook , ny 12977 518 - 897 - 1333 send us an email\ncommitee on the status of endangered wildlife in canada ( cosewic ) . assesment and update status report on the northern brook lamprey ichthyomyzon fossor . canada : her majesty the queen in right of canada . 2007 . accessed april 24 , 2012 at urltoken .\nanother reason why the american brook lamprey is endangered is because of the loss of its habitat caused by none other than humans . although it is not only the loss of its habitat , but also changes , like changes of water depth or sedimentation .\nbrook lamprey spawn during april and may in streams and rivers all over ireland . the adult brook lamprey is relatively small , up to 15 cm in length . they are eel - shaped fish with a sucker - like mouth instead of jaws . they spawn in gravel areas , loosening stones and excavating shallow nests or redds . they can use their sucker mouth to lift and move stones and pebbles . they can also attach on to larger stones , leaving the tail free to swish about and loosen material and brush away sand .\nnorthern brook lamprey spawn in the spring at approximately 6 years of age , just after reaching sexual maturity . females lay thousands of eggs , possibly due to high mortality rates during the early stages of the species ' life cycle . eggs hatch 2 - 4 weeks after fertilization .\nduring periods when sea lamprey are abundant in lake champlain , anglers often catch salmon and trout with wounds or lamprey attached . frequently these fish have multiple wounds , multiple scars and / or multiple lamprey attached to them . these high wounding rates indicate that sea lamprey are having a significant impact on the lake trout and salmon populations . angler catches of lake trout and salmon in lake champlain were found to be just a fraction of catches in similar lakes , despite intensive stocking efforts by fishery agencies . sea lamprey were preventing the restoration of these native fish species to lake champlain .\nigoe , f . , quigley d . t . g . , marnell , f . , meskell , e . , o\u2019connor w . and byrne , c . ( 2004 ) the sea lamprey petromyzon marinus ( l . ) , river lamprey lampetra fluviatilis ( l . ) and brook lamprey lampetra planeri ( bloch ) in ireland : general biology , ecology , distribution and status with recommendations for conservation . biology and environment : proceedings of the royal irish academy . 104b ( 3 ) : 43 - 56 .\na number of areas have been proposed as candidate special areas of conservation ( sacs ) for the brook lamprey . the areas chosen support healthy populations and reflect the geographical range of the brook lamprey in the uk as well as the range of habitat features required by the species ( 7 ) . although this should help to improve the conservation status of this primitive fish in the uk , it has been noted that further measures will be required to maintain the species ( 7 ) . draft action plans have been produced for the three lamprey species found in the uk in order to guide their conservation ( 2 ) . the life in uk rivers project is helping to conserve this species .\nregardless of whether the sea lamprey is native or not , due to the severity of the impacts that sea lamprey currently have on the lake champlain fishery and ecosystem , and the social and economic impacts on the people who live in the lake champlain basin , sea lamprey populations must be controlled to balance the lake\u00b4s ecosystem and restore its world class fishery .\nbackground : the brook lamprey ( lampetra planeri ) is the smallest of the three lampreys native to ireland , the adults generally ranging in size from 10 to 15 cm . it is the only one of the three species which is non - parasitic and spends all its life in freshwater . it is clearly distinguished from the sea - and the river lamprey , in the adult form , by its small size .\nthree recent genetic studies provided evidence to support the position that sea lamprey may be native to lake champlain and existed in the lake for around 10 , 000 years . if true , the lamprey may be having a detrimental impact on salmon and lake trout because the original lake champlain strains of these fish that may have evolved with the sea lamprey disappeared in the late 1800s .\n. information that would help us most would include name of river or stream , location ( as much detail as you can ) , number of redds seen at the site and number of brook lamprey seen in the redd . if you can record the water temperature it would be very valuable additional information .\nthe derwent represents brook lamprey lampetra planeri in a high - quality , oligotrophic river in northern england . good populations of the species are known to occur , and this river has features that provide the necessary conditions for both spawning and nursery areas \u2013 extensive gravel shoals , good water quality and areas of marginal silt .\nin typical brook lamprey streams the water over the spawning area is moderately swift ( 0 . 3 - 0 . 5m / sec ) , bed material is gravel and sand and water depth to the base of the nest rarely exceeds 40cm , although in large rivers it is possible that the species spawns in deeper water . lamprey adults generally keep away from bright light but this behaviour changes completely during spawning , when they are active in full daylight .\nshould the brook lamprey go extinct , it may affect mostly its predators . either its ' predators will die off , or more likely they will have to feed on other things like smaller fish . if the predators feed on smaller fish , then the bigger fish that originally ate those small fish will go extinct also .\nis a primitive , jawless fish resembling an eel , and is the smallest of the lampreys found in the uk . it is a non - migratory freshwater species , occurring in streams and occasionally in lakes in north - west europe . like other lamprey species , the brook lamprey requires clean gravel beds for spawning and soft marginal silt or sand for the ammocoete larvae . it spawns mostly in parts of the river where the current is not too strong .\nthe brook lamprey has declined in some areas of the uk but is relatively widespread and common in parts of england . in scotland it is generally absent north of the great glen ( 7 ) . in europe it extends from sweden to france ( 6 ) , and has declined in parts of this range ( 7 ) .\nsea lamprey also feed on other fish species , including lake whitefish , walleye , northern pike , burbot , and lake sturgeon . the lake sturgeon is listed as a threatened species in new york and an endangered species in vermont and it is likely that sea lamprey are affecting their survival . most sea lamprey hosts are native fish species that have been part of the lake champlain basin ecosystem for thousands of years\nthe teifi is a predominantly mesotrophic river in west wales supporting a large population of brook lamprey lampetra planeri . a mixture of habitat and substrate types provides the combination of spawning gravels adjacent to silt beds that are favoured by this and other lamprey species . a large number of tributaries have been included in the sac ; these are thought to be important for lampreys in the teifi because the main channel is prone to severe floods that may result in washout of smaller ammocoetes .\nnorthern brook lamprey are found in many areas of the midwestern and northeastern united states , including the mississippi river drainage in wisconsin , northeastern illinois , and northern indiana , and in parts of canada . they are also found in a lake erie tributary in new york and certain tributaries of the st . lawrence river in quebec , canada .\njuvenile parasitic sea lamprey are 6 to 24 inches in length with smooth , scaleless skin that is mottled grey / blue to black , darker on top and fading to a lighter colored belly . adult sea lamprey , preparing to spawn , are 14 to 24 inches in length and exhibit mottled dark brown / black pigmentation . sea lamprey have two separated fins on their back ( dorsal fins ) and suction disk mouth filled with small sharp , rasping teeth and a file - like tongue . the sea lamprey is a jawless parasite that feeds on the body fluids of fish .\nmore information about the southern brook lamprey ' s distribution , population size , genetics , and habitat requirements in minnesota are necessary to better conserve this species . lyons et al . ( 1997 ) found the species to be much more widespread in wisconsin than just the st . croix drainage , and this may be the case in minnesota as well .\nredds are identified by a small , cleared area along a gravel channel \u2013 often little more than a few centimetres wide and long . there may be brook lamprey inside the redd digging it out or actively spawning . numbers inside a redd can vary from one to many . ifi staff on teh boyne found eight adults actively spawning in the r . moynalty . the recent warm weather seems to have got the brook lamprey spawning earlier this year ! on march 31st , 2011 , ifi staff recorded redd digging and spawning in westmeath ( a tributary of l . owel ) , in meath ( r . moynalty ) , in kilkenny ( r . nore at insitioge ) and in limerick ( r . maigue at adare ) .\nthe lamprey prefers cool streams that are not too big . small or medium size is best and they are often found in streams that are spring fed . the bottom is commonly gravel or sand and they share a habitat with many other fish . like other creatures , the lamprey prefer clean streams .\nthe avon is a high - quality river that represents the southern part of the range of brook lamprey lampetra planeri . a healthy , stable population occurs in the main river and in a number of tributaries . the main river , and in particular its tributaries , provides clean beds of gravel for spawning and extensive areas of fine silt for juveniles to burrow into .\nyouson , j . h . 1980 . morphology and physiology of lamprey metamorphosis . can . j . fish . aquat . sci . 37 : 1687\u20131710 .\nreproduction : larvae of the brook lamprey spend the first 4\u20136 years of their life buried in the mud of the stream , filtering out nutrients from the water . they then metamorphose directly into sexually mature adults , at which point they cease feeding . the adults remain in the stream of their birth , where they spawn on sand or gravel the following spring and after spawning die .\nprior to egg release the female attaches herself to a stone . the male then uses his oral disc to fasten himself to the female , usually to one side of her head and twisting his body round hers . at this moment the female starts to vibrate rapidly and eggs and milt are extruded in a backward stream . the vibration whirls up sand and the eggs , fertilised externally , become embedded in the downstream end of the nest . brook lampreys often spawn in large groups of 10 to 30 in a nest . the female brook lamprey may carry 900 \u2013 1500 eggs . the adults die shortly after spawning .\nhabitat degradation , water pollution , and dams on almost every tributary in the basin during the last two centuries may have kept lamprey numbers low . recent improvements in habitat and water quality , along with the annual stocking of their preferred hosts , may be providing lamprey with a new opportunity to prosper . if native to lake champlain , sea lamprey either remained in the lake as a remnant population after the retreat of the\nchamplain sea\nor migrated into the lake via the richelieu river .\nin the spring , sexually mature adult sea lamprey migrate up tributaries to spawn . they locate spawning streams by following pheromones ( naturally produced chemical attractants ) released by ammocoetes living in those waters . a pair of male and female sea lamprey build a nest , called a redd , in a gravel stream bottom in section of flowing water . the female lays tens of thousands of eggs and the male fertilizes them , then having completed this act the sea lamprey die . the eggs lie in the small spaces between the gravel , and are provided oxygen by the flowing water . weeks later the eggs hatch and the complex life cycle of the sea lamprey begins again .\nthe national parks and wildlife service has published a series of studies ( irish wildlife manuals series ) on lamprey within individual irish catchments , including maps of distribution and photographs . these can be accessed through the npws website at urltoken under publications . issues relevant to lamprey include nos 5 , 14 , 15 , 21 , 22 and 26 .\nsometime in mid to late summer of their third or fourth year the ammocoetes undergo a dramatic change in both form and function . they develop eyes and a suction disk mouth , and become a smaller version of the adult sea lamprey . also during this stage their kidneys change to allow them to live in saltwater . once the ammocoetes\u00b4 change is complete , the newly transformed sea lamprey , known as a transformer , leaves its burrow and moves downstream towards lake champlain . the sea lamprey is then ready to begin the next stage in its life as a parasite of fish . the juvenile sea lamprey move into deeper water and begin to seek host fish on which to feed .\nthe holes along the side of the lamprey ' s head are several gill openings . a single nostril lies in the center of the head as you can see below .\n) measure from 10 - 15cm and spawn in gravels during the springtime . they have a wide distribution in ireland . although they are found in small streams , as their name suggests , they are also found in larger rivers . brook lamprey ammocoetes ( larvae ) live in soft sandy / mud for a number of years before maturing . these young lampreys are blind and are filter feeders , eating detritus and other organic matter .\nmoore , j . w . & j . m . mallatt . 1980 . feeding of larval lamprey . can . j . fish . aquat . sci . 37 : 1658\u20131664 .\no ' boyle , r . n . & f . w . h . beamish . 1977 . growth and intermediary metabolism of larval and metamorphosing stages of the landlocked sea lamprey ,\nstudies on the great lakes show a 40 to 60 percent mortality rate for fish attacked by sea lamprey . other studies have found that a single sea lamprey can kill 40 or more pounds of fish during its life . even when fish survive the attacks , the fish populations will decline as the fish expend more energy on healing than on producing eggs and mating .\nthe juvenile sea lamprey uses its suction disk mouth which is filled with small sharp , rasping teeth and a file - like tongue to attach to fish , puncture the skin , and drain the fish ' s body fluids . an anticoagulant in their saliva ensures that the blood of the host fish does not clot while the sea lamprey feed . often the host fish die from loss of blood , or infections resulting from stress . fish that survive sea lamprey attacks will have decreased reproduction . sea lamprey in lake champlain prefer landlocked atlantic salmon ( salmon ) , lake trout and other trout species , due to their small scales and thin skin . the same native fish species prized by anglers , and that are such an important part of the natural ecosystem of the lake .\nspawning and adult brook lamprey : water temperature is the decisive factor in determining the onset of spawning . in british rivers , the spawning season for l . planeri generally extends from march to april and begins when water temperatures reach 10 - 11oc . observations in ireland have recorded spawning in the mid april \u2013 mid may period . however , recent warm weather in march 2011 led to spawning being observed at sites in limerick , kilkenny , meath and westmeath on 31st march .\nwigley , r . l . 1959 . life history of the sea lamprey of cayuga lake , new york . u . s . fish . wildl . serv . fish . bull . 59 : 559\u2013617 .\nthe blind worm - like larval lamprey , known as ammocoetes [ am - mah - seats ] , can grow up to 5 inches long . they hatch from eggs in gravel nests in tributaries and drift downstream with the current . when they locate suitable habitat - usually silt / sand stream bottoms and banks in slower moving stretches of water - they burrow in and take up residence , filter - feeding on algae , detritus and microscopic organisms and materials . in the lake champlain basin this stage of the sea lamprey ' s life cycle usually lasts 3 to 4 years ; in other waters lamprey spend up to 10 years in their larval form .\nsea lamprey , like many salmon , are\ndiadromous\n. they spend the early stages of their life in streams and rivers . the middle stage of their life is spent in the saltwater of the ocean or in a large freshwater lake . then they return as breeding adults to spawn in the freshwater streams and rivers , and die shortly after spawning . sea lamprey in lake champlain take about six years to complete this life cycle .\nlyons , j . , p . a . cochran , and m . e . sneen . 1997 . taxonomic status and distribution of the lamprey ichthyomyzon cf . gagei . american midland naturalist 138 : 69 - 76 .\nnorthern brook lamprey have two developmental stages : ammocoete ( larval ) and adult . larvae hatch approximately 2 weeks after egg fertilization and drift downstream before burrowing into the substrate . once settled in burrows , larvae feed on suspended algae , bacteria and other detrius for 5 - 6 years until they metamorphose into non - feeding juveniles , typically in the fall . the transformation process lasts for 2 - 3 months . juveniles spend 4 - 6 months drifting until spring , when spawning occurs and they become sexually mature adults . adults die shortly after spawning .\nlamprey hold on to the bottom , suckered on with the use of their mouth . they feed on bacteria , algae and other types of detritus from the water and the mud . they are present in the swansea canal in quite high numbers and occasionally appear elsewhere .\nif sea lamprey are invasive , they are thought to have entered lake champlain during the 1800s from the hudson river estuary through the hudson / champlain canal or possibly from the st . lawrence river through the richelieu river - both the hudson and the st . lawrence rivers empty into the atlantic ocean .\n( above ) the lamprey has a long slender body and is often confused with an eel . ( below ) it has no true teeth or jaw . it is blind up until it becomes an adult . also unlike eels , they have cartilage instead of bones , and skin instead of scales .\nduring spawning , these lampreys coil together in groups of 3 to 7 individuals before going into the nest . once in the nest a male attaches to , but does not wrap around , a female ( as in some other lamprey species ) to complete egg fertilization . adults then leave the nest and die soon thereafter .\nthe cleddau rivers are a predominantly lowland catchment in the pembrokeshire peninsula . the substrates consist mainly of sand , gravel and well - aerated silt , providing an excellent mosaic of lamprey spawning and nursery habitat . this is reflected in electrofishing surveys carried out by the environment agency , which indicate the presence of ammocoetes throughout the catchment .\nduring the late 1800s and early 1900s numerous attempts were made to restock trout and salmon , but all failed . in the late 1950s and 1960s new york state began experimental stockings of lake trout and salmon with some limited success . it became clear that one of the factors limiting the success of stocking was parasitism by sea lamprey .\nthe american brook lamprey adult does not feed . only the offspring burrow into soft silt and filter feed on protozoans , algae , pollen , desmids , diatoms , and small plant and animal life . they live as offspring for about 4 - 7 years before becoming an adult . spawning season is from april to may . the males arrive at the spawning ground before the females in order to make a nest . the males make a nest similar looking to how a hen ' s nest would look . it is saucer shaped and formed by the male moving pebbles in the stream bed with his mouth . the females come and attach themselves to a rock at a nest with their mouth and lay eggs as the males feritilize them . depending on the size of the female , 1 , 000 - 5 , 000 eggs are produced . the adults die shortly after spawning .\nsea lamprey are an ancient fish , with a complex life cycle and mouth parts that are well adapted for their parasitic life . the elimination of this species from lake champlain is neither desired nor possible . however , their population must be reduced to lessen their negative impacts on the lake champlain fishery to an acceptable level , to balance the lake champlain basin ecosystem and its world class fishery .\nkelly , f . l . and king , j . j . ( 2001 ) a review of the ecology and distribution of three lamprey species , lampetra fluviatilis ( l . ) , lampetra planeri ( bloch ) and petromyzon marinus ( l . ) : a context for conservation and biodiversity considerations in ireland . biology and environment : proc . r . ir . acad . 101b , 165 - 185 .\nspawning migration : the migration of non - parasitic lamprey to upstream spawning grounds takes place over short distances . in l . planeri , movement appears to begin in spring only a short time before the onset of spawning and the distances travelled are often less than 1km although this varies with the character of the stream and its gradient . in a swedish study on l . planeri , the critical temperature for onset of migration was 7 . 5c and migration was essentially nocturnal , although daytime migration was also observed late in the season .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nlatin , petra = stone + greek , myzo = to suckle + greek , odous , odontos = teeth ( ref . 45335 ) .\nthe list below must not be used as an authority reference synonymy list like those found in scientific published revisions , which must be the source to be used and cited eventually when they exist .\nrather , it reflects the current content of fishbase , and the progress with respect to synchronization with the catalog of fishes . however , we think it can be useful for users to assess the quality of information in fishbase , to start new work on the family , or to cross - check with other lists .\nbut we appreciate to be cited in publications when this list has been of any working value . in particular , for published scientific , we suggest then to cite it in the material and method section as a useful tool to conduct the research , but again , not as a taxonomic or nomenclatural authority reference .\nunless it is explicitly precised , the list is not complete , please search all original names published for the family in the catalog of fishes ( genera , species ) , including those with uncertain or unknown status , that are not included in fishbase when they are not attached to a valid species .\nthis list uses some data from catalog of fishes ( not shown but used to sort names ) .\nin the column coff , the digit indicates the status of synchronization with coff : 0 : not checked ; 1 : same status ; 2 : different status ; 3 : other combination ; 4 : synonym in coff ; 5 : species / subspecies issue ; 6 : synonym of another species in coff ; 7 : not in coff ; 8 : should not be in coff . the coff version currently used is the one published on 23 - 07 - 2014 ( ref . 97102 ) .\nwhen subfamilies are recognized , nominotypical subfamily first then other subfamilies by alphabetical order .\ntype genus of the family first ( or of subfamily when subfamilies are recognized ) then other genera by chronological order of description ( and alphabetical order ) .\ntype species of the genus first by chronological order ( and alphabetical order ) , with last listed misapplied names in a light gray font .\nfacebook | contact information | terms of use and privacy policy | all rights reserved . \u00a9 copyright luontoportti / naturegate 2018 .\nthe adults spawn in may and june , and the eggs are deposited into depressions in the riverbed . as in river lampreys , a number of males mate with one female ( 5 ) . the larvae ( known as ammocoetes ) live for three to seven years in the sand or mud , and filter organic matter from the water for nourishment ( 5 ) . as they mature they develop eyes and the sucker - like mouth , and as sexual maturity is approached they stop feeding entirely . a few weeks after spawning the adults die ( 5 ) . unlike river and sea lampreys this species does not migrate out to sea , but spends the whole life - cycle in fresh water ( it is not anadromous ) ( 4 ) .\nyou can view distribution information for this species at the national biodiversity network atlas .\nthere may be further information about this species available via the national biodiversity network atlas .\nanadromous in fish : those species that spend most of their lives at sea but migrate to fresh water to spawn . larvae stage in an animal ' s lifecycle after it hatches from the egg . larvae are typically very different in appearance to adults ; they are able to feed and move around but usually are unable to reproduce . spawning the production or depositing of large quantities of eggs in water .\ndavies , c . , shelley , j . , harding , p . , mclean , i . , gardiner , r . and peirson , g . ( 2004 ) freshwater fishes in britain \u2013 the species and their distribution . harley books , colchester .\ncihar , j . ( 1991 ) a field guide in colour to freshwater fish . aventium publishing , prague .\nnature picture library 5a great george street bristol bs1 5rr united kingdom tel : + 44 ( 0 ) 117 911 4675 fax : + 44 ( 0 ) 117 911 4699 info @ urltoken http : / / www . urltoken\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u2019s species and habitats from destruction .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nstill rare in some areas , but populations have markedly recovered following earlier pollution problems in central europe .\ngreat britain north to scottish highlands , rivers draining to north sea north to scotland and about stavanger ( norway ) , baltic sea basin , atlantic as far south as adour drainage ( france , spain ) and an isolated population in tagus ( portugal ) , mediterranean basin in france and western italy ( south to about tevere drainage ) . locally in ireland , upper volga , upper danube and some of their tributaries , and pescara drainage on adriatic coast of italy .\nwhen the 2010 assessment of this species was published in 2011 , a 2013 citation reference was accidentally attached to the account and hence the previous version of the assessment showed it as being published in 2013 when it should have been 2011 . the error is corrected here and is therefore given a 2016 citation date ; the 2011 reference that should have been used in the citation is under the references .\n( errata version published in 2016 ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2011 : e . t11213a97806694 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nwe use cookies to give you the best , most relevant experience on our website . by continuing to use our site , you are agreeing to our use of cookies . you can change your cookie settings at any time through your browser settings .\nwe have recently updated our privacy policy in line with gdpr . read our updated cookie and privacy policy .\nwe have vacancies across all of our waterways and in the offices , museums and attractions that support them . we ' re one of the uk ' s biggest charities and we take pride in everything we do\nwe ' re continually carrying out work to improve our canals and rivers . find out if we ' re working along your route before you set off on a boat trip\nhelp us make a difference and have fun along the way . find your perfect volunteer role today\nlisted on annex iii of the bern convention and annex ii of the ec habitats directive ( 3 ) .\nappearance : lampreys lack gill covers and paired fins and instead of a jawed mouth , have a sucker disc with two tooth plates with a few blunt teeth .\nthey are eel like in shape , being long and cylindrical with a rear dorsal fin near to the tail and seven breathing holes on each side of the body . they are dark brown or dark grey in the body , have a white belly and bright yellow eyes .\nour teams of regular volunteers meet up and down the country to help us care for their local waterway . join us today\ncanal & river trust is a charity registered with the charity commission no . 1146792 and a company limited by guarantee registered in england & wales no . 7807276 .\ngreek , letheia = apathetic + greek , enteron = intestine ( ref . 45335 )\nfreshwater ; demersal ; ph range : 6 . 8 - 7 . 5 ; dh range : ? - 18 . temperate ; 5\u00b0c - 20\u00b0c ( ref . 12468 ) ; 51\u00b0n - 35\u00b0n\nnorth america : canada and usa : lake superior basin , michigan ; lake michigan basin , michigan ( carp lake , betsie , pine , and pentwater rivers ) and indiana ; lake huron basin , michigan ; lake erie basin , ontario and michigan ; lake ontario basin , ontario and new york ; mississippi river basin , minnesota , missouri , pennsylvania , kentucky , tennessee , and alabama ; st . lawrence river basin , qu\u00e9bec and new york ; atlantic slope basins , new hampshire , massachusetts , connecticut , new york , new jersey , pennsylvania , delaware , maryland , and virginia ( ref . 89241 ) . two subspecies lethenteron appendix appendix and i > l . appendix wilderi\nmaturity : l m 15 . 0 range ? - ? cm max length : 35 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 86798 ) ; common length : 15 . 6 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 12193 ) ; max . reported age : 5 years ( ref . 12193 )\nsemelparous ( ref . 1998 ) . the female attaches with her oral disc to a rock at the upstream end of the nest . the male attaches to the back of her head using his oral disc and wraps his tail around her trunk region in such a way as to have each others urogenital papilla in close proximity and through muscular contraction of his body assists in the extrusion of the eggs . they vibrate vigorously for a few seconds . this results in the release of their gametes and disturbance of the substrate , which partially buries the fertilized eggs ( ref . 89241 ) .\npage , l . m . and b . m . burr , 2011 . a field guide to freshwater fishes of north america north of mexico . boston : houghton mifflin harcourt , 663p . ( ref . 86798 )\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5039 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00120 ( 0 . 00052 - 0 . 00277 ) , b = 3 . 00 ( 2 . 80 - 3 . 20 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 6 \u00b10 . 4 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : low , minimum population doubling time 4 . 5 - 14 years ( tmax = 6 ; tm = 5 ; fec = 2 , 883 ) .\nprior r = 0 . 36 , 2 sd range = 0 . 16 - 0 . 84 , log ( r ) = - 1 . 02 , sd log ( r ) = 0 . 42 , based on : 1 k , 1 tgen , 1 tmax , 1 fec records\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : high vulnerability ( 57 of 100 ) .\nspawning is initiated when water temperatures are between 13 and 20 . 5\u00b0c . males begin nest building by moving stones and gravel to create a small dip in the substrate within shallow , pool - riffle , high - gradient stretches of streams .\nthere is no parental investment by adults of this species as they die soon after egg fertilization .\nthis species is prey for many larger fish throughout its life . while eggs and ammocoetes are particularly vulnerable , adults may be consumed as well . known predators include rainbow trout , rock bass and brown trout .\nbronte karvel - fuller ( author ) , minnesota state university , mankato , robert sorensen ( editor ) , minnesota state university , mankato ."]}
{"id": 152, "summary": [{"text": "paeromopodidae is a family of large cylindrical millipedes of the order julida native to the western united states of america .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the family contains two genera and ten species and includes the longest millipedes in north america , with individuals reaching up to 16.5 cm ( 6.5 in ) long . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "paeromopodidae", "paragraphs": ["revision of the milliped family paeromopodidae , and elevation of the aprosphylosomatinae to family status . . .\nrevision of the millipede family paeromopodidae , and elevation of the aprosphylosomatinae to family status ( julida , paeromopodoidea ) . by shelley r . m . , in\nshelley , r . m . 1994 . revision of the milliped family paeromopodidae , and elevation of the aprosphylosomatinae to family status ( julida : paeromopodoidea ) . insect systematics & evolution . 25 ( 2 ) : 169 - 214 .\nshelley , r . m . and s . b . bauer . 1997 . new records and species , and taxonomic alterations in the milliped family paeromopodidae ( julida ) . entomological news . 108 ( 1 ) : 1 - 14 .\nshelley , r . m . and s . b . bauer . 1997 . new records and species , and taxonomic alterations in the milliped family paeromopodidae ( julida ) . entomological news . 108 ( 1 ) : 1 - 14 .\nshelley , r . m . ; bauer , s . b . ( 1997 ) . new records and species , and taxonomic alterations in the milliped family paeromopodidae ( julida ) . entomological news , 108 ( 1 ) : 1 - 14\nshelley , r . m . ; bauer , s . b . ( 1997 ) . new records and species , and taxonomic alterations in the milliped family paeromopodidae ( julida ) . entomological news , 108 ( 1 ) : 1 - 14 page ( s ) : 10 [ details ]\nshelley , r . m . ( 1994 ) . revision of the milliped family paeromopodidae , and elevation of the aprosphylosomatinae to family status ( julida : paeromopodoidea ) . entomologica scandinavica , 25 : 169 - 214 . lund page ( s ) : 195 ; note : from atopolus chamberlini [ details ]\n( of klansolus euphanus chamberlin , 1938 ) shelley , r . m . ; bauer , s . b . ( 1997 ) . new records and species , and taxonomic alterations in the milliped family paeromopodidae ( julida ) . entomological news , 108 ( 1 ) : 1 - 14 page ( s ) : 10 [ details ]\n( of klansolus euphanus chamberlin , 1938 ) shelley , r . m . ( 1994 ) . revision of the milliped family paeromopodidae , and elevation of the aprosphylosomatinae to family status ( julida : paeromopodoidea ) . entomologica scandinavica , 25 : 169 - 214 . lund page ( s ) : 200 ; note : from klansolus euphanus [ details ]\n( of klansolus parvior chamberlin , 1940 ) shelley , r . m . ( 1994 ) . revision of the milliped family paeromopodidae , and elevation of the aprosphylosomatinae to family status ( julida : paeromopodoidea ) . entomologica scandinavica , 25 : 169 - 214 . lund page ( s ) : 201 ; note : from klansolus parvior [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthis site uses cookies . by continuing to browse the site you are agreeing to our use of cookies .\nbrill\u2019s mybook program is exclusively available on brillonline books and journals . students and scholars affiliated with an institution that has purchased a brill e - book on the brillonline platform automatically have access to the mybook option for the title ( s ) acquired by the library . brill mybook is a print - on - demand paperback copy which is sold at a favorably uniform low price .\n< ? xml version =\n1 . 0\nencoding =\nutf - 8\n? > < event > < eventlog > < portalid > brill < / portalid > < sessionid > - cex3ojjwxmnk8ai6ltzgpvc . x - brill - live - 02 < / sessionid > < useragent > python / 3 . 5 aiohttp / 3 . 3 . 2 < / useragent > < identityid > guest < / identityid > < identity _ list > guest < / identity _ list > < ipaddress > 35 . 238 . 116 . 154 < / ipaddress > < eventtype > personalisation < / eventtype > < createdon > 1531163085226 < / createdon > < / eventlog > < eventlogproperty > < item _ id > urltoken < / item _ id > < type > favourite < / type > < / eventlogproperty > < / event >\n1 : north carolina state museum of natural sciences , p . o . box , 27647 , raleigh , north carolina 27611 , u . s . a .\nr . de jong ; r . i . vane - wright and p . r . ackery\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\ninsect systematics & evolution . 25 ( 2 ) : 169 - 214 . , 1994\nfull citation : shear , w . a . 2010 . the milliped family trichopetalidae , part 2 : the genera trichopetalum , zygonopus and scoterpes ( diplopoda : chordeumatida , cleidogonoidea ) . zootaxa 2385 : 1 - 62 .\nthe milliped family trichopetalidae , part 1 : introduction and genera trigenotyla causey , nannopetalum n . gen . , and causeyella n .\nfull citation - shear , w . a . 2003 . the milliped family trichopetalidae , part 1 : introduction and genera trigenotyla causey , nannopetalum n . gen . , and causeyella n . gen . ( diplopoda : chordeumatida , cleidogonoidea ) . zootaxa 321 : 1 - 36 .\nshelley , r . ( 2000 ) . annotated checklist of the millipeds of florida ( arthropoda : diplopoda ) . insecta mundi , 14 ( 4 ) , 241\u2013251 .\na detailed key to the millipedes of the british isles ( 52 species as of 1985 ) , with an introductory section on basic biology of millipedes . useful to students from north america and other areas due to widely introduced british species such as blaniulus guttulatus .\nshelley , r . m . ( 2002 ) . annotated checklist of the millipeds of california ( arthropoda : diplopoda ) . monographs of the western north american naturalist , 1 : 90\u2013115\ncook , o . f . ; collins , g . n . ( 1895 ) . the craspedosomatidae of north america . annals of the new york academy of sciences , 9 : 1 - 100 . new york , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 6 ; note : bhl : urltoken [ details ]\nscientists aim to describe a single ' tree of life ' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things . however , evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery , and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named . eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific ' classifications ' . some species have been named more than once . such duplicates are listed under synonyms . eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nc . michael hogan marked\npaeromopus angusticeps\nas trusted on the\npaeromopus angusticeps ( wood , 1864 )\npage .\nc . michael hogan marked the classification from\nspecies 2000 & itis catalogue of life : april 2013\nas preferred for\npaeromopus angusticeps ( wood , 1864 )\n.\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\ndata and apps idaho fish and wildlife information system bringing information to bear on the management and conservation of fish , wildlife , and plants in idaho .\nbr\u00f6lemann , h . w . ( 1922 ) . notes on female parajulids ( myriapods ) , with description of a new species . annals of the entomological society of america , 15 ( 4 ) : 281 - 303 page ( s ) : 298 [ details ]\ncausey , n . b . ( 1955 ) . new records and descriptions of californian diplopoda . proceedings of the biological society of washington , 68 : 87 - 94 page ( s ) : 89 [ details ]\nverhoeff , k . w . ( 1938 ) . californiulus n . g . und paeromopellus n . g . , vertreter einer neuen familie der symphyognatha - arthrophora . zoologischer anzeiger , 122 ( 5 - 6 ) : 113 - 127 . leipzig page ( s ) : 123 ; note : description of species [ details ]\nhoffman , r . l . ( 1999 ) . checklist of the millipedes of north and middle america . virginia museum of natural history , special publication , 8 : 1 - 584 . martinsville page ( s ) : 141 [ details ]\nverhoeff , k . w . ( 1938 ) . californiulus n . g . und paeromopellus n . g . , vertreter einer neuen familie der symphyognatha - arthrophora . zoologischer anzeiger , 122 ( 5 - 6 ) : 113 - 127 . leipzig page ( s ) : 122 [ details ]\njeekel , c . a . w . ( 1971 ) . nomenclator generum et familiarum diplopodorum : a list of the genus and family - group names in the class diplopoda from the 10th edition of linnaeus , 1758 , to the end of 1957 . monografieen van de nederlandse entomologische vereniging , 5 : 1 - 412 . amsterdam page ( s ) : 151 [ details ]\nchamberlin , r . v . ( 1949 ) . american millipeds of the family paeromopidae . chicago acad . sci . nat . hist . misc . 2 : 1 - 6 . page ( s ) : 4 ; note : atopolus chamberlini [ details ]\n( of klansolus euphanus chamberlin , 1938 ) chamberlin , r . v . ( 1938 ) . new diplopods . proceedings of the biological society of washington , 51 : 205 - 208 . washington page ( s ) : 205 [ details ]\n( of klansolus euphanus chamberlin , 1938 ) chamberlin , r . v . ( 1949 ) . american millipeds of the family paeromopidae . chicago acad . sci . nat . hist . misc . 2 : 1 - 6 . page ( s ) : 4 [ details ]\n( of klansolus euphanus chamberlin , 1938 ) jeekel , c . a . w . ( 1971 ) . nomenclator generum et familiarum diplopodorum : a list of the genus and family - group names in the class diplopoda from the 10th edition of linnaeus , 1758 , to the end of 1957 . monografieen van de nederlandse entomologische vereniging , 5 : 1 - 412 . amsterdam page ( s ) : 163 [ details ]\n( of klansolus euphanus chamberlin , 1938 ) hoffman , r . l . ( 1999 ) . checklist of the millipedes of north and middle america . virginia museum of natural history , special publication , 8 : 1 - 584 . martinsville page ( s ) : 142 [ details ]\ncercopoidea types of species described by edmund schmidt in the u . s . national museum of natural history , with lectotype designations ( homoptera : cercopoidea )\nbhl ' s existence depends on the support of its patrons . help us keep this free resource alive !\nbiodivlibrary july is # nationalblueberrymonth ! the w . a . cox nursery co . of mississippi ' s 1920s catalog proclaimed # blueberries to\u2026 urltoken\nbiodivlibrary @ jzed _ trees @ kew _ laa awesome ! we ' re so honored to have this treasure in # bhlib . thanks @ kew _ laa ! now we can enjoy p\u2026 urltoken\nthe millipede family nemasomatidae . with the description of a new genus , and a revision of orinisobates ( diplopoda : julida ) \u00bb brill online\nthe millipede family nemasomatidae . with the description of a new genus , and a revision of orinisobates ( diplopoda : julida )\n< ? xml version =\n1 . 0\nencoding =\nutf - 8\n? > < event > < eventlog > < portalid > brill < / portalid > < sessionid > sbo1zg1hpri70e6xrijfylzk . x - brill - live - 03 < / sessionid > < useragent > python / 3 . 5 aiohttp / 3 . 3 . 2 < / useragent > < identityid > guest < / identityid > < identity _ list > guest < / identity _ list > < ipaddress > 35 . 238 . 116 . 154 < / ipaddress > < eventtype > personalisation < / eventtype > < createdon > 1531159082378 < / createdon > < / eventlog > < eventlogproperty > < item _ id > urltoken < / item _ id > < type > favourite < / type > < / eventlogproperty > < / event >\nthis is a huge book with beautiful pictures of insects and many illustrations as well . i would put it as an age range from 7 - 10 . note this is not a field guide .\ncontributed by hobo joe a . k . a insect lover on 12 january , 2016 - 6 : 09pm\na book similar to monster bugs , a book for beginning readers who are interested in bugs . note this is not a field guide .\ncontributed by hobo joe a . k . a insect lover on 12 january , 2016 - 11 : 12am\na good book with common bugs and some cool facts about them . i would say an age range from 6 - 10 . note this is not a field guide .\ncontributed by hobo joe a . k . a insect lover on 12 january , 2016 - 11 : 07am\na good book for young kids to read about bugs . note this is not a field guide .\ncontributed by hobo joe a . k . a insect lover on 12 january , 2016 - 10 : 58am\nwikipedia is growing to be a good information source for insects and their like . i ' m thinking having this\nbook\nwill make it easier to reference citations on guide pages , much like bold systems and moth photographer group\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; no other information is captured .\nin general , only the information that you provide , or the choices you make while visiting a web site , can be stored in a cookie . for example , the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it . allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer , and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\n( of klansolus parvior chamberlin , 1940 ) chamberlin , r . v . ( 1940 ) . four new western millipeds . j . ent . zool . claremont cal . , 32 ( 4 ) : 81 - 83 page ( s ) : 83 [ details ]\n( of klansolus parvior chamberlin , 1940 ) chamberlin , r . v . ( 1949 ) . american millipeds of the family paeromopidae . chicago acad . sci . nat . hist . misc . 2 : 1 - 6 . page ( s ) : 3 ; note : aigon parvior [ details ]\n( of aigon parvior ( chamberlin , 1940 ) ) hoffman , r . l . ( 1999 ) . checklist of the millipedes of north and middle america . virginia museum of natural history , special publication , 8 : 1 - 584 . martinsville page ( s ) : 142 [ details ]\n( of klansolus parvior chamberlin , 1940 ) loomis , h . f . ; schmitt , r . ( 1971 ) . the ecology , distribution and taxnomy of the millipeds of montana west of the continental divide . northwest science , 45 : 107 - 131 . pallman page ( s ) : 117 [ details ]\n( of klansolus parvior chamberlin , 1940 ) hoffman , r . l . ( 1999 ) . checklist of the millipedes of north and middle america . virginia museum of natural history , special publication , 8 : 1 - 584 . martinsville page ( s ) : 142 [ details ]\na contribution on the milliped tribe nannariini ( polydesmida : xystodesmidae ) : revalidation of mimuloria chamberlin 1928 . . .\nfull citation : hennen , d . a . & shelley , r . m . 2015 . a contribution on the milliped tribe nannariini ( polydesmida : xystodesmidae ) : revalidation of mimuloria chamberlin 1928 ; identities of fontaria oblonga c . l . koch 1847 , and nannaria minor chamberlin 1918 ; elucidation of the tribal range ; and commentaries on nannaria chamberlin 1918 , and oenomaea hoffman 1964 . insecta mundi 0418 : 1\u201321 . open access , available online here .\ndistribution of the milliped genus narceus rafinesque , 1820 ( spirobolida : spirobolidae ) occurrences in new england and west . . .\nby shelley , r . , c . t . mcallister & m . f . medrano\nshelley , r . , c . t . mcallister & m . f . medrano . 2006 . distribution of the milliped genus narceus rafinesque , 1820 ( spirobolida : spirobolidae ) : occurrences in new england and west of the mississippi river , and a summary of peripheral localities ; first records from connecticut , delaware , maine , and minnesota . western north american naturalist , 66 ( 3 ) : 374 - 389 . full text\nby walker , m . j . , a . k . stockman , p . e . marek , & j . e . bond\nwalker , m . j . , stockman , a . k . , marek , p . e . , & bond , j . e . ( 2009 ) . pleistocene glacial refugia across the appalachian mountains and coastal plain in the millipede genus narceus : evidence from population genetic , phylogeographic , and paleoclimatic data . bmc evolutionary biology , 925 ( 25 ) full text\nkeeton , william t . ( 1960 ) . a taxonomic study of the milliped family spirobolidae ( diplopoda ; spirobolida ) . memoirs of the american entomological society 17 : 1\u2013146 . a detailed study of the family spirobolidae , with keys and copious illustrations .\nhoffman , r . l . 1999 . checklist of the millipeds of north and middle america . special publication no . 8 . , virginia museum of natural history , martinsville , virginia . 584 pp .\ndue to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to\ndistribution data for u . s . states and canadian provinces is known to be incomplete or has not been reviewed for this taxon .\nuse the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .\nzoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .\nshear , w . a . 2003 . the milliped family trichopetalidae , part 1 : introduction and genera trigenotyla causey , nannopetalum n . gen . and causeyella n . gen . ( diplopoda : choreumatida , cleidgonoidea ) . zootaxa 321 : 1 - 36 .\nthe small print : trademark , copyright , citation guidelines , restrictions on use , and information disclaimer .\nnote : all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve ' s central databases as of november 2016 . note : this report was printed on\ntrademark notice :\nnatureserve\n, natureserve explorer , the natureserve logo , and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve . any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .\ncopyright notice : copyright \u00a9 2017 natureserve , 4600 n . fairfax dr . , 7th floor , arlington virginia 22203 , u . s . a . all rights reserved . each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document . the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .\nnatureserve . 2017 . natureserve explorer : an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ] . version 7 . 1 . natureserve , arlington , virginia . available http : / / explorer . natureserve . org . ( accessed :\nridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely , james zook , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\npatterson , b . d . , g . ceballos , w . sechrest , m . f . tognelli , t . brooks , l . luna , p . ortega , i . salazar , and b . e . young . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson , wes sechrest , marcelo tognelli , gerardo ceballos , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\niucn , conservation international , and natureserve . 2004 . global amphibian assessment . iucn , conservation international , and natureserve , washington , dc and arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union , conservation international and natureserve .\nno graphics available from this server can be used , copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text . any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve . nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication , estoppel , or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve . no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve . except as expressly provided above , nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .\n) . your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users .\nurltoken is a website where anyone can record their observations from nature . members record observations for numerous reasons , including participation in citizen science projects , class projects , and personal fulfillment .\nrights holder : rights for individual observations belong to the individual observers . in jurisdictions where collections of data are are considered intellectual property , the rights holder of this collection is the california academy of sciences .\naccess rights : this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial license : urltoken anyone is free to access it for non - commercial use .\nby worthington , r . d . , c . lieb and w . anderson .\nfull pdf worthington , r . d . , c . lieb and w . anderson . 2004 . 2010 . biotic resources of indio mountains research station : southeastern hudspeth county , texas . authors , el paso , texas . 85 pp . ( continually reviewed and updated by jerry d . johnson , last update : 2010 ) the indio mountains research station and utep are members of the chihuahuan desert biosphere reserve . other members are the biosphere reserves of mapimi in mexico , big bend national park and the jornada experimental range ( near las cruces , new mexico ) . for information on indio mountains research station and use opportunities , contact the director , dr . jerry d . johnson , department of biological sciences , the university of texas at el paso , el paso , texas 79968 ; ( 915 ) 747 - 6984 ; jjohnson @ urltoken\ndictionary of natural history terms with their derivations , including the various orders , genera , and species .\nnorthern territory government , department of primary industry , fisheries and mines , agnote no . 159 , 2003\nthis australian pest control publication includes description and life cycle for : cucumber moth ( diaphania indica ) , pumpkin beetle ( aulacophora hilaris ) , two - spotted mite ( tetranychus urticae ) and melon aphid ( aphis gossypii ) . full text pdf\nthe 10th edition is the official starting point of zoological nomenclature . online at urltoken or urltoken . the current ocr rarely gets more than a few characters in a row right .\nusda forest service , pacific northwest res . station . gen . tech . rep . pnw - gtr - 512 . portland , or . 74 pp . , 2001\nbugs rule ! provides a lively introduction to the biology and natural history of insects and their noninsect cousins , such as spiders , scorpions , and centipedes . this richly illustrated textbook features more than 830 color photos , a concise overview of the basics of entomology , and numerous sidebars that highlight and explain key points . detailed chapters cover each of the major insect groups , describing their physiology , behaviors , feeding habits , reproduction , human interactions , and more . ideal for nonscience majors and anyone seeking to learn more about insects and their arthropod relatives , bugs rule ! offers a one - of - a - kind gateway into the world of these amazing creatures .\ncontributed by jeffrey a . heupel , whn . on 16 november , 2013 - 7 : 15am\ncl koch on yeast cells by byzov b . a . , thanh v . n . , babeva i . p . , tretyakova e . b . , dyvak i . a . , rabinovich y . m . in\nthe energetic cost of copulation in a polygynandrous millipede . by telford sr , webb pi in\nverhoeff ( diplopoda : xystodesmidae ) on litter decomposition in a natural beech forest in central japan . 1 . density and biomass of soil invertebrates . by niijima k . , in\ninhabiting seasonally inundated and non - flooded amazonian forests . by bachmann l . , tomiuk j . , adis j . , vohland k . , in\ntutunema tutu n . g . , n . sp . , a primitive member of the hethidae ( nematoda : rhigonematida : ransomnematoidea ) parasitic in a papua new guinea diplopod . by hunt d . j . in\non the identity of further two millipede species ( diplopoda ) from the environs of manaus , central amazonia , brazil . by golovatch s . i . , hoffman r . l . , adis j . , vohland k . , marmol a . in\nrendering the inedible edible : circumvention of a millipede ' s chemical defense by a predaceous beetle larva ( phengodidae ) . by eisner t . , eisner m . , attygalle a . b . , deyrup m . , meinwald j . , in\non the semiaquatic behaviour of a new troglobitic millipede from northern italy ( diplopoda , polydesmida : polydesmidae ) . by adis j . , caoduro g . , messner b . , enghoff h . in\nstudy of a soil julidae community in mediterranean forest ( diplopoda , julida ) . by serra a . , miquel c . , mateos e . , vicente c . in\nmillipedes in small - scale farming systems in zimbabwe : abundance and diversity ( diplopoda , spirostreptida ) . by mwabvu t . , in\npelmatojulus tigrinus , a key detritivore of a tropical gallery forest ( diplopoda , spirobolida : pachybolidae ) . by mahsberg d . , in\nyear - round pitfall trapping of millipedes in mainly open grassland in belgium ( diplopoda ) . by kime r . d . , in\ncomparative biological study of the penicillate diplopods in japan ( diplopoda , penicillata ) . by ishii k . , in\ncold - hardiness of european millipedes ( diplopoda ) by david j . f . , vannier g . , in\ninfluence of human activities on the diplopod populations irt the region of abidjan , ivory coast . by bourdanne d . k . , in\nin south australia : the need for a better understanding of the mechanism ( diplopoda , julida : julidae ) . by bailey p , t . , in\nmillipede communities of inundated ash - alder forests in puszcza bialowieska , poland ( diplopoda ) . by wytwer j . , in\nthe millipede fauna of the drava region , southern hungary ( diplopoda ) . by korsos z . in\npreliminary assessment of the southern african millipede fauna : diversity and conservation ( diplopoda ) . by hamer m . l . , in\ndistribution of millipedes along an altitudinal gradient in three mountain regions in the czech and slovak republics ( diplopoda ) . by tajovsky k . , in\non the main traits of millipede distribution and faunogenesis in eurasia ( diplopoda ) . by golovatch s . i . , in\nfine structure and possible functions of antennal sensilla in polyxenus lagurus ( diplopoda , penicillata : polyaenidae ) . by duyjacquemin m . n . , in\n- a cave - dwelling millipede from yugoslavia ( diplopoda , chordeumatida : anthroleucosomatidae ) . by curcic b . p . m and makarov s . e . , in\ngonopods of some south indian paradoxosomatid millipedes ( diplopoda , polydesmida ) . by bano k . and murthy j . b . in\na new species of the previously monotypic genus allocotoproctus from the uluguru mountains , tanzania ( diplopoda , polydesmida : oxydesmidae ) . by sorensen l . , in\nthe glomeris - taxa hexasticha and intermedia : species or subspecies ? allozyme data ( diplopoda , glomerida : glomeridae ) . by hoess r . , scholl a . and lortscher m . , in\nis the family atopogestidae based on a case of teratology or a periodomorphic stage ? ( diplopoda , spirostreptida : odontopygoidea ) . by mauries j . p . , in\nintense receptor - mediated endocytosis in nephrocytes of myriapoda . by rosenberg j . , kruger e . and peters w . in\nin vitro phagocytic activity of hemocytes of ommatoiulus sabulosus ( diplopoda , julida : julidae ) : preliminary observations . by kania g . and rzeski w . , in\ndiversification and biogeographic features of millipedes in serbia , yugoslavia ( diplopoda ) . by curcic b . p . m . and makarov s . e . in\ndiplopod defensive secretions as attractants for necrophagous scarab beetles ( diplopoda ; insecta , coleoptera : scarabaeidae ) . by krell f . t . , schmitt t . and linsenmair k . e . , in\ngranular hemocytes as the main location of prophenoloxidase in the millipede rhapidostreptus virgator ( diplopoda , spirostreptida : spirostreptidae ) . by xylander w . e . r . and bogusch o . , in\n. by byzov b . a . and rabinovich y . m . , in\n( attems , 1898 ) ( polydesmida : paradoxosomatidae ) secretions as possible defense substances . by noguchi s . , mori n . , higa y . and kuwahara y . in\nswarming of millipedes , a new case noticed in the district of patrocinio - mg - brazil . by boccardo l . , penteado c . h . s . and jucachagas r . , in\ngiant millipede ' burns ' and the eye . by hudson b . j . and parsons g . a . , in\nbiology and biological action of the defensive secretion from a jamaican millipede . by williams l . a . d . , singh p . d . a . and calebwilliams l . s . , in\ntwo new and one little - known species of the millipede family pyrgodesmidae from near manaus , central amazonia , brazil ( diplopoda : polydesmida ) . by golovatch s . i . , in\n. by david j . f . , celerier m . l . and vannier g . , in\neffects of yeast on the growth and reproduction of the saprophagous millipede polydesmus angustus ( diplopoda , polydesmidae ) . by david j . f . and celerier m . l . , in\naustralian chordeumatidan millipedes . 3 . a review of the millipede family metopidiotrichidae attems in australia ( diplopoda : chordeumatida ) . by shear w . a . and mesibov r . , in\nsoil in millipede diet : implications on faecal pellet stability and nutrient release . by mwabvu t . , in\nchanges in supercooling with body size , sex , and season in the long - lived millipede polyzonium germanicum ( diplopoda , polyzoniidae ) . by david j . f . and vannier g . , in\nthe allometry of metabolism in southern african millipedes ( myriapoda , diplopoda ) . by frears s . l . , webb p . i . and telford s . r . , in\n( diplopoda ) . by zanger m . and kohler h . r . , in\nin canada ( chordeumatida , conotylidae ) . by shelley r . m . and lesage l . , in\nrevision of the millipede genus xystodesmus , with reference to the status of the tribe xystodesmini ( diplopoda , xystodesmidae ) by tanabe t . and shinohara k . , in\ndefense - mechanisms of arthropods . 142 . millipede defense - use of detachable bristles to entangle ants . by eisner t . , eisner m . and deyrup m . , in\nfunctional - morphology of genitalia of 4 species of julidan millipedes ( diplopoda - nemasomatidae , julidae ) . by tadler a . , in\nfate of actinomycetes in the intestinal - tract of soil invertebrates fed on streptomycete spores . by polyanskaya l . m . , babkina n . i . , zenova g . m . and zvyagintsev d . g . in\nrevision of the millipede genus xystocheir cook ( polydesmida , xystodesmidae ) . by shelley r . m . , in\nactinomycetes in the intestinal - tract of soil invertebrates fed with vermicompost or litter . by zenova g . m . , babkina n . i . , polyanskaya l . m . and zvyagintsev d . g . , in\nmycophagy by a millipede and its possible impact on an insect - fungus mutualism . by bultman t . l . and mathews p . l . in\neffects of starvation and mechanical manipulation of leaf - litter on fecal pellet production and assimilation in some millipedes from southern africa - implications for feeding strategies . by dangerfield j . m . in\nmillipede communities in rehabilitating coastal dune forests in northern kwazulu natal , south - africa . by vanaarde r . j . , ferreira s . m . and kritzinger j . j . , in\nthe millipede order callipodida in western north - america ( schizopetalidae , tynommatinae ) , and a summary of the new - world fauna . by shelley r . m . in\nmillipede fecal pellet production in selected natural and managed habitats of southern africa - implications for litter dynamics . by dangerfield j . m . , milner a . e . , in\n( spirobolida , spirobolidae ) in wisconsin . by watermolen d . j . , in\nthe millipede family paradoxosomatidae on borneo , with contributions to the faunas of some other islands of the sunda area ( diplopoda , polydesmida ) . by golovatch s . i . , in\nthe stress - 70 protein family in diplopods - induction and characterization . by zanger m . , alberti g . , kuhn m . and kohler h . r . in journal of\nredefinition of the millipede genus pycnotropis , and description of a new species from manaus , brazil ( polydesmida , platyrhacidae , euryurinae ) . by hoffman r . l . , in\n( diplopoda , spirostreptida ) at different photoperiod conditions . by boccardo l . and penteado c . h . s . , in\n, 1989 ( nematoda , hethidae ) . by hunt d . j . in\nthe sigmocheirini , a xystodesmid millipede tribe in the sierra - nevada mountains , california , usa ( polydesmida , xystodesmidae ) by shelley r . m . , in\nsp n ( nematoda , rhigonematidae ) , parasite of a millipede ( diplopoda , spirobolida ) from myanmar . by hunt d . j . and moore d . in\nidentification plate for the millipede orders populating the neotropical region south of central mexico ( myriapoda , diplopoda ) by golovatch s . i . , hoffman r . l , . adis j . and demorais j . w . , in\n, no . 3 , pp . 159 - 164 seasonal field analyses of water and fat - content in the long - lived millipede polyzonium - germanicum ( diplopoda , polyzoniidae ) . by david j . f . and vannier g . , in\n( diplopoda , spirostreptidae ) . by barnett m . , telford s . r . and tibbles b . j . in\ninteractions between introduced and native millipede species in south australia by griffin t . t . and bull c . m . in\n( diplopoda , spirostreptidae ) by webb p . i . and telford s . r . , in\n( peters ) ( polydesmida , platyrhacidae ) . by adolph s . c . and geber m . a . , in\nseasonal abundance of millipedes in a mediterranean oak forest ( southern france ) . by david j . f . , in\nsilvestri , 1898 ( diplopoda , polydesmida ) . by golovatch s . i . in\n( diplopoda , julida ) . by telford s . r . and dangerfield j . m . in\n( lucas ) ( diplopoda , julidae ) in southern australia . by terrace t . e andbaker g . h . , in\nmillipede behavior in a savanna woodland habitat in south - east botswana . by dangerfield j . m . and kaunda s . k . , in\n. by sugita m . , hayata c . , yoshida t . , suzuki m . , suzuki a . , takeda t . , hori t . and nakatani f . , in\nthe timing of insemination and its implications for sperm competition in a millipede with prolonged copulation . by barnett m . and telford s . r . , in\nthe chonaphini , a biogeographically significant millipede tribe in eastern and western north - america ( polydesmida , xystodesmidae ) . by shelley r . m . , in\n, pp 51 , 1993 ) . by shelley r . m . , in\nkoch c . l . . by byzov b . a . , zenova g . m . , babkina n . i . , dobrovolskaya t . g . , tretyakova e . b . and zvyagintsev d . g . , in\nthe millipede family nearctodesmidae in northwestern north - america , with accounts of sakophallus and s - simplex chamberlin ( polydesmida ) . by shelley r . m . , in\npotential of earthworms , ants , millipedes , and termites for dissemination of vesicular - arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in soil . by harinikumar k . m . and bagyaraj d . j . , in\n- another case of cohort - splitting . by david j . f . , couret t . and celerier m . l . , in\nmysterious lesions - the burning millipede . by mason g . h . , thomson h . d . p . , fergin p . and anderson r . , in\nkoch ( polydesmida , polydesmidae ) . by shelley r . m . , in\na new species of millipede ( myriapoda , diplopoda , chordeumatida ) from the british - isles . by gregory s . j . , jones r . e . and mauries j . p . , in\n. by barnett m . , telford s . r . and devilliers c . j . , in\n. by mathews p . l . and bultman t . l . , in\nphylogenetic biogeography of a holarctic group - the julidan millipedes - cladistic subordinateness as an indicator of dispersal . by enghoff h . , in\n( julida , julidae ) . by bailey p . t . and kovaliski j . , in\nmating - behavior and mate choice experiments in some tropical millipedes ( diplopoda , spirostreptidae ) . by telford s . r . and dangerfield j . m . , in\n. by attygalle a . b . , xu s . c . , meinwald j . and eisner t . in\na new family of mites , costacaridae ( mesostigmata , trigynaspida , celaenopsoidea ) , associated with millipedes in mexico . by hunter p . e . , in\ndiversity and structure of millipede communities ( diplopoda ) in 4 different biotopes . by tajovsky k . , in\nthe millipede genus isaphe cook ( polydesmida , xystodesmidae ) . by shelley r . m . , in\nbiology and myriapod egg predation by the neotropical myrmicine ant stegomyrmex vizottoi ( hymenoptera , formicidae ) . by diniz j . l . m . and brandao c . r . f . , in\naggregation in the tropical millipede alloporus uncinatus ( diplopoda , spirostreptidae ) . by dangerfield j . m . and telford s . r . in\nhaplopodous diplopods - a new - type of millipede body construction discovered in cambalopsid juveniles ( diplopoda , spirostreptida ) . by enghoff h . , in\ngenitalia fitting , mating - behavior and possible hybridization in millipedes of the genus craspedosoma ( diplopoda , chordeumatida , craspedosomatidae ) . by tadler a . , in\nsilvestri , 1932 , with the description of 3 new species from near manaus , central amazonia , brazil ( diplopoda , polydesmida , paradoxosomatidae ) . by golovatch s . i . , in\nreview of the neotropical fauna of the millipede family fuhrmannodesmidae , with the description of 4 new species from near manaus , central amazonia , brazil ( diplopoda , polydesmida ) . by golovatch s . i . , in\nstudies on the respiratory metabolism of glomeris - balcanica ( diplopoda , glomeridae ) . by stamou g . p . and iatrou g . d . in\n( diplopoda , spirostreptidae ) . by telford s . r . and dangerfield j . m . , in\ningestion and assimilation of leaf litter in some tropical millipedes . by dangerfield j . m . and milner a . e . , in\ndiplopoda from borneo in the museum - dhistoire - naturelle - de - geneve . 1 . a new genus and species of cryptodesmoid millipede from sarawak ( polydesmida , cryptodesmidae ) . by hoffman r . l . , in\nlatzel ( polydesmida , polydesmidae ) . by david j . f . and celerier m . l . , in\nthe millipede genus underwoodia ( chordeumatida , caseyidae ) . by shelley r . m . , in\nseasonal activity patterns and behavior of juliform millipedes in south - eastern botswana . by dangerfield j . m . , milner a . e . and matthews r . , in\nspecies - diversity of julid millipedes - between habitat comparisons within the seasonal tropics . by dangerfield j . m . and telford s . r . , in\nthe role of diplopoda litter grazing activity on recycling processes in a mediterranean climate . by bertrand m . and lumaret j . p . , in\n( diplopoda ) in forest soil . by tajovsky k . , santruckova h . , hanel l . , balik v . and lukesova a . , in\n( diplopoda , pyrgodesmidae ) a facultative myrmecophile introduced into the united states . by wojcik d . p . and naves m . a . , in\n( diplopoda ) . by tajovsky k . , villemin g . and toutain f . , in\ndiplopoda collected by the soviet zoological expedition to the seychelles - islands in 1984 . by golovatch s . i . and korsos z . , in\non a small collection of millipedes ( diplopoda ) from northern pakistan and its zoogeographic significance . by golovatch s . i . , in\ncentipede and millipede ( chilopoda and diplopoda ) faunas in sandhill communities of florida . by corey d . t . and stout i . j . , in\nstrips millipedes for prey - a novel predatory behavior in ants , and the 1st case of sympatry in the genus ( hymenoptera , formicidae ) . by brandao c . r . f . , diniz j . l . m . and tomotake e . m . , in\noccurrence , isolation and partial characterization . by prasath e . b . and subramoniam t . , in\na revised cladistic - analysis and classification of the millipede order julida - with establishment of 4 new families and description of a new nemasomatoid genus from japan . by enghoff h . , in\npierrard in the cape - verde islands , west - africa . by mckillup s . c . , vanharten a . and neves a . m . , in\nmahogany discoloration of the skin due to the defensive secretion of a millipede . by shpall s . and frieden i . , in\n, to declining oxygen pressures . by penteado c . h . s . and heblingberaldo m . j . a . , in\n( diplopoda , spirostreptida ) . by penteado c . h . s . , heblingberaldo m . j . a . and mendes e . g . , in\na new millipede of the genus metaxycheir from the pacific coast of canada ( polydesmida , xystodesmidae ) , with remarks on the tribe chonaphini and the western canadian and alaskan diplopod fauna . by shelley r . m . , in\na test of the copulatory guarding hypothesis . by telford s . r . and dangerfield j . m . , in\n( lucas , 1860 ) ( diplopoda , julidae ) at different altitudes on tenerife ( canary - islands ) . by baker g . h . and baez m . , in\na phylogenetically interesting sphaeriodesmid millipede from oaxaca , mexico ( polydesmida , sphaeriodesmidae ) . by hoffman r . l . , in\n( brandt ) in virginia ( polydesmida , platyrhacidae ) . by shelley r . m . , in\na new millipede of the genus riukiaria from is yaku - shima , japan ( diplopoda , polydesmida , xystodesmidae ) . by tanabe t . , in\nhungarian zoological studies in vietnam . 13 . contributions to the millipede fauna of vietnam ( diplopoda ) . 3 . spirobolida . by golovatch s . i . and korsos z . , in\nspecies on the south - western iberian peninsula . by bailey p . t . and demendonca t . r . , in\n( attems ) . by vanderwalt e . , mcclain e . , puren a . and savage n . , in\naddenda to the millipede fauna of vietnam ( diplopoda ) . by korsos z . and golovatch s . i . , in\n( lucas ) ( diplopoda , julida , julidae ) in australia . by bailey p . t . , in\nnew species , a biogeographically significant millipede from the chisos mountains , texas ( polydesmida , xystodesmidae ) . by shelley r . m . , in\n( pocock , 1892 ) ( polydesmida , pratinidae ) , a grassland millipede of west - bengal . by mukhopadhyaya m . c . , bhakat s . and bandyopadhyay s . , in\n( lucas , 1845 ) ( myriapoda , diplopoda , julida ) . by sahli f . , in\nthis is the family that contains the longest millipede known from north america , a 6 1 / 2 in . paeromopodid from yosemite nat . pk . , california . rowland shelley\nbiostor is built by @ rdmpage , code on github . page images from the biodiversity heritage library .\nbiokids is sponsored in part by the interagency education research initiative . it is a partnership of the university of michigan school of education , university of michigan museum of zoology , and the detroit public schools . this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation under grant drl - 0628151 . copyright \u00a9 2002 - 2018 , the regents of the university of michigan . all rights reserved ."]}
{"id": 159, "summary": [{"text": "cymatiella verrucosa is a species of predatory sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family ranellidae , the triton snails , triton shells or tritons . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "cymatiella verrucosa", "paragraphs": ["how can i put and write and define cymatiella verrucosa in a sentence and how is the word cymatiella verrucosa used in a sentence and examples ? \u7528cymatiella verrucosa\u9020\u53e5 , \u7528cymatiella verrucosa\u9020\u53e5 , \u7528cymatiella verrucosa\u9020\u53e5 , cymatiella verrucosa meaning , definition , pronunciation , synonyms and example sentences are provided by ichacha . net .\nsassia ( cymatiella ) peroniana iredale , t . , 1929 : new south wales , australia - s new guinea\n( of triton verrucosa reeve , 1844 ) beu , a . ( 2010 ) . catalogue of tonnoidea . pers . comm . [ details ]\n( of cymatiella peroniana iredale , 1929 ) beu , a . ( 2010 ) . catalogue of tonnoidea . pers . comm . [ details ]\nbeu , a . ( 2010 ) . catalogue of tonnoidea . pers . comm . [ details ]\n( of triton quoyi reeve , 1844 ) beu , a . ( 2010 ) . catalogue of tonnoidea . pers . comm . [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nfigures a - b : 23 mm , cape portland , tas ( n ) , coll . s . grove . figures c - d : 25 mm , taroona , tas ( s ) , coll . s . grove . figures e - f : 22 mm , somerset , tas ( n ) , coll . s . grove . figures g - h : 7 mm , clayton , tas ( n ) , coll . s . grove .\ntypical shell - length 25 mm . lives subtidally amongst rocks and seaweed . native . endemic to southeastern australia ( nsw , tas , vic and sa ) . in tasmanian waters , this is a widespread and common species .\nthe web - pages on this web - site are generated from an underlying database . these can be cited as\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nversion 43 . 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed . my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .\nthe source code for museums victoria collections is available on github under the mit license .\nour new search experience requires javascript to be enabled . please enable javascript on your browser , then try again .\ncopyright \u00a9 1995 - 2018 ebay inc . all rights reserved . user agreement , privacy , cookies and adchoice\namounts shown in italicised text are for items listed in currency other than euros and are approximate conversions to euros based upon bloomberg ' s conversion rates . for more recent exchange rates , please use the universal currency converter\nthis page was last updated : 09 - jul 21 : 18 . number of bids and bid amounts may be slightly out of date . see each listing for international postage options and costs .\nthe lady helen blackburn collection features more than five hundred seashells from australian beaches , reefs and islands .\nlady helen blackburn was born bryony helen dutton in 1918 , the third of four children to a pioneering pastoralist family . she grew up on the historic anlaby station near kapunda ( the oldest stud sheep station in south australia ) and formed a close relationship with her younger brother geoffrey dutton , who would become a celebrated poet , novelist and historian . the dutton family spent summers at rocky point , the beloved family holiday home on the north coast of kangaroo island , where helen ' s curiosity and love of nature led to a passion for shell collecting that would last a lifetime .\nin 1951 , helen married lawyer richard blackburn ( later sir richard ) . they lived in adelaide and started a family . rocky point remained a focal holiday destination , and helen ' s passion for shell collecting continued to thrive .\nshell collecting has been my greatest joy in life\n, she later wrote .\njust walking on a good beach , hoping to find beach specimens has made me as happy as hunting for live specimens .\n( lady helen blackburn collection file : national museum of australia ) .\nin 1966 , richard was appointed resident judge of the supreme court of the northern territory , where he presided over the first aboriginal land rights case heard in an australian court : milirrpum v nabalco ( 1971 ) . during her time in the northern territory , helen pursued her passion for collecting shells . she visited the gove peninsula of arnhem land ( the country of the yolngu people of yirrkala ) with her husband , and took the opportunity to search for shells .\ncollected at stanley beach , south coast , kangaroo island . collected by h . blackburn 1982\npowered by naturemapr | atlas of life in the coastal wilderness operates under creative commons attribution 3 . 0 australia | privacy"]}
{"id": 162, "summary": [{"text": "dolicholatirus lancea is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family fasciolariidae , the spindle snails , the tulip snails and their allies . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "dolicholatirus lancea", "paragraphs": ["fasciolariidae \u00bb dolicholatirus lancea , id : 655454 , shell detail \u00ab shell encyclopedia , conchology , inc .\nfasciolariidae \u00bb dolicholatirus lancea , id : 630741 , shell detail \u00ab shell encyclopedia , conchology , inc .\nfasciolariidae \u00bb dolicholatirus lancea , id : 402016 , shell detail \u00ab shell encyclopedia , conchology , inc .\n( of murex lancea gmelin , 1791 ) gmelin j . f . ( 1791 ) . vermes . in : gmelin j . f . ( ed . ) caroli a linnaei systema naturae per regna tria naturae , ed . 10 . tome 1 ( 6 ) . g . e . beer , lipsiae [ leipzig ] . pp . 3021 - 3910 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 3 556 [ details ]\nvine , p . ( 1986 ) . red sea invertebrates . immel publishing , london . 224 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of murex angustus gmelin , 1791 ) snyder m . a . ( 2000 ) . nomenclatural emendations in the family fasciolariidae . proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia 150 : 173 - 179 [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthe star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :\nwe want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only , as we handle very few foreign shells in general . as time goes , the system will become more and more performant .\nenter your email address and we will send you an email with your username and password .\ne - mail jecilia sisican if you do not receive your email with your username and password .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 0 . 002 seconds . )\nshells for sale , shells online \u00ab shells for sale , conchology , inc .\nclick on an image to view all the information : family , species , author , date , and full locality .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 0 . 417 seconds . )\nphilippines . olango island . cawoi . taken 20 - 25 m . collected by fishermen . 2007 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nput your suggestion in the fields below . empty fields will keep the existing data .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc .\nchryseofusus hyphalus ( m . smith , 1940 ) japan to philippines , east china sea east china sea 82mm\nfasciolaria tulipa ( linnaeus , 1758 ) n . carolina to n . brasil , w . indies g _ fasc _ 025 bahamas 162mm\nfasciolaria tulipa ( linnaeus , 1758 ) n . carolina to n . brasil , w . indies g _ fasc _ 053 florida 160mm\nfasciolaria tulipa ( linnaeus , 1758 ) n . carolina to n . brasil , w . indies g _ fasc _ 070 florida 142mm\nfasciolaria tulipa ( linnaeus , 1758 ) n . carolina to n . brasil , w . indies g _ fasc _ 082 florida 123mm\nfasciolaria tulipa hollisteri weisbord , 1962 e . panama to venezuela g _ fasc _ 029 venezuela 54 - 95mm\nfasciolaria lilium hunteria ( perry , 1811 ) n . carolina to yucatan florida 44 - 72mm\nfilifusus filamentosus ( r\u00f6ding , 1798 ) red sea & e . africa to marshall , japan to new caledonia sabah 101mm\nfilifusus filamentosus ( r\u00f6ding , 1798 ) red sea & e . africa to marshall , japan to new caledonia indonesia 113mm\nfusinus forceps ( perry , 1811 ) e . indo - w . pacific zhejiang 182mm\nfusinus dupetitthouarsi ( kiener , 1840 ) w . mexico to peru , galapagos peru 138mm\nfusinus spectrum ( adams & reeve , 1848 ) w . mexico to peru w . panama 59 - 78mm\nfusinus cretellai buzzurro & russo , 2008 n . morocco , s . spain s . spain 16mm\ngranulifusus hayashii habe , 1961 japan to australia , w . pacific east china sea 56mm\ngranulifusus niponicus ( e . a . smith , 1879 ) japan to taiwan , philippines philippines 56 - 65mm\nhesperaptyxis ambustus ( gould , 1853 ) w . mexico w . mexico 29 - 35mm\nhesperaptyxis ambustus ( gould , 1853 ) w . mexico w . mexico 34 - 52mm\nlatirus polygonus ( gmelin , 1791 ) indo - w . pacific tanzania 50 - 62mm\nlatirus polygonus ( gmelin , 1791 ) f . barclayi borneo , gulf of papua , solomon solomon 48mm\nleucozonia cerata ( wood , 1828 ) w . mexico to ecuador , galapagos w . mexico 43 - 59mm\nleucozonia cerata ( wood , 1828 ) w . mexico to ecuador , galapagos ecuador 69mm\nleucozonia nassa ( gmelin , 1791 ) n . carolina to brasil , caribbean brasil 42mm\nleucozonia nassa ( gmelin , 1791 ) n . carolina to brasil , caribbean antilles 59mm\nleucozonia leucozonalis ( lamarck , 1822 ) bahamas to brasil , caribbean e . honduras 25 , 5mm\nmarmorofusus nicobaricus ( r\u00f6ding , 1798 ) e . india to hawaii , japan to papua - new guinea india 106 - 119mm\nopeatostoma pseudodon ( burrow , 1815 ) w . mexico to peru , galapagos w . mexico 34mm\nopeatostoma pseudodon ( burrow , 1815 ) w . mexico to peru , galapagos w . mexico 35 - 50mm\nperisternia reincarnata snyder , 2000 var . incarnata [ kiener ] australia australia 24 - 27mm\npleuroploca granosa ( broderip , 1832 ) w . mexico to peru w . panama 111 - 116mm\npleuroploca trapezium ( linnaeus , 1758 ) red sea to japan , e . africa to new caledonia g _ fasc _ 051 madagascar 202mm\npleuroploca trapezium ( linnaeus , 1758 ) red sea to japan , e . africa to new caledonia g _ fasc _ 001 sabah 136 , 5 - 175 , 5mm\npleuroploca australasia ( perry , 1811 ) f . coronata australia , tasmania g _ fasc _ 060 australia 115mm \u2014 tasmania 95mm\npleuroploca australasia ( perry , 1811 ) f . bakeri australia , tasmania australia 70mm\npleuroploca princeps ( sowerby , 1825 ) w . mexico to peru , galapagos g _ fasc _ 061 peru 230mm\npolygona infundibulum ( gmelin , 1791 ) s . florida to brasil , caribbean , w . indies e . panama 52 - 74mm\npustulatirus hemphilli hertlein & strong , 1951a w . mexico to peru w . panama 44 - 49mm\nsinistralia maroccensis ( gmelin , 1789 ) canarias , nw . africa w . sahara 17mm\ntriplofusus giganteus ( kiener , 1840 ) se . florida to ne . mexico g _ fasc _ 009 florida 160mm\ntriplofusus giganteus ( kiener , 1840 ) se . florida to ne . mexico florida 178mm\nturrilatirus turritus ( gmelin , 1791 ) indo - w . pacific sinai 41 - 43mm"]}
{"id": 165, "summary": [{"text": "mipus gyratus is a species of medium-sized to large sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family muricidae , the murex snails or rock snails . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "mipus gyratus", "paragraphs": ["coralliophilidae \u00bb mipus gyratus , id : 366904 , shell detail \u00ab shell encyclopedia , conchology , inc .\nspecimen shell : mipus gyratus each seashell we have have been carefully picked to ensure the highest seashells quality . these shells come from all over the philippines , provided by fishermen ( philippines - aliguay island ) , divers , coralliophilidae specimen shell : mipus gyratus hinds 1844\nsea shell information on : ts149064 - coralliophilidae mipus - > gyratus . this specimen is of coralliophilidae . the specimen shell of groupe : mipus . shell found on the philippines . shell is of exceptional quality . more sea shell information\n- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - species : mipus gyratus ( r . b . hinds , 1844 ) - id : 1910500010\n( of latiaxis tortilis h . adams & a . adams , 1864 ) adams h . & adams a . ( 1864 [\n1863\n] ) descriptions of new species of shells , chiefly from the cumingian collection . proceedings of the zoological society of london ( 1863 ) : 428 - 435 . [ april 1864 ] , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 431 [ details ]\noliverio , m . ( 2008 ) . coralliophilinae ( neogastropoda : muricidae ) from the southwest pacific . in : h\u00e9ros , v . et al . ( ed . ) tropical deep - sea benthos 25 . m\u00e9moires du mus\u00e9um national d ' histoire naturelle ( 1993 ) . 196 : 481 - 585 . ( look up in imis ) page ( s ) : 526 [ details ]\nliu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of latiaxis tortilis h . adams & a . adams , 1864 ) oliverio , m . ( 2008 ) . coralliophilinae ( neogastropoda : muricidae ) from the southwest pacific . in : h\u00e9ros , v . et al . ( ed . ) tropical deep - sea benthos 25 . m\u00e9moires du mus\u00e9um national d ' histoire naturelle ( 1993 ) . 196 : 481 - 585 . ( look up in imis ) page ( s ) : 526 [ details ]\nto biodiversity heritage library ( 1 publication ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 9 publications ) ( from synonym latiaxis tortilis h . adams & a . adams , 1864 ) to encyclopedia of life to usnm invertebrate zoology mollusca collection\n- note : several protected species are illustrated here only for identification purposes . they are not for sale . - the photos in our gallery are in most cases just a sample from our stock , except when only one specimen is offered . we try to match the original color but it can vary if your screen is not correctly adjusted ( gamma correction ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthe star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :\nwe want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only , as we handle very few foreign shells in general . as time goes , the system will become more and more performant .\nenter your email address and we will send you an email with your username and password .\ne - mail jecilia sisican if you do not receive your email with your username and password .\ntaiwan . off kaoshiung . trawled by fisherman . ex - coll . d . and m . meyer . march 1989 .\nonly available from old collections . this is a rare species today . price low because of competition of several recently offered shells . an opportunity .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 0 . 002 seconds . )\nwe parsed the following live from the web into this page . such content is managed by its original site and not cached on discover life . please send feedback and corrections directly to the source . see original regarding copyrights and terms of use .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nwhite , pale brown , or brown . spire tall , ornamented with scaly spiral cords . resembles\njapan : wakasa bay , kii peninsula wakayama , bungo strait kochi in 200m , kumamoto in 100m , amamioshima , okinawa .\nthis listing was ended by the seller because there was an error in the listing .\nthis amount includes applicable customs duties , taxes , brokerage and other fees . this amount is subject to change until you make payment . for additional information , see the global shipping programme terms and conditions - opens in a new window or tab\nthis amount includes applicable customs duties , taxes , brokerage and other fees . this amount is subject to change until you make payment . if you reside in an eu member state besides uk , import vat on this purchase is not recoverable . for additional information , see the global shipping programme terms and conditions - opens in a new window or tab\ndelivery time is estimated using our proprietary method which is based on the buyer ' s proximity to the item location , the delivery service selected , the seller ' s delivery history and other factors . delivery times may vary , especially during peak periods .\nthis item will be sent through the global shipping programme and includes international tracking . learn more - opens in a new window or tab\ncopyright \u00a9 1995 - 2018 ebay inc . all rights reserved . user agreement , privacy , cookies and adchoice\nsorry , the species or group that you asked for is not on the onezoom tree .\nthe open tree contains additional species not on the onezoom tree ( particularly subspecies and fossils ) . to check if this is why we cannot find your species or group , you can\n, then chances are you have entered a wrong number or a misspelt name .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nhow to buy ? if you want to buy an item , click the\nbuy now\nbutton on this page . once you ' ve pressed the\nbuy now\nitem , you will be forwarded to a fill - up form page . after filling up the form and when you submit your order , the item will be reserved for you automatically after a few hours .\nterms of payment / shipping all prices are in us dollars and the shipment cost is not include . all orders will be confirmed by e - mail with the cost of shells and postage included . the parcel will be sent via registered air mail at the cost price following receipt of payment ."]}
{"id": 167, "summary": [{"text": "nurus is a genus of beetles in the family carabidae , containing the following species : nurus atlas ( castelnau , 1867 ) nurus brevis motschulsky , 1866 nurus curtus ( chaudoir , 1865 ) nurus fortis ( sloane , 1890 ) nurus grandis ( sloane , 1910 ) nurus imperialis ( sloane , 1895 ) nurus latipennis ( sloane , 1903 ) nurus medius darlington , 1961 nurus niger chaudoir , 1878 nurus nox darlington , 1961", "topic": 26}], "title": "nurus", "paragraphs": ["nurus developed the nurus digital chain\u00ae system as part of its integrated project management and logistics services in order to maintain high quality production while conserving energy and resources .\n* nurus fellow : roswitha simons ( universit\u00e4t bonn ) : april 2010 \u2013 june 2011 .\n* nurus fellow : margaret king ( university of cork ) : january \u2013 may 2009 .\nnurus product catalog6 / 7nurus makes surethat the materialsused in manufacturingare in conformitywith international normsand standards , arecertified , recyclable andenvironmentally friendly . sustainabilitybeing humanis to care forfuture generations . nurus . . .\nnurus from 1927 to the present makes difference in the management and design of professional furniture with a contemporary approach . nurus offers thousands of products that user centered and care about environmental factors .\nmessagefrom nurusfrom 1927 to the present , through contemporarymanagement and designunderstanding of a family - ownedbusiness , each nurus productfinds its life with the passion ofthe brand\u2019s entrepreneurial spirit . nurus people work with passionwithout . . .\n* nurus fellow : giacomo della piet\u00e0 : \u2018edition of a drama by cellotius\u2019 , november \u2013 december 2011 .\n\ufeffnurus is shaping the futurenurus is a member of german design council , providing inter - disciplinary knowledge transfer between the companies that shape the future . nurus is a partner of fraunhofer iao research network office 21\u00ae , . . .\nnurus product catalog4 / 5global presencenurus people have stuckloyally to the same ethicalvalues since 1927 . where ideas , objects andpeople meet . as a leader global brand who\u2019sknown for its innovations within thesector , nurus has been sharing itsexpertise . . .\nstudio vertebra is furnishing the new office premises of market research firm \u201cgfk\u201d in istanbul with workplaces and furniture by nurus .\n\ufeffnurus is shaping the futureirwi rnurus is a member of german design council , one of the world\u2019s leading centers of expertise on design . it is unique forum for trans - disciplinary knowledge transfer on brand and design . nurus is . . .\n* nurus fellow : lisa ciccone ( universit\u00e0 di messina ) : \u2018le odule di giovanni quatrario\u2019 , january \u2013 june 2008 .\n1 . nurus atlas is a large , black , flightless , heavily built , predacious ground beetle from the family carabidae .\nnurus works hard to mitigate the environmental impact of its operations , including from procurement to production , from packaging to distribution .\n* nurus fellow : cristina pagnotta ( universit\u00e0 di perugia ) : \u201calcune poesie inedite di francesco maturanzio\u201d , september \u2013 december 2014 .\n* nurus fellow : robert clinton simms : \u2018thomas may\u2019s supplementum lucani . neo - latin satiric poetry\u2019 , january \u2013 march 2013 .\nfor nurus , design is not a beginning but the end of a phase that begins with need . nurus understands the changing needs of people and produces solutions that are beyond its time , designing products that shape the future with its innovative approach based on research - development .\nthe new istanbul office of toymakers lego in istanbul was outfitted in 2014 with modular office furniture by nurus , creating a truly inspiring working environment .\n* nurus fellow : werner gelderblom ( radboud university nijmegen ) : \u2018johannes secundus\u2019 basia : the creation of a master piece\u2019 , january \u2013 may 2009 .\nafter 15 years , it was time for us to make aslight amendment in our logo . simpler , purer , more nurus with less . visit ournew website : www . nurus . comour new website offers ajoyful experience to its users . you can easily reach a lot ofinformation from products . . .\nnurus links\u00ae , links your electronic devices to the furniture offering a variety of solutions for vga , hdmi , plugs , usb adaptors , usb charges , data inputs and interrupters . nurus links\u00ae can be adapted in accordance with your requirements and can be placed any part of the furniture linked to your desires .\n* nurus fellow : antoine haaker ( university of wroc\u0142aw ) : \u2018speaking ancient greek in the renaissance : greek school dialogues\u2019 , october 2011 \u2013 march 2012 .\n2 . nurus atlas appears to have been confined to heavily timbered areas east of the great dividing range on the north coast of nsw ( including the\nbig scrub\n) . prior to the clearing of the\nbig scrub\nrainforest , nurus atlas is thought to have had an extensive distribution in this region . there are many collection records of nurus atlas from the 19th and early 20th centuries ( b . p . moore pers . comm . ) .\n* nurus fellow : luigi silvano ( universit\u00e0 di torino ) : \u2018angelo poliziano\u2019s latin translation of pseudo - alexander of aphrodisia\u2019s problemata \u2019 , january \u2013 june 2009 .\n* nurus fellow : aline smeesters ( ucl , louvain - la - neuve ) : \u2018neo - latin birth poems from the low countries\u2019 , march \u2013 july 2008 .\n* nurus fellow : valerio sanzotta ( universit\u00e0 di cassino ) : \u2018towards a critical edition of marsilio ficino\u2019s argumenta in decem platonis dialogos \u2019 , september 2010 \u2013 february 2011 .\n* nurus fellow : laurent grailet ( universit\u00e9 de li\u00e8ge ) : \u2018the turkish letters of busbecq : a linguistic study\u2019 , november 2007 \u2013 june 2009 ( part time ) .\n* nurus fellow : nienke tjoelker ( university of cork ) : \u2018an analysis of the latin style of the alithinologia ( 1664 ) of john lynch\u2019 , january \u2013 april 2010 .\n* nurus fellow : barbara dowlasz ( universit\u00e4t wien ) : \u2018catullus , horace and ovid in the neo - latin poetry of the 20th and 21st century\u2019 , september \u2013 december 2013 .\n* nurus fellow : fabio della schiava ( universit\u00e0 di firenze / milano ) : \u2018maffeo vegio , de rebus antiquis memorabilibus basilicae s . petri romae \u2019 , january \u2013 june 2008 .\n* nurus fellow : pablo toribio p\u00e9rez ( universidad de sevilla ) : \u2018the reception of late antique and early modern sources in isaac newton\u2019s latin church history , \u2019 may \u2013 june 2014 .\n* nurus fellow : xavier van binnebeke ( independent researcher ) : \u2018neo - latin poetry and the certamen poeticum hoeufftianum ( 1845 - 1978 ) : a study of the sources\u2019 , february \u2013 june 2014 .\nnurus design lab is effective in every phase , from determining the design strategy of the brand to launching the product in the market . during the product development phase , nurus design lab cooperates with other designers in harmony and cooperation . the starting point for the designs is the user\u2019s needs and functionality . the phase continues with ergonomics , sustainability and aesthetic concerns and stays up - to - date by following technological developments .\nthe operations have been strengthened with the strategic step of opening the nurus mena management center in dubai . a new management and sales center in munich which is a major city for logistics and finance is being launched in 2015 . nurus as the owner of many national and international awards by independent juries , has a very important and active role in creating awareness for awarding systems in the eye of consumers , producers and designers in turkey .\nnurus solutions work with zero margin of error in a variety of projects ranging from education to transportation . the whole process from the project phase to the use of products is inspected on a digital platform at every step .\nwww . nurus . comphotography : ali bekmanduygu arsevenart direction & design : beril tokcan creative / www . beriltokcan . comdesign and specifications are subject to change without any prior notification . tasar\u203am ve \u00f6zellikler \u00fczerinde \u00f6nceden . . .\n* nurus fellow : josef eskhult ( helsinki collegium for advanced studies ) : \u2018the conceptualization of the origin and interrelationship of languages in european linguistic thought 1500 - 1800 : a text - philological approach\u2019 , september \u2013 december 2015 .\nnurusis shapingthe futurenurus is a member of german design council , providing inter - disciplinary knowledge transferbetween the companies that shape the future . nurus is a partner of fraunhofer iao research network of\ufb01ce 21\u00ae , which is europe\u2019s . . .\npegasus ltd . has established in 2006 the c . arrius nurus foundation for a period of ten years , a scholarship fund to promote neo - latin studies . every year , a number of stipends were assigned to postgraduate students and young scholars working in the area of neo - latin studies under the supervision of a member of the seminarium philologiae humanisticae . during this decade , the annual ijsewijn lecture was supported by the c . arrius nurus foundation as well .\n0405german design councilnurus is a member of german design council , one of the world\u2019s leading centers ofdedicated to the future of design and innovation , nurus empowers people by means of its designand products , integrated with latest technology . . .\ninspired byyour needsand dreamscirculation is high . . . so are the standarts ! nurus terminals solutionsterminals where human traffic flow is the most intense , we producedifferent requirements for staff and passengers . with the changingspeed of technology , . . .\nproduct design award 2008 \u25a0 designed by nurus d team mb too task chair syncronized mechanism , seat depth adjustniarrt , 3d armrests , headrest , polished aluminium base , 0 : 50 castors for soft floor mg too calpa koltugu . . .\nnurus people have stuck loyally to the same ethical values for 88 years ; it is a large family consisting of employees , designers , suppliers , solution partners and users . each member of the family is bound together by trust and loyalty .\nconceptualized with nurus d team ' s approach that\na well designed office chair is the health insurance for the employee\n, and produced according to european norms . with its technical details and product ergonomics eliminating the problems encountered . . .\n* nurus fellow : st\u00e9phane mercier ( universit\u00e9 catolique de louvain ) : \u2018de guilielmo becano societatis jesu ejusque scriptis dissertatio prooemialis , cum interpretatione francogallica ejusdem elegiarum librorum ii , cumque notis atque adnotationibus permultis auctore s . mercier\u2019 , february \u2013 june 2015 .\n* nurus fellow : atsuko fukuoka ( university of tokyo ) : \u2018 jus circa sacra \u2013 a contested right of the sovereign in the context of seventeenth - century debates on the church - state relationship in the netherlands\u2019 , september 2010 \u2013 january 2011 .\ndesigned by nurus d teamdestekleyen . . . destekleyen . . . konumdati piacerebbe una sedia ; che sostenga le tuebraccia mentre lavori alcomputer ? che sostenga la tuaschiena mentre lavori ? con il supporto lombare ? che ti dia la possibilit\u00e0 dirilassare la schienaquando . . .\ncomfort & simplicity single , double , triple seater or corner , various forms for various interiors . microsoft hq . , istanbul designed by : nurus d team , 2002 kubik cizgiler , kompakt bir goruntu . tekli , ikili , uqiu ya da l kanepe secenekleriyle , . . .\ndesigned by / tasarm : nurus design studio fe - box metal storage system is designed to assistcreating a more effective office space . its large range of units with aluminium framed glass doors , open shelf , tambour and wooden doors , covers all the needs of the . . .\n5 . in view of 1 , 2 , 3 and 4 above , the scientific committee is of the opinion that the numbers of nurus atlas have been reduced to such a critical level and its habitats have been so drastically reduced , that it is in immediate danger of extinction .\nthe scientific committee , established by the threatened species conservation act , has made a final determination to list the beetle nurus atlas castelnau , 1867 as an endangered species on part 1 of schedule 1 of the act . listing of endangered species is provided for by part 2 of the act .\n3 . nurus atlas had not been collected for many years and was thought to be extinct until 1973 when it was re - discovered by g . monteith in victoria park , near lismore . the only other known locations are near lismore and alstonville ( g . monteith pers . comm . ) .\nnurus understands , stands by , empathizes with humankind , and performs its responsibilities meticulously in every phase of manufacturing because of its farsightedness and the sustainability of life . its production is done at a building that makes the most of natural daylight , which can use rainwater for watering the garden , which increases the quality of air and the amount of clean air inside the building , which has architectural characteristics that comply with green building criteria thanks to its heating - cooling and advanced acoustic management . nurus makes sure that the materials used in manufacturing are in conformity with international norms and standards , are certified , recyclable and environmentally friendly .\n* nurus fellow : diana stanciu ( bucarest ) : \u2018the passions and the fate of the stoics in seventeenth - century england : justus lipsius\u2019 influence in ralph cudworth\u2019 ( july \u2013 september 2009 ) ; and \u2018philippus van limborch : arguments for toleration and irenicism in his correspondence with ralph cudworth\u2019 ( september \u2013 december 2009 ) .\n* nurus fellow : \u0161ime demo ( university of zagreb ) : \u2018linguistic aspects of latin - croatian macaronic poetry : localising a global phenomenon\u2019 , october 2011 \u2013 february 2012 . research project : european and especially croatian macaronic poetry against the background of recent linguistic theories on social ( broad cultural and pragmatic ) and grammatical conditions that shape linguistically mixed texts .\nas a leader global brand whose known for its innovations within the sector nurus on its 88th year , continues to share its expertise , and unique & sensitive entrepreneurial spirit with consumers in more than 30 countries more than 40 dealers . the company is strengthening its position in the gulf countries by increasing the number of monobrand stores with the goal of becoming the regional leader .\nistanbul : bykdere cad . karakol sk . no . 2 34330 levent / istanbul turkeytel : + 90 212 269 63 00fax : + 90 212 270 48 28e - mail : istnurus @ nurus . com . trankara : reflit galip cad . no . 69 06700 gaziosmanpafla / ankara turkeytel : + 90 312 447 62 32 ( pbx ) fax : + 90 312 446 . . .\nnurus is a member of fira ( furniture industry association ) and bifma ( business and institutional furniture manufacturers association ) and holds the en iso 9001 : 2001 ( quality management system standard ) certificate since 1996 , en iso 14001 : 2004 ( environmental management system standard ) certificate since 2004 and ohsas 18001 : 2007 ( health and safety management system standard certificates ) certificate since 2007 to present .\nmaintaining and updating the site requires a lot of time and effort . therefore , we are forced to introduce a partially paid access . we expect that the costs will not be too burdensome for you , and your money will help us in the development of interactive keys , and more dynamic updates of the site .\nyour subscription will be activated when payment clears . view the status of your subscription in your account .\nthis project help increase the availability of scientific knowledge worldwide . contributions at any level help sustain our work . thank you for your support .\n\u00a9 carabidae of the world , 2007 - 2018 \u00a9 a team of authors , in in : anichtchenko a . et al . , ( editors ) 2007 - 2018\nthe romance descendants of this word reflect a vulgar latin * n\u014fra , regularized into the first declension which is usual for feminines , but preserving the o expected from pie * u before * s > r ( the classical u is irregular ) .\nthis page was last edited on 24 april 2018 , at 21 : 05 .\ntext is available under the creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . by using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy .\n* visiting scholar : jan rothkamm ( paris ) : \u2018ermolao barbaro\u2019s journey to flanders 1486\u2019 , january 2013 .\n* visiting scholar : micha\u0142 czerenkiewicz ( university of warsaw ) , \u2018neo - latin netherlandish literary culture in the 16th and 17th century and \u201cthe polish lipsius\u201d , simon starowolski\u2019 , september \u2013 october 2010 and march 2012 .\n* research fellow : pablo toribio p\u00e9rez ( consejo superior de investigaciones cient\u00edficas , madrid ) : \u2018isaac newton : unpublished latin writings on church history . critical edition , translation , and study ( yah . ms . var . 1 / newton 19 , jewish national and university library , jerusalem ) \u2019 , september \u2013 december 2009 .\n* visiting scholar : krzysztof fordonski ( university of warsaw ) , november 2008 .\n* visiting professor : robert young ( renaissance literature and literary criticism in the english dept of north carolina state university ) : \u2018english translation of justus lipsius\u2019s de constantia\u2019 , october \u2013 november 2007 .\n* visiting professor : natalia agapiou , september \u2013 february 2006 - 2007 ; february \u2013 july 2008 ( teaching \u201cgreco - roman mythology in european literature and art from the middle ages until modern times\u201d in the medieval and renaissance studies program ) .\n* visiting scholar : andrez budzisz ( katolicki uniwersytet lubelski ) , research on neo - latin epic literature , december 2004 \u2013 june 2005 .\n* visiting scholar : david walker , executive officer at the faculty of economics and commerce of the university of melbourne , australia , 2004 - 05 .\n* visiting scholar : jill kraye ( the warburg institute , london ) : research on \u2018pre - lipsian\u2019 louvain philosophical writings in the sixteenth century , august 2004 .\n* visiting scholar : juan ballesteros sanchez ( universidad de pablo de olavide , sevilla ; dept . humanidades \u2013 sec . historia antigua ) : research on lipsius\u2019s admiranda , july \u2013 august 2004 .\n* visiting scholar : david money ( university of sunderland \u2013 wolfson college , cambridge ) , 2003 .\n* visiting professor : charles fantazzi ( university of windsor , ontario and east carolina university , north carolina ) , 2002 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n4 . the survival of this species is threatened by an extremely restricted distribution , clearing of rainforest remnants , removal of fallen timber and ground cover and collecting activities .\nstrong and light : carbon is the high - flyer . in product design too and even in times when sustainability should play an ever greater role , the industrial material shows its sensational potential .\nrsersctingtingassionssion > 30 > 50designawardsdesignawards > 100 . 000\u2019s > 100 . 000s\u221e\u221esolutions fordifferentculturessolutions fordifferentcultureshappy : ) peopleof happypeople : ) to be continued . . . to be continued\n0203emotional intelligencein design with nurusrecently , the various needs of different generations working in the same office have triggered amajor change in business life and working styles . inspired by the idea of designing environmentsthat foster creativity , . . .\n0607research : workingenvironmentdeciding ownworking times : % 55more than half of theemployees mainlydecide on their ownwhich timesthey are working . companies support activity - basedworking through giving employees theautonomy to decide their own working times , places . . .\nemotionalintelligencein designfrom game maker companies of the global economy to start - ups , from flat offices with4 meter high ceilings to home offices , living spaces is being redefined . a reflection of the value you give to you employee is hidden in what . . .\nersctingassion > 50designawards > 100 . 000s\u221esolutions fordifferentcultureshappypeople : ) to be continued . . .\nnumbersreflectingour passion1927 do > 50to m > 100 . 000s45 . 000trustheritagerelaibilityexperiencedesignawards2 > 40worldwidelocationscapacitytechnologyqualitysustainability37internationaldesigners\u221ehappypeoplesolutions fordifferentcultures : ) to . . .\nnews + published for orgatec 2014the great success of orgatec 2014 was onlymade possible by the tireless efforts of ournurus family . we sincerely thank each andevery contributor for their role in this event . al\u2039 a\u2044ustoslug\u00f6zde severo\u2044lui\u015fik . . .\ninspired byyour needsand dreamsfrom game maker companies of the global economy to start - ups , from flat offices with4 meter high ceilings to home offices , living spaces is being redefined . a reflection of the value you give to you employee is hidden in . . .\nersctingassion > 30designawards > 100 . 000\u221esolutions fordifferentcultureshappypeople : ) to be continued . . .\nin contemporary business life , workplace solutions helporganisations to increaseefficiency and productivity bysupporting the management ofinformation , and effectiveintegration of human andtechnological communication . silva is designed to providesolutions . . .\nworkstations2 - 15executive des16 - 21 meeting systems22 - 28qagdas ofis yasammda gahsma alani , onu kullanan ki\u00a7ilerin ise olan baghlik vemotivasyonunda onemli bir rol ustleniyor . qalismaortammin gahsana , organizasyonyapisma ve kuruma uygunlugu , ofislerdedogru . . .\nutions silva , ? ali\u00a7ma alanmda verimlilik ve soluzioni di lavoro per aumentare silva , diehnt als arbeitsplatzlosung zururetkenlige katkida bulunur . i ' efficienza e la produttivita . steigerung der effizienz und produktivitat .\nexecutive areas m chair executive and task chairs provide 16 degrees backwards tilt , lockable in 6 different positions . aluminium & polypropylene are two alternative choices for the base . m chair yonetici ve galisma koltuklannda 16 dereceye . . .\nurltoken local sales : buyukdere cd . karakol sk . no : 2 34330 levent istanbul / turkey t : + 90 212 269 63 00 f : + 90 212 270 48 28 e : info @ urltoken . tr international sales : buyukdere cd . karakol sk . no : 2 34330 levent istanbul / turkey t : + 90 212 269 63 . . .\nproduct familyurun ailesi | prodotti | produktfamilie single sofa i tekli koltuki singolo divano i singel sofa double sofa i ikili koltuk i doppio divano idoppel sofa - 136 - 1 li triple sofa | up koltuk | tripld . . .\nurltoken local sales : biiyiikdere cd . karakol sk . no : 2 34330 levent istanbul / turkey t : + 90 212 269 63 00 f : + 90 212 270 48 28 e : info @ urltoken . tr international sales : biiyiikdere cd . karakol sk . no : 2 34330 levent istanbul / turkey t : + 90 212 269 . . .\na well designed task chair is the health insurance at the office for the individuals me too , gunde en az sekiz saatimizi , me too e stato progettato per me too wurde entwickelt urn die hayatimizin ucte birini gecirdigimiz migliorare la . . .\nreward yourself reward yourself with one of the best and most awarded task chairs of the world . me too ' s synchronized mechanism permits tilting the sitting angle 4\u00b0 forward , and 27 0 backward and allows for fixing at 3 positions . . . .\nw e don ' t believe thai terminals should only be existing of gate seatings .\npeople travel , observe and experience things . terminals are places that passengers go by regularly to go to a new destination . think , wait , work , talk , read , walk . . .\ntrm trm is a modular public seating system designed for terminals and other public spaces offering comfortable waiting experience . it has various configuration alternatives such as stainless steel or painted beam in two different leg opti . . .\ntake a breakfree your mindhave a sit and enjoy the pleasure of comfort . view how the rules of symmetry and ordercan change . bir mola ver . d\u00fc\u00fe\u00fcncelerini \u00f6zg\u00fcrb\u0131rak . otur ve konforun keyfini\u00e7\u0131kar . d\u00fczen ve simetri . . .\nr home & officee ight and coffee tables , it ' s comfortable and pleasing . her t\u00fcr dinamik ofis veya ev ortam\u0131na rahat\u00e7aadapte olan hi & lo ergonomik bir oturma\u00fcnitesi . de\u00f0i\u00feken s\u0131rt y\u00fckseklikleri ile al\u0131\u00fe\u0131lm\u0131\u00fe\u0131nd\u0131\u00fe\u0131nda . . .\nthe industrie forum 2001 design award winner l / x has three main themes : hi - tech , natural and white . each theme has been designed to be a part of execunves ' uves that have differenttaste , system and point of view . it also helps them to express their . . .\ni - tech hi - tech hi - tech hi - tech 2 - 13 atural dogal naturale naturlich 14 - 23 white beyaz bianco we / 73 24 - 33 if 2001 tasanm odulii sahibi l / x uc ana temadan olusmaktadir . hi - tech , dogal ve beyaz tema . . . l / x programindaki her . . .\na sharp expressio that fills the office with dynamism . glass on horizo components on vertical yatay yuzeylerde cam , dikey bilesenlerde ise aluminyum kullanilan hi - tech temasimn keskin ve net ifadesi bulundugu ofise dinamizm getirmektedir . . . .\nteamwork 2 gate is a bridge . it is a flawless platform organizing the cable management and storage units needed in an office on its body . it is a flexible system which provides its users the opportunity to create a private area , plans . . .\nflexibility composed of operational desks , the functional main axle which acts as a bridge and the storafi xeends ^ system ' \u00b0ffers flexible ' and practical ^ olut ^ o ^ for the di ^ operasyonel masalar , kopru gdrevi goren islevsel . . .\nthere is a world i ' d like to create pure and plain . minimizing the crowd around everyone , creating an easier life , i am trying to provide a plain and simple life . innovative and exciting as well . every object should be functional , serving . . .\na new approach for meeting system to toplanti sistemine yepyeni bir yakla\u00a7im . to e un approccio completamente nuovo ad una riunione di sistema . to stellt einen neuen ansatz fur konferenzraume dar .\nto is inspired by divan , the council of state in ottoman culture , used holding of a court or public sitting . instead of ordinary type of meeting , sitting around a table , to offers to the attendees to use their body languages easily , and to . . .\nnext is a new approach for executives who always have a next step . next is designed with the principles of purity and contrast . the simple lines created by its geometric form catch es the contrast between less and more . the thin tabletop ending with a . . .\nyal\u00fdn ve pratik kullan\u00fdm\u00fd ve farkl\u00fdmalzeme se\u00e7enekleri ile infinite , farkl\u00fd mekanlara uyum sa\u00f0lar vekolayl\u00fdkla istiflenebilir . infinite , semplice e pratico per l ' uso dellediverse opzioni e le attrezzature adattarsiai . . .\n2for cafe and restaurants , educational institutionsarrangement to the needs of the space . the definite solufor every socialvodafone headquarters , istanbul\ns or waiting areas , infinite provides the optimumlutionalizing areainfinite , caf\u00e9 ve restoranlar , e\u00f0itim kurumlar\u00fdyada bekleme alanlar\u00fd gibi t\u00fcm sosyal alanlari\u00e7in en uygun \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fc sunar . la definitiva soluzione . . .\nmust offer to its users increased productivite fl and aesthetically - pleasing working environment ! designed to meet all filing and storage requiremein automated machines in 22 seconds , to support dur .\nlxiblli i y and uumhuki , imhkuvhu hhali h and oahh i y , 5 . taking into consideration these values , cube is its of the user . it is manufactured in metal by fully - ability and fire resistance of the workspace . gnm\ubefbzde ofis yasammin nemli bir parasi . . .\nerent dimensions , color and material options , pencil tray and concealed pencil drawer . lgaih geni r\u7e79n ailesi ile cube lu , renk ve malzeme se\u49e7enklerinin yanmda , askili dosya , ekmece , kalemlik ve gizli kalemlik gibi farkh tipleriyle farkh . . .\nstone creates a natural feel in both private andedges and corners . imaginable experience of form\norms mimariyle uyum saglayan organik architetturale e comodante organici bietet mit seiner architektur - harmonisch - formu le mekanlara fonksiyonel moduli per soddisfare le funzioni . organischen form funktioneile raumlsungen . \ued27zumler sunar .\nofislere konfor ve esneklik geliyor . ki\u00feiselle\u00fetirilebilen ve caltannergonomisine uyum sa\u00f0layan mia , ofislerde ge\u00e7irilen uzun caltmasaatlerini kolaylattryor . ourscomfort e flessibilit\u00e0 sono inuffici . mia \u00e8 facile di adattare . . .\n\u00e7e\u00feitlilik batarya katk\u00fdda bulunur . farkl\u00fdmekanizma ve s\u00fdrt y\u00fcksekli\u00f0i se\u00e7enekleri ilemia , ergonomik ve sadlkl caltma olanadsunarak , motivasyonu art\u00fdr\u00fdr . he successergonomy and improved motivation for everyone . diversit\u00e0 . . .\nsolution to give a gentle , sensual and transparent effect modem , hafif , zarifve moderna , leggera , lgante , modem , leicht , \u9a69lgant und ayni zamanda konforlu . ma anche confortevole . gleichzeitig bequem .\nfiat ynetici odalan ya da bekleme alanlannda kullanilmak zere tasarianmistir . fiat \u4e68 stato progettato per uso allestanzedi manager o sala d ' attesa . fiat wurde zur nutzung in managerrumen oder in wartesle kreiert .\nseating unit designed 4u ! reddot design award winner 2009 formuylayaratici ve eglenceli biroturma nitesi . creativo e giocosa sedura 4u durch seine form eine kreative und amusante sitzeinheit .\nesigned for working , integrating , ommunicating , isolating , succeding and enjoying life . u too , \u0567ahmak , toplanti u too stato progettato u too wurde designed um arbeiten , kommunikation yapmak , oturmak , dinlenmek perlavorare , incontrarsi , und . . .\n\u25a1 l r n \\ tisfy different needs arising from everyday life . orkstations , meeting desks , cabinets , sideboards , easily applicable to either office or home use . u too gn iinde ortaya \ub9e7ikan farkh gereksinimlere kolayhkla uyarlanabilen esnek ve . . .\nsema sehpa dervi\u00felerindans\u00fdndaki uyum vedengeden ilham almaktad\u00fdr .\nsema\n\u00e8 il nome dato al ballo deidervishes girantesi che simbolizzal ' armonia e l ' equilibrio .\nsema\nist der name des tanzes derwirbelnden derwische , der dieharmonie . . .\nurltoken local sales : bykdere cd . karakol sk . no : 2 34330 l\u9ee8vent istanbul / turkey t : + 90 212 269 63 00 f : + 90 212 270 48 28 e : info @ urltoken . tr international sales : bykdere cd . karakol sk . no : 2 34330 l\u9ee8vent istanbul / turkey t : + 90 212 269 . . .\n< il vnizational and individual alterations , but can also functional changes . this is achievable if only e and functional just as in fe2 metal cabinet . y : performansi yksek ahsma alanlan , organizasyona ve bireylere bagh degisikliklere kolayhkla adapte . . .\nin dimension , h : 72 h : 80 h : 120 h : 160 h : 200 l\u0527 , tip , ilev , malzeme molteplicitadi dimensione , tipo , vielf\ub9e0ltigkeit in mab , ausfhrung , ve renkte e\u99e7itlilik funzione , materiale e colore funktion , materiai und . . .\nurltoken local sales : bykdere cd . karakol sk . no : 2 34330 l\ube68vent istanbul / turkey t : + 90 212 269 63 00 f : + 90 212 270 48 28 e : info @ urltoken . tr international sales : bykdere cd . karakol sk . no : 2 34330 l\ube68vent istanbul / turkey t : + 90 212 269 . . .\nstandart heightstandart y\u00fckseklikaltezza standardhigh backresty\u00fcksek arkaschienale alto5 star base 5 ' li y\u203ald\u203az ayak base a 5 braccipolished aluminium polisajl\u203a al\u00fcminyum alluminio spazzolatopolypropylene polipropilen polipropilenemechanism . . .\nfor you and for your team . a well designed chair is the health insurance of an office worker . sizin i\u00e7in ve t\u00fcm ekibiniz i\u00e7in . \u2039yi tasarlanm\u203afl bir ofis koltu\u00a4u \u00e7al\u203aflanlar\u203an sa\u00a4l\u203ak sigortas\u203ad\u203ar . per . . .\ndat - o , increases the quality of life andmotivation to work . designed according to en 1335 , the standard which stands for theergonomy and safety of a task chair in european union countries , dat - o also holds the gs safety certificate . dat - o , yaflam kalitesini . . .\noffice life . dat - o provides ergonomics appropriate to the european norms , and well\u00e7a\u00a4dafl ve dinamik ofislere nefes ald\u203ar\u203ar . hareketli otura\u00a4\u203a ve lumbar ayar\u203a ilemoderna . dat - o \u00e8 realizzata secondo le norme . . .\nfor you and for your team . a well designed chair is the health insurance of an employee . sizin i\u00e7in ve t\u00fcm ekibiniz i\u00e7in . \u2039yi tasarlanm\u203afl bir ofis koltu\u00a4u \u00e7al\u203aflanlar\u203an sa\u00a4l\u203ak sigortas\u203ad\u203ar . per . . .\npeople travel , observe and exprience things . terminais are places that passengers go by regularly to go to a new destination . think , wait , work , talk , read , walk around , shop , sit and have a rest . meet people they know and they don ' t know . get to know . . .\nme too ! task chairchoose yourself , choose your life style , choose your work , choose your health , choose your office chair accurately . be selfish , choose me too ! me too ! ofis koltuukendine ait se\u0127imlerin varsa , hayat tarzn\u06db seiyorsan , iflini . . .\nme too is designed with a view to improving qualityof living at our offices , where we spend at least eighthours every day , i . e . one third of our lives , and toconstructing a healthy way of living at our offices . me too , gnde en az sekiz saatimizi , hayatm\uc6dbzn\u06fcte . . .\ngate bir kpr . bir ofisin ihtiyac\u6f1b olan kablo ynetimini ve depolamabirimlerini gvdesi \u6dbczerinde dzenleyen kusursuz bir platform . grupal\uc9dbflmas i\u06e7in en uygun ortam kurgularken , kullan\u06dbcs\u06dbna bireysel alanyaratma flans . . .\ngate ha la struttura di un ponte . e una piattaforma portante perfettaper la gestione degli elementi di elettrificazione e per l\u0493archivio dufficio . un sistema flessibile che offre la doppia opportunit\u04a1 di creare unambiente per il lavoro di gruppo . . .\nexport : buyukdere cad . karakol sk . no . 2 34330 levent / istanbul turkey tel : + 90 212 269 63 00 fax : + 90 212 279 99 79 e - mail : export @ urltoken for other countries please refer to our web site : www . urltoken difjer ulkelerdeki faaliyetleriyle ilgili . . .\ns - chair is designed as task , meeting and visitor chairs tor dynamic offices . qali\u00a7ma , misafir ve toplanti koltugu olarak ug farkli kullanim igin tasarlanan s - chair , ofls koltuklarimn dinamik gzm\u2e79 . s - chair disegnata per essere usata come . . .\nm - ghair is designed to be used as executive , task , meeting and visitor chairs . it accomodates comfort with its ergonomie nature . yonetici . gali\u00a7ma , toplanti ve misafir koltugu olarak doit farkli kullanim igin tasarlanan m - chair , insan ergonomisine . . .\ndesigned by nci mutlu , mutlu + milano design studio take a break . free your mind . have a sit and enjoy the pleasureof comfort . view how the rules can change . \u02d1close and sincere . dynamic features . an entertaining harmony . the new rules for symmetry andorder . . . .\nit ' s not just for sitting . it ' s also for reading , writing , studying , working , having a drinkand enjoying food . move the tray table and enjoy yourlife . \u0452 sadece oturmak i\u0467in deil . okumak , yaz\u011b yazmak , bir fleylerimek , yemek yemek ve al\u79dbflmakiin . sehpan . . .\nhi & lo is an ergonomic sofa and armchair group that will easily adapt to every office and home environment . it ' s designed to have varying back heights , and this makes it a unique comfortzone . hi & lo is a pleasant and comfortable design with its . . .\nhi & lo table and chair group is also another design wheredynamic and creative ideas meet . hi & lo masa ve sandalye grubu dinamik ve yaratc\u06db fikirlerinbuluflma noktas . anche i tavoli e le sedie della collezione hi & lo sono prodottidinamici . . .\nphotography : ali bekmanduygu arsevenart direction & design : beril tokcan creative / www . beriltokcan . comdesign and specifications are subject to changewithout any prior notification . i disegni e le specificazioni sono conforme acambiamento senza alcun . . .\nanche nella fretta di tutti i giornidevi pure fermarti in qualchemomento . non opporre resistenza . riprendi il fiato . siedi . rientra in te stesso , armonizzati con gli altri , segui l ' ispirazione . alice bbdo istanbul > running and runningwhen we will stop ? take . . .\ndesigned with rounded forms for young , dynamic and creative spaces , connect is a seating unit which can be added , removed and used in many ways . the connect chair and sofa , connect footrest and connect side table connect and join to provide a point . . .\nconnect junior , designed for smaller spaces , is a dynamic and fun seating unit which can be assembled , seperated and used in different variations just like connect . connectconnect juniorartificial leather / dar mekanlar iin tasarlanan connect junior , . . .\ntaklamakan brings peace and simplicity to its environment . adds space to interiors as the reclining curves of the desert . taklamakan , bulunduu yere safl\u011b\u011b ve huzuru taflyor . t\u06dbpk \u06e7ln tekrar eden yumuflak dalgalar\u6f1b gibi mekanlara . . .\nthe taklamakan desert is not the inspiration point of the object ; it is the description of the end product . \u04d5 \u04ccsmini ald\u06e4 taklamakan \u06c7l esin kayna\u6f24 de\u06e4il , sonu r\u7f3cnn betimlemesidir . \uc513il deserto taklamakan . . .\ntaklamakan two seater / t aklamakan ikili / taklamakan due posti l : 153 cm w : 49 . 5 cm h : 45 cm > 153cm the extractable coffee table contributes to taklamakans form and functionality . tavolino da caff\u04a9 : estraibile e versatile ; armonioso esempio . . .\nluna concept brings style , comfort and simplicity to all interiors with its unique design and high quality manufacturing . benzersiz bir tasarim ve i\u00a7giligin urunfl olan luna ' nin koltuk segenekleri i evinize , ofisinize , bulundugu her yere kallte , . . .\nunctionality and ergonomy are two major goals of a sofa . but above all , its most important features should be comfort and pleasure you get out of it . divan offers this and more to its users with its extraordinary design and aestethics . bir koltuk igin . . .\nwith its wide range of accessories and creative components , divan performs a great harmony in every space . divan , farkli boyut , aksesuar ve yaratici bile enlerl lie her tur mekana ve ihtlyaca kolayca uyum saglar divan ergonomico e funzionale . le sue . . .\nyou would not feel a perfectly designed chair while sitting on it . the most important feature of an office chair is its comfort . add this , its ergonomics , premium technology , mobility , new forms , personalised design and flexibility ; working in the . . .\nwith its aesthetic and timeless design , seben will certainly increase your productivity in the office . kararh , estetik ve zamansiz bir duru\u00a7a sahip olan yonetici koltugu seben ' le i\u00a7 yerlerinde verimin artacagi kesin .\nistanbul : buyukdere cad . karakol sk . no . 2 34330 levent / istanbul turkey tel : + 90 212 269 63 00 fax : + 90 212 270 48 28 e - mail : istnurus @ urltoken ankara : resit galip cad . no : 69 06700 gaziosmanpa\u00a7a / ankara turkey tel : + 90 312 447 62 32 ( pbx ) . . .\nmono is designed to bring order to disorder . its different sizes provide new functionalities . mono can be shaped according to your needs . a stand - alone seperator . mono , daginikligm yerine duzeni , hareketsizligin yerine degnimi sunan bir sistem . farkli . . .\nmono , designed for innovative , creative and modern homes and state of the art offices , offers more than what is expected of a shelf system . it is refined , strong and intelligent mono is the meeting point of comfort and functionality with its height . . .\nhb s \u0435\u0449\u0451 \u0438 - - \u0433 - * \u0449 b n . 9003 n . \u043e\u043e\u0448 l : 162 . 5 \u0448 w : 45ci\u072fi h : 167 cm l : 142 . 5 gin w : 45 cm h : 167 cm . . .\nto is not only a sofa or a container , but atotally new alternative way of meeting . there is a world id like to create . pure and plain . > to sadece bir koltuk ya da dolap de\u04a5il , toplantanlay\u06dbflna getirilen yepyeni bir yaklafl\u06dbm . minimizing . . .\nto non soltanto una poltrona o un armadio , ma un concetto alternativo e novissimo delle riunioni . to is designed for not only comfortable and creative meetings , but also sophisticated executive ones . to , yaratc\u86db toplantlar yap\u06dblacak kadar . . .\nto is a unique solution that can be preferred as a whole meetingsystem as well as a single sofa . to zgn \u6f27zm anlay\u6f1bfl tek bir koltukdan dev bir toplant\u06dbsistemine kadar eflitlilik gsterebiliyor . to le sue soluzioni sono valide sia per . . .\nle serrature del sistema basic boxsono realizzate in color nero opaco\u04d5 . la versione nero - opaco anticontundente . all locks in basic - box storage system aremanufactured with either metallic greyor black opaque colour options . black opaque keys also has . . .\nbasic - box cabinets can be used to support individual or group filing . they can be used to organise a space as a dividing wall or make up a high - densitiy storage area . gerek kiflisel , gerekse genel hacimlerin ihtiyacn\u06db karfllayan basic - box , mekanlar\u06db . . .\ndouble layer constructed units are available in multiple height , width and a range of closure choices . ift cidarl\u01dc yapdaki fe - box metal dolap sistemi , farkl\u06db boy , en ve kapak eflitleri ile genifl bir r\u7f3cn yelpazesine sahiptir . costruita . . .\nfe - box cabinets can be used to support individual or group filing . they can be used to organise a space as a dividing wall or make up a high - density storage area . gerek kiflisel , gerekse genel hacimlerin ihtiyacn\u06db karfllayan fe - box dolaplar , mekanlar\u06db . . .\nvarto system achieves an esthetic and functional flexibility beyond conventional work stations . il sistema varto realizza una flessibilit estetica e funzionale che supera le postazioni convenzionali . varto , gn\u0f3cmz ofis ihtiyalar\uc9dbna uygun estetik . . .\nsason & digor sono due sistemi alternativi di gambe di varto . il sistema di gambe sason permette una soluzionedella gestione dei cavi mediante la sua struttura di gambe . varto ; sason ve digor ayak seenekleri ile deiflik be\u7924enilere hitap ederken , sason . . .\naccessory alternatives of varto creates spaciousness in the workspace . panele taklabilen aksesuar alternatifleri ile varto , \u06e7alflanlar\u06dbn masast alanlar\ucf1bn geniflletir . le alternative di varto per quanto riguarda gli accessori crea spaziosit\u06e0 . . .\nnel mondo del lavoro di oggi , le postazioni di lavoro aiutano le organizzazioniad migliorare lefficienza e la produttivit\u04a1 attraverso il managementdellinformazione e l\u0493effettiva integrazione tra uomo e tecnologia . la lineasilva stata progettata . . .\nthe office furniture can be used to increase interaction as well as privacy , depending on the situation . great thoughts and functional solutions arise in a good working environment . the silva series is designed to be versatile , timeless , long lasting and . . .\nthe system design of silva is to have a good relation between people and the organisation with chosenmethods of communication , while keeping in mind that space planning is not just about furniture layout . silvan\u0484n sistem tasar\u0444m\u0444 , \u0467alflanlar . . .\nan office that is > creative an office that is > democratic an office that is > smart an office that is > unique an office that is > efficient an office that is > personal an office that is > joyful an office that is > living . . .\ndesigned by : fritz frenkler & annette ponholzer f / p design gmbh . 4 > 5 >\ncreative classical office is quite clearlybeating a retreat . creativity , however needs a workambiance improvingintelligence and intentiveness . so , what must an office looklike to obtain optimumproductivity ? 6 > 7 >\nthe main task of furniture design isnot to invent new furnitures as tables , cabinets or sideboards , but to designthem in a good and suitable manner , one way to do that , is to show thedignity of proportion , form , colour , material and know how . by doing that , the . . .\ndesigned by / tasarm : fritz frenkler - annette ponholzer f / p design gmbh . >\ni / x , vincitore dellindustrie forum 2001 design award , \u04a9 stato progettato in tre linee : high - tech , natural e white . ciascuna linea stata studiata per essere lanima di unufficio direzionale . ufficio che ha gusti e necessit\u84a0 diverse a seconda . . .\nclearly designed details together with simple and creative forms ; i / x produces perfect solutions for the executive through a working day . aklc\u06db z\u7dbclmfl detaylar , sade va yapc\uc6db izgilerle birleflince , i / x ofisleri gn\u7f3cn her annda , . . ."]}
{"id": 177, "summary": [{"text": "euhadra murayamai is a species of air-breathing land snail , a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family bradybaenidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "this species is endemic to japan .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "in this species , the gastropod shell is sinistral . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "euhadra murayamai", "paragraphs": ["notes on the genitalia and ecology of euhadra murayamai habe , 1976 ( bradybaenidae ) .\nnotes on the genitalia and ecology of euhadra murayamai habe , 1976 ( bradybaenidae ) .\nnotes on the genitalia and ecology of euhadra murayamai habe , 1976 ( bradybaenidae ) . [ 1978 ]\nthe paper examines snails of the genus euhadra in japan . they are quite lovely little animals .\ndistributions of four euhadra species on the main japanese island of honshu . e . senck . aomoriensis specimens that were used for dna analysis were collected from tamayama , tsugaru , and iide - san . e . murayamai is confined to a single mountain ( myojo - san ) . sinistral species are shown in red and dextral species in blue .\n( a ) e . quaesita from sendai and ( b ) e . murayamai from myojo - san ( in cave ) ; dextral ( c ) e . senck . senckenbergiana from imajyo , ( d ) e . senck . amoriensis from tamayama , ( e ) e . senck . amoriensis from iide - san , and ( f ) e . senck . ibukicola from mt . fujiwara .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ngland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) \u2013 australia\u2019s unique reptiles \u2013 including lizards and snakes \u2013 face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .\nthe value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .\na recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nthis translation tool is powered by google . fao is not responsible for the accuracy of translations .\norganization for economic co - operation and development , 75 - paris ( france ) . [ corporate author ]\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , world , geography , . . . more\nsince coturnix turned me on to this paper on snail chirality in plos ( pdf ) , i had to sit down and learn something new this afternoon .\nchirality is a fascinating aspect of bilaterian morphology . we have characteristic asymmetries\u2014differences between the left and right sides of our bodies\u2014that are prescribed by genetic factors . snails are particularly interesting examples because snail shells have an obvious handedness , with either a left - ( sinistral ) or right - handed ( dextral ) twist , and that handedness derives from the arrangement of cell divisions very early in development .\nthe direction of rotation in snails is determined rather simply , by single mutations . as an additional twist , though , inheritance is by maternal effect . that is , the genes in question have to be expressed in the mother , but the phenotype appears in her progeny . one way to think of it is that the result of a maternal effect mutation is delayed one generation\u2014the snail that has a mutation to cause a dextral twist will have a sinistral shell , but all of her children will be dextral .\nsnail chirality is one of those things there are a great many papers in developmental biology about , and that\u2019s the direction from which i\u2019ve always approached it \u2014as an illuminating molecular and cellular process , part of the complex story of how genes are translated into form . the cool thing about this new paper by davison et al . is that i had to stretch my brain a little bit and think about it from a population ecology perspective , too .\nthere i was , thinking once the evo - devo revolution came , we could just line up all the pop gen people against the wall and be done with them . but noooo\u2026they\u2019re going to be useful after all .\nthere are 22 species in the group , and 5 of them are sinistral , with the rest dextral . the question is whether speciation events can reasonably be traced back to changes in a single gene , whether this diverse assemblage can be explained by occasional mutations in chirality that split off new reproductively isolated groups .\nto make a long and somewhat mathematical story short , the answer is no . there have to be other isolating mechanisms present to help out .\none observation is that if you are a newborn dextral snail in a population of sinistrals , you\u2019re going to have a much harder time finding a mate than your sinistral cousins . the more common your morphology , the more likely you are to find a compatible mate . this competitive advantage for the most common form will typically drive the population towards a single chirality .\nthere are , however , conditions under which it is good to be a weirdo . when two species of the same chirality overlap , it will be common for individuals of those two species to mate\u2014which may be fun , but it\u2019s fruitless . if one species has a subpopulation with a different chirality , though , they may have an advantage . while they are only able to mate with conspecifics of the same handedness , they won\u2019t be wasting time and gametes on members of the other species . this is a phenomenon called character displacement , and could be an additional force for speciation .\nin the simpler case where a single population has two chiral variants , though , chirality is insufficient in itself to isolate the two forms . with mathematical modeling , the authors showed that the separation will be incomplete because of gene flow , so the two types will reach an equilibrium , but outside of chance variations , one will not replace the other . the catch is the way maternal effects are delayed in the expression of their phenotype by a generation . that means that a sinistral snail can mate with a sinistral snail , and their progeny may be dextral , and able to breed with the dextral population . similarly , some of those dextral snails will mate with other dextral snails , and produce progeny which are sinistral . gene flow is slowed between the two subgroups , but it would require other phenomena , such as geographic separation , to complete the process .\ndavison a , chiba s , barton nh , clarke b ( 2005 ) speciation and gene flow between snails of opposite chirality . plos biol 3 ( 9 ) : e282 .\nso let me get this straight , a professional biologist has to actually stop and put some thought into grasping the implications of chirality on poulation ecology . in other words , an individual with a reasonable grasp of mathematics , basic physics , biochemistry , genetics , and a good dose of critical thinking skills admits he had to stretch a bit . no wonder the fundies are desperate to teach the controversy they just don\u2019t have what it takes to grasp any of this . maybe their mind set is like a form of chirality that will eventually isolate them into smaller and smaller interbreeding poulations and eventually cause them to go extinct . yeah , i know that\u2019s wishful thinking !\nthanks from a writer of science fiction \u2014 this article gave me a glimmering for an alien species . the passing back and forth of genes in alternating generations is very cool .\nalthough if they ever trapped themselves into a population decline i think they would use guns and military might to maintain their grip on power .\nscience 2 . 0 is a pro - science outreach nonprofit operating under section 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) of the internal revenue code . please make a tax - deductible donation if you value independent science communication , collaboration , participation , and support open access .\n\u00a9 2006 - 2018 science 2 . 0 . all rights reserved . scienceblogs is a registered trademark of science 2 . 0 , an education nonprofit operating under section 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) of the internal revenue code . contributions are fully tax - deductible .\nencyclo . co . uk , online since 2007 , is a search engine for english meanings and definitions . the website aims to publish all wordlists , big and small , on the internet , making it much easier to find the word you need . follow us on facebook"]}
{"id": 179, "summary": [{"text": "baeolophus is a genus of birds in the family paridae .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "its members are commonly known as titmice .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "all the species are native to north america .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "in the past , most authorities retained baeolophus as a subgenus within the genus parus , but treatment as a distinct genus , initiated by the american ornithologists union , is now widely accepted . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "baeolophus", "paragraphs": ["robert costello added text to\nbaeolophus bicolor\non\nbaeolophus bicolor ( linnaeus , 1766 )\n.\nrobert costello marked\nbaeolophus bicolor\nas hidden on the\nbaeolophus bicolor\npage . reasons to hide : duplicate\ngosler , a . & clement , p . ( 2018 ) . tufted titmouse ( baeolophus bicolor ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\ngosler , a . & clement , p . ( 2018 ) . oak titmouse ( baeolophus inornatus ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nioc _ names _ file _ plus - 8 . 2g : 8 . 2\nare related to waxwings ( bombycillidae ) , not to honeyeaters ( meliphagidae ) ( fleischer et al . 2008 )\nyellow - flanked whistler ( hylocitrea ) is related to the waxwings , not whistlers ( spellman et al . 2008 )\nfrom muscicapidae ( barker et al . 2002 , 2004 ; beresford et al . 2005 ; fuchs et al . 2006 )\nresequenced : yellow - bellied fantail is a close relative of the fairy flycatcher ( stenostiridae ) ( nyari et al . 2009 , fuchs et al . 2009 )\n( dickinson 2003 , sinclair & ryan 2003 , coates et al . 2006 )\nrevised classification follows johansson et al . 2013 ; see also tietze & borthakur 2012\nc and s thailand , malay pen . , sumatra and hainan i . ( off se china )\n( eck & martens 2006 , martens et al . 2006 , collar 2007 )\ncontinental europe and asia minor through siberia to kamchatka , sakhalin is . , korea , ne china and ne mongolia\nse azerbaijan , n iran , sw turkmenistan . ? winter visitor to sw iran\n( salzburger et al . 2002 , eck & martens 2006 , collar 2007 )\n( salzburger et al . 2002 ) . subspecies sequence follows stervander et al , 2015 . 5 - 7 of the current subspecies may deserve full species status . retain\nas a single polytypic species pending further comprehensive analyses of all populations ( sangster 2006 , stervander et al . 2015 , illera et al . 2016 ) .\ne siberia , s sakhalin i . ec and ne china , korea and japan\n( p\u00e4ckert et al . 2005 , eck & martens 2006 , collar 2007 ) .\n( madge 2008 ) , but see barani - beiranvand et al . ( 2017 ) , who propose to lump .\nsw kazakhstan , uzbekistan , n and se turkmenistan , tajikistan , and ne afghanistan .\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 291 , 258 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\navibase has been visited 263 , 291 , 355 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ndel hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . , fishpool , l . d . c . , boesman , p . and kirwan , g . m . 2016 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 2 : passerines . lynx edicions and birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .\njustification : this species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size is extremely large , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\n( amended version of 2016 assessment ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2017 : e . t22711989a118836349 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\natypical vocalization ,\ntowhee - like\nto me . heard on multiple occasions at this location but i finally saw the bird this time . habitat is open water with marsh and scrub - shrub , with some red maple swamp , bordering upland forest and suburban residential area . while the bird had been heard in the marsh before , this time it was at about eye level on a pine branch in a backyard . the identity of the bird had been a mystery for some time . i have not heard this particular vocalization at any other location , nor do any existing titmouse recordings here match it precisely , so i hope this can help document it and help anyone else who may have heard something similar !\nequipment : olympus ws - 822 digital recorder with audio - technica atr 6550 shotgun .\nbird calling to be hand feed . at 0 : 13 perched on the microphone .\nnatural , repetitious song from close bird in grove of trees along parkway trail .\nneed id with 2 - note slur at 0 , ~ 3 and ~ 6 sec . this was at a wooded parking lot near city center . it ' s probably something common , but nothing is coming to mind . thanks .\nrecorded using nokia lumia 635 with audio recorder hifi app ; edited with audacity : volume amplification , high - pass filter , and noise reduction .\nsinging from a long leaf pine about 20 feet up and 20 feet away . second bird about 60 feet away .\nnatural sound . several individuals singing , with focal bird singing from a cedar tree approximately 10m away .\n29 - acre estate centrally located in oxford , ms consisting of antebellum home surrounded by lawns and adjacent forest . privet hedges and small thickets divide the grounds into distinct lawn units . bordered on all sides by mature oak - hickory forest . forest edge consists of oak spp , hickory spp , red cedar , mulberry , with understory along the edge dominated by privet ( ligustrum sp . ) . grounds around the house include isolated trees and manicured hedges . a path from the end of the parking area leads northward ~ 1 km through the forest to the northern edge of the property abutting the university of mississippi campus\nedited in adobe audition . butterworth high - pass filter , order 3 , cutoff frequency 800 hz\nfostex fr - 2 digital recorder with sennheiser microphone and telinga pro 22\nparabolic reflector .\ntwo birds in recording ; one flies away at beginning of recording ( four high - frequency call notes ) . the bird was singing next to a pond and field near wood edge and suburban areas . edited on ravenlite 1 . 0 software\nsonogram images \u00a9 xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\njustification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be increasing , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size is extremely large , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nformerly treated as conspecific with b . atricristatus ; the two hybridize in a narrow zone over c texas and generally differ in ecology . monotypic .\nextreme se canada ( s ontario ) and e usa ( se minnesota e to s maine , s to c & e texas and s florida ) .\n11\u00b75\u201314 cm ; 17\u00b75\u201326\u00b71 g . large , short - crested and fairly long - tailed grey tit . has forehead to upper lores black , occasionally tinged rust - . . .\nfairly noisy ; calls include loud , whistled \u201csee - toit\u201d and \u201cseeja - wer\u201d or . . .\ndiet chiefly small invertebrates and larvae , principally weevils and other beetles ( coleoptera ) , bugs ( hemiptera ) , ants , bees , wasps and . . .\nseason late mar to mid - jun ; occasionally two broods . monogamous , pairs for life ; single helpers noted as assisting with feeding of young at . . .\nresident ; some short - distance movements . evidence from ringing shows that very few move more than . . .\nnot globally threatened . generally common to locally common or locally scarce ; rare to scarce in small canadian part of range ( s ontario ) . range expanded slowly n in 20th . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\npreviously part of a much broader genus parus ( which see , below ) .\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\nuntil recently treated as conspecific with b . ridgwayi ( see above ) . nominate race and affabilis intergrade in sw california ( usa ) . race mohavensis sometimes merged with latter . other proposed races include sequestratus ( sw oregon and nw california ) and kernensis ( drainage of kern r and adjacent e slopes of sierra nevada , in california ) , both synonymized with nominate , and transpositus ( sw california w of the deserts ) , merged with affabilis . four subspecies recognized .\n( gambel , 1845 ) \u2013 sw usa ( sw oregon s to sw & sc california ) .\ngrinnell & swarth , 1926 \u2013 sw california and extreme nw mexico ( n baja california ) .\n( a . h . miller , 1946 ) \u2013 se california ( little san bernardino mts ) .\n15\u201316 cm ; 12\u00b76\u201319\u00b72 g . large , grey tit with short crest . nominate race has crown , crest and upperparts , including upperwing - coverts , grey - brown , . . .\ncalls include soft \u201csip\u201d or \u201csisip\u201d , \u201csit - sit\u201d or \u201csi - si - . . .\nfood includes small invertebrates and larvae ; also acorns , leaf buds , catkins , and some fruit , principally berries . usually solitary , in . . .\nseason late mar to mid - jul ; one brood . pair - bond maintained for life . territory defended throughout year , particularly in spring and also . . .\nmainly resident ; some , possibly juveniles , make short - distance movements to lower levels at . . .\n: thanks for spotting this problem . downvotes should help sink it . not sure how onezoom chooses its examples .\nthis is a terrible picture to use as an example of a tufted ti . . .\na familiar songbird at bird feeders across the eastern u . s . , the . . .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nthe most strikingly marked of the american titmice and chickadees , the bridled titmouse has a black bib and a white - and - black patterned face . primarily a mexican species , its range reaches the united states only in the mountains of arizona ( north to flagstaff ) and new mexico .\nconsider putting up a nest box to attract a breeding pair . make sure you put it up well before breeding season . attach a guard to keep predators from raiding eggs and young . find out more about nest boxes on our attract birds pages . you ' ll find plans for building a nest box of the appropriate size on our all about birdhouses site .\nunlike many members of its family , the bridled titmouse appears not to hide food for later use . the region of the brain related to memory of spatial location , the hippocampus , is small in this species compared with other species that frequently hide food .\nthe bridled titmouse is the only north american member of its family that appears to have helpers at the nest regularly . the identity and sex of the extra birds attending nests is not yet known .\nthe bridled titmouse closely resembles the crested tit of eurasia . genetic studies show , however , that it is closely related to the other north american titmice .\nthe oldest recorded bridled titmouse was at least 6 years , 7 months old when it was recaptured and rereleased during banding operations in arizona .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nchief , bird section , u . s . g . s . - b . r . d . - p . w . r . c .\namerican ornithologists ' union ' s\nlist of the 2 , 037 bird species ( with scientific and english names ) known from the a . o . u . check - list area\n( aou check - list , 7th edition , updated with supplements 42 - 46 ) , maintained at urltoken\nzoonomen - zoological nomenclature resource , 2007 . 03 . 27 , website ( version 26 / 03 / 2007 )\nzoonomen - zoological nomenclature resource , 2011 . 12 . 31 , website ( version 31 - dec - 11 )\nzoonomen - zoological nomenclature resource\nmaintained by alan p . peterson at urltoken\nbanks , r . c . , r . w . mcdiarmid , a . l . gardner , and w . c . starnes\nchecklist of vertebrates of the united states , the u . s . territories , and canada\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nbanks , r . c . , r . w . mcdiarmid , and a . l . gardner\njustification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size is very large , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\n( amended version of 2016 assessment ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2017 : e . t22729143a118836703 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\njavascript is turned off in your web browser . please turn it on to take full advantage of arctos , or try our html specimensearch option .\ntaxon name is the\nnamestring\nor\nscientific name ,\nthe\ndata\nthat is used to form identifications and the core of every taxonomy record .\ntaxon term is the data value of either a classification term (\nanimalia\n) or classification metadata ( such as name authors ) .\nterm type is the rank (\nkingdom\n) for classification terms , in which role it may be null , and the label for classification metadata (\nauthor text\n) .\nsource indicates the source of a classification ( not a taxon name ) . some classifications are local ; most come from globalnames .\ncommon names are vernacular term associated with taxon names , and are not necessarily english , correct , or common .\nclick on a family name at left to see a list of species in the family . the taxonomic list follows the ebird / clements checklist of the birds of the world .\nclick on families to bring up a list of species for that shape . try using search .\nall ranks domain kingdom subkingdom phylum subphylum superclass class subclass infraclass superorder order suborder infraorder superfamily family subfamily tribe subtribe genus subgenus species subspecies variety group ( polytypic ) group ( monotypic ) species split life sp . ssp . intra - specific hybrid interspecific hybrid intergeneric hybrid species pair\nall records ( accepted , rejected , pending ) . to filter / search please enter a phrase . e . g . to filter rejected records , type rejected into the search box , all columns can be filtered .\nhave you seen something interesting ? click submit to share your rare bird sightings via our simple form .\n\u00a9 2018 birdguides , warners group publications plc . all rights reserved . company registered in england no . 2572212 | vat registration no . gb 638 3492 15"]}
{"id": 191, "summary": [{"text": "bostrycapulus odites is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family calyptraeidae , the slipper snails or slipper limpets , cup-and-saucer snails , and chinese hat snails . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "bostrycapulus odites", "paragraphs": ["odites is a greek noun meaning traveller . this name refers to the large geographical distribution this species has attained despite its direct development .\nrachel collin , alfonso a . ramos - espl\u00e1 and andr\u00e9s izquierdo identification of the south atlantic spiny slipper limpet bostrycapulus odites collin , 2005 ( caenogastropoda : calyptraeidae ) on the spanish mediterranean coast ( pp 197 - 200 )\nradula of bostrycapulus aculeatus collected from mote , florida . scale bar = 100 \u00b5m .\nthere are currently eight recognized species in bostrycapulus ( see table 4 for summary ) .\nsummary of bostrycapulus species . diagnostic features are highlighted in bold text . abbreviations : ss , spiral sculpture\nbostrycapulus aculeatus \u2013 olsson & harbison , 1953 : 280 . simone , 2002 [ in part ] : 18 .\nthe shells of the holotypes of the four new species . a , bostrycapulus latebrus ( fmnh 282358 ) . b , b . odites ( natal museum v9447 / t1783 ) . c , b . pritzkeri ( australian museum \u266fc400000 ) . d , b . urraca ( ansp 412178 ) . scale bar = 10 mm .\nbostrycapulus aculeatus \u2212 olsson & harbison , 1953 [ in part ] : 280 . simone , 2002 [ in part ] : 18 .\nbostrycapulus aculeatus \u2013 olsson & harbison , 1953 [ in part ] : 280 . simone , 2002 [ in part ] : 18 .\nthe following eight species are recognized here as members of bostrycapulus : b . aculeatus ( gmelin , 1791 ) , b . gravispinosus ( kuroda & habe , 1950 ) , b . calyptraeformis ( deshayes , 1830 ) , b . cf . tegulicius , b . pritzkeri sp . nov . , b . odites sp . nov . , b . latebrus sp . nov . and b . urraca sp . nov .\nb . odites differs from the other species in the b . aculeatus species complex in exhibiting direct development from small eggs which consume nurse eggs . the protoconch is unsculptured and retains irregular growth lines ( figs 5f , 4i ) . adult morphological characters are as described above for b . aculeatus . diagnostic dna sequence differences distinguishing b . odites from all other bostrycapulus species are in the following positions in the coi sequences submitted to genbank ( position 1 = position 1537 of the d . yakuba mitochondrial genome , genbank # x03240 ) : 24 ( c ) , 36 ( g ) , 141 ( c ) , 220 ( t ) , 234 ( c ) , 279 ( g ) , 354 ( t ) , 438 ( c ) , 486 ( a ) , 552 ( t ) .\nphotographs of ( a ) bostrycapulus calyptraeformis from venado beach in panama and ( b ) b . odites sp . nov . from the subtidal of playa orengo ( the three shells on the right ) and the intertidal zone of nearby san antonio oeste ( the shell on the left ) , argentina . both plates show the variation in shell colour and spine development found in samples collected from the same site . samples from within a site do not differ in more than three or four base pairs in coi sequences . scale bars = 10 mm .\nunrooted haplotype network of coi sequences from bostrycapulus calyptraeformis . slashes on branches show the number of differences between the haplotypes . branches without slashes have a length of one . size of the circles represent the number of individuals with that haplotype .\nthe bayesian best estimate topology of the phylogeny of bostrycapulus based on 16s . numbers above the branches represent bootstrap percentages and those below the branches are bayesian support . branches are labelled with the collecting locality and the individual code . * = type individual .\nthe bayesian best estimate topology of the phylogeny of bostrycapulus based on coi . numbers above the branches represent bootstrap percentages and those below the branches are bayesian support . branches are labelled with the collecting locality and the individual code . * = type individual .\nprotoconchs . a , bostrycapulus pritzkeri sp . nov . from sydney . b , b . calyptraeformis from the perlas islands , panama . c , b . cf . tegulicia from cape verde . d , b . gravispinosus from minabe , wakayama prefecture , japan . e , b . calyptraeformis from paita , peru . f , b . odities sp . nov . from playa orengo , argentina . g , b . urraca sp . nov . from isla parida , panama . h , b . aculeatus from lido key , florida . i , b . odites sp . nov . from s\u00e3o paulo , brazil . all are to the same scale . scale bar = 500 \u00b5m .\nthe species name latebrus is latin , meaning \u2018hidden\u2019 or \u2018obscure\u2019 , referring to both the difficulty of distinguishing this from the other species of bostrycapulus and also to the fact that shells are often so encrusted with epibionts that they are effectively hidden in the field .\nthe type locality , \u2018islands of the americas\u2019 is somewhat vague but most likely refers to a locality in the northern caribbean . it is possible that bostrycapulus from the southern caribbean is a distinct species from the species described here as b . aculeatus ( gmelin , 1791 ) . i have been unable to find bostrycapulus in the caribbean surrounding panama , cayman islands , or trinidad , despite finding ostensibly appropriate habitat . if an additional caribbean species is discovered , nomenclatural stability would benefit from the description of the southern species as new .\ncollin r . 2005 . development , phylogeny , and taxonomy of < i > bostrycapulus < / i > ( caenogastropoda : calyptraeidae ) , an ancient cryptic radiation . < i > zoological journal of the linnean society < / i > 144 ( 1 ) : 75 - 101\ncollin r . 2005 . development , phylogeny , and taxonomy of bostrycapulus ( caenogastropoda : calyptraeidae ) , an ancient cryptic radiation . zoological journal of the linnean society 144 ( 1 ) : 75 - 101 , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 75 - 101 [ details ]\nillustrations of anatomy of bostrycapulus , drawn from observations of several animals of b . odites sp . nov . from argentina . there are no differences among species in the characters depicted here . a , dorsal view of the animal subsequent to removal from the shell . b , dorsal view of the animal with the mantle reflected . c , osphradium . d , penis . abbreviations : cg , capsule gland ; ct , ctenidia ; dg , digestive gland ; e , oesophagus ; f , foot ; fp , food pouch ; g , seminal groove ; gd , gonad ; hg , hypobranchial gland ; i , intestine ; k , kidney ; nr , nerve ring ; os , osphradium ; sg , salivary gland ; sm , shell muscle ; ss , style sac ; st , stomach ; v , ventricle .\nthe transparent , thin - walled egg capsules of bostrycapulus species are typical of all calyptraeids . the stalks are wide , flattened ribbons and not thread - like as in some species . the female broods the capsules between the neck and substrate and propodium until hatching . differences in development are diagnostic among species .\nb . urraca can be distinguished from other species of bostrycapulus by a combination of the following . it has a large globose protoconch and direct development that retains most of the larval features . diagnostic dna sequence differences distinguishing b . urraca from all other bostrycapulus species are in the following positions in the coi sequences submitted to genbank ( position 1 = position 1537 of the d . yakuba mitochondrial genome , genbank # x03240 ) : 261 ( t ) , 285 ( g ) , 309 ( g ) , 375 ( t ) , 474 ( c ) , 495 ( a ) , 588 ( t ) .\na , 2 - week - old larva of bostrycapulus calyptraeformis showing the velar pigment , shell sculpture ( on the top of the shell ) and large foot . scale bar = 300 \u00b5m . b , intracapsular larva of b . aculeatus showing the well - developed velum with pigment spots and body pigmentation . scale bar = 200 \u00b5m .\nthis species can be distinguished from other bostrycapulus species by features of development and mitochondrial dna sequences . development is direct from large , 380 mm eggs . embryos develop characteristic larval features but reabsorb them prior to hatching . the globose protoconch is 900 \u03bcmm in diameter and has less than a single whorl . diagnostic dna sequence differences , distinguishing b . aculeatus from all other bostrycapulus species are in the following positions in the coi sequences submitted to genbank ( position 1 = position 1537 of the drosophila yakuba mitochondrial genome , genbank # x03240 ) : 28 ( c ) , 33 ( g ) , 186 ( g ) , 282 ( t ) , 468 ( g ) , 511 ( c ) .\nb . pritzkeri can be distinguished from the other species in bostrycapulus by its large , globose protoconch , and direct development from large eggs that produce embryos lacking the larval features present in other direct developing species of bostry - capulus . diagnostic dna sequence differences distinguishing b . pritzkeri from all other bostrycapulus species are in the following positions in the coi sequences submitted to genbank ( position 1 = position 1537 of the d . yakuba mitochondrial geneome , genbank # x03240 ) : 183 ( c ) , 256 ( c ) , 315 ( c ) , 360 ( c ) , 395 ( c ) , 417 ( g ) , 444 ( g ) , 471 ( g ) , 477 ( c ) .\nembryos of bostrycapulus urraca sp . nov . a , early postgastrula stage where the embryo is covered with a thin ciliated epithelium . b , mid - veliger stage , showing the granulated shell sculpture , the operculum behind the well - developed foot , the single embryonic kidneys and the reduced velum . c , hatching stage , showing the well - developed shell sculpture . scale bar = 150 \u00b5m .\nb . latebrus can be distinguished from other species of bostrycapulus by dna sequence data and by its direct development from large eggs with embryos that retain larval features ( unlike b . pritzkeri ) . the shell morphology and anatomy of b . latebrus do not differ from that described above for b . aculeatus . diagnostic dna sequence differences distinguishing b . latebrus from all other bostrycapulus species are in the following positions in the coi sequences submitted to genbank ( position 1 = position 1537 of the d . yakuba mitochondrial genome , genbank # x03240 ) : 3 ( g ) , 108 ( c ) , 144 ( g ) , 192 ( g ) , 243 ( a ) , 270 ( c ) , 306 ( g ) , 327 ( g ) , 423 ( c ) , 522 ( t ) .\nthree different modes of development are observed in the bostrycapulus species examined here : ( 1 ) planktotrophic larvae ; ( 2 ) direct development with large eggs , and ( 3 ) direct development from small eggs with nurse eggs ( table 4 ) . these differences in modes of development and smaller differences in the details of development correspond to the same eight clades identified by the dna sequence analysis and protoconch morphology .\nthe shell morphology and anatomy of b . calyptraeformis do not differ from those of b . aculeatus as described above . b . calytraeformis can be distinguished from the other species of bostrycapulus by the presence of planktotrophic development and a smooth protoconch with . 5 whorls ( fig . 5 ) . diagnostic dna sequence differences distinguishing b . calyptraeformis from all other bostrycapulus species are in the following positions in the coi sequences submitted to genbank ( position 1 = position 1537 of the d . yakuba mitochondrial genome , genbank # x03240 ) : 39 ( g ) , 42 ( c ) , 57 ( g ) , 69 ( a ) , 75 ( c ) , 171 ( c ) , 259 ( t ) , 282 ( g ) , 321 ( a ) , 354 ( g ) , 387 ( c ) , 402 ( c ) , 441 ( c ) , 462 ( g ) , 486 ( c ) , 582 ( c ) .\nembryos of bostrycapulus pritzkeri sp . nov . note the distinctive granular shell sculpture and the absence of a distinct velum at all stages . a , excapsulated early stage embryos at the beginning of shell formation . scale bar = 150 \u00b5m . b , excapsulated embryos with well - developed shells showing granular shell sculpture and the small ridge of the velum at the base of the tentacle . scale bar = 250 \u00b5m . c , encapsulated embryos near hatching with fully developed shell and body pigmentation . scale bar = 250 \u00b5m .\nphylogenetic analyses were conducted using paup * v . 4b02 ( swofford , 1998 ) . an equal - weighted , unrooted , parsimony analysis was performed with gaps coded as a fifth character , using a heuristic search with tbr branch swapping and 1000 random additions . bootstrap support for each clade was assessed based on 1000 bootstrap replicates with tbr branch swapping and ten random additions . i included crepipatella lingulata , c . capensis , and crucibulum auriculum , three close outgroups of bostrycapulus ( see collin , 2003b ) , and used them to root the analysis . genetic distances were calculated using kimura 2 - parameter distances .\nb . cf . tegulicius can be distinguished from other species in the b . aculeatus species complex by the large globose protoconch and distinct coi sequence . material with other potentially diagnostic features is not currently available . diagnostic dna sequence differences are difficult to determine , but the single available sequence distinguishing b . cf . tegulicius from all other bostrycapulus species is in the following positions in the coi sequences submitted to genbank ( position 1 = position 1537 of the d . yakuba mito hondrial genome , genbank # x03240 ) : 178 ( a ) , 268 ( t ) , 282 ( c ) , 339 ( g ) , 492 ( a ) , 583 ( a ) .\ndiscover a faster , simpler path to publishing in a high - quality journal . plos one promises fair , rigorous peer review , broad scope , and wide readership \u2013 a perfect fit for your research every time .\nthe evolution of gastropod body size in the deep sea is reexamined . using an extended and updated data set , and improved statistical methods , it is shown that some results of the previous study may have been artifactual , but that its central conclusion is robust . it is further shown that the effect is not restricted to a single gastropod clade , that its strength increases markedly with depth , but that it applies even in the mesopelagic zone .\nthe replication of the island rule in a distant taxonomic group and a partially analogous ecological situation could help to uncover the causes of the patterns observed\u2014which are currently much disputed . the gastropod pattern is evident at intermediate depths , and so cannot be attributed to the unique features of abyssal ecology .\ncitation : welch jj ( 2010 ) the \u201cisland rule\u201d and deep - sea gastropods : re - examining the evidence . plos one 5 ( 1 ) : e8776 . urltoken\ncopyright : \u00a9 2010 john j . welch . this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .\nfunding : some preliminary work undertaken when jw was funded by bbsrc grant do17750 awarded to andrew rambaut . the funders had no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .\nhere , i re - examine whether deep - sea gastropods manifest the island rule , making use of the improved statistical methods , and data collated from the recently updated malacolog database [ 24 ] , which has been both expanded , and revised to reflect advances in gastropod systematics [ 25 ] . it is found that the central conclusion of mcclain et al . [ 12 ] is robust , and that gastropod colonists of the deep - sea benthos do indeed exhibit island - rule - like evolution .\npart a shows how different tests of the \u2018island rule\u2019 can give qualitatively different results . \u201cdeep - sea\u201d species were defined as those with a depth range midpoint > 200m , and all other species defined as \u201cshallow - water\u201d . the ordinary - least - squares regression ( dashed line ) differs significantly from the 1\u22361 line of the null ( dotted line ) , but the standardized - major - axis regression ( solid line ) shows no significant departure . part b shows a less ambiguous case : \u201cdeep - sea\u201d species are those never observed above 400m , and \u201cshallow - water\u201d species those never observed below 200m ; body sizes are within - genus means , taking equal numbers of deep - and shallow - water species in each genus .\nthe body sizes of deep - sea gastropods are plotted against those of their shallow - water congeners . \u201cshallow - water\u201d species were never observed below 200m , and \u201cdeep - sea\u201d species never observed above depths of a : 200m , b : 400m and c : 600m . separate standardized - major - axis regression lines are shown for the neogastropoda ( black points ) and all other groups ( grey points ) . the dotted line is the 1\u22361 expected under the null . genera with fewer than two deep and two shallow species were excluded .\nsimilarly , predator release is a particularly plausible explanation of the vertebrate island rule [ 1 ] , [ 4 ] , [ 6 ] , [ 11 ] ; this is partly because it can naturally account for both dwarfism and gigantism ( by assuming that large and small body sizes evolve as alternative strategies for predator avoidance ) , and partly because predator release is so clearly implicated in other unusual characteristics of island endemics ( such as tameness ) [ 37 ] , [ 38 ] . but there is little evidence that reduced predation characterises the deep - sea [ 12 ] , [ 14 ] , and indeed there is direct evidence of substantial predation acting on deep - sea gastropods [ 12 ] , [ 39 ] \u2013 [ 41 ] . the gastropod results therefore argue against the predator release hypothesis as a general explanation of the island rule [ 12 ] .\nwe are therefore still far from understanding the causes of the patterns observed \u2013 and particularly the roles of inter - and intra - specific competition [ 3 ] , [ 4 ] , [ 11 ] , [ 12 ] . a detailed clarification of where the pattern does and does not hold will be an important step toward achieving this goal [ 4 ] , [ 12 ] , [ 19 ] , [ 20 ] .\nmany thanks are due to andrew rambaut for providing a script to mine the malacolog database . many thanks also to lucy weinert , nicolas bierne , gary rosenberg , shai meiri . simon joly and an anonymous reviewer , who all greatly improved the manuscript with their comments and advice .\nconceived and designed the experiments : jw . performed the experiments : jw . analyzed the data : jw . wrote the paper : jw .\nfoster jb ( 1964 ) evolution of mammals on islands . nature 202 : 234\u2013235 .\nvan valen l ( 1973 ) pattern and balance in nature . evolutionary theory 1 : 31\u201349 .\nlomolino mv ( 1985 ) body size of mammals on islands : the island rule re - examined . am nat 125 : 310\u2013316 .\nlomolino mv ( 2005 ) body size evolution in insular vertebrates : generality of the island rule . j biogeog 32 : 1683\u20131699 .\nmacarthur rh , wilson eo ( 1963 ) an equilibrium theory of insular zoogeography . evolution 17 : 373\u2013387 . ( doi :\nroth vl ( 1992 ) inferences from allometry and fossils : dwarfing of elephants on islands . oxford survey of evolutionary biology 8 : 259\u2013288 .\nsmith fa ( 1992 ) evolution of body size among woodrats from baja california , mexico . funct ecol 6 : 265\u2013273 . ( doi :\nmarquet pa , taper ml ( 1998 ) on size and area : patterns of mammalian body size extremes across landmasses . evol ecol 12 : 127\u2013139 .\nclegg sm , owens ipf ( 2002 ) the \u2018island rule\u2019 in birds : medium body size and its ecological explanation . proc r soc b 269 : 1359\u20131365 .\npalkovacs ep ( 2003 ) explaining adaptive shifts in body size on islands : a life history approach . oikos 103 : 37\u201344 . ( doi :\nmcclain cr , boyer ag , rosenberg g ( 2006 ) the island rule and the evolution of body size in the deep sea . j biogeog 33 : 1578\u20131584 .\nrosenberg g ( 1993 ) a database approach to studies of molluscan taxonomy , biogeography and diversity , with examples from western atlantic marine gastropods . american malacological bulletin 10 : 257\u2013266 .\ndayton pk , hessler rr ( 1972 ) the role of biological disturbance in maintaining diversity in the deep sea . deep\u2013sea research 19 : 199\u2013208 .\ngage jd , tyler pa ( 1991 ) deep\u2013sea biology : a natural history of organisms at the deep\u2013sea floor . cambridge , uk : cambridge university press . 524 p .\nrex ma , etter rj , morris js , crouse j , mcclain cr , et al . ( 2006 ) global bathymetric patterns of standing stock and body size in the deep\u2013sea benthos . mar ecol prog ser 317 : 1\u20138 .\nmeiri s ( 2007 ) size evolution in island lizards . global ecol biogeogr 16 : 702\u2013708 .\nmeiri s , dayan t , simberloff d ( 2005 ) area , isolation and body size evolution in insular carnivores . ecol lett 8 : 1211\u20131217 .\nmeiri s , cooper n , purvis a ( 2008 ) the island rule : made to be broken ? proc r soc b 275 : 141\u2013148 . ( doi :\nwelch jj ( 2009 ) testing the island rule : primates as a case study . proc r soc b 276 : 675\u2013682 .\nprice td , phillimore ab ( 2007 ) reduced major axis regression and the island rule . j biogeog 34 : 1998\u20131999 .\nmartin rd , barbour ad ( 1989 ) aspects of line\u2013fitting in bivariate allometric analyses . folia primatologica 53 : 65\u201381 .\nwarton di , wright ij , falster ds , westoby m ( 2006 ) bivariate line\u2013fitting methods for allometry . biological reviews 81 : 259\u2013291 .\nrosenberg g ( 2009 ) malacolog 4 . 1 . 1 : a database of western atlantic marine mollusca . available :\nbouchet p , rocroi j\u2013p ( 2005 ) classification and nomenclator of gastropod families . malacologia 47 : 1\u2013397 .\nsmith cr , de leo fc , bernardino af , sweetman ak , martinez arbizu p ( 2008 ) abyssal food limitation , ecosystem structure and climate change . trends ecol evol 23 : 518\u2013528 .\nsokal rr , rohlf fj ( 1995 ) biometry : the principles and practice of statistics in biological research . 3rd edition . new york : w . h . freeman and co .\nr development core team ( 2006 ) r : a language and environment for statistical computing . vienna : r foundation for statistical computing . available :\nguo h , weiss re , gu x , suchard ma ( 2007 ) time squared : repeated measures on phylogenies . mol biol evol 24 : 353\u2013362 .\ngage jd , bett bj ( 2005 ) deep\u2013sea benthic sampling . in : eleftheriou a , mcintyre a , editors . methods for the study of marine benthos : third edition . oxford : blackwell science ltd . pp . 273\u2013325 .\n( mollusca : caenogastropoda ) from the southwestern caribbean . zootaxa 49 : 1\u20137 .\nmcclain cr , rex ma , jabbour r ( 2005 ) deconstructing bathymetric body size patterns in deep\u2013sea gastropods . mar ecol prog ser 297 : 181\u2013187 .\nschmidt nm , jensen pm ( 2003 ) changes in mammalian body length over 175 years - adaptations to a fragmented landscape ? conservation ecology 7 : 6 .\nreyment ra ( 1983 ) palaeontological aspects of island biogeography : colonization and evolution of mammals on mediterranean islands . oikos 41 : 299\u2013306 .\nlomolino mv ( 1984 ) immigrant selection , predatory exclusion and the distributions of microtus pennsylvanicus and blarina brevicadua on islands . am nat 123 : 468\u2013483 .\nmcnab bk ( 2002 ) minimizing energy expenditure facilitates vertebrate persistence on oceanic islands . ecol lett 5 : 693\u2013704 .\nduncan rp , blackburn tm ( 2004 ) extinction and endemism in the new zealand avifauna . global ecol biogeogr 13 : 509\u2013517 .\nvale fk , rex ma ( 1988 ) repaired shell damage in deep - sea prosobranch gastropods from the western north atlantic . malacologia 28 : 65\u201379 .\nvale fk , rex ma ( 1989 ) repaired shell damage in a complex of rissoid gastropods from the upper continental slope south of new england . nautilus 103 : 105\u2013108 .\nwalker se , voight jr ( 1994 ) palecological and taphonomic potential of deep - sea gastropods . palaios 9 : 48\u201359 .\nmccollom tm ( 1999 ) geochemical constraints on primary productivity in submarine hydrothermal vent plumes . deep sea research i : oceanographic research papers 47 : 85\u2013101 .\nwassersug rj , yang h , sepkoski jj jr , raup dm ( 1979 ) the evolution of body size on islands : a computer simulation . am nat 114 : 287\u2013295 .\nwilliams gc . natural selection : domains , levels and challenges . oxford : oxford university press . .\nraia p , meiri s ( 2006 ) the island rule in large mammals : paleontology meets ecology . evolution 60 : 1731\u20131742 . ( doi :\ndo these subject areas make sense for this article ? click the target next to the incorrect subject area and let us know . thanks for your help !\ncrepidula aculeata ( gmelin , 1791 ) sensu zenetos et al . 2004 ( misidentification )\ntype locality wooleys pool , muizenburg , cape province , south africa . [ details ]\nzenetos , a . ; gofas , s . ; verlaque , m . ; cinar , m . ; garcia raso , j . ; bianchi , c . ; morri , c . ; azzurro , e . ; bilecenoglu , m . ; froglia , c . ; siokou , i . ; violanti , d . ; sfriso , a . ; san martin , g . ; giangrande , a . ; katagan , t . ; ballesteros , e . ; ramos - espla , a . ; mastrototaro , f . ; ocana , o . ; zingone , a . ; gambi , m . ; streftaris , n . ( 2010 ) . alien species in the mediterranean sea by 2010 . a contribution to the application of european union\u2019s marine strategy framework directive ( msfd ) . part i . spatial distribution . mediterranean marine science . 11 ( 2 ) : 381 - 493 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of crepidula aculeata ( gmelin , 1791 ) sensu zenetos et al . 2004 ) zenetos , a . ; gofas , s . ; russo , g . ; templado , j . ( 2004 ) . ciesm atlas of exotic species in the mediterranean . monaco , ciesm publishers . vol . 3 molluscs . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 98 - 99 [ details ]\nkatsanevakis , s . ; bogucarskis , k . ; gatto , f . ; vandekerkhove , j . ; deriu , i . ; cardoso a . s . ( 2012 ) . building the european alien species information network ( easin ) : a novel approach for the exploration of distributed alien species data . bioinvasions records . 1 : 235 - 245 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nto barcode of life ( from synonym crepidula aculeata ( gmelin , 1791 ) sensu zenetos et al . 2004 ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 1 publication ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 198 publications ) ( from synonym crepidula aculeata ( gmelin , 1791 ) sensu zenetos et al . 2004 ) to clemam to encyclopedia of life to genbank ( 15 nucleotides ; 8 proteins ) to pesi\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\njavascript is disabled for your browser . some features of this site may not work without it .\nstri staff publications [ 3666 ] a collection of scientific publications by stri staff .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nversion 43 . 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed . my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nzenetos , a . ; gofas , s . ; verlaque , m . ; cinar , m . ; garcia raso , j . ; bianchi , c . ; morri , c . ; azzurro , e . ; bilecenoglu , m . ; froglia , c . ; siokou , i . ; violanti , d . ; sfriso , a . ; san martin , g . ; giangrande , a . ; katagan , t . ; ballesteros , e . ; ramos - espla , a . ; mastrototaro , f . ; ocana , o . ; zingone , a . ; gambi , m . ; streftaris , n . ( 2010 ) . alien species in the mediterranean sea by 2010 . a contribution to the application of european union\u2019s marine strategy framework directive ( msfd ) . part i . spatial distribution . < em > mediterranean marine science . < / em > 11 ( 2 ) : 381 - 493 . 10 . 12681 / mms . 87\nshells for sale , shells online \u00ab shells for sale , conchology , inc .\nthe star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :\nwe want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only , as we handle very few foreign shells in general . as time goes , the system will become more and more performant .\nenter your email address and we will send you an email with your username and password .\ne - mail jecilia sisican if you do not receive your email with your username and password .\nclick on an image to view all the information : family , species , author , date , and full locality .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 0 . 329 seconds . )\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience on our website . by continuing to use our website , you are agreeing to our use of cookies . you can change your cookie settings at any time .\nsummary of live - collected material used for observations of development and anatomy and for dna sequencing . abbreviations : bmsm , bailey - matthews shell museum ; klkc , k . l . kaiser collection\nisla parida , gulf of chiriqui , panama , 8\u00b05 . 458\u2032n , 82\u00b018 . 671\u2032w [ > 50 animals ] t\nthe morphology and anatomy of ethanol - or formalin - preserved individuals were examined under a wild m4 dissecting microscope . the anatomy of five to ten animals was examined from most localities . prior to mounting for scanning electron microscopy , protoconchs and radulae were cleaned briefly in dilute bleach and rinsed in distilled water . all specimens were gold - coated and viewed with an almary scanning electron microscope . two to five radulae from each locality were prepared for sem . to estimate within - individual variation , the number of denticles on each tooth were counted for ten rows of unworn teeth per individual .\ndevelopmental stages were observed live and measured with dissecting and compound microscopes . broods from more than 30 animals were observed from argentina and panama and five to ten broods were observed for populations from florida , peru , south africa , sydney and mexico . developmental stages were not available for animals from japan , brazil , or cape verde . larvae of the single species with planktonic development were raised according to the methods of collin ( 2000b ) .\nthe animals examined during this study can be attributed to eight species on the basis of protoconch morphology , developmental biology , embryology , and dna sequence data .\nphylogenetic analysis of coi and 16s dna sequence data shows little sequence variation within each locality ( about 0 . 5\u20131 % in coi ) . there are eight distinct clades ( species ) that differ from each other by 6\u201321 % in coi sequences and by at least 2 % in 16s sequences ( fig . 3 ; table 2 ) . these groups are supported as monophyletic with bootstrap and bayesian support above 98 and 100 , respectively ( fig . 2 ) . sequence divergences of such magnitude commonly occur between morphologically well - differentiated species of calyptraeids ( collin , 2003a , b ) .\npairwise kimura 2 - parameter genetic distances between individuals from each locality . bold values indicate intraspecific comparisons . abbreviations : arg , argentina ; bah , bahamas ; bp , bay of panama ; ct , cape town ; cv , cape verde ; es , el salvador ; gc , gulf of chiriqui\nfour of these clades include samples for several locations . one clade is composed of sequences from individuals collected from the south atlantic ( brazil , argentina , and south africa ) ; it shows 0 . 8\u20131 . 2 % coi divergence between localities . another clade includes samples from the bay of panama , hawaii , and guam which are identical to each other and also includes the closely related ( 4 % divergent ) material from peru ( figs 2 , 4 ; table 2 ) . the third contains samples from both coasts of florida and the bahamas . the fourth includes material from the pacific coast of el salvador and the western half of panama . animals from this clade occur in sympatry with the panama - hawaii clade in the perlas archipelago and the azuero peninsula , panama . samples from the remaining localities form their own individual clades .\nthe clade in the equatorial pacific shows genetic differentiation between peru and panama , but not over the thousands of kilometres between hawaii , guam and panama ( figs 2 , 4 ) . the bayesian estimate of coi phylogeny ( fig . 2 ) shows the clade from peru nested within the panama haplotypes , while the estimate based on 16s shows the clades as sisters , suggesting that the root of the peru clade has been misplaced in the phylogeny . the unrooted haplotype network ( fig . 4 ) shows that the two clades are reciprocally monophyletic and that the hawaiian and guam haplotypes nest firmly within the panamanian clade .\n\u2018shell widely slipper - shaped , with a strongly eccentric apex , closely appressed and spirally coiled towards the left side ( viewed dorsally ) . surface with strong , radial riblets or threads , the primary ones often becoming scabrous or spiniform . diaphragm as in crepidula s . s . , its edge nearly straight , the muscle scar below small but distinct\u2019 .\nthe size of the protoconch varies between species depending on the mode of development but is less than two whorls and is often eroded in adult specimens . hatchlings and embryos show a linear pattern of fine , widely spaced granules on the protoconch . protoconch characters can be used to diagnose several species .\nthe head , neck , foot and mantle are cream , but there is a matt black marbled area along the edge of the foot . large yellow or orange splotches are scattered along the neck lappets and concentrated on the lips and tentacles . black pigment also occurs on the dorsal side of the head and neck . the intensity of all pigmentation varies , with some animals showing almost no black pigment . the black pigment is retained in preserved or fixed material , although the yellow and orange markings are lost . there are no diagnostic differences in pigmentation among the species described here .\nwhen removed from the shell the distal third of the viscera curves to the animal ' s right . the tapered mantle cavity and gills extend about two thirds of the way to the tip of the viscera on the dorsal left side . the crescent - shaped shell muscle extends dorsally from the foot to the shell roof on the right side . a small , dorsal attachment muscle runs from within the dorsal mantle tissue above the intestine to the medial shell roof just anterior to the shelf .\nthe stomach is visible dorsally to the right of the posterior end of the mantle cavity . the oesophagus runs ventrally in the viscera and enters the stomach posteroventrally . the short style sac runs laterally from the stomach to the left margin of the visceral mass in the dorsal viscera posterior to the mantle cavity . the distal end of the style sac narrows to connect with the intestine , which runs directly to the right side in the ventral visceral mass . the distal loop of the intestine is visible in the dorsal wall of the mantle cavity . this arrangement of the digestive system with respect to the mantle cavity is distinct from the arrangement in crepidula , where the mantle cavity extends to the end of the visceral mass and the style sac is ventral to the mantle cavity . the brown digestive gland surrounds the stomach and extends to the end of the visceral mass . in fresh and ethanol - preserved material a network of thick white vessels running through the digestive gland is clearly visible . these vessels are not visible in formalin - fixed material .\nthe heart and kidney are similar to crepidula species . the heart and pericardial cavity are visible in the dorsal side of the viscera . the pericardial cavity is at an angle to the anterio - posterior axis and extends along the posterior margin of the mantle cavity . in crepidula species the pericardial cavity is orientated anterior - posteriorly . the hollow kidney is located in the roof of the mantle cavity anterior to the pericardial cavity and posterior to the distal loop of the intestine . the nephrostome opens into the mantle cavity midway between the pericardial cavity and the distal loop of the intestine .\nthe nerve ring is located at the posterior margin of the neck just anterior to the visceral mass and completely embedded in the salivary glands . the nerve ring is the same as in c . fornicata ( werner & grell , 1950 ) . a pair of buccal ganglia are located against the dorsal medial margin of the buccal mass .\ncrepidula aculeata \u2212 lamarck , 1822 : 25 . reeve , 1859 . , sowerby , 1883 [ in part ] : 67 , sp . 9 . , figs 124 , 125 ; sowerby , 1887 [ in part ] : 67 , figs 39 , 40 . parodiz , 1939 [ in part ] : 695 . hoagland , 1977 [ in part ] : 364 . collin , 2003a : 541\u2013593 . collin , 2003b : 618\u2013640 .\nc . intorta var . say , 1822 : 227 [ in part ] .\nc . costata morton , 1829 : 115 , pl . 7 , figs 2 , 3 . maryland tertiary [ non c . costata sowerby , 1824 nec c . costata deshayes , 1830 ] .\n\u2018 patella aculeata . shell oval , brown , with prickly striae : crown recurved . chemn . conch . 10 , tab . 168 , 624 , 1625 . da costa conch . tab . 6 , fig . 1 , elements t 2 , f 2 . favann . conch . 1 , tab . 4 , fig . 3 . walch . naturs . 10 tab . 1 , fig . 5 . 2 . inhabits american islands . resembles the last shell small , chestnut or white with longitudinal striae , lip white dividing the cavity into equal parts\u2019 .\ngmelin states the habitat of b . aculeatus to be \u2018islands of the americas\u2019 . this is most likely following \u2018westindischen\u2019 from chemnitz .\nthe known distribution of this species includes both coasts of florida , the florida keys , yucatan , the bahamas , and probably the northern caribbean sea . shells from as far north as north carolina also probably belong to this species , although this has not been verified by examination of development or dna sequence data . it is common on rocks and debris in the shallow subtidal zone , and can also be found on the carapaces of horseshoe crabs . ranges to a depth of at least 60 m .\nglobose , comprising a single whorl , c . 900 \u00b5m across . no sculpture is retained in material available from juvenile shells . the protoconch\u2013teleoconch boundary is not distinct ( fig . 5h ) .\nobservations of embryos are limited because virtually all egg capsules collected in lido key , florida in 1997 contained nothing but bacterially infected fluid . however , many of those collected in 2003 developed normally . animals are often solitary or form pairs ; they do not form large stacks . fossil shells with this morphology date from the miocene in florida ( hoagland , 1977 ) .\ncrepidula gravispinosa kuroda & habe , 1950 : 30 . collin , 2003a : 541\u2013593 . collin , 2003b : 618\u2013640 .\ncrepidula aculeata \u2013 taki , 1938 [ in part ] : 145 . parodiz , 1939 [ in part ] : 695 . hoagland , 1977 [ in part ] : 364 .\n\u2018 c . gravispinosa n . sp . for crepidula aculeata ( not gmelin ) , illust . encyclop . fauna japan , rev . edit . , p . 1140 , textfig . 239 1947 . \u2019 the figured referred to is the same as that in the 1927 edition of the illustrated encyclopedia of japanese fauna , but the text differs .\nmaterial illustrated in the illustrated encyclopedia of japanese fauna generally belonged to kuroda ' s personal collection , which is currently housed in nishinomiya . no shell matching the figure can be found in this collection ( p . callomon , pers . comm . ) , although it does contain two shells of b . gravispinosus collected from akune in 1949 ( p . callomon , pers . comm . ) . it is also possible that the figured shell was from shintaro hirase ' s collection , or that of his father , in which case it was either taken to tokyo university or may have remained in the main hirase collection which is now in the kyoto university museum ( p . callomon , pers . comm . ) . much of the former collection was destroyed during world war ii and the figured shell cannot be found there ( r . ueshima , pers . comm . ) . it is therefore likely that the type material figured in the encyclopedia is lost .\njapan . south of boso peninsula and west of noto peninsula to the amami islands ( taki , 1938 ) .\ncalyptraea echinus broderip , 1834 : 39 . broderip , 1835 : 203 , pl . 29 , fig . 1 . isla lobos , peru . 3 syntypes bmnh 1975113 . hoagland , 1986 : 173\u2013183 .\ncalyptraea hystrix broderip , 1834 : 39 . broderip , 1835 : 203 , pl . 29 , fig . 2 . , isla lobos peru . 3 syntypes bmnh 1966629 .\ncrepidula aculeata \u2013 parodiz , 1939 [ in part ] : 695 . hoagland , 1977 [ in part ] : 364 .\n\u2018c . test\u00e2 ovato - rotundat\u00e2 , gibbos\u00e2 , rufescente , longitudinaliter striat\u00e2 ; strius rugosis , ad marginem evanescentibus ; apice obliquo , spirato\u2019 .\ntwo syntypes in the paris museum ( hoagland , 1983 ; p . bouchet 2001 pers . comm . ) . one is figured in hoagland ( 1983 ) .\nperu ( ? ) . deshayes ( 1830 ) supposed that the types came from peru because they were bought with shells of other peruvian species .\nnorthern peru to the pacific coast of eastern panama and the perlas islands but not extending into the gulf of chiriqui . this species also occurs in hawaii where it is probably introduced and it may have been recently introduced into guam . this species can reach densities of greater than 1000 individuals per square meter in the intertidal zone of panama ( unpubl . data ) and occurs to depths of at least 50 m .\ncrepidula aculeata \u2212 hoagland , 1977 [ in part ] : 364 . hoagland , 1983 [ in part ] .\n\u2018testa subovata , crassiuscula , irregulari , oblique curvata , extus albida , concentrice striata , et squamis minutis teguliformibus , subdistantibus orniata ; intus nitide castaneo violacea ; lamella opalina , ad medio et ad latus subemarginata . long 0 . 019 , lat 0 . 014\u2019 .\ntwo syntypes of b . tegulicius are in the paris museum ( hoagland , 1983 ; p . bouchet 2001 pers . comm . ) . one is figured in hoagland ( 1983 ) .\ncape verde islands . the extent of the distribution along the west coast of africa is unknown .\nb . tegulicius was originally described from senegal . as diagnostic material from this country is not currently available , the identity of the cape verdian material described here cannot be unambiguously assigned to a new species . it is quite possible that they are different species , since the cape verdian animals have direct development ( and therefore , presumably limited dispersal ) and many cape verdian species are endemic to these islands . if animals from senegal and cape verde are demonstrated to belong to different species , the name b . tegulicius should be applied to material from mainland africa while the species from cape verde should be given a new name .\naustralian museum \u266fc400000 , shell and ethanol - preserved soft parts . shell illustrated in figure 11 ; length = 14 . 8 mm ; width = 11 . 8 mm ; height = 4 . 1 mm . frozen tissue of this specimen : fmnh 282361 .\nedwards reef , sydney , australia . 33\u00b051\u2032s , 151\u00b013\u2032e . low intertidal zone on rocks .\nsouth - eastern australia . the australian national museum contains shells with this morphology from the coast of new south wales and queensland , but the species identity of the latter material needs to be verified with additional observations of live material and genetic data .\nthe name pritzkeri is in honour of r . pritzker , president of the pritzker foundation . the foundation ' s support of the pritzker laboratory of molecular systematics and evolution at the field museum made this work possible .\nnatal museum v9447 / t1783 , shell and ethanol - preserved soft parts . shell illustrated in figure 11 ; length 19 . 3 mm , width 15 . 6 mm , height 7 . 2 mm . frozen tissue of this specimen : fmnh 282360 .\nwooleys pool , muizenburg , cape province , south africa . low intertidal zone in rock crevices , co - occurring with crepipatella capensis .\nthe atlantic coast of south america , from s\u00e3o paulo , brazil to puerto madryn , argentina , as well as the south coast of south africa from cape town to port elizabeth and north to northern natal ( natal museum ) . material examined here was collected from rocks intertidally in south africa and brazil , and intertidally from rocks and subtidally from the shells of pen - shells and oysters in argentina . this species occurs to depths of at least 40 m .\nshell morphology and anatomy are the same as b . aculeatus , with the exception of the protoconch . the 1 mm diameter protoconch is smooth with irregular growth lines towards the aperture ( figs 5f , 4i ) . the indistinct protoconch\u2013teleoconch boundary occurs after slightly more than a single whorl is completed .\nfmnh 282358 , shell and ethanol - preserved soft parts . shell illustrated in figure 11 ; length = 15 . 0 mm , width = 11 . 9 mm , height = 4 . 1 mm . frozen tissue is also deposited at the fmnh under the same lot number .\njust north of la paz , baja california sur , mexico , along the coast of ensenada la paz near el comit\u00e1n . collected from rocks in the low intertidal zone .\nmaterial whose identity can be verified as b . latebrus has only been collected near la paz , mexico . shells that may be from this species occur commonly along the pacific coast of baja california and have been reported from as far north as southern california . however , observations of development and dna data are necessary before their identity can be verified .\nc . californica tryon , 1886 is a nomen nudum . however , it may possibly have been applied to this species in the previous literature . fossil shells with similar morphology occur in the pliocene and pleistocene of california , usa and baja california , mexico .\nisla parida , gulf of chiriqui , panama . 8\u00b05 . 458\u2032n , 82\u00b018 . 671\u2032w\nmaterial whose identity has be verified as b . urraca has been collected in panama from the gulf of chiriqui , isla coiba , the azuero peninsula , and the perlas archipelago . in el salvador it has been collected from the gulf of fonseca . this species occurs from the intertidal zone to at least 50 m and can occur in densities up to several hundred per square meter in the intertidal zone .\nthe species name urraca is a noun in apposition . the name honours the r / v urraca , the smithsonian tropical research institute ' s research vessel , which was used to collect samples of this species . urraca was the name of a guaymi chief who fought bravely against the spanish in panama .\ncharacters of new genera and species of mollusca and conchifera , collected by mr . cuming . descriptions of new species of calyptraeidae\nthe evolutionary enigma of bonefishes ( albula spp . ) : cryptic species an ancient separation in a globally distributed shorefish\nsex change , reproduction and development of crepidula adunca and c . lingulata ( gastropoda : calyptraeidae )\nanother last word on crepidula convexa and a description of c . ustulatulina sp . nov . ( gastropoda : calyptraeidae ) from the gulf of mexico\n, museum demidoff , ou catalogue des curiosit\u00e9s de la nature et de l ' art donn\u00e9es a l ' universit\u00e9 imperiale de moscou par m . de demidoff , 3 ,\nespecies gemelas del g\u00e9nero crepidula en la costa de chile ; una redescripci\u00f3n de c . dilatata lamarck y descripci\u00f3n de c . fecunda n . sp\ndept . biology , university of rochester and dept . biology , university of uppsala\nstandards in herpetology and ichthyology : part i . standard symbolic codes for institutional resource collections in herpetology and ichthyology\nthe shell collection of j . h . chemnitz in the zoological institute , st . petersburg\noxford university press is a department of the university of oxford . it furthers the university ' s objective of excellence in research , scholarship , and education by publishing worldwide\nfor full access to this pdf , sign in to an existing account , or purchase an annual subscription .\ncollin , rachel | ramos - espl\u00e1 , alfonso a . | izquierdo mu\u00f1oz , andr\u00e9s\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 1 / / en\nresearch lines at cimar are related , among others , with the study of marine biodiversity , the characterisation of coastal benthic communities , and the study of coastal ecosystems .\nthere are lines of research on the understanding of marine biodiversity , the introduction of non - indigenous species into the mediterranean sea , anthropic impacts on martin ecommunities , assessment of the quality of seawater based on benthic organisms , coastal management and its resources , and marine environmental protection through the identification of marine protected areas .\n- monitoring of species introduced in the spanish south east , in collaboration with the aquarium of santa pola .\n- monitoring of the presence of invasive crustacean percnon gibesii into the rocky coast of cabo huertas and tabarca marine reserve .\n- role of crustaceans ( amphipoda ) in ecology associated to the \u2018fouling\u2019 community at the mediterranean aquaculture facilities .\n- characterisation of sipunculids settlements of the spanish mediterranean , establishing the relationship between the characteristics of those settlements and their habitat ."]}
{"id": 192, "summary": [{"text": "the royal knifefish or indochina featherback , chitala blanci , is a species of fish in the notopteridae family found in the mekong basin in cambodia , laos , thailand and vietnam . ", "topic": 6}], "title": "royal knifefish", "paragraphs": ["the royal knifefish is classified as near threatened ( nt ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .\ninformation on the royal knifefish ( chitala blanci ) is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .\nmy 20inch royal clown knifefish living amongst the aquarium plants in my aquascaped monster predatory tank . such a peaceful & graceful giant !\nwhich comes from india and is also a common import . this species is also called the clown knifefish as wells as royal clown knifefish , royal spotted knifefish and spotted featherback . the coloring and behaviors of these two are the same but the india species is said to get a bit larger , reaching up to 4 feet ( 122 cm ) . the\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - royal knifefish ( chitala blanci )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - royal knifefish ( chitala blanci )\ntitle =\narkive species - royal knifefish ( chitala blanci )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nthis species is also referred to as \u2018royal knifefish\u2019 in the aquarium trade although it arguably has no place in the ornamental hobby given its adult size and specialised requirements .\nthe most attractive of knifefish species , with great personality . can be very aggressive once sexually mature .\nthe royal knifefish is a fish from malam jungle . they are extremely common , contrary to the name , which might make fishers think that they are less common . they are caught by casting s - m from the pier of around it . it is an easy catch to hit and reel in .\nit is a very popular knifefish . this is partly because of its common availability and being relatively inexpensive . but its also a favorite because it is extremely attractive . they usually have a pattern of large spots , but this can be quite variable and it seems that no two clown knifefish are exactly alike .\nthe normal coloring of the clown knifefish is a silvery gray characterized by a variable pattern of large spots above the base of the anal fin . yet sometimes they may have no spots at all , and sometimes they may have two rows of smaller spots . other common names it is known by are clown featherback fish , spotted knifefish , spotted featherback fish , and clown knife . there is also an albino color form as seen in the picture above that ' s called the albino clown knifefish .\nbottom - clown knifefish will spend most of their time in the middle or near the bottom of the tank , but they may occasionally go to the surface to grab a gulp of air or a meal .\nthe tank is 8x2x2 will be upgrading to a 12x3x3 so that should be fun , i ' ve got another post on here , under the ancient fish threads titled royal knife fish , silver arowans , jaguars etc have a look if you want to see how i put the 8x2x2 together .\nwas described by gray in 1831 . they are found in south east asia ; thailand , laos , cambodia , and vietnam . the species is not listed on the iucn red list . these fish are in great demand in many of the regions they live in for food . other common names they are known by include clown featherback fish , spotted knifefish , spotted featherback fish , and clown knife . the albino color form is known as the albino clown knifefish .\nmy old rck was pushing 20\nwhen i sold him ( had to make room for new stock ) . i will always have a soft spot for knifefish now , especialy the royals . you do know once they hit sexual maturity they wont tolerate eachother in the same tank right ?\nthe clown knife has the typical knifefish body shape , flat and elongated with an arched back . its anal fin and caudal fin ( tail fin ) are joined , giving it a long continuous fin along the underside . this fin undulates , allowing it to move either forwards or back wards , making it a very graceful swimmer .\ni bought a royal knife ( 26 cm ) and a clown knife ( 20 cm ) recently and i love them to bits . they are like my children , and they get along so well . they are food shy , they won ' t eat while i am standing there looking at them . i give them ox heart and live fish . ten minutes and everything is gone . thanks to this website , i found the most amazing fish in this world !\nis it a member of the notopteridae family which contains contains some of the more outgoing species of knifefish . they are generally peaceful and will do well with other fish that are not particularly aggressive and that are too large to fit into its mouth . do take caution as they have poor eye sight and will some times try to eat bigger fish then they can handle . they can ultimately injury or kill a fish they are unable to eat .\nas with most fish the clown knifefish are prone to skin flukes , parasitic infestations ( protozoa , worms , etc . ) , ichthyobodo infection , parasitic infestations ( protozoa , worms , etc . ) , bacterial infections ( general ) , and bacterial disease . it is recommended to read up on the common tank diseases . knowing the signs and catching and treating them early makes a huge difference . for information about freshwater fish diseases and illnesses , see aquarium fish diseases and treatments .\nthe clown knifefish can reach up to about 3 1 / 2 feet ( 100 cm ) and weigh about 11 pounds ( 5 kg ) in the wild . most tank raise specimens however , won ' t grow much larger than 10 to 20 inches ( 25 to 50 cm ) . its body shape is flat and elongated with an arched back . it has a continuous fin along the underside formed by a joining of the caudal and anal fin . this fin undulates , allowing it to move either forwards or back wards . it also has a very small dorsal fin .\ni have a juvenile clown knife in a 55 gal with my 5 angels , which range from 4 inches tall to 6 inches tall , and they leave each other alone . however , the clown knife is a predatory fish , so anything under an inch has been eaten . i think my clown knife is growing at a few centimeters a month , and will be selling it when it reaches 12 inches . i wouldn ' t keep a full - grown knifefish with anything less than a couple hundred gallon tank and fish that were at least a foot or two in length , as the bigger knife fishes can grow to 3 and a half feet long . with your fish , keep in mind how big the angelfish are and how big they will be compared to the knife fish . ( ps : i also have a dwarf gourami that was a gift from a friend , a pleco as big as the knife fish , some clown loaches , and a small catfish that ' s about 2 1 / 2 inches , and none of them have been harassed by my knife so far . keep your fish well - fed and i doubt anything too big to be eaten will be a problem to house in the same tank . )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ngland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) \u2013 australia\u2019s unique reptiles \u2013 including lizards and snakes \u2013 face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .\nthe value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .\na recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .\nthis species is endemic to the mekong basin , where it is found in lao pdr , thailand , central highlands of viet nam ( srepok basin ) and cambodia . it is found as far north in thailand as loei in the mekong ( and perhaps , based on local knowledge ( see poulsen\n( 2004 ) record local fisher reports of the species in the mekong delta in viet nam , and it is also reported from the tonle sap lake ( undp 2004 ) .\nlocally common in northeastern cambodia and southern lao pdr . much less common in thai waters .\nthis species occurs in the mekong mainstream and larger tributaries , especially in rocky rapid and submerged wood areas . local people have reported spawning behaviour over rocky substrates , with parental care given to young .\nlocally consumed as a food fish . commonly seen in markets from southern lao pdr to kratie , cambodia . popular aquarium species in thai markets , which are mostly collected ( particularly juveniles and sub - adults ) from laotian waters .\nhabitat alteration , caused by dams and other infrastructure development , in the mekong and larger tributaries . dams in the mekong mainstream pose future threats to critical habitats of this species . overfishing for the aquarium trade and for consumption may lead to population declines in the near future .\nhabitat and fisheries management based on local participation is needed . quota regulation of trade and export is recommended .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nthis article is a stub . we can not complete the encyclopaedia without your help . you can contribute to the aquarium wiki by expanding this article . dont be shy ! .\nthis fish requires pristine water quality . it also prefers swift moving water , making high filtration necessary for this species ' health .\nand do have a small dorsal fin . their flanks are deep grey with darker speckling . the belly is paler in colour .\nthis page was last edited on 13 december 2017 , at 03 : 02 .\ncontent is available under creative commons attribution - sharealike 3 . 0 unported license unless otherwise noted .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nblanci : in honour of \u201cfriend and colleague m . blanc , in memory of an especially dangerous fish - collecting trip in 1959\u201d .\nendemic to the mekong river drainage in laos , thailand , vietnam , and cambodia , including the mekong delta region and tonl\u00e9 sap lake system .\nmostly recorded from the mekong main channel and lower parts of certain tributaries , where it displays a preference for rocky habitats such as deep pools and rapids , typically with moderate to fast - flowing water . moves into areas of flooded forest to spawn .\nit is thought to be threatened by dam construction and other anthropogenic habitat alterations .\nsuitable only for public installations or the very largest , highly - specialised private aquaria .\nprefers dim lighting and access to refuges in the form of driftwood , large rocks or lengths of plastic piping .\na large , mature filter system , rigorous maintenance regime comprising weekly water changes of 50 - 70 % tank volume , and provision of highly - oxygenated water with a degree of movement should be considered mandatory .\nan obligate , typically nocturnal , predator feeding on smaller fishes , crustaceans and other invertebrates in nature but in most cases adapting well to dead alternatives in captivity .\nyoung fish can be offered chironomid larvae ( bloodworm ) , small earthworms , chopped prawn and suchlike while adults will accept strips of fish flesh , whole prawns / shrimp , mussels , live river shrimp , larger earthworms , etc . , as well as dried pellets although the latter should not form the staple diet .\nthis species should not be fed mammalian or avian meat such as beef heart or chicken since some of the lipids contained in these cannot be properly metabolised by the fish and may cause excess fat deposits and even organ degeneration .\nsimilarly there is no benefit in the use of \u2018feeder\u2019 fish such as livebearers or small goldfish which carry with them the risk of parasite or disease introduction and at any rate tend not have a high nutritional value unless properly conditioned beforehand .\nrelatively peaceful with fishes too large to be considered prey but can be territorial with conspecifics and other similarly - shaped species , especially if space is at a premium .\nunreported in captivity but in nature male individuals contruct nests from branches and leaves and remains to guard the eggs and fry post - spawning , which takes place in areas of flooded forest during the wet season .\nit can be distinguished from congeners by presence of many small , dark spots on the anterior portion of the body which merge to form oblique , irregular stripes extending onto the anal and caudal fins posteriorly .\nnotopterids are distributed in africa and southeast asia and all possess an elongated anal - fin which is continuous with the caudal - fin , a \u2018humped\u2019 appearance , very small scales , plus the ability to breathe atmospheric air .\nd ' aubenton , f . , 1865 - bulletin du mus\u00e9um national d ' histoire naturelle ( s\u00e9rie 2 ) 37 ( 2 ) : 261 - 264 notopterus blanci n . sp . , nouvelle esp\u00e8ce de poisson notopteridae de haut m\u00e9kong cambodgien .\nkottelat , m . , 2013 - the raffles bulletin of zoology supplement 27 : 1 - 663 the fishes of the inland waters of southeast asia : a catalogue and core bibliography of the fishes known to occur in freshwaters , mangroves and estuaries .\nkottelat , m . , 2001 - wht publications , colombo : 1 - 198 fishes of laos .\nkottelat , m . , 1998 - ichthyological exploration of freshwaters 9 ( 1 ) : 1 - 128 fishes of the nam theun and xe bangfai basins , laos , with diagnoses of twenty - two new species ( teleostei : cyprinidae , balitoridae , cobitidae , coiidae and odontobutidae ) .\nrainboth , w . j . , 1996 - fao , rome : 1 - 265 fao species identification field guide for fishery purposes . fishes of the cambodian mekong .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken\nimage quest marine the moos poffley end witney oxfordshire ox29 9uw united kingdom tel : + 44 ( 0 ) 1993 704050 fax : + 44 ( 0 ) 1993 779203 info @ urltoken http : / / www . urltoken / stock\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s species and habitats from destruction .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa\ngot some experience to share for this page ? no registration necessary to contribute ! your privacy is respected : your e - mail is published only if you wish so . all submissions are reviewed before addition . write based on your personal experiences , with no abbreviations , no chat lingo , and using proper punctuation and capitalization . ready ? then send your comments !\ncopyright \u00a9 1997 - 2011 marcos a . avila . all rights reserved . reproduction of any portion of this website ' s content is strictly forbidden without written permission .\nbetta fish care infographic , a handy cheat sheet that will benefit any keepers of siamese fighting fish .\nfish tank care . guide to fish care with a simple look at aquarium filtration , how to clean a fish tank , and a fish tank maintenance schedule .\npiranhas , one of the most efficient predators with razor sharp teeth and a ferocious nature . piranha fish species , description , information , habitat , and more !\nsetting up a saltwater aquarium . guide to marine supplies , putting the aquarium together , cycling the aquarium water and adding fish !\nenter your freshwater aquarium enter parameters for your freshwater aquarium to get compatibility information while browsing .\nenter your saltwater aquarium enter parameters for your saltwater aquarium to get compatibility information while browsing .\nfish finder search our database for compatible pets ! enter characteristics of what you are looking for and find them instantly .\ndr . jungle ' s pets and animal speak - newsletter featured pet of the week and more . . .\nwe have two large iridescent sharks we are looking to find another home for . our tank is too small and they are very large . do you have a big tank ? do you know they can grow 3 - 4 feet ? where are you located ?\nlooking for medaka rice fish . what ever species you may have for sale .\ni ' m looking to but a balloon kissing gourami . any idea where i can get one ?\nthis spotted featherback fish inhabit lakes , swamps , and the moving backwaters waters of medium to large rivers . young fish occur in schools among aquatic plants and submerged roots . adults tend to be loaners , commonly found near shore in areas with overhanging vegetation or docks . they utilize air to survive in warm , stagnant waters with little oxygen . more recently they have been popping up in the united states in warmer climates states like florida . these fish are some times caught by anglers going after bass . they are starting to populate parts of the united states because of irresponsible fish owners setting them free when they can no longer care for these demanding fish . the largest fish reported in florida was 36 inches long .\nis listed as more precarious on the iucn red list , and is considered near threatened ( nt ) .\n, glen s . axelrod , brian m . scott , and neal pronek say these two are so similar that only a trained ichthyologist can distinguish between them , and that their taxonomical standing is in a state of confusion . it may turn out that\nlc - least concern - although it is heavily utilized from the wild , at present there is no evidence of widespread population declines . it is has also been introduced for aquaculture in myanmar and the philippines .\ntheir overall body color is a silvery gray . their most distinguishing characteristic is a variable pattern of large spots above the base of the anal fin . however , it seems that no two patterns are exactly alike . they may have no spots at all , and sometimes you may find one with two rows of smaller spots . the specimen pictured above is the albino color form .\n15 years - the clown knife fish has a lifespan of about 8 - 15 years in captivity .\nclown knife fish are not suggested for beginners but rather for an aquarist with some fish keeping experience . these fish are usually offered for sale at a size of 3 to 6 inches and many hobbyists have unknowingly bought a pet they weren\u2019t prepared to keep . that cute little 3 inch fish can grow to over 3 feet long , but in an aquarium 10 - 20 inches is usually the maximum size . if you plan on keeping one for a long time in good condition , be prepared to setup a 200 gallon tank .\njuveniles can be sensitive to water conditions when they are smaller than 9 or 10 inches . many young fish die soon after purchase normally due to shock or unsuitable tank and water conditions . they are very hardy fish once they reach a larger size . like most knife fish they are extremely shy and are sometimes hard to get to eat when introduced to a new tank .\nthe clown featherfin fish are carnivores . in the wild they are predatory animals , primarily piscivores , which means they mostly eat fish . in the aquarium they prefer to eat fresh foods such as worms or small fish , but it is a good idea to do your best to condition them to eat sinking pellets or some other dried food of substance . this will make feeding them much easier and less costly .\nwhen shopping for a clown knife , avoid fish that are under 3 inches or over 6 inches . the smaller ones are relatively delicate and the larger ones can be harder to get feeding .\nthis fish is scaleless and very sensitive to water condition changes as with most scaleless fish . a high quality filter is a must ! weekly water changes of 30 - 50 % are needed . water condition tests should also be done weekly to make sure levels are not spiking .\nin the wild they inhabit slow moving rivers and lakes in many areas of asia , so do well in tanks set up similar to this type of environment . due to their nocturnal nature they need a place to hide during the day . a piece of pipe or a cave where they can get away from the light works great . without this , they can become stressed very easily and will try to fit themselves into any dark space they can find , often causing damage to themselves . they do better with open swimming space , but they are adept as negotiating obstacles such as plants and piles of rock .\nthey prefer a neutral ph and softer water , but larger fish can adapt to a higher ph and hard water . provide them with well filtered water , a dimly lit tank and hiding places , and you should have a happy clown knife .\n55 gal ( 208 l ) - a 55 gallon tank is fine for a juvenile , but they grow quickly and will soon need a tank that is 200 gallons or more for the adult .\nthey are generally peaceful but due to their large size , they will eat any tank mates small enough to fit into their large mouths . don ' t keep them with large aggressive fish , but large peaceful fish are okay .\nmonitor - while it is not necessarily aggressive , it will eat anything small enough to be considered a meal .\nmonitor - they ignore tank mates that are big enough to not be considered food .\nthreat - is aggressive - in the wild , this fish hunts at night for worms , crustaceans , insects and snails .\ncaptive breeding is possible but this probably won\u2019t happen unless the fish are kept in a very large tank . in this case , that means 500 gallons or more . the pair will usually lay their eggs on floating plants and the male will aggressively guard them until they hatch in 6 or 7 days . the fry should be moved into a rearing tank and fed baby brine shrimp until they are large enough to take other foods . .\nthe clown knife does not have scales which make it more prone to disease . clown knife are normally the first fish in a tank to show signs of ick and will twitch and rub around the tank . they respond well to most medication and normally heal quickly . never use copper in a clown knife fish tank .\nthese fish are hardy and disease is not usually a problem in a well maintained aquarium . that being said there is no guarantee that you won ' t have to deal with health problems or disease . animal world is a great source for information on disease and treatments . it is recommended to read up on the common tank diseases . knowing the signs and catching and treating them early makes a huge difference .\nanything you add to your tank can bring disease to your tank . not only other fish but plants , substrate , and decorations can harbor bacteria . take great care and make sure to properly clean or quarantine anything that you add to an established tank so not to upset the balance . because these fish eat live food , disease can be passed to them from their foods . make sure to quarantine live food before feeding .\nwhen keeping more sensitive types of fish , it is common for all fishes to be infected even before the first warning signs can be noticed . the best way to proactively prevent disease is to give your fish the proper environment and give them a well balanced diet . the closer to their natural habitat the less stress the fish will have , making them healthier and happy . a stressed fish is more likely to acquire disease .\ndr . r\u00fcdiger riehl and hans a . baensch , aquarium atlas vol . 1 , publisher hans a . baensch , 1991\ndr . r\u00fcdiger riehl and hans a . baensch , aquarium atlas vol . 2 , publisher hans a . baensch , 1993\nglen s . axelrod , brian m . scott , neal pronek , encyclopedia of exotic tropical fishes for freshwater aquariums , tfh publications , 2005\nyes , these fish can get very large in the wild . however , please see the ' description ' section above and you ' ll see that most tank raise specimens won ' t grow much larger than 10 to 20 inches ( 25 to 50 cm ) . also , as stated under ' aquarium setup , ' a 55 gallon tank is only suitable for them as juveniles . 200 gallons or more is recommended for the adult .\neven if the fish ' stopped growing ' at 10 - 20 inches , it ' s never going to live a healthy long life in a 55 gallon aquarium . what happens is that the fish , on the outside , stops growing , but the organs don ' t . eventually the organs overcrowd the stunted fish ' s insides , likely putting pressure on the swim bladder , which leads to continuing complications and ultimately death . i wouldn ' t suggest this fish for anything smaller than a tank 6 ' x 3 '\nthe angels will become dinner should be housed with other large non aggressive fish .\ni have a large adult over 1 ft almost 1 1 / 2 ft . long . very good health very hearty . just looking for a good home willing to let go of tank and other fish as well i am moving soon and won ' t be able to take them with me . i ' m so sad but i have to sell them all ! if you are interested please call 714 - 474 - 9184 . thank u ! i\ni ' m interested in your fish please call me and lets talk details . 847 - 845 - 5549\ncopyright \u00a9 [ animal - world ] 1998 - 2015 . all rights reserved .\nwe ' re constantly striving to improve our community to help make your monster fish keeping hobby fulfilling and interesting . comments are welcome .\nhow big arw they . . . im suprised they dont fight . . . from all ive read and heard once they get biggwr its really hard to keep 2 together\nreal name : joined : dec 28 , 2006 messages : 15 , 861 likes received : 8 trophy points : 89 location : very much south . . last seen : dec 1 , 2016\nyour selfless efforts are helping to keep mods gainfully employed . we salute you , mister able to derail and get any thread locked with relative ease\n: close it or clean it . . . i ' m having a very hard time not getting banned here .\neverybody is too busy with their umbees and the stupid names that they like to label their strains with .\nthanks for your compliments , i ' ll be uploading a new video off my new setup and you can see some new additions , only 4 from the 8 new additions the other remaining 4 need to grow more before i can put them into the 8ft tank , you ' ll see , can ' t wait till i upgrade to the all glass 12 ' x3 ' x3 ' aquarium in june ish time , will keep y ' all posted .\nnot sure . if you google it , you will probably find lots of info .\ngenerally peaceful fish too large to be eaten . knife fish aren ' t aggressive , and don ' t compete well with aggressive tankmates . angelfish would be about the most aggressive cichlids i ' d recommend , rainbows would be a safe bet .\nthere ' s not much technique to catching this fish . it ' s just like any s - m fish that ever hits . it is easy to reel in . some of the larger ones might fight a bit and even escape , but overall , it shouldn ' t be hard .\ncan ' t find a community you love ? create your own and start something epic ."]}
{"id": 193, "summary": [{"text": "nesopupa quadrasi is a species of very small , air-breathing land snail , a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family vertiginidae , the whorl snails .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "this species is endemic to guam . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "nesopupa quadrasi", "paragraphs": ["nesopupa is a genus of very small air - breathing land snails , terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family vertiginidae .\nthe distribution of the genus nesopupa includes hawaii , federated states of micronesia , palau , guam , the cook islands , mauritius , r\u00e9union and saint helena .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ngland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) \u2013 australia\u2019s unique reptiles \u2013 including lizards and snakes \u2013 face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .\nthe value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .\na recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .\nthe encyclopedia of world problems and human potential is a collaboration between uia and mankind 2000 , started in 1972 . it is the result of an ambitious effort to collect and present information on the problems with which humanity is confronted , as well as the challenges such problems pose to concept formation , values and development strategies . problems included are those identified in international periodicals but especially in the documents of some 60 , 000 international non - profit organizations , profiled in the yearbook of international organizations .\nthe encyclopedia includes problems which such groups choose to perceive and act upon , whether or not their existence is denied by others claiming greater expertise . indeed such claims and counter - claims figure in many of the problem descriptions in order to reflect the often paralyzing dynamics of international debate . in the light of the interdependence demonstrated among world problems in every sector , emphasis is placed on the need for approaches which are sufficiently complex to encompass the factions , conflicts and rival worldviews that undermine collective initiative towards a promising future .\nthe union of international associations ( uia ) is a research institute and documentation centre , based in brussels . it was established in 1907 , by henri la fontaine ( nobel peace prize laureate of 1913 ) , and paul otlet , a founding father of what is now called information science .\nnon - profit , apolitical , independent , and non - governmental in nature , the uia has been a pioneer in the research , monitoring and provision of information on international organizations , international associations and their global challenges since 1907 .\nwe don ' t know when or if this item will be back in stock .\nno kindle device required . download one of the free kindle apps to start reading kindle books on your smartphone , tablet , and computer .\nprime members enjoy free two - day shipping , free same - day or one - day delivery to select areas , prime video , prime music , and more .\nafter viewing product detail pages , look here to find an easy way to navigate back to pages that interest you .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nspecies lyropupa rhabdota c . m . cooke & h . a . pilsbry , 1920\nspecies lyropupa scabra h . a . pilsbry & c . m . cooke , 1920\nspecies lyropupa spaldingi h . a . pilsbry & c . m . cooke , 1920\nspecies lyropupa thaanumi c . m . cooke & h . a . pilsbry , 1920\nsubspecies spelaeoconcha paganettii polymorpha a . j . wagner , 1914 - diverse cave snail\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en"]}
{"id": 194, "summary": [{"text": "parmacelloidea is a superfamily of air-breathing land slugs , terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the clade stylommatophora and the informal group pulmonata .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "these are limacoid or keelback slugs . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "parmacelloidea", "paragraphs": ["no one has contributed data records for parmacelloidea yet . learn how to contribute .\nworms - world register of marine species - parmacelloidea p . fischer , 1856 ( 1855 )\nfamily cryptellidae gray , 1855 accepted as parmacellidae p . fischer , 1856 ( 1855 )\nbouchet p . , rocroi j . p . , hausdorf b . , kaim a . , kano y . , n\u00fctzel a . , parkhaev p . , schr\u00f6dl m . & strong e . e . ( 2017 ) . revised classification , nomenclator and typification of gastropod and monoplacophoran families . malacologia . 61 ( 1 - 2 ) : 1 - 526 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\nvalter jacinto marked\nlesma / / slug ( tandonia sowerbyi )\nas trusted on the\ntandonia sowerbyi\npage .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en\nexcept where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence .\nthis work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - share alike 3 . 0 license\npesi is funded by the european union 7th framework programme within the research infrastructures programme . contract no . ri - 223806 . activity area : capacities . period 2008 - 2011 - website hosted & developed by vliz banner picture : gannet ( morus bassanus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) by karl van ginderdeuren - contact pesi\nthis is one of the six major gastropod lineages and contains three informal groups : the lower heterobranchia , the opisthobranchia and the pulmonata .\nrecent research by j\u00f6rger et al . ( 2010 ) does not support the monophyly of any of these three groups .\nwithin the pulmonata , a large number of terrestrial species are found in the eupulmonata and a few are found in one family in the basommatophora .\na few freshwater species are found in both the lower heterobrancia and the pulmonata .\nwithin the lower heterobranchia , freshwater species are found in two superfamilies , the valvatoidea and the glacidorboidea . within the pulmonata , freshwater species are found in the basommatophora , in the clade hygrophila .\nj\u00f6rger k . m . , st\u00f6ger i . , kano y . , fukuda h . , knebelsberger t . , schr\u00f6dl m . ( 2010 ) .\non the origin of acochlidia and other enigmatic euthyneuran gastropods , with implications for the systematics of heterobranchia\n. bmc evolutionary biology 10 : 323 . doi : 10 . 1186 / 1471 - 2148 - 10 - 323 .\nbouchet p . , rocroi j . - p . , fr\u00fdda j . , hausdorf b . , ponder w . , vald\u00e9s \u00e1 . & war\u00e9n a . ( 2005 ) .\nclassification and nomenclator of gastropod families\n. malacologia : international journal of malacology ( hackenheim , germany : conchbooks ) 47 ( 1 - 2 ) : 1\u2013397 .\n\u00a9 2018 university of illinois board of trustees . all rights reserved . for permissions information , contact the illinois natural history survey .\ncopyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved\nenter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user"]}
{"id": 201, "summary": [{"text": "hemipepsis tamisieri is a species of afrotropical pepsid spider wasp , one of the so-called tarantula hawks because its preferred prey are tarantulas of the family theraphosidae . ", "topic": 27}], "title": "hemipepsis tamisieri", "paragraphs": ["no one has contributed data records for hemipepsis tamisieri yet . learn how to contribute .\n/ im / i _ hen / 0000 / 320 / hemipepsis _ tamisieri _ spider - hunting _ wasp , i _ hen97 . jpg\nno one has contributed data records for hemipepsis yet . learn how to contribute .\nthe image\nwasp close - up ( hemipepsis tamisieri guerin )\nfrom smspsy is available on fotolia under a royalty - free license from 1 credit ( credit from \u00a30 . 54 ) .\nhemipepsis tamisieri ( hymenoptera : pompilidae ) . this beautiful spider - hunting wasp actively hunts on spiders either in early summer or late spring . this specimen was captured at the eduardo mondlane botanical garden . maputo , mozambique .\nphoto\nwasp close - up ( hemipepsis tamisieri guerin )\ncan be used for personal and commercial purposes according to the conditions of the purchased royalty - free license . the image is available for download in high resolution quality up to 2916x3435 .\nangola , ethiopia , gold coast , malawi , nigeria , sierra leone , south africa , uganda , zambia , zimbabwe .\nfemales specialise on hunting baboon spiders ( theraphosidae ) and rain spiders ( palystes ) to provision their nest with as a paralysed food resource for development of their larvae .\npicker , m . , griffiths , c & weaving , a . 2002 . field guide to insects of south africa . struik publishers , cape town .\n( published in struik ' s field guide to insects of south africa ) .\ncitation : van noort , s . 2018 . waspweb : hymenoptera of the afrotropical region . url : urltoken ( accessed on < day / month / year > ) .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nprivacy & cookies : this site uses cookies . by continuing to use this website , you agree to their use . to find out more , including how to control cookies , see here : cookie policy\n80x5 - 240x3 - 240x4 - 320x1 - 320x2 - 320x3 - 640x1 - 640x2 set display option above . click on image to enlarge .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nto organize and save selections in a folder you must first register or log in . registration is free !\nlogin or register ! to organize the photos in galleries you must first register or login . registration is free !\nour monthly packs allow you to download hi - res photos and vector files whenever you want within a month , with just one simple price for all files .\nif you don ' t use all your downloads , they simply roll over to the next month for as long as your pack is active or renewed .\nthe author of this picture , smspsy also has 15 images in the same series .\nto download this image , you can buy fotolia credits , a monthly pack or purchase a subscription plan and benefit from the amazing price of \u00a30 . 12 per image .\nwith the standard license , images can be used for any illustrative purpose in any type of media . examples : websites , web banners , newsletters , pdf documents , blogs , emails , slide shows , tv and video presentations , cell phones , splash screens , movies , magazine articles , books , advertising , brochures , document illustrations , booklets , billboards , business cards , packaging , etc .\nthe extended license gives you all the rights granted by the standard license , but also the ability to print our creative files more than 500 , 000 times and allows you to use them on your own products . an extended license lets you create derivative products or services intended for resale or distribution . examples : postcards , calendars , posters , t - shirts , print & presentations templates , video clips intended for resale , video applications , and any project where the fotolia file lends primary value to the product intended for resale or distribution .\nyou ' ll get access to all the essential fotolia content and so much more .\nadobe stock offers an incredible range of exceptional images , videos , and templates plus 3d , editorial , and premium assets to make your work stand out .\npreview watermarked images inside your designs to make sure they look just right . then license and manage them directly within photoshop cc , illustrator cc , indesign cc , and other adobe desktop apps for a seamless workflow .\n{\ninterception\n: {\nipc\n: false ,\nii\n:\n1\n} ,\nfotolia _ tooltip\n: {\nlicenses _ label\n:\nlicenses :\n} ,\nfotolia\n: {\nhost _ base\n:\nurltoken\n} ,\nsearch\n: {\nheader - search\n: {\nautocomplete _ container _ id\n:\nsearch - 5b43bd9c75a08\n,\nautocomplete _ url\n:\nhttps : \\ / \\ / autocomplete . urltoken \\ / ? language _ id = 3\n} } }\ncurrent page requires javascript , this web browser either does not support javascript , or scripts are being blocked . please turn on javascript or use different browser .\n\u00a9 2009 - 2018 . depositphotos , inc . usa . all rights reserved .\nby creating an account , i agree to shutterstock ' s website terms , privacy policy , and licensing terms .\n\u00a9 2003 - 2018 shutterstock , inc . all rights reserved . made in nyc .\nsmall ( s ) has the shortest download time and is suitable for digital use .\nlarge ( l ) is suitable for large prints as well as digital use . it is the original image provided by the contributor .\nyou can redownload your image for free at any time , in any size .\neditorial content , such as news and celebrity images , are not cleared for commercial use . learn more on our support center .\nsign up to browse over million images , video clips , and music tracks . plus , get free weekly content and more .\n( we only support jpg and png images under 5mb and no larger than 4000px on either side at this time . )\ngo wild for wildlife and help to keep our conservation areas pure , natural and green .\nthe subfamily dorylinae now is monotribic and monogeneric . the dorylines are considered to be a primitive ant subfamily . dorylines are unique amongst ants for their very strange reproductive castes . the queens are huge : they are the largest individuals amongst all south african ants , measuring up to about 35 mm in length . they clearly cannot fly , so driver ant colonies must spread by \u2018budding\u2019 , ie females are mated in the nest and move out with some workers to form new colonies . in fact the queens resemble termite queens more than ant queens , enormous sausage - like egg - laying machines that get carried by hundreds of workers when the colonies move on .\nmale driver ants are also enormous , compared to the workers . from 25 to 30 mm in length , they cause alarm when they fly into lights at night . they curl their gasters threateningly when caught , and gnash their mandibles together , but they are harmless .\nminute to very large ( body length of workers 2 - 8 mm , reproductives 40 - 50 mm ) .\nworkers are reddish brown , without eyes , head squarish , sting non - functional . antennae are short and thick .\nmales are winged and much larger than the workers , about 40 mm long . head and thorax furry , wings clear , abdomen and mandibles enlarged .\nthey live in large colonies . they exhibit the specialized subterranean predation that is typical of most other army ants . driver ants feed on carrion , live termites , and other prey below - ground , including small mammals .\nmandibles piceous brown , scape of antenna , head and thorax dark castaneous red , but getting gradually lighter from the head to the petiole ; abdomen dark brownish yellow , or ochreous with a slight reddish tinge ; legs ferruginous ; funiculus dark brown above , lighter underneath . head , thorax and abdomen very shining , except the anterior third of the head , the vertical anterior face of the pronotum , the mesopleura , the petiole and the propodeum , which are duller , owing to a rugulosity of the surface which is almost microscopic on the head , but somewhat stronger on the other parts . head sparsely punctured , with small , discrete and shallow punctures ; scape of antenna more coarsely punctured . pro - and mesonotum sparsely , but much more coarsely punctured than the head . propodeum and petiole very shallowly and more closely punctured , the punctures being smaller than on the pronotum . gaster finely and sparsely punctured . a short , yellow pubescent hair is inserted in each puncture , those on the head being very fine .\npronotum narrowed and depressed anteriorly to form a short neck ; it is widest behind this part and . narrows towards the mesonotum , from which it is separated by a distinct and angular suture . the mesonotum widens posteriorly , where it is two - thirds wider than long . the propodeum is widest at its base ( on each side of which lies a prominent spiracle ) , and narrows but slightly towards the short and vertical declivity ; the brow of the latter is considerably rounded above and at the corners . the dorsum of the propodeum has a longitudinal median impression . seen from the side , the dorsum of the whole thorax is flat and rather distinctly delimited from the sides , which are vertical or nearly so .\nthe node of the petiole is almost sub - quadrate , or a little wider behind than in front , as long as , or only very little longer than wide , all the angles strongly rounded ; the ventral lamella is produced into a triangular projection .\nthe gaster widens gradually towards the apical margin of the 3rd segment , all the segments wider than long . the pygidial area of the 5th segment is dull and only shallowly impressed , forming a more or less oval fovea , not semi - circular or bounded by a sharp raised margin , as in the subgenus dorylus . by this character , and also by the longer petiole and the frontal carinae without spines , all the workers of this species can be distinguished at a glance from those of the subgenus dorylus .\nworker minor - tl 8 - 3 mm . in these the colour is much lighter , or more or less reddish yellow . antennae 11 - jointed , as in the maxima . proportionately the head is wider in front than in the maxima . the puncturation is finer and the pubescence is more apparent . in the smaller forms , the frontal carinae project further forwards and are more convergent posteriorly , or even meet to form a single lamina . the median impression on the head is much shallower and shorter , or almost obsolete . the mandibles are more shining , with three teeth more acute and distinctly defined .\nworker minima . it is probable that there are some of this class , and measuring less than the smallest of the minor class .\nsouth africa , western cape and northern cape , gauteng , kruger national park .\nsmall to medium ( body length 3 - 18 mm ) wasps , ant - like in appearance . antennae not elbowed . very hairy and usually black , often with reddish brown thorax and combination of red , yellow , white or silver spots or bands on abdomen . most species with a dark red thorax , and black abdomen marked with white spots or bands . the thorax is hard and difficult to pierce . body extremely hard and coarsely punctured , covered with soft velvety hairs . the females are wingless with box - like thorax and may often be seen running about restlessly in hot sunshine . the males of most species have dark wings with a metallic sheen . velvet ants exhibit extreme sexual dimorphism ; the males and females are so different , it is almost impossible to associate the two sexes of a species unless they are captured while mating . females are armed with strong curved stings and can inflict a painful wound .\nafrotropical region : 1116 species ; australasian region : 306 species ; nearctic region : 435 species ; neotropical region : 1212 species ; oriental region : 637 species ; palearctic region : 524 species ; world : 4230 species .\nsuperfamily : vespoidea ; family : mutillidae ; subfamily : mutillinae . tribe : mutillini . subtribe : smicromyrmina\nfrom pretoria by saussure in distant ' s publication\nnaturalist in transvaal , 1892 , p . 225 , pl . 4 fig . 7 ) . the name\nmale : black , the eyes emarginate , the head rugose . thorax coarsely rugose ; the prothorax clothed with black pubescence ; the scutellum elevated and sparingly covered with black pubescense . metathorax with central loditunial carina . wings metallicdark brown with purple iridescense . abdomen shining , slightly punctured , thinly covered with black pubescense ; white velvety band of pubescense on the third segment .\nestablished two species groups of males and seven groups of females , using different characters for the two sexes ( the presence / lack of a median carina on the last tergite , in males , and the abdominal vestiture pattern , in females ) , although he was unabie to correlate the sexes of the respective groups .\nfemale : clypeus with apical half folded clearly concave and a tubercle at the base . labrum with 2 lateral teeth . inside edge of the mandibles with low preapical tooth . scutellar tubercle distinct . middle and hind tibia with 2 rows of fine spines . 3rd and 4th or only 3rd tergite with pale band , whole or broken in the middle . abdominal tergites may have two spots . black body with reddish thorax .\nectoparasitoids of larvae or pupa of other insects . diurnal . pronounced sexual dimorphism is evident .\nactive , small to very large , long - legged wasps , rear margin of pronotum reaching base of fore wings , antennae often curled . most species have glossy blue , black or brown bodies , sometimes with yellow or orange markings . most species have glossy blue , black or brown bodies , sometimes with yellow or orange markings . wings may be black with a blue sheen , orange to red or transparent . a few species are wingless . males are usually smaller , with longer antennae , and are sometimes differently coloured from females .\nfemales run about on the ground flicking and jerking their wings . they provision their nests with one paralyzed spider per cell or , in some species , lay their eggs on prey caught by other pompilids .\npredators of spiders . a single egg is layed on or in the abdomen of a spider that has been paralysed by the sting of the female wasp , either in the spider ' s own burrow or on a spider that has been paralysed , dragged and placed in a secluded crack , crevice , excavated burrow , or mud nest made by the wasp . some species are cleptoparasites of other species , laying their egg on a previously paralysed and concealed spider .\nwith most species of the pompilidae , the female wasp lays only one egg on a single spider . the larger the species of wasp , the larger the spider required . the size of the spider prey determines whether the egg will give rise to a male or female wasp . smaller prey results in an unfertilised and male - producing egg and larger prey in fertilised and female - producing egg .\nafter stinging its prey , the pompilid wasp drags its paralysed prey to a nesting site . the wasp does this by grasping the immobilised spider by an appendage such as a chelicerus ( jaw ) or leg , and drags it backwards over the ground , face to face with its prey . once the nesting site has been reached , the prey is hidden about 25 cm from it and nest excavation begins . this the female wasp does this with her front legs that are well equipped with a row of stout spines that serve as efficient rakes . the front legs alternate and the abdomen is held up to allow the excavated material to pile up behind the wasp . once the burrow is deep enough , the wasp drags the prey backwards into the nest and places it facing towards the burrow entrance . a single egg is then laid on the spider ' s abdomen .\nin the darkness of its underground cell , the pompilid wasp egg hatches after about 2 days and eats all the soft tissue of the spider , starting with the abdomen and eventually leaving only the hollow cephalothorax and legs . after about 7 days , it then spins a silken cocoon and pupates within , and emerges as an adult wasp the following summer .\nthis cosmopolitan subfamily includes over 2000 species in about 100 genera . it includes some of the largest pompilids ; many are black with orange - red wings .\nmetasomal sternum 2 with distinct sharp transverse groove , but male often without sharp groove . fore wing with vein cui simple at base , without any definite downward deflection ( second discal cell ( 2d ) without a posterior\npocket\n)\n) . the paralysed spiders are dragged to a pre - excavated burrow , where they lay an egg on the spider . on hatching the larva feeds on the preserved prey item . species of\nlarge ( body length 50 mm ) , wholly black , with black antennae , black legs and blue sheen to wings .\nfemales hunt large spiders such as rain spiders ( palystes ) which they paralyse and drag to a pre - excavated burrow or crack or crevice . an egg is laid on the spider which provides the larva with food when it hatches .\nmedium - sized ( body length of males 19 mm , females 23 mm ) . head and antenae orange . thorax orange and black . abdomen black with reddish tip . legs orange . wings metallic blue .\n) to provision their nest with as a paralysed food resource for development of their larvae .\npicker , m . , griffiths , c & weaving , a . : field guide to insects of south africa"]}
{"id": 202, "summary": [{"text": "oncaea is a genus of copepods , containing the following species : oncaea africana shmeleva , 1979 oncaea alboranica shmeleva , 1979 oncaea atlantica shmeleva , 1967 oncaea bispinosa b\u00f6ttger-schnack , 2002 oncaea bowmani heron , 1977 oncaea brocha heron , 1977 oncaea brodskii shmeleva , 1968 oncaea clevei fr\u00fcchtl , 1923 oncaea compacta heron , 1977 oncaea convexa heron , 1977 oncaea cristata b\u00f6ttger-schnack , 2005 oncaea crypta b\u00f6ttger-schnack , 2005 oncaea curta g. o. sars , 1916 oncaea curvata giesbrecht , 1902 oncaea damkaeri heron , 1977 oncaea delicata heron , english & damkaer , 1984 oncaea englishi heron , 1977 oncaea furnestini shmeleva , 1979 oncaea glabra heron & frost , 2000 oncaea grossa heron & frost , 2000 oncaea heronae malt , 1982 oncaea illgi heron , 1977 oncaea infantula k. t. gordeeva , 1972 oncaea insolita heron & frost , 2000 oncaea lacinia heron , english & damkaer , 1984 oncaea latimana k. t. gordeeva , 1975 oncaea longipes shmeleva , 1968 oncaea longiseta shmeleva , 1968 oncaea macilenta heron , 1977 oncaea media giesbrecht , 1891 oncaea mediterranea ( claus , 1863 ) oncaea memorata k. t. gordeeva , 1973 oncaea minima shmeleva , 1968 oncaea minor shmeleva , 1979 oncaea mollicula k. t. gordeeva , 1975 oncaea notopus giesbrecht , 1891 oncaea oceanica k. t. gordeeva , 1972 oncaea olsoni heron , 1977 oncaea ornata giesbrecht , 1891 oncaea ovalis shmeleva , 1966 oncaea parabathyalis b\u00f6ttger-schnack , 2005 oncaea paraclevei b\u00f6ttger-schnack , 2001 oncaea parila heron , 1977 oncaea petila heron , 1977 oncaea philippinensis ( kazachenko & avdeev , 1977 ) oncaea platysetosa boxshall & b\u00f6ttger , 1987 oncaea prendeli shmeleva , 1966 oncaea prolata heron , 1977 oncaea pumilis heron , 1977 oncaea rimula heron & frost , 2000 oncaea rotata heron & frost , 2000 oncaea rotunda heron , 1977 oncaea rotundata boxshall , 1977 oncaea scottodicarloi heron & bradford-grieve , 1995 oncaea setosa heron , 1977 oncaea shmelevi k. t. gordeeva , 1972 oncaea tenella g. o. sars , 1916 oncaea tenuimana giesbrecht , 1891 oncaea tregoubovi shmeleva , 1968 oncaea venusta philippi , 1843 oncaea vodjanitskii shmeleva & delalo , 1965 oncaea waldemari bersano & boxshall , 1996 oncaea walleni heron , 1977 oncaea zernovi shmeleva , 1966 a number of nomina dubia and species inquirendae have also been described in oncaea : nomina dubia oncaea neobscura razouls , 1969 oncaea obscura farran , 1908 oncaea parobscura shmeleva , 1979 species inquirendae oncaea bathyalis shmeleva , 1968 oncaea crassimana ( dana , 1849 ) oncaea frosti heron , 2002 oncaea gracilis ( dana , 1852 ) oncaea obtusa ( dana , 1852 )", "topic": 21}], "title": "oncaea", "paragraphs": ["species oncaea ancora gordeeva k . t . , 1973 accepted as epicalymma ancora ( gordeeva k . t . , 1973 )\nspecies oncaea borealis sars g . o . , 1918 accepted as triconia borealis ( sars g . o . , 1918 )\nspecies oncaea expressa gordeeva k . t . , 1973 accepted as conaea expressa ( gordeeva k . t . , 1973 )\nspecies oncaea similis sars g . o . , 1918 accepted as triconia similis ( sars g . o . , 1918 )\nshmeleva , a . a . ( 1967 ) . new oncaea species ( copepodia , cyclopoida ) from south - western part of the atlantic ocean . novyi vid oncaea ( copepoda , cyclopoida ) iz yugozapadnoi chasti atlanticheskogo okeana . zoologicheskii zhurnal 46 ( 4 ) : 621 - 622 , figs . 1 - 2 . ( 10 - iv - 1967 , russian with english summary ) . [ details ]\nissued from : y . - b . go , b . - c . oh & m . terazaki in j . mar . syst . , 1998 , 15 . [ p . 480 , fig . 4 ] . attacking behaviors of oncaea spp . on the body of sagitta ( chaetognatha ) . fvl : head trunk in front fins ; vg : ventral ganglion ; cs : caudal septum nota : direct underwater observations with scuba were performed at night . the attack behavior of oncaea started mostly below the stationary sagitta in the field . the attack distance at which oncaea spp . approached sagitta from below was about 5 - 6 cm ; the attacking behavior from the upper side of sagitta was observed only occasionally , and the attack distance was about 1 - 3 cm . this behaviour suggests that oncaea is not a touch feeder . the attachment sites of oncaea on the body of sagitta spp . were for a total of 320 individuals : ventral side 56 . 3 % , lateral side 32 . 8 % and dorsal side 10 . 9 % . oncaea crept directly to the chaetognath tail or the head region using their second antennae , and pierced the body of chaetognaths with the long claw of the maxilliped , and moved maxillae and mandibles . the chaetognaths did not move at all when this copepod was crawling on the body .\narthur g . humes ; oncaea praeclara n . sp . ( copepoda : poecilostomatoida ) from deep - sea hydrothermal vents in the eastern pacific , journal of plankton research , volume 10 , issue 3 , 1 may 1988 , pages 475\u2013485 , urltoken\ncommon in the ? samples taken in the vicinity of the vents by means of box corers and slurp guns ? ( humes 1988 ) . oncaea sp . has been found in plankton over the mid - atlantic ridge among dirivultids and subadult calanoids ( ivanenko 1998 ) . most of more than 70 species of oncaea occur in the epipelagic zone , several species have been found in the deep bathypelagic zone . go et al . ( 1998 ) recently reported that oncaea feeds on the integuments of various planktonic animals and inflicts especially heavy injuries to chaetognaths ; the copepods of this group ? must gnaw or cut out pieces of host integument with their mandibles . to do this , they adhere tightly to the host by means of their antennae and maxillipeds ? ( heptner & ivanenko 2002 ) .\nbottger - schnack , r . ( 2001 ) .\ntaxonomy of oncaeidae ( copepoda , poecilostomatoida ) from the red sea . ii . seven species of oncaea s . str .\nbulletin of natural history museum 67 ( 1 ) : 25 - 84 .\nnon antaria gracilis dana , 1849 ; 1852 ; oncaea pyriformis lubbock , 1860 ; antaria coerulescens claus , 1866 ( p . 19 ) ; oncaea obtusa : brady , 1883 ( part . , p . 120 , figs . f , m ) ; thompson , 1888 d ( p . 148 ) ; kovalev & shmeleva , 1982 ( p . 85 ) ; onc\u00e4a venusta : giesbrecht , 1892 ( p . 590 , 602 , 774 , figs . f , m ) ; ? razouls , 1972 ( p . 95 , annexe : p . 111 , figs . f , m ) ; 1974 b ( p . 236 , figs . f , m ) ; oncaea praeclara humes , 1988 ( p . 475 , figs ; f , m ) ; suarez - morales & gasca , 1998 a ( p . 112 )\nthe female urosome of oncaea media figured by razouls 1974 ( his fig . 5a ) was obviously not based on an adult specimen ( deficient number of urosome segments ) . later on , this ( incorrect ) figure was also included in the publication by conway et al ( 2003 ) .\nissued from : p . tutasi , s . palma & m . caceres in scienc . mar . , 2011 , 75 ( 4 ) . [ p . 798 , fig . 7a ] geographic distribution of oncaea venusta in september and october 2001 , associated with the weak la ni\u00f1a event of 2001 .\nissued from : r . b\u00f6ttger - schnack in bull . nat . hist . mus . lond . ( zool . ) , 2001 , 67 ( 1 ) . [ p . 50 , table 2 ] . body length ( mm ) of oncaea venusta f . typica and venella from the red sea . .\nboxshall , g . a . & r . b\u00f6ttger . ( 1987 ) . two new species of oncaea ( copepoda : poecilostomatoida ) from the red sea and a redescription of o . atlantica shmeleva . journal of plankton research 9 ( 3 ) : 553 - 564 , figs . 1 - 6 . [ details ]\nissued from : e . chatton in arch . zool . exp . & gen . , 1920 , 59 , [ p . 167 , fig . 68 ] . oncaea media female parasited by blastodinium mangini var . oncaae ( dinoflagellate ) . a , lateral view with the parasites inside the gut ; b , two individuals .\nissued from : r . b\u00f6ttger - schnack in bull . nat . hist . mus . lond . ( zool . ) , 2001 , 67 ( 1 ) . [ p . 37 , fig . 7 ] . oncaea venusta f . typica . male ( from red sea ) : a , p1 ( distal part of endopod ) ; b , p2 ( distal part of endopod ) ; c , p3 ( distal part of endopod ) . oncaea venusta f . venella . male ( from red sea ) : d , p1 ( distal part of endopod ) ; e , p2 ( distal part of endopod ) ; f , p3 ( distal part of endopod ) .\nissued from : g . a . heron in hydrobiologia , 2002 , 480 . [ p . 153 , fig . 6 ] . female : pediger 2 - 4 and urosome ( lateral ) . a , oncaea venusta philippi ; b , oncaea frosti heron ; c , oncaea venella farran . nota : o . venusta is the largest of the three species . in preserved samples , it is rare to find either sex of the species where the urosome is not flexed at a 45\u00b0 angle to the prosome , and the two postgenital segments and the anal seglment telescoped . exoskeleton strongly chitinized and ornamentation conspicuous ; pediger 2 without a conspicuous mid - dorsal dilationnin lateral view ; caudal ramus length variable , slightly shorter or longer than the sum of the three preceding segments . freshly collected specimens of o . venusta from the gulf of naples and new zeland areas both showed a purple - crimson shading on the widest portion of the prosome , posterior of genital segment , anterior of caudal rami , maxillipeds , and of the legs .\nissued from : g . a . boxshall in brit . mus . nat . hist . , zool . , 1977 , 31 ( 3 ) . [ p . 125 , fig . 11 , c , h ] . as oncaea venusta forma typica . female ( fro 18\u00b0n , 25\u00b0w ) : c , habitus ( dorsal ) ; h , mxp .\nissued from : r . b\u00f6ttger - schnack in bull . nat . hist . mus . lond . ( zool . ) , 2001 , 67 ( 1 ) . [ p . 51 , table 3 ] . comparison of morphological characters of oncaea venusta gisbrecht from the gulf of naples with two forms , f . typica and f . venella from the red sea .\nissued from : a . a . shmeleva in bull . inst . oceanogr . , monaco , 1965 , 65 ( n\u00b01351 ) . [ table 6 : 42 ] . oncaea venusta ( from south adriatic ) . dimensions , volume and weight wet . means for 50 - 60 specimens . volume and weight calculated by geometrical method . assumed that the specific gravity of the copepod body is equal to 1 , then the volume will correspond to the weight .\n3x5 c . b . wilson taxonomic card - antaria note : on these cards , the genus antaria is erroneously placed in the family corycaeidae . ( from synonym antaria dana , 1846 ) 3x5 c . b . wilson taxonomic card - myspictosum ( from synonym myspictosum kazachenko & avdeev , 1977 ) 3x5 c . b . wilson taxonomic card - oncaea 3x5 j . s . ho taxonomic card - antaria ( from synonym antaria dana , 1846 ) 3x5 j . s . ho taxonomic card - myspictosum ( from synonym myspictosum kazachenko & avdeev , 1977 ) 3x5 j . s . ho taxonomic card - oncaea interactive ( multi - access ) identification key for female oncaeidae of the world ocean marine planktonic copepods ( banyuls / oob / upmc / cnrs ) note : including taxonomic identification plates , remarks , geographic distribution , ecological information & reference list to biological information system for marine life ( bismal ) to genbank to itis\nissued from : r . b\u00f6ttger - schnack in bull . nat . hist . mus . lond . ( zool . ) , 2001 , 67 ( 1 ) . [ p . 34 , fig . 4 ] . oncaea venusta f . typica . female : a , p1 ( anterior ) [ a , 3rd endopod segment , showing aberrant spine number ) ; b , p2 ( anterior ) ; c , p3 ( anterior ) ; d , p4 ( anterior ) .\nissued from : g . a . heron in hydrobiologia , 2002 , 480 . [ p . 152 , table 1 ] . length measurements ( : body length , pl : prosome length , in mm ) for adult females and males of oncaea venusta , o . frosti and o . venella . data are mean lengths ( bold ) , number of specimens measured ( parentheses ) , ranges , and standard error ( se ) at each locality ; - , no specimens .\nissued from : a . g . humes in j . plankton res . , 1988 , 10 ( 3 ) . [ p . 477 , fig . 3 ] . as oncaea praeclara . female : a , area between mxp and p1 ( ventral ) ; b , idem ( lateral ) ; c , p1 and intercoxal plate ( anterior ) ; d , p2 ( anterior ) ; e , p3 ( anterior ) ; e , p3 ; f , p4 ( anterior ) ; g , p5 ( dorsal ) .\nissued from : j . m . fuentes - rein\u00e9s & e . suarez - morales in check list , 2017 , 13 ( 5 ) . [ p . 515 , figs . 4 , 5 ] . oncaea venusta female ( from rodadero bay , n colombia ) : 4 , urosome ( dorsal ) ; 5 , anal somite and caudal rami ( dorsal ) . nota : genital double - somite about 1 . 8 times as long as wide . - anal somite with paired dorsal pore on posterior margin . - caudal ramus about 3 . 5 times as long as wide .\na new species of planktonic copepod , oncaea praeclara , is described from a depth of 2003\u20132635 m at the east pacific rise , the galapagos rift , and the guaymas basin in the gulf of california . the species may be recognized by a combination of characters : its relatively large size ; the long caudal ramus , which is about two times longer than the anal segment and has a ratio of 4 . 96\u20136 . 7 : 1 ; the sexual dimorphism in the armature of the fourth segment of the second antenna ; and the labrum with a nearly straight posteroventral margin having four median teeth and lateral setules .\nissued from : r . b\u00f6ttger - schnack in bull . nat . hist . mus . lond . ( zool . ) , 2001 , 67 ( 1 ) . [ p . 33 , fig . 3 ] . oncaea venusta f . typica . female : a , a2 ( posterior ; lateral elements are numbered using roman numerals , distal elements indicated by capital letters ) ; b , labrum ( anterior , slit - like pores arrowed ) ; c , idem ( posterior ) ; d , md ( showing individual elements , identified using capital letters ) ; e , mx1 ; f , mx2 ; g , mxp .\nissued from : r . b\u00f6ttger - schnack in bull . nat . hist . mus . lond . ( zool . ) , 2001 , 67 ( 1 ) . [ p . 36 , fig . 6 ] . oncaea venusta f . typica . male ( from red sea ) : a , habitus ( dorsal ; arrows indicating position of lateral raised pores ) ; b , a1 ; c , mxp ( anterior ) ; d , urosome ( dorsal ) ; e , idem ( ventral ) ; f , idem ( lateral ; spermatophores fylly developed ) ; g , p5 ( dorsal ) ; h , a2 ( posterior ) .\nissued from : r . b\u00f6ttger - schnack in bull . nat . hist . mus . lond . ( zool . ) , 2001 , 67 ( 1 ) . [ p . 32 , fig . 2 ] . oncaea venusta f . typica . female ( from red sea ) : a , habitus ( dorsal ; lateral raised pore enlarged ) ; b , idem ( lateral left side ) ; c , urosome ( dorsal ) ; d , idem ( lateral left side ) ; e , a1 ( small sensory element arrowed ) ; f , caudal ramus ( dorsal ; setae and numbered using roman numerals ) ; g , p6 .\nissued from : a . g . humes in j . plankton res . , 1988 , 10 ( 3 ) . [ p . 477 , fig . 2 ] . as oncaea praeclara . female : a , urosome with egg sac ( lateral ) ; b , rostrum and labrum ( ventral ) ; c , a1 ( postero - inner ) ; d , a2 ( antero - outer ) ; e , md ( anterior view ) ; f , paragnaths , mx1 and labial area ( ventral ) ; g , mx2 ( antero - outer ) ; h , mxp ( anterior ) ; i , claw of mxp ( posterior ) .\noncaea media giesbrecht is often mixed up with o . scottodicarloi and o . waldemari . morphological separation between the first two species are given in detail by heron & bradford - grieve ( 1995 ) , who also pointed out that giesbrecht\u00b4s drawing of the female urosome of o . media ( his plate 47 , fig . 11 ) in fact showed the urosome of o . scottodicarloi . thus , giesbrecht\u00b4s figure of the female urosome shown in this database ( above ) should be omitted or a corresponding remark should be added to the legend . for a morphological distinction between all three species of the media - complex see b\u00f6ttger - schnack ( 2001 ) .\nissued from : a . g . humes in j . plankton res . , 1988 , 10 ( 3 ) . [ p . 477 , fig . 4 ] . as oncaea praeclara . male : a , habitus ( dorsal ) ; b , idem ( lateral ) ; c , urosome ( ventral ) ; d , 3rd segment of a2 ( postero - inner ) ; e , mxp ( anterior ) ; g , spermatophore , partly extruded from male ( ventral ) . nota : p5 reduced to low ridge bearing 2 setae ( lengths 23 and 36 microm . ) , and 1 adjacent ( length 31 microm . p6 represented by posteroventral flap on genital segment bearing spiniform process but no setae\nissued from : a . g . humes in j . plankton res . , 1988 , 10 ( 3 ) . [ p . 477 , fig . 1 ] . as oncaea praeclara . female ( from galapagos rift ) : a , habitus ( dorsal ) ; b , idem ( lateral ) ; c , urosome ( dorsal ) ; d , genital area ( lateral ) ; e , caudal ramus ( dorsal ) . nota : ratio of length of prosome to that of urosome 1 . 49 : 1 . caudal ramus with fine setules along the inner margin , elongate , 125 microm . length , 23 microm . wide proximally ( 17 medially and 20 distally , ratio 6 . 7 : 1 based on medial width\nonc\u00e4a media giesbrecht , 1891 ; 1892 ( p . 591 , 602 , 774 , figs . f , m ) ; no o . media : giesbrecht , 1892 ( pl . 47 : fig . 11 ) ; razouls , 1972 ( p . 95 , annexe : p . 113 , figs . f , non m ) ; 1974 b ( p . 238 , figs . f , non m ) ; o . curta : corral estrada & genicio de corral , 1970 ( p . 30 , pl . xii , figs . 1 - 5 ) oncaea media hymena peterson & miller , 1975 ( p . 642 , 650 , occurrence ) ; 1976 ( p . 14 , table 1 , 2 , abundance vs interannual variations ) ; 1977 ( p . 717 , table 1 , seasonal occurrence )\nepi - to mesopelagic , also demersal and semi - parasitic . sampling depth ( antarct . , sub - antarct . ) : 400 m . overall depth range in sargasso sea : 0 - 500 m ( deevey & brooks , 1977 , station\ns\n) . 0 - 1236 m at station t - 1 ( e tori is , e middle japan ) from furuhashi ( 1966 a ) . this species presents 2 forms ( sub - species ? ) that are characterised by their dimensions . sewell ( 1947 ) suggests also that their spawning season is different . for this author the forma typica is characterized by : the proportional lengths of the anterior and posterior regions of the body as 59 : 41 , and the length and breadth of the anterior region are as 59 to 29 . . the proportional lengths of the segments of the posterior region ( 5th thoracic segment to caudal rami ) as 13 : 46 : 7 : 7 : 9 : 18 . in the forma venella the proportional lengths of the anterior and posterior regions of the body as 60 to 40 , and the length and breadth of the anterior region as 60 to 24 . the proportional lengths of the segments of the posterior region ( 5th thoracic segment to caudal rami ) as 13 : 43 : 7 : 8 : 9 : 20 = 100 . the proportions of the caudal rami are as 23 to 6 . for tanaka ( 1960 , p . 71 ) the two forrms : large and small , are present in his material . female : the proportional lengths of the anterior and posterior regions of the body are as 57 to 43 . the anterior region is 1 . 7 times as long as wide ( 63 : 37 ) . the proportional lengths of the segments of the posterior region ( caudal rami included ) as 13 : 48 : 5 : 5 : 9 : 20 = 100 . caudal rami 4 times as long as broad . heron ( 2002 ) considers the two varieties o . venusta typica and o . venusta venella as two species ( see remarks in oncaea venella and frosti ) , position objected to by b\u00f6ttger - schnack & huys ( 2004 ) . after kazkazmi ( 2004 , p . 232 ) , although free living and pelagic , the species has been found on fish gills ( kazatchenko & adeev , 1977 ) or in a sponge ( ho , 1984 ) and now from the sand ( kazmi & naushaba , 2000 ) . see in dvp conway & al . , 2003 ( version 1 )\nwalter , t . c . & boxshall , g . ( 2018 ) . world of copepods database .\n( of myspictosum kazachenko & avdeev , 1977 ) kazachenko , v . n . & g . v . avdeev . ( 1977 ) . paraziticheskie kopepody ( copepoda , crustacea ) v sborakh 57 - go reisa nis ' vityaz ' v zapadnoi tropicheskoi chasti tikhogo okeana i moryakh indomalaiskogo arkhipelaga . parasitic copepods ( crustacea ) collected during the 57th cruise of the rv ' vityaz ' in the glubokovodnye biologicheskie issledovaniya v zapadnoi tropicheskoi chasti tikhogo okeana . , trudy inst . okeanol . 107 : 30 - 48 , figs . 1 - 10 . ( russian with english summary ) [ details ]\nboxshall , g . ( 2001 ) . copepoda ( excl . harpacticoida ) , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 252 - 268 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of antaria dana , 1846 ) walter , chad . the world of copepods . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of myspictosum kazachenko & avdeev , 1977 ) walter , chad . the world of copepods . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of conaea atlantica ( shmeleva , 1967 ) ) walter , chad . the world of copepods . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nissued from : f . c . ramirez in contr . inst . biol . mar . , buenos aires , 1969 , 98 . [ p . 90 , lam . xviii , figs . 148 , 157 ] . female ( from off mar del plata ) : 148 , habitus ( lateral left side ) ; 157 , a2 . scale bars in mm : 0 . 3 ( 148 ) ; 0 . 05 ( 157 ) .\nissued from : f . c . ramirez in contr . inst . biol . mar . , buenos aires , 1969 , 98 . [ p . 86 , lam . xvii , figs . 138 , 145 ] . female ( from off mar del plata ) : 138 , habitus ( dorsal ) ; 145 , urosome ( dorsal ) . scale bars in mm : 2 ( 138 ) ; 0 . 2 ( 145 ) .\nissued from : q . - c chen & s . - z . zhang & c . - s . zhu in studia marina sinica , 1974 , 9 . [ pl . 6 , figs . 1 - 5 ] . female ( from off - shore chekiang province ) : 1 , habitus ( dorsal ) ; 2 , p3 ; 3 , p4 . male : 4 , habitus ( dorsal ) ; 5 , posterior portion of abdomen .\nissued from : r . b\u00f6ttger - schnack & r . huys in hydrobiologia , 2004 , 513 . [ p . 3 , table 1 ] . total body length ( mm ) of size variants of female in different areas of the atlantic , indian and pacific ocean . size groups exhibiting a dorsal swelling on the p2 - bearing somite are marked in bold . * = single specimen .\nissued from : g . a . boxshall in brit . mus . nat . hist . , zool . , 1977 , 31 ( 3 ) . [ p . 124 ] . female : armature formula of swimming legs p1 to p4 . roman numeral : spine ; arabic numeral : seta .\nissued from : g . a . boxshall in brit . mus . nat . hist . , zool . , 1977 , 31 ( 3 ) . [ p . 126 , fig . 12 , a - d ] . male : a , urosome ( ventral ) ; b , a2 ( anterior ) ; c , mx1 ( posterior ) ; d , mxp ( anterior ) . nota : caudal rami about 1 . 8 times longer than anal somite and about 2 . 2 times longer than broad . a1 4 - segmented . mx1 bilobed ; outer lobe with 4 setae , the outermost seta is slender and unarmed ; inner lobe with 3 setae .\nissued from : j . h . wi , h . - l suh , h . s . yang & h . y . soh in ocean sci . j . , 2008 , 43 ( 4 ) . [ p . 185 , fig . 1 ] . female ( from yellow sea , korea waters ) : a - b , habitus ( dorsal and lateral , respectively ) ; c , a1 ; d , a2 ; e , md ( with 6 elements indicated by small letters ) ; f , mx1 ; g , mx2 ; h , mxp ; i , p5 ; j , p6 . nota : a1 6 - segmented . md : gnathobase with 5 elements ( a - e ) ; ventral element a shorter than ventral blade , with long , fine spinules along dorsal side ; ventral blade b strong and extensive spiniform , with row of setules on posterior part ; dorsal blade c strong and broad , with 3 dentiform processes along distal margin ; 2 dorsal elements setiform , of which ventral one d shorter , flat and densely setose , dorsalmost one e longer and multipinnate . mx1 single segmented , weakly bilobed : inner lobe ( = praecoxal arthrite ) with 3 elements and outer lobe with 4 elements ( outermost one long spiniform having row of spinules ) . mx2 2 - segmented : syncoxa unarmed ; allobasis produced distally into slightly curved claw bearing 2 rows of very strong spinules along medial margin ; outer margin with strong seta extending almost to tip of allobasal claw , ornamented with few minute spinules distally ; inner margin with slender pinnate seta and strong spine . mxp 4 - segmented , composed of syncoxa , basis extensive and robust , with 2 spiniform spinulose elements nearly equal in length and patches of long setules on inner margin ; 1st endopodal segment without ornamentation ; 2nd one with spinulose claw along concave margin , naked seta on outer proximal margin and unipectinate spine joined to inner margin . proportional lenths ( % ) of urosomal segments and caudal rami 9 . 52 : 47 . 6 : 6 . 7 : 9 . 52 : 20 . 0 . p5 with small plumose growing from lateral surface of somite , and small free exopod without ornamentation , exopod slightly longer than wide , bearing 2 naked setae . p6 expressed as operculum around each genital aperture with spine . caudal rami about 3 times as long as wide with 6 elements .\nissued from : j . h . wi , h . - l suh , h . s . yang & h . y . soh in ocean sci . j . , 2008 , 43 ( 4 ) . [ p . 186 , fig . 2 ] . female : a - d , p1 to p4 .\nissued from : j . h . wi , h . - l suh , h . s . yang & h . y . soh in ocean sci . j . , 2008 , 43 ( 4 ) . [ p . 185 , fig . 1 ] . female : armature formula , spines ( roman numerals ) and setae ( arabic numerals ) .\nissued from : j . h . wi , h . - l suh , h . s . yang & h . y . soh in ocean sci . j . , 2008 , 43 ( 4 ) . [ p . 188 , fig . 3 ] . male : a - b , habitus ( dorsal and lateral , respectively ) ; c , a1 ; d , a2 ; e , mxp ; f - i , endopods of p1 to p4 , respectively ; j , p5 . nota : a1 4 - segmented ; distal segment corresponding to fused segments 4 - 6 of female ; a2 coxobasis having naked and short seta at innerdistal corner ; distal endopodal segment with seta iii more stout than in female , seta iv spiniform and curved , both elements shorter than in female . p6 expressed as posterolateral flap closing off genital aperture on either side ; covered by minute denticles .\nissued from : w . giesbrecht in systematik und faunistik der pelagischen copepoden des golfes von neapel und der angrenzenden meeres - abschnitte . \u2013 fauna flora golf . neapel , 1892 , 19 : 1 - 831 , atlas von 54 tafeln . [ taf . 47 , figs . 5 , 13 ] . as onc\u00e4a venusta . female : 5 , habitus ( dorsal ) ; 13 , same ( lateral ) .\nissued from : w . giesbrecht in systematik und faunistik der pelagischen copepoden des golfes von neapel und der angrenzenden meeres - abschnitte . \u2013 fauna flora golf . neapel , 1892 , 19 , atlas von 54 tafeln . [ taf . 47 , fig . 19 ] . as onc\u00e4a venusta . female : 19 , a2 ( posterior view ) .\nissued from : w . giesbrecht in systematik und faunistik der pelagischen copepoden des golfes von neapel und der angrenzenden meeres - abschnitte . \u2013 fauna flora golf . neapel , 1892 , 19 , atlas von 54 tafeln . [ taf . 47 , figs . 50 , 54 , 58 ] . as onc\u00e4a venusta . female : 50 , mx2 ; 54 , mx1 ; 58 , md .\nissued from : w . giesbrecht in systematik und faunistik der pelagischen copepoden des golfes von neapel und der angrenzenden meeres - abschnitte . \u2013 fauna flora golf . neapel , 1892 , 19 , atlas von 54 tafeln . [ taf . 47 , fig . 44 ] . as onc\u00e4a venusta . female : 44 , mxp .\nissued from : w . giesbrecht in systematik und faunistik der pelagischen copepoden des golfes von neapel und der angrenzenden meeres - abschnitte . \u2013 fauna flora golf . neapel , 1892 , 19 , atlas von 54 tafeln . [ taf . 47 , fig . 39 ] . as onc\u00e4a venusta . female : 39 , p4 ( posterior view ) .\nissued from : w . giesbrecht in systematik und faunistik der pelagischen copepoden des golfes von neapel und der angrenzenden meeres - abschnitte . \u2013 fauna flora golf . neapel , 1892 , 19 , atlas von 54 tafeln . [ taf . 47 , fig . 2 ] . as onc\u00e4a venusta . male : 2 , urosome ( ventral ) .\nissued from : c . razouls in th . doc . etat fac . sc . paris vi , 1972 , annexe . [ fig . 66 ] . female ( from banyuls , g . of lion ) : a , urosome ; b , mxp ; c , a1 ; d , a2 ; e , p4 ; f , endopodite of p3 ; g , p1 ; h , p2 .\nissued from : c . razouls in th . doc . etat fac . sc . paris vi , 1972 , annexe . [ fig . 67 ] . male : a , urosome ; b , a2 ; c , mxp .\nissued from : g . a . heron & j . m . bradford - grieve in new zealand oceanogr . inst memoir 104 . niwa , 1995 . [ p . 34 , fig . 14 , e - l ] female : e , habitus ( lateral ) [ q ] ; f , same ( dorsal ) [ q ] ; g , anterior of prosome ( ventral ) [ r ] ; h , right a2 [ s ] ; i , labrum ( ventral ) [ u ] ; j , right md [ u ] ; k , left mx1 [ u ] ; l , right mx2 [ w ] . scale bars : see p . 13 , fig . 2 . letter in brackets .\nissued from : g . a . heron & j . m . bradford - grieve in new zealand oceanogr . inst memoir 104 . niwa , 1995 . [ p . 35 , fig . 15 , a - j ] female : a , right mxp [ s ] ; b , p1 [ y ] ; c , p2 [ y ] ; d , p3 [ y ] ; e , p4 [ y ] ; f , p5 [ s ] . male : g , habitus ( lateral ) [ q ] ; h , same ( dorsal ) [ q ] ; i , 3rd segment of right a2 [ s ] ; j , left mxp [ s ] . scale bars : see p . 13 , fig . 2 . letter in brackets .\nissued from : s . - h . hsiao , j . - s . hwang & t . - h . fang in crustaceana , 2010 , 83 ( 2 ) . [ p . 184 , table i ] . copepods collected from the sea around northern taiwan and from southern east china sea extending to the okinawa trough , to study possible spatial heterogeneity . the content of the same metal shows considerable variation both intra - and inter - specifically . the metal concentrations in males are higher than in females . copepod metal quota display spatial variation : coastal water > southern east china sea > kuroshio water , suggesting that the metal contents of copepods are influenced by the water quality of their marine environment .\nissued from : s . - h . hsiao , s . k\u00e2 , t . - h . fang & j . - s . hwang in hydrobiologia , 2011 , 666 . [ p . 326 , fig . 6 ] . variations in the most abundant copepod species ( mean \u00b1 se ) along the transect in the boundary waters between the northern part taiwan strait and the east china sea i march ( black bar ) and october ( grey bar ) 2005 ( mann - whitney u test , sig . * p < 0 . 05 . see drawings of hydrological conditions and superficial marine currents in calanus sinicus .\ncosmopolite ( equatorial , tropical , sub - tropical , temperate ) . from north pacific , also : bering sea , gulf of alaska ; from south : se australia , new zealand . from the north atlantic it seems with difficulty reach the latitude 45\u00b0 , although noted from east nova scotia ( in sameoto & al . , 2002 ) , from labrador and north hudson bay ( in wilson , 1936 d ) ; from the south of south africa and buenos aires , brazil ( s , off rio de janeiro , vitoria bay , ubatuba , off maca\u00e9 , paranagua estuary , camamu , off natal ) , in antarctic ( weddell sea in voronina & kolosova ( 1999 ) , sub - antarctic ( indiian , se pacif . ) , arctic . ( continent ) , also : hawaii ( kaneohe bay ) , clipperton is . , galapagos rift , e pacif . rise , baja california ( bahia magdalena ) , g . of california ( guaymas basin ) , coyuca lagoon ( guerrero ) , acapulco bay , caribbean colombia , rodadero bay , w costa rica , g . of mexico , off mississipi river mouth , off bermuda ( station\ns\n) , delaware bay ( outside ) , bahia cupica ( colombi ) , peru , chile ( n , concepcion ) , australia ( north west cape ) , e korea , cheju island , china seas ( yellow sea , east china sea , south china sea , changjiang river estuary ) , off sw taiwan , taiwan strait , taiwan ( s , ne , e : kuroshio & oyashio currents ) , kueishan is . , korea strait , japan , kuchinoerabu is . , sagami bay , tosa bay , tokyo bay , malaysia ( sarawak : bintulu coast ) , se india ( mallipayyinam - manamelkudi , mediterranean sea ( black sea included ) , g . of guinea , off lagos , red sea\n502 ? ( probably less because inadequacy pr\u00e9cision with o . venella , if it is maintened )\nsee my comments on the taxonomic status of the form variants of o . venusta given in the database\nworld register of marine species ( worms )\n.\nrazouls c . , de bov\u00e9e f . , kouwenberg j . et desreumaux n . , 2005 - 2018 . - diversity and geographic distribution of marine planktonic copepods . sorbonne universit\u00e9 , cnrs . available at urltoken [ accessed july 09 , 2018 ]\nissued from : q . - c chen & s . - z . zhang & c . - s . zhu in studia marina sinica , 1974 , 9 . [ pl . 6 , figs . 12 - 15 ] . with doubt . female ( from off - shore chekiang ) : 12 , habitus ( dorsal ) ; 13 , mxp ; 14 , p4 . male : 15 , habitus ( dorsal ) .\nissued from : r . b\u00f6ttger - schnack in bull . nat . hist . mus . lond . ( zool . ) , 2001 , 67 ( 1 ) . [ p . 356 , fig . 16 ] . male ( from red sea ) : a , habitus ( dorsal ) ; b , p5 ( dorsal ) ; c , p6 ( aberrant posterolateral corner arrowed ) ; d , a2 ( anterior ) ; e , md . nota : proportional lengths ( % ) of urosomites and caudal rami 10 . 9 : 58 . 7 : 3 . 8 : 3 . 3 : 3 . 8 : 7 . 6 : 11 . 9 .\nissued from : r . b\u00f6ttger - schnack in bull . nat . hist . mus . lond . ( zool . ) , 2001 , 67 ( 1 ) . [ p . 56 , table 4 ] . sexual dimorphism in spine length ( mm ) on distal endopod segment of p2 - p4 in o . media from the red sea . ( data represent single measurments ) .\nissued from : r . b\u00f6ttger - schnack in bull . nat . hist . mus . lond . ( zool . ) , 2001 , 67 ( 1 ) . [ p . 57 , table 5 ] . list of important characters separating o . media and related species . data of o . curta after sars ( 1918 ) , remaining data from present study .\nissued from : w . giesbrecht in systematik und faunistik der pelagischen copepoden des golfes von neapel und der angrenzenden meeres - abschnitte . \u2013 fauna flora golf . neapel , 1892 . atlas von 54 tafeln . [ taf . 47 , figs . 32 , 33 ] . as onc\u00e4a media . male : 32 , endopodal segment 3 of p3 ; 33 , endopodal segment 3 of p2 .\nissued from : g . a . boxshall in bull . br . mus . nat . hist . ( zool . ) , 1977 , 31 ( 3 ) . [ p . 132 , fig . 16 , f - k ] . female ( from 18\u00b0n , 25\u00b0w ) : f , urosome ( dorsal ) ; g , a2 ( anterior ) ; h , md ( anterior ) ; h , md ( anterior ) ; i , mx1 ( anterior ) ; j , mxp ( anterior ; k , p4 ( posterior ) .\nissued from : z . zheng , s . li , s . j . li & b . chen in marine planktonic copepods in chinese waters . shanghai sc . techn . press , 1982 [ p . 101 , fig . 59 ] . doubtful . female : a , habitus ( dorsal ) ; b , mxp ; c , p4 . male : d , habitus ( dorsal ) ; e , urosome ( ventral ) ; f , endopodal segments 2 and 3 of p2 ; g , endopodal segments 2 and 3 of p3 . scale bars in mm .\nissued from : j . h . wi , y . h . yoon & h . y . soh in ocean sci . j . , 2009 , 44 ( 2 ) . [ p . 106 , fig . 8 ] . female ( from s korea ) : a - b , habitus ( dorsal and lateral , respectively ) ; c , a1 ; d , a2 ; e , labrum ( posterior ) ; f , md ; g , mx1 ; h , mxp ; i , p1 ; j , p5 . scale bars in micrometers .\nissued from : j . h . wi , y . h . yoon & h . y . soh in ocean sci . j . , 2009 , 44 ( 2 ) . [ p . 108 , fig . 9 , a - c ] . female : a , p2 ; b , p3 ; c , p4 . scale bar in micrometers .\nissued from : j . h . wi , y . h . yoon & h . y . soh in ocean sci . j . , 2009 , 44 ( 2 ) . [ p . 108 , fig . 9 , d - j ] . male : d - e , habitus ( dorsal and lateral , respectively ) ; f , a2 ; g , mxp ; h , endopodite 3 of p2 ; i , endopodite 3 of p3 ; j , p6 ( represented by posterolateral flap closing off genital aperture on each side ) . scale bars in micrometers .\nissued from : c . razouls in vie milieu , 1974 b ( p . , figs . m ) male from banyuls , g . of lion ) : a , urosome ( dorsal ) ; b , a1 ; c , mxp ; d , a2 ( setae on distal segment missing ) ; e , p4 ; f , distal expansion on genital segment ) .\nissued from : g . a . heron & j . m . bradford - grieve in new zealand oceanogr . inst memoir 104 . niwa , 1995 . [ p . 37 , fig . 16 ] . female : a , habitus ( dorsal ) [ r ] ; b , right a1 [ s ] ; c , right a2 [ z ] ; d , labrum ( ventral ) [ t ] ; e , right md [ u ] ; f , left mx1 [ u ] ; g , left mx2 [ z ] ; h , right mxp [ z ] ; i , p1 [ z ] ; j , p2 [ z ] ; k , p3 [ z ] . scales in p . 13 , fig . 2 . letter in brackets . nota : a double scallop pattern of sclerotisation between gonopores , located at posterior margin of anterior third of genital segment . p6 probably represented by spiniform setule on external genital area . caudal ramus length about double that of width .\nissued from : g . a . heron & j . m . bradford - grieve in new zealand oceanogr . inst memoir 104 . niwa , 1995 . [ p . 38 , fig . 17 , a - i ] . female : a , p4 [ z ] ; b , segment of p5 [ z ] . male ( from bay of naples ) : c - d , habitus ( lateral and dorsal , respectively ) [ r ] ; e , 3rd segment of left a2 [ t ] ; f , right mxp [ z ] ; g , 3rd endopodal segment of p2 [ z ] ; h , 3rd endopodal segment of p3 [ z ] ; i , 3rd endopodal segment of p4 [ z ] . scales in p . 13 , fig . 2 . letter in brackets . nota : p5 with small free segment ; 2 terminal setae , the outer 2 / 3 the length of inner seta ; seta on body near leg .\nissued from : w . giesbrecht in systematik und faunistik der pelagischen copepoden des golfes von neapel und der angrenzenden meeres - abschnitte . \u2013 fauna flora golf . neapel , 1892 . atlas von 54 tafeln . [ taf . 47 , figs . 29 , 30 ] . as onc\u00e4a media . female : 29 , endopodal segment 3 of p3 ; 30 , endopodal segment 3 of p2 .\nissued from : w . giesbrecht in systematik und faunistik der pelagischen copepoden des golfes von neapel und der angrenzenden meeres - abschnitte . \u2013 fauna flora golf . neapel , 1892 . atlas von 54 tafeln . [ taf . 47 , fig . 1 ] . as onc\u00e4a media . female : 1 , habitus ( dorsal ) .\nissued from : g . a . heron & j . m . bradford - grieve in new zealand oceanogr . inst . memoir 104 . niwa , 1995 . [ p . 35 , fig . 15 , k ] . female ( from gulf of naples ) : k , habitus ( lateral ) [ r ] scale bars : see p . 13 , fig . 2 . letter in brackets .\nissued from : o . tanaka in spec . publs . seto mar . biol . lab . , 10 , 1960 [ pl . xxxi , 4 - 6 ] . female ( from south china sea and indian ocean ) : 4 , habitus ( dorsal ) ; 5 , p4 ; 6 , p4 ( forma major ) . nota : the prsent females ranged in size from 0 . 55 mm to 0 . 79 mm prosome and urosome in the proportional lengths 63 to 37 . proportional lengths of the urosomal segments and caudal rami 10 : 54 : 4 : 7 : 8 : 16 = 100 . caudal rami 2 / 6 times as long as broad . the distal abdominal segments are of yellowish brown colour .\nissued from : o . tanaka in spec . publs . seto mar . biol . lab . , 10 , 1960 [ pl . xxxi , 7 - 9 ] . male : 7 , abdomen ( dorsal ( specimen from 0 . 74 mm ) ; 8 , same ( specimen from 0 . 56 mm ) ; 9 , same ( specimen from 0 . 93 mm ) . length 0 . 51 - 0 . 60 and 0 . 70 - 0 . 93 mm . the males varies greatly in size . proportional lengths of the urosomal segments and caudal rami are two types : large form : 11 : 62 : 5 : 3 : 3 : 5 : 11 = 100 small form : 12 : 62 : 5 : 2 : 2 : 5 : 12 = 100 . caudal rami about 2 . 6 times as long as broad . remarks : in the present material the small form is much inferior in number ; these two forms differ only in size , and there is no structural difference .\nissued from : a . v . kovalev in gidrobiol . zh . , 1970 , 6 ( 5 ) . [ p . 92 , table 1 ] . relation between the body length of females and number of eggs . a : species ; b : number of females ; c : length of females in mm ; d : number of eggs in relation to the lengths of females .\ncosmopolite ( tropical , sub - tropical ) ; ? antarct . ( ross is . : in farran , 1929 ) , south africa ( off cape of good hope , e & w ) , angola ( baia farta ) , g . of guinea , ivorian shelf , off morocco - mauritania , cap ghir , portugal , brazil ( s , off rio de janeiro , cabo frio , vitoria bay , off vitoria - cabo de sao tom\u00e9 , guarau estuary , off natal ) , caribbean colombia , bahia de mochima ( venezuela ) , sargasso sea , off bermuda ( station\ns\n) , delaware bay ( outside ) , off e nova scotia , north sea , nw spain , off w tangier , medit . ( m ' diq , alboran sea , baleares , gulf of annaba , g . of gabes , genova , gulf of taranto , taranto harbour , s adriatic sea ( vlora bay ) , w - e basins , w egyptian coast , lebanon basin , thracian sea , marmara sea , black sea ) , suez canal , g . of aqaba , n - s red sea , gulf of oman , g . of aden , arabian gulf , uae coast , arabian sea , karachi coast , laqccadive is . , maldive is . , sri lanka , madagascar ( nosy b\u00e9 ) , seychelles , indian , gulf of mannar , palk bay , bay of bengal , straits of malacca , g . of thailand , indo - malaysia , sulu sea , china seas ( yellow sea , east china sea , south china sea ) , taiwan strait , taiwan ( e , s , sw , w , n , nw , ne ) , korea ( e , s ) , s japan sea , nagasaki , japan , kuchinoerabu is . , ariake bay , tokyo bay , seto inland sea , kuroshio & oyashio regions , oregon ( off newport ) , california , baja california ( bahia magdalena ) ; gulf of california , bahia de los angeles , g . of tehuantepec , clipperton is . , bahia cupica ( colombia ) , galapagos - ecuador , chile ( n , off santiago , concepcion ) , pacif . ( w equatorial ) , australia ( north west cape , g . of carpentaria , se , great barrier ) , new caledonia , tasman sea , n new zealand , georgia strait ( goat is . )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nauthor of the drawing is ernst haeckel . original uploader was pabouk at en . wikipedia . ( different older version was uploaded by boston at en . wikipedia . )\nmaggie whitson marked\nfile : haeckel copepoda . jpg\nas trusted on the\nsapphirina darwinii\npage .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nprosome 2 . 5 times length of urosome ( excluding caudal rami ) , 2 . 2 times urosome length ( including caudal rami )\ncaudal rami about 1 . 6 times longer than wide ( shorter than female )\nprosome 2 . 8 times length of urosome ( excluding caudal rami ) 2 . 4 times urosome length including caudal rami\ngenital double - somite 1 . 5 times as long as maximum width & 2 . 5 times as long as postgenital somites combined ; almost square - shaped genital somite , stockier & broader\ndistinguish between female o . media by proportional lengths of urosome somites ( more elongated genital somite in o . media - genital somite is 2 times as long as the rest of urosome )\nform and location of sclerotization between genital apertures ( in urltoken genital openings are closer to top 1 / 3 from the top while in o . scottodicarloi genital openings are almost \u00bd way from the top of genital somite )\nheron , g . a . and j . m . bradford - grieve ( 1995 ) .\nthe marine faunaof new zealand : pelagic copepoda : poecilostomatoida : oncaeidae .\nnew zealand oceanographic institute memoir 104 .\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience on our website . by continuing to use our website , you are agreeing to our use of cookies . you can change your cookie settings at any time .\nyou could not be signed in . please check your email address / username and password and try again .\nmost users should sign in with their email address . if you originally registered with a username please use that to sign in .\nto purchase short term access , please sign in to your oxford academic account above .\noxford university press is a department of the university of oxford . it furthers the university ' s objective of excellence in research , scholarship , and education by publishing worldwide\nfor full access to this pdf , sign in to an existing account , or purchase an annual subscription ."]}
{"id": 215, "summary": [{"text": "scutellastra kermadecensis is a species of sea snail , a true limpet , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family patellidae , one of the families of true limpets . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "scutellastra kermadecensis", "paragraphs": ["patellidae \u00bb scutellastra kermadecensis , id : 210062 , shell detail \u00ab shell encyclopedia , conchology , inc .\nscutellastra kermadecensis ( kermadec giant limpet ) underwater photography of the kermadec giant limpet ( scutellastra kermadecensis ) by new zealand photojournalist and underwater photographer richard robinson . class : gastropoda subclass : patellogastropoda superfamily : patelloidea family : patellidae occurrence : endemic to the kermadec islands\n( of patella ( scutellastra ) kermadecensis pilsbry , 1894 ) spencer , h . g . , marshall , b . a . & willan , r . c . ( 2009 ) . checklist of new zealand living mollusca . pp 196 - 219 . in : gordon , d . p . ( ed . ) new zealand inventory of biodiversity . volume one . kingdom animalia : radiata , lophotrochozoa , deuterostomia . canterbury university press , christchurch . [ details ]\nkoufopanou et al ( 1999 ) . a molecular phylogeny of the patellid limpets ( gastropoda : patellidae ) and its implications for the origins of their antitropical distribution mol . phylogenet . evol . 11 ( 1 ) : 138 - 156 [ details ]\nmarshall , b . a . ( 1981 ) . fossil collections from raoul island . appendix 1 . pp 90 - 91 in lloyd , e . f . & nathan , s . geology and tephrochronology of raoul island , kermadec group , new zealand . new zealand geological survey bulletin 95 . [ details ]\nridgeway , s . a . , reid , d . g . , taylor , j . d . , branch , g . m . & hodgson , a . n . , 1998 . a cladistic phylogeny of the family patellidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . philosophical transactions of the royal society of london , series b , 353 ( 1375 ) , 1645 - 1671 . , available online at urltoken ; = 2 & page ; = 1 & pagecount ; = 27 [ details ]\nthe symbols k . a . c . f . m . an . are used to indicate the geographical range of the species . they have been adopted to give an approxomation of the range of each species within new zealand .\nbrook , f . j . , marshall , b . a . 1998 : the coastal molluscan fauna of the northern kermadec islands , southwest pacific ocean , journal of the royal society of new zealand , 28 ( p . 214 )\nridgway , s . a . , reid , d . g . , taylor , j . d . , branch , g . m . , hodgson , a . n . 1998 : a cladistic phylogeny of the family patellidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) , philosophical transactions of the royal society , 353 ( p . 1648 )\nfleming , c . a . 1973 : kermadec island giant limpet occurring fossil in new zealand , and relict distribution in the tropics , new zealand journal of marine and freshwater research , 7 ( 1 ) ( p . 160 )\noliver , w . r . b . 1914 : the mollusca of the kermadec islands , transactions and proceedings of the new zealand institute , 47 ( p . 510 )\nnote : localities are approximate , and represent only some of the known localities for the species .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nversion 43 . 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed . my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .\noccurrence describes how often the species is found on surveys within its distribution . it is calculated as the % of reef sites surveyed by rls divers across all the ecoregions in which the species has been observed\nabundance is calculated as the average number of individuals recorded per rls transect , where present .\nplease use this form only for a single type of error . if you see multiple errors on the page for this species , please report these in separate forms by clicking on this button again after submitting this form\nthank you for highlighting this error . we appreciate your assistance in maintaining high quality control standards\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthe star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :\nwe want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only , as we handle very few foreign shells in general . as time goes , the system will become more and more performant .\nenter your email address and we will send you an email with your username and password .\ne - mail jecilia sisican if you do not receive your email with your username and password .\nnew zealand . kermadec islands . on rocks , subtidal . ex - coll a . arthur . 1980 .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 0 . 002 seconds . )\nearly this morning the inhabitants of the braveheart woke to the rocking and rolling of the ocean , and the ship was forced to move from boat cove on the south east coast of raoul island . a nearby weather system developed into a low as a front moved over the top of us . the wind , rain and swell increased very quickly from the south east , and we found shelter in the lee of the meyer islands .\nelliott punches through the waves on dirk the tender . photo by shiraz mccormack .\nthe coral koru . a new candidate for the new zealand flag ? photo by ross funnell .\nso we have taken the opportunity this afternoon to catch up on collating the large amount of data that we have collected , ensure all specimen labels correctly link the collections to the places where they were gathered , and to stabilise our collections for the journey home . kina and ross of the nhnz film team found a reef in denham bay sheltered enough to dive and film a boiling underwater eruption of hot gas and liquid \u2013 a reminder that we are in a very active geological area .\nkina scollay awaits the next eruption in the hazy , heated water . photo by ross funnell .\nby the end of the day . we were back at boat cove where we started , having been chased all the way around the island by the ever changing wind and swell , and the occassional playful dolphins . hopefully tomorrow\u2019s condition will be more settled and condusive to science and filming .\nfor 21 days home for the crew is the rv braveheart . the 39 metre long vessel has visited the kermadecs many times before as well as other parts of the pacific & southern oceans ."]}
{"id": 220, "summary": [{"text": "the kenai peninsula wolf ( canis lupus alces ) , also known as the kenai peninsula grey wolf , was a subspecies of the gray wolf , canis lupus , that lived on a peninsula in southern alaska known as kenai peninsula . ", "topic": 22}], "title": "kenai peninsula wolf", "paragraphs": ["image - kenai peninsula wolf . jpg | animal jam clans wiki | fandom powered by wikia\nwolves still roam the kenai peninsula today , but classification in 1944 ( edward goldman ) separated the kenai peninsula wolf from these species , and their extinction as announced .\nwhile there is a current wolf population on the peninsula , the lack of genetic similarity to the original species has resulted in a classification of extinction for the original kenai peninsula wolf sub - species .\ncanis lupus occidentalis a large wolf from western canada , also called the mackenzie valley wolf .\nadmin - i ' ll add a poll later - 1 i think the kenai peninsula wolf weight is exaggerated , and 2 , the dire wolf weight is underestimated .\nx - canis lupus alces the kenai peninsula wolf ; one of the largest of north american wolves ; extinct by 1925 .\nthe gold rush in the late 1800s brought settlers , and the kenai peninsula wolf was often observed by people in the area . their population started to decrease as settlers hunted the wolf , and pesticides were used to safeguard communities . random sighting occurred up to the 1940s , but it is unknown if these wolves were direct descendants of the kenai peninsula wolf , or crossbred species .\nif you have hunted wolves , or plan on hunting wolves , you will be hunting a gray wolf or a subspecies of gray wolf . the most common subspecies of gray wolf to hunt are as follows :\nalmanac : ready to rumble \u2014 kenai was grounds for evel vs . awful , peninsula clarion vs . cheechako news\ntwo species of porpoise are regularly seen in the waters off the kenai peninsula : dall\u2019s porpoises , and harbor porpoises .\nthat colonized the area , or the descendants of a few of the kenai peninsula wolves that had survived . it has been shown through dna studies that , at minimum , kenai peninsula wolves mated with other alaskan subspecies , as the structure of the current wolf population ' s dna is similar to other mainland alaskan subspecies .\nfive species of pacific salmon spawn on the kenai peninsula . all are routinely referred to by at least two common names .\nanchorage , alaska ( ap ) \u2014 kenai peninsula wolves will get at least a year reprieve from state - sanctioned culling .\ngenetically , wolves of the peninsula were found to be indistinct from those of the mainland , so if there ever was a separate kenai strain of wolf , it\u2019s likely now extinct . yet the kenai peninsula wolves were distinct in one aspect , albeit an ignoble one . they experienced a prevalence of diseases before their mainland counterparts .\nkenai peninsula wolf was 45\nat the shoulder ? so only a few inches shorter than a male lion ? and 200 lbs ? seems more like a fantasy to me . is there a paper describing a skeleton , or is this anecdotal ? i vote for the dire wolf .\ncanis lupus crassodon a medium - size , greyish wolf found on vancouver island .\nif you hunt in alaska , you will be after one of these two subspecies found all over alaska and into the aleutian islands . these are the largest wolf species that you will hunt . one mackenzie valley wolf weighed 175 pounds . generally these wolves weigh in around 90 - 120 pounds . before it went extinct in 1924 , alaska was home to the largest recorded modern gray wolf subspecies , the kenai peninsula wolf that averaged around 200 pounds .\ngenetically , wolves of the peninsula were found to be indistinct from those of the mainland , so if there ever was a separate kenai strain of wolf , it ' s likely now extinct . yet the kenai peninsula wolves were distinct in one aspect , albeit an ignoble one . they experienced a prevalence of diseases before their mainland counterparts .\ncanis lupus griseoalbus a large wolf found in north alberta , saskatchewan , and manitoba .\ncanis lupus mackenzii the northwest territories wolf ; not recognized as a subspecies until 1943 .\nthe wolf population of the peninsula at that time was estimated at 186 wolves , with about 71 percent on the western kenai peninsula in what today would be alaska game management unit 15 , and about 29 percent on the eastern peninsula , today\u2019s gmu 7 . about 44 percent were thought to be on refuge land . bailey expects that\u2019s still the case today .\nhumpback whales are the most commonly sighted and abundant large whales in the waters around the kenai peninsula . watch for them in resurrection bay , in kenai fjords national park , and outside of kachemak bay .\nbetween poisoning , hunting and trapping pressure and disease , the kenai peninsula has not proven a very hospitable home to wolves over the years .\n\u201c ( the kenai peninsula wolves ) were the first alaskan wolves to acquire several dog - related diseases and parasites , \u201d bailey said .\n( the kenai peninsula wolves ) were the first alaskan wolves to acquire several dog - related diseases and parasites ,\nbailey said .\nthe kenai wolf was described and classified by zoologist edward goldman , it was apparently adapted for hunting moose so it ' s large size was beneficial , but when gold miners and settlers came to kenai they wiped out the wolves there . a wolf resurgence didn ' t occur until 1960 , however the new wolves were simply mainland wolves who had reached the peninsula . i think the size was probably exaggerated but they certainly could have been larger than their mainland counterparts , but i still favor the dire wolf due to it being an equally if not more powerfully built wolf .\nthe wolf population of the peninsula at that time was estimated at 186 wolves , with about 71 percent on the western kenai peninsula in what today would be alaska game management unit 15 , and about 29 percent on the eastern peninsula , today ' s gmu 7 . about 44 percent were thought to be on refuge land . bailey expects that ' s still the case today .\nx - canis lupus beothucus the newfoundland wolf , now extinct ; reported almost pure white .\ncanis lupus columbianus a large wolf found in the yukon , british columbia , and alberta .\ncanis lupus hudsonicus a light - coloured wolf found in northern manitoba and the northwest territories .\ncanis lupus irremotus a medium - sized , light - coloured wolf from the rocky mountains .\nif you hunt in idaho or montana , you will probably be hunting a subspecies called the rocky mountain wolf , generally a medium to large sized wolf ranging from 70 to 135 pounds .\nalthough commercial fisheries and salmon processing dominated the kenai peninsula economy for much of the 20th century , the beginning of the \u201cfish wars\u201d was just on the horizon . in the early 1900s a newly built railroad set the stage for the first sport fishery on the kenai peninsula . it began with fishermen from seward traveling to kenai lake and cooper landing to fish for large rainbow trout . as word spread about the exceptional size of these fish , sportsmen from the lower 48 and around the world began traveling to seward and lodges on kenai lake and so began trophy fishing and guide services on the kenai peninsula .\nx - canis lupus monstrabilis a wolf found in texas and new mexico ; extinct by 1942 .\nkenai wildlife may be more special than you think\n. peninsula clarion ( 2010 - 07 - 15 ) . retrieved on 2012 - 12 - 31 .\nas a companion to marybeth holleman ' s presentation on her new book ,\namong wolves : gordon haber ' s insights into alaska ' s most misunderstood animal ,\nat kenai peninsula college on april 2 , retired kenai national wildlife refuge biologist ted bailey gave an overview of the history of wolves on the peninsula .\ncanis lupus arctos the white wolf of the high arctic , found from melville island to ellesmere island .\nx - canis lupus fuscus a brownish - colored wolf from the cascade mountains ; extinct by 1940 .\ncanis lupus ligoni a small , dark - colored wolf from the alexander archipelago in the arctic islands .\nx - canis lupus youngi the southern rocky mountain wolf ; extinct by 1935 ; light buff color .\nthough there are scattered reports of wolf sightings in the area during the 1940s , confirmed re - emergence of wolves on the peninsula didn ' t occur until the 1960s . the largest recorded individual wolf of this breed was nearly 4 . 5 feet ( 1 . 4 m ) tall at the shoulder , the largest wolf ever recorded or sighted . it is unknown whether the new packs of wolves represented other\nthe species in its hunt for the large moose that roamed the peninsula . they inhabited the kenai peninsula and adjacent areas in alaskait fed largely on moose which is how its scientific name canis lupus alces was derived . it would also feed on other large ungulates\nboth black and brown ( grizzly ) bears are found on the kenai peninsula . overall , black bears are more abundant , although in some areas and times brown bears predominate .\nx - canis lupus mogollonensis a medium - sized wolf found in arizona and new mexico ; extinct by 1935 .\nliz jozwiak and ted spraker ( december 3 , 1999 )\nwolves on the kenai national wildlife refuge\n\u2013u . s . fish and wildlife service , kenai national wildlife refuge\ni can ' t find any data about kenai wolf size other than the sizes already given , not even the kenai peninsula website acknowledges this subspecies , they just mention how wolves went extinct in 1915 then returned from the mainland in the 1960 ' s , they never say they used to have the worlds biggest wolves , you ' d think they would be proud of that heritage .\nanother interesting factoid is the appearance of kenai wolves . about 33 percent of wolves on the kenai were black in peterson\u2019s initial study . over time that decreased 13 percent in 2000 .\ninstantly recognizable by their natty dark caps and black bibs , chickadees are common on the kenai peninsula . because of their bold dispositions and acrobatic natures , they\u2019re a great species to observe . watch and listen for chickadees year - round , in forested habitats of all types . all kenai peninsula chickadee species give some variation of the familiar\ntsikadee , dee , dee\ncall .\nanother interesting factoid is the appearance of kenai wolves . about 33 percent of wolves on the kenai were black in peterson ' s initial study . over time that decreased 13 percent in 2000 .\nrefuge notebook 04 - 30 - 2010 - kenai - u . s . fish and wildlife service\nrolf o . peterson , james d . woolington and theodore n . bailey ( 1984 ) .\nwolves of the kenai peninsula , alaska\n. wildlife monographs 88 : 3\u201352 . jstor 3830728 .\nsymbols of the wild north , caribou are a sought - after species for wildlife viewers on the kenai peninsula . these\nwandering deer\nare native to north america , europe , and asia .\njohn toppenberg , a board member of the alaska wildlife alliance , said from soldotna that he welcomed the decision and that he continues to disagree with the game board vote to kill kenai peninsula wolves .\nbald eagles big , powerful , sharp - eyed and dominating , bald eagles are perhaps the most famous members of the kenai peninsula\u2019s bird world . you may find them year - round , anywhere on the peninsula , from the high alpine to the river valleys , but they are most concentrated along the coast .\nin the 1800s and early 1900s , the kenai peninsula\u2019s wolves were exterminated by miners , prospectors , and homesteaders . between 1915 and 1965 , wolves were only occasionally documented in the region . between the late 1960s and mid - 1970s , however , wolf populations increased as the animals moved into suitable habitats , reproduced , and established territories .\nat the end of the day , we just aren\u2019t certain about the degree of endemism in kenai populations of marten , red fox , and brown bears , nor in extirpated populations of native caribou and wolf . this area of science is ripe for more exploration including genetic analysis of the many specimens collected before 1920 and archived at museums around the country . ecological understanding always brings a renewed appreciation of wildlife that share the kenai peninsula with us .\nthe smallest of the kenai peninsula\u2019s common owls , the boreal owl is about the size of a robin . like great gray owls , these white - spotted woodland owls hunt primarily by listening for the subtle sounds of their prey . smaller yet , the northern saw - whet owl is increasing in numbers on the peninsula .\nthe wolves inhabiting the kenai now are not original stock either . our current population descended from mainland packs that naturally re - colonized the kenai in the 1960s after an absence of perhaps 40 years . long - time trapper andrew berg saw one of the last kenai peninsula wolves ( canis lupus alces ) at the head of bear creek in 1909 , after a decade of persecution including the use of strychnine by miners . scattered reports of wolves indicate that they may have been present though extremely scarce on the kenai through the 1940s .\nthe kenai peninsula includes thousands of acres of national wildlife refuge and federal managers elsewhere have rejected predator control . the state could have begun killing wolves immediately on state and private land . vincent - lang said the department supports intensive management proposal on the peninsula but wants to increase its body of knowledge needed to inform its decisions .\nin the early 1980s , kenai peninsula wolves began to show signs of being infested with dog lice . despite efforts at treatment , the animals continue to struggle with lice , which damage their fur and cause severe itching .\nthe kenai peninsula\u2019s boreal forests and coastal rainforests , tundra areas and marshes are home to several species of owls . secretive , harder to spot , and less common than eagles , owls offer particularly special wildlife viewing opportunities .\nif you hunt in the great lakes states , you will be after a subspecies called a timber wolf . this smallish wolf , generally 50 - 100 pounds , is found in this area and the northeast part of the us . it is often mistaken for a coyote , and landed some hunters in trouble in states that don\u2019t permit wolf hunting . be careful when you predator hunt that you are really killing a coyote !\nalthough native to the kenai peninsula , caribou were absent for about 50 years between the 1910s and 1960s . releases of breeding stock in the 1960s established two herds : one in the mountains near hope and one in the kenai river flats area . in the 1980s , additional caribou were released in the tustumena lake / caribou hills region , eventually establishing three additional herds . they are generally most accessible for viewing in the kenai / soldotna area .\n170 - 180lbs was average for dire wolves not 110 . based on what reddhole posted . 2 . the kp wolf genotype has been so diluted that the original wolf is considered extinct . so people might want to think before they say\ntodays kp wolves weigh x pounds\n.\nboth steller\u2019s jays and gray jays are found on the kenai peninsula . steller\u2019s jays are rich cobalt blue shading to black on their jaunty , crested heads . gray jays have downy - soft gray and white plumage and no crests .\ncanis rufus : a reclusive animal that weighs between 16 - 40 kg ( 40 - 80 lbs ) , the red wolf is generally a night hunter and travels in groups of two or three . scientists are in disagreement over the origins of the red wolf . some insist it is a genetically distinct species ; some assert that it is a subspecies of grey wolf ; others theorize that it is a hybrid of grey wolves and coyotes .\nthe department also will conduct baseline population work , he said , to determine the number of peninsula moose and wolves .\nhuge and imposing , gangly yet oddly graceful , moose are among the quintessential animals of the north country around the globe . moose are abundant on the kenai peninsula , where they\u2019re not restricted to backcountry habitats\u2014they often venture into suburban areas and are even known to stroll city streets . since they\u2019re common , human - tolerant , and active year - round , it would be unusual to spend more than a couple of days wildlife watching on the kenai peninsula without seeing moose .\nthe board voted to kill wolves in game unit 15a , the area west of cooper landing and north of the sterling highway , and 15c , which covers much of the peninsula south of kasilof and west of kenai fjords national park .\non the peninsula today , the alaska board of game has initiated predator control programs , expanding hunting and trapping opportunities and allowing aerial shooting of wolves in some areas , in an effort to reduce pressure on the moose population . the u . s . fish and wildlife service , meanwhile , does not allow these liberalized wolf - harvest measures on the federally managed kenai national wildlife refuge .\ncanis lupus manningi the smallest arctic wolf , found on baffin island ; either white or light - coloured ; not recognized as a subspecies until 1943 .\nlow tide at kenai cannery , 1895 - 1903 . ( alaska state library , kate r . gompertz photograph collection .\nthey\u2019ve had their ups and downs since the late 1800s , with pressure from humans being one through line in their history . when the gold rush hit the kenai peninsula in 1885 - 86 , the thousands of prospectors hoping to strike it rich brought a hefty distrust of wolves . apparently they feared a rabies outbreak like they had seen in the klondike , bailey said , so they used poison to reduce the wolf population . poison also was a method of choice for those wanting to harvest fur - bearers to sell the pelts for money during the winter . by 1915 , bailey said , the wolves of the kenai peninsula were gone .\nlast january , during the dead of winter on the kenai peninsula , i was lucky enough to be goofing off with my family on the yucatan peninsula . every morning we awoke to the calls of great - tailed grackles , ruddy ground doves , chachalacas , and yellow - lored parrots . coatimundis and agoutis shamelessly begged food from hotel guests enroute to their own breakfasts .\nthey ' ve had their ups and downs since the late 1800s , with pressure from humans being one through line in their history . when the gold rush hit the kenai peninsula in 1885 - 86 , the thousands of prospectors hoping to strike it rich brought a hefty distrust of wolves . apparently they feared a rabies outbreak like they had seen in the klondike , bailey said , so they used poison to reduce the wolf population . poison also was a method of choice for those wanting to harvest fur - bearers to sell the pelts for money during the winter . by 1915 , bailey said , the wolves of the kenai peninsula were gone .\nwolves are often seen and heard in most parts of alaska by those willing to spend time in remote areas . the long term future of the wolf in alaska is secure , and alaska will probably continue to deal with the challenges related to the effects of wolf predation on big game populations for a long time .\nswans\u2014alaska\u2019s largest flying birds\u2014are often seen here . tundra swans and trumpeter swans are the two species that migrate through ; watch for them at potter\u2019s marsh , tern lake , and the kenai river estuary . some trumpeter swans remain on the peninsula to nest on larger lakes . a few swans winter in the region , and can be seen on the kenai river where water remains unfrozen .\nvarious studies of wolf ecology have shown that the balance between wolf and prey populations can be disrupted . for example , severe winters in combination with wolf and bear predation can drastically reduce a big game population . because many of alaska ' s big game populations and their habitats are less productive than those in lower latitudes and because predators such as wolves and bears are common here , human hunters have to limit their harvest in many areas . in some areas wolf numbers may need to be controlled in order to avoid relatively long periods of prey scarcity which could result in little or no harvest for people and also low numbers of wolves and other furbearers .\nas a companion to marybeth holleman\u2019s presentation on her new book , \u201camong wolves : gordon haber\u2019s insights into alaska\u2019s most misunderstood animal , \u201d at kpc on april 2 , retired kenai national wildlife refuge biologist ted bailey gave an overview of the history of wolves on the peninsula .\nyes . wolves were plentiful on the kenai peninsula in the late 1890 ' s . however , the gold rush brought prospectors to the area , and by 1915 wolves were almost completely exterminated by means of predator control programs using poison , along with heavy hunting and trapping .\ntypically one female wolf in a pack has a litter of about seven pups each year . this varies , in some packs more than one female may bring off a litter .\none of the most important fisheries that helped shape the history of alaska is the cook inlet commercial salmon fishery . the kenai peninsula has seen a tremendous history of canneries and buying stations since well before statehood . since the late 1880s , commercial fishing has been a critical part of alaskan economy and culture . settlers rushed to build fish camps throughout the kenai peninsula because of abundant salmon resources and other finfish found there . salmon packers built canneries at kenai , kasilof , chisik island , homer , and near tyonek . giant fish traps were constructed and dropped into the ocean to harvest salmon by the thousands . for decades , commercial fishing thrived in cook inlet . but that was not to last .\ncoyotes are also fairly abundant on the kenai peninsula , but their presence here may be a fairly recent event . after the extermination of wolves on the peninsula around the turn of the 20th century , the region\u2019s coyote population began to rise . this expansion was part of a continent wide increase in coyote numbers . today , these human - tolerant canids are particularly abundant at the edges of the human world\u2014a place that wolves avoid .\njohn morton is the supervisory fish & wildlife biologist at the kenai national wildlife refuge . he is also adjunct faculty at the university of alaska fairbanks . you can check on local birds or report your bird sighting on the kenai national wildlife refuge birding hotline ( 907 ) 262 - 2300 .\nof all that is known and still to be learned about wolves on the peninsula and beyond in alaska , one fact remains consistent , bailey said .\nin the case of peninsula moose , critics said , the board ignored the main problem \u2014 loss of habitat due to 60 years of wildfire suppression .\nthe rivers and streams of the kenai peninsula collectively produce millions of salmon . salmon are not confined to large waterways ; streams small enough to step across are visited by spawning adults , and some even lay their eggs in the intertidal zones of tiny creeks . these prodigal children of the rivers bring more than eggs to the rivers of the kenai . after spawning , they die , and their decaying bodies enrich the streams and forests with important marine - derived nutrients .\nfor a wolf to be that large , i think i need a skeleton to believe . the weight is more understandable than the height . that is just silly . is epicyon even that tall ?\nwolves are not commonly seen on the kenai peninsula , although they are fairly abundant ( their population is estimated at around 200 ) . they travel the backcountry in packs of seven to twelve , preying on moose , caribou , dall sheep and mountain goats . they also hunt marmots , beavers and other small mammals .\nat 18 - 25\nlong and weighing up to 4 pounds , great horned owls are the kenai peninsula\u2019s most powerful owls . they are the only large alaskan owls with prominent ear tufts . great horned owls hunt primarily by sight . their populations fluctuate with the populations of their primary prey animals ( snowshoe hares ) .\nfew places offer as much to nesting and migrating waterfowl as the kenai peninsula does . the western flatlands are pockmarked with thousands of lakes , ponds and wetlands , wild and inaccessible , that offer solitude and outstanding nesting habitat . mountain lakes in the central and eastern part of the peninsula provide additional breeding territory . huge estuaries provide crucial calories for migration . during summer , a visit to any lake or pond is a chance to watch nesting waterfowl , and in spring and fall you can watch the migration spectacle at marshes and estuaries . in winter , many waterfowl species can be seen along the saltwater shores and open waters of the kenai river .\nfish don\u2019t draw just bears . when salmon are running , some of the kenai peninsula wildlife viewing trail sites are occupied by hundreds of anglers . wildlife viewers may find those sites busier than preferred during the short fishing season ( dates vary by run and location ) , but tranquil and great for viewing most of the year .\ncommercial fishermen and personal use dipnetters enjoy fishing the peak of the kenai river sockeye salmon run , 2007 . photo courtesy of pat shields , adf & g soldotna .\nfor kenai peninsula wildlife watchers , gulls seem to be everywhere . often gathered in large , raucous congregations , they are frequently dismissed as\njust seagulls .\ngulls are among the most challenging of birds to identify , but because of their abundance they offer lots of opportunities to practice\u2014and their visibility makes them great subjects for extended viewing .\n, or red salmon are named for their blood - red spawning coloration and red flesh . averaging six to eight pounds , they are associated with lake systems . the russian river supports perhaps the most famous of the kenai peninsula\u2019s sockeye runs\u2014where bright red fish leap waterfalls and dodge milling anglers , who can sometimes seem as abundant as the salmon\nthat roamed the peninsula . it is widely accepted as the largest known species of canid . the species was classified in 1944 as one of the four subspecies in alaska by\ncanis lupus lycaon the eastern timber wolf of canada and the united states ; it originally had the largest range of all of north american subspecies ; the first subspecies to be recognized in north america ( 1775 ) .\nif you do want to hunt a wolf , the best place to start is alaska . the license and tag will cost you $ 115 . 00 . although you will have to have transport to alaska , and transport to where you can hunt , this is still a fairly cheap hunt and won\u2019t require any draw worries . if you are seeking the ultimate north american predator to add to your collection , don\u2019t forget about the wolf .\nfairly common along the shores and rivers of the kenai peninsula , the river otter is the same playful aquatic weasel found throughout north america . river otters live in freshwater systems and in coastal waters , denning just inside forest edges and foraging on beaches and close to shore . they average three to five feet in length and weigh 15 to 35 pounds .\nat the turn of the last century , the andrew j . stone expedition was organized to collect mammals and birds in arctic and subarctic alaska for the american museum of natural history . professor stone and his colleagues amassed 873 specimens of 28 mammal species during their forays to alaska that included staging out of homer to explore the kenai peninsula in 1901 and 1902 .\nthe refuge continued peterson\u2019s study from 1982 to 1993 , capturing , radio collaring and monitoring 107 wolves on the peninsula . in that time human harvest averaged 61 percent in the early 1980s and declined to 14 percent in the late 1980s and early 1990s . however , wolf density did not increase with that decline in harvest , so it is thought that disease and the decreasing moose population were factors in the wolves\u2019 decline .\nin contrast to kenai wolves and foxes that were considered bigger than those found elsewhere in alaska , american marten from the kenai were smaller and darker than individuals from populations elsewhere in north america and are classified as a subspecies : martes americana kenaiensis . here again , the science is based on only six specimens collected in the early 1900s , and contemporary taxonomists have suggested that subspecific designation is unwarranted . ironically , daniel elliot , who proposed that kenai marten be recognized as a subspecies also questioned the subspecific designation of stone\u2019s caribou as long ago as 1905 .\ntype for canis lupus alces goldman , 1941 catalog number : usnm 147471 collection : smithsonian institution , national museum of natural history , department of vertebrate zoology , division of mammals sex / stage : female ; adult preparation : skull collector ( s ) : c . lambert year collected : 1904 locality : kachemak bay , kenai peninsula borough , alaska , united states , north america\nwarblers and thrushes spend time birdwatching on the kenai peninsula in summer and you\u2019ll notice warblers . only a little bigger than hummingbirds , these tiny birds dart like insects among the leaves , or perch to shout their surprisingly loud songs to the world . many seem designed specifically to blend with the willow , birch and alder leaves , sporting olive - green or bright yellow feathers .\nthe refuge continued peterson ' s study from 1982 to 1993 , capturing , radio collaring and monitoring 107 wolves on the peninsula . in that time human harvest averaged 61 percent in the early 1980s and declined to 14 percent in the late 1980s and early 1990s . however , wolf density did not increase with that decline in harvest , so it is thought that disease and the decreasing moose population were factors in the wolves ' decline .\nthe social order in the pack is characterized by a separate dominance hierarchy among females and males . in most areas wolf packs tend to remain within a territory used almost exclusively by pack members , with only occasional overlap in the ranges of neighboring packs .\nsimilarly , wilfred osgood , during his biological survey of the cook inlet in 1900 , reported that kenai foxes ( vulpes vulpes kenaiensis ) were the largest fox known in north america . confirmation of this possible endemic subspecies was muddied by the establishment of commercial fox farms on the kenai between wwi and the early 1930s . these propagation efforts involved capturing denning foxes and sometimes cross breeding them with captive stock .\nthe expedition collected specimens of a presumably endemic woodland caribou , rangifer tarandus stonei , with a narrow and long head , and slender antlers with \u201cunusual development of the brow antler and the anterior branch\u201d ( see photo ) . the last stone\u2019s caribou was killed on the kenai sometime around 1912 - 23 . the caribou that currently inhabit the kenai are descendants of individuals introduced by state and federal agencies in the 1960s and 1980s from the nelchina herd .\nptarmigan are close relatives of grouse , but where spruce grouse are forest specialists , ptarmigan prefer the open country of alpine tundra . there are three species of ptarmigan on the kenai peninsula : willow ptarmigan ( alaska\u2019s state bird ) , rock ptarmigan , and white - tailed ptarmigan . in areas where all three species overlap , the birds segregate themselves by elevation , with the willows the lowest , followed by the rocks , and finally the white - tails .\nwhen wolves re - established themselves on the peninsula they did so with protection from the state , with no hunting or trapping seasons . a hunting season for wolves was instituted in 1974 , with a trapping season added the following year .\nalaska averages about 500 moose - vehicle accidents per year , with many of those on the kenai peninsula . analysis of collision data shows that most vehicle - moose accidents occur at dawn and dusk when moose are on the move . drivers should slow down and pay close attention to the road and roadside , being alert for moose . if you spot a moose on the side of the road , watch out for more . calves will often run after cows across roads .\narabian peninsula : subspecies : pallipes , arabs . status : in decline , < 300 individuals . range occupied : 90 % . main prey : garbage , carrion , livestock . legal status : no protection . cause of decline : persecution .\nthe wolf is the primeval wild dog , the largest wild canid , long a hunter alongside people , and ancestor of our most faithful domestic companion . wolves vary widely in appearance . their fur is thick and usually grey , but can vary from nearly pure white , red , or brown to black .\nthe first study of wolves on the peninsula was conducted from 1976 to 1983 for the u . s . fish and wildlife service on the kenai national moose range ( later renamed the kenai national wildlife refuge ) by rolf peterson , particularly noted for his study of the wolves of isle royale national park in michigan . three to seven packs were monitored in that time , and the study found an average pack size of 11 . 2 ( from two to 20 ) , an average pack territory of 246 square miles ( from 68 to 601 square miles ) , a density of 18 . 2 wolves per 1 , 000 square kilometers , and an average human - caused mortality ( hunting and trapping ) of about 33 percent .\nalaska is home to an estimated 7 , 000 to 11 , 000 wolves . wolves have never been threatened or endangered in alaska . the food habits of the wolf often bring it into conflict with humans who in many parts of the world are also hunters of big game animals . although the wolf has coexisted with big game animals for thousands of years , under some conditions the impact of predation contributes to local scarcities of game which arouse some people ' s concern . in most non - coastal systems with moose and caribou , wolves and bears together maintain game populations below levels at which their food supply would be damaged .\nred squirrels wherever you find spruce trees on the kenai peninsula , you\u2019ll find red squirrels . the small , oil - rich seeds of the spruce provide a critical food for these hardy arboreal rodents , especially in winter , when other foods such as berries and fungus are scarce . in fact , red squirrels spend most of the late summer and early fall cutting green spruce cones for winter , and stashing them in semi - subterranean caches that are sometimes made up of piles of previous - years\u2019 discarded cone scales .\nalaskan moose are the largest moose in north america , and kenai peninsula moose are known as some of the largest in alaska . prime - condition bulls can weigh over 1 , 500 pounds and stand over seven feet tall at the shoulders . cows are smaller , weighing 800 - 1300 pounds . only the males have antlers , but both sexes have dangling\ndewlaps\nof skin under their chins . the long , brown and gray hairs that make up their coats are hollow , giving them insulation and buoyancy .\nsteller sea lions are among coastal alaska\u2019s most watchable marine mammals . they are vocal , social , and fairly common around the kenai peninsula . sea lions are fast swimmers and are graceful and powerful in the water . because they can rotate their rear flippers forward to use as\nhind legs ,\nthey are fairly agile on land . they\nhaul out\nin large , noisy groups at traditionally used rock outcrops and beaches . they also haul out on buoys , where they may be seen bellowing and jockeying for the best spots .\nthe same challenges to the survival of a pack from hunting , trapping and other human predator - control methods exist on the peninsula as dr . gordon haber , the subject of holleman\u2019s book , found in denali wolves , in that taking an alpha wolf has a disproportionately large impact than the death of a less - vital pack member . worldwide study has shown that when an alpha breeder is lost , pups survive 90 percent of the time in packs of more than six wolves , 56 percent of the time if only one alpha is lost and only 9 percent of the time if both alphas are lost , bailey said .\nnow that wolves are making a comeback and hunting them is not just a dream , how many species of wolves can you hunt ? north america has two species of wolves , the gray and the red . gray wolves are the most numerous and occupy the most of north america . the red wolf is rarer and occupies the southeastern united states .\nthe same challenges to the survival of a pack from hunting , trapping and other human predator - control methods exist on the peninsula as dr . gordon haber , the subject of holleman ' s book , found in denali wolves , in that taking an alpha wolf has a disproportionately large impact than the death of a less - vital pack member . worldwide study has shown that when an alpha breeder is lost , pups survive 90 percent of the time in packs of more than six wolves , 56 percent of the time if only one alpha is lost and only 9 percent of the time if both alphas are lost , bailey said .\n\u2022 three common gulls are large ( raven - sized ) birds , about 24 inches long , with pink legs and yellow bills with red dots . glaucous - winged gulls have gray wing tips . herring gulls and thayer\u2019s gulls both have jet - black wingtips and are difficult to tell apart . look into their eyes , if you can . usually , herring gulls have pale irises and thayer\u2019s have dark irises . some gulls are hybrids of two species . on the kenai peninsula this is common ; virtually all of the gulls nesting at skilak lake are hybrids .\n\u201cthe roles were kind of switched compared to today , \u201d bailey said . \u201cback then it was the federal government that was poisoning wolves , and the state of alaska , at statehood , they changed the outlook on wolves . they made the wolf a big game species and they protected it and developed seasons . today it is kind of the opposite . \u201d\nfor the birds , the region\u2019s estuaries and wetlands mean plenty of food : energy to carry them across hundreds or thousands of miles of inhospitable territory . for humans , this means outstanding birdwatching , including the chance to see not just lots of birds but unusual birds\u2014stray migrants from asia , for example . if you\u2019re planning a visit to the kenai peninsula during shorebird migration , check ahead for birding tours and other events designed to help people learn about and appreciate this phenomenon . for example , homer hosts an annual kachemak bay shorebird festival , featuring tours , presentations , and artwork .\nthe roles were kind of switched compared to today ,\nbailey said .\nback then it was the federal government that was poisoning wolves , and the state of alaska , at statehood , they changed the outlook on wolves . they made the wolf a big game species and they protected it and developed seasons . today it is kind of the opposite .\nmy family stayed in three rooms at kenai peninsula . each was clean , well furnished and had a great view from a sea cliff site , but very different thanks to the inspiration of the owner / architect / builder . one was mostly underground on the side of an embankment facing the sea . the second above the office with a deck and third , a more economical unit , was more conventional . check out their web site for pictures of all units . this property deserves all of the 5 ratings it has accumulated . it is very well managed with owner living next door .\nor king salmon are the largest salmon . kings average between 20 and 40 pounds , but larger fish are not at all uncommon . the state record sport - caught chinook was caught in the kenai river . it weighed 97 pounds . a chinook caught commercially in southeast alaska weighed 126 pounds .\niconic birds of the boreal forest , spruce grouse are common on the kenai peninsula . they feed on a variety of berries , leaves , flowers and insects in summer , but their winter diet consists almost entirely of spruce needles . to collect the small gravel pieces that help them grind and digest this tough forage , they begin frequenting roadsides , streambanks , and lakeshores in august\u2014so watch for them at dawn and dusk . they\u2019re well - camouflaged , so you\u2019ll have to look and listen carefully to spot them . scan for broods of chicks following the female . sometimes the male tags along as well .\nbirdwatchers on the kenai will also find thrushes : the familiar , ubiquitous american robin ; the similarly - sized ( but more gaudily - colored ) varied thrush of the coastal rainforests ; swainson\u2019s thrush ; gray - cheeked thrush ; and the small , shy hermit thrush with its lovely eerie song around seward .\nthree species of loons nest on the peninsula\u2019s many lakes : common loons , pacific loons , and red - throated loons . these large birds build mounded nests of shoreline debris just adjacent to the water ( loons are master divers , but can not walk on land ) . loon chicks can sometimes be seen riding on their parents\u2019 backs .\naquatic invertebrates the rivers , streams , lakes and ponds of the kenai peninsula are full of bugs\u2026and that\u2019s a good thing . aquatic insects form the basis for countless wildlife food chains . they\u2019re the primary food of juvenile salmon and other small fish , which are in turn eaten by larger fish , birds , and mammals . no bugs\u2026 no bears ! many insects that you\u2019ll find in streams and ponds are juvenile forms of bugs that spend their adult time zooming through the air . others spend their whole lives underwater . some are extremely tolerant of pollution and other poor conditions , while others are so sensitive that their presence is used as an indicator of good water quality .\nthere are three species of chickadee known to breed on the peninsula . blackcapped chickadees , the familiar chickadees of the\nlower 48\ncan be seen in deciduous forests throughout the region . boreal chickadees , with their brown caps and rusty flanks , are more common in dry forests of white spruce . chestnut - backed chickadees are common in the coastal rainforest .\nno matter what you choose to hunt , the wolf has a long and infamous history , making it a prime trophy for the predator hunter . since it has long come into conflict with ranchers and competed for game with humans , it hasn\u2019t always been popular . nearly being wiped out in the lower 48 states , it has recovered enough to be hunted in six of these states . alaska has always had a large enough population for hunting and trapping .\ninseason management of the kenai river dipnet fishery is also the responsibility of the division of sport fish . the fishery opens and closes by regulation , and inseason management is required if it is projected that the inriver escapement goal ( as assessed by the sonar at river mile 19 ) for sockeye salmon will not be met or if the escapement goals are exceeded .\nthe board of game , a seven - member panel appointed by the governor that sets game seasons and bag limits , voted to extend predator control to two game units on the peninsula , continuing an aggressive approach to killing wolves , black bears and grizzly bears to boost moose and caribou numbers through liberal predator hunting and trapping seasons or professional culling , which usually means shooting them from the air .\nin general , coyotes are small - game specialists , feeding on hares , marmots , small rodents , muskrats , and even insects , berries and fish , although they do occasionally kill a large mammal such as a moose calf or a dall sheep . they also scavenge carrion from wolf kills or winter - killed animals . coyotes are not social to the extent that wolves are , although they do sometimes hunt cooperatively , and family groups stay together through the summer . youngof previous years will occasionally help care for pups .\ndespite a generally high birth rate , wolves rarely become abundant because mortality is also high . in much of alaska , the major sources of mortality are : predation by other wolves ; hunting ; and trapping . diseases , malnutrition , and accidents also help regulate wolf numbers . predation by other wolves is a major cause of death because wolves defend their territories from other wolves . dispersing wolves ( e . g . , young adults ) are common but they typically find little suitable habitat that is not already occupied by other wolves .\nharbor seals feed on fish , clams , mussels , and crustaceans such as shrimp . they are hunted and preyed upon by sharks and by transient killer whales . in may and june they tend to move to sheltered waterways such as the deep bays of kenai fjords national park , where each female gives birth to a single pup , often on an iceberg . harbor seals favor nearshore water and will also swim up rivers .\nthe wolf occurs throughout mainland alaska , on unimak island in the aleutians , and on all of the major islands in southeast except admiralty , baranof , and chichagof . this range includes about 85 percent of alaska ' s 586 , 000 square - mile area . wolves are adaptable and exist in a wide variety of habitats extending from the rain forests of the southeast panhandle to the arctic tundra along the beaufort sea . alaska is home to an estimated 7 , 000 to 11 , 000 wolves . wolves have never been threatened or endangered in alaska . they are found in nearly all of their historic range , excepting the center of urban areas , although they are found on the outskirts of anchorage , fairbanks and juneau . wolves are common over much of the state . the highest densities occur in southeast alaska , where sitka black - tailed deer serve as the major food source for wolves . wolf densities are lowest in the coastal portions of western and northern alaska . although the distribution of wolves has remained relatively constant in recent times , their abundance is influenced by harvest levels , diseases , and prey availability\nsouthcentral alaska is a critical point in the migration routes of many species of shorebirds , whose annual journeys from southern wintering grounds to northern nesting areas can span thousands of miles . sandpipers , dunlin , godwits , whimbrels , curlews , plovers\u2026 the list of species can\u2019t convey the enormity of the spectacle at the height of spring migration , when the mudflats and beaches of the kenai river estuary , turnagain arm , kachemak bay , and other coastal hotspots are blanketed with thousands upon thousands of fluttering wings , darting legs , and bobbing heads .\nthe salmon - rich waters of cook inlet in southcentral alaska have given rise to several unique fisheries over the past century . the kenai river boasts some of the most active fisheries in the state . thousands of recreational fishers flock to the crowded banks every year with their rods , reels , and dip nets , ready to take home their limit of salmon . alaska ' s recreational fisheries are a relatively new concept ( the majority of the state\u2019s historical fisheries being largely commercial ) but have grown to become an integral part of the state\u2019s income and fisheries management ."]}
{"id": 226, "summary": [{"text": "elattoneura is a genus of damselflies in the family platycnemididae .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "species include : elattoneura acuta elattoneura analis elattoneura atkinsoni elattoneura aurantiaca elattoneura aurifex \u2013 goldsmith threadtail elattoneura balli elattoneura caesia \u2013 jungle threadtail elattoneura campioni elattoneura cellularis elattoneura centrafricana elattoneura centralis elattoneura coomansi elattoneura dorsalis elattoneura erythromma elattoneura frenulata \u2013 sooty threadtail elattoneura girardi elattoneura glauca \u2013 common threadtail , grey threadtail elattoneura josemorai elattoneura khalidi elattoneura lapidaria \u2013 rock threadtail elattoneura leucostigma \u2013 smoky-winged threadtail elattoneura lliba elattoneura longispina elattoneura mauros elattoneura morini elattoneura nigerrima elattoneura nigra \u2013 black threadtail elattoneura nihari elattoneura oculata \u2013 two-spotted threadtail elattoneura pasquinii elattoneura pluotae elattoneura pruinosa elattoneura souteri elattoneura tarbotonorum \u2013 stout threadtail elattoneura tenax elattoneura tetrica elattoneura vrijdaghi", "topic": 26}], "title": "elattoneura", "paragraphs": ["south african western cape endemic . a record of e . frenulata from southwest angola belongs to a different , undescribed species ( see elattoneura sp . ) . known only from the hawequas mountains in the western cape . around half the range occurs outside protected areas and half within protected areas . the range area is restricted .\ncopyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved\nenter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nsimaika , j . p . , kipping , j . , suhling , f . ( odonata red list authority ) & pollock , c . m . ( iucn red list unit )\njustification : although this species has a limited range , it can be locally common and has a relatively high tolerance of different habitat types . it extent of occurrence is less than 5 , 000 km\u00b2 . many river systems in the cape suffer from anthropogenic influences . however , efforts are underway to improve habitat ( through alien invasive tree removal ) and the species does not qualify for a threatened listing at present . it is currently least concern .\ncurrent population size and trends are unknown . this is a locally common species .\nalien predatory fish ( e . g . , trout , bass ) , alien invasive trees ( e . g . , acacia mearnsii ) and human encroachment on habitats outside of reserves through urbanization are known threats to the species .\noccurs within the protected areas of hottentots - holland reserve , kogelberg nature reserve , cedarberg nature reserve and table mountain national park . alien invasive trees are being removed from parts of the species ' range and this is proving effective . these activities should continue . research into population numbers and range , biology and ecology , habitat status , threats , and trends / monitoring of this species would be valuable . habitat and site - based actions are also required .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\njoshi , s . , p . koparde , p . dawn , p . roy , and k . kunte ( eds . ) .\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 , all rights reserved . national centre for biological sciences ( ncbs ) holds copyright for all the original material and compilations on this website , although contributing writers and photographers may hold copyright for their material as cited . material from this website can be used freely for educational , basic research and conservation purposes , provided that this website is acknowledged and properly cited as the source . contact us to obtain prior permission for any other use , including for large data downloads and collaborative research .\nno full diagnosis of this species is presently available , but mature male unmistakable in its western african range by combination of white thoracic dorsum and pruinose s9 - 10 .\nstreams shaded by forest . often with a gravelly , sandy and / or soft ( like muddy ) bottom and probably coarse detritus . from 0 to 800 m above sea level , but mostly below 800 .\nmap citation : clausnitzer , v . , k . - d . b . dijkstra , r . koch , j . - p . boudot , w . r . t . darwall , j . kipping , b . samraoui , m . j . samways , j . p . simaika & f . suhling , 2012 . focus on african freshwaters : hotspots of dragonfly diversity and conservation concern . frontiers in ecology and the environment 10 : 129 - 134 .\nmale ; liberia , nimba county , west nimba proposed forest reserve \u00a9 dijkstra , k . - d . b . & m . darpay\nmale ; liberia , nimba county , mt tokadeh \u00a9 dijkstra , k . - d . b .\nmale ; liberia , nimba county , grassfield - zotarpa road \u00a9 dijkstra , k . - d . b .\nfraser , f . c . ( 1948 ) . three new species of ethiopian odonata . proceedings royal entomological society london serie b 17 , 5 - 10 . [ pdf file ]\ncitation : dijkstra , k . - d . b ( editor ) . african dragonflies and damselflies online . urltoken [ 2018 - 07 - 09 ] .\nafrican dragonflies and damselflies online is a collaboration between consent ( stellenbosch ) and adu ( cape town ) funded by the jrs biodiversity foundation . addo brings all available knowledge together of africa ' s 770 known species of odonata . read more . . .\nby combining conservation ecology and entomology , our department at stellenbosch university brings together a considerable body of teaching and research expertise in the rapidly growing important field of conservation in agricultural and development landscapes . read more . . .\nthe adu aims to contribute to the understanding of biodiversity and its conservation . we achieve this through programmes that involve citizen scientists , long - term monitoring , research and innovative statistical modelling . read more . . .\nhead office the netherlands , horapark 9 , 6717 lz ede tel . + 31 ( 0 ) 318 660 910 , e - mail : [ email protected ]\nall images are copyrighted to their respectful owners and we make every effort to credit photographers . if you own rights to any of the images and they are not credited , or you do not wish them to appear on our site , please contact us at\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe iucn red list of threatened species\u2122 map viewer will open in its own new tab / window . this may be further explored or the tab / window closed .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nevi , an amazon company , was founded in 2005 under the name true knowledge . the team started out with a mission to make it possible to access the world ' s knowledge simply by asking for information using natural language .\nwe\u2019re part of the amazon alexa team based in amazon ' s innovative cambridge development centre , alongside other amazon teams including prime air , core machine learning , amazon devices and amazon web services ."]}
{"id": 238, "summary": [{"text": "the marbled leaf-toed gecko ( afrogecko porphyreus ) is a gecko found in southern and southwestern south africa ( including many offshore islands ) and in namibia .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "it is a flat , medium-sized gecko . ", "topic": 27}], "title": "marbled leaf - toed gecko", "paragraphs": ["marbled leaf - toed gecko ( afrogecko porphyreus ) from claremont , western cape .\nthe two subspecies are commonly referred to as the western marbled gecko and the southern marbled gecko .\nafrogecko porphyreus ( marbled leaf - toed gecko ) , western cape . [ photo tyrone ping \u00a9 ]\nleaf - toed gecko is a common name for some species and genera of gecko . more\nthe peninsular leaf - toed gecko is the only nocturnal , climbing gecko native to the continental united states . the leaf - toed gecko\u0092s distinctive swollen toepads only cover the tips of the toes , and have a bilobed shape unlike those of other geckos found in north america . more\nthe musandam leaf - toed gecko is classified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .\nleo shapiro set\nmarbled gecko\nas an exemplar on\nchristinus marmoratus gray 1845\n.\nmarbled leaf - toed geckos gain their name from the enlarged leaf - like pads on each digit . in this image the gecko has at some point shed its tail to flee from a predator . the tail is now growing back with a rare\ndouble fork\nthe burmese leaf - toed gecko is a small gecko species native to myanmar ( burma ) . the total length of their body rarely excees 5 cm . these geckos are a light grey - brown color on top , with a darker brown bottom that varies from gecko to gecko . more\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - musandam leaf - toed gecko ( asaccus caudivolvulus )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - musandam leaf - toed gecko ( asaccus caudivolvulus )\ntitle =\narkive species - musandam leaf - toed gecko ( asaccus caudivolvulus )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nthe leaf - toed gecko is classified as least concern . does not qualify for a more at risk category . widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category .\nthe peninsular leaf - toed gecko ( phyllodactylus nocticolus ) is the only gecko species native to the united states of america that is both climbing , and nocturnal . this gecko can be found in southern california on the slopes of semi - desert mountain ranges , extending through the baja california peninsula . more\ndistribution the cederberg dwarf leaf - toed gecko has a very restricted range in south africa and occurs from the bokkeveld mountains in the north through the cederberg to the klein drakenstein mountains near wellington . more\nas its common name suggests , the musandam leaf - toed gecko is endemic to the musandam region of oman , and to the hajar mountains of the eastern united arab emirates ( 2 ) ( 5 ) .\ntaylor d , daniels cb , johnston g . in press . the marbled gecko in urban parklands : do retreat sites limit population size during winter ? herpetologica .\nthe leaf - toed gecko is from the order squamata . species from this order are amphisbaenians , lizards or snakes . there are over 6 , 000 living species belonging to the squamata order - it is the largest order of all reptiles . more\nthe european leaf - toed gecko was first described by gen\u00e9 in 1839 , the scientific name of this species is euleptes europaea . euleptes from greek meaning ' true ' and ' slim ' . europaea from latin meaning ' from europe ' . more\nbecause the kurdistan leaf - toed gecko is a recently described species from iran few is known about ecological and biological aspects in this species ( torki and sharifi 2007 ) . therefore this species is kept to gain more knowledge about its behaviour . more\n. . . the marbled gecko , christinus marmoratus is widely distributed across the woodlands of the southern seaboard of australia . marbled geckos are small ( snout vent length of \u224850 mm and mass of \u22482 . 5 g ( kearney and predavec 2000 ) ) . in the adelaide region marbled geckos are found on trees with exfoliating bark , in dry sclerophyll forests which it uses as diurnal retreat sites ( daniels 1981 ) . . . .\na study conducted by king in 1977 showed that c . marmoratus exhibits considerable geographic variation in karyotype across its range . further investigation by donnellan et al . ( 2000 ) led to the species being recognized as a composite of two subspecies ; c . marmoratus marmoratus and c . marmoratus dactyls . the two subspecies are commonly referred to as the western marbled gecko and the southern marbled gecko .\nthere are no known specific conservation measures currently in place for the musandam leaf - toed gecko . however , it occurs in a number of protected areas , which may offer it some protection . further studies are needed into the distribution , abundance and biology of this gecko , as well as into the potential threats it faces ( 1 ) .\nthe musandam leaf - toed gecko was only described as a separate species as recently as 1994 ( 4 ) . the body of this species is pinkish in colour , almost translucent , with darker bands running down the body and onto the tail , and small tubercles covering the back .\npalystes occurs mainly on plants where it hunts various insects but is also regularly found in the home where they are fond of hunting geckos ( usually the marbled leaf - toed gecko , afrogecko porphyreus in the western cape or the cape dwarf gecko , lygodactylus capensis in the eastern parts of southern africa ) and are sometimes called lizard - eating spiders . they usually appear in the home just before the onset of rain and the males are regularly seen in august to december , probably looking for females and also females busy foraging .\nsize a small gecko with adult snout - vent length ranging from 45 - 50 mm .\narnold , e . n . and gardner , a . s . ( 1994 ) a review of the middle eastern leaf - toed geckoes ( gekkonidae : asaccus ) with descriptions of two new species from oman . fauna of saudi arabia , 14 : 424 - 441 .\nrelatively little is known about the threats faced by the musandam leaf - toed gecko , but it may be locally threatened in parts of its range by quarrying activities ( 1 ) . general threats to the region\u2019s wildlife include habitat loss due to increasing urbanisation and development , as well as overgrazing by livestock , mining , pollution , and over - extraction of ground water ( 6 ) ( 7 ) .\nr\u00f6sler , herbert 2017 . gecko - chorologie ( squamata : gekkota ) . gekkota ( 4 ) : 1 - 160\ndaniels cb . 1984 . the importance of caudal lipid in the gecko phyllodactylus marmoratus . herpetologica 40 : 3 , 337 - 344 .\nbauer a m . good d a . branch w r . 1997 . the taxonomy of the southern african leaf - toed geckos ( squamata : gekkonidae ) , with a review of old world\nphyllodactylus\nand the description of five new genera . proc . cal . acad . sci . 49 ( 14 ) : 447 - 497 . - get paper here\nthe musandam leaf - toed gecko is active at night ( 2 ) and , like most other geckos , is likely to feed on a variety of insects and other small invertebrates ( 3 ) . this species lays a single , hard - shelled , spherical egg , which is glued to rock deep within crevices in caves or cliffs . a number of individuals may lay their eggs in the same traditional , communal laying sites . in captivity , one egg may be laid around every three to four weeks ( 2 ) .\nalthough the mountains of the united arab emirates have so far not been subject to the same degree of habitat loss as many lowland regions , the available habitat in these areas is limited , and some isolated reptile populations may potentially be threatened . of particular concern is a population of the musandam leaf - toed gecko in jebel ras , south of khor fakkan in the united arab emirates . this area has been subject to high levels of urban and industrial development , and the continued survival of this small population is uncertain ( 8 ) .\nkearney m , predavec m . 2000 . do nocturnal ectotherms thermoregulate ? a study of the temperate gecko christinus marmoratus . ecology 81 : 11 , 2984 - 2996 .\nthe bibrons gecko is a nocturnal species with large eyes and vertical pupils to improve vision in the dark . during the day they hide in rock crevices or under bark .\nheinicke , matthew p . ; juan d . daza , eli greenbaum , todd r . jackman & aaron m . bauer 2014 . phylogeny , taxonomy and biogeography of a circum - indian ocean clade of leaf - toed geckos ( reptilia : gekkota ) , with a description of two new genera . systematics and biodiversity 12 ( 1 ) : 23 - 42 , doi : 10 . 1080 / 14772000 . 2013 . 877999 - get paper here\nhemidactylus platyurus , commonly known as the flat - tailed house gecko , is a species of gekkonidae native to southeastern and southern asia . the species is sometimes classified under the genus cosymbotus .\nthese geckos are frequently found in the pet trade , including corporate chain stores , usually identified only as\nhouse gecko\n. while there are other species of gecko available under the same common name , the cosymbotus platyurus is easily identified by the flaps of skin along its sides , making them resemble a miniature flying gecko ( ptychozoon genus ) . they are easily maintained in a terrarium with frequent misting and insect prey , but they are not easy to handle . also , herpetoculturists often use this species in addition to anoles as a feeder lizard for some species of snakes , especially asian green vine snakes ( ahaetulla prasina ) .\ndescription the head and body is flattened , an indication that it is a crevice dweller . the nostril is pierced between the rostral and three nasal scales . the calcium stores in the lateral neck region of females are often very prominent . the body is covered with small smooth granular scales . each toe has a pair of leaf - shaped lamellae . there is often a dark streak from the nostril through the eye . the body is greyish to grayish - brown above , uniform , variegated or marbled with reddish to dark brown . occasionally , specimens have a white stripe down the middle of the back . the underparts of the body are uniform white .\n. . . the close relationship chunky bark has with the trunk of the tree might also aid geckos to behaviourally thermoregulate . marbled geckos in victoria that use rocks as retreat sites , actively choose rocks with favourable thermal conditions ( kearney and predavec 2000 ; kearney 2002 ) and actively control their temperature while in retreat sites by changing their posture ( kearney 2001 ) . . . .\n) is a species of gekkonidae ( gecko ) native to southern mainland of australia , from victoria to western australia . the species is well adapted to a variety of habitats , including city dwellings . other related taxa in addition to this species are also known as\nc . marmoratus is australia\u2019s most southerly gecko . it occurs from northeastern new south wales to southwestern western australia , as well as a number of islands off the coasts of south australia and western australia . they use a variety of habitats including open shrubland , sclerophyll forest , riverine woodland and urban regions .\ngecko porphyreus daudin 1802 : 130 phyllodactylus porphyreus \u2014 dum\u00e9ril & bibron 1836 : 393 phytodactylus porphyreus \u2014 wainson 1839 : 371 ( in error ) phyllodactylus porphyreus \u2014 boulenger 1885 : 87 phyllodactylus porphyreus namaquensis hewitt 1935 : 320 phyllodactylus porphyreus cronwrigthi hewitt 1937 : 205 phyllodactylus porphyreus namaquensis \u2014 wermuth 1965 : 143 phyllodactylus porphyreus \u2014 kluge 1993 afrogecko porphyreus \u2014 bauer et al . 1997 afrogecko porphyreus \u2014 heinicke et al . 2014\nwow i would have said those are 2 different species , but i guess babies can be different sometimes . . . even in body shape . now that i see the second picture , i would guess flat gecko ( afroedura ) species . . . mainly because of the flattened body shape and also the irregular pattern . because of distribution you mentioned i would also guess it to be one of the afroedura pondolia ssp ?\n. . . notably , although temperature tags in backpacks might indicate less accurate body temperatures for basking than for non - basking indi - viduals ( barroso et al . 2016 ) , the highest body temperatures selected by individuals did not differ between years ( % 42 . 1\u00b0c ) . active diurnal behavioral thermoregulation is a necessary adaptation of nocturnal geckos for digestion ( bustard 1967 , greer 1989 , angilletta et al . 1999 , kearney and predavec 2000 and for body growth ( autumn and de nardo 1995 ) . however , true basking behavior was previ - ously known for larger gecko species only ( greer 1989 ) or for species from cooler climates , e . g . , tarentola mauritanica ( lisi ci c et al . 2012 ; k . henle , personal observation ) . . . .\nsnout longer than the distance between the eye and the ear opening , one time and a half the diameter of the orbit ; forehead concave ; ear - opening small , oval , oblique . rostral four - sided , not twice as broad as high , with median cleft above ; nostril bordered by the rostral , the first labial and three nasals . nine to eleven upper and seven or eight lower labials ; mental large . triangular or pentagonal ; two pair of chin - shields , the median pair large , in contact with each other , the posterior pair small , sometimes separated from the labials . body depressed , covered above with uniform small granules , largest on the snout ; a dermal expansion from axilla to groin and another along the posterior side of the hind limb . ventral scales cycloid , imbricate . male with an uninterrupted series of 34\u201436 femoral pores . tail depressed , flat inferiorly , with sharp denticulated lateral edge , covered above with uniform small granules , below with a median series of transversely dilated plates . limbs moderate , depressed ; digits strongly dilated , about half - webbed , inner well developed ; 3 to 6 lamellae under the inner , 7 to 9 under the median digits . grey above , marbled with darker grey ; generally a dark streak from eye to shoulder . lower parts white . length of head and body 61 mm . ; tail 66 mm .\nwestern cape . [ photo rebelo a . \u00a9 , from sarca virtual museum ]\nislands off the west coast of south africa ( robben , jutten , dassen , meeuw , marcus , malgas , schappen ) . one questionable record from cameroon ( tornier 1902 ) , namibia\ntype locality : santo domingo island . terra typica designata ( fltzsimons 1943 ) : cape of good hope\nnote : tdwg regions are generated automatically from the text in the distribution field and not in every cases it works well . we are working on it .\nbates , m . f . ; branch , w . r . , bauer , a . m . ; burger , m . , marais , j . ; alexander , g . j . & de villliers , m . s . ( eds . ) 2014 . atlas and red list of the reptiles of south africa , lesotho , and swaziland . suricata 1 . south african national biodiversity institute , pretoria , 512 pp .\nbauer , aaron m . 1997 . family gekkonidae . genus phyllodactylus . in : j . h . van wyk ( ed . ) : proceedings of the fitzsimons commemorative symposium , south african lizards : 50 years of progress . - herp . assoc . africa ( matieland , south afr . ) , pp . 24 - 28\nboulenger , g . a . 1885 . catalogue of the lizards in the british museum ( nat . hist . ) i . geckonidae , eublepharidae , uroplatidae , pygopodidae , agamidae . london : 450 pp . - get paper here\ndaudin 1802 . histoire naturelle , g\u00e9n\u00e9rale et particuli\u00e8re des reptiles , vol . 4 . f . dufart , paris .\ndum\u00e9ril , a . m . c . and g . bibron . 1836 . erpetologie g\u00e9n\u00e9rale ou histoire naturelle complete des reptiles . vol . 3 . libr . encyclop\u00e9dique roret , paris , 528 pp . - get paper here\nherrmann , h . - w . ; w . r . branch 2013 . fifty years of herpetological research in the namib desert and namibia with an updated and annotated species checklist . journal of arid environments 93 : 94\u2013115 - get paper here\nhewitt , j . 1935 . some new forms of batrachians and reptiles from south africa . rec . albany mus . 4 : 283 - 357\nhewitt , j . 1937 . descriptions of south african lizards . ann . natal . mus . 8 : 199 - 209\nro\u0308sler , herbert 2015 . bemerkungen \u00fcber einige geckos der zoologischen staatssammlung m\u00fcnchen . gekkota , suppl . ( 2 ) : 3 - 54\nsch\u00f6necker , p . 2014 . s\u00fcdafrika . auf reptiliensuche entlang der garden route . reptilia ( m\u00fcnster ) 19 ( 105 ) : 80 - 93\nswainson , w . 1839 . the natural history of fishes , amphibians , & reptiles , or monocardian animals . vol . 2 . longman , orme , brown , green and longmans , london - get paper here\ntornier , g . 1902 . die crocodile , schildkr\u00f6ten und eidechsen in kamerun . zool . jahrb . , abt . syst . , 15 ( 6 ) : 663 - 677 - get paper here\nwitberg , m . 2012 . the herpetofauna of schaapen island , langebaan , south africa . african herp news ( 56 ) : 11 - 16\nthis database is maintained by peter uetz ( database content ) and jakob hallermann , zoological museum hamburg ( new species and updates ) .\nthe number of species increased from 10 , 711 to 10 , 793 , i . e . an increase of 82 species . 66 new species have been described , 9 species have been revalidated from synonymy and 16 subspecies were elevated to full species . . .\nover the past 4 months , the number of species increased from 10 , 639 to 10 , 711 .\nthe number of species has grown from 10 , 544 in the may release to now 10 , 639 ( + 95 species ) .\noverall , 212 new taxa have been added or changed their status or name .\nthe reptile database is a taxonomic database that provides basic information about all living reptile species , such as turtles , snakes , lizards , and crocodiles , as well as tuataras and amphisbaenians , but does not include dinosaurs .\ncurrently there are more than 10 , 000 species and an additional 2 , 700 subspecies . this is making reptiles the largest vertebrate group after fish ( ~ 25 , 000 species ) and birds ( ~ 10 , 000 species ) , and significantly larger than mammals ( ~ 5 , 000 species ) or amphibians ( ~ 6 , 000 species ) .\nthe reptile database provides taxonomic information for the catalogue of life and the encyclopedia of life . our taxonomic information has also been used by genbank and many other resources and is the only comprehensive reptile database on the web .\nthe reptile database can be used to find all species within a certain geographic area ( e . g . all snakes of egypt ) . its collection of more than 2 , 500 images allow users to identify a species or at least get an idea how the species or genus may look like . more than 30 , 000 references provide a guide to further information .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\njustification : common in the region and tolerant of transformed habitats hence this species is assessed as least concern .\nthe population is stable . the population size is unknown ; genetic studies indicate possible cryptic taxa .\nnocturnal , occupying moist habitats where it shelters under tree bark , exfoliating rock flakes and fissures in rock outcrops . communal ; groups may occupy the same shelters . commensal with humans and common in urban areas ( branch 1998 ) .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nproject noah is a tool to explore and document wildlife and a platform to harness the power of citizen scientists everywhere .\nfound in hermanus in the western cape . gravid female . one can clearly see the eggs through the body .\nif is associated with an alamy account you ' ll receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password .\nenter your log in email address and we\u0092ll send you a link to reset your password .\nif you want to use this image commercially and we ' ve indicated * that alamy doesn ' t have a release , you might need additional permission from the model , artist , owner , estate , trademark or brand . more information .\nsorry , this image isn ' t available for this licence . please refer to the license restrictions for more information .\non the alamy prints site ( powered by art . com ) choose your frame , the size and finish of your photo .\nenter your log in email address and we ' ll send you a link to reset your password .\nusing this photo this photo and associated text may not be used except with express written permission from wolfgang wuster . to obtain permission for personal , academic , commercial , or other uses , or to inquire about high resolution images , prints , fees , or licensing , or if you have other questions , contact wolfgang wuster urltoken . ( replace the [ at ] with the @ symbol before sending an email . )\n0000 0000 0805 0011 copyright \u00a9 1995 - 2018 uc regents . all rights reserved .\nbiology it is nocturnal and very common at houses in coastal areas of the western cape where it is often seen feeding on insects around outdoor lights . it is often regarded as a nuisance because of its faeces sticking to the walls . in nature , its habitat is very varied and it will shelter in any suitable hiding place , from rock crevices to under bark on dead trees . it is particularly common in coastal rock just above the highwater mark . it does not seem to be territorial as a number of individuals often live in the same retreat . females lay two hard - shelled eggs in early summer and communal egg laying sites are common . the eggs hatch after one and a half to two months .\ndistribution it is found in the w estern and southern coastal regions , from nieuwoudtville to cape st francis . it is also present on most of the offshore islands .\ndistribution in the gcbc there are only isolated records from the central cederberg range .\nthe environment agency - abu dhabi ( ead ) is working within the united arab emirates to protect and conserve the region\u2019s valuable biodiversity ( 9 ) , while the use of traditional , protected , livestock - free areas by local people in some parts of the hajar mountains may help to slow habitat loss to some degree ( 7 ) .\nenvironment agency - abu dhabi is a principal sponsor of arkive . ead is working to protect and conserve the environment as well as promoting sustainable development in the emirate of abu dhabi .\nhellyer , p . and aspinall , s . ( 2005 ) the emirates : a natural history . trident press limited , london .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken\nendemic a species or taxonomic group that is only found in one particular country or geographic area . invertebrates animals with no backbone , such as insects , crustaceans , worms , molluscs , spiders , cnidarians ( jellyfish , corals , sea anemones ) and echinoderms . tubercles small , rounded , wart - like bumps on the skin or on a bone . wadis mountain canyons found in north africa and the middle east that only carry water when it rains .\nhalliday , t . and adler , k . ( 2002 ) the new encyclopedia of reptiles and amphibians . oxford university press , oxford .\nalsharhan , a . et al . ( 2008 ) terrestrial environment of abu dhabi emirate . environment agency , abu dhabi , united arab emirates .\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u2019s species and habitats from destruction .\nthis species is featured in jewels of the uae , which showcases biodiversity found in the united arab emirates in association with the environment agency \u2013 abu dhabi .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa\n. the species is well adapted to a variety of habitats , including city dwellings .\n. gray ' s description was based on four specimens that were preserved in spirits . they were collected on the abrolhos islands ( off\n) , and were donated to the british museum from the collection of a \u201cmr . gilbert . \u201d gray examined another preserved specimen of\nfurther investigation by donnellan et al . ( 2000 ) led to the species being recognized as a composite of two subspecies ;\nadults reach an average ( snout - vent ) length of 50mm , and weigh about 2 . 5g .\n) when threatened , to aid in escape . tails take about eight months to regenerate . fully regenerated tails are characterized by an abrupt change in dorsal skin colouring and pattern at the level of the original fracture plane . original tails also have much more developed muscular bands .\nhatchlings do not have any fat in the tail , and they drop it more readily than adults do .\nduring the hot summer months they generally use deep crevices and burrows as their daytime retreat sites , and in cooler weather they aggregate under rocks .\nare commonly found in aggregations of up to 10 individuals , and most aggregations contain one male .\naggregate so commonly ( kearney et al . reported that one quarter of individuals they found were in aggregations ) .\nwas 27 . 7\u00b0c . , which is much higher than their average body temperatures during the day or night . subsequent investigation by kearney and predavec ( 2000 ) revealed that\nby adjusting its posture , for instance , by raising or flattening the body to contact the rock substrate . they also seem to touch the rock with their snout before doing so , as if testing the temperature .\nbrowne - cooper , robert ; brian bush ; brad maryan ; david robinson ( 2007 ) . reptiles and frogs in the bush : southwestern australia . university of western australia press . pp . 108 , 109 . isbn 978 - 1 - 920694 - 74 - 6 .\ngray , j . e . 1845 . catalogue of the specimens of lizards in the collection of the british museum . trustees of die british museum / edward newman , london : xxvii + 289 pp .\nboulenger ga . 1885 . catalogue of the lizards in the british museum ( nat . hist . ) i . geckonidae , eublepharidae , uroplatidae , pygopodidae , agamidae . london : 450 pp .\nwells rw , wellington cr . 1985 . a classification of the amphibia and reptilia of australia . australian journal of herpetology , supplementary series 1 : 1 - 61 .\nking m . 1977 . chromosomal and morphometric variation in the gekko diplodactylus vittatus ( gray ) . australian journal of zoology 25 : 43\u201357 .\ndonnellan sc , aplin kp , dempsey pj ( 2000 ) . genetic and morphological variation in australian christinus ( squamata : gekkonidae ) : preliminary overview with recognition of a cryptic species on the nullarbor plain . australian journal of zoology 48 : 289\u2013315 .\nkearney m , shine r , comber s , pearson d . 2001 . why do geckos group ? an analysis of \u201csocial\u201d aggregations in two species of australian lizards . herpetologica 57 : 4 , 411 - 422 .\nbellairs ada , bryant sv . 1985 . autotomy and regeneration in reptiles . in : gans c , billett f , editors . biology of the reptilia . new york : john wiley and sons , 301 - 410\nking m , rofe r . 1976 . karyotypic variation in the australian gekko phyllodactylus marmoratus ( gray ) ( gekkonidae : reptilia ) . chromosoma 54 : 75\u201387 .\ndaniels cb . , flaherty sp . , simbotwe mp . 1986 . tail size and effectiveness of autotomy in a lizard . journal of herpetology 20 : 1 , 93 - 96 .\nmarcellini d . 1977 . acoustic and visual display behaviour of gekkonid lizards . american zoologist 17 : 251 - 260 .\nstamps ja . 1988 . conspecific attraction and aggregation in territorial species . the american naturalist 131 : 3 , 329 .\nedgar r . waite f . l . s , c . m . z . s , 1929 the reptiles and amphibians of south australia , printed by harbison weir , government printer 31 january , p . 76 , 7 / - sixpence .\nleo shapiro selected\nchristinus marmoratus\nto show in overview on\nchristinus marmoratus gray 1845\n.\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nphyllodactylus porphyreus dum\u00e9ril & bibron 1836 ( partim ) phyllodactylus peronii fitzinger 1843 diplodactylus marmoratus gray 1845 phyllodactylus marmoratus \u2014 boulenger 1885 : 88 phyllodactylus affinis \u2014 boulenger 1885 : 89 phyllodactylus marmoratus \u2014 cogger 1983 : christinus marmoratus \u2014 wells & wellington 1984 christinus marmoratus \u2014 cogger 2000 : 208 christinus marmoratus \u2014 wilson & swan 2010 : 60 christinus marmoratus \u2014 heinicke et al . 2014 christinus marmoratus marmoratus ( gray 1845 ) diplodactylus marmoratus gray 1845 goniodactylus australis gray 1845 gonatodes australis \u2014 boulenger 1885 : 72 ( ? ) phyllodactylus marmoratus marmoratus \u2014 storr 1987 christinus marmoratus marmoratus \u2014 r\u00f6sler 2000 : 62 christinus marmoratus macrodactylus ( fitzinger 1843 ) phyllodactylus peronii fitzinger 1843 : 95 phyllodactylus macrodactylus boulenger 1885 : 89 phyllodactylus marmoratus \u2014 loveridge 1934 christinus biggsae wells & wellington 1985 : 10 christinus marmoratus macrodactylus \u2014 r\u00f6sler 2000 : 62\ntype locality : restricted to west - and south australia ( kangaroo island , swan river , freemantle , champion bay , houtman\u2019s abrolhos , norfolk island , aneitum ) .\nsyntypes : mnhn 6734 , 6734a ( 1843 phyllodactylus peronii fitzinger ) lectotype : bmnh xxi . 9 . a ( 1845 diplodactylus marmoratus gray ) holotype : bmnh 55 . 8 . 16 . 15 ( 1885 phyllodactylus affinis - boulenger ) holotype : bmnh xxii . 86a ( 1845 goniodactylus australis gray ) syntypes : bmnh 70 . 6 . 26 . 60 ( 1885 phyllodactylus macrodactylus boulenger ) holotype : ams 116977 ( 1985 christinus biggsae wells & wellington )\nbauer , a . m . 1994 . liste der rezenten amphibien und reptilien : gekkonidae i ( australia ) . das tierreich , vol . 108 , w . de gruyter & co . ( berlin )\ncogger , h . g . 2014 . reptiles and amphibians of australia , 7th ed . csiro publishing , xxx + 1033 pp .\ncogger , h . g . 2000 . reptiles and amphibians of australia , 6th ed . ralph curtis publishing , sanibel island , 808 pp .\ndonnellan , s . c . ; aplin , k . p . & dempsey , p . j . 2000 . genetic and morphological variation in australian christinus ( squamata : gekkonidae ) : preliminary overview with recognition of a cryptic species on the nullarbor plain . australian journal of zoology 48 : 289 - 315 - get paper here\nfitzinger , l . 1843 . systema reptilium , fasciculus primus , amblyglossae . braum\u00fcller et seidel , wien : 106 pp . - get paper here\ngray , j . e . 1845 . catalogue of the specimens of lizards in the collection of the british museum . trustees of die british museum / edward newman , london : xxvii + 289 pp . - get paper here\nkay , g . m . ; d . michael ; m . crane ; s . okada ; c . macgregor ; d . florance ; d . trengove ; l . mcburney ; d . blair ; d . b . lindenmayer . 2013 . a list of reptiles and amphibians from box gum grassy woodlands in south - eastern australia . check list 9 ( 3 ) : 476 - 481 - get paper here\nking , m . ; rofe , r . 1976 . karyotypic variation in the australian gekko phyllodactylus marmoratus ( gray ) ( gekkonidae : reptilia ) . chromosoma 54 ( 1 ) : 75 - 87\nmichael , d . r . ; d . b . lindenmayer ; m . crane ; c . macgregor ; r . montague - drake ; l . mcburney . 2011 . reptilia , murray catchment , new south wales , southeastern australia . check list 7 ( 1 ) : 25 - 29 - get paper here\nr\u00f6sler , h . 2000 . studien an den begattungsorganen der geckos ( reptilia : gekkota ) - 5 . der hemipenis von christinus marmoratus marmoratus ( gray 1845 ) ( gekkonidae : gekkoninae ) . gekkota 2 : 255 - 258\nr\u00f6sler , h . 2000 . kommentierte liste der rezent , subrezent und fossil bekannten geckotaxa ( reptilia : gekkonomorpha ) . gekkota 2 : 28 - 153\nr\u00f6sler , herbert 1995 . geckos der welt - alle gattungen . urania , leipzig , 256 pp .\nstorr , g . m . 1987 . the genus phyllodactylus ( lacertilia : gekkonidae ) in western australia . rec . west . austr . mus . 13 ( 2 ) : 275 - 284 - get paper here\nwells , r . w . and wellington , c . r . 1985 . a classification of the amphibia and reptilia of australia . australian journal of herpetology , supplementary series , ( 1 ) : 1 - 61 . - get paper here\nwilson , s . & swan , g . 2010 . a complete guide to reptiles of australia , 3rd ed . chatswood : new holland , 558 pp .\nwe\u2019ve partnered with invision to make it easier to search and download our images in sketch and adobe\u00ae photoshop\u00ae .\n{ { t ( ' more _ than _ one _ credit ' , { zero : calc . totalcreditcost } ) } }\nonce this video clip is done converting , you ' ll be able to download it from your video conversion queue or download history .\neditorial use only photos don ' t have any model or property releases , which means they can ' t be used for commercial , promotional , advertorial or endorsement purposes . this type of content is intended to be used in connection with events that are newsworthy or of general interest ( for example , in a blog , textbook , newspaper or magazine article ) .\nthis format requires a quick conversion ( usually under 5 mins ) before download begins , or you can get the largest and smallest formats immediately .\ncrop for social , add text and more with istock editor . open in editor\nby clicking\nconfirm download\nyou agree that you ' ve read and agree to all applicable license agreements for this download .\npalystes castaneus in threat posture , showing banding beneath the legs . [ image n . larsen \u00a9 ]\npalystes is derived from either the latin\npalaestes\nor greek\npalaistes\nmeaning wrestler . these are the large spiders , often referred to as\ntarantulas\n, that cause havoc by entering buildings during summer or before rain .\nthese spiders were previously listed as potentially dangerous . after tests where they were induced into biting guinea - pigs it was established that although the guinea - pigs had died within 3 minutes , it had been from shock and not the effects of any venom . for humans , the venom is in fact no worse than a bee sting although the spider ' s aggressive display , with its 2 front pairs of banded legs raised in warning , is enough to shrink the stoutest of hearts . they occur usually in vegetation but sometimes occur in the home .\npalystes is also regularly seen in more unfortunate circumstances where it is being dragged around by a wasp or often the wasp is missing and all one finds is what seems to be a dead spider on the pathway . what has in fact happened is that the spider has been stung and immobilized by a female wasp of the family pompilidae . these wasps hunt only spiders that they sting and paralyse and then stock each of their nests with a paralyzed spider , lay an egg on it and then seal the nest . the wasp eggs then hatch and the larvae have live fresh food on which to feed . all peripheral tissue is eaten first and lastly the vital parts so the meal stays fresh long enough for the larva to mature and then pupate .\npompilid wasp , tachypompilus ignites , dragging a paralysed palystes superciliosus spider to her nest . [ image h . robertson , iziko \u00a9 ] .\ntwenty eight palystes species occur in central , eastern and southern africa with 13 resident in south africa .\npalystes body length is 15 - 36 mm with a leg span of up to 110 mm . dorsally ( top ) it is covered in tan to dark tan velvety covering of setae ( hairs ) . the abdomen and legs might be interspersed with slightly longer setae ( hairs ) .\nthe diagnostic features are a white moustachial stripe below the anterior ( front ) eyes and extending down the chelicerae ( fangs ) as well as banding on the ventral ( underside ) of the legs .\nanother identifying feature of palystes castaneus and p . superciliosus , is the egg sac made by the female . it is a roundish bag made of silk with leaves and twigs woven into it and is about 60 - 100mm in size . the construction of this nursery and the laying of eggs takes about 3 - 5 hours . the eggs hatch inside and are protected within the bag of silk and leaves . during this time the female guards her brood aggressively . many a gardener has been bitten by a protective palystes mother . after about 21 days , the spiderlings chew their way out of the sac to join the world . these egg sacs are a common sight from about november to april . mating takes place in early summer and the spider will produce about 3 egg cases in her 2 year life .\nis known from modimolle ( formerly nylstroom in limpopo ) , warburton ( mpumalanga ) to ndumo ( kwazulu - natal ) .\ns common from cape town to heidelberg in the western cape . it appears to be more common in forested areas and during november its egg cocoon is very common in low vegetation and hedges . it is replaced by\nis the common species in zimbabwe and limpopo province reaching into mala\u0175i , botswana ( okavango ) and mozambique . it occurs in savannah woodland .\noccurs mainly in the mountainous areas of the karoo . it occurs from beaufort west ( western cape ) to graaf - reinet to the kleinwinterhoekberge and kokstad district ( eastern cape ) . 14 - 22mm .\noccurs in the grahamstown to alicedale areas of the eastern cape . 16 - 25mm .\nis found in the bloemfontein area ( free state ) to modimolle ( formerly nystroom in limpopo ) .\nis only known from the type specimen . no locality is given only that it was collected in south africa . croeser believes it may be a montane species from the eastern cape . 29mm .\npalystes martinfilmeri is less common , occurring in the cedarberg - piketberg area ( northern and western cape ) . this is the largest species with a body length of 19 - 36 mm .\nis known from the amatola and hogsbach mountains ( eastern cape ) to port edward ( kwazulu - natal ) . 23 mm .\nheidelberg district , ( western cape ) . possibly a forest species that often occurs in the same area as\nin that its egg cocoon is similar to a white ping - pong ball . the female retreats into this with her eggs and cuts it open when she wants to leave . 26 mm .\nstuarti only known from nieuwoudtville ( northern cape ) . 24 - 34 mm .\nsuperciliosus is the most common and widespread species of the genus and ranges from kwazulu - natal westwards to mpumalanga , north west , limpopo , eastern and western cape .\ncayton - boxall , p . 1988 . the mating of two palystes . spider club news . 3 ( 1 ) : 8 .\ncroeser , p . m . c . 1979 . just a bag of old leaves ? eastern cape naturalist 66 : 8\u201310 .\ncroeser , p . m . c . 1996 . a revision of the african huntsman spider genus palystes l . kock , 1875 ( araneae : heteropodidae ) . annals of the natal museum 37 : 1 - 122 .\ndippenaar - schoeman , a . s . & r . jocqu\u00e9 . 1997 . african spiders : an identification manual . plant protection res . inst . handbook , no . 9 , pretoria , 392 pp .\nfilmer , m . r . , revised larsen , n . 2010 . filmer\u2019s spiders : an identification guide for southern africa , struik , cape town . 128pg j\u00e4ger , peter . 1999 . sparassidae \u2013 the valid scientific name for the huntsman spider ( arachnida : araneae ) . arachnol . mitt . 17 : 1 - 10 .\nj\u00e4ger , p . 2000 . heteropoda parva n . sp . and h . martusa n . sp . primitive or derived heteropoda species ? ( araneae : sparassidae : heteropodinae ) . mitt . internat . entomol . ver . 25 : 195 - 205 .\nj\u00e4ger p , kunz d . 2005 : an illustrated key to genera of african huntsman spiders ( araneae : sparassidae ) . \u2013 senckenbergiana biologica 85 ( 2 ) : 163\u2013213 . download from here\nj\u00e4ger , p . & d . kunz . palystes kreutzmanni sp . n . - a new huntsman spider species from fynbos vegetation in western cape province , south africa ( araneae , sparassidae , palystinae ) . zookeys 67 : 1 - 9 .\nlarsen , n . 2005 . more than just a bag of old leaves : a look into our rain spiders . newsletter of the spider club of south africa 20 ( 2 ) : 12\nlawrence , r . f . ( 1952a ) . new spiders from the eastern half of south africa . ann . natal mus . 12 : 183 - 226 .\nlawrence , r . f . 1962 . spiders of the namib desert . ann . transv . mus . 24 : 197 - 211 .\nlawrence , r . f . 1965 . new and little known arachnida from the namib desert , s . w . africa . scient . pap . namib des . res . stn 27 : 1 - 12 .\nlawrence , r . f . 1966 . new dune spiders ( sparassidae ) from the namib desert , south west africa . cimbebasia 217 : 3 - 15 .\nwarren , e . 1926 . on the habits , egg - sacs , o\u00f6genesis and early development of the spider palystes natalius ( karsh ) . annals of the natal museum 5 ( 3 ) : 303 \u2013 349 .\nyates , j . h . 1968 . spiders of southern africa . cape town : books of africa . 6 - 73 . unknown author . 1998 the rain spider , the wasp and physiotherapy . spider club news . 13 ( 3 ) : 5 - 6 .\never since the time when adam bit into the infamous apple , reptiles have caused a shiver down people\u2019s spine and our inborn reaction is to scream and run , or on occasion , worse for the reptile , pick up a blunt object and beat it into oblivion . reptiles however play a vital role in the environment and if one takes the time to study them , they are generally shy but fascinating creatures .\nsouthern africa has a incredible diversity of reptile fauna with a minimum of 517 species that have so far been described . these include 151 snakes , 338 lizards , 27 tortoises and one crocodile . many more species are still awaiting description in the scientific literature . sadly , many of these reptiles have largely been ignored in conservation management plans and require special attention in the future .\nthis juvenile cape cobra was basking in the warm evening light , which radiated off its recently shed skin . it reared its hood in a defensive pose and reversed backwards into a bush rapidly trying to escape .\ncape cobras are a highly adaptive species that can be found in a variety of habitats including low density towns and villages . their coloration is extremely variable from a golden yellow through to a dark chocolate brown with speckled varieties also occuring . they are highly intelligent snakes , maintaining a territory for many years .\nthe boomslang has well - developed binocular vision that allows the snake to see directly forward to detect predators and prey . they are generally an aboreal species that seldom descends to the ground .\nthe diet of the boomslang is extremely varied and includes tree living reptiles such as chameleons and small mammals and birds . due to their habit of raiding birds nests , the boomslang is often mobbed by small birds that will on occasion strike the snake .\nsnakes , such as this southern adder use their forked tongues to pick up particles in the air , which are then deposited onto the jacobson organs , which act in the same manner as our sense of smell . the forked tongue helps determine the direction of the smell .\nthe puff adder is one of the most wide - spread snakes in south africa and can attain an adult length of just under one meter . it is a slow moving snake that relies on its camouflage to avoid detection and ambush prey .\nthe puff adder is responsible for more cases of serious snakebites in south africa than any other . the venom is cytotoxic , causing extreme pain . handlers use plastic tubing and a snake stick to carefully capture and handle puff adders .\ndespite the bright warning colours of the spotted harlequin snake it is a docile snake , which rarely bites . they largely forage underground in tunnels and cracks , feeding on other burrowing reptiles .\nthe spotted skaapsteker is a diurnal hunter that uses speed and good eyesight to capture its prey which varies from small rodents , small reptiles and nestling birds . their name is misleading as their venom is only mildly toxic .\nthe robertsons dwarf chameleon is one of 15 currently described species of dwarf chameleon and adults are small ranging between 4 , 5 and 10cm in length . dwarf chameleons are heliothermic using the suns rays to raise their body temperature and climb into exposed positions in the mornings to bask .\nchameleons eyes can scan almost 180 degrees and can be moved in different directions simultaneously . their vision is more acute that that of humans\nthe male southern tree agama is brightly colored to both attract females and warn other males of their dominance status . they form family groups that are centered around clusters of trees . they avoid danger by moving rapidly around the tree trunk and fleeing into the upper branches .\nsouthern tree agamas are unusual in that they feed almost entirely on ants and termites .\nthe leopard tortoise is the largest species to be found in southern africa and may weigh as much as 12kgs . their home ranges may exceed 80 hectares\nduring the breeding season between september and april , male angulate tortoises use their enlarged gular shields in intensive battle with other males and try and use the gular shields as levers to overturn and ram their rivals .\nthe angulate tortoise which is found in fynbos habitat is extremely vulnerable to fire with many individuals burning to death if they cannot find shelter quickly enough . it can live in very high densities of up to 15 individuals per hectare\nmarsh terrapins are highly adaptable and during dry periods will bury themselves into the mud and aestivate in a torpid state until rain once again falls . in the kalahari , rain may only fall every few years and it is an incredible site to see the terrapins again emerging after such long periods of time .\nsignup to receive our latest images , wildlife and conservation photography updates direct to your inbox .\nthis email address is being protected from spambots . you need javascript enabled to view it .\nas a dedicated conservationist , peter chadwick has 30 years strategic and operational conservation experience in terrestrial and marine protected area management . he has worked within all of the major biomes in southern africa as well as having provided expert conservation advice at a global level . his conservation and wildlife photography is a natural extension to his conservation work where he has numerous opportunities to capture photographs that showcase the beauty and complexity of the outdoors . peter\u2019s photography is internationally recognized , with this work appearing globally in a wide range of print and electronic media .\nthese images are absolutely awesome ! aspiring to take photos even . . .\ni think another huge issue observed in both kzn and . . .\nand flying around in a gyrocopter even better . excellent work . . . .\na really awesome portfolio - must be one of the . . .\nsouth africa has a network of 21 marine protected areas ( mpas ) around our coastline . collectively they protect a wide range of marine habitat types and biodiversity . . . .\nthe guano islands off south africa are situated along the western and southern coastlines . the islands provide important breeding and nesting sites for many threatened seabirds .\nphotographs have the power to change the world by altering the perceptions and understanding of the viewer . conservation photography can bridge language barriers , be easily understood and can create . . .\nthe de hoop nature reserve and marine protected area is without a doubt , one of the flagship reserves of the cape floral kingdom and the fynbos . its habitats cover . . .\nthe overberg region of the western cape in south africa is one of the countries important agricultural areas and during spring and summer , is covered in vast green swathes . . .\nclose your eyes and imagine a soccer stadium densely packed to capacity with rows upon rows of fans and the eruption of noise , just as a goal by the . . .\nbirdlife south africa , with funding from the critical ecosystem partnership fund , initiated a project in southern africa with a focus on mozambique to develop the area as a birding . . ."]}
{"id": 239, "summary": [{"text": "bythinella cylindrica is a species of very small freshwater snail , an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family amnicolidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "this species is endemic to austria . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "bythinella cylindrica", "paragraphs": ["have a fact about bythinella cylindrica ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for bythinella cylindrica ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\ndifferent spring snail species . right : bythinella cylindrica , left : belgrandiella wawrai ( hydro - biidae ) . picture : \u00a9 alexander mrkvicka , vienna .\nrh\u00f6n spring snail ( bythinella compressa ) . picture : \u00a9 alexander mrkvicka , vienna ( urltoken ) .\nrobert a . patzner , naturschutzbund \u00f6sterreich : weichtier des jahres 2008 - bythinella austriaca . ( in german )\nspring snails ( bythinella compressa ) on a fallen leaf . picture : \u00a9 alexander mrkvicka , vienna ( urltoken ) .\nrh\u00f6n spring snails ( bythinella compressa ) on a fallen leaf . picture : \u00a9 alexander mrkvicka , vienna ( urltoken ) .\nlimestone tuff spring near fischbach in the rh\u00f6n mountains . habitat of the rh\u00f6n spring snail ( bythinella compressa ) . picture : j . gombert ( source ) .\njustification : bythinella cylindrica has been assessed as critically endangered ( cr b1ab ( iii ) ) . this species has a restricted range and has undergone a significant decline in the population and is now considered to be ' very rare ' . there are current threats posed to this species , and whilst it is protected under austrian law , there is no specific recovery plan in place . it is found on the austrian red list as critically endangered ( cr ) . it is suggested that habitat monitoring is conducted , along with research into the species ' population trend\ndescription : the austrian spring snail is smaller than bythinella bavarica ( see below ) and almost cylindrical . the whorls of its shell are flattened at the sides . also the suture is less prominent . the last whorl takes two fifths of the shell ' s overall height .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ngland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) \u2013 australia\u2019s unique reptiles \u2013 including lizards and snakes \u2013 face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .\nthe value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .\na recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .\nthis species is one of many small spring - snails that can most easily be identified using anatomical characters of the reproductive system .\nis endemic to austria . specifically it is known from the eastern alps in the lower austria province , in the triesting valley .\nthis species is described as ' rare ' . it has also experienced a significant decline in the population . the last known living population was significantly reduced ( from millions of individuals down to tens of living specimens ) due to the reconstruction of a chapel .\nthe species inhabits mainly freshwater springs , but during dry phases of the spring it can withdraw for a short periods of time into the deeper ' groundwater ' zones of the spring .\nthe main current threats to this species are habitat degradation , the abstraction of water for drinking purposes and pollution , arising mostly from the over - use of fertilizers in agricultural practices .\nthis species is possibly present in a nautra 2000 protected area but there is no species specific recovery plan in place . however , it is strictly protected by law in lower austria . it is found on the austrian red list as critically endangered ( cr ) . it is suggested that monitoring of this species habitat is conducted , along with research into the species population trends .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthe star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :\nwe want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only , as we handle very few foreign shells in general . as time goes , the system will become more and more performant .\nenter your email address and we will send you an email with your username and password .\ne - mail jecilia sisican if you do not receive your email with your username and password .\naustria . kuchlbach . altmunster . near lake traunsee . ex - coll . wart . 09 july 1976 .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 0 . 001 seconds . )\nbank , r . a . ; neubert , e . ( 2017 ) . checklist of the land and freshwater gastropoda of europe . last update : july 16th , 2017 . [ details ]\nin central and south europe about 40 species of spring snails are found , of which the five most important german species are defined mainly by anatomic characters , but are difficult to tell apart by shell characters . often , the single species can only be told apart by the finding location , as they are restricted to a very narrow area . this does lose importance in a growing fashion , as for example in austria there are often several species of spring snails in one place usually restricted to a narrow finding area .\nthe colour of spring snail shells often appears dark brown or green . this is due to diatoms ( brown ) and green algae growing on the shell surface . distribution of spring snail species often happens by insects capable of flying , on which the snails have laid eggs . spring snails live on diatoms , blue and green algae which they graze from the ground , as well as on detritus - decaying organic matter .\naccustomed to constantly low water temperatures , spring snails are cold - stenothermal creatures . they almost exclusively live on springs and in the uppermost areas of streams . the presence of spring snails is an indicator for very clean water ; in the springs of clean streams sometimes more than 1000 snails can be found per square metre .\nspring snails are crenobionts , which means the are specialist with a very low ecological amplitude , which react to the slightest difference in environmental conditions , their density decreasing or the population disappearing altogether . on the other hand , spring snails are very well adapted to the extreme habitat of springs .\nspring snails are usually threatened by fountain constructions around the springs they live in , by agricultural use as watering place for cattle . also drainage and ground water descent are a large problem to spring snails , and sadly so is overfertilisation , resulting in the eutrophication also of springs .\nadditionally , global warming results in the water temperatures of springs rising , which means , the cold - stenothermous populations of spring snails generally decrease .\numweltschutz - news : klimawandel bedroht weichtier des jahres 2008 , die \u00f6sterreichische quellschnecke . ( in german ) urltoken : die \u00f6sterreichische quellschnecke ist das weichtier des jahres . ( in german ) naturschutzgro\u00dfprojekt th\u00fcringer rh\u00f6nhutungen : feuchtlebensr\u00e4ume - naturnahe quellen und kalk - flachmoore . ( in german )\ndistribution : the species is an main indicator species for springs and low mountain streams . it is found in the eastern bavarian limestone alps and the sudetes , through moravia , austria as far as north - eastern tyrol , styria , carinthia , northern slovenia , hungary and galicia .\nthreat situation : in austria the austrian spring snail is classified as\nnear threatened\n( nt ) ( see also : iucn threat categories ) .\nthe shell is less slender , the suture noticeably deepened . the whorls are rounded at the sides , the last whorl takes two thirds of the overall shell height .\ndistribution : northern alps , eastern bavarian limestone alps and their foot hills . from munich east through bavaria , as far as northern tyrol and salzburg country , pottenstein near wiener neustadt ( lower austria ) and the high terrace near munich .\nthe rh\u00f6n spring snail ' s shell is oval to bluntly conical , the last whorl takes four fifths of the shell height . the whorls are strongly rounded at the sides , the apex is blunted a little obliquely .\ndistribution : in germany : rh\u00f6n and vogelsberg mountains in hesse and thuringia . also present in austria .\nthe rh\u00f6n spring snail needs constantly cold and unpolluted water ( saprobial value of 1 . 0 ) with a temperature of around 7 - 8 \u00b0c . it feeds on bacteria growing on stones and leaves , as well as on decaying organic matter ( detritus ) , which is grazed from stones , water plants , fallen leaves ( picture ) and dead wood lying in the water .\nwhile some time ago the rh\u00f6n spring snail was wide spread in the open landscape shaped by man , today it appears nearly exclusively in spring exits and some hundreds of metres downstream in the streams of deciduous forest areas . in intact habitats there may be as many as 50 snails on 25 x 25 cm .\npopulations live isolated from each other . with their highly specialized demands to habitats ( see above ) , populations disappeared are lost forever .\ndescription : the bavarian spring snail usually is large ( for a spring snail ) , turricular and conical with rounded whorls , the last of which is widened . the shell often is green coloured due to algae growing on it . the shell tip ( apex ) is small and blunted obliquely , the whorls are separated by a deep suture .\ndimensions : h : 4 mm ; w : 2 . 3 mm ; n : 4 \u00bd - 5 . ( abbreviations ) .\ndistribution : the bavarian spring snail is a calciphile species - it needs limestone ground . its distribution area spreads over the northern alps and the foot hills ( lech and isar river areas ) . the bavarian spring snail can be found from southern w\u00fcrttemberg as far east as the inn river and northern tyrol in austria .\n, d . : unsere land - und s\u00fc\u00dfwassermollusken , stuttgart , 1927 , s . 165 ff .\nwide - lipped spring snail ( emmericia patula ) . picture : \u00a9 alexander mrkvicka , vienna ( urltoken ) .\ndescription : the wide - lipped spring snail has a bluntly conical shell , the last whorl of which has a distinctive palatal callus . the apertural lip , as the name states , is folded back to form a wide whitish lip . the whorls grow fast .\ndimensions : h : 6 mm ; w : 4 mm . n : 4 \u00bd - 5 . ( abbreviations ) .\nhabitat and distribution : emmericia patula lives in springs and rivers rich in limestone .\nthe species ' distribution area spreads along the italian and yugoslavian adriatic coast from venetia as far south as central dalmatia . in southern france and bavaria ( central franconia ) , emmericia patula has been introduced in 1960 ; how and where from , is unknown . in the meantime , it has also been found in dachau and munich .\nwide lipped spring snail ( emmericia patula ) from the tinavo springs near trieste , italy .\nfrancisco welter - schultes : emmericia patula species homepage . dr . stefan nehring : neozoa ( makrozoobenthos ) in den deutschen gew\u00e4ssern - eine einf\u00fchrung . ( in german ) . molluscs with immigration background ( neobiota ) .\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 ."]}
{"id": 254, "summary": [{"text": "clausilia is a european genus of small , air-breathing land snails , terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family clausiliidae , the door snails , all of which have a clausilium .", "topic": 11}, {"text": "snails in this genus have left-handed coiling in their shells , which are very elongate in shape . ", "topic": 11}], "title": "clausilia", "paragraphs": ["\u00bb species clausilia ( clausilia ) pumila c . pfeiffer , 1828 represented as clausilia pumila c . pfeiffer , 1828\nsubspecies clausilia ( clausilia ) rugosa lamalouensis a . letourneux , 1877 represented as clausilia rugosa lamalouensis a . letourneux , 1877\nsubspecies clausilia ( clausilia ) rugosa parvula a . f\u00e9russac , 1807 represented as clausilia rugosa parvula a . f\u00e9russac , 1807\n\u00bb species clausilia ( clausilia ) ceresolensis h . nordsieck , 2013 \u2020 represented as clausilia ceresolensis h . nordsieck , 2013 \u2020\nsubgenus clausilia ( andraea ) l . pfeiffer , 1848 represented as clausilia draparnaud , 1805\nsubgenus clausilia ( strobeliella ) h . nordsieck , 1977 represented as clausilia draparnaud , 1805\n\u00bb species clausilia ( clausilia ) cruciata ( s . studer , 1820 ) represented as clausilia cruciata ( s . studer , 1820 )\nsubgenus clausilia ( neostyriaca ) a . j . wagner , 1920 represented as clausilia draparnaud , 1805\nsubgenus clausilia ( neostyriaca ) a . j . wagner , 1920 represented as clausilia draparnaud , 1805\nzur anatomie und systematik der clausilien , iii . clausilia whateliana und ihre beziehungen zu den \u00fcbrigen clausilia - arten , besonders zum subgenus neostyriaca\nclausilia ( neostyriaca ) a . j . wagner , 1920 \u00b7 accepted , alternate representation\nclausilia ( neostyriaca ) a . j . wagner , 1920 \u00b7 accepted , alternate representation\n, junior homonym of clausilia similis var . grandis rossm\u00e4ssler , 1838 ; new combination )\nanderson , r . , ( 2016 ) . clausilia ( clausilia ) bidentata ( str\u00f6m 1765 ) . [ in ] molluscireland . urltoken accessed on 2018 - 07 - 09 .\nsubgenus clausilia ( cochlodina ) a . f\u00e9russac , 1821 accepted as cochlodina a . f\u00e9russac , 1821\nsubgenus clausilia ( delima ) w . hartmann , 1842 accepted as delima w . hartmann , 1842\nsubgenus clausilia ( megalophaedusa ) o . boettger , 1877 accepted as megalophaedusa o . boettger , 1877\n\u00bb species clausilia ( laciniaria ) exilis h . adams , 1866 accepted as hemiphaedusa exilis ( h . adams , 1866 ) ( invalid : junior homonym of clausilia exilis l . pfeiffer , 1842 )\n( of clausilia ( clausilia ) draparnaud , 1805 ) bank , r . ( 2017 ) . classification of the recent terrestrial gastropoda of the world . last update : july 16th , 2017 . [ details ]\nsubgenus clausilia ( laciniaria ) hartmann , 1842 accepted as laciniaria w . hartmann , 1842 ( original rank )\nspecies clausilia albida l . pfeiffer , 1846 accepted as delima semirugata ( rossm\u00e4ssler , 1836 ) ( junior synonym )\nspecies clausilia angustella l . pfeiffer , 1866 accepted as agathylla goldi ( walderdorff , 1864 ) ( junior synonym )\nspecies clausilia callosa l . pfeiffer , 1842 accepted as agathylla exarata ( rossm\u00e4ssler , 1835 ) ( junior synonym )\nspecies clausilia chersonensis l . pfeiffer , 1841 accepted as delima semirugata ( rossm\u00e4ssler , 1836 ) ( junior synonym )\nspecies clausilia clathra l . pfeiffer , 1868 accepted as medora armata ( k\u00fcster , 1844 ) ( junior synonym )\nspecies clausilia comta l . pfeiffer , 1842 accepted as agathylla strigillata ( rossm\u00e4ssler , 1835 ) ( junior synonym )\nspecies clausilia conformata l . pfeiffer , 1853 accepted as bulgarica vetusta ( rossm\u00e4ssler , 1836 ) ( junior synonym )\nspecies clausilia cornea l . pfeiffer , 1842 accepted as charpentieria lamellata ( rossm\u00e4ssler , 1836 ) ( junior synonym )\nspecies clausilia decorata l . pfeiffer , 1848 accepted as delima laevissima ( rossm\u00e4ssler , 1833 ) ( junior synonym )\nspecies clausilia denegabilis l . pfeiffer , 1848 accepted as agathylla exarata ( rossm\u00e4ssler , 1835 ) ( junior synonym )\nsubgenus clausilia ( acrotoma ) o . boettger , 1881 accepted as acrotoma o . boettger , 1881 ( original rank )\nsubgenus clausilia ( eutriptychia ) o . boettger , 1877 \u2020 accepted as triptychia sandberger , 1875 \u2020 ( junior synonym )\nsubgenus clausilia ( micropontica ) o . boettger , 1881 accepted as micropontica o . boettger , 1881 ( original rank )\nsubgenus clausilia ( oospira ) w . t . blanford , 1872 accepted as oospira w . t . blanford , 1872\nsubgenus clausilia ( plioptychia ) o . boettger , 1877 \u2020 accepted as triptychia sandberger , 1875 \u2020 ( junior synonym )\nsubgenus clausilia ( stereophaedusa ) o . boettger , 1877 accepted as stereophaedusa o . boettger , 1877 ( original rank )\nspecies clausilia adspirationis l . pfeiffer , 1868 accepted as medora lesinensis lesinensis ( k\u00fcster , 1847 ) ( junior synonym )\nspecies clausilia albolabris l . pfeiffer , 1848 accepted as delima bilabiata crassilabris ( rossm\u00e4ssler , 1836 ) ( junior synonym )\nspecies clausilia bulla l . pfeiffer , 1848 accepted as delima laevissima pachygastris ( rossm\u00e4ssler , 1835 ) ( junior synonym )\nspecies clausilia capocestiana l . pfeiffer , 1866 accepted as delima amoena substricta ( charpentier , 1852 ) ( junior synonym )\nspecies clausilia corrugata l . pfeiffer , 1842 accepted as medora dalmatina dalmatina ( rossm\u00e4ssler , 1835 ) ( junior synonym )\nspecies clausilia costicollis l . pfeiffer , 1848 accepted as medora contracta contracta ( rossm\u00e4ssler , 1842 ) ( junior synonym )\nspecies clausilia croatica l . pfeiffer , 1866 accepted as delima binotata satura ( rossm\u00e4ssler , 1836 ) ( junior synonym )\nspecies clausilia deplana l . pfeiffer , 1841 accepted as delima semirugata vibex ( rossm\u00e4ssler , 1839 ) ( junior synonym )\nspecies clausilia albocincta l . pfeiffer , 1841 accepted as delima albocincta ( l . pfeiffer , 1841 ) ( original combination )\nspecies clausilia amoena l . pfeiffer , 1848 accepted as delima amoena ( l . pfeiffer , 1848 ) ( original combination )\nspecies clausilia arcadica l . pfeiffer , 1868 accepted as albinaria arcadica ( l . pfeiffer , 1868 ) ( original combination )\nspecies clausilia bielzii l . pfeiffer , 1849 accepted as alopia bielzii ( l . pfeiffer , 1849 ) ( original combination )\nspecies clausilia brevicollis l . pfeiffer , 1850 accepted as albinaria brevicollis ( l . pfeiffer , 1850 ) ( original combination )\nspecies clausilia bulgariensis l . pfeiffer , 1848 accepted as bulgarica bulgariensis ( l . pfeiffer , 1848 ) ( original combination )\nspecies clausilia candida l . pfeiffer , 1850 accepted as albinaria candida ( l . pfeiffer , 1850 ) ( original combination )\nspecies clausilia circumdata l . pfeiffer , 1848 accepted as euxina circumdata ( l . pfeiffer , 1848 ) ( original combination )\nspecies clausilia comensis l . pfeiffer , 1850 accepted as cochlodina comensis ( l . pfeiffer , 1850 ) ( original combination )\nspecies clausilia compressa l . pfeiffer , 1850 accepted as albinaria compressa ( l . pfeiffer , 1850 ) ( original combination )\nspecies clausilia confinata l . pfeiffer , 1859 accepted as charpentieria scarificata ( l . pfeiffer , 1856 ) ( junior synonym )\nspecies clausilia corpulenta l . pfeiffer , 1868 accepted as dilataria marcki ( l . pfeiffer , 1868 ) ( junior synonym )\nspecies clausilia corticina l . pfeiffer , 1842 accepted as phaedusa corticina ( l . pfeiffer , 1842 ) ( original combination )\nspecies clausilia crassicostata l . pfeiffer , 1856 accepted as charpentieria crassicostata ( l . pfeiffer , 1856 ) ( original combination )\nspecies clausilia cumingiana l . pfeiffer , 1845 accepted as phaedusa cumingiana ( l . pfeiffer , 1845 ) ( original combination )\nsubgenus clausilia ( laminifera ) o . boettger , 1863 accepted as laminifera o . boettger , 1863 ( considered a separate genus )\n\u00bb species clausilia ( medora ) agnata l . pfeiffer , 1842 accepted as medora agnata agnata ( l . pfeiffer , 1842 )\nsubgenus clausilia ( pseudidyla ) o . boettger , 1877 accepted as pseudidyla o . boettger , 1877 ( considered a separate genus )\nspecies clausilia agnata l . pfeiffer , 1842 accepted as medora agnata agnata ( l . pfeiffer , 1842 ) ( original combination )\nspecies clausilia altecostata l . pfeiffer , 1866 accepted as albinaria caerulea altecostata ( l . pfeiffer , 1866 ) ( original combination )\nspecies clausilia anguina l . pfeiffer , 1866 accepted as charpentieria stigmatica sturmii ( l . pfeiffer , 1848 ) ( junior synonym )\nspecies clausilia aquila l . pfeiffer , 1846 accepted as medora dalmatina aquila ( l . pfeiffer , 1846 ) ( original combination )\nspecies clausilia bosniensis l . pfeiffer , 1868 accepted as herilla bosniensis bosniensis ( l . pfeiffer , 1868 ) ( original combination )\nspecies clausilia charpentieri l . pfeiffer , 1850 accepted as isabellaria saxicola charpentieri ( l . pfeiffer , 1849 ) ( original combination )\nspecies clausilia conspersa l . pfeiffer , 1848 accepted as strigilodelima conspersa conspersa ( l . pfeiffer , 1848 ) ( original combination )\nspecies clausilia dacica l . pfeiffer , 1848 accepted as herilla ziegleri dacica ( l . pfeiffer , 1848 ) ( original combination )\nspecies clausilia dazueri l . pfeiffer , 1868 accepted as dilataria succineata dazueri ( l . pfeiffer , 1868 ) ( original combination )\nspecies clausilia diminuta l . pfeiffer , 1846 accepted as agathylla sulcosa diminuta ( l . pfeiffer , 1846 ) ( original combination )\nspecies clausilia discolor l . pfeiffer , 1846 accepted as albinaria discolor discolor ( l . pfeiffer , 1846 ) ( original combination )\nspecies clausilia distans l . pfeiffer , 1865 accepted as albinaria teres distans ( l . pfeiffer , 1865 ) ( original combination )\nworms - world register of marine species - clausilia ( canalicia ) o . boettger , 1863 & nbsp ; & # 8224 ;\nclausilia sieversi l . pfeiffer , 1871 accepted as serrulina sieversi ( l . pfeiffer , 1871 ) ( type by subsequent designation )\nsubgenus clausilia ( nesiophaedusa ) pilsbry , 1905 accepted as stereophaedusa ( luchuphaedusa ) pilsbry , 1901 represented as stereophaedusa o . boettger , 1877\nspecies clausilia bulimoides a . braun , 1843 \u2020 accepted as eualopia bulimoides ( a . braun , 1843 ) \u2020 ( new combination )\nspecies clausilia cataphracta l . pfeiffer , 1848 accepted as agathylla sulcosa ( j . a . wagner , 1829 ) ( junior synonym )\nspecies clausilia clava f . sandberger , 1875 \u2020 accepted as triptychia clava ( f . sandberger , 1875 ) \u2020 ( new combination )\nspecies clausilia crenata f . sandberger , 1871 \u2020 accepted as palaeostoa crenata ( f . sandberger , 1871 ) \u2020 ( new combination )\n( of clausilia ( clausilia ) rugosa rugosa ( draparnaud , 1801 ) ) bank , r . a . ; neubert , e . ( 2017 ) . checklist of the land and freshwater gastropoda of europe . last update : july 16th , 2017 . [ details ]\nsubgenus clausilia ( agathylla ) h . adams & a . adams , 1855 accepted as agathylla h . adams & a . adams , 1855\nsubgenus clausilia ( canalicia ) o . boettger , 1863 \u2020 accepted as canalicia o . boettger , 1863 \u2020 ( considered a separate genus )\n\u00bb species clausilia ( cochlodina ) naevosa l . pfeiffer , 1841 accepted as albinaria schuchii liebetruti ( charpentier , 1852 ) ( junior synonym )\nsubgenus clausilia ( constricta ) o . boettger , 1877 \u2020 accepted as constricta o . boettger , 1877 \u2020 ( considered a separate genus )\nsubgenus clausilia ( disjunctaria ) o . boettger , 1877 \u2020 accepted as disjunctaria o . boettger , 1877 \u2020 ( considered a separate genus )\nsubgenus clausilia ( eualopia ) o . boettger , 1877 \u2020 accepted as eualopia o . boettger , 1877 \u2020 ( considered a separate genus )\nsubgenus clausilia ( herilla ) h . adams & a . adams , 1855 accepted as herilla h . adams & a . adams , 1855\nsubgenus clausilia ( idyla ) h . adams & a . adams , 1855 accepted as idyla h . adams & a . adams , 1855\nsubgenus clausilia ( medora ) h . adams & a . adams , 1855 accepted as medora h . adams & a . adams , 1855\nsubgenus clausilia ( phaedusa ) h . adams & a . adams , 1855 accepted as phaedusa h . adams & a . adams , 1855\n\u00bb species clausilia ( cochlodina ) lerosiensis l . pfeiffer , 1841 accepted as albinaria lerosiensis ( l . pfeiffer , 1841 ) ( original combination )\n\u00bb species clausilia ( phaedusa ) formosensis h . adams , 1866 accepted as oospira formosensis ( h . adams , 1866 ) ( original combination )\nwhat made you want to look up clausilia ? please tell us where you read or heard it ( including the quote , if possible ) .\nspecies clausilia ( canalicia ) attracta o . boettger , 1870 \u2020 accepted as canalicia attracta ( o . boettger , 1870 ) \u2020 ( new combination )\nspecies clausilia ( serrulina ) schwageri o . boettger , 1877 \u2020 accepted as serrulella schwageri ( o . boettger , 1877 ) \u2020 ( new combination )\n\u00bb species clausilia ( canalicia ) attracta o . boettger , 1870 \u2020 accepted as canalicia attracta ( o . boettger , 1870 ) \u2020 ( new combination )\n\u00bb species clausilia ( disjunctaria ) oligogyra o . boettger , 1877 \u2020 accepted as disjunctaria oligogyra ( o . boettger , 1877 ) \u2020 ( new combination )\nsubgenus clausilia ( emarginaria ) o . boettger , 1877 \u2020 accepted as emarginaria o . boettger , 1877 \u2020 ( emarginaria is considered as a separate genus )\n\u00bb species clausilia ( laminifera ) flexidens o . boettger , 1875 \u2020 accepted as laminifera flexidens ( o . boettger , 1875 ) \u2020 ( new combination )\n\u00bb species clausilia ( laminifera ) rhombostoma o . boettger , 1863 \u2020 accepted as laminifera rhombostoma ( o . boettger , 1863 ) \u2020 ( new combination )\nsubgenus clausilia ( luchuphaedusa ) pilsbry , 1901 accepted as stereophaedusa ( luchuphaedusa ) pilsbry , 1901 represented as stereophaedusa o . boettger , 1877 ( original rank )\nsubgenus clausilia ( oophaedusa ) pilsbry , 1905 accepted as stereophaedusa ( oophaedusa ) pilsbry , 1905 represented as stereophaedusa o . boettger , 1877 ( original rank )\nsubgenus clausilia ( pirostoma ) moellendorff , 1873 accepted as macrogastra ( pyrostoma ) vest , 1867 represented as macrogastra w . hartmann , 1841 ( unjustified emendation )\n\u00bb species clausilia ( pseudidyla ) moersingensis o . boettger , 1877 \u2020 accepted as pseudidyla moersingensis ( o . boettger , 1877 ) \u2020 ( new combination )\n\u00bb species clausilia ( serrulina ) schwageri o . boettger , 1877 \u2020 accepted as serrulella schwageri ( o . boettger , 1877 ) \u2020 ( new combination )\nthe edited alignment of the partial 16s rdna sequences of 44 clausilia ( strobeliella ) individuals , c . ( clausilia ) cruciata , c . ( clausilia ) dubia , c . ( neostyriaca ) corynodes , c . ( lombardiella ) strobeli as well as macrogastra tumida and ruthenica filograna as outgroups included 872 positions . the maximum likelihood and bayesian inference analyses of this alignment ( fig . 1 a ) showed that c . ( strobeliella ) , c . ( neostyriaca ) corynodes and c . ( lombardiella ) strobeli form a well - supported clade ( bootstrap value bs = 90 % , pp = 1 . 0 ) , which is the sister group of c . ( clausilia ) . clausilia ( neostyriaca ) corynodes is probably more closely related to c . ( strobeliella ) than to c . ( lombardiella ) strobeli , although these relationships are not well supported .\nsubgenus clausilia ( pseudalinda ) o . boettger , 1877 accepted as alinda ( pseudalinda ) o . boettger , 1877 represented as alinda h . adams & a . adams , 1855\n\u00bb species clausilia ( pseudidyla ) polyptyx o . boettger , 1877 \u2020 accepted as pseudidyla polyptyx ( o . boettger , 1877 ) \u2020 ( pseudidyla is considered a separate genus )\n\u00bb species clausilia ( pseudidyla ) undatistria o . boettger , 1877 \u2020 accepted as pseudidyla undatistria ( o . boettger , 1877 ) \u2020 ( pseudidyla is considered a separate genus )\n\u00bb species clausilia ( triptychia ) hassiaca o . boettger , 1877 \u2020 accepted as triptychia hassiaca ( o . boettger , 1877 ) \u2020 ( triptychia is considered a separate genus )\n\u00bb species clausilia ( triptychia ) molassica o . boettger , 1877 \u2020 accepted as triptychia molassica ( o . boettger , 1877 ) \u2020 ( triptychia is considered a separate genus )\n\u00bb species clausilia ( triptychia ) recticosta o . boettger , 1877 \u2020 accepted as triptychia recticosta ( o . boettger , 1877 ) \u2020 ( triptychia is considered a separate genus )\nclausilia umbrosa gardonensis n . ssp . : a new taxon of the subgenus c . ( strobeliella ) h . nordsieck 1977 from eastern lombardy ( gastropoda : pulmonata : clausiliidae )\n\u00bb species clausilia ( constricta ) kochi o . boettger , 1877 \u2020 accepted as constricta kochi ( o . boettger , 1877 ) \u2020 ( constricta is considered as a separate genus )\n\u00bb species clausilia ( emarginaria ) schaefferiana o . boettger , 1877 \u2020 accepted as emarginaria schaefferiana ( o . boettger , 1877 ) \u2020 ( emarginaria is considered as a separate genus )\n( of clausilia ( andraea ) l . pfeiffer , 1848 ) bank , r . ( 2017 ) . classification of the recent terrestrial gastropoda of the world . last update : july 16th , 2017 . [ details ]\n( of clausilia ( strobeliella ) h . nordsieck , 1977 ) bank , r . ( 2017 ) . classification of the recent terrestrial gastropoda of the world . last update : july 16th , 2017 . [ details ]\n\u00bb species clausilia ( agathylla ) sulcosa j . a . wagner , 1829 accepted as agathylla ( agathylla ) sulcosa ( j . a . wagner , 1829 ) represented as agathylla sulcosa ( j . a . wagner , 1829 )\n( of clausilia ( neostyriaca ) a . j . wagner , 1920 ) bank , r . ( 2017 ) . classification of the recent terrestrial gastropoda of the world . last update : july 16th , 2017 . [ details ]\nspecies clausilia ( serrulina ) ptycholarynx o . boettger , 1877 \u2020 accepted as serrulastra ( serruplica ) ptycholarynx ( o . boettger , 1877 ) \u2020 represented as serrulastra ptycholarynx ( o . boettger , 1877 ) \u2020 ( new combination )\n\u00bb species clausilia ( dilataria ) perforata o . boettger , 1877 \u2020 accepted as cochlodina ( miophaedusa ) perforata ( o . boettger , 1877 ) \u2020 represented as cochlodina perforata ( o . boettger , 1877 ) \u2020 ( new combination )\n\u00bb species clausilia ( serrulina ) ptycholarynx o . boettger , 1877 \u2020 accepted as serrulastra ( serruplica ) ptycholarynx ( o . boettger , 1877 ) \u2020 represented as serrulastra ptycholarynx ( o . boettger , 1877 ) \u2020 ( new combination )\n\u00bb species clausilia ( delima ) crenulata rossm\u00e4ssler , 1836 accepted as delima ( delima ) amoena amoena ( l . pfeiffer , 1848 ) represented as delima ( delima ) amoena ( l . pfeiffer , 1848 ) represented as delima amoena ( l . pfeiffer , 1848 ) ( homonym )\n\u00bb species clausilia ( delima ) decipiens rossm\u00e4ssler , 1835 accepted as delima ( delima ) latilabris latilabris ( j . a . wagner , 1829 ) represented as delima ( delima ) latilabris ( j . a . wagner , 1829 ) represented as delima latilabris ( j . a . wagner , 1829 )\n( of clausilia ( andraea ) l . pfeiffer , 1848 ) pfeiffer , l . ( 1848 ) . monographia heliceorum viventium . sistens descriptiones systematicas et criticas omnium huius familiae generum et specierum hodie cognitarum . lipsiae ( brockhaus ) . 2 : 1\u2013594 . page ( s ) : 476 [ details ]\nty - jour ti - note on the clausilium of a chinese species of clausilia t2 - proceedings of the malacological society of london . vl - 8 ur - urltoken pb - dulau . cy - london , py - 1908 - 06 - 01 sp - 119 ep - 119 sn - 0025 - 1194 au - pilsbry , h a er -\n\u00bb species clausilia ( pseudalinda ) wagneri a . j . wagner in wohlberedt , 1911 accepted as alinda ( alinda ) wagneri wagneri ( a . j . wagner , 1911 ) represented as alinda ( alinda ) wagneri ( a . j . wagner , 1911 ) represented as alinda wagneri ( a . j . wagner , 1911 ) ( original combination )\nshell like cl . bidentata , more widely ribbed , diameter of third whorl small like second whorl ( in the other clausilia species except c . cruciata the upper whorls increase continuously ) , columellaris with step - like double fold ( in c . bidentata triangular or indistinct ) , palatal callus weak or absent ( unlike c . cruciata ) , basal cervical keel relatively prominent . terminal lobe of clausilium present .\nwe reconstructed the phylogenetic relationships of the c . ( strobeliella ) taxa based on mitochondrial dna sequences as well as aflp markers in the course of a biogeographical analysis of several land snail groups in the southern alps ( n\u00e4gele & hausdorf , 2015 ; in which the classification elaborated here has already been applied ) . in this contribution we discuss the systematic implications of these phylogenies and elaborate the delimitation of the clausilia ( strobeliella ) taxa .\nconcerning the relationships of the c . whateliana group , nordsieck ( 1966 ) proposed a \u2018scheme\u2019 depicting the c . whateliana group as the sister group of neostyriaca a . j . wagner , 1920 , which he classified as a subgenus of clausilia draparnaud , 1805 . however , in the text nordsieck ( 1966 ) emphasized that c . ( neostyriaca ) corynodes held , 1836 is more closely related to the c . whateliana group than c . ( neostyriaca ) strobeli strobel , 1850 . despite these considerations , nordsieck ( 1975 ) proposed to classify neostyriaca as well as all other clausiliid groups with a graciliaria - type clausilial apparatus ( see nordsieck , 2007 ) as separate genera , established a new subgenus of clausilia , strobeliella nordsieck , 1977 , for the c . whateliana group ( nordsieck , 1977 ) and a new subgenus of neostyriaca , lombardiella nordsieck , 2013 , for c . strobeli ( nordsieck , 2013b ) .\nall c . ( strobeliella ) taxa also form distinct clusters in the neighbor - net network ( fig . 2 ) . the network indicates that c . brembina alanica is intermediate between c . b . brembina and c . b . klemmi on the one side and c . b . umbrosa and c . b . gardonensis on the other . clausilia w . whateliana and c . w . exoptata are less distinctly separated than the subspecies of c . brembina .\n@ article { bhlpart202980 , title = { note on the clausilium of a chinese species of clausilia } , journal = { proceedings of the malacological society of london . } , volume = { 8 } , copyright = { public domain . the bhl considers that this work is no longer under copyright protection . } , url = urltoken publisher = { london , dulau . } , author = { pilsbry , h a } , year = { 1908 - 06 - 01 } , pages = { 119 - - 119 } , }\nthis species is sometimes called clausilia parvula . many subspecies recognized by some authors . this species has long been confounded and lumped with cl . bidentata ( also because the types had not been consulted ) . references : gassies 1849 : 129 , moquin - tandon 1855 : 332 ( cl . perversa , lumped true rugosa with bidentata ) , germain 1930 : 353 ( lumped rugosa and bidentata ) , nobre 1941 : 156 ( portugal except south ) , kerney & cameron 1979 : 165 , gittenberger 1982 , kerney et al . 1983 : 227 ( under cl . parvula ) , falkner 1990 : 162 , nordsieck 1990 ( history of misidentifications ) , turner et al . 1998 : 220 , nordsieck 2002 , welter - schultes 2012 : 298 ( range map ) .\nthe clausilia whateliana group is a complex of limestone - dwelling door - snail taxa ( nordsieck , 1966 , 2013a ; nardi & nordsieck , 2013 ) , which are restricted to the region between lago di como and lago di garda in the southern alps in italy where they survived the pleistocene glacials in mountain refugia ( n\u00e4gele & hausdorf , 2015 ) . nordsieck ( 1966 ) classified these taxa into one species with five subspecies . later , the complex was split into four separate species , c . brembina strobel , 1850 ( with three subspecies ) , c . umbrosa ( k\u00e4ufel , 1928 ) ( with two subspecies ) , c . whateliana charpentier , 1850 and c . exoptata schmidt , 1856 , because of sympatric occurrences of c . whateliana with c . exoptata with few intermediates , and of each of these with c . brembina without intermediates ( nordsieck , 2007 , 2013a ; nardi & nordsieck , 2013 ) .\nthe results of the analyses based on the aflp data ( figs 1 b , 2 , 3 ) and the mitochondrial gene tree ( fig . 1 a ) confirm the hypotheses of nordsieck ( 1966 ) concerning the relationships of the c . ( strobeliella ) taxa at large . clausilia b . brembina and c . b . klemmi as well as c . w . whateliana and c . w . exoptata are closely related . the admixture analyses based on the aflp data ( fig . 3 ) also confirm nordsieck ' s supposition that c . b . umbrosa is somehow intermediate between c . brembina and c . whateliana . however , the tree and the network based on the aflp data ( figs 1 b , 2 ) , as well as the tree based on the 16s rdna sequences ( fig . 1 a ) , show that c . b . umbrosa is more closely related to c . brembina than to c . whateliana .\nclausilia ( strobeliella ) is subdivided into two well - supported clades ( bs = 100 % , pp = 1 . 0 ) : c . brembina and c . whateliana . within c . brembina , c . b . brembina and c . b . klemmi form a clade . most haplotypes of c . b . klemmi form the sister group of a clade including all haplotypes of c . b . brembina , but also one c . b . klemmi haplotype . the sister group of the c . b . brembina + c . b . klemmi clade includes c . b . alanica , c . b . gardonensis and c . b . umbrosa . all three are reciprocally monophyletic . the two latter subspecies , which have previously been classified as a separate species , c . umbrosa ( nordsieck , 2007 , 2013a ; nardi & nordsieck , 2013 ) , form sister groups , albeit with low support ( bs = 62 % , pp = 0 . 76 ) . in the c . whateliana complex , the individuals of c . w . whateliana and c . w . exoptata , which have previously been classified as separate species ( nordsieck , 2007 , 2013a ; nardi & nordsieck , 2013 ) , are not separated according to their morphological classification .\n< mods xmlns : xlink =\nurltoken\nversion =\n3 . 0\nxmlns : xsi =\nurltoken\nxmlns =\nurltoken\nxsi : schemalocation =\nurltoken urltoken\n> < titleinfo > < title > note on the clausilium of a chinese species of clausilia < / title > < / titleinfo > < name > < namepart > pilsbry , h a < / namepart > < / name > < typeofresource > text < / typeofresource > < genre authority =\nmarcgt\n> < / genre > < note type =\ncontent\n> 8 < / note > < relateditem type =\nhost\n> < titleinfo > < title > proceedings of the malacological society of london . < / title > < / titleinfo > < origininfo > < place > < placeterm type =\ntext\n> london , < / placeterm > < / place > < publisher > dulau . < / publisher > < / origininfo > < part > < detail type =\nvolume\n> < number > 8 < / number > < / detail > < extent unit =\npages\n> < start > 119 < / start > < end > 119 < / end > < / extent > < date > 1908 - 06 - 01 < / date > < / part > < / relateditem > < identifier type =\nuri\n> urltoken < / identifier > < accesscondition type =\nuseandreproduction\n> public domain . the bhl considers that this work is no longer under copyright protection . < / accesscondition > < / mods >\nbank , r . ( 2017 ) . classification of the recent terrestrial gastropoda of the world . last update : july 16th , 2017 . [ details ]\n( of neostyria a . j . wagner , 1920 ) bank , r . ( 2017 ) . classification of the recent terrestrial gastropoda of the world . last update : july 16th , 2017 . [ details ]\n( of rupicola w . hartmann , 1841 ) bank , r . ( 2017 ) . classification of the recent terrestrial gastropoda of the world . last update : july 16th , 2017 . [ details ]\nbank , r . a . ; neubert , e . ( 2017 ) . checklist of the land and freshwater gastropoda of europe . last update : july 16th , 2017 . [ details ]\nboettger , o . ( 1863 ) . clausilien aus dem terti\u00e4ren landschnecken - kalk von hochheim . palaeontographica . 10 ( 6 ) : 309 - 318 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 310 [ details ]\nharzhauser , m . ; neubauer , t . a . ; georgopoulou , e . ; harl , j . ( 2014 ) . the early miocene ( burdigalian ) mollusc fauna of the north bohemian lake ( most basin ) . bulletin of geosciences . 89 ( 4 ) , 819 - 908 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nlove words ? you must \u2014 there are over 200 , 000 words in our free online dictionary , but you are looking for one that\u2019s only in the merriam - webster unabridged dictionary .\nthe story of an imaginary word that managed to sneak past our editors and enter the dictionary .\ntake this quiz and discover 12 words for things you didn ' t know had words .\ndraparnaud , j . p . r . 1801 . tableau des mollusques terrestres et fluviatiles de la france . - pp . [ 1 - 2 ] , 1 - 116 . montpellier , paris . ( renaud ; bossange , masson & besson ) .\nusually smaller than cl . bidentata , shell with ribs or growth lines or smooth , brown , first whorls increase more or less continuously , columellaris usually without double fold , clausilium with or without edge at margin ( terminal lobe present or not ) . shell variable , many local forms with differences in ribs and clausilium plate structure .\nrelatively humid habitats between rocks and rock rubble , at old walls , preferably in forests . calciphile , in switzerland up to 2400 m . 15 - 20 eggs ( diameter 1 . 5 mm ) are laid between august and october under stones or in crevices of rocks and old walls , juveniles hatch after 2 weeks .\ndraparnaud , j . - p . - r . [ 1805 ] . histoire naturelle des mollusques terrestres et fluviatiles de la france . ouvrage posthume . avec xiii planches . - pp . [ 1 - 9 ] , j - viij [ = 1 - 8 ] , 1 - 134 , [ pl . 1 - 13 ] . paris , montpellier . ( plassan , renaud ) .\nusually larger than cl . bidentata , usually densely ribbed , some populations more widely ribbed , no folds between parietalis and columellaris , columellaris with double fold or not , frontal upper palatalis present in a callus - like form , basal groove in the aperture present , subcolumellaris not s - like near the aperture and running along the basal groove . many locally different forms . basal cervical keel more prominent than in macrogastra . julica has a smoother shell .\ncharacteristically on humid shady rocks , at trees and old walls , usually in exposed highland regions , more rarely in forests , calciphile . in switzerland up to 2400 m , in n england mostly between 250 and 600 m . hides in crevices and ground litter , climbs up vertical surfaces in moist weather . feeds on epiphytic lichens and algae .\nin se poland not very abundant . can be rare in lower altitudes in switzerland . in n england threatened by air pollution and destruction of habitats , some populations have been lost since the 1800s . vulnerable in germany .\nreferences : falkner 1990 : 162 , kerney et al . 1983 : 228 , jungbluth et al . 1989 : 180 , manganelli et al . 1995 : 26 , edlinger 1997 ( morphological variation ) , turner et al . 1998 : 219 , kerney 1999 : 172 , nordsieck 2002 , sulikowska - drozd 2005 : 73 , jungbluth & knorre 2009 : 12 , welter - schultes 2012 : 297 ( range map ) .\npfeiffer , c . 1828 . naturgeschichte deutscher land - und s\u00fcsswasser - mollusken . dritte abtheilung . - pp . i - vi [ = 1 - 6 ] , 1 - 84 , taf . i - viii [ = 1 - 8 ] . weimar . ( landes - industrie - comptoir ) .\nhumid forests , usually in soil litter or under trees that fell down . not significantly ascending at trees . in bulgaria in up to 1900 m .\nreferences : kerney & cameron 1979 : 168 , kerney et al . 1983 : 230 , jungbluth et al . 1989 : 182 , falkner 1990 : 162 , manganelli et al . 1995 : 26 , nordsieck 2002 , sulikowska - drozd 2005 : 75 , hubenov 2007 , jungbluth & knorre 2009 : 10 , welter - schultes 2012 : 297 ( range map ) .\nwe would like to thank hans kothbauer for creating the logo of the alpine land snails working group .\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience on our website . by continuing to use our website , you are agreeing to our use of cookies . you can change your cookie settings at any time .\nwe used the mitochondrial dna sequences and aflp data as well as the phylogenetic trees based on these data published by n\u00e4gele & hausdorf ( 2015 ) . in addition , p - distances based on the edited alignment of the 16s rdna sequences were calculated with mega v . 5 . 2 . 2 ( tamura et al . , 2011 ) .\na neighbor - net network ( bryant & moulton , 2004 ) was constructed based on jaccard distances between the c . ( strobeliella ) taxa calculated with the aflp data using splitstree4 v . 4 . 13 . 1 ( huson & bryant , 2006 ) .\nas outgroups . bootstrap values and posterior probabilities calculated in the bayesian inference analysis are indicated on the branches .\nwithin c . brembina , p - distances reached 14 . 7 % between and 11 . 4 % within subspecies . within c . whateliana , p - distances reached 7 . 6 % between and 7 . 1 % within subspecies . the highest p - distance between these species was 22 . 0 % .\nb ) are in accordance with the topology of the tree based on the mitochondrial sequences ( fig .\npopulation from valzuri\u00f3 on the western side of the presolana massif , but the support for this relationship is weak ( pp = 0 . 72 ) . if only 1 , 018 aflp fragments of 100\u2013400 bp length are used for the phylogenetic analysis , the maximum clade credibility tree (\nfrom the val brembana region ( populations 3\u20134 ) are paraphyletic with respect to those from the vals\u00e1ssina ( populations 1\u20132 ) , which form a strongly supported clade ( pp = 1 . 00 ) .\n) aflp dataset , the estimation of the appropriate number of clusters proved to be difficult , because of a gradually varying degree of differentiation between the taxa . the mean estimates of the posterior probabilities of the aflp data of the\n) showed a maximum for two clusters , but structurama calculated the pp that the sampled individuals can be partitioned into five clusters as 1 . 0 . therefore , we show the results of the admixture analyses from\nindividuals from the val v\u00e9rtova show strong admixture ( 20 . 3 % ) with\nindividuals from the val tal\u00e9ggio and the val v\u00e9rtova show strong admixture ( 19 . 2 % ) with this cluster . with\npopulations from the side valleys of the val brembana ( 20 . 6 % from\nthe tree ( fig . 1 b ) and the network ( fig . 2 ) based on the aflp data confirm that all morphologically delimited c . ( strobeliella ) taxa ( nordsieck , 1966 , 2007 , 2013a ; nardi & nordsieck , 2013 ) form genetic entities . as often found in closely related land snails ( elejalde et al . , 2008 ; sauer & hausdorf , 2010 ; kokshoorn & gittenberger , 2012 ; scheel & hausdorf , 2012 ) , some of these taxa are not monophyletic in the mitochondrial gene tree ( fig . 1 a ) . this is especially true for c . w . whateliana and c . w . exoptata . this lack of reciprocal monophyly can be attributed to incomplete lineage - sorting and gene flow between these taxa for which there is also morphological evidence in the case of c . w . whateliana and c . w . exoptata ( nordsieck , 1966 , 2013a ) .\nnordsieck ( 1966 ) classified all c . ( strobeliella ) taxa as subspecies of a single species . in contrast , nordsieck ( 2007 , 2013a ) divided c . ( strobeliella ) into four species , because ( 1 ) there are syntopical occurrences of c . brembina with c . w . whateliana as well as with c . w . exoptata without intermediates , ( 2 ) there are only few intermediates in a population composed of c . w . whateliana and c . w . exoptata and ( 3 ) the range of c . b . umbrosa is well separated . the admixture analysis confirms that there is hardly any admixture between c . brembina and c . whateliana ( fig . 3 ) . nordsieck ( 1966 ) thought that the population of c . whateliana from the val tal\u00e9ggio forms a transition to c . brembina . however , no admixture between this population and c . brembina was found . both taxa are reciprocally monophyletic in the tree based on the 16s rdna sequences ( fig . 1 a ) . thus , the genetic data corroborate the species status of the partly sympatric c . brembina and c . whateliana .\nwe are grateful to hartmut nordsieck and gianbattista nardi for samples , to hartmut nordsieck also for a critical reading of an earlier version of this paper , to elke bustorf and arne nolte for running the aflp gels and to marco neiber and bettina scheel for help in the lab .\nzur anatomie und systematik der clausilien , xvi . zur kenntnis der mentissoideinae und kaukasischen baleinae\nmolecular evidence for repetitive parallel evolution of shell structure in clausiliidae ( gastropoda . pulmonata )\noxford university press is a department of the university of oxford . it furthers the university ' s objective of excellence in research , scholarship , and education by publishing worldwide\nfor full access to this pdf , sign in to an existing account , or purchase an annual subscription .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmap hosted by the national biodiversity data centre , waterford to view the species profile on biodiversity maps and access the live map , please click on the map .\na dark brown , rather slender fusiform shell with dense surface sculpturation and only a weakly glossy to dull surface . aperture pear - shaped , with strong parietal and weak columellar lamellae . colour typically dark brown to reddish - brown but often bleached grey with algal stains . finely and regularly ribbed with delicate , cross - cutting , spiral striation . generally abundant but mainly in woodland .\nvery variable in size with populations of miniature forms , little over half the height of normal shells , occurring here and there e . g . basalt rocks and dunes on the north coasts of cos antrim and londonderry\nranging from france and the british isles through switzerland and the low countries to denmark , germany and southern scandinavia . distribution type : suboceanic temperate ( 72 ) .\nmichaud , g . ( 1862 ) . description des coquilles fossiles des environs de hauterive ( dr\u00f4me ) . journal de conchyliologie . 10 , 58 - 84 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 74 , pl . 3 , fig . 18 [ details ]\ntruc , g . ( 1972 ) . clausiliidae ( gastropoda , euthyneura ) du n\u00e9og\u00e8ne du bassin rhodanien ( france ) . geobios . 5 ( 3 ) : 247 - 275 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 254 - 256 , pl . 18 , figs 9 - 13 , pl . 19 , fig . 6 , textfigs 1 - 2 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nbabor , j . f . ( 1897 ) . beitr\u00e4ge zur kenntnis der terti\u00e4ren binnenconchylienfauna b\u00f6hmens . i . sitzungsberichte der k\u00f6nigl . b\u00f6hmischen gesellschaft f\u00fcr wissenschaften , mathematischnaturwissenschaftliche klasse . 63 , 1 - 18 . page ( s ) : 10 [ details ]\ncossmann , m . ( 1898 ) . pal\u00e9oconchologie . revue critique de pal\u00e9ozoologie . 2 ( 2 ) : 42 - 63 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 57 [ details ]\ntraub , f . ( 1938 ) . geologische und palaeontologische bearbeitung der kreide und des terti\u00e4rs im \u00f6stlichen rupertiwinkel , n\u00f6rdlich von salzburg . palaeontographica abt . a . 88 ( 1 - 3 ) : 1 - 114 . [ details ]\nnordsieck , h . ( 1985 ) . zwei neue gattungen altterti\u00e4rer clausilien ( gastropoda : stylommatophora ) . heldia . 1 ( 3 ) : 83 - 87 . [ details ]\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with nbn atlas , please upload using the upload tools .\nyou could not be signed in . please check your email address / username and password and try again .\nmost users should sign in with their email address . if you originally registered with a username please use that to sign in .\nto purchase short term access , please sign in to your oxford academic account above .\npublic domain . the bhl considers that this work is no longer under copyright protection ."]}
{"id": 268, "summary": [{"text": "turbinella laevigata , common name the brazilian chank , is a species of very large sea snail with a gill and an operculum , a marine gastropod mollusk in the subfamily turbinellinae of the family turbinellidae . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "turbinella laevigata", "paragraphs": ["turbinellidae \u00bb turbinella laevigata , id : 545494 , shell detail \u00ab shell encyclopedia , conchology , inc .\ndelsaerdt , a . : a new subspecies of turbinella laevigata . matthysen , e . & robbrecht , v . : report on some land snails from east tyrol ( austria ) with notes on the distribution of abida secale ( draparnaud , 1801 ) . delsaerdt , a . : de familie cassidae ( 1 ) . new taxon : turbinella laevigata rianae n . ssp .\nbelongs to turbinella according to b . landau and c . marques da silva 2010\nformosa / shells / turbinella pyrum 223 . 5mm . w / o . big\nformosa / shells / turbinella pyrum 228 . 5mm . w / o . big\nformosa / shells / turbinella pyrum 197mm . w / o . red lip .\nformosa / shells / turbinella pyrum 215 . 5mm . w / o . big\nformosa / shells / turbinella pyrum 126 . 5mm . nature . w / o .\nformosa / shells / turbinella pyrum 123 . 8mm . nature . w / o . freak\ngenre turbinelle . ( turbinella , lam . ) sp\u00e9cies g\u00e9n\u00e9ral et iconographie des coquilles vivantes 6 21 pls .\nthese species are sometimes known as\nchanks\nor\nchank shells\n. one species in this genus is the sacred chank , turbinella pyrum ; see\nshankha\nfor the cultural and religious use of the shell of that species .\nverzeichniss der conchylien xvi + 110 pp . [ stated date : 09 oct 1838 . ]\ngloria maris 26 1 - 7 . [ stated date : - - feb 1987 . ]\nanimal - based remedies constitute an integral part of brazilian traditional medicine . due to its long history , zootherapy has in fact become an integral part of folk medicine both in rural and urban areas of the country . in this paper we summarize current knowledge on zootherapeutic practices in northeast of brazil , based on information compiled from ethnobiological scientific literature .\nin order to examine the diversity of animals used in traditional medicine in northeast of brazil , all available references or reports of folk remedies based on animals sources were examined . 34 sources were analyzed . only taxa that could be identified to species level were included in assessment of medicinal animal species . scientific names provided in publications were updated .\nthe review revealed that at least 250 animal species ( 178 vertebrates and 72 invertebrates ) are used for medicinal purposes in northeast of brazil . the inventoried species comprise 10 taxonomic categories and belong to 141 families . the groups with the greatest number of species were fishes ( n = 58 ) , mammals ( n = 47 ) and reptiles ( n = 37 ) . the zootherapeutical products are used for the treatment of different illnesses . the most widely treated condition were asthma , rheumatism and sore throat , conditions , which had a wide variety of animals to treat them with . many animals were used for the treatment of multiple ailments . beyond the use for treating human diseases , zootherapeutical resources are also used in ethnoveterinary medicine\nthe number of medicinal species catalogued was quite expressive and demonstrate the importance of zootherapy as alternative therapeutic in northeast of brazil . although widely diffused throughout brazil , zootherapeutic practices remain virtually unstudied . there is an urgent need to examine the ecological , cultural , social , and public health implications associated with fauna usage , including a full inventory of the animal species used for medicinal purposes and the socio - cultural context associated with their consumption .\nhumans depend on biodiversity and the capacity of ecosystems to provide a multitude of goods and services that underpin a healthy human and natural environment . biodiversity is essential for human health , for example , in the provision of the raw materials for medicines . indeed , some 20 , 000 species are used in traditional medicine , which forms the basis of primary health care for about 80 percent of the 3 billion people in developing countries . more than half of the world ' s modern drugs are derived from biological resources , which supports the traditional and modern pharmaceutical sectors [\n] . although plants and plant - derived materials make up the majority of ingredients used in most traditional medical systems globally , whole animals , animal parts , and animal - derived products ( e . g . , urine , fat , etc . ) also constitute important elements of the materia medica . indeed , zootherapy , the use of animal products in healing , is an ancient and widespread practice across most cultures [\nlittle attention has been paid to the cultural , medical , economic , or ecological significance of zootherapeutic practices , even though the federal government ' s national policy of pharmaceuticals ( pol\u00edtica nacional de medicamentos , portaria no . 3916 / 98 ) specifies that\nthe support to research aiming to use the therapeutic potential of the national flora and fauna , with emphasis on certification of their medical properties , should be continued and expanded\n[\n] . nevertheless , since the 1980s various publications have shown the importance of zootherapy for traditional communities from distinct socio - cultural - environmental landscapes in brazil . most of the available information on the subject is concentrated in the northeast of the country [\nin addition , the edibility of these medicinal resources must be analyzed because there must be complex interactions between diet and the medicinal use . a number of food animals are also used as remedies [\n] . although often regarded as supplementary to local peoples ' diet , wild food and medicine are essential in times of crisis and play an important nutritional role . the neglect of traditional food and medicines may seriously deteriorate the health and well being of traditional peoples [\n] . furthermore , nature - based traditional food and medicine are generally viewed as interchangeable , diet being highly regarded as the primary basis for sustaining and / or restoring health and well - being . consequently , foods are considered and often times chosen for their distinctive medicinal or healing values .\nthe total area of the brazilian northeast is 1 , 561 , 177 . 8 km\n, which extends from 02\u00b054 to 17\u00b021s and from 35\u00b0 to 46\u00b030w and includes nine states : maranh\u00e3o , piau\u00ed , cear\u00e1 , rio grande do norte , para\u00edba , pernambuco , alagoas , sergipe and bahia ( figure .\n] . this region is home to around 51 million people , representing 28 . 9 % of the total population of brazil , most of whom live in the urban area . the inhabitants of northeast brazil exhibit a high degree of race mixing . according to the 2006 census of brazilian institute for geography and statistics ( ibge ) , people of multiracial ( european , amerindian and african ) background make up 62 . 5 % of the population , while those of total or predominantly black ancestry account for 7 . 8 % . this region was not heavily affected by the wave of european immigration that took place in southern brazil during the 19th century \u2013 the northeast was ( and still is ) the poorest part of brazil , and therefore there was little incentive for new immigrants to stay [\nthe predominant vegetation type in this region is composed of several forms of caatinga biome . the structure of these forests can vary considerably from forests composed of mostly spiny trees , 6 to 10 m tall , often with a ground - layer of small deciduous shrubs and annual herbs , predominantly leguminosae , to deciduous woodlands of lower stature , with a high proportion of shrubs and subshrubs and the presence of many cacti , bromeliads and euphorbiaceae [\n] . the northeast region as a whole holds more types of vegetation than any other region in brazil . in addition to the caatinga biome , there are the atlantic rainforests , seasonal forests and inland mountain forests ,\nand shore dunes , mangroves , cerrados ( savannah - like vegetation ) and ' campos rupestres ' , all of which exhibit rich animal and plant biodiversity .\n] . 34 ethnobiological sources documenting the medicinal use of animals were analyzed . only taxa that could be identified to species level were included in the data base . scientific names were updated in accordance with the integrated taxonomic information system ' s\ncatalogue of life : 2008 annual checklist\n[\ncategories of diseases treated with zootherapeutic remedies in northeast brazil , according to the brazilian centre of diseases classification and the number of species used per category .\nthe review revealed that at least 250 animal species ( 178 vertebrates and 72 invertebrates ) are used for medicinal purposes in northeast of brazil . the inventoried species comprise 10 taxonomic categories and belong to 141 families ( additional file\n) . the groups with the greatest number of species were fishes ( n = 58 ) , mammals ( n = 47 ) and reptiles ( n = 37 ) ( figure .\nexamples of animals used as medicine in northeast brazil . a : boa constrictor ( photo : gentil a . pereira - filho ) , b : iguana iguana , c : chelonoidis carbonaria , d : amazona aestiva , e : coragyps atratus and f : ucides cordatus ( photos b , c , d , e , f : r\u00f4mulo r . n . alves ) .\nthe number of medicinal species catalogued was quite expressive and demonstrate the importance of zootherapy as alternative therapeutic in northeast of brazil . ethnobiological studies encompassing information on the medicinal use of biological resources cover 06 states : para\u00edba , piau\u00ed , pernambuco , alagoas , maranh\u00e3o and bahia , the latter being state with the highest number of studies ( figure .\n) . no published accounts were found for the states of cear\u00e1 , sergipe and rio grande do norte . due to the lack of studies in some states of northeast brazil , and to the fact that only taxa that could be identified to the species level were included in the review , is expected the number of medicinal animals to be greater than the 250 species compiled .\nof the 250 medicinal animal species which have been recorded , 175 ( 70 % ) were also used as food . the high number of animals used both as food and medicine is not surprising given the important role played by wildlife as a source of protein in different parts of the world . in at least 62 countries worldwide , wildlife ( including fish ) provides significant proteins , calories , and essential fats to rural communities [\n] . the degree of overlap between medicinal and nutritional uses of wild animals observed in our study was high , and left no doubt about the importance of wild animals in human diets and healing activities .\nmedicinal animals recorded can be used whole or in parts such as fat , flesh , bone , bone marrow , cartilage , skin , tail , feather , liver , bile (\nfel\n) , milk , rattle ( from rattlesnakes ) , spine , shell , honey , wax , scale , rostral expansion , otolith , penis , carapace , blood , gizzard , beak , cocoon , teeth , tongue , egg , egg shells , tibia , secretions , head , heart , urine , foot , leg , nest , guts , pollen , ear , spawn , nail , horn , sucking dish and eye . examples of zootherapeutic products used as remedies in northeast brazil are showed in figure\nexamples of animal products used as remedies in northeast brazil . a : fats of mammals and reptiles , b : alligator leather ( paleosuchus palpebrosus ) , c : dried seahorses ( hippocampus reidi ) and d : dried starfish ( oreaster reticulatus ) .\nbeyond the use for treating human diseases , zootherapeutical resources are also used in ethnoveterinary medicine . barboza et al . [\n] recorded the utilization of animals ( zootherapeutics ) as sources of medicines in folk veterinary medicine ( ethnoveterinary ) in semiarid northeast region and verified that 15 animals are used in the prevention or cure of animals ' illnesses in that region .\ndistinct preparation and administration manners of the zootherapic resources are reported in the works , but in general , hard parts , such as teeth , nails , shells , rattles from snakes , fish scales , bone , and cartilage , generally are dried in the sun , grated , and crushed to powder , and then administered as tea or taken during meals . fat , body secretions , and oil are either ingested or used as an ointment . some animals are utilized in combination with plants and / or other animal species , constituting the ingredients of what the interviewees call\ngarrafadas\na concoction defined by camargo [\nthe zootherapeutic resources recorded were used to treat different diseases . the most widely treated condition were asthma , rheumatism and sore throat , conditions , which had a wide variety of animals to treat them with . many animals were used for the treatment of multiple ailments . the highest numbers of animal species ( 132 , 52 . 8 % ) have been reported for the treatment of respiratory system related problems . injuries , poisoning and other consequences of external causes are treated with 77 species ( 30 . 8 % ) . 71 ( 28 . 4 % ) animal species are reported in uses in undefined illnesses category ( that includes all citations for diseases with unspecific symptoms ) . problems of osteomuscular system and conjunctive tissue are reported to be treated with 71 ( 28 . 8 % ) species . circulatory system related problems are treated with 64 species ( 25 . 6 % ) ( table\n] . these observations point to the need for sanitary measurements to be taken with medicinal animal products and the importance of including considerations about zootherapy into public health programs . although the need for implementation of sanitary measures to the trade of animal or their parts for medicinal purposes is evident , adoption of regulatory measures faces considerable challenges , among them ensuring adequate participation of all stakeholders involved , monitoring of the activity , and combating illegal , unreported and unregulated trade [\n] , which makes the use of available , affordable animal and plant remedies an important alternative .\nthe high number of species registered evidenciates that the animals are therapeutic resources culturally important . nevertheless , the lack of zootherapeutic studies in brazil ( and in the world in general ) has contributed to an underestimation of the importance of zootherapeutic resources in this country . alves and rosa [\n] , suggest that one of the factors that certainly contribute to the information scarcity on the subject is the semi - clandestine or clandestine nature of the trade and use of medicinal animals , generally result in usuaries and traders being more resistant to provide information . the most of medicinal animals are wild and protected by law . nevertheless , although brazilian legislation forbids commercial use of wild fauna ( article 1 law 5 , 197 january 3 , 1967 and article 29 of law 9 , 605 february 12 , 1998 ) , medicinal products and derivatives made from animals are commonly traded in many brazilian cities [\n= 230 ; 92 % ) are wild caught . in most cases remedies were prepared from dead specimens . many of the medicinal animals are of conservation concern . many of the recorded species ( 52 out of 250 ) are on either the iucn red list of threatened species , [\n] . these results demonstrate the need to assess the implications of the use and trade of animal used in traditional medicines on their wild populations .\n] , there is a need to increase our understanding of the biology and ecology of species commonly used as remedies to better assess the impacts of harvesting them ( for medicinal or other purposes ) on their wild populations . medicinal species whose conservation status is in question should receive urgent attention , and aspects such as habitat loss and alteration should be discussed in connection with present and future medicinal uses . as anyinam [\n] remarked , environmental degradation affects users of traditional medicine both by limiting their access to the resources traditionally used and by diminishing the knowledge base in their community upon which traditional medicine is constructed . studies on traditional uses of faunistic resources should be carried out with other links to conservation biology , public health policies , sustainable management of natural resources and biological prospection is of great importance [\nadditional file 1 : medicinal animals and its respective uses in popular medicine , northeast of brazil . the data provided a list of medicinal animals and its respective uses in popular medicine in the northeast of brazil . ( pdf 170 kb )\na framework for action on biodiversity and ecosystem management . the wehab working group , august 2002 .\ntraditional healing with animals ( zootherapy ) : medieval to present - day levantine practice .\necology and ethnomedicine : exploring links between current environmental crisis and indigenous medical practices .\n. 1st edition . edited by : grifo f , rosenthal j . washington dc : island press ; 1997 : 7 - 38 .\n. gland , switzerland : castel cary press / lp and ts ; 1993 .\n. 1st edition . edited by : alves agc , lucena rfp , albuquerque up . recife , brazil : nuppea ; 2005 : 47 - 60 .\na zooterapia no recife ( pernambuco ) : uma articula\u00e7\u00e3o entre as pr\u00e1ticas e a hist\u00f3ria .\nfrom cnidarians to mammals : the use of animals as remedies in fishing communities in ne brazil .\nzootherapy goes to town : the use of animal - based remedies in urban areas of ne and n brazil .\n. edited by : pieroni a . k\u00f6ln , germany : experiences verlag ; 1999 : 155 - 171 .\nanimal remedies in the folk medicinal practices of the lucca and pistoia provinces , central italy .\n. edited by : fleurentin j , pelt jm , mazars g . proceedings of the fourth european colloquium of ethnopharmacology . paris , france : ird editions ; 2002 : 371 - 375 .\n. edited by : pendergast hdv , etkin n , harris dr , houghton pj . royal botanic gardens . kew , uk ; 1998 : 41 - 461 .\n. edited by : queiroz lp , rapini a , giulietti am . minist\u00e9rio de ci\u00eancias e tecnologia , bras\u00edlia ; 2006 : 15 - 19 .\n. edited by : sampaio evsb , giulietti am , virginio j , gamarra - rojas cfl . recife : associa\u00e7\u00e3o plantas do nordeste and centro nordestino de informa\u00e7\u00e3o sobre plantas ; 2002 : 103 - 115 .\n. edited by : prance gt . columbia university press , new york ; 1982 : 245 - 251 .\n. edited by : whitmore tc , prance gt . oxford science publications , oxford , united kingdom ; 1987 : 28 - 45 .\n. edited by : silva jmc , tabarelli m , fonseca mt , lins lv . brasilia : mma . \u2013 ufpe \u2013 conservation international \u2013 biodiversitas \u2013 embrapa semi - \u00e1rido ; 2004 : 45 - 90 .\n. edited by : leal ir , tabarelli m , silva jmc . editora universit\u00e1ria , universidade federal de pernambuco , recife , brasil ( in portuguese ) ; 2003 : 75 - 134 .\n. edited by : leal ir , tabarelli m , silva jmc . editora universit\u00e1ria , universidade federal de pernambuco , recife , brasil ; 2003 : 135 - 180 .\n. edited by : leal ir , tabarelli m , silva jmc . editora universit\u00e1ria , universidade federal de pernambuco , recife , brasil ; 2003 : 181 - 236 .\n. edited by : leal ir , tabarelli m , silva jmc . editora universit\u00e1ria , universidade federal de pernambuco , recife , brasil ; 2003 : 237 - 273 .\n. edited by : leal ir , tabarelli m , silva jmc . editora universit\u00e1ria , universidade federal de pernambuco , recife , brasil ; 2003 : 275 - 333 .\n. secretaria de biodiversidade e florestas , minist\u00e9rio do meio ambiente , bras\u00edlia ; 2002 .\ncosta - neto em : faunistc resources used as medicines by an afro - brazilian community from chapada diamantina national park , state of bahia - brazil . sitientibus 1996 , ( 15 ) : 211 - 219 .\nfaunistic resources used as medicines by artisanal fishermen from siribinha beach , state of bahia , brazil .\ncommercialization and use of snakes in north and northeastern brazil : implications for conservation and management .\nuso e conserva\u00e7\u00e3o de plantas e animais medicinais no estado de pernambuco ( nordeste do brasil ) : um estudo de caso .\nprimeiro registro da utiliza\u00e7\u00e3o medicinal de recursos pesqueiros na cidade de s\u00e3o f\u00e9lix , estado da bahia , brasil .\no conhecimento ictiol\u00f3gico tradicional dos pescadores da cidade de barra , regi\u00e3o do m\u00e9dio rio s\u00e3o francisco , estado da bahia , brasil .\nutiliza\u00e7\u00e3o medicinal de insetos no povoado de pedra branca , santa terezinha , bahia , brasil .\n. feira de santana : feira de santana , brasil : editora universit\u00e1ria da uefs ; 1999 .\nrecursos animais utilizados na medicina tradicional dos \u00edndios pankarar\u00e9s , que habitam no nordeste do estado da bahia , brasil .\ntraditional use and sale of animals as medicines in feira de santana city , bahia , brazil .\nconhecimento e usos tradicionais de recursos faun\u00edsticos por uma comunidade afro - brasileira . resultados preliminares .\n. feira de santana , brazil : universidade estadual de feira de santana ; 2000 .\nthe use of insects in folk medicine in the state of bahia , northeastern brazil , with notes on insects reported elsewhere in brazilian folk medicine .\n( latreille , 1828 ) ( crustacea , decapoda , trichodactylidae ) , na concep\u00e7\u00e3o dos moradores do povoado de pedra branca , bahia , brasil .\na farmacop\u00e9ia do mar : invertebrados marinhos de interesse m\u00e9dico e a etnomedicina alagoana .\nthe use of zootherapeutics in folk veterinary medicine in the district of cubati , para\u00edba state , brazil .\nanimal - based remedies as complementary medicines in santa cruz do capibaribe , brazil .\numa abordagem etnoecol\u00f3gica sobre a medicina popular em andara\u00ed , chapada diamantina , bahia , brasil .\n. feira de santana , brazil . edited by editora da universidade estadual de feira de santana ; 2000 .\nanexo \u00e0 instru\u00e7\u00e3o normativa no . 3 , de 27 de maio de 2003 . do minist\u00e9rio do meio ambiente\nlista nacional das esp\u00e9cies de invertebrados aqu\u00e1ticos e peixes sobreexplotadas ou amea\u00e7adas de sobreexplota\u00e7\u00e3o .\ninstru\u00e7\u00e3o normativa no . 5 , de 21 de maio de 2004 . di\u00e1rio oficial da uni\u00e3o\nd\u00e9cima revis\u00e3o , organiza\u00e7\u00e3o mundial da sa\u00fade ( oms ) . organiza\u00e7\u00e3o pan - americana de sa\u00fade \u2013 opas\nindigenous knowledge of zootherapeutic use of vertebrate origin by the ao tribe of nagaland .\nanimals and their products utilized as medicines by the inhabitants surrounding the ranthambhore national park , india .\n. wildlife survey report . world wildlife fund and liberian forestry development , authority , gland , switzerland ; 1991 .\nfood chain and the reasons for food taboos in the amazon and in the atlantic forest coast .\n( schweiger 1812 ) ( testudines : podocnemididae ) for medicinal purposes in two communities in north of brazil .\nos ' bichos ' que curam : os animais e a medicina ' folk ' em bel\u00e9m do par\u00e1 .\nprodutos e subprodutos da medicina popular comercializados na cidade de boa vista , roraima .\nplants and animals utilized as medicines in the jau national park ( jnp ) , brazilian amazon .\nmarkets and the use of wild animals for traditional medicine : a case study among the tsimane ' amerindians of the bolivian rain forest .\nmedicinal and poisonous diversity of the flora of\ncariri paraibano\n, brazil .\naspectos s\u00f3cio - econ\u00f4micos do com\u00e9rcio de plantas e animais medicinais em \u00e1rea metropolitanas do norte e nordeste do brasil .\nthis article is published under license to biomed central ltd . this is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license (\n) , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original work is properly cited .\nby using this website , you agree to our terms and conditions , privacy statement and cookies policy . manage the cookies we use in the preference centre .\n( of xancus laevigatus ( anton , 1839 ) ) matthews , h . r . 1967 . notas sobre a fam\u00edlia xancidae no nordeste brasileiro . arquivos da esta\u00e7\u00e3o de biologia marinha da universidade federal do cear\u00e1 7 : 143 - 145 . [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nversion 43 . 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed . my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthe star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :\nwe want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only , as we handle very few foreign shells in general . as time goes , the system will become more and more performant .\nenter your email address and we will send you an email with your username and password .\ne - mail jecilia sisican if you do not receive your email with your username and password .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 0 . 002 seconds . )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\n- note : several protected species are illustrated here only for identification purposes . they are not for sale . - the photos in our gallery are in most cases just a sample from our stock , except when only one specimen is offered . we try to match the original color but it can vary if your screen is not correctly adjusted ( gamma correction ) .\nusing cookies on urltoken shellauction uses cookies only for technical reasons and to facilitate and speed up your site navigation . by continuing to browse , you accept the use of cookies ; if you do not wish to receive them please disable them or not navigate this website further . more info cookies on urltoken\nutilizzo dei cookies su urltoken shellauction utilizza i cookies esclusivamente per ragioni tecniche e per facilitare e velocizzare la navigazione del sito . continuando a navigare accetti l ' utilizzo dei cookies , se non desideri riceverli ti invitiamo a disabilitarli oppure a non navigare questo sito ulteriormente . altre informazioni sui cookies di urltoken\ncollected at 10 - 15 m by lobster divers . some defect on body whorl made by predatores . but an unusual dwarf with salmon double lip\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nif you do not have an account yet , you can register here first .\ne - mail conchbooks office if you do not receive your email with your username and password .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , world , geography , . . . more\nrua prof . algacyr munhoz mader , 3775 - cic 81350 - 010 curitiba pr brazil tel . : + 55 41 3316 - 3052 / 3316 - 3012 fax : + 55 41 3346 - 2872 babt @ urltoken\nis a free , web - based , collaborative , multilingual encyclopedia project supported by the non - profit wikimedia foundation . its name is a portmanteau of the words wiki ( a technology for creating collaborative websites , from the hawaiian word wiki , meaning\nquick\n) and encyclopedia . wikipedia ' s 13 million articles ( three million in the english wikipedia ) have been written collaboratively by volunteers around the world , and almost all of its articles can be edited by anyone with access to the site . launched in 2001 by jimmy wales and larry sanger , it is currently the largest and most popular general reference work on the internet . last indexed april 8 , 2015\ndescription of calantica darwini d . s . jones & a . m . hosie , 2009\n, common name\nbaby ' s toes\n, is a . . .\nis a species of small crustaceans ( ca . 1 . 0\u20131 . 3 millimetres . . .\nthis listing was ended by the seller because the item is no longer available .\nthis amount includes applicable customs duties , taxes , brokerage and other fees . this amount is subject to change until you make payment . for additional information , see the global shipping program terms and conditions - opens in a new window or tab\nthis amount includes applicable customs duties , taxes , brokerage and other fees . this amount is subject to change until you make payment . if you reside in an eu member state besides uk , import vat on this purchase is not recoverable . for additional information , see the global shipping program terms and conditions - opens in a new window or tab\nan item that has been used previously . see the seller\u2019s listing for full details and description of\ncopyright \u00a9 1995 - 2018 ebay inc . all rights reserved . accessibility , user agreement , privacy , cookies and adchoice\nspecies in this genus are found world - wide , mostly in tropical shallow waters .\nthis article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 10 / 22 / 2012 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .\ntulane university journal publishing is an open access , peer - reviewed journal publishing service which provides a web - based platform for scholarly and academic publishing to the tulane community .\ntulane studies in geology and paleontology was devoted primarily to the geology and paleontology of the coasts and adjacent land areas of the gulf of mexico and the caribbean sea . each number\nthe journal was published between 1962 and 1997 . this is a collection of the entire run of the journal .\nfor all scientific names see vol . 10 , no . 4 ( taxonomic index to vol . 1 - 10 ) ; vol . 20 , no . 4 ( taxonomic index to vol . 11 to 20 ) ; vol . 30 , no . 4 ( taxonomic index to vol . 21 to 30 ) .\nthe past half century has seen dramatic changes in the world of scientific publishing ; changes that will continue in the next few decades . the newest generations of ( geo ) scientists have come of age in an environment where the research literature is almost entirely accessed online and visits to physical library collections are becoming increasingly rare . on one hand , these developments have led to the proliferation of new journals , most of which only exist online , and many of the latest additions are open - access journals . on the other hand , several older publication venues have come to a close .\nit is now 20 years ago that the last issue of tulane studies in geology and paleontology ( initially known as tulane studies in geology ) appeared . coincidental or not , 1997 was right around the time that scientific publishing rapidly migrated to the internet . initiated in 1962 , tsgp has published more than 5000 pages of peer - reviewed research , in many cases by faculty members and graduate students in tulane\u2019s department of geology . series like tsgp proliferated for many years , in part based on the extensive exchange schemes that existed between academic libraries . editing was carefully done in house , constituting a major time commitment for the faculty members who served as editors . even though the series was discontinued a while ago , the research published in tsgp has had a lasting impact . it continues to be cited on a regular basis and typically accrues 20 to 30 citations annually according to the web of science .\nthe tulane undergraduate research journal is a peer - reviewed research journal publishing articles from multiple academic fields . our goal is to unite the best undergraduate research from the tulane community and represent all academic fields producing a spectrum of high - quality and diverse work .\nan online undergraduate journal featuring case studies authored by the newcomb scholars , an elite cohort of undergraduate women at tulane university .\nthe journal of community health promotion and research , sponsored by the tulane prevention research center ( prc ) , was planned to share information about public health work and disease - prevention programs focusing on the physical and social environment in the new orleans area .\nthe mission of the tulane prc is to address the physical and social environmental factors influencing the obesity epidemic and its behavioral determinants ( physical activity and diet ) through participatory research on these factors and ways to modify them ; collaboration with community partners and policy - makers ; communication about these factors with public health practitioners , policy - makers , and community partners ; and training of public health professionals , paraprofessionals , and community members .\nthe tulane journal of international affairs is a newly formed undergraduate research journal at tulane university . publishing once a year , the journal promotes outstanding undergraduate work relating to its three sections : international security , international political economy , and human rights .\nsecond line is a peer - edited journal at tulane university committed to the publication of original and intellectual undergraduate scholarship that engages in the various aspects of literary conversation .\nthe tulane review is a literary and art journal published by the tulane literary society twice a year . submissions are judged by review boards in an anonymous selection process and final choices are made by the editors . for submission information , consult the submissionguidelines here : urltoken\ntulane studies in zoology and botany is published by the tulane museum of natural history . and is issued irregularly . manuscripts dealing with all aspects of ecology , evolution , and systematics are encouraged . all manuscripts are reviewed .\n\u00a9 2012 howard - tilton memorial library , tulane university | 7001 freret st . , new orleans , la 70118 | ( 504 ) 865 - 5605 | email us\ncopyright \u00a9 1995 - 2018 ebay inc . all rights reserved . user agreement , privacy , cookies and adchoice"]}
{"id": 274, "summary": [{"text": "pentagonica is a genus of beetles in the family carabidae , containing the following species : pentagonica abyssinica basilewsky , 1953 pentagonica africana gestro , 1895 pentagonica angulicollis reiche , 1842 pentagonica angulosa bates , 1883 pentagonica antennata barker , 1919 pentagonica atkinsoni fauvel , 1882 pentagonica atrorufa ( reiche , 1842 ) pentagonica batesi andrewes , 1923 pentagonica biangulata dupuis , 1912 pentagonica bicolor ( leconte , 1863 ) pentagonica bifasciata chaudoir , 1877 pentagonica bipartita burgeon , 1937 pentagonica blanda andrewes , 1929 pentagonica boavistensis serrano , 1995 pentagonica boettcheri jedlicka , 1935 pentagonica capicola basilewsky , 1958 pentagonica comorica jeannel , 1949 pentagonica conradti kolbe , 1898 pentagonica cyanea ( montrouzier , 1860 ) pentagonica cyanipennis liebke , 1939 pentagonica daimiella bates , 1892 pentagonica debeauxi straneo , 1943 pentagonica decellei basilewsky , 1968 pentagonica dispar peringuey , 1904 pentagonica drescheri louwerens , 1952 pentagonica elegans peringuey , 1896 pentagonica erichsoni schmidt-gobel , 1846 pentagonica estriata darlington , 1968 pentagonica eurodes andrewes , 1938 pentagonica felix r.t.bell , 1987 pentagonica flavipes lecordaire pentagonica formosana dupuis , 1912 pentagonica goniodera ( gemminger & harold , 1868 ) pentagonica gonostigma bates , 1883 pentagonica hexagona ( wollaston , 1867 ) pentagonica horni dupuis , 1913 pentagonica irsac basilewsky , 1954 pentagonica kivuana basilewsky , 1953 pentagonica kundelunguensis basilewsky , 1953 pentagonica kyushuensis habu , 1967 pentagonica luzoensis jedlicka , 1934 pentagonica maculicornis bates , 1883 pentagonica marshalli mateu , 1995 pentagonica mascarenica vinson , 1955 pentagonica media liebke , 1939 pentagonica melancholica reichardt , 1970 pentagonica micans andrewes , 1947 pentagonica montana basilewsky , 1962 pentagonica nigerrima basilewsky , 1954 pentagonica nigricornis darlington , 1934 pentagonica nigripennis bates , 1873 pentagonica nigritula straneo , 1943 pentagonica nitens andrewes , 1937 pentagonica obscura chaudoir , 1877 pentagonica ochracea reichardt , 1968 pentagonica olivacea chaudoir , 1877 pentagonica omostigma bates , 1883 pentagonica oneili barker , 1919 pentagonica pallipes ( nietner , 1856 ) pentagonica papua darlington , 1968 pentagonica perrieri fairmaire , 1899 pentagonica philipi r.t.bell , 1985 pentagonica philippinensis jedlicka , 1934 pentagonica picticornis bates , 1883 pentagonica plaumanni liebke , 1939 pentagonica quadratipennis louwerens , 1956 pentagonica roedingeri liebke , 1951 pentagonica rufa basilewsky , 1948 pentagonica ruficollis schmidt-gobel , 1846 pentagonica scutellaris chaudoir , 1877 pentagonica semisuturalis dupuis , 1912 pentagonica seyrigi alluaud , 1935 pentagonica strandi liebke , 1939 pentagonica subcordicollis bates , 1873 pentagonica suturalis schaum , 1863 pentagonica szetschuana jedlicka , 1934 pentagonica tenebrosa andrewes , 1930 pentagonica trimaculata chaudoir , 1877 pentagonica trivittata ( dejean , 1831 ) pentagonica trukensis darlington , 1970 pentagonica vadoni jeannel , 1949 pentagonica varicornis heller , 1916 pentagonica venusta andrewes , 1933 pentagonica vietnami kirschenhofer , 1994 pentagonica vittipennis chaudoir , 1877 pentagonica vittula darlington , 1939", "topic": 3}], "title": "pentagonica", "paragraphs": ["braarudosphaera pentagonica compiled by jeremy r . young , paul r . bown , jacqueline a . lees viewed : 9 - 7 - 2018\nmaintaining and updating the site requires a lot of time and effort . therefore , we are forced to introduce a partially paid access . we expect that the costs will not be too burdensome for you , and your money will help us in the development of interactive keys , and more dynamic updates of the site .\nyour subscription will be activated when payment clears . view the status of your subscription in your account .\nthis project help increase the availability of scientific knowledge worldwide . contributions at any level help sustain our work . thank you for your support .\n\u00a9 carabidae of the world , 2007 - 2018 \u00a9 a team of authors , in in : anichtchenko a . et al . , ( editors ) 2007 - 2018\nmorphology remarks : coccosphere is still a regular dodecahedron but sutures are zigzag shaped .\ngeological range : notes : described from sediments immediately above the k / pg boundary in shelf sediments from the netherlands , but way well obe found in older sediments if preservation is suitable last occurrence ( top ) : within np1 zone ( 65 . 47 - 66 . 04ma , top in danian stage ) . data source : original description first occurrence ( base ) : within np1 zone ( 65 . 47 - 66 . 04ma , base in danian stage ) . data source : original description\nmai , h . ; willems , h . & von salis perch - nielsen , k . , ( 1997 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\na compilation of species descriptions and images of carabids of the western hemisphere ( north , central and south america ) . a work still in progress , this website aims to cover all carabid species that occur in the above - mentioned regions .\nthe ground beetles of florida ( coleoptera : carabidae ) including tiger beetles , tribe cicindelini , by p . m . choate\npdf document . a helpful online source for ground beetle identification ; provides : ( i ) a checklist of fl carabids ( 420 spp . known to the author , but only 380 previously recorded ) ; ( ii ) an illustrated key to genera and keys to spp . of selected genera ; ( iii ) extensive bibliography .\n[ cite : 899594 gsmnp beetle species count ( as of 11 february 2013 ) is 2 , 522 . information contained on the excel spreadsheet includes , family , subfamily ( in part ) , genus and species , a comment line , source ( s ) of the record , and references to publications dealing with gsmnp beetles . prepared by : the coleoptera taxonomic working group ( twig ) at the louisiana state arthropod museum ( lsam ) christopher carlton , twig coordinator\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nbousquet , yves , 2012 : catalogue of geadephaga ( coleoptera , adephaga ) of america , north of mexico . zookeys , issue 245 . 1 - 1722 .\nbousquet , yves , and andr\u00e9 larochelle , 1993 : catalogue of the geadephaga ( coleoptera : trachypachidae , rhysodidae , carabidae including cicindelini ) of america north of mexico . memoirs of the entomological society of canada , no . 167 . 397 .\nhallan , j . ( 2000 - current ) . biology catalog . web compilation accessible at urltoken ( accessed june 2012 ) .\nnomenclator zoologicus . a list of the names of genera and subgenera in zoology from the tenth edition of linnaeus , 1758 to the end of 2004 . digitised by ubio from vols . 1 - 9 of neave ( ed . ) , 1939 - 1996 plus supplementary digital - only volume . urltoken ( as at 2006 ) .\nthe checklists are descriptive documents of the species that are part of a concrete taxonomic group or a group of species that are part of an specific analysis .\nthese documents have a structure that includes a list of the authors , a description of the taxonomic group or subject , and a list of the species that are part of the list .\nthe checklists aren ' t updated regularly , since they require revisions from groups of authors before their publication .\na complete set of a checklist include a pdf document and a table in csv format .\ngustavo jim\u00e9nez - uzc\u00e1tegui , david a . wiedenfeld , f . hern\u00e1n vargas , howard l . snell .\nnathalia tirado - sanchez , john mccosker , diego ruiz , angel chiriboga , stuart banks .\nyves finet , nathalia tirado - sanchez , angel chiriboga , diego ruiz , stuart banks .\nfrank bungartz , frauke ziemmeck , alba y\u00e1nez ayabaca , fredy nugra , andr\u00e9 aptroot .\nanne gu\u00e9zou , susana chamorro , paola pozo , ana mireya guerrero , rachel atkinson , chris buddenhagen , patricia jaramillo d\u00edaz , mark gardener .\ngustavo jim\u00e9nez - uzc\u00e1tegui , javier zabala , brian milstead , howard l . snell .\nto get up - to - date information about our work , please subscribe to our e - newsletter or follow us on our social media platforms .\nevery single donation we receive , no matter how small , counts as we are completely dependent on the generosity of others to carry out our scientific projects . we need your passion , loyalty and continual support .\nthe \u201ccharles darwin foundation for the galapagos islands\u201d , in french \u201cfondation charles darwin pour les \u00eeles galapagos\u201d , association international sans but lucratif ( \u201caisbl\u201d ) , has its registered office located at dr\u00e8ve du pieur\u00e9 19 , 1160 brussels , and is registered under the trade registry of brussels under the number 0409 . 359 . 103 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\narnett , jr . , ross h . , ed . 1983 . checklist of the beetles of north and central america and the west indies . flora and fauna publications , gainesville , florida . 24 p . ( pertains to all subsequent fasicle updates as well ) .\ndue to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to\ndistribution data for u . s . states and canadian provinces is known to be incomplete or has not been reviewed for this taxon .\nuse the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .\nzoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .\nthe small print : trademark , copyright , citation guidelines , restrictions on use , and information disclaimer .\nnote : all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve ' s central databases as of november 2016 . note : this report was printed on\ntrademark notice :\nnatureserve\n, natureserve explorer , the natureserve logo , and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve . any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .\ncopyright notice : copyright \u00a9 2017 natureserve , 4600 n . fairfax dr . , 7th floor , arlington virginia 22203 , u . s . a . all rights reserved . each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document . the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .\nnatureserve . 2017 . natureserve explorer : an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ] . version 7 . 1 . natureserve , arlington , virginia . available http : / / explorer . natureserve . org . ( accessed :\nridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely , james zook , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\npatterson , b . d . , g . ceballos , w . sechrest , m . f . tognelli , t . brooks , l . luna , p . ortega , i . salazar , and b . e . young . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson , wes sechrest , marcelo tognelli , gerardo ceballos , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\niucn , conservation international , and natureserve . 2004 . global amphibian assessment . iucn , conservation international , and natureserve , washington , dc and arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union , conservation international and natureserve .\nno graphics available from this server can be used , copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text . any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve . nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication , estoppel , or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve . no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve . except as expressly provided above , nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .\nall documents and related graphics provided by this server and any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server are provided\nas is\nwithout warranty as to the currentness , completeness , or accuracy of any specific data . natureserve hereby disclaims all warranties and conditions with regard to any documents provided by this server or any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server , including but not limited to all implied warranties and conditions of merchantibility , fitness for a particular purpose , and non - infringement . natureserve makes no representations about the suitability of the information delivered from this server or any other documents that are referenced to or linked to this server . in no event shall natureserve be liable for any special , indirect , incidental , consequential damages , or for damages of any kind arising out of or in connection with the use or performance of information contained in any documents provided by this server or in any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server , under any theory of liability used . natureserve may update or make changes to the documents provided by this server at any time without notice ; however , natureserve makes no commitment to update the information contained herein . since the data in the central databases are continually being updated , it is advisable to refresh data retrieved at least once a year after its receipt . the data provided is for planning , assessment , and informational purposes . site specific projects or activities should be reviewed for potential environmental impacts with appropriate regulatory agencies . if ground - disturbing activities are proposed on a site , the appropriate state natural heritage program ( s ) or conservation data center can be contacted for a site - specific review of the project area ( see visit local programs ) .\n) . your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users ."]}
{"id": 278, "summary": [{"text": "ranularia tripa is a species of predatory sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family ranellidae , the triton snails , triton shells or tritons . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "ranularia tripa", "paragraphs": ["what type of species is ranularia tripa ? below , you will find the taxonomic groups the ranularia tripa species belongs to .\nwhich photographers have photos of ranularia tripa species ? below , you will find the list of underwater photographers and their photos of the marine species ranularia tripa .\nhow to identify ranularia tripa marine species ? below , you will find the list of main identification criteria and physical characteristics of marine species ranularia tripa . for each identification criteria , the corresponding physical characteristics of marine species ranularia tripa are marked in green .\nwhere is ranularia tripa found in the world ? below , you will find the list and a world map of the geographic distribution where the marine species ranularia tripa can be found .\n- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - species : ranularia tripa ( j . b . p . a . lamarck , 1822 ) - id : 1710300370\n( of triton tripa lamarck , 1822 ) beu , a . ( 2010 ) . catalogue of tonnoidea . pers . comm . [ details ]\nbeu , a . ( 2010 ) . catalogue of tonnoidea . pers . comm . [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nid : 274415 original name : cymatium _ tripum . jpg size 560x750 - 97667 bytes image manager : jan delsing directory : 1116 created : 2015 - 08 - 07 04 : 02 : 57 - user jan delsing last change : 2015 - 08 - 07 04 : 02 : 58 - user jan delsing url : urltoken text function : [ [ i : 274415 ; image ] ] , [ [ it : 274415 ] ] ( thumbnail )\n* image is also available in higher resolution : 274415 . jpg ( 1022x1367 - 289 kb ) .\nfor every image in gallery , either accepted or unconfirmed , you can add , change or verify determination ( identification ) , or write comments .\n- couleur de la bouche : rose chez r . encaustica , orange vif chez r . gutturnia\n- en vue apicale , il n ' y a que deux varices ( contre trois voire plus chez r . g . )\nce sp\u00e9cimen est cens\u00e9 provenir d ' australie , cependant je n ' ai pas trouv\u00e9 mention de cette localit\u00e9 dans la litt\u00e9rature ni sur internet .\nhabitat : specimens of c . pyrum are uncommon at depths of 20 to 28 m .\nce coquillage de la famille des ranelles mesure 97 mm et provient des philippines ."]}
{"id": 284, "summary": [{"text": "the red rock rat , or red veld rat , ( aethomys chrysophilus ) is a species of rodent in the family muridae native to southern africa . ", "topic": 29}], "title": "red rock rat", "paragraphs": ["together with the central rock - rat , it is listed as critically endangered on the iucn red list .\nlist of mammals - red rock lakes - u . s . fish and wildlife service\ndistribution range of laotian rock rat in pnkb np , quang binh province , vietnam .\nbiophysical mapping has played a crucial role in identifying the occurrence of central rock - rat habitat and it is the keystone in selection of potential central rock - rat sites .\nmammals are disappearing across northern australia ; the capentarian rock - rat is one of them .\nfemale red - necked wallaby showing distinctive red colouration against a blue - grey fur . ( image : pat o ' brien )\nhome \u00bb cyclura cychlura ssp . figginsi ( exuma island iguana , exuma island rock iguana , exuma rock iguana )\nrecovery plan for the central rock - rat ( zyzomys pedunculatus ) ( pdf - 94 . 5 kb )\nrecovery plan for the central rock - rat ( zyzomys pedunculatus ) ( rtf - 550 . 25 kb )\nlaonastes aenigmamus , laotian rock rat , phong nha - ke bang , khammouane , limestone forests , great annamite .\nhabitat and feeding ecology : the laotian rock rat was found only in limestone evergreen forest on karst slopes ( fig .\nwith a highly restricted distribution , the carpentarian rock - rat population was estimated to be fewer than 2 , 000 in 2006 . this includes an estimated population of 696 at moonlight gorge and 450 at banyon gorge . modelling of rock - rat home range sizes and habitat availability indicates there may be 782 home ranges for the carpentarian rock - rat in the area .\nred fox ( vulpes vulpes ) . found in the uplands and marsh edges .\n, of australia are often invaded by the black rat and are eventually occupied by only the black rat . when the abundances of these two rat species were compared in different\nclassified as near threatened ( nt ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .\ngapper ' s red - backed mouse ( clethrionomys gapperi ) . found in damp habitats .\nthe black rat also has a scraggly coat of black fur , and is slightly smaller than the brown ( norway ) rat .\nthe black rat , along with the brown rat , is one of the most widespread rats and animal species in the world .\nimages supplied by damian stanioch of the territory wildlife park , which has previously assisted in the carpentarian rock - rat recovery plan and captive breeding .\nthanks to karen brisbane for supplying data on rock - rat litter sizes and to her and other zookeepers at asdp for caring for the captive population .\nthe park has five species of macropods so you can potentially see eastern grey kangaroos , common wallaroos , swamp wallabies and brush - tailed rock - wallabies along with the red - necked wallaby .\nin order to know if the central rock - rat is secure in the wild we need to know if the sub - populations are increasing , decreasing or stable .\n( errata version published in 2017 ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2016 : e . t569a115050345 .\n( amended version of 2016 assessment ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2017 : e . t573a114636514 .\n( errata version published in 2017 ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2016 : e . t568a115050232 .\n( errata version published in 2017 ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2016 : e . t571a115050521 .\n( errata version published in 2017 ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2016 : e . t5513a115072200 .\niucn ( 1996 ) . ' 1996 iucn red list of threatened animals . ' iucn : gland , switzerland .\nbushy - tailed wood rat ( neotoma cinerea ) . historical account from 1942 .\nthere is currently no information on cat predation on the carpentarian rock - rat , but cats are suspected to cause the decline of other small mammals in the top - end .\nwhile this species ' relative , the brown ( norway ) rat prefers to nest near the ground of a building the black rat will prefer the upper floors and roof . because of this habit they have been given the common name roof rat .\nthe threats to the carpentarian rock - rat are common to other species of small mammal in the top end : changed fire regimes , and the effects of introduced animals and plants .\nbrush - tailed - rock - wallaby - petrogale - penicillata - recovery - plan - 080138 . pdf\njefferys , e . ( 1998 ) . the diet of the central rock - rat zyzomys pedunculatus ( rodentia muridae ) from central australia . sydney , the university of new south wales .\nas the source of the plague rather than the rat . according to epidemiological models ,\neager to learn more , the research team has offered $ 1 , 000 to study rat - plagued homes and businesses in the city . take that , pizza rat .\nprotection of habitat in which central rock - rats are known to be found . this will also benefit other species which use this habitat e . g . common brushtail possum , black - footed rock - wallaby\nit is physically very similar to the other species of rock - rat , and differs mainly in skull characteristics . its habitat consists of rainforest and vine thickets in rocky sandstone gorges and escarpments .\nalthough current threats are unknown it is thought that grazing by stock and feral herbivores may have contributed to the decline of the central rock - rat . feral predators ( cats and foxes ) could have a negative effect on the small , dispersed populations of the species . fire may have a limiting effect on the spread of the central rock - rat by limiting the availability of suitable habitat .\nmany arid zone mammals undergo large fluctuations in the size of their populations , usually associated with variations in rainfall . it is not unreasonable to assume that this is true for the central rock - rat .\ncolor varies slate grey , olive , brown , bluish grey with a yellow to orange ring around the neck . beautiful orange , red , yellow posterior with black spots and red to orange tail section . head is usually darker than the body . small slender snake .\niucn . 2004 . 2004 iucn red list of threatened species . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 23 november 2004 ) .\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\n. smooth shiny scales . body is white , cream or light gray covered with wide red blotches outlined in black ; these same blotches are orange - red separated by a white , light gray or cream background color . young are patterned like adults , but colors are brighter .\nthe carpentarian rock - rat ( zyzomys palatalis ) is one of these declining mammals . it is one of five species of rock rats , and is only known from five gorges and escarpments on wollogorang pastoral station near the northern territory - queensland border . it was only described in 1989 , with the first specimens collected in 1986 .\nbehaviour and social organisation of the allied rock - wallaby petrogale assimilis . ramsay , 1887 ( marsupialia : macropodoidae ) .\nthe brush - tailed rock - wallaby ( petrogale penicillata ) is a distinctively marked medium sized wallaby and one of the larger rock - wallabies . it is listed in schedule 1 of the nsw threatened species conservation act 1995 as endangered .\n) . the interviewees also reported the occurrence of the laotian rock rat in limestone forest extending from thuong hoa and hoa son communes to two neighboring communes , trung hoa and hoa hop . cage traps and box traps were set up in 12 localities within these communes for a total of 9 , 050 trap - nights in april and may 2014 . only one live specimen of the laotian rock rat was caught in thuong hoa commune (\ndespite the black rat ' s tendency to displace native species , it can also aid in increasing species population numbers and maintaining species diversity . the bush rat , a common vector for spore dispersal of\nthe central rock - rat meets iucn red list category ' critically endangered ' under criteria b1 + 2a , b ( iucn 1994 ) . lee . ( 1995 ) listed it as endangered and critical using the earlier criteria of mace and lande ( 1991 ) . the proposed anzecc threatened fauna list 1999 lists z . pedunculatus as critically endangered using 1994 iucn guidelines .\ninterviews of local villagers indicated that the laotian rock rat has been found at 35 localities in thuong hoa commune ( 24 localities ) , hoa son commune ( 9 localities ) and dan hoa commune ( 2 localities ) ( fig .\nalso known as the ship rat ( 2 ) , the black rat was introduced to britain with the romans ( 4 ) . generally smaller than the brown rat ( rattus norvegicus ) , the black rat is typically a uniform black to tawny brown colour , with lighter underparts ( 1 ) . the tail , which is longer than the head and body , is hairless , and is used for balance ( 2 ) .\ngeographic distribution of the red - necked wallaby represented by coverage of 1 : 250 , 000 map sheets of australia ( see urltoken for australian maps ) .\ncoulson g ( 1999 ) monospecific and heterospecific grouping and feeding behavior in grey kangaroos and red - necked wallabies . journal of mammalogy 80 , 270 - 282 .\nthe black rat is a complex pest , defined as one that influences the environment in both harmful and beneficial ways . in many cases , after the black rat is introduced into a new area , the population size of some native species declines or goes extinct . this is because the black rat is a good generalist with a wide dietary\ntrampling and grazing of sensitive vegetation by feral herbivores may also cause a decline in the habitat and abundance of carpentarian rock - rats .\nthe specific origin of the black rat is uncertain due to the rat ' s disappearance and reintroduction . evidence such as dna and bone fragments also suggests that rats did not originally come from europe , but migrated from southeast asia .\nhe\u2019s offering up to a $ 1 , 000 \u201creward\u201d for access to a viable rat - infested location in manhattan .\ndespite the central rock - rat having been described over 100 years ago , almost nothing is known about its life history or ecology . captive animals have bred and have had litters of 3 , 2 , 2 , 2 , 1 , 1 and 4 ( karen brisbane pers . comm . ) juveniles have been captured in the wild in june . dietary analysis performed on scats has shown the central rock - rat to be primarily granivorous with leaf , fern sporangia and insects being taken in smaller quantities ( jefferys 1998 ) .\nthe west macdonnell range national park has a fire management strategy in place to protect areas that contain rare plant species . this fire management strategy will help to protect the presumed refugia of the central rock - rat which generally correspond to areas containing rare plant assemblages .\njohnson cn ( 1986 ) philopatry , reproductive success of females , and maternal investment in the red - necked wallaby . behavioral ecology and sociobiology 19 , 143 - 150 .\n, has been extirpated from many micro - habitats of australia . in the absence of a vector , the diversity of truffle species would be expected to decline . in a study in new south wales , australia it was found that although the bush rat consumes a diversity of truffle species , the black rat consumes as much of the diverse fungi as the natives and is an effective vector for spore dispersal . since the black rat now occupies many of the micro - habitats that were previously inhabited by the bush rat , the black rat plays an important ecological role in the dispersal of fungal spores . by eradicating the black rat populations in australia , the diversity of fungi would decline , potentially doing more harm than good .\ncoenen , c . 1995 . observations on the bahamian rock iguana of the exumas . bahamas journal of science . 2 : 8 - 14 .\nthe carpentarian rock - rat is a species with a highly restricted distribution , leading to its critically endangered status . targeted research is required to address the declines of many small mammal species in australia\u2019s top end . we need to understand fire and feral species management better .\nsubsequently spread it throughout the world . the black rat is again largely confined to warmer areas , having been supplanted by the\npopulations were common in great britain , but began to decline after the introduction of the brown rat in the 18th century .\njohnson cn ( 1987 ) macropod studies at wallaby creek . v . home range and movements of the red - necked wallaby . australian wildlife research 14 , 125 - 137 .\ni wish to thank the rock - rat recovery team members : keith morris , andrew burbidge , ann jelinek , graham phelps , colleen o ' malley , tim hall and sean moran , for their input into this interim recovery plan and theresa nano for her helpful comments .\nactive from march to november . young born in late summer or fall ; litters are large , varying from 4 - 85 . also known as the red - sided garter snake .\npoison control methods are effective in reducing rat populations to nonthreatening sizes , but rat populations often rebound to normal size within months . besides their highly adaptive foraging behavior and fast reproduction , the exact mechanisms for their rebound is unclear and are still being studied .\n. the black rat shows preference for snails with larger shells ( greater than 10mm ) , and this led to a great decline in the population of snails with larger shells . a lack of prey refuges makes it more difficult for the snail to avoid the rat .\nlapidge , s . j . ( 2001 ) . reintroduction biology of yellow - footed rock - wallabies . ph . d . thesis , university of sydney .\nthe central rock - rat is a small native rodent weighing about 50 - 120 g . it has harsh , long , yellow - brown fur above and cream or white fur below . adults are strongly built and have a distinctive ' roman nose ' and a fat , carrot - shaped tail ( watts and aslin 1981 ) . rock - rats are known to lose their tails , fur and skin very easily and are , therefore , difficult to handle .\ncree , h . , daugherty , c . h . and hay , j . m . 1995 . reproduction of a rare new zealand reptile , the tuatara sphenodon punctatus , on rat - free and rat - inhabited islands . conservation biology 9 : 373 - 383 .\na fire management strategy developed to protect the rare plants , fire sensitive plant communities and fire shadow areas in the macdonnell ranges will be implemented to protect central rock - rat refugia . a fire management strategy such as this will not only protect central rock - rat habitat , it will also afford protection to other rare and fire sensitive plant communities and species which inhabit them e . g . common brushtail possums . any off - park fire management will require the permission of the landowner . the bushfires council of the northern territory will be available to facilitate off - park burning if this is required .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - brush - tailed rock wallaby ( petrogale penicillata )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - brush - tailed rock wallaby ( petrogale penicillata )\ntitle =\narkive species - brush - tailed rock wallaby ( petrogale penicillata )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nknapp , c . 1995 . a flora and fauna survey of guana cay with emphasis on its rock iguana . bahamas journal of science . 2 : 2 - 7 .\nkangaroos are marsupials and belong to the family macropodidae ( i . e . big feet ) that is grouped with the potoroidae ( potoroos , bettongs , rat - kangaroos ) and hypsiprymnodontidae ( musky rat - kangaroo ) in the super - family , macropodoidea . this comprises around 50 species in\nthe black rat serves as prey to cats and owls in domestic settings . in less urban settings , rats are preyed upon by weasels , foxes , and coyotes . these predators have little effect on the control of the black rat population because black rats are agile and fast climbers . in addition to agility , the black rat also makes use of its keen sense of hearing to detect danger and quickly evade mammalian and avian predators .\nuntil the 1996 capture , the central rock - rat had not been seen since 1960 when a single specimen was caught raiding a stockman ' s tuckerbox near mt liebig , . since that time several species - specific searches in the former locations and general fauna surveys had been conducted in the west macdonnell ranges without success .\nnpws . ( 2008 ) recovery plan for the brush - tailed rock - wallaby ( petrogale penicillata ) . department of environment and climate change , new south wales , australia .\n) , are commonly distributed via aerial spray by helicopter as a method of mass control on islands infested with invasive rat populations . bait , such as\non september 3 , 1996 australian trust for conservation volunteers trapped an animal which was later identified from photographs as the central rock - rat . since that time sub - populations have been found at 15 other sites over a small area of the west macdonnell ranges . the full range of the current distribution of the species is unknown .\nwindrow , s . l . 1977 . winter activity and behaviour of the exuman rock iguana , cyclura cychlura figginsi . msc thesis , rutgers university , new brunswick , new jersey .\nrecovery team meetings will be held once per year . the central rock - rat recovery team will meet as part of the arid zone recovery teams combined meeting to keep costs to a minimum . the operation of the recovery team will be administered by pwcnt as the lead agency . team members will meet their own costs to attend meetings .\na cross section of mammals associated with the life zones of the region is found on the red rock lakes national wildlife refuge . however , as man has inhabited this valley , some indigenous species have disappeared ; bighorn sheep are only memories while fisher have not been seen for a generation . for specific current information on the status and distribution of mammals on the refuge , contact the visitor ' s center .\nmunn , a . j . , and dawson , t . j . ( 2010 ) . mechanistic explanations for drought - related mortality of juvenile red kangaroos : implications for population modelling . in \u2018macropods . the biology of kangaroos , wallabies and rat - kangaroos\u2019 . ( eds g . coulson and m . eldridge . ) pp . 117\u2013126 . ( csiro publishing : melbourne . )\nbaillie , j . and groombridge , b . ( eds ) . 1996 . 1996 iucn red list of threatened animals . pp . 378 . international union for conservation of nature , gland , switzerland and cambridge , uk .\nthe central rock - rat was first scientifically described in 1896 by edgar waite after the horn scientific expedition to central australia . the specimens were found at ' alice springs ' and illamurta in the james range ( spencer 1896 ) . h . h . finlayson ( 1961 ) expanded the range of the species by including the granites , hugh creek , napperby hills and davenport range although he described it as being rare . cave deposits of bones show central rock - rats to have been present in the cape range ( 1993 ) , ulu\nthe brush - tailed rock wallaby is endemic to australia , where it occurs in small , isolated populations dotted across south - eastern queensland , eastern new south wales and victoria ( 3 ) .\n, is found on all continents of the earth . although the species is believed to be native to india and possibly other indo - malayan countries , it has been introduced through human travel overseas to all continents . it is most common in coastal areas because it is a rodent that flourishes in areas inhabited by humans as well as on large ships . for this reason , these animals are often called ship rats . some other common names for this species include house rat , black rat , and roof rat .\nrackham , j ( 1979 ) .\nrattus rattus : the introduction of the black rat into britain\n. antiquity 53 ( 208 ) : 112\u201320 . pmid 11620121 .\nbased on the results of our village interview survey , 12 areas where local villagers have previously trapped the laotian rock rat were selected for targeted field surveys using cage traps and box traps . after taking morphological characters , all live - trapped animals were released back into the wild at the place where they were trapped . study of laotian rock rat habitat was carried out in the same 12 areas using transect survey and plot survey techniques . plots of 10 x 10 m were used for inventory of all trees with height more than 3m , plots of 4 x 4 m for inventory of bush trees of height from 0 . 5 m to 3 m , and plots of 1 x 1 m for inventory of herbs and tree seedlings less than 0 . 5 m high .\npopulation modelling indicates that the population is highly sensitive to the frequency of hot , late dry - season fires , and these fires could lead to the rat\u2019s extinction within 100 years .\nfound in south eastern , and west central colorado usually at elevations below 6000 feet . rat snakes prefer the grasslands , and lightly wooded forests , sometimes found on ranches and farmland .\noriginated outside of europe , which indicates that western and central europe have never had any natural rodent plagues . the modern black rat was probably spread across europe in the wake of the\n, both were found to be affected by micro - habitat disturbances , but the black rat was most abundant in areas of high disturbance ; this indicates it has a better dispersal ability .\npye , swain , and seppelt , 1999 . distribution and habitat use of the feral black rat ( rattus rattus ) on subantarctic macquarie island . journal of zoology , 247 : 429 - 438 .\npnkb np is located along the eastern slope of the great annamite range which has a wetter climate . the forest habitat of pnkb np is characterized by dense moist evergreen forest with different types such as evergreen forest on limestone above 700 m asl , montane evergreen forest on hills above 700 m asl , evergreen forest on limestone under 700 m asl , evergreen forest on hills under 700 m asl , degraded evergreen forest on hills , tree and scrub savanna on limestone , tree and scrub savanna on hills , agricultural land , and plantations and other land uses ( le et al . 2012 ) . however , the loatian rock rat was found only in evergreen forest on limestone karst under 400 m asl . these data indicate that the laotian rock rat has a very narrow habitat preference which is restricted only to limestone karst covered by evergreen forest , semi - evergreen forest , and mixed deciduous forests .\nthe reproductive biology of the red - necked wallaby is typical of the patterns found in the brush wallabies . the gestation period is about 30 d and oestrus is post - partum . pouch life is 9 months . breeding is aseasonal on the mainland but seasonal in the tasmanian sub - species .\nin an effort to bridge this critical knowledge gap , the scientists have urged others to start conducting robust studies into city rat behavior and movement patterns . to gain access to rat - infested homes and businesses , the scientists recommended \u201cincentivizing\u201d property owners so they\u2019re more willing to open their properties for study . local authorities could , for instance , provide discounts for pest extermination services in return for access , they said .\nthe captive breeding population will be maintained at the alice springs desert park . asdp staff will negotiate with other institutions interested in breeding central rock - rats , and will liaise with these institutions . data collected from the captive population will add to our knowledge of the biology of the species as well as producing sufficient central rock - rats to allow for a reintroduction if this is deemed necessary . captive animals may go on display at the alice springs desert park as part of the public education programme .\ngreat plains rat snakes are primarily nocturnal , active on the ground but will climb , they like to stay close to permanent water sources . females are thought to lay eggs in july and hatch 2 months later .\ndespite its name , the black rat exhibits several colour forms . it is usually black to light brown in colour with a lighter underside . in the 1920s in england , several variations were bred and shown alongside domesticated\nvery secretive snake , hardest snake in colorado to find . rock flipping near drainages , walking around after spring rains may produce . very squirmy , may try to poke you with the tail , doesn ' t hurt adaptation most likely used to confuse predators .\nthe red - necked wallaby shows pronounced sexual dimorphism with males larger ( ranging from 15 - 27 kg to female ' s 11 - 16 kg ) and move heavily muscled in the fore - arms than females . the back is grey - fawn grading to a bright rufous raiment on the neck and the rump . the undersides are white through to pale grey . light cheek and hip stripes are visible but indistinct . red - necked wallabies are of similar size to swamp wallabies but their rufous raiments are distinctive . eastern grey kangaroos do not have a cheek stripe and are grey through to chocolate with no reddish highlights .\nit is a terrestrial snake . the rat snake can grow up to 11 feet in length . colours varied due to different climatic conditions and change in habitats . the rat snake has black tear marks just below the labial . they have numerous cross bars near the tail . it is voracious feeder of rats and mice and frogs . their size and colour are similar to the cobras . rat snakes are found wherever rats and frogs / toads are prevalent . so , of course , they are often found in rice fields and in human habitation . the colour varies from jet black in the hills to yellowish or brown . the female lays about 8 to 16 eggs and the young start their diet on frogs .\nmafiana , c . , m . osho , s . sam - wobo . 1997 . gastrointestinal helminth parasites of the black rat ( rattus rattus ) in abeokuta , southwest nigeria . . journal of helminthology , 71 : 217 - 220 .\nand a preference for complex habitats ; this causes strong competition for resources among small animals . this has led to the black rat completely displacing many native species in madagascar , the galapagos , and the florida keys . in a study by stokes\njenkins et al . ( 2005 ) , vongsa ( 2010 ) , and khotpathoom ( 2011 ) reported that in spite of several forest habitat types occurring in phou hin poun nbca ( semi - evergreen forest , vine - bamboo forest , dry deciduous forest , mixed deciduous forest and wetlands ) , the laotian rock rat was found only in limestone holes and in the vicinity of limestone caves at elevations from 263 to 734 m asl . the slopes surrounding karsts formations are covered with both evergreen trees and deciduous trees with little ground vegetation .\nprolonged licking of the mouth of one individual by another has so far been reported for two species of rock - wallaby and the red kangaroo . it may occur in other macropodids . it is suggested that the primary function of lip - licking is the transfer of saliva to the fore - stomach of the licker so as to maintain water content of digesta at a sufficient level for efficient digestive fermentation . lip - licking may be a useful behavioural indicator that water intake from milk , vegetation or drinking water is inadequate . the occurrence of the behaviour outside the mother\u2013young relationship is indicative of the high level of cooperation that has evolved in petrogale assimilis .\nhome range refers to the area in which an animal travels and spends most of its time . it is thought that male and female rats have similar sized home ranges during the winter , but male rats increase the size of their home range during the breeding season . along with differing between rats of different gender , home range also differs depending on the type of forest in which the black rat inhabits . for example , home ranges in the southern beech forests of the south island , new zealand appear to be much larger than the non - beech forests of the north island . due to the limited number of rats that are studied in home range studies , the estimated sizes of rat home ranges in different rat demographic groups are inconclusive .\nthis is particularly concerning as northern australia has a human population density of one person per ten square kilometres . it also has extensive and largely natural vegetation cover . the red fox , responsible for much of the mammal decline further south , is absent from the area . currently we think the declines are a combination of changing fire frequencies , grazing , and cat predation .\nharmless . keeled scales . three yellow body stripes , those on each side of body situated on second and third scale rows ( counting from belly up ) ; pattern of black spots on a red background between the stripes on the back . belly is white , greenish or gray , with a row of small dark spots along edges . young look like miniature adults .\nthe red - necked wallaby occupies a wide range of habitats but does not travel far from some form of dense cover like tall tussock grasses , shrubs and the shrubby understorey of woodland and forest . however , they range out into clear pasture and grassland from this cover to forage . along the east coast of australia , it is present in a broad gradient of habitat and shares this generalist characteristic with the swamp wallaby . the two species are largely separated by the former ' s preference for the ecotone between dense and open vegetation and the latter ' s preference for dense vegetation . the red - necked wallaby frequently shares habitat with the larger eastern grey kangaroo but a study in victoria showed that the two species rarely associate while foraging .\nmerchant , j . c . ( 1989 ) . lactation in macropodid marsupials . in \u2018kangaroos , wallabies and rat - kangaroos\u2019 . ( eds g . grigg , p . jarman and i . hume . ) pp . 355\u2013366 . ( surrey beatty : sydney . )\nbut as lead author michael parsons warned , city - dwellers can\u2019t afford to indulge their ignorance about their rat neighbors any longer . as city populations continue to balloon worldwide , rodent - related risks and diseases are anticipated to go up and up in the coming decades .\nresearch shows that in new south wales , the black rat prefers to inhabit lower leaf litter of forest habitat . there is also an apparent correlation between the canopy height and logs and the presence of black rats . this correlation may be a result of the distribution of the abundance of prey as well as available refuges for rats to avoid predators . as found in north head , new south wales , there is positive correlation between rat abundance , leaf litter cover , canopy height , and litter depth . all other habitat variables showed little to no correlation .\na typical adult black rat is 12 . 75 to 18 . 25 cm ( 5 . 02\u20137 . 19 in ) long , including a 6 . 5 to 10 cm ( 2 . 6\u20133 . 9 in ) tail , and weighs 110 to 340 g ( 4\u201312 oz ) .\nnatural history : this species is diurnal , active during the day , and is very alert and fast moving . they seek shelter in rock outcrops , small mammal burrows , as well as in trees and shrubs . they lay 3 - 12 eggs , between the months of june and july , usually in an abandoned rodent burrow incubation is between 44 - 58 days .\nringneck snakes coil their tail and display the red coloration as a defense mechanism to ward off predators , also feigning death . very secretive nocturnal species rarely seen during the day . ringnecks have rear enlarged teeth with mild venom , little threat to humans . breeding occurs in the spring laying eggs under rocks or logs in loose soil early summer , hatching august or september . flipping rocks in spring seems to be a productive method of finding ringnecks .\nis a medium sized rat with relatively large ears and a tail that is nearly always longer than the body . individuals weigh between 70 and 300 g , and are between 16 and 22 cm in head and body length and a tail length of 19 cm or longer . males are longer and heavier than are females .\nbeal , a . m . ( 1989 ) . differences in salivary flow and composition among kangaroo species : implications for digestive efficiency . in \u2018kangaroos , wallabies and rat - kangaroos\u2019 . ( eds g . grigg , p . jarman and i . hume . ) pp . 189\u2013195 . ( surrey beatty : sydney . )\nthe red - necked wallaby expresses a matrilineal relationship in the females but is not particularly gregarious . thus the female kin may be well spaced out even though they share a home range . even so mothers and their sub - adult sons and daughters and adult female relatives are frequent associates . individuals resting in cover are usually on their own but small groups may form in open foraging habitat . these aggregations are typically much smaller than those of sympatric whiptail wallabies or eastern grey kangaroos .\njanssens , p . a . , and rogers , a . m . t . ( 1989 ) . metabolic changes during pouch vacation in macropods . in \u2018kangaroos , wallabies and rat - kangaroos\u2019 . ( eds g . grigg , p . jarman and i . hume . ) pp . 367\u2013376 . ( surrey beatty : sydney . )\nhabitat modification is believed to be one of the most significant threats to this vulnerable marsupial , with habitat clearance , exotic plant invasion , changed fire regimes , exotic herbivore grazing , and residential and tourist developments , all impacting and altering the brush - tailed wallaby\u2019s habitat ( 2 ) . predation by introduced red foxes ( vulpes vulpes ) is also considered to be one of the major reasons behind these declines , as these agile predators can reach the wallaby\u2019s once inaccessible refuges ( 2 ) .\nthe lesson we can learn from the red - necked wallaby and one which seems to be shared with a number of other macropod species living in the more predictable temperate and tropical climates , is that populations move to an equilibrium with their resources and self - regulate . when these populations are perturbed by lethal control measures the brakes are released from reproduction and recruitment may accelerate . likewise if resources are improved with fertilisers and irrigation / watering , the accelerator may be depressed for a time before a new equilibrium is reached .\ncox , mpg ; dickman , cr ; cox , wg ( 2000 ) .\nuse of habitat by the black rat ( rattus rattus ) at north head , new south wales : an observational and experimental study\n. austral ecology 25 ( 4 ) : 375\u201385 . doi : 10 . 1046 / j . 1442 - 9993 . 2000 . 01050 . x . issn 1442 - 9993 .\nspecies impact : implicated in decline of native fauna in hawaii ( atkinson 1977 ) , though amarasekare ( 1994 ) found no evidence that this species is an important predator on honeycreepers on western mauna kea . rat control reduced predation on dark - rumped petrel on maui ( buxbaum 1973 ) . implicated as a contributor in the decline of the ancient murrelet and other burrow - nesting seabirds ( see bertram and nagorsen 1995 ) .\nto secure populations in the wild it is necessary to reduce or eliminate the threatening processes . although fire is implicated in the decline of the species there may be other factors that have also contributed . it has been suggested that horses and cattle may have had a detrimental effect on central rock - rats . predation by cats and foxes may also have had an effect , however , the density of these predators seems to be very low in the ranges . this study will attempt to determine potential threatening processes .\nonce one of the most widespread of the rock wallabies , this bushy - tailed species has been greatly reduced in both numbers and range ( 3 ) . in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries , this species was valued for its skin , as well as being thought of as an agricultural pest , and as a result hundreds of thousands were killed ( 3 ) . today , numerous threats continue to impact populations , including predation , competition , exotic plant invasion , habitat modification , fire , drought and disease ( 2 ) .\nthis species was once widespread throughout britain until the brown rat was introduced ( 4 ) . it originates from asia , and today is widely distributed around the globe ( 4 ) . it has been restricted to largely transient populations in southwark , london and avonmouth since 1884 , and has undergone a drastic decline in range since the 1950s ( 4 ) . it also persists on lundy island in the bristol channel and the shaint islands in the outer hebrides ( 4 ) .\nwhen black rat populations are presented with a wide diversity of foods , they eat only a small sample of each of the available foods . this allows them to monitor the quality of foods that are present year round , such as leaves , as well as seasonal foods , such as herbs and insects . this method of operating on a set of foraging standards ultimately determines the final composition of their meals . also , by sampling the available food in an area , the rats maintain a dynamic food supply , balance their nutrient intake , and avoid intoxication by secondary compounds .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference ( book , 2005 ) [ worldcat . org ]\nyour web browser is not enabled for javascript . some features of worldcat will not be available .\nyour list has reached the maximum number of items . please create a new list with a new name ; move some items to a new or existing list ; or delete some items .\nnote : citations are based on reference standards . however , formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study . the specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher , classroom teacher , institution or organization should be applied .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) field is required . please enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) you entered is ( are ) not in a valid format . please re - enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\ni thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference author : don e wilson ; deeann m reeder publisher : baltimore : johns hopkins university press , \u00a92005 . isbn / issn : 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc : 57557352\nwilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of\ninformation indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher ' s website .\nplease choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours .\nthis indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\na uniquely valuable compendium of taxonomic and distributional data on the world ' s living and historically extinct mammalian species . contributors and editors alike deserve the thanks of all\nadd tags for\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference\n.\nyou may have already requested this item . please select ok if you would like to proceed with this request anyway .\nworldcat is the world ' s largest library catalog , helping you find library materials online . learn more \u203a\u203a\ndon ' t have an account ? you can easily create a free account .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\naccording to mike griffin ( pers . comm . ) , all a . chrysophilus in namibia could be a . ineptus if recent research on karyotypes is confirmed .\njustification : listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , presumed large population , and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category .\nthis species is found from southern kenya to northern south africa , and eastwards to namibia and southern angola . it is found on plains and high plateau , but it is not found in montane areas .\nthe population density of this species is variable , it can be locally abundant .\nthis is typically a savanna species , but it is also found in cropland and secondary forests .\nthere are no major threats to this species . however , as this species relies on ground cover , overgrazing and imprudent fire management could cause local declines and should be avoided .\nthey occur in kruger national park ( north of the olifants river ) and kgalagadi transfrontier park .\nthis errata assessment has been created because the map was accidentally left out of the version published previously .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\ncritically endangered b1ab ( iii ) + 2ab ( iii ) ver 3 . 1\nlisted as critically endangered because its extent of occurrence is less than 100 km\u00b2 and its area of occupancy is probably less than 10 km\u00b2 , all individuals are in a single location , and there is continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat . surveys by government agencies have not revealed the presence of this species in other adjacent localities ( molur\n. 2005 ) . recent surveys located the species in 2013 to 2014 in the shervaroy hills ( kumar 2015 ) .\nthere is no population information available for this species , though it is presumed the population size is very small , because in a recent survey only 12 adults were recorded during four months of survey between september and december 2014 ( kumar 2015 ) .\nit is a nocturnal and fossorial species , which occurs in tropical dry deciduous scrub forest , where it is seen in rocky areas ( molur et al . 2005 ) . in a recent survey , populations of c . elvira were found in rocky habitat living in rocky clifts and the gaps between rocks , which were surrounded by sparse grass , herbs and tall trees ( kumar 2015 ) .\n2005 ) . the mining and dumping of debris in the foothills of small hillocks in the reserve forest boundary might cause severe damage to the habitat , as well as uncontrolled grazing in the rocky areas which might also have a negative impact on the habitat ( brawin kumar pers . comms . ,\nmonadjem , a . , taylor , p . j . , denys , c . and cotterill , f . p . d . 2015 . rodents of sub - saharan africa - a biogeographic and taxonomic synthesis . de gruyter , berlin / munich / boston .\naethomys , chromosomal , morphological and molecular evidence support the recognition of micaelamys as a distinct genus ( baker et al . 1988 , russo 2003 , chimimba 2005 , lecompte et al . 2008 ) . micaelamys namaquensis can be can be distinguished from m . granti on morphological and chromosomal grounds ( visser and robinson 1986 , 1987 ; chimimba et al . 1999 ) . in m . namaquensis the tail is relatively longer , the ventral pelage is often pure white , and there are only three pairs of nipples ; whereas , in m . granti , the ventral pelage is never pure white ( usually grey or greyish ) , and there are five pairs of nipples ( monadjem et al . 2015 ) .\njustification : listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , tolerance of a broad range of habitats , presumed large population , and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category .\nthis species is generally found south of the caprivi strip throughout most of the southern cone of africa , excluding southern parts of mozambique .\nin northern parts of the range ( namibia ) , it is only found areas of shifting sand , otherwise it is found in most habitat types . this species shelters in rocky crevices , hollow trees or in burrows constructed under logs or dense shrubs . nests of this species have been found in trees up to 2 metres . it is a nocturnal and communal species . it is a human commensal , and is found houses and huts .\nthere are no conservation measures in place ; it is not known if the species is present in any protected areas .\nthis amended version of the 2016 assessment reflects the taxonomic change in the species name . the range map was accidentally left out of the previous published version of this assessment and that omission is also corrected in this amended version .\nthe range of this species covers at least all of northern coastal angola , including the cabinda enclave , and the adjacent escarpment zone , extending southwards to the vicinity of lobito ( hanha estate ) . it is also known to occur east of latitude 17\u00b0e , in the cassange lowland . this species is probably distributed throughout northwestern angola as it is largely associated with savannas interspersed with forest .\nthis species inhabits savannas , and also savanna interspersed with forest . it is not known if the species can persist in disturbed or modified habitats .\nthe population size and abundance of this species is not well known . the species was thought to be extinct ( no records between 1960 and 1996 ) , and was subsequently rediscovered in fourteen sites in 1996 - 2001 , with subsequent disappearance from most of these sites ( e . g . nano 2008 ; edwards 2013a ; dickman et al . 2014 ) . records since 2001 are restricted to a few sites , and the size of these subpopulations is unknown but probably very small ( mcdonald et al . 2013 , 2015a 2015b ; woinarski et al . 2014 ) . woinarski et al . ( 2014 ) considered that the population size was < 1 , 000 mature individuals , albeit with low reliability .\nthreats are not well resolved . recent evidence has shown predation by feral cats ( mcdonald et al . 2013 ) . other threats may include predation by dogs or foxes ; inappropriate fire regimes ; and habitat degradation due to weeds ( woinarski et al . 2014 ) .\nmost or the remaining known occurrences are within conservation reserves . the species is listed as threatened under australian legislation and on appendix i of cites . nonetheless , the species is probably undergoing ongoing decline because threats are not effectively managed . more information is required on distribution , population size and threats . formerly - held captive breeding populations have now been abandoned . intensive threat management and reintroductions will be needed for conservation security .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nenglish - german online dictionary developed to help you share your knowledge with others . more information ! contains translations by tu chemnitz and mr honey ' s business dictionary ( german - english ) . thanks on that account ! links to this dictionary or to single translations are very welcome ! questions and answers\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >"]}
{"id": 285, "summary": [{"text": "misophrioida is an order of copepods , containing the following families : misophriidae boxshall & jaume , 2000 palpophriidae boxshall & jaume , 2000 speleophriidae boxshall & jaume , 2000", "topic": 26}], "title": "misophrioida", "paragraphs": ["kento furui added the japanese common name\n\u30df\u30bd\u30d5\u30ea\u30a2\u76ee\nto\nmisophrioida\n.\ntree of life web project . 2002 . misophrioida . version 01 january 2002 ( temporary ) .\nsp . nov . , a new copepod ( misophrioida ) from an anchialine cave in the adriatic sea . mar biol res 4 : 304\u2013312\ngen . et spec . nov . ( copepoda : misophrioida ) from an anchihaline lava pool on lanzarote , canary islands . stygologia 4 : 138\u2013154\nwalter , t . c . & boxshall , g . ( 2018 ) . world of copepods database . misophrioida . accessed at : urltoken ; = 22597 on 2018 - 07 - 09\njaume d , boxshall ga , humphreys wf ( 2001 ) new stygobiont copepods ( calanoida ; misophrioida ) from bundera sinkhole , an anchialine cenote in north - western australia . zool j linn soc 133 : 1\u201324\nwalter , t . c . & boxshall , g . ( 2018 ) . world of copepods database . misophrioida . accessed through : world register of marine species at : urltoken ; = 22597 on 2018 - 07 - 09\nboxshall ga , zylinski s , jaume d , iliffe tm , su\u00e1rez - morales e ( 2014 ) a new genus of speleophriid copepod ( copepoda : misophrioida ) from a cenote in the yucatan , mexico with a phylogenetic analysis at the species level . zootaxa 3821 : 321\u2013336\norder misophrioida carapace - like extension from the head covers the first segment bearing a swimming leg ; heart present in some ; no eyes ; antennule with up to 27 segments ; fifth leg biramous ; marine . order mormonilloida antennule with 3 or 4 long segments and long setae ; fifth leg absent ; \u2026\ngurney , r . ( 1933 ) . british fresh - water copepoda . iii . cyclopoida . ray society , london 384pp . , figs . 1196 - 2061 . [ details ]\nmartin , j . w . , & davis , g . e . ( 2001 ) . an updated classification of the recent crustacea . science series , 39 . natural history museum of los angeles county . los angeles , ca ( usa ) . 124 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nintegrated taxonomic information system ( itis ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmartin , j . w . , & davis , g . e . ( 2001 ) . an updated classification of the recent crustacea . science series , 39 . natural history museum of los angeles county . los angeles , ca ( usa ) . 124 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors\ndoctype html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\n; geniculate in males ; peduncle and flagellum indistinguishable ; exopod well developed , whip - like , with 23 - 27 articles .\n; endopod with 3 articles . mandible biramous , or uniramous ; palp present , or absent . maxillipeds , 2 pairs , or 1 pair ; uniramous .\n. thorax and abdomen differentiated , boundary between fourth and fifth pedigerous somites ( podoplean tagmosis ) .\n; biramous ; non - phyllopodous ; undifferentiated ( simple ) ; each article joined by intercoxal sclerite ; anterior peraeopods ( swimming legs ) with 1 robust seta on outer margin of exopod article 1 . abdomen with 5 somites ( or fewer ) . epimera absent . pleopods absent . uropods well developed , 1 pair , positioned terminally or subterminally ; rami absent ; subrectangular to subquadrate , or whip - like . telson absent .\n. metamorphic . embryos carried in paired or single sacs attached to first abdominal somite .\ncite this publication as : lowry , j . k . ( 1999 onwards ) . ' crustacea , the higher taxa : description , identification , and information retrieval . ' version : 2 october 1999 . urltoken .\nthis is a directory page . britannica does not currently have an article on this topic .\ndog , ( canis lupus familiaris ) , domestic mammal of the family canidae ( order carnivora ) . it is a subspecies\u2026\nanimal , ( kingdom animalia ) , any of a group of multicellular eukaryotic organisms ( i . e . , as distinct from\u2026\nkento furui added the japanese common name\n\u30df\u30bd\u30d5\u30ea\u30a2\u79d1\nto\nmisophriidae\n.\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nto learn more about subscribing to accessscience , or to request a no - risk trial of this award - winning scientific reference for your institution , fill in your information and a member of our sales team will contact you as soon as possible .\nlet your librarian know about the award - winning gateway to the most trustworthy and accurate \u0003scientific information .\nrecognized as an award - winning gateway to scientific knowledge , accessscience is an amazing online resource that contains high - quality reference material written specifically for students . its dedicated editorial team is led by sagan award winner john rennie . contributors include more than 9000 highly qualified scientists and 42 nobel prize winners .\ncopyright \u00a9 mcgraw - hill global education holdings , llc . all rights reserved .\nprivacy notice . any use is subject to the terms of use . additional credits and copyright information .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmclaughlin et al . 2005 . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : crustaceans . american fisheries society special publication 31\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nthis article is registered in zoobank under urn : lsid : zoobank . org : pub : cf6e6599 - 0eaa - 45b2 - a217 - 7bf658b240c9 .\ni would like to thank branko jal\u017ei\u0107 from the croatian natural history museum ( zagreb ) and members of the croatian biospeleological society in zagreb for collecting the material on which this work was based . many thanks go to dr . sc . nikola tvrtkovi\u0107 for his supported investigations of anchialine caves along the eastern adriatic coast . i would also like to thank geoff a . boxshall and the anonymous reviewers for their suggestions on the improvement of this paper .\nbishop re , humphreys wf , cukrov n , \u017eic v , boxshall ga , cukrov m , iliffe tm , kr\u0161ini\u0107 f , moore ws , pohlman jw , sket b ( 2015 ) \u2018anchialine\u2019 redefined as a subterranean estuary in a crevicular or cavernous geological setting . j crustacean biol 35 : 511\u2013514\nboxshall ga ( 1987 ) three new genera and five new species of misophrioid copepods ( crustacea ) from anchialine caves on indo - west pacific and north atlantic islands . zool j linn soc 91 : 223\u2013252\nboxshall ga ( 1989 ) colonization of inland marine caves by misophrioid copepods . j zool 219 : 521\u2013526\nboxshall ga , halsey sh ( 2004 ) an introduction to copepod diversity . the ray society , london , 966 pp\nboxshall ga , iliffe tm ( 1986 ) new cave - dwelling misophrioids ( crustacea : copepoda ) from bermuda . sarsia 71 : 55\u201364\nboxshall ga , iliffe tm ( 1990 ) three new species of misophrioid copepods from oceanic islands . j nat hist 24 : 595\u2013613\nboxshall ga , jaume d ( 2000 ) discoveries of cave misophrioids ( crustacea : copepoda ) shed new light on the origin of anchialine faunas . zool anz 239 : 1\u201319\ncuculi\u0107 v , cukrov n , kwokal \u017e , mlakar m ( 2011 ) distribution of trace metals in anchialine caves of adriatic sea , croatia . estuar coast shelf sci 95 : 253\u2013263\nhuys r , boxshall ga ( 1991 ) copepod evolution . the ray society , london , 468 pp\njaume d , boxshall ga ( 1996a ) a new genus and two new species of cave - dwelling misophrioid copepods from the balearic islands ( mediterranean ) . j nat hist 30 : 989\u20131006\njaume d , boxshall ga ( 1996b ) the persistence of an ancient marine fauna in mediterranean waters : new evidence from misophrioid copepods living in anchihaline caves . j nat hist 30 : 1583\u20131595\njaume d , boxshall ga , iliffe tm ( 1998 ) two new genera of misophrioid copepods ( crustacea ) from an anchihaline cave in the bahamas . j nat hist 32 : 661\u2013681\ngen . et sp . nov . , a new copepod ( calanoida , stephidae ) from an anchialine cave in the adriatic sea . j plank res 27 : 607\u2013615\n\u2014a new genus and species of calanoid copepod ( calanoida , ridgewayiidae ) from an anchialine cave on the croatian adriatic coast . mar biol res 1 : 281\u2013289\nkrstulovi\u0107 n , \u0161oli\u0107 m , \u0161anti\u0107 d , mar\u0161i\u0107 - lu\u010di\u0107 j , ordulj m , \u0161estanovi\u0107 s ( 2013 ) microbial community structure in two anchialine caves on mljet island ( adriatic sea ) . acta adriat 54 : 183\u2013198\nsket b ( 1996 ) the ecology of anchihaline caves . trends ecol evol 11 : 221\u2013225\n\u017eic v , truesdale vw , cuculi\u0107 v , cukrov n ( 2011 ) nutrient speciation and hydrography in two anchialine caves in croatia : tools to understand iodine speciation . hydrobiologia 677 : 129\u2013148\nthe root of the current tree connects the organisms featured in this tree to their containing group and the rest of the tree of life . the basal branching point in the tree represents the ancestor of the other groups in the tree . this ancestor diversified over time into several descendent subgroups , which are represented as internal nodes and terminal taxa to the right .\nyou can click on the root to travel down the tree of life all the way to the root of all life , and you can click on the names of descendent subgroups to travel up the tree of life all the way to individual species .\nfor more information on tol tree formatting , please see interpreting the tree or classification . to learn more about phylogenetic trees , please visit our phylogenetic biology pages .\nboxshall , g . a . and d . jaume . 1999 . on the origin of misophrioid copepods from anchialine caves . crustaceana 72 : 957 - 963 .\nboxshall , g . a . and d . jaume . 2000 . discoveries of cave misophrioids ( crustacea : copepoda ) shed new light on the origin of anchialine faunas . zoologischer anzeiger 239 : 1 - 19 .\nhuys , r . and g . a . boxshall . 1991 . copepod evolution . the ray society , london .\nmartin , j . w . and g . e . davis . 2001 . an updated classification of the recent crustacea . natural history museum of los angeles county science series 39 . los angeles , ca .\neach tol branch page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a branch of the tree of life . the major distinction between a branch and a leaf of the tree of life is that each branch can be further subdivided into descendent branches , that is , subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages .\nfor a more detailed explanation of the different tol page types , have a look at the structure of the tree of life page .\ntree of life design and icons copyright \u00a9 1995 - 2004 tree of life project . all rights reserved .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\nparent taxon : podoplea according to j . w . martin and g . e . davis 2001"]}
{"id": 295, "summary": [{"text": "ctenosaura quinquecarinata , commonly known as the club tail iguana or the five-keeled spiny-tailed iguana is a species of lizard in the family iguanidae endemic to central america . ", "topic": 29}], "title": "ctenosaura quinquecarinata", "paragraphs": ["cyclura quinquecarinata gray 1842 : 59 enyaliosaurus quinquecarinatus \u2014 gray 1845 : 192 cyclura ( ctenosaura ) quinquecarinata \u2014 cope 1870 : 161 ctenosaura ( enyaliosaurus ) quinquecarinata \u2014 bocourt 1874 ( in : dum\u00e9ril & bocourt ) ctenosaura quinquecarinata \u2014 boulenger 1885 : 198 ctenosaura quinquecarinata \u2014 g\u00fcnther 1885 : 58 ctenosaura quinquecarinata \u2014 bailey 1928 enyaliosaurus quinquecarinata \u2014 smith & taylor 1950 : 76 enyaliosaurus quinquecarinatus \u2014 peters & donoso - barros 1970 enyaliosaurus quinquecarinatus \u2014 gicca 1983 ctenosaura quinquecarinatus \u2014 liner 1994 ctenosaura quinquecarinata \u2014 k\u00f6hler 2000 : 75 ctenosaura ( enyaliosaurus ) quinquecarinata \u2014 k\u00f6hler et al . 2000 ctenosaura praeocularis hasb\u00fan & k\u00f6hler 2009 ctenosaura praeocularis \u2014 malone et al . 2017\ntanya higgins added the english common name\nclub tail iguana\nto\nctenosaura quinquecarinata gray 1842\n.\ncyclura sp . ; iguana iguana ; sauromalus sp . ; iguana delicatissima ; cyclura rileyi ; cyclura ricordii ; cyclura pinguis ; cyclura nubila ; cyclura cychlura ; cyclura cornuta ; cyclura collei ; cyclura carinata ; ctenosaura similis ; ctenosaura quinquecarinata ; ctenosaura pectinata ; ctenosaura palearis ; ctenosaura oedirhina ; ctenosaura hemilopha ; ctenosaura defensor ; ctenosaura clarki ; ctenosaura bakeri ; ctenosaura acanthura ; conolophus subcristatus ; conolophus pallidus ; amblyrhynchus cristatus ; sauromalus obesus ; sauromalus australis ; sauromalus varius ; sauromalus hispidus ; sauromalus slevini ; sauromalus klauberi ; sauromalus ater ; ctenosaura sp . ; iguana sp . ; conolophus sp . ; dipsosaurus sp . ; brachylophus sp . ; amblyrhynchus sp .\ntanya higgins added the english common name\nfive - keeled spiny - tailed iguana\nto\nctenosaura quinquecarinata gray 1842\n.\nmitochondrial dna phylogeography of the mesoamerican spiny - tailed lizards ( ctenosaura quinquecarinata complex ) : historical biogeography , species status and conservation .\nburr\u00e9 , g . 2004 . bastardierung zwischen ctenosaura quinquecarinata und c . oaxana . iguana rundschreiben 17 ( 1 ) : 17 - 21\nhuy , a . 2008 . erfahrungen und nachzucht des f\u00fcnfkiel - schwarzleguans ( ctenosaura quinquecarinata ) . iguana rundschreiben 21 ( 2 ) : 5 - 9\nmitochondrial dna phylogeography of the mesoamerican spiny - tailed lizards ( ctenosaura quinquecarinata complex ) : historical biogeography , species st . . . - pubmed - ncbi\nat least two species , ctenosaura pectinata and ctenosaura similis , have been introduced into the united states in southern texas and miami , florida .\nhasbun , c . r . & g . k\u00f6hler 2001 . on the identity of the holotype of ctenosaura quinquecarinata ( gray 1842 ) . senckenbergiana biologica 81 : 247 - 255\nctenosaura quinquecarinata is known from isolated subpopulations in pacific versant nicaragua and northwestern costa rica . extent of occurrence is less than 5 , 000 km\u00b2 and area of occupancy is less than 500 km\u00b2 .\nk\u00f6hler , g . 1995 . freilanduntersuchungen zur morphologie und lebensweise des f\u00fcnfkiel - schwarzleguas ctenosaura quinquecarinata am isthmus von thuantepec , mexico . herpetofauna 17 ( 97 ) : 21 - 26 - get paper here\nthis is a male san esteban island spiny - tailed iguana ( ctenosaura conspicuosa ) .\ndistribution : not listed for honduras and el salvador by k\u00f6hler ( 2000 ) . not listed for honduras by wilson & mccranie ( 2002 ) . not in mexico and el salvador fide huy ( 2008 ) . not in oaxaca fide mata - silva et al . 2015 . burr\u00e9 ( 2004 ) described hybridization between ctenosaura oaxacana and ctenosaura quinquecarinata .\nk\u00f6hler , g . & c . r . hasbun 2001 . a new species of spiny - tailed iguana from mexico formerly referred to ctenosaura quinquecarinata ( gray 1842 ) ( reptilia , squamata , iguanidae ) . senckenbergiana biologica 81 : 257 - 267\nhasbun , c . r . ; gomez , a . ; kohler , g . ; lunt , d . h . 2005 . mitochondrial dna phylogeography of the mesoamerican spiny - tailed lizards ( ctenosaura quinquecarinata complex ) : historical biogeography , species status and conservation . molecular ecology 14 ( 1 ) : 3095 - 3107 .\nctenosaura is a lizard genus commonly known as spinytail iguanas or ctenosaurs . the genus is part of the large lizard family , iguanidae and is native to mexico and central america .\nbailey , j . w . 1928 . a revision of the lizards of the genus ctenosaura . proc . us natl . mus . 73 : 1 - 55 . - get paper here\nhasb\u00fan , carlos roberto and gunther k\u00f6hler 2009 . new species of ctenosaura ( squamata , iguanidae ) from southeastern honduras . journal of herpetology 43 ( 2 ) : 192 - 204 - get paper here\ngutsche , alexander ; frank k\u00f6hler 2008 . phylogeography and hybridization in ctenosaura species ( sauria , iguanidae ) from caribbean honduras : insights from mitochondrial and nuclear dna . zoosystematics and evolution 84 ( 2 ) : 245 - 253\nthe world record sprint speed for lizards ( 21 . 5 miles / h or 34 . 6 km / h ) was attained by the costa rican spiny - tailed iguana ( ctenosaura similis ) . [ 1 ] [ 2 ]\nk\u00f6hler , g . ; w . schroth & b . streit 2000 . systematics of the ctenosaura group of lizards ( reptilia : sauria : iguanidae ) . amphibia - reptilia 21 ( 2 ) : 177 - 191 - get paper here\nkelly paul is a hobbyist with a lifelong interest in reptiles . he has bred more than two dozen species , including six ctenosaura . he has been a guest speaker at several events , including the international herpetological symposium . email him at blueghostreptile @ urltoken .\nmalone , catherine l . ; v\u00edctor hugo reynoso , larry buckley 2017 . never judge an iguana by its spines : systematics of the yucatan spiny tailed iguana , ctenosaura defensor ( cope , 1866 ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 115 : 27 - 39 - get paper here\nctenosaura care is universal . . . . . . . . there are many resources available if you do the reasearch . . . . . . . you keep one on sand and you ' ll end up with cteno jerky though . . . . . . .\nthe genus ctenosaura represents the most diverse group of iguanas with 15 currently recognized species and at least two unrecognized species . [ 3 ] [ 4 ] these species inhabit lowland dry forests , below 1 , 200 metres ( 3 , 900 ft ) elevation , on both coasts of mexico and central america . [ 3 ] all species of ctenosaura fall within one of seven clades . [ 3 ] distributions of these clades fall geographically within well established areas . [ 3 ] closely related species show allopatry whereas species from divergent clades show sympatry . [ 3 ]\nspiny - tailed iguanas are gaining popularity in the u . s . , with increasing numbers being bred in captivity . wild - caught spiny - tails are also available , most commonly the club - tailed iguana ( c . quinquecarinata ) . there are also introduced populations of the black spiny - tailed iguana ( c . similis ) and mexican spiny - tailed iguana ( c . pectinata ) in florida , and many of these two species are sold in the pet trade .\njustification : ctenosaura quinquecarinata has an extent of occurrence less than 5 , 000 km\u00b2 ( en b1 ) and an area of occupancy less than 500 km\u00b2 ( en b2 ) . total population size is not known , but it is thought that there may be fewer than 2 , 500 mature individuals . the population is severely fragmented : probably 10\u201315 isolated subpopulations ( en b1a + 2a ) and is threatened by declining area and quality of habitat as a result of deforestation and regular burning of habitat ( en b1b ( iii ) + 2b ( iii ) ) . the species is also collected for the international pet trade ( en b1b ( v ) + 2b ( v ) ) . the population is expected to decline by at least 30 % over the next ten years if current rates of habitat loss continue .\nlots of ctenosauras are from tropical dry forests . this species in particular is from very hot areas where it is very dry in nicaragua and costa rica . a small group will be fine in a 48x24x24 with peat and sand mixture as a substrate and some branches for them to bask ( 110 - 115f ) . larger species of ctenosaura are born omnivorous turning almost completely herbivorous as adults , it is believed by some people that smaller species ( like yours ) stay omnivorous throughout their entire life .\nspiny - tailed iguanas ( ctenosaura spp . ) are native to hot and dry areas of mexico and central america . they can make great pets or display animals . despite laws to protect them , most spiny - tailed iguana populations are declining in the wild due to hunting , loss of habitat and poaching for the pet trade . every effort should be made to purchase captive - born - and - bred animals because they generally are hardier and less skittish , and purchasing them helps take pressure off wild populations .\ntype locality : unknown . restricted to tehuantepec , oaxaca , by bailey 1928 .\npraeocularis : honduras ; type locality : cerro las mesitas , 10 km east of sabanagrande toward nueva armenia , montegrande , departamento francisco moraz\u00e1n , honduras , 800 m elevation , 13\u00b046 . 43\u2019n , 86\u00b011 . 83\u2019w .\nnote : tdwg regions are generated automatically from the text in the distribution field and not in every cases it works well . we are working on it .\nholotype : bmnh 1946 . 8 . 30 . 48 holotype : smf 79520 , an adult male , collected 8 august 1999 by carlos roberto hasb\u00fan . field tag number h4 [ praeocularis ]\nalberts , a . c . ; carter , r . l . ; hayes , w . k . & martins , e . p . ( eds . ) 2004 . iguanas - biology and conservation . university of california press , 356 pp .\narakelyan , marine s . ; felix d . danielyan , claudia corti , roberto sindaco , and alan e . leviton 2011 . the herpetofauna of armenia and nagorno - karabakh . ssar , salt lake city , 154 pp . [ isbn : 978 - 0 - 916984 - 84 - 7 . ]\nboulenger , g . a . 1885 . catalogue of the lizards in the british museum ( natural history ) . vol . 2 , second edition . london , xiii + 497 pp . - get paper here\nbuckley , larry j . ; kevin de queiroz , tandora d . grant , bradford d . hollingsworth , john b . iverson ( chair , < br / > stesha a . pasachnik , and catherine l . stephen ( iguana taxonomy working group , itwg 2016 . a checklist of the iguanas of the world ( iguanidae ; iguaninae ) . herp . cons . biol . 11 ( monograph 6 ) - get paper here\ncope , e . d . 1870 . seventh contribution to the herpetology of tropical america . proc . amer . philos . soc . 11 : 147 - 169 [ 1869 ] - get paper here\ncope , e . d . 1886 . on the species of iguaninae . proc . amer . philos . soc . 23 ( 122 ) : 261 - 271 - get paper here\ngicca , d . f . 1983 . enyaliosaurus quinquecarinatus . catalogue of american amphibians and reptiles ( 329 : 1 - 2 . - get paper here\ngray , j . e . 1842 . description of some new species of reptiles , chiefly from the british museum collection . zoological miscellany 2 : 57 - 59 . - get paper here\ngray , j . e . 1845 . catalogue of the specimens of lizards in the collection of the british museum . trustees of die british museum / edward newman , london : xxvii + 289 pp . - get paper here\ng\u00fcnther , a . c . l . g . 1885 . reptilia and batrachia . biologia centrali - am\u00e9ricana . taylor , & francis , london , 326 pp . [ published in parts from 1885 - 1902 ; reprint by the ssar 1987 ] - get paper here\nhidalgo , h . n . 1980 . enyaliosaurus quinquecarinatus ( gray ) and leptodeira nigrofasciata g\u00fcnther in el salvador . herpetological review 11 : 42 - 43 - get paper here\nk\u00f6hler , g . 2000 . reptilien und amphibien mittelamerikas , bd 1 : krokodile , schildkr\u00f6ten , echsen . herpeton verlag , offenbach , 158 pp .\nk\u00f6hler , g . 2008 . reptiles of central america . 2nd ed . herpeton - verlag , 400 pp .\nmccranie , james r . 2015 . a checklist of the amphibians and reptiles of honduras , with additions , comments on taxonomy , some recent taxonomic decisions , and areas of further studies needed . zootaxa 3931 ( 3 ) : 352\u2013386 - get paper here\nrohde , h . 1989 . zur pflege von enyaliosaurus quinquecarinatus ( gray 1842 ) . sauria 11 ( 2 ) : 11 - 13 - get paper here\nsavage , j . m . 2002 . the amphibians and reptiles of costa rica : a herpetofauna between two continents , between two seas . university of chicago press , 934 pp . [ review in copeia 2003 ( 1 ) : 205 ]\nsoli\u0301s , j . m . , l . d . wilson , and j . h . townsend . 2014 . an updated list of the amphibians and reptiles of honduras , with comments on their nomenclature . mesoamerican herpetology 1 : 123\u2013144 - get paper here\nsunyer , javier 2014 . an updated checklist of the amphibians and reptiles of nicaragua . mesoamerican herpetology 1 ( 2 ) : 186\u2013202 . - get paper here\nulber , t . & h . rohde 1989 . zur nomenklatur , verbreitung und zum aggressionsverhalten von enyaliosaurus quinquecarinatus . sauria 11 ( 3 ) : 21 - 22 - get paper here\nvilla , r . j . , and n . j . scott 1967 . the iguanid lizard enyaliosaurus in nicaragua . copeia 1967 ( 2 ) : 474 - 476 - get paper here\nwerning , h . 2003 . ein neuer schwarzleguan und eine schlangengattung aus mittelamerika . reptilia ( m\u00fcnster ) 8 ( 40 ) : 12 - 13 - get paper here\nthis database is maintained by peter uetz ( database content ) and jakob hallermann , zoological museum hamburg ( new species and updates ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nendangered b1ab ( iii , v ) + 2ab ( iii , v ) ver 3 . 1\ntotal population size is not known , but perhaps is less than 2 , 500 mature individuals . the population is fragmented into 10\u201315 isolated subpopulations .\ntropical dry forest ( holdridge 1967 ) from 0\u2013250 m asl . the species is semi - arboreal , preferring rocky terrain and using hollow branches and rocks as retreats .\nhabitat loss through deforestation and regular burning of habitat , and collection for the international pet trade .\nthis species currently is not under any legal protection and is not known to occur within any protected areas . conservation actions recommended include further surveys for the species , research into genetics and life history , management and monitoring of the wild population and its habitat . it is also recommended that a population viability analysis be carried out for this species .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nthe number of species increased from 10 , 711 to 10 , 793 , i . e . an increase of 82 species . 66 new species have been described , 9 species have been revalidated from synonymy and 16 subspecies were elevated to full species . . .\nover the past 4 months , the number of species increased from 10 , 639 to 10 , 711 .\nthe number of species has grown from 10 , 544 in the may release to now 10 , 639 ( + 95 species ) .\noverall , 212 new taxa have been added or changed their status or name .\nthe reptile database is a taxonomic database that provides basic information about all living reptile species , such as turtles , snakes , lizards , and crocodiles , as well as tuataras and amphisbaenians , but does not include dinosaurs .\ncurrently there are more than 10 , 000 species and an additional 2 , 700 subspecies . this is making reptiles the largest vertebrate group after fish ( ~ 25 , 000 species ) and birds ( ~ 10 , 000 species ) , and significantly larger than mammals ( ~ 5 , 000 species ) or amphibians ( ~ 6 , 000 species ) .\nthe reptile database provides taxonomic information for the catalogue of life and the encyclopedia of life . our taxonomic information has also been used by genbank and many other resources and is the only comprehensive reptile database on the web .\nthe reptile database can be used to find all species within a certain geographic area ( e . g . all snakes of egypt ) . its collection of more than 2 , 500 images allow users to identify a species or at least get an idea how the species or genus may look like . more than 30 , 000 references provide a guide to further information .\ncontinent : middle - america distribution : s mexico ( from the vicinity of tehuantepec westward to puerto escondido and eastward to juchitan , oaxaca ) , nicaragua ( chontales , matagalpa , jinotega , boaco , managua , granada ) , el salvador , nw costa rica ( guanacaste ) type locality : unknown . restricted to tehuantepec , oaxaca , by bailey 1928 .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nwe ' re constantly striving to improve our community to help make your monster fish keeping hobby fulfilling and interesting . comments are welcome .\ni recently picked up one of these guys at a reptile show , ( impulse buy , shame on me ) but i am having a hard time finding consistent care information on these iguanas .\nthe gentleman who sold it to me gave me a brief run down of what it eats , it ' s temperament , adult size , etc . . . basically , he said it was going to be a more tropical ( and speedy ) version of my beardie .\nbut as i started looking around for info to set - up a permanent habitat for it ( it ' s in a generic quarantine enclosure currently ) i ' m finding a wide variety of information . stuff like one saying it should be on calcium sand , another saying repti - bark , another saying eco dirt , all of which are different substrates . or that it ' s semi - arboreal and should have something to climb on and then others saying it ' s strictly ground dwelling and needs deep substrate to burrow in . that a 20gal is sufficient , then another saying anything under a 40gal is too small . you know , basically a big mash of conflicting information .\ni just want to get started on setting up an enclosure that will make my iguana healthy and happy . that ' s the most important , after that . . . any personal experience with this species is also welcome and appreciated .\nyea , i kind of figured the sand was an idiot answer , they don ' t come from areas with arid temps or sand . but i ' m still finding the care sheets and answers widely varied between the species . even on the reptile forums , they can ' t agree with each other . . . oi !\nno free man shall ever be debarred the use of arms . the strongest reason for the people to retain the right to keep and bear arms is , as a last resort , to protect themselves against tyranny in government\nbut i neeed tacos . i need them or i will explode . that happens to me sometimes\nhah ! i ' ve always had some kind . . . i ' ve got a corn snake , beardie and a customer dumped a dumpy tree frog off on me last week . ( i have everything . . . 3 chinchillas , a cat , aquatics , scorpions , etc . xd )\nactually some ctenos come from dry places where sandy soils are everywhere and some species even dig burrows to rest and lay eggs . however your species doesant dig except for egg laying purpouses and yes a sand only soil is a no - no . however if you want to create a naturalistic setup you can mix play sand , peat and clay based dirt to create a good substrate . your is one of the smallest ctenos , a semi - arboreal setup you can easily create with plywood would be great . this is a mostly hands off critter as you may already noticed , most are very shy and they can take a long time to trust you . the diet is basically a herbivorous one which you can complement with live insects such as giant mealworms and roaches . go to urltoken for great ideas on setup construction and as well for key food items for the herbivorous part of the diet .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone . are you certain this article is inappropriate ?\nthe species range in size ( total length , including the tail ) from about 12 . 5 centimetres ( 4 . 9 in ) to well over 1 metre ( 39 in ) . the distinctive feature of this genus is the presence of enlarged , spiny scales on the tail .\nctenosaurs are generally omnivorous , feeding on fruits , flowers , foliage , and small animals .\nmexico , central america , and colombia . introduced to the us in florida .\nfrost , d . e . and r . e . etheridge ( 1989 ) a phylogenetic analysis and taxonomy of iguanian lizards ( reptilia : squamata ) . univ . kansas mus . nat . hist . misc . publ . 81\nfrost , d . r . , r . etheridge , d . janies and t . a . titus ( 2001 ) total evidence , sequence alignment , evolution of polychrotid lizards , and a reclassification of the iguania ( squamata : iguania ) . american museum novitates 3343 : 38 pp .\ngarland , t . , jr . 1984 . physiological correlates of locomotory performance in a lizard : an allometric approach . am . j . physiol . 247 ( regulatory integrative comp . physiol . 16 ) : r806 - r815 . pdf\nthis article was sourced from creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . world heritage encyclopedia content is assembled from numerous content providers , open access publishing , and in compliance with the fair access to science and technology research act ( fastr ) , wikimedia foundation , inc . , public library of science , the encyclopedia of life , open book publishers ( obp ) , pubmed , u . s . national library of medicine , national center for biotechnology information , u . s . national library of medicine , national institutes of health ( nih ) , u . s . department of health & human services , and urltoken , which sources content from all federal , state , local , tribal , and territorial government publication portals ( . gov , . mil , . edu ) . funding for urltoken and content contributors is made possible from the u . s . congress , e - government act of 2002 .\ncrowd sourced content that is contributed to world heritage encyclopedia is peer reviewed and edited by our editorial staff to ensure quality scholarly research articles .\nby using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy . world heritage encyclopedia\u2122 is a registered trademark of the world public library association , a non - profit organization .\ncopyright \u00a9 world library foundation . all rights reserved . ebooks from project gutenberg are sponsored by the world library foundation , a 501c ( 4 ) member ' s support non - profit organization , and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; no other information is captured .\nin general , only the information that you provide , or the choices you make while visiting a web site , can be stored in a cookie . for example , the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it . allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer , and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\nas yellow mexican spiny - tails mature , they exhibit increasing amounts of yellow coloration .\nspiny - tailed iguanas range in size from the small yucatan spiny - tailed iguana ( c . defensor ) , which reaches an overall length of 10 inches , to the black spiny - tail , which can grow to 5 feet .\nspiny - tailed iguanas can be long lived , easily living to 15 years of age . many male spiny - tails can live up to 25 years of age or more .\ncaging requirements for spiny - tailed iguanas vary depending on the species and size of spiny - tailed iguana you keep . below are my recommended minimum enclosure sizes for a single spiny - tail or a pair . smaller spiny - tailed iguanas measuring less than 18 inches in overall length : 36 inches long , 24 inches wide , 24 inches tall spiny - tails with lengths of 18 to 40 inches : 4 feet long , 24 inches wide , 24 inches tall larger species , such as the black spiny - tailed iguana : 6 feet long by 24 inches wide by 30 inches tall .\nspiny - tailed iguanas are sun - loving saurians . outdoor enclosures are great for them . indoor enclosures should have full - spectrum bulbs running two - thirds to the entire length of the enclosure , in addition to a basking bulb ( or two , depending on the size of the cage ) at one end . to provide maximum health benefit from the full - spectrum lights , basking shelves or other sites should be situated no more than 10 inches from the bulb ( s ) . the ambient temperature in the enclosure should be between 75 and 85 degrees fahrenheit with basking areas reaching 95 to105 degrees .\ni use cypress mulch substrate with my spiny - tails . i live in arizona where it is very hot and dry , and i mist their enclosures in the morning to replicate the high morning humidity of their natural habitat . rabbit pellets can also be used , but do not mist these . provide plenty of branches and / or corkboard for your spiny - tails to climb on . various hide spots , such as cork bark hollows of appropriate size , should also be provided . i like to include live edible plants , such as hibiscus , of which both the flowers and leaves are edible , in my spiny - tail enclosures . purchase plants at least 30 days before you plan to use them , as many systemic pesticides and fertilizers may remain active in the plants and soil for at least 30 days .\nwater misting is my preferred method of watering , particularly for baby spiny - tails , as they will drink the droplets off the plants . i also keep a water dish inside the enclosure ; be sure it\u2019s heavy enough so it doesn\u2019t tip over . misting into the water dish can help draw your spiny - tails\u2019 attention to it . do not mist if you use rabbit pellets as a substrate .\nthis page requires javascript . it seems that your browser does not have javascript enabled . please enable javascript and press the reload / refresh button on your browser .\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\ndepartment of biological sciences , university of hull , hull , hu6 7rx , uk .\ncopyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved\nenter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user\nbrand new . over 1 . 5 million happy customers . 100 % money - back guarantee . make your purchase count : support better world books ' worldwide literacy partners .\nthe threats they face include severe habitat degradation by human development and invasive species , as well as harvesting for human use . because iguanas are important seed dispersers for many native plants , their protection is vital to ecosystem health .\nthrough partnerships with government agencies , conservation organizations , and research institutions , the iucn ssc iguana specialist group guides and implements immediate and effective conservation measures for iguanas worldwide ."]}
{"id": 320, "summary": [{"text": "metanastria is a genus of moth in the family lasiocampidae .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the species of the genus are found in europe , japan , china , south africa , throughout india , sri lanka , myanmar , java and borneo . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "metanastria", "paragraphs": ["metanastria ; godman & salvin , 1886 , biol . centr . - amer . , lep . heterocera 1 : 200\nthe original genus of description is given in brackets . lebeda metaspila walker ( megasoma ) lajonquierea deruna moore ( gastropacha ) lajonquierea poeciloptera grunberg ( metanastria ) lajonquierea mediofasciata grunberg ( metanastria ) kunugia xichangensis tsai & lu ( dendrolimus ) kunugia tamsi lajonquiere ( cyclophragma ) kunugia omeiensis tsai & lu ( dendrolimus ) kunugia ampla walker ( odonestis ) kunugia latipennis moore ( lebeda ) kunugia fasciata moore ( lebeda ) kunugia brunnea wileman ( metanastria ) kunugia burmensis gaede ( dendrolimus ) kunugia fulgens moore ( lebeda ) kunugia dora swinhoe ( metanastria ) kunugia sumatrae swinhoe ( metanastria ) kunugia basidiscata holloway ( cyclophragma ) kunugia placida moore ( lebeda ) kunugia lineata moore ( lebeda ) kunugia basimacula walker ( megasoma ) kunugia rectifascia holloway ( metanastria ) kunugia leucopicta tams ( metanastria ) kunugia gynandra swinhoe ( metanastria ) kunugia basinigra roepke ( cyclophragma ) kunugia divaricata moore ( gastropacha ) kunugia magellani lajonquiere ( cyclophragma ) chonopla modulata swinhoe ( kosala ) paradoxopla cardinalis holloway ( pseudophyllodes ) micropacha lidderdalii druce ( odonestis )\nhardly a plague - more of a conference of cats , or perhaps a lobby of larvae ! these are lasiocampidae ( lappet moths ) of some description . in hong kong there are two species in the genus metanastria that exhibit this herding instinct , and young instars in paralebeda also are gregarious . i ' d be inclined to think these may also be a species of metanastria , or possibly lebeda . roger .\n{ author1 , author2 . . . } , ( n . d . ) . metanastria aconyta cramer , 1777 . [ online ] india biodiversity portal , species page : { name of species field } available at : urltoken [ accessed date jul 10 , 2018 ] .\npratt , p . d . , makinson , j . , purcell , m . , pogue , m . g . , rayamajhi , m . b . , center , t . d . rhodomyrtus tomentosa ( myrtales : myrtaceae ) : new host records for metanastria gemella ( lepidoptera : lasiocampidae ) and arna bipunctapex ( lepidoptera : lymantriidae ) . florida entomologist . 96 ( 2 ) : 641 - 642 . 2013 .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nscientists aim to describe a single ' tree of life ' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things . however , evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery , and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named . eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific ' classifications ' . some species have been named more than once . such duplicates are listed under synonyms . eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .\nphalaena hyrtaca cramer , [ 1779 ] ; uitl . kapellen 3 ( 17 - 21 ) : 97 , pl . 249 , f . f\nbiologia centrali - americana ; or contributions to the knowledge of the fauna of mexico and central america . zoology . lepidoptera . heterocera\nh\u00fcbner , [ 1820 ] verzeichniss bekannter schmettlinge , 1816 - [ 1826 ] verz . bek . schmett . ( 1 ) : [ 1 - 3 ] , 4 - 16 ( 1816 ) , ( 2 ) : 17 - 32 ( 1819 ) , ( 3 ) : 33 - 48 ( 1819 ) , ( 4 ) : 49 - 64 ( 1819 ) , ( 5 ) : 65 - 80 ( 1819 ) , ( 6 ) : 81 - 96 ( 1819 ) , ( 7 ) : 97 - 112 ( 1819 ) , ( 8 ) : 113 - 128 ( 1819 ) , ( 9 ) : 129 - 144 ( 1819 ) , ( 10 ) : 145 - 160 ( 1819 ) , ( 11 ) : 161 - 176 ( 1819 ) , ( 12 ) : 177 - 192 ( 1820 ) , ( 13 ) : 193 - 208 ( 1820 ) , ( 14 ) : 209 - 224 ( 1821 ) , ( 15 ) : 225 - 240 ( 1821 ) , ( 16 ) : 241 - 256 ( 1821 ) , ( 17 ) : 257 - 272 ( 1823 ) , ( 18 ) : 273 - 288 ( 1823 ) , ( 19 ) : 289 - 304 ( 1823 ) , ( 20 ) : 305 - 320 ( 1825 ) , ( 21 ) : 321 - 336 ( 1825 ) , ( 22 ) : 337 - 352 ( 1825 ) , ( 23 - 27 ) : 353 - 431 ( [ 1825 ] )\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nshubhalaxmi , v , r c kendrick , alka vaidya , neelima kalagi , and alaka bhagwat . 2011 . inventory of moth fauna ( lepidoptera : heterocera ) of the northern western ghats , maharashtra , india . journal of the bombay \u2026 108 , no . 3 : 183 - 205 . urltoken\nenumerates geographic entities where the taxon lives . covers ranges , e . g . , a global range , or a narrower one ; may be biogeographical , political or other ( e . g . , managed areas like conservencies ) ; endemism ; native or exotic . does not include altitudinal distribution , which is covered under habitat .\na catalogue of the moths of india / compiled by e . c . cotes and c . swinhoe . by cotes , e . c . s . . .\nvolume : 1 subject : moths - - india ; insects - - india ; sphingidae publisher : london : tayl . . .\ninventory of moth fauna ( lepidoptera : heterocera ) of the northern western ghats , maharashtra , india .\n| | best supported on google chrome , firefox 3 . 0 + , internet explorer 8 . 0 + , safari 4 . 0 + , opera 10 + . powered by the open source biodiversity informatics platform . technology partner strand life sciences\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\ncashew , badam , moringa , sapota , jamun , guava , babul , shorea robusta , schima wallichii , nyctanthes arbor - tristis , mimusops elengi , madhuca longifolia , etc .\ncopyright \u00a9 2013 , icar - national bureau of agricultural insect resources . all rights reserved .\nbiostor is built by @ rdmpage , code on github . page images from the biodiversity heritage library .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\ngunda subnotata walker ( bombyx ) antheraea rosieri toxopeus ( loepantheraea ) the use of the generic name ambulyx westwood in the sphingidae for species usually placed in oxyambulyx rothschild & jordan ( e . g . by diehl ( 1980 ) , d ' abrera ( 1986 ) ) follows fletcher & nye ( 1982 ) .\nsource : james a . duke . 1983 . handbook of energy crops . unpublished .\nleaves contain 70\u009680 % eucalyptol ( cineol ) . also includes terpineol , sesquiterpene alcohols , aliphatic aldehydes , isoamyl alcohol , ethanol , and terpenes ( morton , 1981 ) . tannin is not so copious in the leaves as of many other\nspecies . the kino , containing 28 . 7 % kino - tannin and 47 . 9 % catechin contains the very antibiotic citriodorol ( watt and bryer - brandwijk , 1962 ) . verma et al . ( 1978 ) found 20 . 2 %\n- pinene , and only 16 . 8 % cineole in the cv ' mysore ' . fresh leaves contain caffeic and gallic acids , dry leaves , ferulic and gentisic ( boukef et al . , 1976 ) , and quercetol , quercitrine , rutin , and a mixture of quercetol hyperoside and glaucoside . n - titriacontan - 16 , 18 - dione was identified as the compound responsible for antioxidant activity in the leaf wax ( osawa and namik , 1981 ) .\nin large doses , oil of eucalyptus , like so many essential oils has caused fatalities from intestinal irritation ( morton , 1981 ) . death is reported from ingestion of 4\u009624 ml of essential oils , but recoveries are also reported for the same amount . symptoms include gastroenteric burning and irritation , nausea , vomiting , diarrhea , oxygen deficiency , , weakness , dizziness , stupor , difficult respiration , delirium , paralysis , convulsions , and death , usually due to respiratory failure ( duke , 1984b ) . reported to cause contact dermatitis ( brooker et al , 1981 ) . sensitive persons may develop urticaria from handling the foliage and other parts of the plant ( watt and bryer - brandwijk , 1962 ) .\nreported from the australian center of diversity , bluegum , or cvs thereof is reported to tolerate narrower extremes of temperature and soil than many of the more tropical species . ( 2\nthe most extensively planted eucalypt species in the world . . . a total of 800 , 000 ha in dozens of countries . . . about half the world ' s plantation area is in portugal and spain ( little , 1983 ) . also cultivated in california , arizona , and hawaii .\nranging from cool temperate moist to wet through subtropical dry to moist forest life zones , bluegum eucalyptus is reported to tolerate annual precipitation of 8 to 16 dm and annual temperature of ca 16 to 20\u00b0c . major successes have been in mild temperate climates and in cool highlands . elsewhere it fails ( nas , 1980a ) .\npropagated by seed and basket transplants ca 6 mos old . no seed treatment is required . fresh seeds germinate well but deteriorate rapidly . the tree is readily established , easily reproducing from self - sown seed . in california , seed collections from a single tree exhibit wide variation ( 2\u009680 % ) in germinative capacity after a 30 - day germination period ( ag . handbook 450 ) . seedlings like the adults are susceptible to drought , fire , and frost . grasses need to be weeded , as the tree does not compete well with grasses ( nas , 1980a ) . tree grows rapidly and coppices readily ( reaching a meter or more in a few months ) .\nusually grown on rotations of 5\u009615 years . in india ' s nilgiris , bluegum plantations are worked for fuel purposes on a 15 - year coppice ( c . s . i . r . , 1948\u00961976 ) .\nhas been reported from sites in italy , peru , portugal , and spain ( nas , 1980a ) . verma et al ( 1978 ) estimated essential oil yields between ca 40 and 45 kg / ha from 6\u00968 mt green leaves . completely dry leaves contain 1 . 27 % oil in the cv ' mysore ' . the wealth of india suggests 30 mt biomass / ha / yr in the nilgiris ( c . s . i . r . , 1948\u00961976 ) .\nabout 30 mt / ha biomass are reported . verma et al . ( 1978 ) calculated little more than 7 mt leaves per hectare , green , or 6\u00968 mt for the cv ' mysore ' , 3\u00964 mt dry leaves . in his compilation , cannell ( 1982 ) cites data on trees 9 . 5 years old , spaced at 2 , 196 trees / ha . the stem wood on a dm basis weighed 19\u009658 mt / ha , the stem bark 5\u009611 , the branches 2 . 6\u00965 . 5 , the foliage 4 . 0\u00966 . 7 , for a total standing aerial biomass of 35\u0096110 mt / ha . the cai ( current annual increment ) of stem wood was 2 . 9\u00967 . 7 m\n/ ha / yr , stem bark 0 . 7\u00961 . 5 , branches 0 . 5\u00960 . 7 , foliage 2 . 6\u0096ca 6 for a total aerial cai of 6 . 7\u009615 . 6 mt / ha / yr , the low figures representing unfertilized trees , the high reflecting ca 200 kg / ha n and 90 kg / ha p . these data were taken at victoria , australia ( 38\u00b020 ' s , 146\u00b020 ' e , elev . 150 m ) . the wood burns freely , leaving little ash , and carbonizes easily , making good charcoal . with calorific value of 4 , 800 kcal / kg , the heavy wood ( sp . grav . 0 . 8\u00961 . 0 ) is widely used for fuelwood and charcoal ( nas , 1980 ) . even the dead leaves and fallen bark are highly flammable . the charcoal is used for producer gas plants ( c . s . i . r . , 1948\u00961976 ) . cromer and williams ( austr . j . bot . 30 : 265 . 1982 ) report that it took 9 . 5 years to accumulate 30 mt / ha biomass unfertilized , but only 4 years in heavily fertilized plots .\nactinopelte dryina , armillaria mellea , cercospora epicoccoides , c . eucalypti , corticium salmonicolor , cryptosporium eucalypti , cytospora australiae , c . eucalyptina , diaporthe medusaea , didymosphaeria circinnans , diplodia australiae , fomes applanatus , f . scruposus , fusarium oxysporum\naurantiacum , ganoderma lucidum , harknessia uromycoides , hendersonia eucalypticola , laetiporus sulphureus , macrophoma molleriana , macrophomina phaseoli , monochaetia desmazierii , mycosphaerella molleriana , pestalotia truncata , pestalotiopsis funerea , pezizella carneo - rosea , pezizella oenotherae , phellinus gilvus , phyllostica extensa , physalospora latitans , p . rhodina , p . suberumpens , polyporus gilvus , p . hirsutus , p . schweinitzii , p . sulphureus , p . versicolor , poria cocos , p . versipora , sclerotinia fuckeliana , septonema multiplex , septosporium scyphophorum , stereum hirsutum\nfoliage unpalatable to livestock . the oil rich wood is resistant to termites ( nas , 1980a ) .\nagriculture handbook 165 . 1960 . index of plant diseases in the united states . usgpo . washington .\nagriculture handbook 450 . 1974 . seeds of woody plants in the united states . forest service , usda . usgpo . washington .\nboukef , k . , balansard , g . , lallemand , m . , and brenard , p . 1976 . study of flavonic heterosides and agylcones isolated from leaves of\nbrooker , s . g . , cambie , r . c . , and cooper , r . c . 1981 . new zealand medicinal plants . heinemann publishers , auckland .\nbrowne , f . g . 1968 . pests and diseases of forest plantations trees . clarendon press , oxford .\nc . s . i . r . ( council of scientific and industrial research ) . 1948\u00961976 . the wealth of india . 11 vols . new delhi .\ncannell , m . g . r . 1982 . world forest biomass and primary production data . academic press , new york .\nduke , j . a . and wain , k . k . 1981 . medicinal plants of the world . computer index with more than 85 , 000 entries . 3 vols .\nlist , p . h . and horhammer , l . 1969\u00961979 . hager ' s handbuch der pharmazeutischen praxis . vols 2\u00966 . springer - verlag , berlin .\nlittle , e . l . jr . 1983 . common fuelwood crops : a handbook for their identification . mcclain printing co . , parsons , wv .\nmorton , j . f . 1981 . atlas of medicinal plants of middle america . bahamas to yucatan . c . c . thomas , springfield , il .\nn . a . s . 1980a . firewood crops . shrub and tree species for energy production . national academy of sciences , washington , dc .\nosawa , t . and namiki , m . 1981 . a novel type of antioxidant isolated from leaf wax of eucalyptus leaves . agr . biol . chem . 45 ( 3 ) : 735\u0096739 .\nperry , l . m . 1980 . medicinal plants of east and southeast asia . mit press , cambridge .\nverma , v . p . s . , shiva , m . p . , subrahmanyam , i . v . , and suri , b . k . 1978 . utilization of eucalyptus hybrid oil from forest plantations . indian forester 104 ( 12 ) : 846\u0096850 .\nwatt , j . m . and breyer - brandwijk , m . g . 1962 . the medicinal and poisonous plants of southern and eastern africa . 2nd ed . e . & s . livingstone , ltd . , edinburgh and london .\nif this is your first visit , be sure to check out the faq by clicking the link above . you may have to register before you can post : click the register link above to proceed . to start viewing messages , select the forum that you want to visit from the selection below .\nencountered this plague of moth cats on a tree trunk . any idea what the species id is ?\nroger c . kendrick ph . d . c & r wildlife , lam tsuen , tai po , n . t . , hong kong s . a . r . hk moths website : urltoken hk moths recording project on i - naturalist : urltoken hk moths flickr site : urltoken\nthanks , roger for the information on the possible species id . it was a very interesting sight of so many cats squeezed side by side , as if they were trying to stay warm in this cold weather .\npowered by vbulletin\u00ae version 4 . 2 . 2 copyright \u00a9 2018 vbulletin solutions , inc . all rights reserved .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 3 . 2 final / / en\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nlike most websites we use cookies . this is to ensure that we give you the best experience possible .\ncontinuing to use urltoken means you agree to our use of cookies . if you would like to , you can learn more about the cookies we use .\nwe\u2019d value your feedback on the tool . our survey takes only five minutes to complete .\ns . cumini is a fast - growing tropical and sub - tropical tree preferring moist , riverine habitats , that is valued for its fruit , timber and as an ornamental and as such has been widely introduced from its native s . . .\nformerly part of the genus , eugenia , s . cumini is now a clearly defined taxa in the genus syzygium . commonly known as jambolan it should not be confused with the rose apple ( syzygium jambos ) .\nsyzygium is a genus in the myrtaceae that includes a number of popular species cultivated for their colourful , edible fleshy fruit . it is a genus of perhaps 1000 species of trees or shrubs native to the old world tropics . the genus name syzygium is derived via latin from the greek syzygos , meaning yoked together , possibly referring to the paired leaves ( janick and paull , 2008 ) . other common names for s . cumini are black plum , damson plum , duhat plum , jamblang , jambolan plum , jamun , java plum , malabar plum and portuguese plum ( janick and paull , 2008 ) .\nthe more restricted native distribution as described by morton ( 1987 ) is accepted in this datasheet , who argued that other countries recorded as native , e . g . himalayan asia , south china , south east asian islands , east africa , eastern australia , etc . ( usda - ars , 2008 ) are actually due to introduction in pre - history . s . cumini is thus here accepted as only native to india , sri lanka and myanmar .\nthe distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available . when several references are cited , they may give conflicting information on the status . further details may be available for individual references in the distribution table details section which can be selected by going to generate report .\n. as a valuable fruit and forestry tree , it is likely to be further introduced .\ns . cumini prefers moist locations and will tolerate waterlogging thus is commonly found on riverbanks , but it can also survive , but less well , on drier sites once established . in its native range it is commonly cultivated and thus found in and around homesteads and agricultural land . in the pacific where it has proved most invasive , it is generally a more lowland species such as in fiji , but may be found up to 700 m hawaii and has naturalised in inland forests in fiji ( pier , 2008 ) . it invades coastal bush and savanna in south africa ( sabonet , 2006 ) .\na jaman\u2019 , with large oblong , dark - purple or bluish fruits , with pink , sweet pulp and small seeds , and \u2018kaatha\u2019 , with small acid fruits , and several named cultivars exist , especially in south - east asia .\nit propagates easily from fresh seed , and coppices and resprouts readily . s . cumini begins bearing fruit when 8\u201310 years old . seeds lose their viability quickly after maturation .\nseedlings grow slowly the first year , rapidly thereafter , and may exceeding 3 m in height after 2 years , reaching full size in 40 years . flowering occurs february - march in florida , usa , may\u2013august in sri lanka , and july\u2013august in java , indonesia , and the fruit ripens in april in french polynesia , may\u2013june in the philippines , may - july in india and florida , late summer and autumn in hawaii , september - october in java , and november - december in sri lanka ( morton , 1987 ) . dry weather during flowering and fruiting will increase fruit production . fruits need to be harvested by hand as they ripen , requiring several collections over the season , with a crops of 700 fruits possible from a 5 - year - old tree , and the production of a large tree may be overwhelming to the average household .\nwarm average temp . > 10\u00b0c , cold average temp . > 0\u00b0c , wet all year\nwhichmay cause total defoliation . the leafminer , acrocercops phaeospora , can also be a major problem , idiocerus\n( often dacus diversus in india ) , diseases recorded as found on s . cumini by inspectors of the florida department of agriculture are : black leaf spot ( asterinella puiggarii ) ; green scurf or algal leaf spot ( cephaleuros virescens ) ; mushroom root rot ( clitocybe tabescens ) ; anthracnose ( colletotrichum gloeosporioides ) ; and leaf spot caused by phyllosticta eugeniae . where invasive in florida , some trees are very susceptible to scale insects .\nseeds are the most common means of dissemination , and these are known to be consumed and spread by animals , in hawaii , mynah birds and other frugivorous birds and perhaps occasionally by feral pigs ( sus scrofa ) ( pier , 2008 ) . many other birds and mammals are known to eat the fruit , including jackals and civets , and in australia they are a favourite food of bats ( morton , 1987 ) . being a riverine species , seeds are also likely to be dispersed locally by water . long - distance dispersal has been almost entirely due to intentional introduction as a fruit , timber and ornamental species .\ns . cumini has a positive economic impact via the provision of nutritious fruit , timber and as a traded ornamental . no costs for the control of s . cumini are available .\nthe tree is venerated in south asia by buddhists and hindus . it is considered sacred to the hindu gods krishna and ganesha and is commonly planted near hindu temples ( morton , 1987 ) . where used as a street and ornamental tree , heavy fruiting can lead to masses of fruits littering pavements , roads and gardens , rapidly fermenting producing an unpleasant small and attracting insects , and as such many people want such trees replaced .\nthis large evergreen tree forms a dense cover and when forming a monoculture it can prevent other species from regenerating and growing , and although it is not an aggressive invader of undisturbed forest like the closely related s . jambos , it is known to prevent the reestablishment of native lowland forest .\nit is a multipurpose tree which is highly valued for its medicinal uses , edible fruits , for fodder , for strong heavy timber and good fuelwood . it is mainly found as a home garden fruit tree , although it is also found wild in secondary forests . it is also a host plant of the tasar silkworm , and a good source of nectar for honeybees . it is a sacred tree to hindus and buddhists . seeds used to be traded for medicinal use until the end of the 1700s , when they were widely exported from india to malaysia and polynesia , and from the west indies to europe . the tree is grown as shade for coffee in india , and being wind - resistant is sometimes planted in dense rows as a windbreak , and if topped regularly , such plantings form a dense , massive hedge .\n. the honey is of fine quality but ferments in a few months unless treated . the leaves have served as fodder for livestock and as food for tassar silkworms in india , having approximately 9 % crude protein . in zanzibar and pemba , tanzania , people use young shoots for cleaning their teeth . an essential oil distilled from leaves is used to scent soap and is blended with other materials in making inexpensive perfume . bark yields durable brown dyes of various shades depending on the mordant and the strength of the extract , and contains 8\u201319 % tannin being much used in tanning leather and preserving fishing nets .\nsyzygium species may appear similar to the untrained eye , and two other species are noted as invasive , s . jambos and s . malaccense , though may be separated by fruit colour ; the fruits of s . cumini being purplish - black when ripe whereas those of s . jambos are creamy yellow , tinged with pink . s . cumini can also be confused with the south african s . guineense ; but is distinguished by its longer leaves ( up to 150 mm ) with many closely spaced lateral veins , abruptly tapering leaf apex , oval to pear - shaped fruits , and much - branched sub - terminal inflorescence , usually arising from old leaf scars .\naiyelaagbe ioo , 1994 . fruitcrops in the cashew - coconut system of kenya : their use , management and agroforestry potential . agroforestry systems , 27 ( 1 ) : 1 - 16 ; 12 ref .\nangadi , s . g . , rajeshwari karadi , 2012 . standardization of softwood grafting technique in jamun under poly mist house conditions . , 46 ( 2 ) , 429 - 432 . urltoken\nbal , j . s . , 2003 . genetic resources of under - utilized fruits in punjab subtropics . , ( no . 623 ) , 325 - 331 .\nbalakrishna p , raman a , raman kj , 1991 . on the morphogenesis and dynamics of growth of the leaf galls of syzygium cumini ( l . ) skeels ( myrtaceae ) induced by trioza jambolanae crawford ( insecta : homoptera : psylloidea ) . phytomorphology , 41 ( 1 / 2 ) : 109 - 113\nbhagat , b . k . , jain , b . p . , singh , c . , 1999 . success and survival of intergeneric grafts in guava ( psidium guajava l . ) . , 11 ( 1 ) , 79 - 81 .\nbharad , s . , mahorkar , v . , 2011 . softwood grafting as useful method of propagation for commercial multiplication of syzygium cumini l . under semi - arid climatic conditions of india . , ( no . 890 ) , 111 - 116 . urltoken\nbhumannavar bs , 1990 . further new records of insect pests on fruit crops in south andaman . journal of the andaman science association , 6 ( 2 ) : 122 - 126\nbooth th , jovanovic t , 2000 . improving descriptions of climatic requirements in the cabi forestry compendium . a report for the australian centre for international agricultural research . csiro - forestry and forest products , client report no . 758 .\nbrandis d , 1906 . indian trees . london , uk : archibald constable & co ltd .\ncarlowitz pgvon , 1991 . multipurpose trees and shrubs : sources of seeds and inoculants . multipurpose trees and shrubs : sources of seeds and inoculants . , vii + 328 pp . ; 46 ref .\nchaturvedi an , 1984 . assessment of biomass production . indian forester , 110 ( 8 ) : 726 - 738 .\nchaudhuri akn , pal s , gomes a , bhattacharya s , 1990 . anti - inflammatory and related actions of syzygium cuminii seed extract . phytotherapy research , 4 ( 1 ) : 5 - 10 ; 24 ref .\nchovatia , r . s . , singh , s . p . , 2000 . effect of time on budding and grafting success in jamun ( syzygium cumini skeel ) . , 57 ( 3 ) , 255 - 258 .\nclarke wc , thaman , rr , eds , 1993 . agroforestry in the pacific islands : systems for sustainability . tokyo , japan ; united nations university press : x + 297 pp .\ndevarnavadagi sb , murthy bg , 1995 . performance of different tree species on eroded soils of northern dry zone of karnataka . advances in agricultural research in india , 4 : 73 - 77 .\nflora of china editorial committee , 2007 . flora of china web . cambridge , usa : harvard university herbaria . urltoken\nflorida exotic pest plant council , 2007 . florida exotic pest plant council ' s 2007 list of invasive plant species . florida , usa : florida exotic pest plant council . urltoken\ngowda , v . n . , kumar , v . , reddy , p . v . k . , 2011 . studies on vegetative propagation in jamun ( syzygium cumini ) . , ( no . 890 ) , 107 - 110 . urltoken\ngraveson r , 2012 . the plants of saint lucia ( in the lesser antilles of the caribbean ) . the plants of saint lucia ( in the lesser antilles of the caribbean ) . urltoken\nguimaraes dp , da fonseca cel , 1990 . consideracoes preliminares sobre o uso de quebra - ventos nos cerrados .\ngupta rk , 1993 . multipurpose trees for agroforestry and wasteland utilisation . multipurpose trees for agroforestry and wasteland utilisation . , xv + 562 pp . ; [ 18 pp . of ref + refs in text ] .\nhaldankar , p . m . , jadhav , b . b . , 2001 . softwood grafting of clove ( syzygium aromaticum ) on jamun ( syzygium cuminii ) root stock . , 29 ( 3 ) , 46 - 49 .\nhaseeb a , alam mm , 1984 . use of chopped floral plant parts in suppressing population of plant parasitic nematodes . indian journal of plant pathology , 2 ( 2 ) : 194 - 195 ; 12 ref .\nhocking d , ed . , 1993 . trees for drylands . new delhi , india : oxford and ibh .\nhossain abme , sharif m , laskar mr , 1989 . beekeeping potentials of bangladesh : ii . annual honey production by apis cerana l . at mirsarai area of northern chittagong region . bangladesh journal of zoology , 17 ( 1 ) : 75 - 82 .\njackson jk , 1987 . manual of afforestation in nepal . nepal - uk forestry research project .\njanick , j . , paull , r . e . , 2008 . the encyclopedia of fruit & nuts . . cabi , xviii + 954 pp . . urltoken 9780851996387 . doi : 10 . 1079 / 9780851996387 . 0000\nkairo m , ali b , cheesman o , haysom k , murphy s , 2003 . invasive species threats in the caribbean region . report to the nature conservancy . curepe , trinidad and tobago : cab international , 132 pp . urltoken\nkelkar sm , kaklij gs , 1997 . a simple two - step purification of antidiabetic compounds from eugenia jambolana fruit - pulp : proteolytic resistance and other properties . phytomedicine 3 ( 1996 ) , pp . 353\u2013359 .\nkhan sn , misra bm , 1996 . botrytis blight of syzygium cumini skeels in india .\nkhanna rk , 1991 . chemical examination of the essential oil from the leaves of syzygium cuminii skeels . indian perfumer , 35 ( 2 ) : 112 - 115 ; 5 ref .\nlaishram , m . , singh , y . s . , 2012 . in : germplasm status of minor and underutilized fruits of india . , bidhan chandra krishi viswandyalaya , 94 - 99 .\nli fs , yang ck , 1991 . six new species of trioza ( homoptera : psylloidea : triozidae ) from china . entomotaxonomia , 13 ( 4 ) : 263 - 274\nluna rk , 1996 . plantation trees . delhi , india : international book distributors .\nmadalageri mb , patil vs , nalawadi ug , 1991 . propagation of jamun [ syzygium cumini ] by soft wood wedge grafting . myforest , 27 ( 2 ) : 176 - 178 ; 1 unpaginated pl . ; 6 ref .\nmissouri botanical garden , 2008 . tropicos database . st louis , usa : missouri botanical garden . urltoken\nmohammed m , wickham ld , 1996 . compositional changes in jamoon ( eugenia cumini ) fruits during storage . tropical fruits newsletter , no . 18 : 3 - 4 ; 13 ref .\nmohanasundaram m , parameswaran s , 1991 . two new mite pests of eugenia jambolana in south india . madras agricultural journal , 78 ( 1 - 4 ) : 76 - 77\nmorton j , 1987 . jambolan , syzygium cumini skeels . fruits of warm climates . miami , usa : purdue university , 375 - 378 . urltoken\nnair mnb , 1989 . vestured pits in the wood of syzygium cumini . second pacific regional wood anatomy conference , october 15 21 , 1989 , college , laguna , philippines [ convened by tesoro , f . o . ] . abstracts of papers and posters . iawa - bulletin , 10 ( 3 ) : 341 .\npande dc , mathur rs , 1971 . regional volume tables for jamun ( syzygium gumini [ cumini ] , linn ) ( for gorakpur and gonda forest divisions , eastern circle , u . p . ) . bulletin , forest department , uttar pradesh , recd . 1980 , no . 35 , ii + 30 pp . ; 2 tab . usually cited as u . p . forest bulletin .\npier , 2008 . pacific islands ecosystems at risk . usa : institute of pacific islands forestry . urltoken\npunhani rk , 1995 . span tables for roof purlins and ceiling joists in some social forestry species for timber house constructions . indian forester , 121 ( 7 ) : 651 - 662 ; 4 ref .\nrai mk , 1986 . new host records of pestalotiopsis from india . indian botanical reporter , 5 ( 1 ) : 98\nrai sn , 1978 . regional volume table for syzygium cumini ( linn ) . skeel . ( data from karnataka ) . myforest , september , 137 - 140 ; 1 tab . ; 1 ref .\nrajesh kumar , singh , j . , singh , h . p . , 2006 . in : release of new jamun variety - rajendra jamun 1 . , bidhan chandra krishi viswavidyalaya , 50 - 53 .\nramanujam cgk , kalpana tp , 1993 . pollen analysis of honeys from kondevaram apiaries of east godavari district , andhra pradesh . biovigyanam , 19 ( 1 / 2 ) : 11 - 19 ; [ bb ] .\nrasoanaivo p , 1990 . rain forests of madagascar : sources of industrial and medicinal plants . ambio , 19 ( 8 ) : 421 - 424 ; 38 ref .\nriaz ra , tabassum ia , 1994 . effect of dehydration on storage stability of two varieties of jamun fruit . pakistan journal of scientific and industrial research , 37 ( 1 - 2 ) : 62 - 63 ; 7 ref .\nroy pk , rahman m , roy sk , 1996 . mass propagation of syzygium cuminii from selected elite trees .\nroyal botanic gardens sydney , 2008 . australia ' s virtual herbarium . sydney , australia : royal botanic gardens . http : / / avhtas . tmag\nsabonet , 2006 . invasive alien plants in southern africa , part 4 . eucalypts and myrtles ( myrtaceae ) . sabonet news , 7 . 2 . 106 . urltoken\nsagwal ss , 1994 . trees on marginal lands : afforestation techniques and systems . 1994 , xvii + 269 pp . ; 11 pp . of ref .\nsanjay singh , singh , a . k . , 2006 . standardization of method and time of propagation in jamun ( syzygium cuminii ) under semi - arid environment of western india . , 76 ( 4 ) , 242 - 245 .\nshakya , r . , siddiqui , s . a . , srivatawa , n . , bajpai , a . , 2010 . molecular characterization of jamun ( syzygium cumini l . skeels ) genetic resources . , 10 ( 1 ) , 29 - 39 . urltoken doi : 10 . 1080 / 15538361003676769\nshukla ks , pandey kn , pant bc , badoni sp , 1990 . carving behaviour of some indian timbers - a quantitative approach . journal of the indian academy of wood science , 21 ( 2 ) : 27 - 32 ; 5 ref .\nsiddiqui ma , alam mm , saxena sk , 1988 . seasonal fluctuation of plant parasitic nematodes associated with certain fruit trees . international nematology network newsletter , 5 ( 2 ) : 22 - 23 ; 1 ref .\nsingh g . , dagar jc , singh nt , 1997 . growing fruit trees in highly alkali soils - a case study .\nsingh , u . v . , 1996 . conservation of forest genetic resource - an ex - situ management of secondary forests . , 122 ( 9 ) , 787 - 794 .\nsu juan , wang dezhen , fu shishen , 1994 . study on phenology of some tree species grown in the tropica .\nsultan singh , singhrot rs , 1984 . studies on the propagation of jaman ( syzygium cuminii skeels ) . i . effect of sowing depth on seed germination and seedling growth . haryana journal of horticultural sciences , 13 ( 3 - 4 ) : 123 - 126 ; 2 ref .\nsumana das , banerjee ak , das s , 1995 . studies on syzygium cumini seed oil . journal of the oil technologists ' association of india , 27 ( 4 ) : 243 - 244 ; 7 ref .\ntambe tb , ramshe dg , walunjkar rb , 1993 . dryland fruit crops for scarcity zone . maharashtra journal of horticulture , 7 ( 1 ) : 105 - 106 ; 5 ref .\nteixeira cc , fuchs fd , blotta rm , costa ap da , mussnich dg , ranquetat gg , da costa ap , 1992 . plants employed in the treatment of diabetes mellitus : results of an ethnopharmacological survey in porto alegre , brazil . fitoterapia , 63 ( 4 ) : 320 - 322 ; 10 ref .\ntewari dn , 1995 . agroforestry for increased productivity , sustainability and poverty alleviation . agroforestry for increased productivity , sustainability and poverty alleviation . , v + 799 pp . ; refs at ends of chapters + 262 pp . of ref .\ntewari sk , devendra singh , nainwal rc , 2017 . horticultural management of syzygium cumini . boca raton , florida , usa , crc press , 216 - 236 .\nthantirige , m . k . , karunaratna , m . s . , 2005 . propagation of seedless wax apple ( syzygium samarangense ) . , 7271 - 278 .\ntroup rs , joshi hb , 1984 . troup ' s the silviculture of indian trees . volume v . delhi , india : controller of publications .\nus fish and wildlife service , 1995 . in : recovery plan for the kauai plant cluster . us fish and wildlife service , 270 pp . .\nus fish and wildlife service , 2008 . in : kulu ` i ( nototrichium humile ) . 5 - year review . us fish and wildlife service , 11 pp . .\nus fish and wildlife service , 2010 . in : 5 - year review , short form summary : species reviewed : schiedea kealiae ( ma oli oli ) . us fish and wildlife service , 6 pp . .\nus fish and wildlife service , 2010 . in : scaevola coriacea ( dwarf naupaka ) . 5 - year review : summary and evaluation . us fish and wildlife service , 19 pp . .\nus fish and wildlife service , 2010 . in : schiedea apokremnos ( maolioli ) . 5 - year review : summary and evaluation . us fish and wildlife service , 16 pp . .\nus fish and wildlife service , 2010 . in : schiedea spergulina var . leiopoda ( no common name ) . 5 - year review : summary and evaluation . us fish and wildlife service , 11 pp . .\nus fish and wildlife service , 2011 . in : endangered and threatened wildlife and plants ; listing 23 species on oahu as endangered and designating critical habitat for 124 species . 76 ( 148 ) us fish and wildlife service , 46362 - 46593 . urltoken\nus fish and wildlife service , 2011 . in : schiedea hookeri ( no common name ) . 5 - year review : summary and evaluation . us fish and wildlife service , 20 pp . .\nus fish and wildlife service , 2013 . in : endangered and threatened wildlife and plants ; determination of endangered species status for 15 species on hawaii island ; final rule . 78 ( 209 ) us fish and wildlife service , 64638 - 64690 . urltoken\nus fish and wildlife service , 2013 . in : endangered and threatened wildlife and plants ; review of native species that are candidates for listing as endangered or threatened ; annual notice of findings on resubmitted petitions ; annual description of progress on listing actions . 78 ( 226 ) us fish and wildlife service , 70104 - 70162 . urltoken\nusda - ars , 2008 . germplasm resources information network ( grin ) . online database . beltsville , maryland , usa : national germplasm resources laboratory . urltoken\nusda - nrcs , 2008 . the plants database . baton rouge , usa : national plant data center . urltoken\nvaishnava mm , tripathy ak , gupta kr , 1992 . flavonoids from syzygium cumini roots . fitoterapia , 63 ( 3 ) : 259 - 260 ; 8 ref .\nverheij ewm , coronel re ( editors ) , 1991 . plant resources of south - east asia . no . 2 . edible fruits and nuts . wageningen , netherlands ; pudoc , 446 pp .\nyao ce , 1993 . species trial of some indigenous species in siquijor . canopy international , publications . 1995 , 19 ( 6 ) : 7 - 10 .\nyumnam , s . s . , swamy , g . s . k . , singh , s . r . , shira , v . d . , 2012 . effect of different arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on vegetative parameters of jamun rootstock and graft success . , 7 ( 2 ) , 237 - 241 . urltoken\none or more of the features that are needed to show you the maps functionality are not available in the web browser that you are using .\nplease consider upgrading your browser to the latest version or installing a new browser .\nthe . gov means it\u2019s official . federal government websites always use a . gov or . mil domain . before sharing sensitive information online , make sure you\u2019re on a . gov or . mil site by inspecting your browser\u2019s address ( or \u201clocation\u201d ) bar .\nthis site is also protected by an ssl ( secure sockets layer ) certificate that\u2019s been signed by the u . s . government . the https : / / means all transmitted data is encrypted \u2014 in other words , any information or browsing history that you provide is transmitted securely .\npublications ( clicking on the reprint icon will take you to the publication reprint . )\na new species of gadirtha walker ( nolidae : collomeninae ) : a proposed biological control agent of chinese tallow ( triadica sebifera ( l . ) small ) ( euphorbiaceae ) in the united states -\npogue , m . g . 2014 . a new species of gadirtha walker ( nolidae : collomeninae ) : a proposed biological control agent of chinese tallow ( triadica sebifera ( l . ) small ) ( euphorbiaceae ) in the united states . zookeys . 382 : 13 - 25 .\nsullivan , j . b . , pogue , m . g . 2014 . the prominent moth , disphragis notabilis schaus , in costa rica ( lepidoptera , notodontidae ) . zookeys . 421 : 21 - 38 .\npogue , m . g . 2014 . a review of the copitarsia decolora ( guen\u00e9e ) species complex with a description of a new species of copitarsia ( hampson ) from chile ( lepidoptera : noctuidae ) . neotropical entomology . 43 ( 2 ) : 142 - 153 .\npogue , m . g . , ouellette , g . d . , harp , c . e . 2013 . a revision of the schinia volupia ( fitch ) species complex lepidoptera : noctuidae : heliothinae ) . zootaxa . 3716 : 157 - 191 .\npogue , m . g . 2013 . revised status of chloridea westwood and [ duncan ] , 1841 for the heliothis virescens species group and the monophyly of schinia hubner [ 1818 ] using total evidence data ( lepidoptera : noctuidae : heliothinae ) . systematic entomology . 38 ( 3 ) : 523 - 542 .\nmetzler , e . h . , e . c . knudson , r . w . pool , j . d . lafontaine and m . g . pogue 2013 . a review of the genus ogdoconta butler ( lepidoptera , noctuidae , condicinae , condicini ) from north america north of mexcio with descriptions of three new species . zookeys . 264 : 165 - 191 .\npogue , m . g . 2013 . a review of the paectes arcigera ( guen\u00e9e ) ( lepidoptera , eutellidae ) species complex . zookeys . 264 : 125 - 163 .\nlandolt , p . j . , jang , e . b . , carvalho , l . a . , pogue , m . g . 2011 . attraction of pest moths ( lepidoptera : noctuidae , crambidae ) to floral lures on the island of hawaii . hawaiian entomological society proceedings . 43 : 49 - 58 .\nmanrique , v . , diaz , r . , overholt , w . a . , pogue , m . g . , vitorino , m . 2012 . description and biology of paectes longiformis pogue , a new species from brazil ( lepidoptera : euteliidae ) as a potential biological control agent of brazilian peppertree in florida . biocontrol science and technology . 22 : 163 - 185 .\nthe aventiinae , boletobiinae , eublemminae , pangraptinae , phytometrinae , and scolecocampinae ( lepidoptera : noctuoidea : erebidae ) of great smoky mountains national park , u . s . a . -\npogue , m . g . 2012 . the aventiinae , boletobiinae , eublemminae , pangraptinae , phytometrinae , and scolecocampinae ( lepidoptera : noctuoidea : erebidae ) of great smoky mountains national park , u . s . a . zootaxa . 3153 : 1 - 31 .\npogue , m . g . 2011 . using dna barcoding and genitalia to place \u201cleucochlaena\u201d hipparis ( druce ) in spodoptera guenee ( lepidoptera : noctuidae ) . proceedings of the entomological society of washington . 113 ( 4 ) : 497 - 507 .\npogue , m . g . 2011 . larval description of copitarsia incommoda ( walker ) ( lepidoptera : noctuidae ) . annals of the entomological society of america . 104 ( 6 ) : 1292 - 1296 .\ndewaard , j . r . , mitchell , a . , keena , m . a . , gopurenko , d . , boyken , l . m . , armstrong , k . f . , pogue , m . g . , lima , j . , floyd , r . , hanner , r . , humble , l . m . 2010 . toward a global barcode library for lymantria ( lepidoptera : lymantriinae ) tussock moths of biosecurity concern . plos one . 5 ( 12 ) : 1 - 10 .\npogue , m . g . 2010 . a new species of schinia h\u00fcbner from the southeastern united states ( lepidoptera : noctuidae : heliothinae ) . zookeys . 52 : 57 - 64 .\npogue , m . g . 2010 . the acontiinae and eublemminae of great smoky mountains national park ( lepidoptera : noctuidae ) . zootaxa . 2499 : 1 - 20 .\npogue , m . g . , honey , m . , zilli , a . 2010 . new synonymy in a north american species of pyrrhia h\u00fcbner , [ 1821 ] ( lepidoptera : noctuidae ) . proceedings of the entomological society of washington . 112 ( 2 ) : 274 - 280 .\nthe hadeninae ( lepidoptera : noctuidae ) of great smoky mountains national park , u . s . a . -\npogue , m . g . 2010 . the hadeninae ( lepidoptera : noctuidae ) of great smoky mountains national park , u . s . a . . zootaxa . 2380 : 1 - 75 .\nsanders , n . j . , pogue , m . g . , dunn , r . r . 2010 . noctuid moth diversity along a temperate elevational gradient : testing the role of environmental factors , mde , and rapoport ' s rule . ecography . p . 75 - 87 .\npogue , m . g . 2009 . three new cryptic species within the dargida procinctus ( grote ) complex ( lepidoptera : noctuidae : hadeninae ) from the neotropics . proceedings of the entomological society of washington . 111 : 686 - 697 .\npogue , m . g . , simmons , r . 2008 . a new pest species of copitarsia hampson from the neotropical region feeding on asparagus and cut flowers ( lepidoptera : noctuidae ) . annals of the entomological society of america . 101 : 743 - 762 .\npogue , m . g . 2008 . rhodoecia hampson 1908 a new synonym of pyrrhia hubner [ 1821 ] 1816 ( lepidoptera : noctuidae : heliothinae ) . proceedings of the entomological society of washington . 110 : 810 .\npogue , m . g . 2009 . a review of the tripudia quadrifera ( zeller ) ( lepidoptera : noctuidae ) species complex . proceedings of the entomological society of washington . 111 : 68 - 97 .\nlavigne , r . j . , pogue , m . g . 2009 . ethology of omniablautus nigronotum ( wilcox ) ( diptera : asilidae ) in wyoming . proceedings of the entomological society of washington . 111 : 1 - 6 .\npogue , m . g . 2007 . revision of the genus psectrotarsia dognin 1907 ( lepidoptera : noctuidae : heliothinae ) . zootaxa . 1637 : 1 - 19 .\npogue , m . g . 2009 . lepidoptera biodiversity . in : foottit , r . , adler , p . , editors . insect biodiversity : science and society . 1st edition . blackwell science publishing . oxford , england . p . 263 - 293 .\npogue , m . g . , schaefer , p . w . 2007 . a review of potentially invasive species of lymantria h\u00fcebner [ 1819 ] ( lepidoptera : noctuidae : lymantriinae ) from subtropical and temperate regions of asia including the descriptions of three new species . forest health technology enterprise team . fhte : 1 - 223 .\npogue , m . g . 2006 . nomenclatural validation of four north american species of heliothinae ( lepidoptera : noctuidae ) . zootaxa . 1283 : 25 - 36 .\npogue , m . g . 2008 . inventory of the nolidae , erebidae , and noctuidae ( lepidoptera ) of plummers island , maryland . bulletin of the biological society of washington . ( 15 ) 107 - 120 .\npogue , m . g . 2006 . the noctuinae ( lepidoptera : noctuidae ) of great smoky mountains national park . zootaxa . 1215 : 1 - 95 .\npogue , m . g . 2005 . the plusiinae of great smoky mountains national park ( lepidoptera : noctuidae ) . zootaxa . 1032 : 1 - 28 .\nbook review : butterflies of oklahoma , kansas , and north texas , by john m . dole , walter b . gerard , and john m . nelson -\npogue , m . g . 2005 . book review : butterflies of oklahoma , kansas , and north texas , by john m . dole , walter b . gerard , and john m . nelson . american entomologist . 51 : 117 .\npogue , m . g . 2004 . a new species of schinia hubner from riparian habitats along the colorado river in the grand canyon ( lepidoptera : noctuidae : heliothinae ) . zootaxa . 788 : 1 - 4\npogue , m . g . , harp , c . e . 2004 . systematics of schinia chrysellus ( grote ) complex : revised status of schinia alencis ( harvey ) with a description of two new species ( lepidoptera : noctuidae : heliothinae ) . zootaxa . 898 : 1 - 35\npogue , m . g . 2004 . characters to differentiate adult males of the corn earworm , helicoverpa zea ( boddie ) and the old world bollworm , helicoverpa armigera ( h\u00fcbner ) ( lepidoptera : noctuidae : heliothinae ) . journal of economic entomology . 97 : 1222 - 1226\nredescription of two , often - confused noctuid pests copitarsia decolora ( guenee ) and c . incommoda ( walker ) ( lepidoptera : noctuidae ) -\nsimmons , r . b . , pogue , m . g . 2009 . redescription of two , often - confused noctuid pests copitarsia decolora ( guenee ) and c . incommoda ( walker ) ( lepidoptera : noctuidae ) . annals of the entomological society of america . 97 : 1159 - 1164 .\nsimmons , r . b . , scheffer , s . j . , pogue , m . g . 2004 . systematics of the copitarsia incommoda ( walker ) pest complex ( lepidoptera : noctuidae ) . annals of the entomological society of america . 97 ( 4 ) : 675 - 680 .\npogue , m . g . , harp , c . e . 2004 . a review of the schinia regia ( strecker ) species complex with a description of a new species ( lepidoptera : noctuidae : heliothinae ) . zootaxa . 473 : 1 - 32\npogue , m . g . , harp , c . e . 2004 . a review of the schinia tertia ( grote ) species complex ( lepidoptera : noctuidae : heliothinae ) . zootaxa . 473 : 1 - 32 .\na new species of schinia huebner ( lepidoptera : noctuidae : heliothinae ) from texas , oklahoma , and louisiana . -\nknudson , e . , bordelon , c . , pogue , m . g . 2003 . a new species of schinia huebner ( lepidoptera : noctuidae : heliothinae ) from texas , oklahoma , and louisiana . . zootaxa . 382 : 1 - 7\nsystematics of schinia cupes ( grote ) complex : revised status of schinia crotchii ( hy . edwards ) ( lepidoptera : noctuidae : heliothinae ) -\npogue , m . g . , harp , c . e . 2003 . systematics of schinia cupes ( grote ) complex : revised status of schinia crotchii ( hy . edwards ) ( lepidoptera : noctuidae : heliothinae ) . zootaxa . 294 : 1 - 16 .\npogue , m . g . , harp , c . e . 2003 . revised status of schinia unimacula smith including morphological comaprisons with schinia obliqua smith ( lepidoptera : noctuidae : heliothinae ) . journal of lepidopterists society . 226 : 1 - 8 .\nlalanne - cassou , b . , pogue , m . g . 2003 . deux nouveaux paratrachea des antilles ( lepidoptera , noctuidae , noctuinae ) . revue francaise d ' entomologie . 25 ( 4 ) : 157 - 164 .\nidentity of a sugar cane pest , scolecocampa mochisa ( schaus ) , in mexico , and a new generic synonym . -\nrevised status of the genus rolandylis gibeaux with descriptions of two new species of north american cochylini ( lepidoptera : tortricidae : tortricinae ) . -\na world revision of the genus spodoptera guenee ( lepidoptera : noctuidae ) . -\nspodoptera ochreum ( hampton ) ( lepidoptera : noctuidae ) : diagnosis , description of the female genitalia , and a new host record ( asparagus ) fromperu . -\nresolution of the elaphria festivoides ( guenee ) species complex ( lepidoptera : noctuidae ) . -\nmisplaced catocala ( lepidoptera : noctuidae ) holotypes from the e . a . browercollection . -"]}
{"id": 327, "summary": [{"text": "the amazonian marsh rat ( holochilus sciureus ) , also known as the common marsh rat , or simply the marsh rat , is a rodent species from south america . ", "topic": 29}], "title": "amazonian marsh rat", "paragraphs": ["by : chandler stonecipher \uf076 amazonian manatee \uf076 amazonian sac - winged bat \uf076 marsh deer \uf076 toco toucan \uf076 spider monkey \uf076 white - faced tree rat \uf076 parrot .\nby : chandler stonecipher \uf076 amazonian manatee \uf076 amazonian sac - winged bat \uf076 marsh deer \uf076 toco toucan \uf076 spider monkey \uf076 white - faced tree rat \uf076 parrot . - ppt download\ndownload ppt\nby : chandler stonecipher \uf076 amazonian manatee \uf076 amazonian sac - winged bat \uf076 marsh deer \uf076 toco toucan \uf076 spider monkey \uf076 white - faced tree rat \uf076 parrot .\npresentation on theme :\nby : chandler stonecipher \uf076 amazonian manatee \uf076 amazonian sac - winged bat \uf076 marsh deer \uf076 toco toucan \uf076 spider monkey \uf076 white - faced tree rat \uf076 parrot .\n\u2014 presentation transcript :\nhershkovitz , p ( 1987 ) : first south american record of coues\u2019 marsh rice rat , oryzomys couesi . journal of mammalogy 68 , 152 - 154 .\nhartmann m ( 2001 ) active sensing capabilities of the rat whisker system . auton robots 11 : 249\u2013254 .\nmarsh cw , greer ag . forest land - use in sabah , malaysia - an introduction to danum valley .\nwyatt jl , silman mr . distance - dependence in two amazonian palms : effects of spatial and temporal variation in seed predator communities .\nrosas , fcw ( 1994 ) : biology , conservation and status of the amazonian manatee trichechus inunguis . mammal review 24 , 49 - 59 .\nbeck h , gaines ms , hines je , nichols jd . comparative dynamics of small mammal populations in treefall gaps and surrounding understorey within amazonian rainforest .\nterborgh j , losos e , riley mp , riley mb . predation by vertebrates and invertebrates on the seeds of 5 canopy tree species of an amazonian forest .\nhershkovitz , p ( 1971 ) : a new rice rat of the oryzomys palustris group ( cricetinae , muridae ) from northwestern colombia , with remarks on distribution . journal of mammalogy 52 , 700 - 709 .\npacheco , v , and ugarte - n\u00fa\u00f1ez , j ( 2011 ) : new records of stolzmann\u2019s fish - eating rat ichthyomys stolzmanni ( cricetidae , sigmodontinae ) in peru : a rare species becoming a nuisance . mammalian biology \u2013 zeitschrift f\u00fcr s\u00e4ugetierkunde 76 , 657 - 661 .\ncitation : marshall cd , wieskotten s , hanke w , hanke fd , marsh a , kot b , et al . ( 2014 ) feeding kinematics , suction , and hydraulic jetting performance of harbor seals ( phoca vitulina ) . plos one 9 ( 1 ) : e86710 . urltoken\nmarshall cd , maeda h , iwata m , furuta m , asano a , rosas f , et al . ( 2003 ) orofacial morphology and feeding behaviour of the dugong , amazonian , west african and antillean manatees ( mammalia : sirenia ) : functional morphology of the muscular \u2013 vibrissal complex . j zool 259 : 1\u201316 .\nthis species is broadly distributed , it reaches the orinoco and amazon river basins : venezuela ( including an isolated locality in the maracaibo basin , northwest of the andes ; see linares , 1998 ) , the guianas , northern and central brazil , and amazonian regions of colombia , ecuador , peru , and bolivia ( musser and carleton , 2005 ) . it also occurs in suriname ( weksler pers . comm . ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\njustification : this species is listed as least concern in because of its wide distribution , presumed large population , occurrence in a number of protected areas , tolerance to some degree of habitat modification , and because it is unlikely to be declining at nearly the rate required to qualify for listing in a threatened category .\nduring a survey along the rio juru\u00e1 of the western amazon of brazil , the species was found in grass patches along the river margins and agricultural areas close to rivers ( patton et al . 2000 ) . some female specimens examined from august to november were either pregnant or lactating ; young were also observed during these months ( patton et al . 2000 ) .\nthis errata assessment has been created because the map was accidentally left out of the version published previously .\n( errata version published in 2017 ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2016 : e . t10220a115096276 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference ( book , 2005 ) [ worldcat . org ]\nyour web browser is not enabled for javascript . some features of worldcat will not be available .\nyour list has reached the maximum number of items . please create a new list with a new name ; move some items to a new or existing list ; or delete some items .\nnote : citations are based on reference standards . however , formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study . the specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher , classroom teacher , institution or organization should be applied .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) field is required . please enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) you entered is ( are ) not in a valid format . please re - enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\ni thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference author : don e wilson ; deeann m reeder publisher : baltimore : johns hopkins university press , \u00a92005 . isbn / issn : 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc : 57557352\nwilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of\ninformation indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher ' s website .\nplease choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours .\nthis indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\na uniquely valuable compendium of taxonomic and distributional data on the world ' s living and historically extinct mammalian species . contributors and editors alike deserve the thanks of all\nadd tags for\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference\n.\nyou may have already requested this item . please select ok if you would like to proceed with this request anyway .\nwilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher ' s website .\nworldcat is the world ' s largest library catalog , helping you find library materials online . learn more \u203a\u203a\ndon ' t have an account ? you can easily create a free account .\nwe think you have liked this presentation . if you wish to download it , please recommend it to your friends in any social system . share buttons are a little bit lower . thank you !\nbrazil . brazil and taiwan south america french guyana suriname guyana venezuela colombia peru bolivia paraguay argentina uruguay countries bordering .\nquiz - - poland . which one cities is the capital ? a gniezno b krak\u00f3w c warszawa .\na small introduction on\u2026 brazil . where is it ? brazil has 10 neighbouring countries ! ! to the east coast , there is the atlantic ocean the capital of brazil .\nh jeopardy geography history sports foodother q $ 100 q $ 200 q $ 300 q $ 400 q $ 500 q $ 100 q $ 200 q $ 300 q $ 400 q $ 500 final jeopardy .\nbrazil by anne and bradford flag the flag is green , blue , yellow .\nbrazil researched via : student name : deshaun newton date : 3 / 25 / 11 .\nbrazil the capital of brazil is brasilia ! o capiltal do brasil \u00e9 bras\u00edlia ! brazil .\nbrazil by wylly simons michael david about brazil \uf09b brazil is the 5 th biggest country in the world . \uf09b the amazon rainforest is very fun but full of .\n2 pt 3 pt 4 pt 5pt 1 pt 2 pt 3 pt 4 pt 5 pt 1 pt 2pt 3 pt 4pt 5 pt 1pt 2pt 3 pt 4 pt 5 pt 1 pt 2 pt 3 pt 4pt 5 pt 1pt azil br .\nbrazil\u2019s flag . about brazil ( \u4e00 ) brazil is the largest country in latin america . it spreads across almost half ( 47 . 3 % ) of south america , and occupies .\nchapter 13 cultures of south america section 3 . countries of northern south america were colonized from different european countries . because of this ,\npele \u201co rey\u201d the king of football . background he is considered by many people as the greatest football player of all time . pele was born in brazil . he .\nbaseball , basketball , crew , football , hockey , lacrosse , soccer , etc . baseball , basketball , crew , football , hockey , lacrosse , soccer , etc . lots of funding .\nthe differences between canada and the u . s . a . by mitchell .\nby hannah o and sarah world cup facts the fifa world cup was first held in 1930 , when fifa president jules rimet decided to stage an international football .\nbrazil . \uf0a8 coastal areas are more densely populated \uf0a8 the amazon basin area has very low population density .\nbrazil . people largest population in south america largest population in south america 5 th most populous country in the world 5 th most populous country .\nby using this website , you agree with our use of cookies to functioning of the site . more info in our privacy policy and google privacy & terms . necessary cookie accept\n( iucn , 2013 ; perrin , 2013 ; reeves et al . , 2002 ; rosas , 1994 )\n( committee on taxonomy , 2014 ; domning , 1981 ; iucn , 2013 ; perrin , 2013 ; reeves et al . , 2002 )\n( iucn , 2013 ; perrin , 2013 ; reeves et al . , 2002 )\n( halley & rosell , 2003 ; iucn , 2013 ; macdonald , 2006 ; rosell et al . , 2005 )\n( iucn , 2013 ; veron et al . , 2008 ; wilson , 2005 )\n( bonvicino et al . , 2005 ; iucn , 2013 ; wilson , 2005 )\n( iucn , 2013 ; percequillo et al . , 2005 ; wilson , 2005 )\n( hershkovitz , 1987 ; kirkpatrick & cartwright , 1975 ; platt et al . , 2000 ; reid , 1997 ; wilson , 2005 )\n( iucn , 2013 ; santos - moreno et al . , 2003 ; wilson , 2005 )\n( bonvicino et al . , 2013 ; d\u2019el\u00eda & pardi\u00f1as , 2004 ; wilson , 2005 )\n( aloise et al . , 2005 ; church\ufb01eld , 2007 ; duff & lawson , 2004 ; iucn , 2013 )\n( duff & lawson , 2004 ; iucn , 2013 ; krystufek et al . , 2000 )\n( church\ufb01eld , 2007 ; iucn , 2013 ; o\u2019neill et al . , 2005 ; veron et al . , 2008 )\n( church\ufb01eld , 2007 ; iucn , 2013 ; veron et al . , 2008 )\n( hussain et al . , 2011 ; iucn , 2013 ; pocock , 1941 )\n( iucn , 2013 ; m\u00e1rcia barbosa et al . , 2003 ; wilson , 2005 )\n( iucn , 2013 ; latifiana & pickles , 2013 ; poole , 2003 ; wright et al . , 2008 )\n( acharya & lamsal , 2010 ; hwang & larivi\u00e8re , 2005 ; iucn , 2013 ; rais et al . , 2009 )\n( committee on taxonomy , 2014 ; iucn , 2013 ; perrin , 2013 ; reeves et al . , 2002 )\n( iucn , 2013 ; palo & v\u00e4in\u00f6l\u00e4 , 2006 ; perrin , 2013 ; reeves et al . , 2002 )\n( cheyne et al . , 2010 ; iucn , 2013 ; veron et al . , 2006 ; veron et al . , 2008 )\n( borobia et al . , 1991 ; iucn , 2013 ; perrin , 2013 ; reeves et al . , 2002 )\n( iucn , 2013 ; perrin , 2013 ; shostell & ruiz - garcia , 2010 ; tavera et al . , 2010 )\ntable 1 . regional distribution of aquatic and semi - aquatic mammals . where applicable , endemism has been noted and refers to geographical constraint and relative range limitation of species within a specific region . species are listed taxonomically down to order , and then alphabetically through family , genus and species . where scientific names are in bold , regional distributions of subspecies have been included in a separate subspecies table , available at urltoken .\nabe , h , ishii , n , ito , t , kaneko , y , maeda , k , miura , s , and yoneda , m ( 2005 ) : a guide to the mammals of japan . tokai university press , kanagawa , japan .\nacharya , pm , and lamsal , p ( 2010 ) : a survey for smooth coated otter lutrogale perspicillata on the river narayani , chitwan national park , nepal hystrix , the italian journal of mammalogy 21 , 203 - 207 .\naloise , g , g . amori , cagnin , m , and castiglia , r ( 2005 ) : new european southern distribution limit of neomys fodiens ( pennant , 1771 ) ( insectivora , soricidae ) . mammalian biology 70 , 381 - 383 .\nanderson , s ( 1997 ) : mammals of bolivia : taxonomy and distribution . bulletin of the american museum of natural history 231 , 652 .\nbaker , c ( 1992 ) : atilax paludinosus . mammalian species 408 , 1 - 6 .\nbal\u010diauskas , l , and bal\u010diausken\u0117 , l ( 2012 ) : mediterranean water shrew , neomys anomalus cabrera , 1907 \u2013 a new mammal species for lithuania north - western journal of zoology 8 , 367 - 369 .\nbarnett , aa ( 1999 ) : small mammals of the cajas plateau , southern ecuador : ecology and natural history . florida museum of natural history , university of florida , florida , usa .\nbarreto , gr , and garc\u00eda - rangel , s ( 2005 ) : holochilus sciureus . mammalian species 780 , 1 - 5 .\nbeisiegel , bdm , and zuercher , gl ( 2005 ) : speothos venaticus . mammalian species 783 , 1 - 6 .\nbirkenholz , de ( 1972 ) : neofiber alleni . mammalian species 15 , 1 - 4 .\nbonvicino , c , lemos , b , and weksler , m ( 2005 ) : small mammals of chapada dos veadeiros national park ( cerrado of central brazil ) : ecologic , karyologic , and taxonomic considerations . brazilian journal of biology 65 , 395 - 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quality journal . plos one promises fair , rigorous peer review , broad scope , and wide readership \u2013 a perfect fit for your research every time .\ncopyright : \u00a9 2014 marshall et al . this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .\nfunding : this work was supported by a texas a & m university international research travel assistance grant to cdm , a volkswagenstiftung grant to gd , a daad german academic student exchange scholarship ( deutscher akademischer austausch dienst , daad ) , the cologne zoo , the texas a & m university department of marine biology , the university of rostock institute of biosciences , and the university of bochum department of biology . the funders had no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .\ncompeting interests : the primary author , christopher d . marshall , is an academic editor with plos one . however , christopher d . marshall confirms that none of the authors have any competing interests , and christopher d . marshall confirms that his position as an academic editor with plos one does not alter the authors adherence to all the plos one policies on sharing data and materials .\nthis study was conducted at the cologne zoo ( cologne , germany ) and at the marine science center at the university of rostock ( rostock , germany ) . eight adult male harbor seals participated in this study ( see table 1 for details regarding subjects ) ; the seals were well trained and were eager to participate in these novel tasks . all work was approved by texas a & m university\u2019s institute of animal care and use committee animal use protocol # 2010\u201367 , and was conducted in accordance with the european communities council directive of 24 november 1986 ( 86 / 609 / eec ) . all work at the marine science center at the cologne zoo and at the university of rostock was approved by both institutes .\na . feeding platform in place in the enclosure . b . harbor seal feeding from feeding apparatus .\nmaximum gape and gape angle during feeding events was compared to the mean maximum biological gape and gape angle for all animals in the study . each subject was digitally photographed while opening their mouth to their widest extent at the command of a trainer . maximal biological gape and gape angle was measured from scaled digital photographs using imagej ( national institutes of health , bethesda , md , usa ) .\nas characterized in bearded seals [ 23 ] , four feeding phases were differentiated : ( i ) preparatory , ( ii ) jaw opening , ( iii ) gular depression , and ( iv ) jaw closing were observed regardless of the feeding mode . phase i began at the onset of jaw opening and ended when gape increased by greater than 0 . 2 cm field \u22121 ( 1 field = 60 hz ) and the jaws rapidly opened . phase ii began when gape increased by \u22650 . 2 cm field \u22121 and persisted until maximum gape . phase iii began when gular depression increased by \u22650 . 2 cm field \u22121 . this phase overlapped with phases ii and iv , persisted the longest in duration , and concluded when gular depression returned to its original position , which was often at the end of the feeding event . phase iv began at maximum gape and concluded when the jaws closed . the timing of maximum gular depression during suction feeding events always followed maximum gape or coincided with maximum gape . little to no gular depression was observed during biting feeding events , whether seals were feeding in - water or on - land . the mean durations for phases i\u2013iv were , 0 . 02\u00b10 . 001 s , 0 . 08\u00b10 . 04 s , 0 . 16\u00b10 . 10 s , and 0 . 11\u00b10 . 07 s , respectively .\na . frame from video during in - water suction feeding trial with overlaid spatial model stick figure . b . plot of gape ( cm ) for a single suction feeding trial . c . plot of gular depression ( cm ) for a single suction feeding trial . d . plot of maximum gape angle ( degrees ) for a single suction feeding trial . e . plot of gape angle velocity ( degrees / s ; opening and closing ) for a single suction feeding trial . f . frame from video during on - land biting feeding trial with overlaid spatial model stick figure . g . plot of gape ( cm ) for a single biting feeding trial . h . plot of maximum gape angle ( degrees ) for a single biting feeding trial . i . plot of gular depression ( cm ) for a single biting feeding trial . j . plot of gape angle velocity ( degrees / s ; opening and closing ) for a single biting feeding trial .\nprincipal component ( pc ) analysis on correlations of log - transformed data demonstrated that the first 3 pc axes characterized 78 % of the variation of harbor seal feeding kinematics ( pc1 = 49 . 986 % , pc2 = 18 . 949 % , pc3 = 9 . 072 % ; table 3 ) . high loadings on pc axis 1 identified most kinematic variables , with the exception of maximum gular depression and time to maximum gular depression . pc axis 2 identified all timing kinematic variables with the exception of time to maximum gape angle closing velocity . in addition pc axis 2 had a high loadings \\ for maximum gular depression . pc axis 3 had high loadings for only maximum gular depression and time to maximum gular depression , indicating distinct differences in suction vs . biting feeding events . pearson\u2019s correlation analysis further supported the difference between suction and biting feeding kinematics and is summarized in table 4 . as shown by the pc analysis , the pearson\u2019s correlation analysis demonstrated that most , but not all , kinematic variables were positively correlated . however , gular depression and time to gular depression were distinct in that they were negatively correlated with most kinematic variables .\nharbor seals in this study used the large lateral mystacial vibrissae for exploration of the large scale features of the feeding apparatus , but then shifted to using the small medially located mystacial vibrissae for more refined and discrete tactile exploration . in particular , these small medially located mystacial vibrissae were used to locate the center of each cylinder and to protrude into each cylinder to touch recessed food items , if possible . our observation that harbor seals use different regions of the mystacial vibrissae during feeding supports the results of more focused active touch performance studies [ 67 ] , [ 68 ] in which harbor seals used the smaller medial mystacial vibrissae for detailed size discrimination , but within a different context . this active touch exploratory pattern is likely a typical pattern of how harbor seals explore new objects in their environment . such exploratory behavior and use of different regions and size of mystacial vibrissae has also been observed in california sea lions [ 69 ] , manatees and dugongs [ 45 ] , [ 47 ] , walruses [ 70 ] , and rodents [ 71 ] \u2013 [ 73 ] and likely represents a generalized mammalian pattern of tactile exploration .\nwe would like to thank lars miersch for assistance in building the feeding apparatus , kim peter and the seal trainers at the marine science center ( rostock , germany ) for their assistance in conducting the feeding trials , as well as michael bradley and meghan walker for their assistance in pressure data analysis .\nconceived and designed the experiments : cdm . performed the experiments : cdm sw wh fh gd . analyzed the data : cdm am bk . contributed reagents / materials / analysis tools : cdm gd . wrote the paper : cdm .\nlauder gv ( 1985 ) functional morphology of the feeding mechanism in lower vertebrates . in : duncker hr , fleischer g , editors . functional morphology of vertebrates . new york : springer - 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( 2003 ) a methods fore reconstructing three - dimensional dive profiles of marine mammals using geomagnetic intensity data : results from two lactating weddell seals . polar biol 26 : 311\u2013317 .\nmarshall cd , huth gd , edmonds vm , halin dl , reep rl ( 2000 ) food - handling ability and feeding - cycle length of manatees feeding on several species of aquatic plants . j mamm 81 : 649\u2013658 .\n) use suction and filter feeding when hunting small prey underwater . polar biol 36 : 211\u2013222 .\nklages ntw , cockcroft vg ( 1990 ) feeding behaviour of a captive crabeater seal . polar biol 10 : 403\u2013404 .\nking je ( 1983 ) seals of the world , 3rd ed . ithaca : cornell university press . 240 pp .\nmarshall cd ( 2009 ) . feeding functional morphology . in : perrin wf , w\u00fcrsig b , thewissen jgm , editors . encyclopedia of marine mammals san diego : academic press . 406\u2013413 .\nadam pj , berta a ( 2002 ) evolution of prey capture strategies and diet in the pinnipedimorpha ( mammalia , carnivora ) . oryctos 4 : 83\u2013107 .\nrice dw ( 1998 ) marine mammals of the world : systematics and distribution . special publication no . 4 . the society for marine mammalogy . 231 pp .\nburns jj ( 2009 ) harbor and spotted seal . in : perrin wf , w\u00fcrsig b , thewissen jgm , editors . encyclopedia of marine mammals . san diego : academic press . 533\u2013542 .\npallas , 1811 . in : ridgway sh , harrison rj , editors . handbook of marine mammals , vol . 2 , seals . london : academic press . 1\u201327 .\nhoover aa ( 1988 ) harbor seal . in : lentfer jw , editor . selected marine mammal of alaska : species accounts with research and management recommendations . washington dc : marine mammal commission . 125\u2013157 .\nsharples rj , arrizabalaga b , hammond ps ( 2009 ) seals , sandeels and salmon : diet of harbour seals in st . andrews bay and the bay estuary , southeast scotland . mar ecol prog ser 390 : 265\u2013276 .\n) in the west and south - west of ireland . j mar biol assoc uk 90 : 15\u201317\u20131527 .\nthomas ac , lance mm , jeffries sj , miner bg , acevedo - guti\u00e9rrez a ( 2011 ) harbor seal foraging response to a seasonal resource pulse , spawning pacific herring . mar ecol prog ser 441 : 225\u2013239 .\nbrown sl , bearhop s , harrod c , mcdonald ra ( 2012 ) a review of spatial and temporal variation in grey and common seal diet in the united kingdom and ireland . j mar biol assoc uk 92 : 1711\u20131722 .\nbromaghin jf , lance mm , elliott ew , jeffries sj , acevedo - guti\u00e9rrez a , et al . ( 2013 ) new insights into the diets of harbor seals (\n) in the salish sea revealed by analysis of fatty acid signatures . fish bull 111 : 13\u201326 .\n) in the inland waters of the pacific northwest . plos one : e39046 . doi : 10 . 1371 / journal . pone . 0039046 .\n) for size difference of actively touched objects . j exp biol 198 : 2317\u20132323 .\n) : how do seals judge size ? j comp physiol a 199 : 521\u2013533 .\nbrecht m , preilowski b , merzenich mm ( 1997 ) functional architecture of the mystacial vibrissae . behav brain res 84 : 81\u201397 .\ngrant ra , sperber a , prescott tj ( 2012 ) the role of orienting in vibrissal touch sensing . frontiers behav neurosci 6 : 39 .\ncarroll am , wainwright pc , huskey sh , collar dc , turingan rg ( 2004 ) morphology predicts suction feeding performance in centrarchid fishes . j exp biol 207 : 3873\u20133881 .\ngibb ac , ferry - graham l ( 2005 ) cranial movements during suction feeding in teleost fishes : are they modified to enhance suction production ? zool 108 : 141\u2013153 .\nnauwelaerts s , wilga cd , sanford cp , lauder gv ( 2007 ) substrate passively improves suction feeding in benthic sharks . published online nov . 28 , 2006 . j roy soc interface 2 : 341\u2013345 .\namerican society of mammalogists committee on marine mammals ( 1967 ) standard measurements of seals . j mamm 48 : 459\u2013462 .\ndo these subject areas make sense for this article ? click the target next to the incorrect subject area and let us know . thanks for your help !\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nyann hautier , 1 , * philippe saner , 1 christopher philipson , 1 robert bagchi , 1 robert c . ong , 2 and andy hector 1\nconceived and designed the experiments : yh ps cp rb ah . performed the experiments : yh ps . analyzed the data : yh ps cp ah . wrote the paper : yh ps cp rb rco ah .\nthis is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are properly credited .\nthe janzen - connell hypothesis proposes that seed and seedling enemies play a major role in maintaining high levels of tree diversity in tropical forests . however , human disturbance may alter guilds of seed predators including their body size distribution . these changes have the potential to affect seedling survival in logged forest and may alter forest composition and diversity .\nwe manipulated seed density in plots beneath con - and heterospecific adult trees within a logged forest and excluded vertebrate predators of different body sizes using cages . we show that small and large - bodied predators differed in their effect on con - and heterospecific seedling mortality . in combination small and large - bodied predators dramatically decreased both con - and heterospecific seedling survival . in contrast , when larger - bodied predators were excluded small - bodied predators reduced conspecific seed survival leaving seeds coming from the distant tree of a different species .\nour results suggest that seed survival is affected differently by vertebrate predators according to their body size . therefore , changes in the body size structure of the seed predator community in logged forests may change patterns of seed mortality and potentially affect recruitment and community composition .\nhuman - induced changes to tropical ecosystems are manifold and a major threat to biodiversity . currently , less than half of the original forests of south - east asia remains and the levels of biodiversity are predicted to decrease by 42 % during this century [ 1 ] . in the state of sabah , malaysia , our study area , local wildlife populations are depressed by hunting and are becoming depleted or extinct [ 2 ] . understanding to what extent such changes to natural wildlife populations may affect forest dynamics with regard to seed dispersal and seedling survival is an important requirement for the management of tropical forests .\n, the differences in responses of small versus large predators to logging and hunting have the potential to affect seedling survival in fundamental ways and ultimately influence dipterocarp composition and diversity . vertebrate effects on dipterocarp seedling survival may change in relative importance with changes in the abundance of predators of different body sizes\n. we focused on the seed - to - seedling transition . we show that small - bodied predators selectively predated seeds of the maternal tree , an effect that was cancelled out when large - bodied predators had access to the seeds .\nseeds of each pair of trees ( 5 pairs ) were placed between 1 and 5 m around each tree at high density ( 24 seeds , 12 seeds from the maternal tree ( conspecific ) and 12 seeds from a distant tree of a different species ( heterospecific ) and at low density ( 2 seeds , 1 con - and 1 hetero - specific ) . the experimental design consists in three exclosure treatments ( 1\u00d71 m large \u00d70 . 5 m tall ) : ( 1 ) none , fenced exclosure cage excluding both large and small vertebrate predators , ( 2 ) small , fenced exclosure cage excluding only large vertebrate predators and ( 3 ) all , open control allowing both small and large vertebrate predators ."]}
{"id": 330, "summary": [{"text": "gastropteridae is a family of sea slugs , gastropod mollusks in the superfamily philinoidea of the clade cephalaspidea , the headshield slugs and bubble snails . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "gastropteridae", "paragraphs": ["anatomy and histology of a new species of enotepteron ( cephalaspidea : gastropteridae ) from tropical northeastern australia .\nk\u00f6hler , e . ( 2016 ) , published 24 june 2016 , gastropteridae sp . 01 family : swainson , 1840\nit was posted on 16 april 2004 at these websites as gastropteridae sp . a family : swainson , 184 , changed on 28 august 2011 into\ngastropteridae sp . 01 is characterized by it ' s orange colour without any ornaments , and by its orange posterior funnel , in some specimens dark orange .\ndear bill , the attached pictures were found and taken by hisako yamada . this is certainly gastropteridae , we think . but we can ' t determine further identification . can you please help us ?\ngosliner t . m . ( 1989 ) revision of the gastropteridae ( opisthobranchia : cephalaspidea ) with descriptions of a new genus and six new species . the veliger 32 ( 4 ) : 333 - 381 . [ details ]\nbayesian and ml phylogram of relationships of gastropteridae . bootstrap values and posterior probabilities are shown at each node when they are < 0 . 95 or 70 , respectively . all other values indicated with an asterisk ( * ) are highly supported .\nphylogenetic relationships within gastropteridae have been studied based on anatomy ( gosliner , 1989 ) and molecular data ( anthes , schulenburg & michiels , 2008 ) , and the systematics relationships of these two studies are largely congruent . most recently , oskars , bouchet & malaquias ( 2015 ) revised the phylogeny and systematics of the cephalaspidean heterobranchs and reaffirmed the apparent monophyly of gastropteridae and suggested its sister relationship with colpodaspidae oskars , bouchet & malaquias , 2015 , another lineage of cephalaspideans with a reduced internal shell .\nthis study also sheds light on the nature of genetic variation in widely separated populations of gastropteridae . in comparing , populations that are geographically separated , there are wide differences in the amount of genetic divergence based on differences in the coi ( table 3 ) .\ndear haruo , yes this is a species of the gastropteridae and i think it is probably a species of gastropteron . however i don ' t recognise it and think it may be an unnamed species . perhaps someone will recognise it . best wishes , bill rudman\nthe family gastropteridae includes small diurnal species that may or may not have an internal shell . most species have greatly enlarged parapodia that may be used for swimming . they are probably carnivores but little is known about their diet . at least eight species are known from hawaii in four genera (\nty - jour ti - revision of the gastropteridae ( opisthobranchia , cephalaspidea ) with descriptions of a new genus and 6 new species t2 - the veliger . vl - 32 ur - urltoken pb - california malacozoological society . cy - berkeley , ca : py - 1989 sp - 333 ep - 381 sn - 0042 - 3211 au - gosliner , tm er -\n@ article { bhlpart96921 , title = { revision of the gastropteridae ( opisthobranchia , cephalaspidea ) with descriptions of a new genus and 6 new species } , journal = { the veliger . } , volume = { 32 } , copyright = { in copyright . digitized with the permission of the rights holder . } , url = urltoken publisher = { berkeley , ca : california malacozoological society . 1958 - } , author = { gosliner , tm } , year = { 1989 } , pages = { 333 - - 381 } , }\nboth ndna ( 28s ) and mtdna [ 16s and cytochrome c oxidase i ( coi ) ] fragments were utilized to estimate gastropteridae phylogeny . these molecular markers have been shown to be effective gene markers to infer heterobranch phylogenetic relationships ( dinapoli & klussmann - kolb , 2010 ; g\u00f6bbeler & klussmann - kolb , 2010 ; pola & gosliner ; 2010 ; camacho - garc\u00eda et al . , 2014 ; hallas & gosliner , 2015 ; hallas , simison & gosliner , 2016 ) . the dna was extracted from tissue removed from either the parapodia or foot of the specimen .\nin all three individual gene trees and both concatenated analyses , gastropteridae is monophyletic . gastropteron and siphopteron are not supported in either analysis , while sagaminopteron is strongly supported ( bs = 88 , pp = 1 . 00 ) . the two clades of gastropteron are strongly supported ( rubrum clade : bs = 78 , pp = 1 . 00 ; bicornutum clade : bs = 97 , pp = 1 . 00 ) as are the three clades of s . tigrinum clade ( clade 1 ) : bs = 97 , pp = 1 . 00 ; quadrispinosum clade ( clade 3 ) : bs = 89 , pp = 1 . 00 ; and the sp . cas 181575 clade ( clade 2 ) .\nthe topologies of individual gene trees for coi , 16s and 28s consistently show the monophyly of gastropteridae and the major clades within the family . the aligned concatenated dataset was 1839 base pairs in length . this included 750 bp for 28s , 657 bp for coi and 432 bp for 16s ( including gaps and variable regions ) . raxml and bayesian analyses have nearly identical topologies . tracer files showed that bi searchers all converged on the same likelihood score . for comparison purposes , the combined gene bayesian tree is shown with their respective non - parametric bootstrap ( bs ) and posterior probability ( pp ) values from ml and bi ( fig . 23 ) . the only difference between the two trees is that there are three lineages of s . psychedelicum in the bayesian tree and two in the raxml tree .\nevolutionary models for the targeted molecular markers were estimated using partitionfinder v1 . 1 . 1 ( lanfear et al . , 2012 ) ( table 2 ) . a concatenated alignment of all three molecular markers was used to estimate gastropteridae evolutionary relationships using both bayesian inference ( bi ) and maximum likelihood ( ml ) approaches . bi searches were run using mrbayes v3 . 2 . 1 ( ronquist & huelsenbeck , 2003 ) for a total of 2 \u00d7 10 7 generations with markov chains sampled every 1000 generations with parameters unlinked . a conservative 25 % burn - in was calculated , and the remaining trees were used to estimate the 50 % majority rule consensus tree and corresponding posterior probabilities ( pp ) . convergence and stationarity of bi searches were checked using tracer v1 . 5 ( drummond & rambaut , 2007 ) . ml search was run using raxml v7 . 2 . 6 ( stamatakis , 2006 ) with the evolution model gtr - gamma . ml dataset was set for 50 000 fast bootstrapping runs . support values for ml bootstrap ( bs ) \u2265 70 ( hillis & bull , 1993 ) and bayesian pp \u2265 0 . 95 were interpreted as significant .\n< mods xmlns : xlink =\nurltoken\nversion =\n3 . 0\nxmlns : xsi =\nurltoken\nxmlns =\nurltoken\nxsi : schemalocation =\nurltoken urltoken\n> < titleinfo > < title > revision of the gastropteridae ( opisthobranchia , cephalaspidea ) with descriptions of a new genus and 6 new species < / title > < / titleinfo > < name > < namepart > gosliner , tm < / namepart > < / name > < typeofresource > text < / typeofresource > < genre authority =\nmarcgt\n> < / genre > < note type =\ncontent\n> 32 < / note > < relateditem type =\nhost\n> < titleinfo > < title > the veliger . < / title > < / titleinfo > < origininfo > < place > < placeterm type =\ntext\n> berkeley , ca : < / placeterm > < / place > < publisher > california malacozoological society . < / publisher > < / origininfo > < part > < detail type =\nvolume\n> < number > 32 < / number > < / detail > < extent unit =\npages\n> < start > 333 < / start > < end > 381 < / end > < / extent > < date > 1989 < / date > < / part > < / relateditem > < identifier type =\nuri\n> urltoken < / identifier > < accesscondition type =\nuseandreproduction\n> in copyright . digitized with the permission of the rights holder . < / accesscondition > < / mods >\nbouchet p . & rocroi j . - p . ( 2005 ) . classification and nomenclator of gastropod families . malacologia . 47 ( 1 - 2 ) : 1 - 397 isbn 3 - 925919 - 72 - 4 . [ details ]\noskars t . r . , bouchet p . & malaquias m . a . ( 2015 ) . a new phylogeny of the cephalaspidea ( gastropoda : heterobranchia ) based on expanded taxon sampling and gene markers . molecular phylogenetics and evolution . 89 : 130 - 150 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of gasteropteridae ) costello , m . j . ; emblow , c . ; white , r . ( ed . ) . ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 . mus\u00e9um national d ' histoire naturelle : paris , france . isbn 2 - 85653 - 538 - 0 . 463 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of gasteropteridae ) bouchet p . & rocroi j . - p . ( 2005 ) . classification and nomenclator of gastropod families . malacologia . 47 ( 1 - 2 ) : 1 - 397 isbn 3 - 925919 - 72 - 4 . [ details ]\nto biological information system for marine life ( bismal ) to genbank to image gallery of natural history museum rotterdam to sea slug forum ( via archive . org ) to itis\nscientists aim to describe a single ' tree of life ' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things . however , evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery , and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named . eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific ' classifications ' . some species have been named more than once . such duplicates are listed under synonyms . eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\ngenus : enotepteron y . s . minichev , 1967 ( db : 5 sp , 0 img )\ngenus : gastropteron j . f . meckel in kosse , 1813 ( syn : gasteroptera , gasteropterum , gastroptera , gastropterum , parthenopia , sarcopterus , gasteropteron - db : 14 sp , 5 img )\ngenus : sagaminopteron t . tokioka & k . baba , 1964 ( db : 5 sp , 3 img )\nenotepteron minichev , yu . s . , 196 type species : enotepteron flavum minichev , yu . s . , 1967\ngastropteron meckel , j . f . in kosse , 1813 type species : unknowngenustype\nsagaminopteron tokioka , t . & k . baba , 1964 type species : unknowngenustype\nturgeon , d . d . , j . f . quinn , jr . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , f . g . hochberg , w . g . lyons , et al .\ncommon and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks , 2nd ed .\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe anatomy and histology of a new species of gastropterid cephalaspidean , enotepteron heikeae , sp . nov . , from tropical australia is described . enotepteron is the least documented of the gastropterid genera with only two previously recorded species , from yellow sea ( north pacific ) and the seychelles ( indian ocean ) . the unique features of e . heikeae , within the genus , are the long thin tail ( posterior end of the foot ) , cuticular penial armature , and a bilobed prostate . the investigation also reveals the presence of a very large anal gland . this gland maybe a useful taxonomic region , and its discovery considerably broadens the previously known geographical occurrence of the genus . documentation and investigation of this species improves our knowledge of the morphological variation across the genus , and allows reassessment of the generic features to show that the presence of spheres to the posterior edge of the parapodia may be the only unifying character .\ncopyright \u00a9 1995 to 2015 , james cook university . all rights reserved . abn 46253211955 member of innovative research universities feedback | terms of use | privacy statement | cricos provider code : 00117j\nhtml public\n- / / ietf / / dtd html 3 . 0 / / en\nhtml . dtd\nwas originally described from guam , mariana islands . the species has since been found in many other areas of the western pacific as well as the indian ocean . adult animals average about 9mm in length though specimens up to 16mm have been found .\n. the animals are difficult to see on their sponge host since their color and texture match that of the sponge .\nwith egg masses from palau . it was collected 24 sept ' 96 at a depth of 13m ; ' wonder channel ' , palau . the host sponge in this case is\ncan be found in a paper by dr . terry gosliner ( 1989 ) in the\nveliger .\n. the vast majority of the almost thirty species in the family are found in the indo - pacific tropics . most species are small , less than an inch in length . they are unusual for cephalaspideans in that the\nis reduced to a flat , internal plate , found under the skin in the hind end of the animal , or is entirely absent in adults . most species are able to swim by flapping their parapodia and\nflying\nthrough the water .\n( the genus is named for sagami bay , japan , where emperor hirohito collected so many opisthobranchs that have been studied by kikutaro baba ) are all found on sponges , upon which they feed . the feeding biology of other members of the family is virtually unknown .\nthis translation tool is powered by google . fao is not responsible for the accuracy of translations .\na new gastropterid species , enotepteron hayashii , collected from the sea of japan , is described herein . enotepteron is a small genus characterized externally by a small globular protuberance ( sphere ) on the posterior edge of both parapodia . e . hayashii differs from the previously known species by the presence of a small knob - like spur on the median line of the posterodorsal end of the mantle shield . this paper represents the first record of this genus from japan .\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience on our website . by continuing to use our website , you are agreeing to our use of cookies . you can change your cookie settings at any time .\nthe overwhelming majority of species are found in the indo - pacific tropics or in adjacent temperate regions ( gosliner et al . , 2008 ) . while this is a typical pattern of diversity , the extent of distribution of many of these tropical species is poorly understood and there appear to be many undescribed species inhabiting this largest portion of the world\u2019s oceans .\ntwo different extraction methods were utilized , depending on the amount of tissue able to be sampled . for large amounts of tissue , we used the standard qiagen dneasy blood & tissue extraction kit ( valencia , ca , usa ) protocol , and for instances where only small amounts of tissue was sampled , we used the qiagen gentra puregene tissue kit ( valencia , ca , usa ) 5\u201310 mg protocol .\neach polymerase chain reaction ( pcr ) was conducted in 25 \u00b5l reactions . reactions consisted of 2 . 5 \u00b5l of 10\u00d7 usb buffer , 1 . 25 \u00b5l of mgcl 2 ( 25 mm ) , 1 \u00b5l of each primer ( 10 \u00b5m stock ) , 1 \u00b5l of bsa ( 10 mg / ml ) , 0 . 5 \u00b5l of dntps ( 10 mm ) , 5 \u00b5l of betaine ( 5 m ) , 1 \u00b5l of dmso , 1 \u00b5l of hotstart - it taq polymerase ( 1 . 25 u / \u00b5l ) , 1\u20134 \u00b5l of template dna and then filled to volume with millipore water . primers used for sequencing are all listed in table 2 . pcr cycling conditions for coi and 16s fragments are as follows : initial denaturing for 2 min at 94 \u00b0c , followed by 35 cycles of denaturing for 30 s at 94 \u00b0c , annealing for 30 s at 50 \u00b0c and extension for 45 s at 72\u00b0c and a final extension period of 10 min at 72 \u00b0c . the coi annealing temperature was relaxed to 48 \u00b0c for the naf / narcoi primers . pcr protocol for 28s was initially denatured for 3 min at 94 \u00b0c , followed by 35 cycles of denaturing for 30 s at 94 \u00b0c , annealing for 30 s at 52 . 5 \u00b0c and extension for 2 min at 72 \u00b0c and a final extension period of 10 min at 72 \u00b0c . all pcr reactions were stained with ethidium bromide and run on 0 . 5 % tris / borate / edta agarose gel using electrophoresis . successfully amplified fragments were purified using exosap - it enzymes and protocol ( usb ) , and unsuccessful amplified reactions were excised using the zymoclean gel dna recovery protocol .\npurified pcr product was cycle sequenced using fluorescently labelled dideoxynucleotides ( ddntps ) ( big dye terminator v3 . 1 , applied biosystems ) . cycle sequencing reactions were performed in 10 \u00b5l volumes . all regular cycle sequencing reactions had the same protocol for all primers ; each reaction used 2 \u00b5l of pcr product and the following reaction components : 5 . 45 \u00b5l of millipore water , 1 . 5 \u00b5l of 5\u00d7 big dye buffer , 0 . 3 \u00b5l of primer ( 10 \u00b5m ) , 0 . 75 \u00b5l of big dye 3 . 1 . for those samples that required gel excision or had low pcr amplifications , we used modified cycle sequencing protocols that were performed in 20 \u00b5l volumes . each reaction used 3 \u00b5l of pcr product and the following reaction components : 9 . 4 \u00b5l of millipore water , 3 \u00b5l of 5\u00d7 big dye buffer , 0 . 6 \u00b5l of primer ( 10 \u00b5m ) , 4 \u00b5l of big dye 3 . 1 and followed the step protocol ( platt , woodhall & george , 2007 ) .\nfluorescently labelled sequences were precipitated using 2 . 5 \u00b5l of di - na edta ( 125 mm ) and cleaned with 30 \u00b5l of 100 % etoh then with 60 \u00b5l of 70 % etoh . the tubes were placed into a 65 \u00b0c incubator for 8 min to dry , then the dna pellets were re - suspended in 10 \u00b5l deionized formamide and denatured at 94\u201396 \u00b0c for 2 min . immediately afterwards , they were placed on an abi 3130 xl genetic analyser ( applied biosystems ) , located in the center for comparative genomics at the california academy of sciences .\nsuccessfully sequenced markers were assembled and edited using geneious 6 . 1 ( biomatters ltd . , 2005 ) . the sequences were aligned using the multiple alignment using fast fourier transform ( mafft ) algorithm ( katoh , asimenos & toh , 2009 ) with the settings set to default . following mafft alignment , variable regions of rdna fragments were manually optimized , and these alignments have been deposited in treebase ( urltoken ) . in sequences where confidence was low , ambiguities were deleted and not analysed . finally , all sequences were trimmed to the length of the outgroup .\nspecies were delimited through an integrative approach with the use of congruence of single - gene topologies , automatic barcode gap discovery ( abgd ) ( puillandre et al . , 2012 ) . abgd uses genetic pairwise distances to identify breaks between intra - and interspecific variation , also referred to as the \u2018barcode gap\u2019 . coi genetic distance matrix was created using mega v6 . 06 ( tamura et al . , 2011 ) using the tamura nei model and uploaded to the abgd web - based interface ( available at urltoken ) . except for the relative gap width ( x ) , which was set to 1 , the remaining settings were left at their default configuration .\npenial anatomy . ( a ) gastropteron minutum sp . nov . paratype , casiz 182731 . ( b ) gastropteron multo sp . nov . holotype , nmp 041181 , mabini , philippines , cs = cuticular spine , pp = penial papilla , pr = prostate , rm = retractor muscle . ( c ) sagaminopteron multimaculatum sp . nov . holotype , nmp 041182 , tingloy , philippines .\nlsid urn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : 73880269 - 2d0d - 4091 - b9fd - 8ec86ae05ce2\ngastropteron sp . 5 gosliner , vald\u00e9s & behrens , 2015 : 56 , upper right fig .\nholotype : casiz 209032 , originally casiz 182731 , honokowai beach park , maui , hawai\u2019ian islands , 1\u20136 m depth , 11 april 2010 , cory pittman .\nparatypes : casiz 182731 , two specimens , one dissected , honokowai beach park , maui , hawai\u2019ian islands , 1\u20136 m depth , 11 april 2010 , cory pittman . casiz 199181 , cemetery beach ( 13 . 68428\u00b0n 120 . 83024\u00b0e ) , maricaban island , tingloy , luzon , philippines , emerged from algae , 26 april 2014 , patrick krug .\nknown from japan ( rudman , 2002 ) , the hawai\u2019ian islands , the marshall islands and the philippines ( gosliner et al . , 2015 ) .\nthe name minutum is derived from the extremely small size of this species , reaching a maximum of 3 mm in length .\nliving animal 2\u20133 mm in length ( fig . 1a , b ) . preserved holotype < 1 mm in length ( fig . 2a ) . ground colour of head shield , parapodia , visceral hump and flagellum almost colourless with opaque white and orange mottling speckling body . orange and off - white spots condensing around visceral hump to form low , rounded tubercles and covering parapodia . head shield and flagellum having fewer spots , almost clear . head shield narrow anteriorly , broadening out before again narrowing posteriorly . posteriorly , head shield forming a simple rolled siphon without medial crest . parapodia covering visceral hump when retracted . at posterior end of visceral hump , elongate , acutely pointed flagellum extending posteriorly . foot extending posteriorly , almost entire length of animal from head to end of visceral hump . at posterior end , foot narrowing into elongate , acutely pointed posterior tip . gill situated on right side of body and consisting of seven tiny lamellae .\nliving animals . ( a ) gastropteron minutum sp . nov . , partaype , casiz 199181 , tingloy , philippines . ( b ) gastropteron minutum sp . nov . , holotype , casiz 209032 , maui , hawai\u2019ian islands , photo by cory pittman . ( c ) gastropteron multo sp . nov . , holotype nmp 041181 , mabini , philippines . ( d ) gastropteron multo sp . nov . , paratype , casiz 186048 , mabini , philippines . ( e ) sagaminopteron multimaculatum sp . nov . , holotype , nmp 041182 , tingloy , philippines . ( f ) siphopteron vermiculum sp . nov . , paratype , casiz 199129 , tingloy , philippines . ( g ) siphopteron flavolineatum , holotype , nmp 041184 , tingloy , philippines . ( h ) siphopteron flavolineatum , paratype , casiz 199132 , tingloy , philippines . ( photos by t . gosliner unless otherwise indicated . )\ngastropteron minutum sp . nov . paratype , casiz 182731 , maui , hawai\u2019ian islands . ( a ) dorsal view of preserved specimen , scale = 1 . 25 mm . ( b ) buccal mass , scale = 0 . 75 mm . ( c ) posterior reproductive organs . a = ampulla , bc = bursa copulatrix , fgm = female gland mass , rs = receptaculum seminis ; scale = 0 . 5 mm . ( d ) penis . p = penis , pr = prostate ; scale = 0 . 75 mm .\nthinly calcified , planispiral , tightly coiled , c . 300 \u00b5m in diameter ( fig . 3a ) . protoconch not clearly differentiated from remainder of shell .\ngastropteron minutum sp . nov . paratype , casiz 182731 , scanning electron micrographs . ( a ) shell . ( b ) jaw rodlets . ( c ) half - row of radular teeth , triangular thickening indicated by arrow . ( d ) half - row of radular teeth .\nbuccal mass ( fig . 2b ) moderately muscularized , with series of circular muscles anteriorly and more complex musculature around radular sac . buccal mass containing labial cuticle with pair of minute areas with small irregular rodlets ( fig . 3b ) . radular formula 20 \u00d7 4 . 1 . 0 . 1 . 4 in one specimen ( casiz 182731 ) . inner lateral teeth broad with single primary cusp . masticatory margin of the inner laterals containing 13\u201314 acutely pointed denticles ( fig . 3c , d ) . triangular thickening present on inner edge of masticatory border of inner lateral teeth . innermost outer lateral tooth with moderately broad base and primary cusp without secondary denticles . successive outer laterals becoming progressively smaller , with narrower base ; all lacking denticles ( fig . 3c ) .\narrangement of ganglia euthyneurous , with short visceral loop . owing to small size of animal , details of arrangement of ganglia could not be determined in a single specimen dissected .\ndespite its small size , reproductive system is fully mature and well - developed ; female glands clearly visible ( fig . 2c ) . narrow ampulla extending into straighter hermaphroditic duct , curving around top of lobate mucous gland , and expanding into small receptaculum seminis before curving around female glands once more . opening of hermaphroditic duct into female glands not visible , but hermaphroditic duct joining relatively short bursa copulatrix near gonopore , leading to external sperm groove . sperm groove continuing on right side of the body to head , where penis is situated . penis simple with slightly curved prostate . penial papilla straight and devoid of penial armature ( figs 2d , 4a ) .\nthe external anatomy of g . minutum clearly differentiates this species from all described species of gastropteron . it is the only species with an off - white body colour with opaque white and orange spots . the presence of opaque white spots and rounded tubercles give the entire animal a granular rather than smooth appearance . most species of gastropteron have a smooth body without tubercles or granules . of the seven species of gastropteron known from the pacific ocean , none of them is known to have a single flagellum with an elongate extension of the foot . the only described species with an elongate foot is g . bicornutum baba & tokioka , 1965 . it has two flagella , one more dorsally situated on the visceral hump and one more ventrally situated . it has a smooth rather than rugose body and has black and yellow spots over the dorsal surface . internally , the inner lateral radular teeth have fewer denticles than g . minutum . both species have a simple penis with an elongate prostate . in our molecular phylogeny , g . minutum is sister to g . rubrum ( rafinesque , 1814 ) , known from the mediterranean and west africa , and is quite far removed from g . bicornutum .\nlsid urn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : 025f1253 - a0d7 - 4d2a - b332 - ce30df011436\ngastropteron sp . 3 gosliner et al . , 2015 : 55 , lower right fig .\nholotype , dissected , nmp 041181 , originally casiz 199130 , mainit bubbles ( 13 . 68688\u00b0n 120 . 89564\u00b0e ) , mabini , batangas , luzon , philippines , 5 m depth , 3 may 2014 , alexis principe . paratype , casiz 186048 , one specimen , anilao pier ( 13 . 76001\u00b0n 120 . 92615\u00b0e ) , mabini , batangas , luzon , philippines , 5 m depth , 30 april 2011 , t . gosliner .\nmainit bubbles ( 13 . 68688\u00b0n 120 . 89564\u00b0e ) , mabini , batangas , luzon , philippines .\nthus far , known only from the philippines ( gosliner et al . 2015 ) .\nthe species epithet , multo , is derived from tagalog word for ghost , owing to the pale ghostly appearance of this species .\nliving animals ( fig . 1c , d ) 7\u201320 mm in length . colour clear to translucent white with fine orange , brown and white dots speckling body or with series of brownish and orange patches . opaque white digestive gland and ovotestis visible through visceral hump . head shield , parapodia , flagella and foot translucent whitish . small orange dots or brown patches covering body , concentrated on siphon and flagella . dorsal flagellum centred on midline of visceral hump . immediately ventral to this flagellum , second , slightly wider flagellar process , either longer or shorter than dorsal one ( fig . 5a ) . white spots outlining visceral hump and parapodia . head shield shaped roughly like cauldron . broadest anteriorly , narrowing and then broadening again posteriorly . head shield terminating in tubular , simple siphon , lacking mid - dorsal ridge . broad parapodia covering body when the animal is actively crawling . foot elongate with long , acutely pointed posterior extension . gill with nine primary folds .\ngastropteron multo sp . nov . holotype , nmp 041181 , mabini , philippines . ( a ) dorsal view of preserved specimen , p = penis ; scale = 4 mm . ( b ) shell ; scale = 0 . 75 mm . ( c ) central nervous system , c = cerebral ganglion , pe = pedal ganglion . pl = pleural ganglion , sb = subintestinal ganglion , su = supraintestinal ganglion , v = visceral ganglion ; scale = 1 . 5 mm . ( d ) posterior reproductive organs , am = ampulla , bc = bursa copulatrix , fgm = female gland mass , rs = receptaculum seminis ; scale = 1 . 6 mm .\nthinly calcified slightly curved plate , 2 mm in length ( fig . 5b ) . part of shell appearing decalcified .\nentire buccal mass moderately muscularized with series of circular muscles anteriorly and more complex musculature present around radular sac . buccal mass containing labial cuticle with pair of minute areas with small irregular rodlets ( fig . 6a ) . radular formula 25 \u00d7 5 . 1 . 0 . 1 . 5 in one specimen ( nmp 041181 ) ( fig . 6b ) . inner lateral teeth broad with single primary cusp . masticatory margin of inner laterals containing 3\u201316 irregularly pointed denticles on inner edge of masticatory margin ( fig . 6c , d ) . remainder of masticatory margin devoid of denticles . triangular thickening present on inner edge of masticatory border of inner lateral teeth . innermost outer lateral tooth with moderately broad base and primary cusp without secondary denticles . successive outer laterals becoming progressively smaller with narrower base and all lacking denticles ( fig . 6c ) .\ngastropteron multo sp . nov . holotype , ex casiz 199130 . nmp 041181 , mabini , philippines . ( a ) jaw rodlets . ( b ) entire radula . ( c ) half - row of radular teeth , triangular thickening indicated by arrow . ( d ) half - row of radular teeth .\narrangement of ganglia ( fig . 5c ) euthyneurous , with short visceral loop . cerebral ganglia large , separated by short commissure . pedal ganglia as large as cerebral ganglia , separated by elongate commissure passing ventrally to buccal mass . supraintestinal ganglion immediately posterior to right pleural ganglion . from there , visceral loop connecting to visceral and subintestinal ganglia and curving anteriorly to join left pleural ganglion .\nthe external anatomy of g . multo clearly differentiates this species from all described species of gastropteron . it is the only species with a translucent white body colour with orange spots and brown patches . of the seven species of gastropteron known from the pacific ocean , only g . bicornutum is known to have dorsal and ventral flagella with an elongate extension of the foot . in g . bicornutum , the posterior extension of the foot is thin and very elongate , while in g . multo it is short and triangular . gastropteron bicornutum has black and yellow spots over the dorsal surface , which are absent in g . multo . internally , the inner lateral radular teeth of g . multo have fewer denticles than g . bicornutum and are restricted to the outer edge of the masticatory border , whereas they are evenly distributed along the border of g . bicornutum . both species have a simple penis , but the prostate is much shorter in g . multo . in our molecular phylogeny , g . multo is sister to g . bicornutum , and the two species differ by more than 22 % in their coi gene and are also clearly separated in the abgd analysis . the two specimens of g . multo that were sequenced do not exhibit any genetic variation between them .\nsagaminopteron multimaculatum sp . nov . holotype , nmp 041182 , tingloy , philippines . ( a ) buccal mass , scale = 0 . 75 mm . ( b ) posterior reproductive system , am = ampulla , fgm = female gland mas , rs = receptaculum seminis ; scale = 0 . 67 mm . ( c ) penis , p = penis , pr = prostate ; scale = 0 . 85 mm .\nsagaminopteron multimaculatum sp . nov . holotype , nmp 041182 , tingloy , philippines , scanning electron micrographs . ( a ) entire radula . ( b ) half row of radular teeth .\nlsid urn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : c54f7bab - eb1f - 478d - b828 - 7d2df4a80bab\nsiphopteron pohnpei ( hoff & carlson , 1983 ) , anthes et al . , 2008 , misidentification .\nsiphopteron sp . 8 gosliner et al . , 2015 : 60 , middle left fig .\nholotype , dissected , nmp 041182 , originally casiz 199127 , cemetery beach ( 13 . 68428\u00b0n 120 . 83024\u00b0e ) , tingloy , batangas , luzon , philippines , 7 m depth , 2 may 2014 , t . gosliner .\ncemetery beach ( 13 . 68428\u00b0n 120 . 83024\u00b0e ) , tingloy , batangas , luzon , philippines .\nthus far , known only from the philippines ( gosliner et al . , 2015 ) and possibly australia ( anthes et al . , 2008 ) .\nthe species epithet , multimaculatum , refers to the many coloured spots ornamenting the parapodia , head shield , visceral mass and foot of this species .\nliving animal ( fig . 1e ) 4 mm in length . colour clear to translucent white around its foot . majority of body green\u2013brown with white , orange and canary yellow spots . small yellow dots covering majority of elongate parapodia and extending well - beyond posterior end of visceral hump . small orange dots lining the edges of parapodia . small yellow dots centred linearly on head shield , base of foot and posterior end of foot . larger orange splotch present on anterior side of head shield . white splotches present on either side of head shield . white splotches lining the edge of parapodia and anteriorly near foot . foot translucent white and lined with orange spots . small yellow dots also present on foot . head shield roughly triangular , broadest anteriorly and narrowing posteriorly . siphon with longitudinal ridge along its anterior margin . parapodia covering body when retracted and overlapping above visceral hump . distinct flagellum absent . gill with four simple plicae .\nmoderately muscularized with series of circular muscles anteriorly and more complex musculature around radular sac ( fig . 7a ) . buccal mass containing labial cuticle with a pair of minute areas with small irregular rodlets , not observed in the scanning electron micrographs . radular formula 15 \u00d7 4 . 1 . 0 . 1 . 4 . ( fig . 8a ) in holotype specimen ( nmp 041182 ) . inner lateral teeth broad with single primary cusp . masticatory margin of inner laterals broad with eight to ten irregular , elongate , acutely pointed denticles along entire margin . innermost outer lateral tooth with moderately broad base and primary cusp without secondary denticles . successive outer laterals becoming progressively smaller with narrower base , all lacking denticles ( fig . 8b ) .\narrangement of ganglia is euthyneurous , with a short visceral loop . details of arrangement of ganglia cannot be determined in single specimen dissected .\nreproductive system fully mature with well - developed female glands clearly visible ( fig . 7b ) . elongate , convoluted ampulla extending into straighter hermaphroditic duct curving around top of lobate mucous gland and expanding into short lobe of receptaculum seminis before curving around female glands once more . opening of hermaphroditic duct into female glands not visible , with hermaphroditic duct joining near gonopore , leading to external sperm groove . bursa copulatrix not visible . sperm groove continuing on the right side of the body to head where penis is situated . penis simple with short , sharply curved prostate ( fig . 7c ) . penial retractor muscle short . penial sac straight and penial papilla lobed , but devoid of any penial armature ( fig . 4c ) .\npenial anatomy . ( a ) sagaminopteron pohnpei ( hoff & carlson , 1983 ) , casiz 180408 , entire penis , pr = prostate . ( b ) sagaminopteron pohnpei ( hoff & carlson , 1983 ) , casiz 180408 , penial sac detail , pb = penial bulb . ( c ) siphopteron vermiculum sp . nov . , holotype , nmp 041183 . tingloy , philippines , philippines , entire penis . ( d ) siphopteron vermiculum sp . nov . , holotype , nmp 041183 . tingloy , philippines , philippines , penial bulb detail , ps = penial spines 1 , ps 2 = penial spines ( e ) siphopteron flavolineatum sp . nov . , paratype , casiz 199132 . tingloy , philippines , philippines , entire penis . ( f ) siphopteron flavolineatum sp . nov . , casiz 199132 . tingloy , philippines , philippines , penial bulb detail , ps = penial spines 1 , ps 2 = penial spines 2 , ps3 = penial spines 3 , ps4 = penial spines 4 .\nsiphopteron vermiculum sp . nov . , holotype , nmp 041183 , tingloy , philippines . ( a ) dorsal view of preserved specimen , scale = 1 . 7 mm . ( b ) buccal mass , scale = 0 . 67 mm . ( c ) penis , scale = 0 . 56 mm .\nsiphopteron vermiculum sp . nov . holotype , nmp 041183 , tingloy , philippines , scanning electron micrographs . ( a ) jaw rodlets . ( b ) entire radula . ( c ) half - row of radular teeth . ( d ) half - row of radular teeth showing detail of denticles and lateral teeth .\nlsid urn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : 87679efcb0e8 - 427b - a63b - 1b1521bd79d4\nsiphopteron sp . 4 , gosliner et al . , 2015 : 59 , middle left fig .\nholotype , dissected , nmp 041183 , originally casiz 199134 , cemetery beach ( 13 . 68428\u00b0n 120 . 83024\u00b0e ) , tingloy , batangas , luzon , philippines , 7 m depth , 2 may 2014 , t . gosliner . paratypes : casiz 199126 , one specimen , cemetery beach ( 13 . 68428\u00b0n 120 . 83024\u00b0e ) , tingloy , batangas , luzon , philippines , 7 m depth , 2 may 2014 , t . gosliner . casiz 199129 , three specimens , cemetery beach ( 13 . 68428\u00b0n 120 . 83024\u00b0e ) , tingloy , batangas , luzon , philippines , 7 m depth , 6 may 2014 , t . gosliner .\nthus far , known only from the philippines ( gosliner et al . , 2015 ) .\nthe species epithet , vermiculum , refers to the vermillion colour ornamenting the body of this species .\nmoderately muscularized with series of circular muscles anteriorly and more complex musculature around radular sac ( fig . 10b ) . buccal mass containing labial cuticle with pair of minute areas of small irregular rodlets ( fig . 11a ) . radular formula 18 \u00d7 2 - 3 . 1 . 0 . 1 . 2 - 3 . ( fig . 11b ) in one specimen ( nmp 041183 ) . inner lateral teeth broad with single primary cusp . masticatory margin of inner laterals broad with irregular series of 2\u20133 wide areas ( fig . 11c , d ) . under higher magnification , these areas bear numerous striations ( fig . 11d ) , suggesting that they may represent fusion of denticles . outer lateral teeth with moderately broad base and primary cusp without secondary denticles . successive outer laterals becoming progressively smaller with narrower base ; all lacking denticles ( fig . 11d ) .\narrangement of ganglia euthyneurous , with short visceral loop . details of arrangement of ganglia not determined in single specimen dissected .\nfully mature but poorly preserved . well - developed female glands clearly visible . elongate , convoluted ampulla extending into straighter hermaphroditic duct curving around top of lobate mucous gland and expanding into short lobe of receptaculum seminis before curving around female glands once more . opening of hermaphroditic duct into female glands not visible , and hermaphroditic duct joining near gonopore , leading to external sperm groove . bursa copulatrix not visible . sperm groove continuing on the right side of the body to head where penis is situated . penis complex with elongate , sharply curved prostate ( fig . 10c ) . secondary duct connecting anterior end of prostate with anterior part of penis . penial sac straight , containing arch of c . 23 interiorly directed , acutely pointed cuticular spines ( fig . 9d , ps1 ) . second row of 20 much smaller spines found inside arch of the larger spines ( fig . 9d , ps2 ) . secondary papilla found at anterior end of penial sac , lacking any armature .\nbased on its coloration , s . vermiculum is distinct from other members of the genus . it is the only species with a bright vermillion red ground colour . based on internal morphological characters , s . vermiculum appears to be most similar to siphopteron nigromarginatum gosliner , 1989 and siphopteron flavum ( tokioka & baba , 1964 ) . all three species are the only members of the family known to have a complex penis with two papillae where the primary papilla has a series of cuticular spines and where the secondary papilla lacks armature ( gosliner , 1989 ) . all three species also have an irregularly shaped masticatory margin of the inner lateral tooth , but the denticles in s . vermiculum are reduced to striations , whereas they are more prominent in s . nigromarginatum and s . flavum . in s . vermiculum , there are two rows of penial spines , whereas s . flavum possesses only a single band of penial spines , and s . nigromarginatum has four distinct bands of spines ( gosliner , 1989 ) .\nin our molecular analysis , s . vermiculum is sister to siphopteron sp . 2 ( am421863 ) and both are sister to s . sp . 1 ( am421862 ) . siphopteron vermiculum and siphopteron sp . 2 are only 4 . 4 % different in their coi p - distance , suggesting that they may be the same species . no other information about the appearance of s . sp . 2 is available , based on the unpublished genbank sequences .\nsiphopteron flavolineatum sp . nov . paratype , casiz 199132 , tingloy , philippines . ( a ) buccal mass , sg = salivary gland ; scale = 0 . 8 mm . ( b ) central nervous system , c = cerebral ganglion , pe = pedal ganglion . pl = pleural ganglion , su - subintestinal ganglion , sp = supraintestinal ganglion , v = visceral ganglion ; scale = 0 . 56 mm . ( c ) posterior reproductive system am = ampulla , al = albumen gland , bc = bursa copulatrix , me = membrane gland , mu = mucous gland , rs = receptaculum seminis ; scale = 0 . 7 mm . ( d ) penis , cs = copulatory spine , p = penis , pr = prostate ; scale = 1 . 0 mm .\nsiphopteron flavolineatum sp . nov . paratype , casiz 199132 , tingloy , philippines , scanning electron micrographs . ( a ) entire radula . ( b ) half - row of radular teeth . ( c ) half - row of radular teeth showing outer lateral teeth .\nlsid urn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : 05a33467 - ce3a - 4e95 - ba4a - 57b2d47b4365\nsiphopteron sp . 6 gosliner et al . , 2015 : 59 , bottom two figs .\nholotype , nmp 041184 , originally casiz 199132 , cemetery beach ( 13 . 68428\u00b0n 120 . 83024\u00b0e ) , tingloy , batangas , luzon , philippines , 7 m depth , 6 may 2014 , t . gosliner . paratypes : casiz 199132 , two specimens , one dissected , cemetery beach ( 13 . 68428\u00b0n 120 . 83024\u00b0e ) , tingloy , batangas , luzon , philippines , 7 m depth , 6 may 2014 , t . gosliner . casiz , 199124 , cemetery beach ( 13 . 68428\u00b0n 120 . 83024\u00b0e ) , tingloy , batangas , luzon , philippines , 7 m depth , 26 april 2014 , t . gosliner . casiz 204848 , gal 73 , one specimen , shipyard , puerto galera harbor , mindoro oriental , philippines , 18 m depth , t . gosliner . , casiz 204850 , one specimen , gal 98 , giant clam , puerto galera harbor , mindoro oriental , philippines , 18 m depth , gustav paulay .\nthus far , known only from the philippines and malaysia ( gosliner et al . , 2015 ) .\nthe species epithet , flavolineatum , refers to the yellow medial line on the posterior end of the foot , which distinguishes this species .\nliving animal 5\u20137 mm in length ( fig . 1g , h ) . parapodia and foot ground colour clear to translucent white to ochre . parapodia lined with yellow and vermillion accents . white spots dotting parapodia , head shield and visceral hump . visceral hump is more opaque than its appendages . visceral hump ochre to vermillion towards flagellum with white spots . flagellum opaque ochre with vermillion outlined by yellow stripes at the end with black tip . foot translucent white , lined with orange edges and central yellow stripe down middle . flagellum ( fig . 1g , h ) centred on midline of visceral hump . head shield roughly triangular in shape , broadest anteriorly and narrowing posteriorly into siphon . siphon with central white stripe that bisects vertically on anterior side . siphon with two symmetrical white dots on either side of head shield on a translucent ground colour transitioning posteriorly into ochre colour on siphon . yellow stripe present on posterior side of siphon , lined with darker vermillion on either side . siphon with prominent medial crest on posterior side , extending slightly above level of lateral margins . gill small with three primary folds .\nhighly muscularized with series of circular muscles anteriorly and more complex musculature around radular sac ( fig . 12a ) . buccal mass containing labial cuticle with pair of minute areas with small irregular rodlets ; not visible in scanning electron microscopy preparation . radular formula 16 \u00d7 4 . 1 . 0 . 1 . 4 . ( fig . 13a ) in one specimen ( casiz 199132 ) examined . inner lateral teeth broad with single primary cusp . masticatory margin of inner laterals broad with two large , well - separated triangular denticles ( fig . 13b , c ) . outer lateral teeth with moderately broad base and primary cusp without secondary denticles . successive outer laterals becoming progressively smaller with narrower base . outer laterals all lacking denticles ( fig . 13c ) .\narrangement of ganglia ( fig . 12b ) euthyneurous , with short visceral loop . cerebral ganglia large , separated by short commissure . pedal ganglia as large as cerebral ganglia , separated by elongate commissure passing ventrally to buccal mass . supraintestinal ganglion immediately posterior to right pleural ganglion . visceral loop connecting to visceral and subintestinal ganglia and curving anteriorly to join left pleural ganglion .\nliving animals . ( a ) siphopteron nakakatuwa sp . nov . , partaype , casiz 199114 , tingloy , philippines . ( b ) siphopteron nakakatuwa sp . nov . , holotype , nmp 041185 , tingloy , philippines . ( c ) siphopteron makisig sp . nov . , holotype nmp 041186 , calatagan , philippines . ( d ) siphopteron dumbo sp . nov . , nmp 041187 , puerto , galera , philippines . photos by t . gosliner .\nsiphopteron nakakatuwa sp . nov . holotype , nmp 041185 , tingloy , philippines . ( a ) buccal mass , scale = 0 . 5 mm . ( b ) central nervous system , c = cerebral ganglion , pe = pedal ganglion . pl = pleural ganglion , su - subintestinal ganglion , sp = supraintestinal ganglion , v = visceral ganglion , scale = 0 . 67 mm . ( c ) posterior reproductive organs , a = ampulla , al = albumen gland , bc = bursa copulatrix , me = membrane gland , mu = mucous gland , rs = receptaculum seminis ; scale = 0 . 58 mm . ( d ) penis , scale = 0 . 5 mm .\nsiphopteron nakakatuwa sp . nov . holotype , nmp 041185 , tingloy , philippines , scanning electron micrographs . ( a ) entire radula . ( b ) half row of radular teeth .\npenial anatomy . ( a ) siphopteron nakakatuwa sp . nov . , holotype , nmp 041185 , tingloy , philippines , entire penis . ( b ) siphopteron nakakatuwa sp . nov . , holotype , nmp 041185 , tingloy , philippines , penial sac detail , ps = penial spines 1 , ps 2 = penial spines , ps3 = penial spines 3 , cs = cuticular spine . ( c ) siphopteron makisig sp . nov . , casiz 199134 . calatagan , philippines , philippines , detail of penial spines , ps = penial spines . ( d ) siphopteron makisig sp . nov . , casiz 199134 . calatagan , philippines , philippines , detail of cuticular spine and penial papilla , cs = cuticiular spine , p = penial papilla .\nlsid urn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : 0d0afdd2 - aa44 - 4c25 - aa98 - f59c138ba098\nsiphopteron sp . 7 gosliner et al . , 2015 : 60 , upper two figs .\nholotype , dissected , nmp 041185 , ex casiz 199135 , cemetery beach ( 13 . 68428\u00b0n 120 . 83024\u00b0e ) , tingloy , batangas , luzon , philippines , 7 m depth , 6 may 2014 , t . gosliner . paratypes : casiz 199135 , one specimen , cemetery beach ( 13 . 68428\u00b0n 120 . 83024\u00b0e ) , tingloy , batangas , luzon , philippines , 7 m depth , 6 may 2014 , t . gosliner . casiz 199125 , one specimen , mainit bubbles ( 13 . 68688\u00b0n 120 . 89564\u00b0e ) , mabini , batangas , luzon , philippines , 7 m depth , 27 april 2014 , alexis principe . casiz , 199114 , one specimen , bilbago reef south , calatagan ( 13 . 929165\u00b0n 120 . 612299\u00b0e ) , batangas , luzon , philippines , 7 m depth , 17 may 2014 , t . gosliner .\nthus far , known only from the philippines and indonesia ( gosliner et al . , 2015 ) .\nthe species epithet , nakakatuwa , is a tagalog word meaning \u2018amusing or cute\u2019 .\nliving animals 4\u20137 mm in length ( fig . 14a , b ) . parapodia and foot ground colour translucent white to orange . white spots covering parapodia ; each spot lined by bright orange . parapodia lined with accents converging on foot . white spots with opaque white punctations inside larger spot . these large spots dotting head shield , parapodia and visceral hump . visceral hump rounded with long flagellum near midline of body . elongate flagellum ( fig . 14a , b ) opaque vermillion with white spots ending with black tip . foot translucent white , lined with orange edges and central white triangular stripe down middle . stripe merging into yellow tip . head shield roughly triangular , broadest anteriorly , and narrowing posteriorly into siphon . siphon with central white stripe on anterior face , bisecting vertically . posterior side of siphon with prominent ridge extending above lateral margins . siphon with vermillion ground colour and yellow tip with vermillion edges and white spots . gill with four simple folds .\nhighly muscularized with series of circular muscles anteriorly and more complex musculature around radular sac ( fig . 15a ) . buccal mass containing labial cuticle with a pair of minute areas with small irregular rodlets , rodlets not visible in scanning electron microscopy preparation . radular formula 16 \u00d7 4 . 1 . 0 . 1 . 4 . ( fig . 16a ) in one specimen ( nmp 041185 ) examined . inner lateral teeth broad with single primary cusp . masticatory margin of inner laterals broad with two large , well - separated , triangular denticles ( fig . 16b ) . outer lateral teeth with moderately broad base and primary cusp without secondary denticles . successive outer laterals becoming progressively smaller with narrower base ; all lacking denticles ( fig . 16b ) .\narrangement of ganglia ( fig . 15b ) euthyneurous with short visceral loop . cerebral ganglia large ; separated by a short commissure . pedal ganglia as large as cerebral ganglia , separated by elongate commissure passing ventrally to buccal mass . supraintestinal ganglion immediately posterior to right pleural ganglion . visceral loop connecting to visceral and subintestinal ganglia and curving anteriorly to join left pleural ganglion ."]}
{"id": 340, "summary": [{"text": "neptunea heros , common name : the heros neptune , is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family buccinidae , the true whelks . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "neptunea heros", "paragraphs": ["175 170\u00e2\u00b0 165 ^ ^ 160\u00e2\u00b0 figure 65 - 7 . distribution and biomass of the whelk neptunea heros in the southeastern bering sea .\nspecies neptunea taeniata ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1880 ) accepted as neptunea cumingii crosse , 1862\n\u00bb species neptunea ( neptunea ) intersculpta ( g . b . sowerby iii , 1899 ) represented as neptunea intersculpta ( g . b . sowerby iii , 1899 )\n- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - species : neptunea heros ( j . e . gray , 1850 ) - id : 1922950075\nspecies neptunea lurida a . adams , 1863 accepted as barbitonia arthritica ( valenciennes , 1858 ) accepted as neptunea ( barbitonia ) arthritica ( valenciennes , 1858 ) represented as neptunea arthritica ( valenciennes , 1858 )\nfraussen k . & terryn y . ( 2007 ) . the family buccinidae . genus neptunea . in : a conchological iconography [ directed by guido t . poppe & klaus groh ] . conchbooks , hackenheim . 159 pp . , 154 pls . note : synonymized with neptunea heros [ details ]\nsave neptunea to get e - mail alerts and updates on your ebay feed .\nneptunea lyrata 80 . 07mm beautiful rare specimen off san juan is . , washington\nneptunea lyrata 99 . 57mm beautiful rare specimen off san juan is . , washington\nneptunea lyrata 94 . 45mm beautiful rare specimen off san juan is . , washington\nformosa / shells / neptunea polycostata 167 . 5mm . w / o . ja pan\nneptunea aino w / o 221 . 0mm fully intact wrs huge monster golden aperture beauty\n, d . wt ) with 95 % of the thg present as mmhg in n . heros , the highest trophic level organism in this study as determined using data for delta\nspecies representatives : some of the more abundant large gastropods in the se bering sea are neptunea pribiloffensis , n . heros , n . ventricosa , n . lyrata , fusitriton oregonensis , pyrulofusus deformis , volutopsius fragilis , buccinum angulosum , b . scalariforme , and b . polare .\ndry weight ( d . wt . ) with 33 % of the thg present as mmhg . the highest average values for thg were identified for the whelks n . heros ( 195\u00b129 ng g\n( of neptunea ( neptunea ) r\u00f6ding , 179 ) nakano t . , kurihara y . , miyoshi h . & higuchi s . ( 2010 ) . molecular phylogeny of neptunea ( gastropoda : buccinidae ) inferred from mitochondrial dna sequences , with description of a new species . venus . 68 ( 3 - 4 ) : 121 - 137 . [ details ]\n69 - 170\u00e2\u00b0 165\u00e2\u00b0 160\u00e2\u00b0 155\u00e2\u00b0 69\u00e2\u00b0 iveptunea heros chukch . sea biomass ( q / mm _ j i ^ ^ ^ bi kb h ^ ^ f ~ - - \u00e2 n \u00e2\u00a2 < 0 . 2 ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ 1 30 jo 40 so < \u00e2\u00ab\u00e2 0 . 2 s o < 0 , 4 0 . 4 < o < 0 6 0 . 6 \u00e2\u00a2 ; q j l ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ l ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ h 1 . - j ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ 1 ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ h ^ m \u00e2 ^ h 68\nm . ct ^ ^ hi i 1 68 ' 67 * e\n0 0 = 0 p . h ^ s m 1 67\u00e2\u00b0 66 * ^ i ^ 1 1 66\u00e2\u00b0 170\n165\u00e2\u00b0 160\u00e2\u00b0 figure 65 - 8 . distribution and biomass of the whelk neptunea heros in the northeastern bering sea . figure 65 - 9 . distribution and biomass of the whelk neptunea heros in the southeastern chukchi sea .\nmacintosh , r . a . , paul , a . j . ( 1977 ) the relation of shell length to total weight , edible - meat weight , and reproductive organ weight of the gastropods neptunea heros , n . lyrata , n . pribiloffensis , and n . ventricosa of the eastern bering sea . proc , natl , shellfish assoc . , 67 : 103 - 112 .\nspecies neptunea regula ( r . b . watson , 1882 ) accepted as pareuthria regulus ( r . b . watson , 1882 )\nfujinaga , k . ( 1987 ) on the growth pattern of the neptune whelk , neptunea arthritica bernardi . bull fac fish hokkaido univ , 38 : 191 - 202 .\n( of neptunea ( barbitonia ) dall , 1916 ) nakano t . , kurihara y . , miyoshi h . & higuchi s . ( 2010 ) . molecular phylogeny of neptunea ( gastropoda : buccinidae ) inferred from mitochondrial dna sequences , with description of a new species . venus . 68 ( 3 - 4 ) : 121 - 137 . [ details ]\n( of neptunea ( golikovia ) habe & sato , 1973 ) nakano t . , kurihara y . , miyoshi h . & higuchi s . ( 2010 ) . molecular phylogeny of neptunea ( gastropoda : buccinidae ) inferred from mitochondrial dna sequences , with description of a new species . venus . 68 ( 3 - 4 ) : 121 - 137 . [ details ]\npearce , j . and thorson , g . ( 1967 ) the feeding and reproductive biology of the red whelk , neptunea antiqua ( l ) . ( gastropoda , prosobranchia ) . ophelia , 4 : 277 - 314 .\n. . . e chukchi shelf were at background values ( o1600 ng / g ) based on a mixture of compounds that represent pyrogenic , petrogenic and biogenic sources . the distribution of aliphatic n - alkanes in surface sediments was linked to natural background and petroleum hydrocarbon sources with significant inputs of vascular plant debris from the alaskan shoreline . harvey et al . ( 2014 ) also found that concentrations of pahs in muscle tissue from the gastropod neptunea decreased in larger size specimens per unit weight whereas aliphatic n - alkanes in neptunea gastropod muscle increased in larger organisms ( fig . 3 ) . based on this study , neptunea represents a potential indicator species for monitoring changes in the loadi . . .\nfraussen k . & terryn y . ( 2007 ) . the family buccinidae . genus neptunea . in : a conchological iconography [ directed by guido t . poppe & klaus groh ] . conchbooks , hackenheim . 159 pp . , 154 pls . [ details ]\nito , h . and tachizawa , s . ( 1981 ) an estimation of the density of the available stock of a sea snail , neptunea arthritica , by trap fishing . bull . hokkaido reg . fish res . lab . , 46 : 113 - 119 .\nsuzuki , k . , hiraishi , t . , yamamoto , k . and nashimoto , k . ( 1996 ) age determination and growth analysis based on sizefrequency histograms of whelk neptunea arthritica in shiriuchi , hokkaido . nippon suisan gakkaishi , 62 : 225 - 229 .\nito , h . ( 1982 ) distribution of a sea snail , neptunea arthritica , and its surroundings in the lagoon furen - ko . reports of the engineering research on all - round constructions of fishing grounds in the region of nemuro bay 107 - 114 . [ in japanese ]\n( of costaria golikov , 1977 ) fraussen k . & terryn y . ( 2007 ) . the family buccinidae . genus neptunea . in : a conchological iconography [ directed by guido t . poppe & klaus groh ] . conchbooks , hackenheim . 159 pp . , 154 pls . [ details ]\n( of fusus fornicatus ( gray , 1839 ) ) fraussen k . & terryn y . ( 2007 ) . the family buccinidae . genus neptunea . in : a conchological iconography [ directed by guido t . poppe & klaus groh ] . conchbooks , hackenheim . 159 pp . , 154 pls . [ details ]\n( of chrysodomus saturus var . tabularis dall , 1919 ) fraussen k . & terryn y . ( 2007 ) . the family buccinidae . genus neptunea . in : a conchological iconography [ directed by guido t . poppe & klaus groh ] . conchbooks , hackenheim . 159 pp . , 154 pls . [ details ]\nchung , e . y . , kim , s . y . , park , g . m . and yoon , j . m . ( 2006 ) germ cell differentiation and sexual maturation of the female neptunea ( barbitonia ) arthritica cumingii ( crosse , 1883 ) ( gastropoda : buccinidse ) . malacologia , 48 ( 1 - 2 ) : 65 - 76 .\n. . . previous work documented concentrations of pahs and alkanes hydrocarbons from the foot muscle in 35 individuals of the neptunea whelk which had been pooled into three size classes based on shell length ( 0 - 5 , 5 - 8 , and > 8 cm ) in the southern chukchi sea ( see harvey et al . , 2014 ) . that analysis showed a diversity of pahs in muscle tissues with alkyl - substituted compounds dominating over parent species among all size classes . . . .\nthe age and growth of neptunea ( barbitonia ) arthritica cumingii sampled from the west sea of korea were determined from 1 , 062 operculums from october 2007 to september 2008 . age of neptunea ( barbitonia ) arthritica cumingii was determined from the rings on the operculum . the relationship between shell height ( sh ; mm ) and shell width ( sw ; mm ) was expressed by the following equation : sw = 0 . 5757 sh + 0 . 222 ( = 0 . 8723 ) , and shell height ( sh ; mm ) and total weight ( tw ; g ) was highly correlated by the equation : tw = 0 . 0002 ( = 0 . 9121 ) . the main spawning periods was estimated june to july through fatness index analysis . the relationship between shell height and ring radius of operculum in each ring group was expressed as a regression line . therefore , there is a correspondence in each ring formation . based on the monthly variations in the marginal index ( mi ) of the operculum , it is assumed that the ring of this species was formed once a year during the period of july to august . growth curves for shell height ( sh ) and total weight ( tw ) fitted to the von bertalanffy ' s equation were expressed as follows :\nturgeon , d . ; quinn , j . f . ; bogan , a . e . ; coan , e . v . ; hochberg , f . g . ; lyons , w . g . ; mikkelsen , p . m . ; neves , r . j . ; roper , c . f . e . ; rosenberg , g . ; roth , b . ; scheltema , a . ; thompson , f . g . ; vecchione , m . ; williams , j . d . ( 1998 ) . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks . 2nd ed . american fisheries society special publication , 26 . american fisheries society : bethesda , md ( usa ) . isbn 1 - 888569 - 01 - 8 . ix , 526 + cd - rom pp . ( look up in imis ) page ( s ) : 96 [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nturgeon , d . d . , j . f . quinn , jr . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , f . g . hochberg , w . g . lyons , et al .\ncommon and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks , 2nd ed .\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthe star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :\nwe want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only , as we handle very few foreign shells in general . as time goes , the system will become more and more performant .\nenter your email address and we will send you an email with your username and password .\ne - mail jecilia sisican if you do not receive your email with your username and password .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 0 . 001 seconds . )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nin : okutani , t . ( ed . ) , marine mollusks in japan . tokai university press , tokyo , 453 - 499 ( in japanese ) .\noccurrence record in darwincore format ( elements of obis schema and some of dwc1 . 4 )\nversion 43 . 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed . my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .\nfusus fornicatus normalis ( var . ) aurivillius , c . w . s . , 1885 : n atlantic\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nmacginitie n . ( 1959 ) marine mollusca of point barrow , alaska . proceedings of the united states national museum 109 : 59 - 208 . [ published 18 september 1959 ] page ( s ) : 124 [ details ]\nclark r . n . ( 2016 ) . notes on some little known arctic alaskan mollusks . the festivus . 48 ( 2 ) : 73 - 83 . [ details ]\nr\u00f6ding p . f . ( 1798 ) . museum boltenianum sive catalogus cimeliorum e tribus regnis naturae quae olim collegerat joa . fried . bolten m . d . p . d . pars secunda continens conchylia sive testacea univalvia , bivalvia et multivalvia . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 115 [ details ]\n( of chrysodomus ( sulcosipho ) dall , 1916 ) dall w . h . ( 1916 ) . prodrome of a revision of the chrysodomoid whelks of the boreal and arctic regions . proceedings of the biological society of washington . 29 : 7 - 8 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 7 [ details ]\n( of chrysodomus ( barbitonia ) dall , 1916 ) dall w . h . ( 1916 ) . prodrome of a revision of the chrysodomoid whelks of the boreal and arctic regions . proceedings of the biological society of washington . 29 : 7 - 8 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 7 [ details ]\n( of costaria golikov , 1977 ) bouchet p . & war\u00e9n a . ( 1986 [\n1985\n] ) . mollusca gastropoda : taxonomical notes on tropical deep water buccinidae with descriptions of new taxa . in : forest , j . ( ed . ) r\u00e9sultats des campagnes musorstom i et ii philippines ( 1976 , 1980 ) . tome 2 . m\u00e9moires du mus\u00e9um national d ' histoire naturelle . s\u00e9rie a , zoologie . 133 : 457 - 499 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of golikovia habe & sato , 1973 ) obis indo - pacific molluscan database . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nfraussen k . & terryn y . ( 2007 ) . the family buccinidae . genus\n: a conchological iconography [ directed by guido t . poppe & klaus groh ] . conchbooks , hackenheim . 159 pp . , 154 pls .\nour new search experience requires javascript to be enabled . please enable javascript on your browser , then try again .\nebay determines this price through a machine - learned model of the product ' s sale prices within the last 90 days .\ncopyright \u00a9 1995 - 2018 ebay inc . all rights reserved . user agreement , privacy , cookies and adchoice\namounts shown in italicized text are for items listed in currency other than canadian dollars and are approximate conversions to canadian dollars based upon bloomberg ' s conversion rates . for more recent exchange rates , please use the universal currency converter\nthis page was last updated : 09 - jul 16 : 03 . number of bids and bid amounts may be slightly out of date . see each listing for international shipping options and costs .\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\n. . . although anthropogenic emission from asia may contribute a sig - nificant part of soot - bc to the chukchi and bering shelf region , emis - sions from north america and europe ( koch and hansen , 2005 ) can also influence the soot - bc abundance in sediment in the study area . indeed , the pah ratios indicated a mixed pyrogenic , petrogenic and biogenic source to the chukchi shelf sediment ( yunker et al . , 2011 ; harvey et al . , 2014 ) . since the relative contribution of each bc source varied with time , the variability in both soot - bc content and soot - bc \u03b4 13 c in chukchi / bering shelf sediments would depend on the intensity of each source term ( figs . 5 and 6 ) . . . .\n. . . 2017 . 08 . 011 2012dunton et al . , 2014 and references therein ) . a portion of that program established inventories of important organic molecules and their possible sources including measures of aliphatic n - alkane and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ( pahs ) and their toxicological impact on one fish species ( harvey et al . , 2014 ) . the combination of aliphatic alkanes and pah ' s as the two hydrocarbon classes of focus were based on their ability to trace specific sources of anthropogenic contamination ( i . e . . . .\n. . . fossil fuel combustion ) and natural inputs ( i . e . oil seeps , terrestrial debris ) and to establish the baseline of toxicologic responses to the native fish b . saida . results of that work in the southern region of the chukchi sea observed low levels of pah and alkane hydrocarbons and only minor toxicological responses ( harvey et al . , 2014 ) . this study was designed to compare measures of the suite of organic molecules in surface sediments in the southern chukchi sea with the more northern hanna shoal region to document sources of hydrocarbon biomarkers across important areas of whale migration and increased benthic pelagic coupling . . . .\n. . . fossil fuel vs . biomass combustion ) and natural inputs ( i . e . oil seeps , forest fires and terrestrial debris ) to marine systems ( jaward et al . , 2004 ; nizzetto et al . , 2008 ; yunker et al . , 2002ayunker et al . , , 2002b ) . although pahs represent only a small fraction ( 0 . 2e7 % ) of the total composition of crude oil , their relative persistence in the environment and potential toxicity to marine organisms warrants research into their sources and fate in marine systems ( harvey et al . , 2014 ) . . . .\n. . . previous studies indicate that the alkylsubstituted pahs in sediment are likely derived from petrogenic inputs and this is clearly apparent in temperate ocean sediments in regions like the gulf of mexico ( adhikari et al . , 2015adhikari et al . , , 2016 . the dominance of alkyl - pahs in parts of the arctic / sub - arctic has also been previously reported in sediments collected from the northeastern chukchi and beaufort sea shelves ( harvey et al . , 2014 ; yunker et al . , 1996 ) . . . .\n. . . the dominance of the two alkyl pahs ( 1 - mn and 2 - mn ) also support the petrogenic influence on the pahs observed in these sediments ( fig . 2 ) . the chukchi sea , for example , is estimated to contain 15 billion barrels of recoverable oil , with potential for this region to serve as a significant source of oil and natural gas in the future given that drilling rights have now been permitted ( harvey et al . , 2014 ) . pah petrogenic markers might originate in oil from naturally occurring seeps on the chukchi shelf , although this petrogenic signal might be localized and not extend to sediments in the continental shelf regions of the canada basin or central arctic ocean ( gautier et al . , 2009 ) . . . .\nto provide an historic perspective on the current presence of microplastic particulates in chesapeake bay using archived sediment cores .\nalkane and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments and benthic invertebrates of the northern c . . .\nthe hanna shoal region represents an important northern gateway for transport and deposition in the chukchi sea . this study determined the concentration and distribution of organic contaminants ( aliphatic hydrocarbon and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons , pahs ) in surface sediments from 34 sites across hanna shoal . up to 31 total pahs , including parent and alkyl homologues were detected with . . . [ show full abstract ]\nbacterial hopanoids as tracers of organic carbon sources and processing across the western arctic co . . .\ntracing the inputs of bacterial organic carbon to marine systems has been constrained by the lack of distinguishing geochemical tracers and limited contribution in sediments compared to other sources of organic matter . bacteriohopanepolyols ( bhps ) provide a direct means to identify bacterial inputs which also reflect potential bacterial groups and their activities in aquatic systems . we . . . [ show full abstract ]\ninvestigating physiological , cellular and molecular effects in juvenile blue crab , callinectus sapid . . .\njuvenile blue crabs , callinectus sapidus , were exposed for 31days to six different sediments collected within the pass a loutre state wildlife management area approximately 6months or 1 . 5years post - capping of the macondo - 252 well - head following the deepwater horizon ( dwh ) incident . based on forensic analysis to fingerprint for dwh oil , these sediments differed in their levels of dwh oil . . . [ show full abstract ]\np64 - mo molecular and isotopic tracers of terrigenous organic carbon delivery to the deep arctic ocea . . .\nthe carbon cycle in the arctic ocean is complicated by the delivery and redistribution of terrigenous material through large rivers , sea - ice , and coastal erosion . although annual inputs of the estimated 12 mt / yr of terrestrial particulate organic carbon ( poc ) ( rachold et al . , 2003 ) , are dwarfed by the 250 mt / yr poc from marine primary production ( sakshaug , 2003 ) , evidence suggests substantial . . . [ show full abstract ]\ngastropod shell is important both as cover for motile ( free - living ) organisms , and attachment substrate for sessile ( attached ) organisms . the 16 species ( kessler , 1985 ) of hermit crabs in the nmfs se bering sea survey area are particularly dependant on gastropod shell . many other se bering sea invertebrates , including polychaetes , slipper shells , tunicates , hydroids , bryozoans , sponges , and anemones commonly live in and on gastropod shell . gastropod egg cases are also commonly laid on gastropod shell .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nclick on an image to view all the information : family , species , author , date , and full locality .\nbuccinidae a large family , with a worldwide distribution . most of the larger species live near the arctic . their rough shells , often with a heavy periostracum are appealing because they remind the collector of the cold atmosphere of very northern beaches . their data reminisce of the time of the great discoveries : barentz sea bering strait , spitzbergen , nova zembla , are all romantic names linked to great ships and explorers such as the victoria and perry . nowadays buccinidae are more collected than ever . warm water species may have beautiful colours and are usually smaller than their northern relatives . especially the genera siphonalia and babylonia are a pleasure to collect and to build up a complete set . about 800 species .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 0 . 362 seconds . )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nfox , austin l . ; hughes , emily a . ; trocine , robert p . ; trefry , john h . ; schonberg , susan v . ; mctigue , nathan d . ; lasorsa , brenda k . ; konar , brenda ; cooper , lee w .\ndeep - sea research part ii , volume 102 , p . 56 - 67 .\n) averaged ( \u00b1standard deviation ) 2 . 8\u00b11 . 4 pm in the necs , ~ 2 times greater than values of 1 . 5\u00b10 . 5 pm for the bering strait . overall , consistently lower concentrations of thg\nwere found at depths with markedly higher concentrations of chlorophyll a . concentrations of total hg ( thg ) in sediments from the necs averaged 31\u00b110 ng g\n, correlated well with silt + clay , al and toc , and showed a long - term record consistent with the natural , background environment . very localized occurrences of sediment with elevated thg concentrations were identified near two exploratory drilling sites where drilling mud and formation cuttings were discharged in 1989 . concentrations of sediment monomethylmercury ( mmhg ) averaged 0 . 15\u00b10 . 07 ng g\nand accounted for only 0 . 43\u00b10 . 17 % of the sediment thg . the lowest average value ( \u00b1 standard error ) for thg in biota was found for a . borealis at 44\u00b14 ng g\nn . biomagnification of mmhg was observed in this benthic food web with the following relationship : log [ mmhg ] = 0 . 19 [ delta\nimage from page 526 of\nthe eastern bering sea shelf : oceanography and resources / edited by donald w . hood and john a . calder\n( 1981 )\ntitle : the eastern bering sea shelf : oceanography and resources / edited by donald w . hood and john a . calder\nauthors : hood , d . w . ( donald wilbur ) , 1918 - ; calder , john a ; united states . office of marine pollution assessment ; united states . bureau of land management\npublisher : [ rockville , md . ? ] : u . s . dept . of commerce , national oceanic and atmospheric administration , office of marine pollution assessment ; seattle , wash . : distributed by the university of washington press\nclick here to view book online to see this illustration in context in a browseable online version of this book .\nplease note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work .\namio , m . ( 1963 ) a comparative embryology of marine gastropods , with ecological emphasis . j . shimonoseki coll . fish . , 12 : 229 - 253 .\nbertalanffy , l . von ( 1938 ) a quantitative theory of organic growth ( inquiries on growth laws , ii ) . human biology , 10 ( 2 ) : 181 - 213 .\nchang , d . s . ( 1991 ) age and growth of sebastiscus marmoratus ( cuvier et valenciennes ) . bull . nat ' l fish . res . dev . agency , korea , 18 ( 2 ) : 179 - 193 .\nchoe , b . l . , park , m . s . , jeon , l . g . , park , s . r . and kim , h . t . ( 1999 ) commercial molluscs from the freshwater and continental shelf in korea . national fisheries research and development institute . pusan . pp . 80 .\nchoi , j . d . and ryu , d . k . ( 2007 ) age and growth of purple whelk , rapana venosa ( gastropoda : muricidae ) in the west sea of korea . korean journal of malacology , 25 ( 3 ) : [ in korea ]\nhong , s . y . ( 2006 ) marine invertbrates in korean coastes . academy publishing company , inc . , seoul . pp . 191 .\nkim , y . h . , chung , e . y . and shin , m . s . ( 2007 ) reproductive ecology of netunea ( barbitonia ) arthritica cumingii . dev . reprod . , 11 ( 3 ) : 155 - 165 .\nking , m . ( 1995 ) fisheries biology , assessment and management . blackwell , oxford , pp . 341 .\nkubo , i . and kondo , k . ( 1953 ) age determination of the babylonia japonica ( reeve ) an edible marine gastropod , basing on the operculum . j . tokyo univ . fish , 39 : 199 - 207 .\nkubo , i . and yoshinara , t . ( 1970 ) fisheries biology . kyoritsu shuppan co . ltd . , tokyo , pp . 482 .\nkwon , o . k . , park , g . m . and lee , s . u . ( 1993 ) colored shells of korea . academy publishing company , seoul , pp . 285 .\nweatherley , a . h . and gill , h . s . ( 1987 ) the biology of fish growth . academmic press inc . , london , pp . 443 .\nyoo , j . s . ( 1976 ) korean shells in colour . iljisa , seoul , pp . 78 . [ in korean ]\nzhang , c . i . ( 1991 ) fisheries resources ecology . woosung publishing company , seoul . pp . 199 . [ in korean ]"]}
{"id": 342, "summary": [{"text": "the sandstone false antechinus , pseudantechinus bilarni , also known as the sandstone pseudantechinus , the sandstone antechinus , the sandstone dibbler , harney 's antechinus and the northern dibbler , is a species of small carnivorous marsupial , which has a patchy distribution in australia 's northern territory . ", "topic": 3}], "title": "sandstone false antechinus", "paragraphs": ["some sources give the vernacular name for this genus as \u201cfalse antechinus\u201d ( e . g . menkhorst 2001 ) , thus carpentarian false antechinus for p . mimulus . this formation provides somewhat greater taxonomic precision but is unnecessarily cumbersome .\nmuseum specimens of the carpentarian antechinus may have been incorrectly identified as the fat - tailed antechinus ( pseudantechinus macdonnellensis ) ( woolley 2011 ) .\n[ 3 ] a member of the family dasyuridae , the yellow - footed antechinus is the most widespread of all the members of its genus , antechinus . three subspecies of the yellow - footed antechinus are recognised :\nthe carpentarian antechinus has been recorded in rocky areas and nearby woodland . in central queensland it has been found on sandstone , granite , metamorphic and igneous geology ( lloyd et al . 2013 ; woolley 2011 ) . specific habitat descriptions include :\nthe carpentarian antechinus occurs at pungalina - seven emu , which is an australian wildlife conservancy property .\nthe yellow - footed antechinus ( antechinus flavipes ) , also known as the mardo , is a shrew - like marsupial found in australia . one notable feature of the species is its sexual behavior . the male yellow - footed antechinus engages in such frenzied mating that it ' s immune system becomes compromised , resulting in\nthe extent of occurrence of the carpentarian antechinus is 16 000 km\u00b2 ( curtis et al . 2012 ) .\nsandstone false antchinus are endemic to the area and they can crop up anywhere with massive sandstone boulders and rock sheets . nourlangie is one spot to look , and koolpin gorge is another ( koolpin is one of the nicest public campsites in kakadu ; you need to arrange a permit beforehand to stay there , which is easily done through the parks office ) . the road into koolpin is one of the best areas of the park for kakadu pebble mound mice . i\u2019ve looked but never seen them there \u2013 they live on the pebble strewn slopes on either side of the road in . they\u2019ve also been reported from quite near gunlom campsite ( a few kilometres before you get to gunlom you cross plum tree creek . try looking around there ) .\nthe sandstone antechinus is associated particularly with areas with large boulders , crevices , and scree slopes ( begg 1981 ) , but shows no close association with vegetation features ( begg 1981 , fisher et al . 2000 ) . the sandstone antechinus is a nocturnal , generalist predator of invertebrates and small vertebrates . it is restricted to rugged rocky environments . in the 12 months following a high intensity experimental fire at the little nourlangie rock site , survivorship decreased ( relative to pre - fire estimates ) , and the total population size declined ( begg et al . 1981 ) . breeding is seasonal , with young born in august and september ( begg 1981 ) . females have six nipples , but the number of young produced is typically less than this capacity ( begg 1981 ) .\ntaxonomythe yellow - footed antechinus was described in 1838 by george robert waterhouse , who noted its most distinctive feature in its species name flavipes , which means\nyellow - footed\n. the species has occasionally been combined with the brown antechinus ( a . stuartii ) .\nin november 2003 , aboriginal rangers from mubanji participated in collaborative surveys for carpentarian antechinus with scientists from the nt department of infrastructure planning and environment .\nthreatened species of the northern territory - carpentarian antechinus pseudantechinus mimulus ( woinarski , j . & s . ward , 2012f ) [ information sheet ] .\ntargeted management for northern hopping - mouse , carpentarian antechinus and butlers dunnart will benefit these other mammal species . the management actions with broadest collateral benefit are :\nwoinarski , j . & s . ward ( 2012f ) . threatened species of the northern territory - carpentarian antechinus pseudantechinus mimulus . northern territory government . urltoken\n[ 3 ] in size and body shape this species is fairly typical of its genus . the yellow - footed antechinus differs from its relatives in its comparatively\ndescriptionthe yellow - footed antechinus has a variable fur colour , but is generally somewhat greyish . other notable features include a white eye - ring and a black tip to the tail .\nthere are no data available on the diet of carpentarian antechinus in the wild , but captives consume invertebrates and possibly small vertebrates ( johnson et al . 2008 ; johnson & langford 1995 ) .\nc van dyck , s . m . ( 1995 ) ,\nyellow - footed antechinus\n, in strahan , ronald , the mammals of australia , reed books , pp . 86 ? 88 ,\non the pellew islands ; sloping sandstone hills with boulders , pavement , outcrops and rocky surface , with open woodland of darwin stringybark ( eucalyptus tetrodonta ) , e . aspera , e . kombolgiensis , acacia latifolia , a . multisiliqua , bossiaea bossiaeoides , calytrix spp . and a dense understorey and ground cover of plectrachne pungens ( curtis et al . 2012 ; johnson & langford 1995 ; maxwell et al . 1996 ) .\nthe threats affecting the carpentarian antechinus are unknown . the feral cat ( felis catus ) probably predates the species , but its rocky habitat probably provides some protection ( curtis et al . 2012 ) . fire regimes in northern australia have shifted to hot , extensive late dry season fires , and , although it is unlikely that these cause direct mortality to the carpentarian antechinus , they may impact on the abundance and availability of their prey ( curtis et al . 2012 ) .\n^ menkhorst , p . , friend , t . , burnett , s . mckenzie , n . ( 2008 ) . antechinus flavipes . in : iucn 2008 . iucn red list of threatened species . downloaded on 09 october 2008 .\nthe national recovery plan for the carpentarian antechinus , butler ' s dunnart ( sminthopsis butleri ) and northern hopping - mouse ( notomys aquilo ) ( woinarski 2004 ) outlines recovery actions for the carpentarian antechinus with the aim of better communicating information about the species to stakeholders . a review of the plan in 2010 indicated that a number of activities , within the range of the species , have been initiated to abate threats associated with fire , the feral cat and information deficiencies ( dsewpac 2011ae ) .\nmuch of the range of all three species is on aboriginal lands : indeed , all recent records of butlers dunnart and northern hopping - mouse are on aboriginal lands . in the northern territory , the interests managing these lands are the tiwi land council ( butlers dunnart ) , anindilyakwa land council ( northern hopping - mouse ) , northern land council ( northern hopping - mouse and carpentarian antechinus ) , dhimurru aboriginal land management corporation ( northern hopping - mouse ) and mubanji aboriginal resource association ( carpentarian antechinus ) .\ndepartment of sustainability , environment , water , population and communities ( dsewpac ) ( 2011ae ) . review of the 2004 recovery plan for the carpentarian antechinus ( pseudantechinus mimulus ) , butler ' s dunnart ( sminthopsis butleri ) and northern hopping - mouse ( notomys aquilo ) . unpublished report .\ndetails of the microhabitat and breeding requirements of the carpentarian antechinus are unknown . the species occurs in rocky areas such as ridgelines , rock outcrops , jump - ups and boulder piles ( baam 2010 ) and is thought to hide in rock crevices during the day ( johnson et al . 2008 ) .\nparts of the range of the northern hopping - mouse occurs on lands subject to extensive strip - mining , for bauxite at gove , and for manganese on groote eylandt . the first records of the carpentarian antechinus in queensland were during a survey of the impacts of sulphur dioxide emissions around the mt isa mine ( griffiths 1998 ) .\nblack wallaroos , endemic to the arnhem land sandstone country , are findable in the right areas . i saw one up above gunlom falls ( in the middle of the afternoon ) and another while i was spotlighting on top of little nourlangie . there are antilopine wallaroos too , try looking around the gimbat area . wikins\u2019 ( formerly short - eared ) rock wallabies are quite easy to see around ubirr , while narbaleks might be possible , or so i have been told , near the jim jim falls campsite ( i have never made it there \u2013 access is difficult until quite late in the dry season and then restricted to 4wd ) .\nin queensland , the provenance of the single old record of northern hopping - mouse is so vague that it cannot be assigned with any confidence to any land tenure category , but may be in either aboriginal lands , pastoral lands , conservation reserves and / or lands managed by defence . the few recent records of carpentarian antechinus from queensland are in pastoral leasehold and freehold lands .\nvictoria . isolated populations occur in northeastern queensland and in southwestern western australia . some populations are listed as\nlocally common\n, others as uncertain . the yellow - footed antechinus occupies a variety of habitats , including dry arid scrubland and sclerophyll forest . in the north , it also inhabits coastal heaths , swamps and woodland ; in the far north it is found in tropical vine forest .\nnon - current national multi - species recovery plan for the carpentarian antechinus pseudantechinus mimulus , butler ' s dunnart sminthopsis butleri and northern hopping - mouse notomys aquilo , 2004 - 2009 ( woinarski , j . c . z . , 2004 ) in effect under the epbc act from 10 - jun - 2005 . ceased to be in effect under the epbc act from 01 - oct - 2015 [ recovery plan ] .\nthe carpentarian antechinus is a small , carnivorous marsupial with brown fur , a reddish patch behind the ears and a white underside . body length is 70\u201390 mm , tail length is 60\u201375 mm and weight is 15\u201325 g ( curtis et al . 2012 ; strahan 1998 ) . males are smaller than females . species in the genus pseudantechinus store fat in their tail , and this becomes carrot - shaped when food is plentiful ( woinarski 2004 ) .\nbutlers dunnart sminthopsis butleri is another small ( ca . 10 - 20 g . ) terrestrial carnivorous marsupial , finer of features than for the carpentarian antechinus . it too is similar in general appearance to a range of small dasyurids occurring across australia , including the kakadu dunnart s . bindi and red - cheeked dunnart s . virginiae in northern australia . all are generally grey - brown above and pale below , with large ears and eyes , and sharply pointed muzzle .\nwoinarski , j . c . z . ( 2004 ) . non - current national multi - species recovery plan for the carpentarian antechinus pseudantechinus mimulus , butler ' s dunnart sminthopsis butleri and northern hopping - mouse notomys aquilo , 2004 - 2009 . northern territory department of infrastructure planning and environment , darwin . available from : urltoken . in effect under the epbc act from 10 - jun - 2005 . ceased to be in effect under the epbc act from 01 - oct - 2015 .\nthe carpentarian antechinus occurs in the sir edward pellew group of islands ( centre , north , south - west and vanderlin islands ) in the nt ( curtis et al . 2012 ; kitchener 1991 ) , the pungalina - seven emu area on the mainland in the nt ( nt government 2011 ) , along the selwyn range south of cloncurry in queensland ( baam 2011 ; lloyd et al . 2013 ) and on a number ridges around mt isa in queensland ( baam 2011 ; lloyd et al . 2013 ; woolley 2011 ) . the species was originally collected on alexandria station in the nt , in 1905 , but has not been recorded there since ( maxwell et al . 1996 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\naccording to groves in wilson and reeder ( 1993 ) and nowak ( 1999 ) parantechinus bilarni is a good species . however , this species has been transferred to pseudantechinus following the australasian marsupial specialist group ( maxwell et al . 1996 ) .\njustification : population size is poorly resolved but likely to be between 10 , 000 and 30 , 000 individuals ; monitoring results provide inconsistent indication of population trends , but a plausible rate of decline is 10 - 20 % over 10 years ; habitat quality is likely to be subject to ongoing decline , but management actions are having some beneficial impact on main threat ( fire ) . it does not fit criteria for threatened ; a categorisation of near threatened may be valid but population size and rate of decline are poorly defined and unlikely to approach relevant thresholds .\nthe species is present in several protected areas , notably including kakadu national park . there is some fire management in this and other reserves , which may have led to some recent improvements , but current regime is still characterised by frequent , high intensity and extensive fires .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis plan jointly considers three native mammal species from northern australia . while the three species share some similarities in ecology , status and conservation management requirements , there are also distinct differences among them in these and other features . recognising both these similarities and differences , this plan follows the standard overall framework for single species recovery plans , but provides specific information for each of the three species whenever relevant throughout , and wherever possible pools information from each of the three species accounts to derive commonalities and to highlight management issues and actions that may apply for all three species .\nthe northern hopping - mouse notomys aquilo is a medium - sized ( 25 - 50 g . ) terrestrial granivorous rodent . it has features typical of hopping - mice in general , with very long narrow hindfeet , large ears and eyes , and very long partly tufted tail ( about 150 % of head - body length ) . it is the only representative of its genus in northern australia , thus , in this area , its morphology is highly distinctive . it is sandy - brown above and paler below . hopping - mice move with a distinctive gait , such that the bipedal tracks may provide the most conspicuous signs of its presence .\nthe three species each have a somewhat complicated taxonomic history , notable for single puzzling early records followed by a long period before any subsequent specimens .\nbutlers dunnart sminthopsis butleri archer , 1979 was described relatively recently ( archer 1979 a ) ( with the vernacular name carpentarian dunnart : archer 1979 b ) , on the basis of one specimen collected on \u201ccape york\u201d in 1898 and three specimens from kalumburu wa collected in 1965 and 1966 .\na further historical record ( previously mis - identified as s . virginiae ) , collected on melville island in 1913 , was subsequently assigned to this species ( woinarski et al . 1996 ) . since the original description , examination of additional specimens from cape york peninsula and new guinea resulted in a taxonomic split of s . butleri , with that taxon now referring to only those populations from the northern nt and kimberley , and the queensland and new guinea population defined as the carpentarian dunnart s . archeri ( van dyck 1986 ) . given this treatment , the listing of \u201ccarpentarian dunnart sminthopsis butleri \u201d as a threatened species under the epbca is invalid and confusing . the listing should be of butlers dunnart s . butleri .\nthe northern hopping - mouse notomys aquilo thomas 1921 was described from a single specimen collected around the 1870s from \u201ccape york\u201d . the species was not reported again until johnson ( 1959 , 1964 ) named n . carpentarius from 13 specimens collected on groote eylandt , northern territory in 1948 . in this description , johnson did not compare this series with the type of n . aquilo , and he was apparently also unaware that donald thomson had also collected hopping - mice on groote eylandt some five years previously ( i . e . 1943 - 1944 : with these records not documented until much later : dixon and huxley 1985 ) . subsequent comparisons revealed the conspecificity of n . carpentarius with n . aquilo ( ride 1970 ) .\nschedule 1 - fauna that is rare or likely to become extinct in western australia , under the wildlife conservation ( specially protected fauna ) notice 2003 ( wildlife conservation act 1950 ) .\nin each case , the nt status is based on evaluations made in 2003 . the national status typically follows assessments made in the action plans for australian rodents ( lee 1995 ) and marsupials and monotremes ( maxwell et al . 1996 ) .\nthe primary affected interests for all three species are the australian and state / territory conservation agencies , and particularly that of the northern territory , in which the bulk of the range for all three species occurs .\nin western australia , the kimberley land council and wunambal - gaambera aboriginal corporation manages those lands near kalumburu on which butlers dunnart was recorded .\non melville island , butlers dunnart occurs in sites either in or around a developing major forestry venture ( oprated by sylvatech ) that replaces native vegetation with short - rotation exotic plantation species .\nthomson ( in dixon and huxley 1985 ) also noted that many aboriginal people appeared to have very little knowledge of northern hopping - mouse , even in sites where it appeared to be relatively common .\naboriginal rangers from dhimurru aboriginal land management corporation have conducted searches for northern hopping - mice at nanydjaka ( cape arnhem ) ipa .\nthere is some proximity in distribution between the three species considered here and the golden bandicoot isoodon auratus and golden - backed tree - rat mesembriomys macrurus , both considered vulnerable at national level .\nsuch actions will benefit not only the three mammal species considered here and at least some of the other mammals listed above , but will also have benefits for some co - occurring bird species ( such as the vulnerable partridge pigeon geophaps smithii : fraser et al . 2003 ) and , with less substantial evidence , a gamut of other plant and animal species that have been adversely affected by recent changes in fire regimes ( e . g . bowman and panton 1993 ; russell - smith et al . 1998 , 2002 ; franklin 1999 ; bowman et al . 2001 ; yibarbuk et al . 2001 ) .\nthere are no clearcut and tightly defined social and economic impacts associated with this recovery plan . much of the distribution of these three species is on aboriginal land . research on , and management of , these species may provide some limited contributions to these local economies . the three species each have some distributional overlap or convergence with large mining or forestry operations . conservation management for the species may come at some costs to these ventures , but such costs are generally likely to be low because the disturbances are generally not on lands that provide high quality habitat to these species . a possible exception is for butlers dunnart on melville island , where forestry development may occur on , or be proposed for , habitats that have high suitability for this species .\nfor information to assist regulatory considerations , refer to policy statements and guidelines , the conservation advice , the listing advice and / or the recovery plan .\nrecovery plan required , this species had a recovery plan in force at the time the legislation provided for the minister to decide whether or not to have a recovery plan ( 19 / 2 / 2007 ) . the recovery plan ( woinarski 2004 ) that was adopted for this species on 10 / 06 / 2005 ceased to be in effect from 1 / 10 / 2015 .\nsurvey guidelines for australia ' s threatened mammals . epbc act survey guidelines 6 . 5\n( department of sustainability , environment , water , population and communities ( dsewpac ) , 2011 ) [ admin guideline ] .\nlisted as near threatened ( global status : iucn red list of threatened species : 2017 . 1 list )\nthe distribution shown is generalised from the departments species of national environmental significance dataset . this is an indicative distribution map of the present distribution of the species based on best available knowledge . some species information is withheld in line with sensitive species polices . see map caveat for more information .\nthe targeted assessment for the copper string environment impact statement ( eis ) involved a 10 day habitat assessment survey that preceded four trapping surveys ( baam 2011 ) . the habitat assessment was used to select the most suitable sites for four 5 - day trapping surveys . the trapping records , together with the previous records in the vicinity of the study area ( woolley 2011 ) , were incorporated into the habitat mapping methodology to map known important habitat and potential habitat for the species within the study area ( baam 2011 ) .\nnear mt isa ; woodland of migum ( eucalyptus leucophloia ) , western bloodwood ( corymbia terminalis ) , normanton box ( eucalyptus normantonensis ) , whitewood ( atalaya hemiglauca ) and acacia spp . with trioda spp . ground cover ( griffiths 1998 cited in curtis et al . 2012 ) .\nsouth - east of mt isa ; on a rocky ridge and hill - slope of igneous rock , adjoining existing powerline . tree layer dominated by migum , e . leucophylla and terminalia aridicola . sparse shrub layer dominated by acacia spp . grass layer dominated by triodia spp . , with enneapogon oblongus and very limited invasion by the environmental weed buffel grass ( pennisetum ciliare ) ( regional ecosystem ( re ) 1 . 12 . 1 / 1 . 12 . 1x1 ) ( baam 2011 ; lloyd et al . 2013 ) .\neast of mt isa ; on a midslope of rocky hillside with abundant boulder piles of igneous or metamorphic rock . very sparse tree layer dominated by migum and e . leucophylla . shrub layer dominated by terminalia aridicola and acacia spp . grass layer dominated by triodia spp . ( re 1 . 11 . 2a / 1 . 11 . 2x4 / 1 . 12 . 1 ) ( baam 2011 ; lloyd et al . 2013 ) .\neast of mt isa ; on a rocky ridge and hill - slope of metamorphic or igneous rock , adjoining existing powerline . tree layer dominated by migum and atalaya hemiglauca . mid - dense shrub layer . grass layer dominated by triodia spp . , with enneapogon oblongus and patchy invasion by the environmental weed buffel grass ( re 1 . 11 . 2a / 1 . 11 . 2x1 / 1 . 12 . 1x1 ) ( baam 2011 ; lloyd et al . 2013 ) .\non selwyn range ; on a cliff base and slope of deeply weathered granite mesa with numerous boulders . sparse tree layer dominated by migum , e . leucophylla and lancewood . shrub layer dominated by chisholm ' s wattle ( acacia chisholmii ) . diverse native grass layer dominated by triodia spp . , with aristida spp . , enneapogon spp . and themeda triandra ( re 1 . 7 . 1 / 1 . 12 . 1 ) ( lloyd et al . 2013 ) .\nthe breeding season is thought to be short occurring some time between august and october ( curts et al . 2012 ) . similar species have a litter size of 4\u20136 and it is likely that some males and females survive to breed in a second year ( curtis et al . 2012 ) . of seven females caught during july and august 1988 , none had pouch young ( johnson & langford 1995 ) .\nbuffel grass invasion could significantly change the ecology of the central queensland ridges where the species occurs ( lloyd et al . 2013 ) .\nthe mabunji aboriginal resource association received $ 25 000 of funding , through the threatened species network community grants in 2004\u201305 for the establishment of a monitoring program for this species on the sir edward pellew islands .\nbiodiversity and assessment management ( baam ) ( 2010 ) . terrestrial ecology and impact assessment report - copperstring project eis . brisbane , queensland : baam .\nbiodiversity assessment and management pty ltd ( baam ) ( 2011 ) . copperstring project seis - terrestrial ecology assessment report . report prepared for copperstring pty ltd .\ncurtis , l . k . , a . j . dennis , k . r . mcdonald , p . m . kyne & s . j . s . debus ( 2012 ) . queensland ' s threatened animals . csiro publishing .\ndepartment of sustainability , environment , water , population and communities ( dsewpac ) ( 2011j ) . survey guidelines for australia ' s threatened mammals . epbc act survey guidelines 6 . 5 . epbc act policy statement : canberra , act : dsewpac . available from : urltoken .\njohnson , k . a . & d . g . langford ( 1995 ) . carpentarian pseudantechinus . in : strahan , r , ed . the mammals of australia . page ( s ) 77 - 78 . reed books : sydney .\njohnson , k . j . , j . c . z . woinarski & d . j . langford ( 2008 ) . pseudantechinus mimulus . van dyck , s . & r . strahan , eds . the mammals of australia . page ( s ) 71 - 72 . new holland publishers .\nkitchener , d . j . ( 1991 ) . pseudantechinus mimulus ( thomas , 1906 ) ( marsupialia , dasyuridae ) : rediscovery and redescription . records of the western australian museum . 15 : 191 - 202 .\nlloyd p . , m . sanders , t . reis & a . abbott ( 2013 ) . targeted trapping surveys shed new light on the distribution and habitat characteristics of the carpentarian pseudantechinus ( pseudantechinus mimulus ) , a threatened dasyurid marsupial . australian mammalogy . 35 : 220 - 223 . urltoken\nmaxwell , s . , a . a . burbidge & k . morris ( 1996 ) . the 1996 action plan for australian marsupials and monotremes . wildlife australia , environment australia . available from : urltoken .\nnorthern territory government ( nt government ) ( 2011 ) . review of threatened species status in the nt 2011 - mammals - proposed changes involving threatened categories .\nstrahan , r . ( ed . ) ( 1998 ) . the mammals of australia , second edition , rev . sydney , nsw : australian museum and reed new holland .\nwoolley , p . a . ( 2011 ) . pseudantechinus mimulus : a little known dasyurid marsupial . australian mammalogy . 33 : 57 - 67 .\ncommonwealth of australia ( 2000 ) . declaration under s178 , s181 , and s183 of the environment protection and biodiversity conservation act 1999 - list of threatened species , list of threatened ecological communities and list of threatening processes . f2005b02653 . canberra : federal register of legislative instruments . available from : urltoken . in effect under the epbc act from 16 - jul - 2000 .\ndepartment of the environment and heritage ( deh ) ( 2006sr ) . pseudantechinus mimulus in species profile and threats ( sprat ) database . unpublished species profile . canberra , act : deh . available from : urltoken .\nepbc act email updates can be received via the communities for communities newsletter and the epbc act newsletter .\ncitation : department of the environment ( 2018 ) . pseudantechinus mimulus in species profile and threats database , department of the environment , canberra . available from : urltoken . accessed tue , 10 jul 2018 05 : 37 : 45 + 1000 .\nmyoictis is a genus of marsupials in the order dasyuromorphia . it is found in new guinea .\nthe taxonomy for the specie was difficult for most biologist to understand . woolley proposed the names the four different species by recognizing the animal by the morphological differences . while also using genetic testing , scientist have found that the myoictis melas and the myoictis wallacei contain a sequence divergence of 12 . 85 % .\neach of the four species were found to have significant physical differences between them . the myoictis wavicus averages roughly 122 grams , the myoictis wallacei averages roughly 230 grams , the myoictis leucura averages roughly 220 grams , and the myoictis melas averages roughly 220 grams . the proportions of head and limb size were also found to be smaller with the smaller mass .\nthe myoictis leucura , or woolley ' s three - striped dasyure was recently described being genetically and morphologically distinct from the other members of the genus myoictis . it is more similar to the m . wavicus .\nbetween 1894 and 1895 , the myoictis leucura was found in papua new guinea , the southern side of the central cordillera . it normally lives in elevations between 650 meters and 1600 meters . the species inhabits mostly lowland and montane forest . peter dwyer has found the species to be active during the daytime and being mostly terrestrial .\n( 3rd ed . ) . baltimore : johns hopkins university press . p .\nwoolley , p . 2008 . myoictis leucura . the iucn red list of threatened species 2008 : e . t136449a4293240 .\nwoolley , p . 2005 . revision of the three - striped dasyures , genus myoictis ( marsupialia : dasyuridae ) , of new guinea , with description of a new species .\ns . crassicaudata species - group : fat - tailed dunnart ( s . crassicaudata )\ns . granulipes species - group : white - tailed dunnart ( s . granulipes )\ns . griseoventer species - group : kangaroo island dunnart ( s . aitkeni )\ns . longicaudata species - group : long - tailed dunnart ( s . longicaudata )\ns . psammophila species - group : hairy - footed dunnart ( s . hirtipes )\nthis article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 7 / 9 / 2016 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .\n, are endemic to australia . they are found in northern australia , western australia , and new south wales . localized extinctions of this species have been detected in new south wales and south australia . there are two regional subspecies of kultarrs .\nmorris , k . , j . woinarski , m . ellis , t . robinson , p . copley . 2011 .\nantechinomys laniger\n( on - line ) . in : iucn 2012 . iucn red list of threatened species . version 2012 . 1 . accessed february 17 , 2012 at urltoken .\nnsw national parks and wildlife . kultarr . hurtsville , new south wales : nsw national parks and wildlife service . 1999 . accessed february 20 , 2012 at urltoken .\nkultarrs are small and mouse - like in appearance . the pelt is grey to sandy brown , and the long tail has brush - like dark hairs on the sides . the dark coloring around the eyes , mid - line , and top of the head varies among individuals . they are primarily nocturnal and , as such , have large round eyes and enlarged ears . they have elongated hind feet with four independent digits .\nkultarrs weigh 20 to 30 g and measure 170 to 200 mm in length . they exhibit sexual dimorphism with males being about 15 mm longer and 10 g heavier than females .\ngeiser , f . , r . baudinette , t . garland jr . . 1990 . the relationship between body mass and rate of rewarming from hibernation and daily torpor in mammals . journal of experimental biology , 151 : 349 - 359 . accessed february 23 , 2012 at urltoken .\nkultarrs inhabit : open shrubland , mallee woodland , acacia shrubland with sparse ground cover , hummock grassland , gibber , flood plains , and stony areas with sparse ground cover . the species generally prefers heavier soil types ( maxwell et al . 1996 ) . kultarrs have been recorded on severely degraded cattle country in central and western australia but this may reflect the previous relatively high productivity of these landscape types rather than any benign effect of cattle ( maxwell et al . 1996 ) .\nkultarrs inhabit arid to semi - arid plains . they prefer heavy soils including stoney , sandy , or clay filled soils . during the day , they seek cover in stumps , spinifex tussocks , cracks in the soil , and burrows of other animals . antechinomys laniger laniger prefers claypans in acacia woodlands , while a . l . spenceri prefers plains of granite and shrub lands .\ndepartment of substainability , environment , water , population and communities . action plan for australian marsupials and monotremes . canberra , australia : department of substainability , environment , water , population and communities . 1996 . accessed march 01 , 2012 at urltoken .\nstrahan , r . 1995 . mammals of australia . washington d . c . : smithsonian institution press .\n. their nocturnal lifestyle and agility help them to avoid many predators . during the day , kultarrs stay in the nest to avoid diurnal predators . juveniles stay safe in the pouch or nest . when juveniles do leave the nest , they attach to their mother ' s back .\nkultarrs utilize olfactory cues during mate selection . parents and offspring also communicate vocally . young use calls to locate their parents when they become separated . kultarrs have abnormally large eyes and ears that are adapted to their nocturnal and fossorial lifestyle .\nkultarrs are relatively long lived mammals for their size . lifespan may be impacted by their ability to enter spontaneous torpor . the oldest known kultarr lived 67 months in the wild , while the oldest in captivity lived 48 months .\ngeiser , f . 1986 . thermoregulation and torpor in the kultarr antechinomys laniger marsupiala dasyuridae . journal of comparitive physiology b biochemical systematic physiology , 156 ( 5 ) : 751 - 757 .\nlittle is known about mating systems of kultarrs . it is suspected that olfactory cues are used in mate selection .\nkultarrs are a polyoestrous mammals , and females may enter oestrus up to 6 times during the breeding season . oestrus cycles occur from july to january and may be photo - dependent . the long breeding season runs from midwinter to midsummer . breeding females have a supple pouch , elongated nipples , and long red - brown hairs . males begin spermatorrheoea in may . kultarrs have 1 to 8 offspring ( average 6 ) . gestation lasts 12 to 17 days . after birth , the young crawl into the pouch , where they remain for 30 to 48 days . weening occurs at 80 to 90 days of age in captivity . after the breeding season , the female ' s pouch regresses into a small fold . kultarrs reach sexual maturity at 11 . 5 months of age .\naverage age at sexual or reproductive maturity ( female ) : 11 . 5 months .\naverage age at sexual or reproductive maturity ( male ) : 11 . 5 months .\nfemale kultarrs feed and protect the offspring in their pouch for 30 to 48 days . after they are weaned , young remain in the nest as the mother forages . when older , they ride on their mother ' s back as she searches for food .\nstannard , h . , j . old . 2010 . observation of reproductive strategies of captive kultarrs ( antechinomys laniger ) . australian mammalogy , 32 : 179 - 182 .\nwoolley , p . 1984 . reproduction in antechinomys laniger (\nspenceri\nform ) ( marsupialia : dasyuridae ) : field and laboratory investigations . . australian wildlife research , 11 ( 3 ) : 481 - 489 . accessed february 21 , 2012 at urltoken ; = env & recid ; = 962454 & q ; = antechinomys + laniger & uid ; = & setcookie ; = yes .\nlamoreux , j . & hilton - taylor , c . ( global mammal assessment team )\nlisted as least concern even though it is declining ( at least in new south wales ) , because there is no indication of a large decline that would approach criterion a , and it is very widespread .\nantechinomys laniger is considered a species of least concern by the iucn . it is widespread , and populations are believed to fluctuate with rain levels . the us fish & wildlife service , however , listed this species as endangered in 1970 . over - grazing by cattle and sheep as well as predation by feral cats and red foxes are major threats , and localized extinctions have occurred . changes in fire regime also negatively affect kultarrs . protection of land and animal control programs have helped conserve this species . however , additional research on food habits , home range , and movement are necessary for more specific management programs .\nkultarrs appear to undergo fluctuations in population size . it is considered rare and scattered ( valente 2008 ) . this species is very difficult to trap using standard trapping techniques .\nhabitat degradation by sheep and cattle , and predation by cats and foxes are major threats to this species ( maxwell et al . 1996 ) . also , habitat alteration due to changes in fire regimes since european settlement ( dickman and read 1992 ) .\nthere is a need to develop trapping techniques to permit effective survey and monitoring of the species . other conservation measures should include implementing long - term monitoring to validate adequacy of conservation measures ; collate distribution data ; identify and determine the status of the species across its range ; construct habitat model to more accurately determine extent of source and sink habitat available to the kultarr , identify patches and allow monitoring of the changes in habitat quality , particularly due to excessive flooding and grazing . there is a need to study home range , movement , habitat and food requirements in the field if a population can be located for a 3 - 5 year population study . also , measures should include establishing adequate reserves and appropriate management inside and outside the reserve system ( maxwell et al . 1996 ) .\nthere are no known direct benefits of kultarrs on humans . they may affect populations of pest insects they prey upon .\nin the west . the latter is now relegated to subspecific status . the species name\nthe kultarr usually measures 7\u201310 cm , with a 10\u201315 cm tail . it weighs 20 - 30g ; males are larger and heavier than females .\nthe most distinctive features are the large four - toed hind legs , enabling a hopping motion , and prominent ears . it is coloured fawn grey to sandy brown above , with a white chest and darker eye - ring .\n. mating occurs in winter and spring , with young being born around august\u2013november . the species nests in soil cracks or utilises abandoned burrows of other species .\ngroves , c . p . ( 2005 ) .\norder dasyuromorphia\n. in wilson , d . e . ; reeder , d . m . mammal species of the world ( 3rd ed . ) . johns hopkins university press . p . 32 . isbn 978 - 0 - 8018 - 8221 - 0 . oclc 62265494 .\nmorris , k . , woinarski , j . , ellis , m . , robinson , t . & copley , p . ( 2008 ) . antechinomys laniger . in : iucn 2008 . iucn red list of threatened species . retrieved 9 october 2008 .\nmorris , k . , woinarski , j . , ellis , m . , robinson , t . & copley , p . ( 2008 ) . antechinomys laniger . in : iucn 2008 . iucn red list of threatened species . retrieved 9 october 2008 .\nvalente , a . ( 1995 ) .\nkultarr\n. in strahan , ronald . the mammals of australia . reed books . pp . 57\u201358 . isbn 0 - 7301 - 0484 - 2 .\nmenkhorst , peter ( 2001 ) . a field guide to the mammals of australia . oxford university press . p . 58 . isbn 0 - 19 - 550870 - x .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nstress related death before it is one year old . this is understood to be a survival adaptation for the species ( and some other marsupials ) on the basis that the females with young in pouch are free to forage without competition from the males in the dry summer environment of the australian bush . contents\nvictoria and south australiaa . f . leucogaster , found in southwestern western australiaa . f . rubeculus , found in northeastern queensland\n[ 4 ] the mating season lasts for two weeks either in august , for southern animals ; in october , for animals from southern queensland ; or in june - july , for north queensland animals .\n[ 4 ] the diet is invertebrates , eggs , nectar and sometimes small vertebrates .\n^ groves , c . ( 2005 ) . wilson , d . e . , reeder , d . m . ed . mammal species of the world ( 3rd ed . ) . johns hopkins university press . pp . 29 .\nd menkhorst , peter ( 2001 ) . a field guide to the mammals of australia . oxford university press . p . 54 .\nfat - tailed dunnart ( s . crassicaudata ) s . macroura species - group : kakadu dunnart ( s . bindi )\nred - cheeked dunnart ( s . virginiae ) s . granulipes species - group :\nwhite - tailed dunnart ( s . granulipes ) s . griseoventer species - group : kangaroo island dunnart ( s . aitkeni )\ngrey - bellied dunnart ( s . griseoventer ) s . longicaudata species - group :\nlong - tailed dunnart ( s . longicaudata ) s . murina species - group : chestnut dunnart ( s . archeri )\nslender - tailed dunnart ( s . murina ) s . psammophila species - group :\ndasyuromorphia is an order of mammals that includes most of the australasian carnivorous marsupials , including quolls , dunnarts , the numbat , the tasmanian devil , and the tasmanian wolf .\nthere are two extant families of dasyurmorphians , myrmecobiidae ( with one extant species , the numbat , myrmecobius fasciatus ) and dasyuridae ( with about 20 extant genera and over 70 species , including quolls , dunnarts , and the tasmanian devil ) . a third family , thylacinidae , is assumed to have gone extinct in the 20th century with the demise of the thylacine ( thylacinus cynocephalus , also known as the tasmanian wolf or tasmanian tiger ) . dasyurmorphians are found in australia , new guinea , tasmania , and some nearby islands .\nsome dasyurmomorphians , such as the the numbat , serve in the control of social insects , and some of the larger dasyurids , such as the tasmanian devil and various quolls , play an ecological role in eating carrion , including dead wallabies and wombats . for humans , the unique appearance of dasyuromorphians add to the beauty of nature .\nwhile there is large size variation among extant members of dasyuromorphia , the body shape tends toward uniformity . dasyuromorphians move on four legs ( quadrupedal ) , have pointed and generally long snouts , have long tails ( dasyuromorphia means\nhairy tail\n) , have four toes on the front feet and four or five toes on the hind feet , and many have a clawless toe on the hind feet . dasyuromorphians have polyprotodont dentition ( multiple lower incisor teeth as opposed to diprotodont dentition with two lower incisors ) , with four upper and three lower incisors . members of the order peramelemorphia ( the bandicoots and bilbies ) are another example of marsupials that are polyprotodont , as opposed to the diprotodont kangaroos , possums , wallabies , koala , and wombats , all of which have only two lower incisors . unlike members of peramelemorphia , the feet of dasyuromorphians tend not to have syndactylous digits ( with the second and third toes fused together while maintaining separate claws ) .\nunlike herbivores , which tend to become highly specialized for particular ecological niches and diversify greatly in form , carnivores tend to be broadly similar to one another , certainly on the level of gross external form . just as northern hemisphere carnivores like cats , foxes , and weasels are much more alike in structure than , for example , camels , goats , pigs , and giraffes , so too are the marsupial predators constrained to retain general - purpose , look - alike forms\u2014forms which mirror those of placental carnivores . the names given to them by early european settlers reflect this : the thylacine was called the tasmanian tiger , quolls were called native cats , and so on .\nthe primary specialization among marsupial predators is that of size : prior to the massive environmental changes that came about with the arrival of humans about 50 , 000 years ago , there were several very large carnivores , none of them members of the dasyuromorphia and all of them now extinct . those marsupial predators among the dasyuromorphians that survived into historical times ranged from the wolf - sized thylacine to the tiny long - tailed planigale , which at 4 to 6 grams is less than half the size of a mouse . most present - day dasyuromorphians , however , tend towards the lower end of the size scale , typically between about 15 or 20 grams and about 2 kilograms , or from the size of a domestic mouse to that of a small domestic cat .\nto provide context , the table below also shows other major branches of the marsupial tree .\norder diprotodontia ( about 137 species in 11 families , including the koala , wombats , possums , potoroos , kangaroos , wallabies and others . )\nunlike most marsupials in which the females typically have an external pouch where the newborn are nursed , numbat females have no pouch . the four mammae ( milk - secreating teats ) are protected , however , by a patch of crimped , golden hair and by the swelling of the surrounding abdomen and thighs during lactation ( cooper 2011 ) .\nthe numbat is relatively small compared to many termite - consuming mammals , with a body length of about 17 . 5 to 27 . 5 centimeters ( 7 - 11 inches ) and a tail of about 13 . 0 to 17 centimeters ( 5 - 6 . 7 inches ) , or roughly 30 to 45 centimeters ( 12 - 17 . 7 inches ) in total length . the adult numbat weighs from about 280 to 550 grams ( 0 . 6 - 1 . 2 pounds ) ( ellis 2003 ) .\nthe numbat has a finely pointed muzzle , a small mouth , and small , round - tipped ears . there are five toes on the stout forefeet , and four toes on the hindfeet ; all four feet have thick and large claws ( cooper 2011 ; ellis 2003 ) . the tail is prominent and bushy . like many termite - eating animals , the numbat has an unusually long , narrow , tongue , coated with sticky saliva produced by large submandibular glands . the tongue can reach 10 centimeters from the mouth opening ( ellis 2003 ) . a further adaptation to the diet is the presence of numerous ridges along the soft palate , which apparently help to scrape termites off the tongue so that they can be swallowed .\nlike other mammals that eat termites or ants , the numbat has a degenerate jaw with up to 50 very small non - functional teeth , and although it is able to chew ( cooper 2011 ) , it rarely does so , because of the soft nature of its diet . uniquely among terrestrial mammals , there is an additional cheek tooth between the premolars and molars ; it is unclear whether this represents a supernumary molar tooth or a deciduous tooth retained into adult life . as a result , although not all individuals have the same dental formula , in general , it follows the unique pattern ( cooper 2011 ) :\nthylacinidae is an extinct family of dasyuromorphians , whose only species to survive into modern times was the thylacine ( thylacinus cynocephalus ) , also known as the tasmanian wolf or tasmanian tiger . all other thylacinids lived in prehistoric times in australia , with specimens found in the fossil record dating back to the early miocene .\ndasyuridae includes about 75 species divided into 15 genera . dasyurids are known by such common names as quolls , dunnarts , and the tasmanian devil . dasyurids are found in australia and new guinea . they inhabit a wide range of environments , including grassland , forests , and mountains , and some species are arboreal or semiaquatic .\nmany dasyurids are small and mouse - like , leading to the misnomer\nmarsupial mice ,\nbut the group also includes the cat - sized quolls , as well as the tasmanian devil . the smallest species is the pilbara ningaui , which is from 4 . 6 to 5 . 7 cm in length , and weighs just 2\u20139 grams , while the largest , the tasmanian devil , is 57\u201365 cm long , and weighs from 6\u20138 kg . the smaller dasyurids typically resemble shrews or mice in appearance , with long tails and narrow , pointed noses . the larger species bear a resemblance to such placental carnivores as mongooses or mustelids ( lee 1984 ) .\nmany features of dasyurids are considered primitive , that is , they resemble the features of the earliest marsupials , from which other species , such as kangaroos and bandicoots , later diverged . for example , all of the toes in dasyurids are separate , whereas in many other marsupials , the second and third toes are fused . similarly , many species lack a full marsupial pouch ; instead they have a simple fold of skin surrounding the teats to provide some protection to the developing young . the dentition of dasyurids is also considered primitive , and differs from that of other marsupials , with a dental formula of : .\ndasyurids are primarily insectivorous , but they will also eat small lizards , fruit , and flowers . one of the few exceptions to this rule is the tasmanian devil , which subsists mainly on vertebrate carrion ( lee 1984 ) . they have relatively simple digestive tracts , as is typical of insectivores and carnivores .\ngestation lasts from 12\u201316 days , and results in the birth of from two to 12 young , depending on species . smaller species typically breed at least twice a year , while the larger forms tend to breed just once . the length of lactation reflects this , with young dunnarts , for example , being weaned after 60\u201370 days , but young quolls only after 8\u20139 months . most dasyurid species are sexually mature at one year of age , but , again , the quolls and tasmanian devil , being larger , take longer to mature and do not reach full adulthood for about two years ( lee 1984 ) .\nbininda - emonds , o . r . p . 2007 . the delayed rise of present - day mammals . nature 446 : 507\u2013512 . pmid 17392779 .\ncooper , c . e . 2011 . myrmecobius fasciatus ( dasyuromorphia : myrmecobiidae ) . mammalian species 43 ( 1 ) : 129\u2013140 .\ncooper , c . e . , and p . c . withers . 2004 . patterns of body temperature variation and torpor in the numbat , myrmecobius fasciatus ( marsupialia : myrmecobiidae ) . journal of thermal biology 29 ( 6 ) : 277\u2013284 .\ncooper , c . e . , and p . c . withers . 2010 . gross renal morphology of the numbat ( myrmecobius fasciatus ) ( marsupialia : myrmecobiidae ) . australian mammalogy 32 ( 2 ) : 95\u201397 .\nellis , e . 2003 . myrmecobius fasciatus . animal diversity web . retrieved march 19 , 2012 .\ngroves , c . 2005 . order primates , order monotremata\n( and select other orders ) . page ( s ) 23 - 37 in d . e . wilson and d . m . reeder , eds . , mammal species of the world , 3rd edition . johns hopkins university press ) . isbn 0801882214 .\nlee , a . k . 1984 . dasyuridae . pages 838 - 845 in d . macdonald , the encyclopedia of mammals . new york : facts on file . isbn 0871968711 .\nnihranz , d . , and e . colvin . 2013 . dasyuromorphia . animal diversity web ( university of michigan - ann arbor ) . retrieved may 08 , 2014 ."]}
{"id": 350, "summary": [{"text": "ranularia pyrulum is a species of predatory sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family ranellidae , the triton snails , triton shells or tritons . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "ranularia pyrulum", "paragraphs": ["what type of species is ranularia pyrulum ? below , you will find the taxonomic groups the ranularia pyrulum species belongs to .\nwhich photographers have photos of ranularia pyrulum species ? below , you will find the list of underwater photographers and their photos of the marine species ranularia pyrulum .\nhow to identify ranularia pyrulum marine species ? below , you will find the list of main identification criteria and physical characteristics of marine species ranularia pyrulum . for each identification criteria , the corresponding physical characteristics of marine species ranularia pyrulum are marked in green .\nwhere is ranularia pyrulum found in the world ? below , you will find the list and a world map of the geographic distribution where the marine species ranularia pyrulum can be found .\nworms - world register of marine species - ranularia pyrulum ( a . adams & reeve , 1850 )\nranularia pyrulum , ( a . adams & reeve , 1850 ) , photos , facts and physical characteristics\nto biodiversity heritage library ( 3 publications ) ( from synonym triton pyrulum a . adams & reeve , 1850 ) to encyclopedia of life to usnm invertebrate zoology mollusca collection ( from synonym triton pyrulum a . adams & reeve , 1850 )\n( of cymatium ( ranularia ) fortespirale parth , 1993 ) beu , a . ( 2010 ) . catalogue of tonnoidea . pers . comm . [ details ]\n( of triton pyrulum a . adams & reeve , 1850 ) beu , a . ( 2010 ) . catalogue of tonnoidea . pers . comm . [ details ]\nbeu , a . ( 2010 ) . catalogue of tonnoidea . pers . comm . [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nversion 43 . 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed . my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .\nkeyword search - try again , but check your spelling , and / or use fewer search terms .\nif we don ' t have it today , create a ' want ' and receive an automated email when the item is listed for sale .\nfind books from over 100 , 000 booksellers worldwide , for easy searches and price comparison .\nby using the web site , you confirm that you have read , understood , and agreed to be bound by the terms and conditions . copyright \u00a9 1996 - 2018 abebooks inc . & abebooks europe gmbh . all rights reserved ."]}
{"id": 383, "summary": [{"text": "fusinus wallacei is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family fasciolariidae , the spindle snails , the tulip snails and their allies . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "fusinus wallacei", "paragraphs": ["species fusinus panamensis dall , 1908 accepted as fusinus spectrum ( a . adams & reeve , 1848 )\nsubgenus fusinus ( sinistralia ) h . adams & a . adams , 1853 accepted as fusinus rafinesque , 1815\nspecies fusinus sagamiensis kuroda & habe , 1971 accepted as fusinus nigrirostratus ( e . a . smith , 1879 )\nspecies fusinus alternatus settepassi , 1985 accepted as fusinus alternatus buzzurro & russo , 2007 ( unavailable following iczn art . 11 . 4 )\nspecies fusinus colombiensis m . a . snyder & n . c . snyder , 1999\nspecies fusinus altus p . marshall , 1919 \u2020 accepted as falsicolus alta ( p . marshall , 1919 ) \u2020\nspecies fusinus corrugatus p . marshall , 1918 \u2020 accepted as lepidocolus corrugata ( p . marshall , 1918 ) \u2020\nspecies fusinus orcutti dall , 1915 accepted as trachypollia lugubris ( c . b . adams , 1852 ) ( synonym )\nspecies fusinus valdiviae hadorn & fraussen , 1999 accepted as chryseofusus graciliformis ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1880 )\n\u00bb species fusinus ( chryseofusus ) hyphalus m . smith , 1940 accepted as chryseofusus hyphalus ( m . smith , 1940 )\nspecies fusinus hyphalus m . smith , 1940 accepted as chryseofusus hyphalus ( m . smith , 1940 ) ( original combination )\nspecies fusinus niponicus ( e . a . smith , 1879 ) accepted as granulifusus niponicus ( e . a . smith , 1879 )\nspecies fusinus monksae dall , 1915 accepted as fusinus robustus ( trask , 1855 ) accepted as harfordia robusta ( trask , 1855 ) ( unnecessary nom . nov . for fusus robustus trask , 1855 , by dall believed to be preoccupied by f . robustus beyrich , 1856 . )\nbuzzurro g . & russo p . ( 2007 ) . fusinus del mediterraneo . published by the authors , 280 p . [ details ]\nspecies fusinus felipensis h . n . lowe , 1935 accepted as hesperaptyxis felipensis ( h . n . lowe , 1935 ) ( original combination )\nspecies fusinus fredbakeri h . n . lowe , 1935 accepted as hesperaptyxis fredbakeri ( h . n . lowe , 1935 ) ( original combination )\nspecies fusinus graciliformis ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1880 ) accepted as chryseofusus graciliformis ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1880 )\nspecies fusinus maorium p . marshall & murdoch , 1919 \u2020 accepted as coluzea maoria ( p . marshall & r . murdoch , 1919 ) \u2020\nspecies fusinus rubrolineatus ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1870 ) accepted as granulifusus rubrolineatus ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1870 )\n\u00bb species fusinus ( chryseofusus ) graciliformis ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1880 ) accepted as chryseofusus graciliformis ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1880 )\nhadorn r . & fraussen k . 2006 . five new species of fusinus ( gastropoda : fasciolariidae ) from western pacific and arafura sea . novapex 7 ( 4 ) : 91 - 102 . [ details ]\niczn 1993 . opinion 1765 . fusus helbling , 1779 ( mollusca , gastropoda ) : suppressed , and fusinus rafinesque , 1815 and colubraria schumacher , 1817 : conserved . bulletin of zoological nomenclature , 51 ( 2 ) : 159 - 161 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of propefusus iredale , 1924 ) callomon p . & snyder m . a . ( 2008 ) . on the genus fusinus in japan iv : f . longissimus ( gmelin , 1791 ) and two new species . venus , 67 ( 1 - 2 ) : 1 - 13 [ details ]\n( of fusus brugui\u00e8re , 1789 ) iczn 1993 . opinion 1765 . fusus helbling , 1779 ( mollusca , gastropoda ) : suppressed , and fusinus rafinesque , 1815 and colubraria schumacher , 1817 : conserved . bulletin of zoological nomenclature , 51 ( 2 ) : 159 - 161 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nafter more than 2 years of preparations , the diatombase portal is now officially launched . . . .\nlast week - on may 30 and 31st \u2013 8 thematic experts on talitridae came together for the first time during a lifewatch - worms sponsored workshop . the workshop took place at the hellenic centre for marine research in crete , where it was organized back - to - back with the 8th international sandy beaches symposium ( isbs ) . the group focused on identifying relevant traits for the talitridae , and adding this data through the amphipoda species database . . . .\non 23 april 2018 , a number of editors of the world register of introduced species ( wrims ) started a three day workshop in the flanders marine institute ( vliz ) . these three days were used to evaluate , complete and improve the content of this worms thematic register ( tsd ) . . . .\nthe 2nd worms early career researchers and 3rd worms achievement award were granted respectively to fran\u00e7ois le coze and geoff read . congratulations ! . . .\nin 2018 , to celebrate a decade of worms ' existence , it was decided to compile a list of our top marine species , both for 2017 and for the previous decade . . . .\nthe scleractinian corals are now accessible though their own list portal . this world list contains over 1 500 accepted names of extant species and is one of the most complete existing resources for scleractinian taxa . . .\nfusus brugui\u00e8re , 1789 ( invalid : junior homonym of fusus helbling , 1779 . see nomenclatural note below . )\ntaxonomy established as a substitute name for\nfusus lamarck\n[ = fusus brugui\u00e8re , 1789 ] , which however is invalid . placed by the . . .\ntaxonomy established as a substitute name for\nfusus lamarck\n[ = fusus brugui\u00e8re , 1789 ] , which however is invalid . placed by the iczn on the official list by opinion 1765 , 1994 , bulletin of zoological nomenclature , 51 ( 2 ) : 159 . [ details ]\n( of cyrtulus hinds , 1843 ) hinds r . b . ( 1843 ) . descriptions of new shells from the collection of captain sir edward belcher , r . n . , c . b . annals and magazine of natural history . 11 : 255 - 257 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 256 [ details ]\n( of pseudofusus monterosato , 1884 ) monterosato t . a . ( di ) ( 1884 ) . nomenclatura generica e specifica di alcune conchiglie mediterranee . palermo , virzi , 152 pp . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 117 [ details ]\n( of exilifusus gabb , 1876 \u2020 ) gabb , w . m . ( 1876 ) notes on american cretaceous fossils , with descriptions of some new species . proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia , 28 , 276\u2013324 . [ details ]\n( of sinistralia h . adams & a . adams , 1853 ) adams h . & adams a . ( 1853 - 1858 ) . the genera of recent mollusca ; arranged according to their organization . london , van voorst . vol . 1 : xl + 484 pp . ; vol . 2 : 661 pp . ; vol . 3 : 138 pls . [ published in parts : vol . 1 : i - xl ( 1858 ) , 1 - 256 ( 1853 ) , 257 - 484 ( 1854 ) . vol . 2 : 1 - 92 ( 1854 ) , 93 - 284 ( 1855 ) , 285 - 412 ( 1856 ) , 413 - 540 ( 1857 ) , 541 - 661 ( 1858 ) . vol . 3 : pl . 1 - 32 ( 1853 ) , 33 - 96 ( 1855 ) , 97 - 112 ( 1856 ) , 113 - 128 ( 1857 ) , 129 - 138 ( 1858 ) ] . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 79 [ details ]\nsnyder m . a . ( 2003 ) . catalogue of the marine gastropod family fasciolariidae . academy of natural sciences . of philadelphia , special publication . 21iii + 1\u2013431 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of cyrtulus hinds , 1843 ) couto d . , bouchet p . , kantor yu . i . , simone l . r . l . & giribet g . ( 2016 ) . a multilocus molecular phylogeny of fasciolariidae ( neogastropoda : buccinoidea ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution . 99 : 309 - 322 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of pseudofusus monterosato , 1884 ) crosse h . ( 1885 ) . nomenclatura generica e specifica di alcune conchiglie mediterranee , pel marchese di monterosato [ book review ] . journal de conchyliologie 33 : 139 - 142 , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 141 [ details ]\n( of fusus brugui\u00e8re , 1789 ) snyder m . a . ( 2003 ) . catalogue of the marine gastropod family fasciolariidae . academy of natural sciences . of philadelphia , special publication . 21iii + 1\u2013431 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of gracilipurpura jousseaume , 1880 ) jousseaume , f . p . ( 1880 ) . division m\u00e9thodique de la famille des purpurid\u00e9s . le naturaliste . 2 ( 42 ) : 335 - 338 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of sinistralia h . adams & a . adams , 1853 ) cossmann , m . ( 1901 ) . essais de pal\u00e9oconchologie compar\u00e9e . quatri\u00e8me livraison . paris , the author and soci\u00e9t\u00e9 d ' \u00e9ditions scientifiques . 293 pp . , 10 pls . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 8 [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nif you do not have an account yet , you can register here first .\nenter your email address and we will send you an email with your username and password .\ne - mail conchbooks office if you do not receive your email with your username and password .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken"]}
{"id": 385, "summary": [{"text": "the paropsonemids are problematic fossils known from the early cambrian to devonian periods , which may be related to the cambrian eldoniids .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "they are typified by the chengjiang genus paropsonema . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "paropsonemid", "paragraphs": ["this is the place for paropsonemid definition . you find here paropsonemid meaning , synonyms of paropsonemid and images for paropsonemid copyright 2017 \u00a9 urltoken\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word paropsonemid . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word paropsonemid and , of course , paropsonemid synonyms and on the right images related to the word paropsonemid .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\naa ( department of earth sciences , university of cambridge , cambridge cb2 3eq , uk . )\nnature , volume 361 , issue 6409 , pp . 219 - 225 ( 1993 ) . ( nature homepage )\nthe appearance of the multicellular animals , or metazoa , in the fossil record about 600 million years ago marks a revolution in the history of life . molecular biology is continuing to increase our understanding of metazoan evolution , yet information from fossils is still an important component in deciphering metazoan phylogeny , and data on rapidly radiating animal groups place early metazoan evolution in a new perspective .\nd . friend , a . yu . zhuravlev , and i . a . solov\u2019ev ( 2002 ) .\nthis page was last modified on 8 december 2015 , at 15 : 37 .\nthis article ' s content derived from wikipedia , the free encyclopedia ( see original source ) .\njavascript is disabled for your browser . some features of this site may not work without it .\nthe eldonides are an extinct group of soft - bodied animals , which lived from 530 \u00bf 370 million years ago . examining how they were preserved as fossils , in comparison to some of the oldest animal fossils , suggests that animal life could have existed for millions of years before becoming capable of fossilisation .\nthis item is available under the attribution - noncommercial - noderivs 3 . 0 ireland . no item may be reproduced for commercial purposes . please refer to the publisher ' s url where this is made available , or to notes contained in the item itself . other terms may apply .\nif you know the book but cannot find it on abebooks , we can automatically search for it on your behalf as new inventory is added . if it is added to abebooks by one of our member booksellers , we will notify you !\nby using the web site , you confirm that you have read , understood , and agreed to be bound by the terms and conditions . copyright \u00a9 1996 - 2018 abebooks inc . & abebooks europe gmbh . all rights reserved .\nsorry , preview is currently unavailable . you can download the paper by clicking the button above .\nenter the email address you signed up with and we ' ll email you a reset link ."]}
{"id": 390, "summary": [{"text": "allogalathea elegans ( known as the feather star squat lobster , crinoid squat lobster or elegant squat lobster ) is a species of squat lobster that is sometimes kept in marine aquariums . ", "topic": 27}], "title": "allogalathea elegans", "paragraphs": ["what type of species is allogalathea elegans ? below , you will find the taxonomic groups the allogalathea elegans species belongs to .\nwhich photographers have photos of allogalathea elegans species ? below , you will find the list of underwater photographers and their photos of the marine species allogalathea elegans .\nhow to identify allogalathea elegans marine species ? below , you will find the list of main identification criteria and physical characteristics of marine species allogalathea elegans . for each identification criteria , the corresponding physical characteristics of marine species allogalathea elegans are marked in green .\nwhere is allogalathea elegans found in the world ? below , you will find the list and a world map of the geographic distribution where the marine species allogalathea elegans can be found .\ndevelopment sequence . a ) allogalathea elegans ( fujita 2010 ) \u2013 a ) zoea . . . | download scientific diagram\nelegant squat lobster - allogalathea elegans ( adams , a and a . white , 1848 ) - overview - encyclopedia of life\nallogalathea elegans ( adams & white , 1848 ) , maxilla : a , first zoea ; b , . . . | download scientific diagram\nnick hope marked an unknown common name in an unknown language from\nallogalathea elegans ( adams , a and a . white , 1848 )\nas trusted .\njoanne taylor marked the classification from\nworld register of marine species ( worms )\nas preferred for\nallogalathea elegans ( adams , a and a . white , 1848 )\n.\nhi molly - - your ' s is a relative of allogalathea elegans but it ' s not a crinoid commensal . this is what a . elegans looks like - urltoken notice how the carapace is elongated forwards in a point between the eyes and then look at yours which has a blunt carapace .\n. . . of these , only one species , a . inermis , was identified at the species level . its appearance is related to changes in the taxonomy of a widespread , opportunistic symbiont of crinoids allogalathea elegans . a . elegans has recently been shown to be a species complex including four dif - ferent species , which , although genetically very dis - tinct , are morphologically very similar [ 11 ] ; we have two of these in our samples : a . elegans and a . inermis . allogalathea sp . . . .\nfig . 6 . allogalathea elegans ( adams & white , 1848 ) , maxilla : a , first zoea ; b , second zoea ; c , third zoea ; d , fourth zoea ; e , megalop . scale bars = 0 . 1 mm .\ncitation :\nelegant crinoid squat lobsters , allogalathea elegans ~ marinebio . org .\nmarinebio conservation society . web . accessed monday , july 9 , 2018 . < urltoken > . last update : 5 / 25 / 2013 10 : 28 : 00 pm ~ contributor ( s ) : marinebio\nhi leslie ! thanks for clarifying . i have been wondering about that . i haven ' t been able to find the exact scientific name of this one . i , too , thought the rostrum is too short to be allogalathea . either way , the one i have is the ones la is selling , and they call them allogalathea elegans . so these aren ' t crinoid commensals ? that is interesting . i wonder if they are commensal on anything .\nfigure 4 . 2 : development sequence . a ) allogalathea elegans ( fujita 2010 ) \u2013 a ) zoea i . b ) zoea ii . c ) zoea iii . d ) zoea iv . e ) megalop . b ) chirostylus stellaris ( fujita and clark 2010 ) \u2013 a ) zoea i . b ) zoea ii . e ) megalop .\ncabezas , p . ; macpherson , e . ; machordom , a . ( 2011 ) . allogalathea ( decapoda : galatheidae ) : a monospecific genus of squat lobster ? zool . j . linn . soc . 162 ( 2 ) : 245 - 270 .\nresearch allogalathea elegans \u00bb barcode of life ~ bioone ~ biodiversity heritage library ~ cites ~ cornell macaulay library [ audio / video ] ~ encyclopedia of life ( eol ) ~ esa online journals ~ fishbase ~ florida museum of natural history ichthyology department ~ gbif ~ google scholar ~ itis ~ iucn redlist ( threatened status ) ~ marine species identification portal ~ ncbi ( pubmed , genbank , etc . ) ~ ocean biogeographic information system ~ plos ~ siris ~ tree of life web project ~ unep - wcmc species database ~ worms\nin the case of the expensive harlequin shrimp hymenocera picta dana , 1852 , and h . elegans heller , 1861 , the main bottleneck impairing the culture of these species is the diet of juvenile and adult specimens , because they feed exclusively on sea stars .\n( of galathea elegans adams & white , 1848 ) lewinsohn , c . ( 1969 ) . die anomuren des roten meeres ( crustacea decapoda : paguridae , galatheidae , hippidae ) . zoologische verhandelingen ( rijksmuseum van natuurlijke historie , leiden ) 104 . 213 pp . [ details ]\nok , now i ' m kinda lost here . . . . crinoid commensal means what exactly ? do they need a some sort of companion with whom they share a symbiotic relationship ? the true a . elegans is stunning ! i ' ve never seen anything like that before . how are they suited for a reef enviornment ? athough i ' m sure that i ' d never find one for my tank .\n. . . in the indo - west pacific region , including mozambique , madagascar , red sea , indonesia ( banda and celebes seas ) , philippines , taiwan , new caledonia , chesterfield islands , and vanuatu ; subtidal to depth of 120 m ( cabezas et al . , 2011 ) . the present material confirms the occurrence of a . elegans in singapore , although johnson ( 1970 ) previously reported this species . . . .\n( of galathea elegans adams & white , 1848 ) baba , k . , macpherson , e . , poore , g . , ahyong , s . , bermudez , a . , cabezas , p . , lin , c . , nizinski , m . , rodrigues , c . & schnabel , k . ( 2008 ) . catalogue of squat lobsters of the world ( crustacea : decapoda : anomura - families chirostylidae , galatheidae and kiwaidae ) . zootaxa . 1905 , 220 pp . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nadams , a . & white , a . ( 1848 ) crustacea . in : adams , a . ( ed . ) the zoology of the voyage of the hms\nsamarang\nunder the command of captain sir edward belcher , c . b . , f . r . a . s . , f . g . s . , during the years 1843 - 1846 . benham and leeve , london , pp . 1 - 66 , 13 pls . [ details ]\nbaba , k . , macpherson , e . , poore , g . , ahyong , s . , bermudez , a . , cabezas , p . , lin , c . , nizinski , m . , rodrigues , c . & schnabel , k . ( 2008 ) . catalogue of squat lobsters of the world ( crustacea : decapoda : anomura - families chirostylidae , galatheidae and kiwaidae ) . zootaxa . 1905 , 220 pp . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nwebber , w . r . ; fenwick , g . d . ; bradford - grieve , j . m . ; eagar s . g . ; buckeridge , j . s . ; poore , g . c . b . ; dawson , e . w . ; watling , l . ; jones , j . b . ; wells , j . b . j . ; bruce , n . l . ; ahyong , s . t . ; larsen , k . ; chapman , m . a . ; olesen , j . ; ho , j . ; green , j . d . ; shiel , r . j . ; rocha , c . e . f . ; l\u00f6rz , a . ; bird , g . j . ; charleston , w . a . ( 2010 ) . phylum arthropoda subphylum crustacea : shrimps , crabs , lobsters , barnacles , slaters , and kin , in : gordon , d . p . ( ed . ) ( 2010 ) . new zealand inventory of biodiversity : 2 . kingdom animalia : chaetognatha , ecdysozoa , ichnofossils . pp . 98 - 232 . [ details ]\n( of galathea longirostris dana , 1852 ) baba , k . , macpherson , e . , poore , g . , ahyong , s . , bermudez , a . , cabezas , p . , lin , c . , nizinski , m . , rodrigues , c . & schnabel , k . ( 2008 ) . catalogue of squat lobsters of the world ( crustacea : decapoda : anomura - families chirostylidae , galatheidae and kiwaidae ) . zootaxa . 1905 , 220 pp . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of galathea longirostris yokoya , 1936 ) baba , k . , macpherson , e . , poore , g . , ahyong , s . , bermudez , a . , cabezas , p . , lin , c . , nizinski , m . , rodrigues , c . & schnabel , k . ( 2008 ) . catalogue of squat lobsters of the world ( crustacea : decapoda : anomura - families chirostylidae , galatheidae and kiwaidae ) . zootaxa . 1905 , 220 pp . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of galathea deflexifrons haswell , 1882 ) baba , k . , macpherson , e . , poore , g . , ahyong , s . , bermudez , a . , cabezas , p . , lin , c . , nizinski , m . , rodrigues , c . & schnabel , k . ( 2008 ) . catalogue of squat lobsters of the world ( crustacea : decapoda : anomura - families chirostylidae , galatheidae and kiwaidae ) . zootaxa . 1905 , 220 pp . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of galathea grandirostris stimpson , 1858 ) baba , k . , macpherson , e . , poore , g . , ahyong , s . , bermudez , a . , cabezas , p . , lin , c . , nizinski , m . , rodrigues , c . & schnabel , k . ( 2008 ) . catalogue of squat lobsters of the world ( crustacea : decapoda : anomura - families chirostylidae , galatheidae and kiwaidae ) . zootaxa . 1905 , 220 pp . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nintergovernmental oceanographic commission ( ioc ) of unesco . the ocean biogeographic information system ( obis ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nmorton b . & morton je . ( 1983 ) . the sea shore ecology of hong kong . hong kong : hong kong university press . [ details ]\nthe species has several possible body colour patterns : either uniformly dark ( red , blackish purple , orange or brown ) or dark , with either two narrow light stripes , or alternating longitudinal dark and light stripes ( patterns 1 , 3 , and 4 of baba , 1979 ) , the number and width of which varies . other colour patterns include a narrow lighter stripe in the middle of each dark stripe . pereiopods also show variable coloration : p1 uniformly dark or with longitudinal light dorsal stripe along merus , carpus , and palm , finger tips light ; some specimens with p1 uniformly dark and fingers whitish . p2\u2013p4 uniformly dark or pale on distal portion of carpus , distal portion of propodus and entire dactylus ; in some specimens , p2\u2013p4 meri dark , and carpi , propodi , and dactyli whitish .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nhaswell , w . a . 1882 ,\ndescription of some new species of australian decapoda\n, proceedings of the linnean society of new south wales , vol . 6 , no . 4 , pp . 750 - 763\nadams , a . & white , a . 1848 ,\ncrustacea . part i\n, ed . adams , a . ( ed . ) , the zoology of the voyage of h . m . s . samarang under the command of captain sir edward belcher during the years 1843\u20131846 , pp . 1 - 66 pls i - xiii , reeve , benham & reeve , london\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 04f3b944 - 5f55 - 44b6 - a76a - 6023415810e1\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 7b98f0f2 - 3bff - 445f - 9a32 - 3fc58ab42242\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : dd8a8a95 - 4e52 - 456c - b9b7 - 5cb02913ab73\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 97c5dfda - c6da - 42d5 - 9db4 - fd6fb056ecfb\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 372957\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nthis species lives inside the arms of crinoids ( feather stars ) for protection . it adopts the colour pattern of its host by repositioning chromatophores ( pigment cells ) in its carapace . it feeds on plankton collected from the arms of its host .\n1 - 12 m depth , size up to 2 cm . females are larger than males .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nbecause of the sheer size of our forum , we ' ve been forced to limit selling and trading to members who ' ve met a couple of criteria . ( if you ' re seeing this message , you haven ' t met them yet . ) please take a moment to acquaint yourself with our selling / trading rules to help make your stay a long and rewarding one .\njust curious , saw that la had a couple in the diver ' s den and thought thet they looked interesting . has anyone ever kept one or had any experiance with them in a reef set - up ?\ni do ! i love mine . he is very cute . he eats mysis and filter feeds . i target feed him with frozen cyclops and mysis . urltoken\n_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - felicia - current tank info : 55 + two 20 gallon refugiums coldwater with puffer , seahorses , gobies , crabs , starfish all from the atlantic . 90 gallon w 20 gal refugium with tilefish , swallowtail angel , blue tang , clingfish , naked clown , fancy white clown , brachio blenny , mollies\nwow that ' s sweet , nice pics ! thx for the info molly , glad to know that they ' re reef safe . is he out and about all day and takes nights off ? i take it thet stay pretty small .\n_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ cheers , leslie so many worms , so little time . . . natural history museum of los angeles county\ni just found it - galathea inflata - and i was wrong about it not being a crinoid commensal . oops ! urltoken\nthank you so much leslie ! you are awesome ! i have been trying to id this guy for months ! being a crinoid commensal means they hitch a ride on crinoids , which are starfish like feather stars . they don ' t require their crinoids in captivity , thank goodness , because crinoids are impossible to keep in captivity .\npowered by vbulletin\u00ae version 3 . 8 . 4 copyright \u00a92000 - 2018 , jelsoft enterprises ltd . powered by searchlight \u00a9 2018 axivo inc .\nuse of this web site is subject to the terms and conditions described in the user agreement . reef central tm reef central , llc . copyright \u00a91999 - 2014\nuser alert system provided by advanced user tagging v3 . 3 . 0 ( pro ) - vbulletin mods & addons copyright \u00a9 2018 dragonbyte technologies ltd .\nbold black or brown droplet shaped body , with 2 white stripes on the carapace and a thin yellow line in the middle , and one 1 white stripe on the arms . long pointed rostrum with tiny spines along the edges . row of spines below and behind the ( red ) eyes . however there are many variations in appearance of this species .\nunevaluated by the iucn red list . fairly common , but well hidden between the arms of crinoids .\ntropical waters from the indian ocean and the indo - pacific . they live exclusively on crinoids ( feather stars ) .\nit feeds on plankton , as does the crinoid it lives on . the crinoid provides good locations for catching plankton .\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\njoin researchgate to access over 30 million figures and 118 + million publications \u2013 all in one place .\na remarkable anomuran : the taxon aegla leach , 1820 . taxonomic remarks , distribution , biology , diversity and conservation\na squat lobster with egg shaped body , mostly with longitudinal stripes , and long front legs with claws . colour may vary according to host crinoid , in the fronds of which it is most often found .\noccurrence describes how often the species is found on surveys within its distribution . it is calculated as the % of reef sites surveyed by rls divers across all the ecoregions in which the species has been observed\nabundance is calculated as the average number of individuals recorded per rls transect , where present .\nplease use this form only for a single type of error . if you see multiple errors on the page for this species , please report these in separate forms by clicking on this button again after submitting this form\nthank you for highlighting this error . we appreciate your assistance in maintaining high quality control standards\nsmall squat lobsters , from relatively shallow waters ( found in depths from 0 - 146 m ) and often associated with crinoids .\nthey can be distinguished from the other genera by the flat and triangular rostrum ( with a carina underneath and 5 - 9 lateral teeth ) and a carapace with setiferous striae . coloration varies from solid red to black and white stripes and generally matches the crinoid colouration .\nuntil recently this was the only species in the genus . it has now four species , with slight variations in morphology ( such as length and proportion of claws ) , colour patterns and distribution .\ncommensal on crinoids , feeding on detritus . can oftern be found in pairs on crinoids\nrights we support the open release of data and information about our collections . text content on this page is licensed under a creative commons attribution 4 . 0 international license . image content on this page is copyright wa museum .\npoore , g . c . b . ; ahyong , s . t . ; taylor , j . eds ( 2011 ) . the biology of squat lobsters . 363 p . collingwood , vic . csiro publishing\nthis home page section for this species is currently being developed and will be completed asap ! if you would like to help out or know of a great video , photo or site about this species , let us know and we ' ll notify you as soon as it is finished . our current project plan is to have all marine species home pages finished before christmas this year . if you ' d like to find out more about our ongoing projects here at marinebio , check out our marinebio projects page .\nstart or join a discussion about this species below or send us an email to report any errors or submit suggestions for this page . we greatly appreciate all feedback !\nhelp us protect and restore marine life by supporting our various online community - centered marine conservation projects that are effectively sharing the wonders of the ocean with millions each year around the world , raising a balanced awareness of the increasingly troubling and often very complex marine conservation issues that affect marine life and ourselves directly , providing support to marine conservation groups on the frontlines that are making real differences today , and the scientists , teachers and students involved in the marine life sciences .\nwith your support , most marine life and their ocean habitats can be protected , if not restored to their former natural levels of biodiversity . we sincerely thank our thousands of members , donors and sponsors , who have decided to get involved and support the marinebio conservation society .\ndeep music digitally imported urltoken proton radio * radio paradise radiotunes somafm wers 88 . 9 fm\n~ sharing the wonders of the ocean to inspire conservation , education , research , and a sea ethic ~ marinebio . org , inc . is a u . s . 501 ( c ) 3 charitable , nonprofit organization . contact : info @ urltoken all marinebio conservation society memberships and donations are tax deductible in the united states . > < ( ( ( ( \u00b0 > \u00a9 1998 - 2017 marinebio copyright & terms of use . privacy policy . > - < \u00b0\u00b0 > - <\nfor all at last returns to the sea \u2014 to oceanus , the ocean river , like the everflowing stream of time , the beginning and the end .\n- rachel carson\nyou may not duplicate , copy , or reuse any portion of the photos / html / css or visual design elements without our express written permission . any redistribution or reproduction of part or all of the contents in any form is prohibited .\nuse on websites and for limited audiences in social media , apps , or live performances .\nfestive decorations . the work of a designer - decorator . on the eve of christmas .\nsoccer ball in goal net with slowmotion . slowmotion football ball in the net .\nstage lights and different shapes art gallery . series 3 + version from 1 to 26 + orange - blue - purple and white color series\nover 10 , 966 , 411 royalty - free video clips with 81 , 058 new stock clips added weekly .\ninsights into life - history traits of munidopsis spp . ( anomura : munidopsidae ) from hydrothermal vent fields in the okinawa trough , in comparison with the existing data\nthe ibm strategic repository for digital assets such as images and videos is located at urltoken . this repository is populated with tens of thousands of assets and should be your first stop for asset selection .\n. . . here , we examined all this material analyzing both morphological and molecular characters , which include partial sequences from two mitochondrial genes ( cytochrome c oxidase subunit i and 16s rrna ) frequently used in molecular studies of squat lobsters ( machordom & macpherson 2004 ; ahyong et al . 2011 ; cabezas et al . 2011 ) . bayesian phylogenetic analysis was performed in mrbayes v3 . 2 . 1 ( huelsenbeck & ronquist 2001 ) using only the coi sequences because 16s sequencing was not successful for all species . . . .\n. . . the genetic divergence between f . cultrata n . sp . and f . chani n . sp . was 10 . 57 % ( coi ) ( table 2 ) . such divergence values are estimated to be in the upper range of molecular interspecific divergences so far found for squat lobsters , normally beyond 3 % among coi sequences and higher than 0 . 7 % among 16s sequences ( cabezas et al . 2008 cabezas et al . , 2011 poore & andreakis 2012macpherson & robainas - barcia 2013 , 2015 . . . .\n. . . symbionts were sorted accord - ing to major taxonomic groups and then identified . papers [ 5 , [ 9 ] [ 10 ] [ 11 ] were used to identify decapods , and paper [ 7 ] was used to polychaetes . porcelanid crabs were identified by dr . werding ( institute f\u00fcr tier\u00f6kol - ogie und specielle zoologie der justus - liebig - uni - versit\u00e4t giessen , germany ) and an ophiuroid was identified by a . martynov ( zoological museum , moscow state university ) . . . .\n. . . recently , cabezas et al . ( 2011examined numerous specimens from various localities in the indo - west pacific and described three new species based on the molecular evidence and subtle morphological characters . the present material includes two species , of which a . longimana cabezas , macpherson & machordom , 2011 , is recorded for the first time from singapore . . . .\n. . . ( fig . 8 . 1 ) , are also found in heterosexual pairs at relatively high frequency ( c . 50 % ) on their host crinoids , such as oxycomanthus bennetti ( zmarzly , 1984 ) ( cabezas et al . 2011 ) . in g . inflata , the remaining hosts are mostly occupied by single galatheids including males , ovigerous females , symbiotic chirostylids have been reported from shallow environments . . . .\nbaeza , j . a . 2011 . squat lobsters as symbionts and in chemo - autotrophic environments . ( chapter 8 ) . in : the biology of squat lobsters ( poore g . c . b . , ahyong s . t . , and taylor j . , eds ) . csiro publishing : melbourne and crc press : boca raton . pp . 249 - 270 .\nin the mediterranean sea , the intensive use of maritime space calls for integrated management to avoid cumulative impacts and user conflicts . maritime spatial planning ( msp ) \u2013 the harmonization of \u2026\n[ more ]\nthe principal expected achievements are : to provide a reduced set of parameters describing synthetically the effects of defence structures from the different points of view . to provide validated an\u2026\n[ more ]\ncoconet project full title :\ntowards coast to coast networks of marine protected areas ( from the shore to the high and deep sea ) , coupled with sea - based wind energy potential .\ntaxonomic revision of the genus paramunida baba , 1988 ( crustacea : decapoda : galatheidae ) : a morpholo . . .\nthe genus paramunida belongs to the family galatheidae , one of the most species rich families among anomuran decapod crustaceans . in spite of the genus has received substantial taxonomic attention , subtle morphological variations observed in numerous samples suggest the existence of undescribed species . the examination of many specimens collected during recent expeditions and morphological and . . . [ show full abstract ]\nmorphological and molecular description of new species of squat lobster ( crustacea : decapoda : galath . . .\nthe family galatheidae is among the most diverse families of anomuran decapod crustaceans , and the south - west pacific is a biodiversity hot spot for these squat lobsters . attempts to clarify the taxonomic and evolutionary relationships of the galatheidae on the basis of morphological and molecular data have revealed the existence of several cryptic species , differentiated only by subtle . . . [ show full abstract ]\ndeep under the sea : unraveling the evolutionary history of the deep - sea squat lobster paramunida ( de . . .\nthe diversification of indo - pacific marine fauna has long captivated the attention of evolutionary biologists . previous studies have mainly focused on coral reef or shallow water - associated taxa . here , we present the first attempt to reconstruct the evolutionary history - - phylogeny , diversification , and biogeography - - of a deep - water lineage . we sequenced the molecular markers 16s , coi , nd1 , . . . [ show full abstract ]\na new species of paramunida baba , 1988 from the central pacific ocean and a new genus to accommodate . . .\nthe genus paramunida belongs to the most diverse family of galatheoids and it is commonly reported from the continental slope across the indian and pacific oceans . examination of material collected by the noaa rv townsend cromwell cruise near christmas ( kiritimati ) island , kiribati , revealed the existence of a new species of paramunida ( p . haigae ) , which represents the fourth record of the . . . [ show full abstract ]\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience on our website . by continuing to use our website , you are agreeing to our use of cookies . you can change your cookie settings at any time .\n( jl ) department of biological sciences , florida institute of technology , 150 w . university boulevard , melbourne , florida 32901 , u . s . a .\n( alr ) department of biological sciences , florida institute of technology , 150 w . university boulevard , melbourne , florida 32901 , u . s . a .\nricardo calado , junda lin , andrew l . rhyne , ricardo ara\u00fajo , lu\u00eds narciso ; marine ornamental decapods\u2014popular , pricey , and poorly studied , journal of crustacean biology , volume 23 , issue 4 , 1 december 2003 , pages 963\u2013973 , urltoken\nthe objective of the present work is to present a list of decapod crustaceans currently traded in the marine aquarium industry , highlighting possible ecological impacts of their harvest from the wild , and the main bottlenecks impairing the commercial culture of these species . possible management and conservation guidelines to preserve these highly priced marine resources are also suggested .\nin order to evaluate the number of decapod species currently traded in the marine aquarium industry , monthly surveys were conducted year round during 2002 . information was gathered from eight portuguese aquarium retail stores , seven virtual pet stores on the world wide web ( one portuguese , one german , one british , and four north american ) , and two marine aquarium hobby magazines ( tropical fish hobbyist and marine and freshwater aquarium ) . this preliminary list was complemented with the marine ornamental decapod species listed in debelius ( 1984 ) , baensch and debelius ( 1994 ) , foss\u00e5 and nielsen ( 2000 ) , dakin ( 2001 ) , fenner ( 2001 ) , and sprung ( 2001 ) . in addition , several decapod species from european warm temperate and subtropical waters were included , because recent studies have revealed the potential use of such species in the marine aquarium trade .\nthe average unitary retail value of the most heavily traded ornamental decapods was estimated based on the prices presented by virtual pet stores on the world wide web .\nspecies were grouped according to the classification proposed by martin and davis ( 2001 ) .\nthe most heavily traded marine tropical decapods , as well as potential ornamental species from european warm temperate and subtropical waters , are listed in tables 1 \u2013 4 .\ndistribution , culture profitability , commercial culture techniques , larval development , and associative behaviour of the most popular marine ornamental stenopodidean shrimp and lobsters in the aquarium trade industry . abbreviations as in table 1 .\ndistribution , culture profitability , commercial culture techniques , larval development , and associative behaviour of the most popular marine ornamental squat lobsters and anomuran crabs in the aquarium trade industry . abbreviations as in table 1 .\ndistribution , culture profitability , commercial culture techniques , larval development , and associative behaviour of the most popular marine ornamental brachyuran crabs in the aquarium trade industry . abbreviations as in table 1 .\ncaridean shrimp species ( 49 ) clearly outnumber other decapod groups , with the hippolytidae family alone accounting for 15 species . anomuran and brachyuran crabs are the next two most traded groups , with 32 and 27 species respectively . diogenid hermits clearly are the most popular anomuran species ( 20 species ) . the pricey stenopodidean shrimp , astacidea , and palinura lobsters are represented by a considerably lower number of species ( 7 , 7 , and 6 species , respectively ) ( fig . 1 ) .\nnumber of marine decapod crustacean species , per infraorder and family , traded in the marine aquarium industry ( including decapod crustacean species occurring in european warm temperate and subtropical waters ) .\nfor the majority of species , larval development is either unknown or partially described ( tables 1 \u2013 4 ) . even for the best - studied group , the brachyuran crabs ( particularly majids ) , information on larval development only exists for a reduced number of species ( table 4 ) .\nseveral ornamental decapod groups , especially caridean shrimp , display associative behaviour , either with invertebrate or vertebrate organisms ( tables 1 \u2013 4 ) . certain caridean and stenopodidean shrimp are believed to be fish cleaners ( e . g . , lysmata amboinensis , l . debelius , l . grabhami , and stenopus hispidus ) , whereas alpheus and periclimenes are known to live in close association with fish and invertebrates , respectively .\nsuitable commercial culture techniques for marine ornamental decapods are still far from being established . caridean and stenopodidean shrimp species have the highest number of established culture methodologies for traded species ( 10 % and 14 % , respectively ) or for which culture methodologies are now being developed ( 43 % and 12 % , respectively ) . no study has addressed the culture of ornamental palinurid lobsters or anomuran crabs at a commercial level ( fig . 2 ) .\nnumber of traded ornamental stenopodidean , caridean , astacidian , palinurid , anomuran , and brachyuran decapod crustaceans ( including decapod crustacean species occurring in european warm temperate and subtropical waters ) and status of the commercial culture techniques ( % ) ( established , e ; being developed , bd ; not addressed , na ) .\nthough some brachyuran and anomuran crabs also attain high market values ( e . g . , lybia tessalata ( latreille , 1812 ) , percnon gibbesi ( h . milne edwards , 1853 ) , and manucomplanus varians ( benedict , 1892 ) ) , lobsters and caridean and stenopodidean shrimp are the groups commanding the highest market prices ( table 5 ) . the high prices of certain paired specimens ( e . g . , hymenocera and stenopus ) is a consequence of their agonistic responses towards conspecifics of the same sex .\naverage commercial value ( u . s . dollars per specimen ) of some popular and highly priced marine ornamental decapod crustaceans .\nimportant bottlenecks impairing ornamental decapod culture ( namely larviculture and broodstock maintenance ) have been partially overcome in recent years ( calado et al . , 2003 ) . however , research efforts are still being focused on a very small number of traded species of the genus lysmata , stenopus , and hymenocera .\nrearing systems used to culture frail palinurid and scyllarid larvae ( illingworth et al . , 1997 ; kittaka , 1997b ; ritar , 2001 ) appear to be suitable for the culture of other decapod larvae . the system developed by calado et al . ( 2003 ) , inspired by greve ' s ( 1968 ) \u201cplanktonkreisel\u201d and other larval spiny lobster culture systems , has proven to be suitable to raise caridean , stenopodidean , brachyuran , anomuran , and lobster larvae . in addition , this system allows larvae to be fed with nutritional prey ( while assuring good water quality ) , to test settlement cues ( by placing adult specimens or host organisms in the system head - tank ) , and to provide suitable settlement surfaces for late - stage larvae .\nthough cyanide use for ornamental fish collection is now a widespread practice in the major marine ornamental exporting countries in southeast asia ( jones and steven , 1997 ) , the physiological effects of this asphyxiant in decapod crustaceans and other invertebrate organisms in coral reefs are still unknown .\nthe only suitable way to achieve a sustainable management of the collection of marine ornamental decapods , while continuing to solve the bottlenecks impairing these species ' culture , is to promote a multidisciplinary cooperation between researchers working on larval biology , population dynamics , ecology , aquaculture , and fisheries .\nthe authors thank funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a ci\u00eancia e a tecnologia ( scholarship sfrh / bd / 983 / 2000 and research project pocti / bse / 43340 / 2001 ) from the portuguese government for the financial support . we thank joana figueiredo and lueji pestana for their comments on the manuscript . we express our sincere gratitude to paul f . clark from the natural history museum , london , and two anonymous referees for their valuable comments on the manuscript . we thank martin a . moe , jr . , of green turtle publications , for making available to us his report \u201cculture of marine ornamentals : for love , for money , and for science\u201d during the marine ornamentals 2001 meeting .\nphyllosoma larvae and phylogeny of palinuroidea ( crustacea : decapoda ) : a review .\nlater stage larvae of panulirus guttatus ( latreille , 1804 ) ( decapoda , palinuridae ) with notes on the identification of phyllosomata of panulirus in the caribbean sea .\nthe influence of shell type on hermit crab growth rate and clutch size ( decapoda , anomura ) .\nthe effects of shell size and shape on growth and form in the hermit crab pagurus longicarpus .\npuerulus of the spiny lobster panulirus guttatus ( latreille , 1804 ) ( palinuridae ) .\nthe complete larval development of coenobita compressus ( crustacea : decapoda : coenobitidae ) , reared in the laboratory .\ntracking the trade in ornamental coral reef organisms : the importance of cites and its limitations .\nlarval development of the mediterranean cleaner shrimp lysmata seticaudata ( risso , 1816 ) ( caridea ; hippolytidae ) fed on different diets : costs and benefits of mark - time molting .\non the first phyllosoma stage of parribacus caledonicus holthuis , 1960 , scyllarides squamosus ( h . milne - edwards , 1837 ) and arctides regalis holthuis , 1963 ( crustacea , decapoda , scyllaridae ) from new caledonia .\nthe larval development of pagurus prideauxi leach , 1814 , under laboratory conditions ( decapoda paguridea ) .\ncomponents of reproductive effort and delay of larval metamorphosis in tropical marine shrimp ( crustacea : decapoda : caridea and stenopodidea ) .\nlarvae of decapod crustacea . part i . stenopidae . part ii . amphionidae . part iii . phyllosoma .\nlarval development and delayed metamorphosis in the hermit crab clibanarius erythropus ( latreille ) ( crustacea , diogenidae ) .\ndelayed metamorphosis in florida hermit crabs : multiple cues and constraints ( crustacea : decapoda : paguridae and diogenidae ) .\nlarval and post - larval development of the slender legged spider crab , macropodia rostrata ( linnaeus ) ( oxyrhyncha : majidae : inachinae ) , reared in the laboratory .\non palinurid and scyllarid lobster larvae and their distribution in the south china sea ( decapoda , palinuridae ) .\nassociative behaviour of the fish cryptocentrus cryptocentrus ( gobiidae ) and the pistol shrimp alpheus djiboutensis ( alpheidae ) in artificial burrows .\nculture of larval spiny lobsters : a review of work done in northern japan .\nlarval development of the snapping shrimp alpheus heterochelis say , reared in the laboratory .\ncleaning of fish ectoparasites by a palaemonidae shrimp on soft bottoms in new caledonia .\ncontribution a l ' \u00e9tude du d\u00e9veloppement larvaire de clibanarius erythropus ( latreille ) ( crustac\u00e9 decapode anomure diog\u00e9nid\u00e9 ) .\nthe puerulus of the spotted spiny lobster , panulirus guttatus ( latreille 1804 ) ( crustacea : decapoda ) .\nnote sur les puerulus de palinuridae et les larves phyllosomes de panulirus homarus ( l . ) . clef de d\u00e9termination des larves phyllosomes r\u00e9colt\u00eaes dans le pacifique \u00e9quatorial et sud - tropical ( d\u00e9capodes ) .\ncomplete larval development of the spider crab stenorhynchus lanceolatus ( brull\u00e9 , 1837 ) ( decapoda , brachyura , majidae ) , reared in the laboratory .\nthe larval and post - larval development of percnon gibbesi ( crustacea , brachyura , grapsidae ) and the identity of the larval genus pluteocaris .\nlarvae of decapod crustacea of the families diogenidae and paguridae from the bay of naples .\nthe larval development of the tropical land hermit coenobita clypeatus ( herbst ) in the laboratory .\nthe larval development of calcinus tibicen ( herbst ) ( crustacea , anomura ) in the laboratory .\nthe complete larval development of the west indian hermit crab petrochirus diogenes ( l . ) ( decapoda , diogenidae ) reared in the laboratory .\nthe larval development of the west indian sponge crab dromidia antillensis ( decapoda : dromiidae ) .\nthe larval development of the sponge crab dromia personata ( l . ) ( crustacea , decapoda , brachyura ) reared in the laboratory .\nthe experimental culture of phyllosoma larvae of southern rock lobster ( jasus edwardsii ) in a flow - through system .\nphyllosoma larvae of a palinurid lobster , justitia longimana ( h . milne edwards ) , from the western atlantic .\nlarval and postlarval development of pisa tetraodon ( pennant , 1777 ) ( decapoda , majidea ) reared in the laboratory .\ndescription of some planktonic larval stages of stenopus spinosus risso , 1826 : notes on the genus and systematic position of the stenopodidea as revealed by larval characters .\nthe phyllosoma larvae of the spiny lobster palinurellus gundlachi von martens ( decapoda , palinuridae ) .\nl ' \u00e9toile de mer \u201ccouronne d ' \u00e9pines\u201d ( acanthaster ) et les r\u00e9cifs de la grande barri\u00e8re .\nearly growth and mortality of the caribbean king crab mithrax spinosissimus reared in the laboratory .\nstudies on decapod crustacea from the indian river region of florida . xiii . larval development under laboratory conditions of the spider crab mithrax forceps ( a . milne - edwards , 1875 ) ( brachyura : majidae ) .\nquantifying hermit crab recuitment rates and megalopal shell selection on a wave - swept shore .\nlarval development of lysmata amboinensis ( de man , 1888 ) ( decapoda : hippolytidae ) reared in the laboratory with a note on l . debelius ( bruce , 1983 ) .\nstudies on the interspecific relationship between gobbid fish and snapping shrimp . ii . life history and pair formation of snapping shrimp alpheus bellulus .\nthe early zoeal stages of alpheus heeia banner & banner , 1975 reared in the laboratory ( decapoda , caridea , alpheidae ) .\nstudies on the western atlantic arrow crab genus stenorhynchus ( decapoa , brachyura , majidae ) . i . larval characters of two species and comparison with other larvae of inachinae .\nlarviculture and effect of food on larval survival and development in golden coral shrimp stenopus scutellatus .\neffects of food and temperature on survival and development in the peppermint shrimp lysmata wurdemanni .\nmating behavior and spawning of the banded coral shrimp stenopus hispidus in the laboratory .\noxford university press is a department of the university of oxford . it furthers the university ' s objective of excellence in research , scholarship , and education by publishing worldwide\nfor full access to this pdf , sign in to an existing account , or purchase an annual subscription .\nsrilanka in stock [ archive ] - gta aquaria forum - aquarium fish & plants serving the greater toronto area .\ngta aquaria forum - aquarium fish & plants serving the greater toronto area . > vendors > aquatic kingdom > srilanka in stock\n: ( was there 2 days ago . it was my first time going there and their corals were beautiful . also saw the stingray being feed : )\nvbulletin\u00ae v3 . 8 . 8 , copyright \u00a92000 - 2018 , vbulletin solutions , inc ."]}
{"id": 392, "summary": [{"text": "umbonium vestiarium , common name the button tops , is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family trochidae , the top snails . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "umbonium vestiarium", "paragraphs": ["common button top ( umbonium vestiarium ) in sealife base : technical fact sheet .\ncommon button top ( umbonium vestiarium ) on the nparks flora and fauna website .\numbonium vestiarium ( vestigastropoda : trochidae ) button snail by jenny , 2015 , on taxo4254 .\n. the genus globulus , assigned by schumacher in 1817 , is an objective synonym of genus umbonium , meaning that both globulus and umbonium contain the same species ( i . e . u . vestiarium ) , but umbonium\numbonium vestiarium , a filter - feeding trochid by vera fretter in journal of zoology ( 20 aug 2009 ) .\nfigure 17 : description on umbonium vestiarium . image from the biodiversity heritage library . digitized by natural history museum library , london\numbonium vestiarium linnaeus 1758\n. gbif secretariat : gbif backbone taxonomy , 2013 . url : urltoken ( accessed on 11 november 2015 )\nno valid holotype was found for umbonium vestiarium . this is because the specimen ( trochus vestiarius ) that was assigned as the type actually referred to\nberry , a . j . , 1987 . reproductive cycles , egg production and recruitment in the indo - pacific intertidal gastropod umbonium vestiarium ( l . ) .\nkalyanasundaram , n . , s . s . ganti , & a . a . karande , 1972 . the habitat and the habitat - selection by umbonium vestiarium l .\nberry , a . j . , 1984 . umbonium vestiarium ( l . ) ( gastropoda , trochacea ) as the food source for naticid gastropods and a starfish on a malaysian sandy shore .\nspecies umbonium zelandicum a . adams , 1854 accepted as zethalia zelandica ( hombron & jacquinot , 1848 )\nsivadas , s . , b . ingole , & a . sen , 2012 . some ecological aspects and potential threats to an intertidal gastropod , umbonium vestiarium . journal of environmental biology , 33 : 1039 - 1044 .\n[ 30 ] chan , z . w . i . , 2013 . quantifying shell pattern and colour polymorphism in umbonium vestiarium ( l . ) ( gastropoda , trochacea ) . unpublished student report , national university of singapore , singapore . 17 pp .\nspecies umbonium striolatum a . adams , 1855 accepted as ethalia striolata ( a . adams , 1855 ) ( original combination )\nbutton snail is a suspension feeder . it belongs to genus umbonium , the only filter - feeding gastropod group with inhalant and exhalant siphons\n. no record of syntypes and lectotypes of u . vestiarium could be found . its type locality , as appointed by linnaeus in his original description , is mediterrranean , asia , and china\n( of trochus vestiarius linnaeus , 1758 ) linnaeus , c . ( 1758 ) . systema naturae per regna tria naturae , secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis . editio decima , reformata . laurentius salvius : holmiae . ii , 824 pp . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\ndescription solid , rounded shells , up to 2 cm wide , similar to oxystele ( above ) but more flattened and with a glossy , highly variable . . .\ndescription solid , rounded shells , up to 2 cm wide , similar to oxystele ( above ) but more flattened and with a glossy , highly variable and colourfully patterned exterior . habitat : eulittoral sand . distribution : indo - pacific . [ details ]\ndrivas , j . ; jay , m . ( 1987 ) . coquillages de la r\u00e9union et de l ' \u00eele maurice . collection les beaut\u00e9s de la nature . delachaux et niestl\u00e9 : neuch\u00e2tel . isbn 2 - 603 - 00654 - 1 . 159 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nliu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nbosch d . t . , dance s . p . , moolenbeek r . g . & oliver p . g . ( 1995 ) seashells of eastern arabia . dubai : motivate publishing . 296 pp . [ details ]\nkilburn , r . n . ( 1977 ) taxonomic studies on the marine mollusca of southern africa and mozambique . part 1 . annals of the natal museum , 23 , 173\u2013214 . [ details ]\n( of trochus vestiarius linnaeus , 1758 ) kilburn , r . n . ( 1977 ) taxonomic studies on the marine mollusca of southern africa and mozambique . part 1 . annals of the natal museum , 23 , 173\u2013214 . [ details ]\nhickman , c . s . ( 1985 ) . comparative morphology and ecology of free - living suspension - feeding gastropods from hong kong . in : morton b , & dudgeon d , editors . proceedings of the second international workshop on the malacofauna of hong kong . the malacofauna of hong kong and southern china ii . hong kong university press , hong kong . 1 : 217 - 234 . [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nversion 43 . 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed . my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .\na big pile of living button snails chek jawa , feb 05 they can float , forming ' rafts ' . changi , jul 08 closeup of shell opening and operculum . tanah merah , feb 07 tanah merah , mar 10\ntiny button snails leaping away from a hunting moon snail . east coast , jun 06\ncyrene reef , dec 10 photo shared by loh kok sheng on his blog .\nfamily trochidae tan , leo w . h . & ng , peter k . l . , 1988 . a guide to seashore life . the singapore science centre , singapore . 160 pp .\ntan siong kiat and henrietta p . m . woo , 2010 preliminary checklist of the molluscs of singapore ( pdf ) , raffles museum of biodiversity research , national university of singapore .\ntan , k . s . & l . m . chou , 2000 . a guide to the common seashells of singapore . singapore science centre . 160 pp .\ndavison , g . w . h . and p . k . l . ng and ho hua chew , 2008 . the singapore red data book : threatened plants and animals of singapore . nature society ( singapore ) . 285 pp .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis species has been recorded at changi , chek jawa , cyrene reef , east coast park , tanah merah .\nraffles museum of biodiversity research rmbr has its origins in the raffles museum which was founded in 1849 . established on\u2026\ndeveloped by moving mouse \u00a9 2018 lee kong chian natural history museum . all rights reserved . terms of use .\nfigure 1 : button snails found on sandy beach ( left ) and a close - up of the snail ( right ) . photo : \u00a9 2008 & 2012 ria tan ( cc by - nc - nd 2 . 0 )\nbutton snail has round and glossy shell with various patterns and colours ( figure 2 ) . its average shell width is 1 cm , with maximum of 1 . 5 cm\n. more information about its identifying features can be found on 5 ( ii ) diagnostic features .\nfigure 2 : various shell patterns of button snail . photo : \u00a9 2015 jenny\nempty shell may be occupied by hermit crab , so do take a closer look to find out whether it is button snail or hermit crab . the main distinguishing feature is that button snail has soft body while hermit crab has claws and legs like crabs ( figure 3 and 4 ) .\nfigure 4 : hermit crab living in an empty button snail . photo : \u00a9 2005 ria tan\npolymorphism , which refers to having two or more different sizes , shapes , colours , patterns , etc . , within a population\n, is a characteristic feature of many gastropod shells . button snail exhibits particularly high polymorphism : 11 colour patterns were recorded in kalbadevi beach in india\n. however , the development and maintenance of the polymorphism is still a mystery . both genetic and environmental factors are likely to play a role , but more studies need to be conducted to investigate this . one possible mechanism is apostatic selection through differential predation rates on morphs\nhowever , this is unlikely given that the main predators of button snail , such as moon snails and sea stars , hunt primarily by smell and not visual . another possible mechanism is heat management\n, especially in tropics where solar radiation and temperatures are high . indeed , darker morphs were observed to be lower in number\nbutton snail inhabits surface layers of marine sands in shallow water and also low - shore mud flats . it prefers sand of medium grade and avoids finer sand grains or muddy sand\nit is abundant in the sandy shores in singapore ( figure 5 ; e . g . changi , chek jawa , cyrene reef , east coast park , and tanah merah )\nfigure 5 : global distribution of button snail . source : global biodiversity information facility (\nfigure 6 : distribution of button snail in singapore . base map from global biodiversity information facility ( cc by 3 . 0 )\n. this may explain why button snail is found on sandy shores , and not rocky ones . to escape predators , button snail may perform a series of rolling movements by twisting their foot side to side\nfigure 7 : labels of selected anatomy . photo : \u00a9 2012 ria tan (\nfigure 8 : path marking made as button snail creeps on sand . photo : \u00a9 2011 ria tan (\nfigure 9 : aggregation of floating button snail . photo : \u00a9 2008 ria tan (\nfigure 10 : button snail buried in sand in feeding position . left photo : \u00a9 2012 ria tan ( cc by - nc - nd 2 . 0 ) , labelled by jenny . right illustration by jenny , with reference to [ 13 ]\nfigure 11 : button snails being preyed by moon snail ( left ) and haddon ' s carpet anemone ( right ) . photo : \u00a9 2011 & 2005 ria tan ( cc by - nc - nd 2 . 0 )\nbutton snail has separate sexes ( i . e . dioious ) . similar to other trochacaeans in the family , button snail is a broadcast spawner and carries out external fertilization because it lacks the accessory reproductive organs for internal fertilisation\nthe trochophore and early veligers larvae , which are negatively gravitaxis and will orient themselves against gravity and move upwards , to have light - enhanced upward swimming . this promotes faster growth\n. as a result of weak dispersal , the offspring is likely to settle on the same shore . however , weak dispersal is favourable to button snail . given that the juvenile live and grow for one year before breeding and then die the following mid - year\nfigure 12 : different stages of development of button snail . illustration by jenny , with reference to [ 18 ]\n. therefore , over - collection may be a possible threat to button snails . they are often used as accessories in aquarium and home decorations ( figure 13 ) . human consumption is another threat : vendors may use aromatic thorns ( acacia pennata ) to pry the meat out from the shell\nhas precedence because it is older . later on , lamarck thought that the snail had\nremarkably callous\nlower surface compared to other trochus , so he gave a new name ,\nfigure 15 : description by linnaeus in 1758 . extract from g\u00f6ttinger digitalisierungszentrum ( pending approval ) . translation by jenny .\nfigure 16 : description on rotella lineolata . image from the biodiversity heritage library . digitized by natural history museum library , london\ntraditionally , phylogeny of family trochidae was constructed based on morphology such as radula and ctenidium . for instance , subfamily umboniinae , lirulariinae , and halistylinae were grouped together owing to them having monopectinate ctenidium and reduced radula\nfigure 18 : molecular phylogeny of trochidae and calliostomatidae , with subfamily umboniinae highlighted in blue , based on concatenated sequences from four genes using bayesian analysis with uncorrelated relaxed , lognormal clock using beast . source : williams\n[ 1 ] carpenter , k . e . , & v . h . niem , 1998 . fao species identification guide for fishery purposes . the living marine resources of the western central pacific . volume 1 . seaweeds , corals , bivalves and gastropods . food and agriculture organization of the united nations , rome . 686 pp .\nleimar , o . , 2005 . the evolution of phenotypic polymorphism : randomized strategies versus evolutionary branching . the american naturalist , 165 ( 6 ) : 669 - 681 .\nallen , j . a . & b . c . clarke , 1984 . frequency - dependent selection \u2013 homage to poulton , e . b\u201d . biological journal of the linnean society , 23 : 15 - 18 .\nmiura , o . , s . nishi , & s . chiba , 2007 . temperature - related diversity of shell colour in the intertidal gastropod batillaria . journal of molluscan studies , 73 ( 3 ) : 235 - 240 .\ntamaki , a . , & t . kikuchi , 1983 . spatial arrangement of macrobenthic assemblages on an intertidal sand flat , tomioka bay , west kyushu .\n( linnaeus , 1758 )\n. lee kong chian natural history museum , n . d . url : urltoken ( accessed on 7 november 2015 )\nansell , a . d . , 1969 . escape responses of 3 indian mollusks .\nheller , j . , 2015 . sea snails : a natural history . springer , switzerland . 354 pp .\nhickman , c . s . , 1992 . reproduction and development of trochacean gastropods .\n( linnaeus , 1758 )\n. flora & fauna web , n . d . url :\nsystema naturae per regna tria naturae , secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis . editio decima , reformata\nchildren , j . g . , 1823 . lamarck ' s genera of shells .\nquarterly journal of science , literature and the arts , 15 : 216 - 258 .\n[ 25 ] de lamarck , j . b . d . m . & c . dubois , 1825 .\nan epitome of lamarck ' s arrangement of testacea : being a free translation of that part of his works , de l ' histoire des animaux sans vertebras . longman , hurst , rees , orme , browne , and green , london . 317 pp .\nhermannsen , k . , 1851 . on some genera of shells , established in 1807 by the late h . f . link .\ncatalogue of type specimens . 4 . linnaean specimens\n. uppsala university museum of evolution zoology section , 2001 . url :\nwilliams , s . t . , donald , k . m . , spencer , h . g . , & t . nakano , 2010 . molecular systematics of the marine gastropod families trochidae and calliostomatidae ( mollusca : superfamily trochoidea ) .\nherbert , d . g . ( 1992 ) . revision of the umboniinae ( mollusca : prosobranchia : trochidae ) in southern africa and mozambique .\nhickman , c . s . , & mclean , j . h . ( 1990 ) . systematic revision and suprageneric classification of trochacean gastropods . natural history museum los angeles county science series , 35 : 1 - 169 .\ncontributions to urltoken are licensed under a creative commons attribution share - alike 3 . 0 license . portions not contributed by visitors are copyright 2018 tangient llc tes : the largest network of teachers in the world\ncopyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved\nenter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nin continuing your browsing of this site , you accept the use of cookies to offer you suitable content and services and realize visits statistics . learn more about cookies .\nwarning : the data available reflects the progression status of knowledge or the availability of the inventories . it should never be considered as comprehensive .\nnational inventory of natural heritage , website : https : / / inpn . mnhn . fr .\nlink d . h . f . ( 1807 - 1808 ) . beschreibung der naturalien - sammlung der universit\u00e4t zu rostock . rostock : adlers erben . 1 abt . [ part 1 ] , pp . 1 - 50 ; 2 abt . [ part 2 ] , pp . 51 - 100 ; 3 abt . [ part 3 ] , pp . 101 - 165 ; abt . 4 [ part 4 ] , pp . 1 - 30 ; abt . 5 [ part 5 ] , pp . 1 - 38 [ 1808 ] ; abt . 6 [ part 6 ] , pp . 1 - 38 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 136 [ details ]\nwilliams s . t . , karube s . & ozawa t . ( 2008 ) molecular systematics of vetigastropoda : trochidae , turbinidae and trochoidea redefined . zoologica scripta 37 : 483\u2013506 . [ details ]\nshell small , compressed ; disc shaped ; solid ; surface smooth and glossy ; umbilicus present , densely calloused ; numerous colour forms of the shell present varying from white greyish to dark purple ; operculum thin , circular .\nbiju kumar , a . 2012 . \u2018kerala theerathe kadal jeevikal\u2019 ( marine animals of kerala coast - a field guide ) . kerala state biodiversity board , thiruvananthapuram , kerala , 304 pp . ( in malayalam )\nthe contents of this website is licensed under the creative commons attribution - sharealike 4 . 0 international license .\nbijukumar , a . and nair , a . s . ( eds ) . 2014 . marine biodiversity informatics for kerala . < www . keralamarinelife . in > .\nthis map is based on occurrence records available through the gbif network and may not represent the entire distribution ."]}
{"id": 406, "summary": [{"text": "byasa polla , the de nic\u00e9ville 's windmill , is a butterfly found in india that belongs to the windmills genus ( byasa ) , comprising tailed black swallowtail butterflies with white spots and red submarginal crescents . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "byasa polla", "paragraphs": ["atrophaneura polla ( de nic\u00e9ville , 1897 ) = byasa polla = papilio ( byasa ) polla de nic\u00e9ville , 1897 = tros polla .\n+ + + insect , butterfly , butterflies : byasa polla male + + + | butterflies and moths for sale | buy and sell your insects .\npapilio ( byasa ) polla de nic\u00e9ville , 1897 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 10 ( 4 ) : 633 ; tl : n . shan states , n . chin hills , 5000ft\n= byasa hedistus ; huang , 2001 , neue ent . nachr . 51 : 99\nchinese windmill ( byasa plutonius , oberth\u00fcr ) , two subspecies of which occur in india .\n= byasa dasarada melanura ; huang , 2001 , neue ent . nachr . 51 : 98\nchinese windmill ( byasa plutonius , oberth\u00fcr ) , two subspecies of which occur in india .\nbyasa latreillei genestieri ; huang , 2003 , neue ent . nachr . 55 : 74 ( note )\nbyasa dasarada dasarada ; huang , 2001 , neue ent . nachr . 51 : 98 ( note )\nbyasa dasarada ravana ; huang , 2001 , neue ent . nachr . 51 : 98 ( note )\nbyasa dasarada barata ; huang , 2001 , neue ent . nachr . 51 : 98 ( note )\n= byasa dasarada ouvrardi oberth\u00fcr , 1920 ; huang , 2003 , neue ent . nachr . 55 : 75\nbyasa mencius is a species of butterfly from the family papilionidae ( swallowtails ) . it is found in china .\n{ author1 , author2 . . . } , ( n . d . ) . byasa polla ( de nic\u00e9ville , 1897 ) . [ online ] india biodiversity portal , species page : { name of species field } available at : urltoken [ accessed date jul 9 , 2018 ] .\nbyasa nevilli ; [ mrs ] , 110 ; huang , 2001 , neue ent . nachr . 51 : 99 ( note )\nbyasa hedistus ; [ mrs ] , 111 ; huang , 2001 , neue ent . nachr . 51 : 99 ( note )\nbyasa dasarada ouvrardi ; [ mrs ] , 111 ; huang , 2003 , neue ent . nachr . 55 : 75 ( note )\nbyasa dasarada melanura ; [ mrs ] , 111 ; huang , 2001 , neue ent . nachr . 51 : 98 ( note )\nthe present paper is the result of a butterfly diversity survey in the mishmi hills , arunachal pradesh including the mehao wildlife sanctuary . the survey was conducted from march 7 to june 22 , 2011 . 294 butterfly species were recorded . the survey also resulted in the sighting of elusive butterflies like meandrusa payeni evan , meandrusa lachinus lachinus , byasa polla and spindasis rukmini .\na species atrophaneura lama ( oberth\u00fcr ) , described from western china , is regarded as a subspecies of a . polyeuctes ( now byasa ) by some .\na species atrophaneura lama ( oberth\u00fcr ) , described from western china , is regarded as a subspecies of a . polyeuctes ( now byasa ) by some .\nbyasa alcinous mansonensis ab . flaveolus murayama & shimonoya , 1966 ; ty\u00f4 to ga 15 ( 3 / 4 ) : 58 , f . 3 ; tl : poli\nphiloxenus [ byasa polyeuctes ] : a name previously in use for this species ( e . g . , munroe 1961 ) , but invalid as a junior primary homonym .\nimpediens [ byasa ] : this taxon has generally been cited byasa impediens rothschild , 1895 , but as realized by fujioka et al . ( 1997 ) it was originally described as an infrasubspecific form ( rothschild 1895 : 269 - 270 ) , and has only been made available through a subsequent citation as a subspecies by seitz ( 1907 : 9 ) .\nrose windmill , byasa latreillei , has a white discal band in 2 , 3 , 4 beyond the cell which is clearly trifurcated by black veins . a slightly smaller butterfly , the rose windmill has rose coloured lunules .\ngreat windmill , byasa dasarada , has a number of two white spots in 4 , 5 on uph and three spots on 4 , 5 and 6 on unh . it is a slightly larger butterfly with broader swallowtail .\nrose windmill , byasa latreillei , has a white discal band in 2 , 3 , 4 beyond the cell which is clearly trifurcated by black veins . a slightly smaller butterfly , the rose windmill has rose coloured lunules .\nstenoptera [ byasa nevilli ] : recently described as a separate species from hainan allied to b . nevilli ( chou 1994 , gu 1997 ) , a species which is not yet know to occur on the island but only on the chinese mainland .\nhedistus [ byasa ] : generally accepted as a separate species ( e . g . , collins & morris 1985 , hancock 1983 , munroe 1961 ) , but treated as conspecific with b . dasarada by d ' abrera ( 1982 : 37 ) .\ngreat windmill , byasa dasarada , has a number of two white spots in 4 , 5 on the upperside of the hindwing and three spots on 4 , 5 and 6 on the underside of the hindwing . it is a slightly larger butterfly with a broader swallowtail .\noriginally described as papilio mencius felder , 1862 subsp . rhadinus jordan , 1928 treated as a species of panosmia wood - mason & de nic\u00e9ville , 1886 by bascombe ( 1995 : 58 ) . treated as a subspecies of parides ( byasa ) mencius ( felder & felder , 1862 ) by fujioka et al . ( 1997 : 170 ) .\nfebanus [ byasa impediens ] : sometimes accepted as a separate species endemic to taiwan ( e . g . , collins & morris 1985 , igarashi & fukuda 1997 ) , but recently more often treated as conspecific with b . impediens from mainland china ( chou 1994 , d ' abrera 1982 , fujioka et al . 1997 , hancock 1983 , and shirozu 1992 ) .\nrhadinus [ byasa mencius ] : originallly described and generally placed as conspecific with b . mencius ( e . g . , collins & morris 1985 , fujioka et al . 1997 ) , it was suggested by d ' abrera ( 1982 : 38 ) to be closer to b . nevilli , and has recently been elevated to species rank by chou ( 1994 ) .\nprepared by christoph l . h\u00e4user , in cooperation with rienk de jong , gerardo lamas , robert k . robbins , campbell smith & richard i . vane - wright .\nparnassiinae duponchel , [ 1835 ] [ 66 spp . ] parnassiini duponchel , [ 1835 ] :\ndriopa korshunov , 1988 [ 8 spp . ] parnassius ( driopa ) ariadne lederer , 1853 - clarius eversmann , 1843 * parnassius ( driopa ) clodius m\u00e9n\u00e9tri\u00e9s , 1855 parnassius ( driopa ) eversmanni m\u00e9n\u00e9tri\u00e9s , 1855 - felderi bremer , 1861 * - litoreus stichel , 1907 * parnassius ( driopa ) glacialis butler , 1866 * - sulphurus antram , 1924 * parnassius ( driopa ) mnemosyne ( linnaeus , 1758 ) parnassius ( driopa ) nordmanni [ m\u00e9n\u00e9tri\u00e9s ] , 1850 parnassius ( driopa ) orleans oberth\u00fcr , 1890 parnassius ( driopa ) stubbendorfii m\u00e9n\u00e9tri\u00e9s , 1849 - hoenei schweitzer , 1912 *\nparnassius latreille , 1804 [ 13 spp . ] parnassius ( parnassius ) actius ( eversmann , 1843 ) parnassius ( parnassius ) apollo ( linnaeus , 1758 ) parnassius ( parnassius ) apollonius ( eversmann , 1847 ) parnassius ( parnassius ) bremeri bremer , 1864 parnassius ( parnassius ) dongalaicus tytler , 1926 * - rikihiroi kawasaki , 1995 * parnassius ( parnassius ) epaphus oberth\u00fcr , 1879 parnassius ( parnassius ) honrathi staudinger , 1882 parnassius ( parnassius ) jacquemontii boisduval , 1836 parnassius ( parnassius ) nomion fischer de waldheim , 1823 parnassius ( parnassius ) phoebus ( fabricius , 1793 ) * - ruckbeili deckert , 1909 * parnassius ( parnassius ) sacerdos stichel , 1906 * parnassius ( parnassius ) smintheus doubleday , 1847 * - behrii edwards , 1870 * parnassius ( parnassius ) tianschanicus oberth\u00fcr , 1879\nleptocircini kirby , 1896 [ = lampropterini bryk , 1929 ; [ = graphiini talbot , 1939 ] * [ 144 spp . ]\nmimoides brown , 1991 [ 11 spp . ] mimoides ariarathes ( esper , 1788 ) mimoides euryleon ( hewitson , [ 1856 ] ) mimoides ilus ( fabricius , 1793 ) - belesis ( bates , 1864 ) * - branchus ( doubleday , 1846 ) * mimoides lysithous ( h\u00fcbner , [ 1821 ] ) - eupatorion ( lucas , 1857 ) * - harrisianus ( swainson , 1822 ) * - oedipus ( felder , 1865 ) * - rurik ( eschscholtz , 1821 ) * - sebastianus ( oberth\u00fcr , 1880 ) * mimoides microdamas ( burmeister , 1878 ) mimoides pausanias ( hewitson , 1852 ) mimoides phaon ( boisduval , 1836 ) - hipparchus ( staudinger , 1884 ) * mimoides protodamas ( godart , 1819 ) mimoides thymbraeus ( boisduval , 1836 ) mimoides xeniades ( hewitson , 1867 ) * - chibcha ( fassl , 1912 ) * - harmodius ( doubleday , 1846 ) * mimoides xynias ( hewitson , 1875 ) - trapeza ( rothschild & jordan , 1906 ) *\nprotesilaus swainson , [ 1832 ] [ 11 spp . ] protesilaus aguiari ( d ' almeida , 1937 ) protesilaus earis ( rothschild & jordan , 1906 ) * protesilaus glaucolaus ( bates , 1864 ) protesilaus helios ( rothschild & jordan , 1906 ) protesilaus leucosilaus ( zik\u00e1n , 1937 ) * protesilaus macrosilaus ( gray , [ 1853 ] ) * - penthesilaus ( felder & felder , 1865 ) * protesilaus molops ( rothschild & jordan , 1906 ) - hetaerius ( rothschild & jordan , 1906 ) * protesilaus orthosilaus ( weymer , 1899 ) protesilaus protesilaus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) - archesilaus ( felder & felder , 1865 ) * - embrikstrandi ( d ' almeida , 1936 ) * - nigricornis ( staudinger , 1884 ) * - pseudosilaus ( zikan , 1937 ) * - travassosi ( d ' almeida , 1938 ) * protesilaus stenodesmus ( rothschild & jordan , 1906 ) protesilaus telesilaus ( felder & felder , 1864 )\nprotographium munroe , [ 1961 ] [ 14 spp . ] protographium agesilaus ( gu\u00e9rin & percheron , 1835 ) - autosilaus ( bates , 1861 ) * - neosilaus ( hopffer , 1865 ) * - oberthueri ( rothschild & jordan , 1906 ) * protographium anaxilaus ( felder & felder , 1865 ) * - arcesilaus ( lucas , 1852 ) * protographium asius ( fabricius , 1781 ) protographium calliste ( bates , 1864 ) protographium celadon ( lucas , 1852 ) protographium dioxippus ( hewitson , [ 1856 ] ) - lacandones ( bates , 1864 ) * protographium epidaus ( doubleday , 1846 ) protographium leosthenes ( doubleday , 1846 ) protographium leucaspis ( godart , 1819 ) protographium marcellinus ( doubleday , [ 1845 ] ) protographium marcellus ( cramer , [ 1777 ] ) protographium philolaus ( boisduval , 1836 ) - oberthueri ( rothschild & jordan , 1906 ) * - xanticles ( bates , 1863 ) * protographium thyastes ( drury , 1782 ) - marchandii ( boisduval , 1836 ) * protographium zonaria ( butler , 1869 )\nbattus scopoli , 1777 [ 12 spp . ] battus belus ( cramer , [ 1777 ] ) battus chalceus ( rothschild & jordan , 1906 ) * - ingenuus ( dyar , 1907 ) * battus crassus ( cramer , [ 1777 ] ) battus devilliersii ( godart , 1823 ) battus eracon ( godman & salvin , 1897 ) battus laodamas ( felder & felder , 1859 ) battus lycidas ( cramer , [ 1777 ] ) battus madyes ( doubleday , 1846 ) - philetas ( hewitson , 1869 ) * battus philenor ( linnaues , 1771 ) battus polydamas ( linnaeus , 1758 ) - archidamas ( boisduval , 1836 ) * - psittacus ( molina , 1782 ) * - streckerianus ( honrath , 1884 ) * battus polystictus ( butler , 1874 ) battus zetides munroe , 1971 - zetes ( westwood , 1847 ) *\ncressida swainson , 1832 [ 1 sp . ] cressida cressida ( fabricius , 1775 )\neuryades felder & felder , 1864 [ 2 spp . ] euryades corethrus ( boisduval , 1836 ) euryades duponchelii ( lucas , 1836 )\nlosaria moore , [ 1902 ] [ 4 spp . ] losaria coon ( fabricius , 1793 ) losaria neptunus ( gu\u00e9rin - m\u00e9neville , 1840 ) losaria palu ( martin , 1912 ) * losaria rhodifer ( butler , 1876 )\nornithoptera boisduval , [ 1832 ] [ 12 spp . ] ornithoptera aesacus ( ney , 1903 ) * ornithoptera alexandrae ( rothschild , 1907 ) ornithoptera chimaera ( rothschild , 1904 ) ornithoptera croesus wallace , 1859 * ornithoptera goliath oberth\u00fcr , 1888 ornithoptera meridionalis ( rothschild , 1897 ) ornithoptera paradisea staudinger , 1893 ornithoptera priamus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) - akakeae kobayashi & koiwaya , 1978 * - allotei ( rothschild , 1914 ) * - euphorion ( gray , [ 1853 ] ) * ornithoptera richmondia ( gray , [ 1853 ] ) * ornithoptera rothschildi kenrick , 1911 - akakeae kobayashi & koiwaya , 1978 * ornithoptera tithonus de haan , 1840 ornithoptera victoriae ( gray , 1856 ) - allotei ( rothschild , 1914 ) *\npharmacophagus haase , 1892 [ 1 sp . ] pharmacophagus antenor ( drury , 1773 )\ntrogonoptera rippon , [ 1890 ] [ 2 spp . ] trogonoptera brookiana ( wallace , 1855 ) trogonoptera trojana ( honrath , 1886 )\nmeandrusa moore , 1888 [ 3 spp . ] meandrusa payeni ( boisduval , 1836 ) meandrusa sciron ( leech , 1890 ) * - hercules ( blanchard , 1871 ) * meandrusa lachinus ( fruhstorfer , 1902 ) * - gyas ( westwood , 1841 ) *\nabderus [ papilio ( pterourus ) ] : generally seen as conspecific with p . garamas ( e . g . , bryk 1930 , d ' abrera 1981 , d ' almeida 1966 , tyler et al . 1994 ) , but sometimes also treated as a distinct species ( collins & morris 1985 : 87 , hancock 1983 , llorente - bousquets et al . 1997 ) .\nacco [ parnassius ( tadumia ) ] : is treated here to include baileyi south , przewalskii alpheraky , and all related taxa some of which at times have been regarded as distinct species ( e . g . , bryk 1935 , chou 1994 , collins & morris 1985 , munroe 1961 ) ; the view of a single species has been accepted by most recent authors based on the allopatric occurence of the different taxa concerned ( e . g . , ackery 1975 , eisner 1976 , hancock 1983 , inaoka & sugisawa 1997 , rose 2000 , shinkai 1997 , sorimachi 1994a , sorimachi 1995 ) .\nadamas [ pachliopta ] : previously regarded as conspecific with p . aristolochiae ( e . g . , fujioka et al . 1997 , tsukada & nishiyama 1982 ) , but recently accepted as a separate species by page & treadaway ( 1995 ) .\naesacus [ ornithoptera ] : generally regarded as a separate species ( e . g , collins & morris 1985 : 83 , hancock 1983 , hancock & orr 1997 , munroe 1961 , otani & kimura 1998 , von kn\u00f6tgen 1997 ) , but also considered as conspecific with o . priamus by parsons ( 1996 ) .\naethiops [ papilio ( druryia ) microps ] : formerly in general use as the species name ( e . g . , carcasson 1975 , d ' abrera 1980 , munroe 1961 ) , but invalid as a junior primary homonym ( ackery et al . 1995 , hancock 1983 ) ; aethiopsis hancock , 1983 has been proposed as an objective replacement name ( see below ) , but microps storace , 1952 is also seen as a conspecific taxon and hence available as species name ( ackery et al . 1995 : 152 ) .\naethiopsis [ papilio ( druryia ) microps ] : proposed as an objective replacement name for p . aethiops rothschild & jordan , 1905 , which is invalid as a junior primary homonym ( hancock 1983 : 38 ) ; at species level , however , microps storace , 1952 is already available as a valid name ( see below ) .\naglaope [ parides panthonus ] : previously treated as a separate species ( e . g . , collins & morris 1985 : 70 , d ' almeida 1966 , and hancock 1983 : 47 ) , but recently regarded as conspecific with p . panthonus by lamas ( pers . com . ) , and tyler et al . ( 1994 : 28 ) .\nakakeae [ ornithoptera priamus / rothschildi ] : originally described as a separate species , but now regarded as an interspecific hybrid between o . priamus and o . rothschildi ( otani & kimura 1998 : 101 ) .\nalcindor [ papilio ( menelaides ) polytes ] : generally held to be conspecific with p . polytes ( e . g . , bryk 1930 , d ' abrera 1982 , tsukada & nishiyama 1982 ) but recently elevated to species rank by fujioka et al . ( 1997 : 228 ) .\nalexiares [ papilio ( pterourus ) glaucus ] : previously regarded as a separate species ( e . g . , collins & morris 1985 , d ' abrera 1981 , d ' almeida 1966 : 132 , hagen & scriber 1995 , hancock 1983 , munroe 1961 ) , but recently seen as conspecific with p . glaucus ( llorente - bousquets et al . 1997 , tyler et al . 1994 ) .\nallotei [ ornithoptera priamus / victoriae ] : originally described and subsequently often listed as a separate species ( e . g . , munroe 1961 ) , it is now recognized as an interspecific hybrid between o . priamus and o . victoriae ( collins & morris 1985 : 82 , haugum & low 1978 . 1985 , otani & kimura 1998 : 99 , parsons 1999 : 225 ) .\nammosovi [ parnassius ( sachaia ) arcticus ] : originally described as a separate species but subsequently found to be a junior synonym of arcticus eisner , which first had been misplaced under p . simo ( see h\u00e4user 1993 , tuzov et al . 1997 ) .\nanaxilaus [ protographium ] : the species was formerly known under the name of arcesilaus lucas which , however , is invalid as a junior primary homonym ( see below ) .\nandreji [ parnassius ( sachaia ) ] : long treated as conspecific with p . simo ( e . g . , ackery 1975 , bryk 1935 , collins & morris 1985 , eisner 1976 , and munroe 1961 ) , but recently accepted as a separate species by chou ( 1994 ) , sorimachi ( 1995 : 72 ) , and weiss ( 1991 ) , which has also been found sympatrically with p . simo ( koiwaya 1995 ) .\nangolanus [ graphium ( arisbe ) ] : in former times the species was known under the name of pylades fabricius , which is invalid as a junior primary homonym ( see below ) .\nannae [ pachliopta phlegon ] : previously in use as the species name ( e . g . , d ' abrera 1982 ) , but invalid as a junior primary homonym ; strandi bryk , 1930 has been proposed as an available replacement name ( see below ) .\nantiphus [ pachliopta ] : until recently regarded as conspecific with p . aristolochiae ( e . g . , fujioka et al . 1997 , tsukada & nishiyama 1982 ) , but now recognized as a separate species by page & treadaway ( 1995 ) .\napollinaris [ archon ] : for a long time treated as a subspecies of a . apollinus ( e . g . , ackery 1975 , bryk 1934 , d ' abrera 1990 , igarashi 1979 , collins & morris 1985 , hancock 1983 ) , but now generally accepted as a distinct species based on the sympatric occurence with a . apollinus in part of its range ( carbonell 1991 , de freina 1985 , hesselbarth et al . 1995 ) .\narcas [ parides eurimedes ] : the species has long been known under this name which , however , is invalid as a junior primary homonym ; eurimedes stoll is available as a subjective replacement name ( tyler et al . 1994 ) .\narcesilaus [ protographium anaxilaus ] : previously the species has been known under this name ( e . g . , d ' abrera 1981 , d ' almeida 1966 , munroe 1961 ) which , however , is invalid as a junior primary homonym ( hancock 1983 ) .\narchesilaus [ protesilaus protesilaus ] : listed as a separate species by d ' almeida ( 1966 : 249 ) , but now generally regarded as conspecific with p . protesilaus ( e . g . , brown 1991 , hancock 1983 : 20 , munroe 1961 , tyler et al . 1994 : 30 ) .\narchidamas [ battus polydamas ] : previously mostly treated as a separate species ( e . g . , collins & morris 1985 : 70 , d ' almeida 1966 , hancock 1983 : 47 , m\u00f6hn 1999 , racheli & pariset 1992 ) , but recently regarded as conspecific with b . polydamas by lamas ( pers . com . ) , and tyler et al . ( 1994 : 28 ) ; the oldest available name for this taxon is probably papilio psittacus molina , 1782 ( see below ) , which hitherto has been interpreted as representing a species of castniidae ( racheli & pariset , 1992 : 53 ) .\narcticus [ parnassius ( sachaia ) ] : originally described as a siberian subspecies of p . simo , a species which does not occur in siberia , and subsequently placed as conspecific with p . tenedius ( eisner 1969 ) ; recognized as a separate species by mr\u00e1cek ( 1989 ) , and recently accepted as such ( e . g . , korshunov & gorbunov 1995 : 54 , sorimachi 1995 , tuzov et al . 1997 : 142 , and weiss 1991 ) ; includes ammosovi korshunov as a junior synonym ( see above ) .\naristeus [ papilio ( pterourus ) menatius ] : previously in use as the species name ( e . g . , bryk 1930 , d ' abrera 1981 ) but invalid as a junior primary homonym ( hancock 1983 : 32 ) .\naristolochiae [ pachliopta ] : for taxa formerly included under this species , see also under p . adamas and p . antiphus ( see above ) .\naristophontes [ papilio ( princeps ) nireus ] : originally described and often regarded as a separate species ( e . g . , collins & morris 1985 : 105 , d ' abrera 1980 , d ' abrera 1997 ) , but recently treated as conspecific with p . nireus with which it is allopatric ( ackery et al . 1995 : 153 , hancock 1984b ) .\narnoldi [ papilio ( druryia ) arnoldiana ] : this name is invalid as a junior primary homonym , and arnolidana vane - wright has been proposed as an objective replacement name for this taxon ( see below ) .\narnoldiana [ papilio ( druryia ) ] : originally described as a subspecies of p . cynorta and treated as such by most authors ( e . g . , carcasson 1975 , collins & morris 1985 , d ' abrera 1980 ) , but recently regarded as a separate species by ackery et al . ( 1995 : 139 ) , and hancock ( 1989 , 1993 ) ; the taxon was previously known under the name arnoldi poulton , which , however , is invalid as a junior primary homonym ( see above ) .\nascolius [ papilio ( pterourus ) zagreus ] : previously regarded as a separate species ( e . g . , collins & morris 1985 : 85 , d ' almeida 1966 : 147 , de vries 1987 , hancock 1983 , munroe 1961 ) , but recently treated as conspecific with p . zagreus ( racheli & pariset 1993 , tyler et al . 1994 ) .\naugustus [ parnassius ( kailasius ) imperator ] : recently proposed as a separate species from p . imperator by sugisawa & kawasaki ( 1997 ) based on differences in male genitalia and wing pattern ; regarded as conspecific with p . imperator by all previous authors , e . g . , ackery ( 1975 ) , bryk ( 1935 ) , collins & morris ( 1985 ) , ohya ( 1990 ) , sorimachi ( 1995 : 166 ) , and weiss ( 1991 ) ; this view is accepted here as no truely sympatric occurence of the two taxa has yet been demonstrated .\nauriger [ graphium ( arisbe ) ] : several taxa in the past sometimes treated as conspecific with g . auriger are now regarded as distinct species ; see also under g . olbrechtsi , and g . schubotzi .\nautosilaus [ protographium agesilaus ] : listed as a separate species by d ' almeida ( 1966 : 256 ) , but generally regarded as conspecific with p . agesilaus ( brown 1991 , collins & morris 1985 , d ' abrera 1981 , hancock 1983 , tyler et al . 1994 : 30 ) .\nbachus [ papilio ( pterourus ) zagreus ] : previously regarded as a separate species ( e . g . , collins & morris 1985 : 85 , d ' almeida 1966 : 154 , hancock 1983 , munroe 1961 , racheli & pariset 1993 ) , but recently treated as conspecific with p . zagreus ( tyler et al . 1994 ) .\nbaileyi [ parnassius ( tadumia ) acco ] : originally described as a subspecies of p . acco , later placed with rothschildianus or przewalskii ( e . g . , bryk 1935 ) , and subsequently also treated as a separate species ( e . g . , weiss 1992 ) ; more recently , however , regarded by most authors again as conspecific with p . acco ( ackery 1975 , eisner 1976 , inaoka & sugisawa 1997 , shinkai 1997 , sorimachi 1994a , sorimachi 1995 , weiss 1992 ) .\nbairdii [ papilio ( papilio ) machaon ] : previously often regarded as a separate species ( e . g . , collins & morris 1985 : 95 , d ' almeida 1966 : 155 , hancock 1983 , miller & brown 1981 , munroe 1961 ) , but now generally treated as conspecific with p . machaon ( d ' abrera 1990 , fujioka et al . 1997 , scott 1986 , sperling 1987 , tyler et al . 1994 ) .\nbatjanensis [ graphium ( graphium ) stresemanni ] : described as a distinct species in the g . weiskei group , and recently accepted as a separate species by hanafusa ( 1998 ) , and m\u00fcller & tennent ( 1999 ) ; since batjanensis appears to be allopatric to g . stresemanni , it is retained here provisionally under that species ; it has also been suggested to be conspecific with g . weiskei ( parsons 1999 : 245 ) .\nbeehri [ parnassius ( parnassius ) smintheus ] : as the other north american taxa in this group , beehri was in the past generally placed as a subspecies of p . phoebus ( e . g . , bryk 1935 , eisner 1976 , ferris 1976 , tyler et al . 1994 ) ; following the separation of nearctic taxa at species level under p . smintheus ( see below ) , it consequently has now to be placed with the latter taxon ; in a recent study , species rank has been accordet to beehri based on differences in egg morphology ( shepard & manley 1998 ) .\nbelesis [ mimoides ilus ] : formerly treated as a separate species ( e . g . , collins & morris 1985 : 49 , d ' almeida 1966 : 257 , hancock 1983 , and munroe 1961 ) , but recently regarded as conspecific with m . branchus by brown ( 1991 ) , and with m . ilus by tyler et al . ( 1994 : 31 ) .\nbenguetanus [ papilio ( sinoprinceps ) ] : sometimes regarded as conspecific with p . xuthus ( e . g . , fujioka et al . 1997 : 220 ; munroe 1961 ) , but mostly accepted as a separate species ( collins & morris 1985 , hancock 1983 , treadaway 1995 , tsukada & nishiyama 1982 ) .\nbiokoensis [ graphium ( arisbe ) ] : originally described as a subspecies of g . policenes and subsequently treated as such ( ackery et al . 1995 : 165 ) or considered conspecific with g . liponesco ( larsen 1994 ) , but recently accepted as a separate species restricted largely to central africa by smith & vane - wright ( 2001 ) .\nbiseriatus [ papilio ( menelaides ) helenus ] : generally treated as conspecific with p . helenus ( e . g . , bryk 1930 , fujioka et al . 1997 , tsukada & nishiyama 1982 ) , but regarded as a distinct species by collins & morris ( 1985 : 98 ) following hancock ( 1983 : 37 ) .\nbjorndalae [ papilio ( heraclides ) aristodemus ] : originally described and subsequently treated as a subspecies of p . aristodemus , but listed as a distinct species by d ' abrera ( 1990 : 44 ) .\nboedromius [ parnassius ( sachaia ) ] : originally described as a separate species , but later mostly regarded as conspecific with p . simo ( e . g , ackery 1975 , bryk 1935 , collins & morris 1985 , d ' abrera 1990 , eisner 1976 , munroe 1961 , verity 1905 - 1911 ) ; reinstated as a separate species by kreuzberg ( 1985 ) , and recently accepted as such by most authors ( e . g . , h\u00e4user 1993 , lukhtanov & lukhtanov 1994 , sorimachi 1995 , tuzov et al . 1997 , and weiss 1991 ) .\nboolae [ graphium ( arisbe ) policenoides ] : originally described and subsequently listed as a separate species by munroe ( 1961 ) , it has been regarded as conspecific with g . policenoides ( ackery et al . 1995 ) , but is now established as conspecific with g . liponesco ( hancock 1986 , larsen 1994 , smith & vane - wright 2001 ) .\nbranchus [ mimoides ilus ] : in the past generally treated as a separate species ( e . g . , brown 1991 : 401 , collins & morris 1985 : 49 , d ' abrera 1981 , d ' almeida 1966 : 258 , de vries 1987 , hancock 1983 , and munroe 1961 ) , but recently regarded as conspecific with m . ilus by lamas ( pers . com . ) , llorente - bousquets et al . ( 1997 ) , and tyler et al . ( 1994 : 31 ) .\nbrevicauda [ papilio ( papilio ) ] : usually treated as a separate species ( e . g . , collins & morris 1985 : 94 , d ' abrera 1990 , hancock 1983 , layberry et al . 1998 , miller & brown 1981 , munroe 1961 , scott 1986 ) , but has also been regarded as conspecific with p . machaon ( fujioka et al . 1997 , sperling & harrison 1994 , tyler et al . 1994 ) .\nbridgei [ papilio ( menelaides ) ] : this species has sometimes been regarded to also include p . erskinei ( see below ) which recently has been accepted again as a distinct species ( tennent 1999 ) ; the two taxa were introduced in the same paper , and this name has been given precedence over erskinei mathew , 1886 as the species name by parsons ( 1999 ) despite the fact that the latter name had already been given priority by racheli ( 1980 ) acting as first reviser ( see tennnet 1999 : 215 ) .\nbromius [ papilio ( druryia ) chrapkowskoides ] : a name in general use for this species ( e . g . , berger 1981 , carcasson 1975 , collins & morris 1985 , d ' abrera 1980 , d ' abrera 1997 , hancock 1984b , larsen 1991 , munroe 1961 ) which has recently been recognised to be invalid as a junior primary homonym ( ko\u00e7ak 1983 ) ; it has been suggested that a case will be made to the iczn for the conservation of the long established name papilio bromius doubleday , 1845 ( ackery et al . 1995 : 140 ) .\nbrontes [ papilio ( druryia ) desmondi ] : previously in use as the species name ( e . g . , carcasson 1975 , munroe 1961 ) , but invalid as a junior primary homonym ( ackery et al . 1995 , hancock 1984b ) .\nburaki [ pachliopta leytensis ] : buraki ko\u00e7ak , 1983 has been proposed as a replacement name for papilio phegeus hopffer , 1885 , which is invalid as a junior primary homonym ( see below ) ; leytensis murayama , 1978 , however , is available as a subjective conspecific name ( see below ) .\ncanadensis [ papilio ( pterourus ) glaucus ] : generally placed as a subspecies of p . glaucus ( e . g . , collins & morris 1985 , d ' abrera 1990 , d ' almeida 1966 , miller & brown 1981 , scott 1986 , tyler et al . 1994 ) , but recently accepted as a separate species ( caterino & sperling 1999 , hagen et al . 1991 , hagen & scriber 1995 , layberry et al . 1998 ) .\ncarchedonius [ graphium ( arisbe ) almansor ] : originally described and subsequently treated as a distinct species ( e . g . , hancock 1983 ) , it has been regarded as conspecific with g . adamastor ( ackery et al . 1995 ) , but is recently treated as conspecific with g . almansor ( d ' abrera 1997 , larsen pers . com . , smith & vane - wright 2001 ) .\ncardinal [ parnassius ( koramius ) ] : for a long time regarded as a subspecies of p . delphius ( e . g . , ackery 1975 , bryk 1935 , eisner 1976 , collins & morris 1985 , d ' abrera 1990 , munroe 1961 ) , but later recognized as a distinct species which partly coexists with other members of the p . delphius group ( kreuzberg 1985 , stshetkin 1979 ) , a view which lately has been generally accepted ( e . g . , h\u00e4user 1993 , sorimachi 1995 , tuzov et al . 1997 , weiss 1992 ) .\ncastilhoi [ parides panthonus ] : originally described as a separate species and subsequently treated as such by collins & morris ( 1985 : 70 ) and hancock ( 1983 : 47 ) , but now seen as conspecific with p . panthonus ( lamas pers . com . , tyler et al . 1994 : 28 ) .\ncaucasica [ zerynthia ( allancastria ) ] : originally placed and long regarded as conspecific with z . cerisy ( e . g . , ackery 1975 , bernardi 1970 , bryk 1934 ) , but now generally accepted as a separate species which coexists in part of its range with z . cerisy ( e . g . , collins & morris 1985 , hancock 1983 , h\u00e4user 1993 , hesselbarth et al . 1995 , kuhna 1977 , nekrutenko 1990 , and tuzov et al . 1997 : 148 ) .\nchaon [ papilio ( menelaides ) nephelus ] : listed as a separate species by munroe ( 1961 ) and talbot ( 1939 ) , but now generally regarded as conspecific with p . nephelus ( collins & morris 1985 : 100 , d ' abrera 1982 , hancock 1983 , tsukada & nishiyama 1982 ) .\ncarchedonius [ graphium ( arisbe ) aalmansor ] : originally described and subsequently sometimes treated as a distinct species ( e . g . , hancock 1983 ) , but mostly regarded as conspecific with g . adamastor ( ackery et al . 1995 , hancock 1985 ) ; recently , however , seen as conspecific with g . almansor ( d ' abrera 1997 , smith & vane - wright pers . com . ) .\nchibcha [ mimoides xeniades ] : originally described and subsequently listed as a separate species by d ' abrera ( 1981 ) , d ' almeida ( 1966 ) , and munroe ( 1961 ) , but now generally regarded as conspecific with m . xenidaes ( brown 1991 , hancock 1983 , tyler et al . 1994 ) .\nchinensis [ luehdorfia ] : originally described and in the past often treated as conspecific with l . japonica ( e . g . , ackery 1975 , d ' abrera 1990 , rothschild 1918 ) or with l . puziloi ( e . g . , bryk 1934 , eisner 1974 ) , but now recognized as a separate species ( chou 1994 , collins & morris 1985 , fujioka et al . 1997 , hancock 1983 , igarashi & fukuda 1997 , kato 1998 , nos\u00e9 1990 , watanabe 1996 ) .\nchitondensis [ papilio ( druryia ) ] : originally described as a subspecies of p . chrapkowskoides and subsequently treated as such ( hancock 1984b ) , but recently accepted as a separate species ( ackery et al . 1995 : 140 ) .\nchoui [ parnassius ( tadumia ) szechenyii ] : recently described as a separate species related to p . szechenyii ; as judged from the illustrations of the original description , however , it seems unlikely to be specifically distinct .\nchrapkowskii [ papilio ( druryia ) ] : originally described and now again mostly treated as a separate species ( ackery et al . 1995 , collins & morris 1985 , d ' abrera 1997 , hancock 1983 , hancock 1993 , kielland 1990 ) , but sometimes in the past also regarded as conspecific with p . chrapkowskoides ( e . g . , carcasson 1975 , d ' abrera 1980 , larsen 1991 ) .\nchrapkowskoides [ papilio ( druryia ) ] : this species has long been know under the name of bromius doubleday , 1845 ( e . g . , collins & morris 1985 , d ' abrera 1980 , hancock 1984b , munroe 1961 ) , which however is invalid as a junior primary homonym ; chrapkowskoides storace , 1952 is available as a subjective replacement name at the species level ( hancock 1993 ) and an objective replacement name has been proposed by ko\u00e7ak ( 1983 ) , but it has been suggested that a case will be made to the iczn for the conservation of the long established name papilio bromius doubleday , 1845 ( ackery et al . 1995 : 140 ) .\nchungianus [ graphium ( pazala ) timur ] : treated as a separate species by shirozu ( 1992 ) , but otherwise seen as conspecific with g . alebion ( d ' abrera 1982 : 108 ) or with g . timur ( koiwaya 1993 ) .\ncinyras [ papilio ( heraclides ) thoas ] : mostly seen as conspecific with p . thoas ( e . g . , d ' abrera 1981 , d ' almeida 1966 , munroe 1961 , racheli & pariset 1993 : 436 , tyler et al . 1994 ) , but treated as a separate species by collins & morris ( 1985 : 89 ) , and hancock ( 1983 ) .\nclarius [ parnassius ( driopa ) ariadne ] : the species has in the past often been referred to under this name ( e . g . , bryk 1935 , eisner 1974 ) which , however , is invalid as a junior primary homonym .\ncleotas [ papilio ( pterourus ) menatius ] : previously treated as a separate species ( e . g . , collins & morris 1985 : 86 , d ' almeida 1966 , de vries 1987 , hancock 1983 ) , but now seen as conspecific with p . menatius by tyler et al . ( 1994 ) .\ncodrus [ graphium ( graphium ) ] : this species is seen by some authors to include g . empedovana ( d ' abrera 1982 : 96 , parsons 1999 : 251 ) , which is treated here as a separate species ( see below ) .\ncoelus [ parides vercingetorix ] : in the previous literature the species was known under this name ( e . g . , collins & morris 1985 , d ' almeida 1966 , hancock 1983 ) which , however , is invalid as a junior primary homonym ; vercingetorix oberth\u00fcr is available as a subjective replacement name ( tyler et al . 1994 ) .\ncoloro [ papilio ( papilio ) polyxenes ] : previously regarded as a separate species ( collins & morris 1985 : 95 ) or placed with p . zelicaon ( d ' almeida 1966 : 243 , miller & brown 1981 ) , but now regarded as conspecific with p . polyxenes ( fujioka et al . 1997 , sperling 1987 , tyler et al . 1994 ) .\ncolumbus [ eurytides serville ] : listed as a separate species by collins & morris ( 1985 : 51 ) , d ' almeida ( 1966 : 259 ) , hancock ( 1983 ) , and munroe ( 1961 ) , but recently regarded as conspecific with e . serville ( lamas , pers . com . , tyler et al . 1994 : 30 ) .\ncretica [ zerynthia ( allancastria ) ] : originally described and often still regarded as conspecific with z . cerisy ( e . g . , ackery 1975 , bryk 1934 , collins & morris 1985 , hancock 1983 , and tolman & lewington 1997 ) ; more recently , it has been accepted as a separate species based on constant differences of adults and early stages by several authors ( carbonell 1996b , de prins & iversen 1996 , olivier 1993 ) .\ncroesus [ ornithoptera ] : generally accepted as a separate species ( e . g . , collins & morris 1985 : 83 , hancock & orr 1997 , munroe 1961 , otani & kimura 1998 , tsukada & nishiyama 1982 : 240 , von kn\u00f6tgen 1997 ) , but recently considered as conspecific with o . priamus by parsons ( 1996 , 1999 : 226 ) .\ncyproeofila [ papilio ( druryia ) ] : previously this species was generally referred to as p . zenobius godart ( e . g . , carcasson 1975 , collins & morris 1985 : 107 , hancock 1983 , munroe 1961 ) , which , however , appears to be not an available name but an unjustified emendation of p . zenobia fabricus ( hancock 1988b : 297 ) . in almost all the previous literature ( see above ) , this name has been misspelled as\ncypraeofila\nresulting from an incorrect transliteration of the symbol\n\u009c\nused in the original description .\ndelphius [ parnassius ( koramius ) ] : for taxa formerly treated as conspecific with p . delphius , see also under p . acdestis , p . cardinal , p . maximinus , p . staudingeri , p . stenosemus , and p . stoliczkanus .\ndiodorus [ parides bunichus ] : has sometimes been treated as a separate species ( e . g . , collins & morris 1985 : 68 , d ' almeida 1966 , hancock 1983 : 47 ) , but mostly regarded as conspecific with p . bunichus ( lamas pers . com . , rothschild & jordan 1906 , tyler et al . 1994 : 28 ) .\ndoddsi [ papilio ( achillides ) dialis ] : generally treated as concpecific with p . dialis ( e . g . , bryk 1930 , d ' abrera 1982 : 51 ) , but recently elevated to species rank by bauer & frankenbach ( 1998 ) , and gu ( 1997 ) .\ndohertyi [ troides rhadamantus ] : treated as a separate species by collins & morris ( 1985 : 79 ) , d ' abrera ( 1982 ) , and tsukada & nishiyama ( 1982 : 232 ) , but regarded as conspecific with t . rhadamantus by hancock ( 1983 ) , haugum & low ( 1978 - 1985 ) , and munroe ( 1961 ) .\ndongalaicus [ parnassius ( parnassius ) epaphus ] : originally described as a separate species , but subsequently regarded as conspecific with p . epaphus ( bryk 1935 ) ; recently , again , it has been recognized as a separate species and as conspecific with rikihiroi kawasaki , 1995 ( see below ) based on the sympatric occurence with p . epaphus ( sorimachi 1995 , sugisawa 1996 ) .\ndospassosi [ papilio ( heraclides ) chiansiades ] : originally described and subsequently regarded as a separate species ( collins & morris 1985 : 90 , hancock 1983 ) , but recently placed as conspecific with p . chiansiades ( tyler et al . 1994 ) .\ndrucei [ parides anchises ] : previusly often treated as a separate species ( e . g . , collins & morris 1985 : 70 , d ' almeida 1966 , hancock 1983 : 47 ) , but recently regarded as conspecific with p . anchises ( tyler et al . 1994 : 29 ) .\nearis [ protesilaus ] : originally described and generally recognized as a separate species ( e . g . , collins & morris 1985 : 48 , d ' abrera 1981 , d ' almeida 1966 : 268 , hancock 1983 , and munroe 1961 ) , but regarded as conspecific with p . telesilaus by brown ( 1991 ) , and tyler et al . ( 1994 : 30 ) ; recently the species status has been reaffirmed by bollino & vitale ( 1999 ) based on constant differences in male genitalia between the two taxa .\nembrikstrandi [ protesilaus protesilaus ] : originally described and subsequently listed as a separate species by collins & morris ( 1985 : 48 ) , d ' almeida ( 1966 : 268 ) , hancock ( 1983 ) , and munroe ( 1961 ) , but recently regarded as conspecific with p . protesilaus ( brown 1991 , tyler et al . 1994 : 30 ) .\nempedovana [ graphium ( graphium ) ] : generally treated as a separate species ( e . g . , collins & morris 1985 , corbet & pendlebury 1992 , saigusa et al . 1982 , treadaway 1995 , and tsukada & nishiyama 1982 ) , but regarded as conspecific with g . codrus by d ' abrera ( 1982 : 96 ) and parsons ( 1999 : 251 ) .\nerlaces [ parides erithalion ] : previously treated as a separate species by collins & morris ( 1985 : 70 ) , d ' almeida ( 1966 ) , and hancock ( 1983 : 47 ) , but recently regarded as conspecific with p . erithalion ( lamas pers . com . , tyler et al . 1994 : 29 ) .\nerostratinus [ papilio ( heraclides ) erostratus ] : originally described and subsequently treated as a separate species ( e . g . , collins & morris 1985 : 90 , d ' abrera 1981 , d ' almeida 1966 : 172 , hancock 1983 ) , but now seen as conspecific with p . erostratus ( llorente - bousquets et al . 1997 , tyler et al . 1994 ) .\nerskinei [ papilio ( menelaides ) ] : originally described and subsequently treated as a distinct species ( bryk 1930 , munroe 1961 ) , it was later placed as conspecific with p . bridgei ( collins & morris 1985 , hancock 1983 , parsons 1999 , racheli 1980 ) , but recently has been accepted again as a separate species ( tennent 1999 ) .\nesperanza [ papilio ( pterourus ) ] : this species has been classified in the subgenus heraclides by collins & morris ( 1985 ) , and hancock ( 1983 ) , but it is recently included in the subgenus pterourus by tyler et al . ( 1994 ) .\neupatorion [ mimoides lysithous ] : generally regarded as conspecific with m . lysithous ( e . g . , brown 1991 , collins & morris 1985 : 49 - 50 , d ' abrera 1981 : 69 , and tyler et al . 1994 : 31 ) , but previously listed as a separate species by d ' almeida ( 1966 : 269 ) .\neuphorion [ ornithoptera priamus ] : often accepted as a separate species ( e . g . , collins & morris 1985 : 83 , hancock 1983 , hancock & orr 1997 , nielsen et al . 1996 ) , but recently regarded as conspecific with o . priamus by braby ( 2000 ) , munroe ( 1961 ) , otani & kimura ( 1998 ) , parsons ( 1996 ) , and von kn\u00f6tgen ( 1997 ) .\neuphratoides [ graphium ( pathysa ) ] : in the past generally not treated as a distinct species ( collins & morris 1985 , hancock 1983 , munroe 1961 ) and placed with either g . euphrates ( e . g . , d ' abrera 1982 ) or with g . decolor ( e . g , tsukada & nishiyama 1982 : 413 ) ; elevated to species rank by page ( 1987 ) , and accepted as a species by treadaway ( 1995 ) ; further clarification by additional comparative studies is apparently hindered by the taxon becoming exceedingly rare due to habitat destruction ( page 1987 : 235 ) .\nfeisthamelii [ iphiclides podalirius ] : recently treated as a separate species by fernandez - rubio ( 1991 ) , tennent ( 1996 ) , and wohlfahrt ( 1996 , 1998 ) but generally regarded as conspecific with i . podalirius ( e . g . , collins & morris 1985 , de prins & iversen 1996 , hancock 1983 , munroe 1961 , tolman & lewington 1997 ) .\nfelderi [ parnassius ( driopa ) ] : until recently mostly treated as conspecific with p . eversmanni ( e . g . , ackery 1975 , bryk 1935 , eisner 1974 , fujioka et al . 1997 , iwamoto & inomata 1988 , and sorimachi 1995 : 173 ) , but regarded as a separate species by collins & morris ( 1985 ) , korshunov & gorbunov ( 1995 : 52 ) , tuzov et al . ( 1997 : 138 ) , and weiss ( 1999 ) . unpublished results of genetic studies ( zakharov in prep . ) confirm the conspecifity of p . eversmanni and the taxa felderi and litoreus .\nfernandus [ papilio ( druryia ) ] : originally described as a subspecies of p . cypraeofila and subsequently treated as such by most authors ( e . g . , collins & morris 1985 , d ' abrera 1980 , hancock 1983 ) , but recently regarded as a separate species by ackery et al . ( 1995 : 149 ) , and hancock ( 1988b , 1993 ) .\nfilaprae [ papilio ( druryia ) ] : originally described as a subspecies of p . cypraeofila and subsequently treated as such by most authors ( e . g . , by collins & morris 1985 , d ' abrera 1980 , hancock 1983 ) , it recently has been regarded as a separate species by ackery et al . ( 1995 : 149 ) , and hancock ( 1988b , 1993 ) .\nflavisparsus [ graphium ( arisbe ) illyris ] : originally described and generally placed as conspecific with g . illyris ( e . g . , ackery et al . 1995 , smith & vane - wright 2001 ) , but recently regarded as a distinct species by d ' abrera ( 1997 ) .\nfurvus [ papilio ( druryia ) chrapkowskoides ] : orginally described as a subspecies of p . bromius [ = p . chrapkowskoides ] and subsequently treated as such by most authors ( e . g . , ackery et al . 1995 , bryk 1930 , hancock 1984b ) , but recently elevated to species rank by wojtusiak & pyrcz ( 1997 ) based on differences in male genitalia ; the name furvus joicey & talbot , however , is invalid as a junior primary homonym , and nerminae ko\u00e7ak , 1983 , has been proposed as an objective replacement name ( see below ) .\ngoodenovi [ graphium ( graphium ) weiskei ] : orginally described as a subspecies of g . weiskei based on a single specimen , it has been suggested to be specifically distinct from that species by parsons ( 1999 : 250 ) on the basis of notable differences in male genitalia .\ngothica [ papilio ( papilio ) polyxenes ] : originally described as a separate species , and later treated as conspecific with p . nitra ( hancock 1983 : 35 ) or with p . zelicaon ( collins & morris 1985 , miller & brown 1981 , scott 1986 ) ; also placed together with the other two taxa mentioned with p . polyxenes ( tyler et al . 1994 ) .\ngyas [ meandrusa lachinus ] : previously in use as the species name ( e . g . , d ' abrera 1982 , munroe 1961 , talbot 1939 , rothschild 1895 ) , but invalid as a junior primary homonym ; lachinus fruhstorfer is available as a subjective replacement name for this taxon ( see below ) .\nharmodius [ mimoides xeniades ] : the name harmodius has long been in use for this species ( e . g . , collins & morris 1985 , d ' abrera 1981 , d ' almeida 1966 , hancock 1983 , munroe 1961 ) but it is invalid as a junior primary homonym ( brown 1991 ) .\nharrisianus [ mimoides lysithous ] : generally regarded as conspecific with m . lysithous ( e . g . , brown 1991 , collins & morris 1985 : 50 , d ' abrera 1981 : 69 , and tyler et al . 1994 : 31 ) , but has previously been listed as a separate species by d ' almeida ( 1966 : 277 ) .\nhector [ pachliopta ] : this species has been transfered to the ( sub ) genus pharmacophagus by hancock ( 1988a ) , which , however , has not been followed by other authors .\nhercules [ meandrusa sciron ] : this name has previously been in use for this taxon ( e . g . , rothschild 1895 , tsukada & nishiyama 1982 : 366 ) but it is invalid as a junior primary homonym ; sciron leech is available as a subjective replacement name ( see below ) .\nheringi [ papilio ( menelaides ) fuscus / tydeus ] : previously listed as a distinct species ( e . g . , bryk 1930 , collins & morris 1985 , racheli & haugum 1983 ) , it is now regarded as an interspecific hybrid between p . fuscus and p . tydeus ( hancock 1983 : 38 , tennent 1999 ) .\nhermeli [ papilio ( achillides ) ] : a recently described species from mindoro island , philippines , closely related to p . chikae , and accepted as a separate species by bauer & frankenbach ( 1998 ) , shimogori ( 1997 ) , and treadaway ( 1995 ) .\nhermosanus [ papilio ( achillides ) paris ] : generally treated as a subspecies of p . paris , but considered as a separate species by shirozu ( 1992 ) .\nhetaerius [ protesilaus molops ] : originally described as a subspecies of p . molops and treated as such by most authors ( e . g . , brown 1991 , collins & morris 1985 , d ' abrera 1981 , tyler et al . 1994 ) , but previously listed as a separate species by d ' almeida ( 1966 : 279 ) , and placed as conspecific with p . macrosilaus by hancock ( 1983 : 20 ) .\nhide [ parnassius ( koramius ) patricius ] : first described and subsequently treated as a separate species ( e . g . , chou 1994 , sorimachi 1995 , weiss 1992 ) ; here , regarded as conspecific with p . patricius with which it is closely related and from which it is geographically separated .\nhipparchus [ mimoides phaon ] : generally regarded as conspecific with m . phaon ( e . g , brown 1991 , collins & morris 1985 , tyler et al . 1994 : 31 ) , but listed as a separate species by d ' abrera ( 1981 ) , d ' almeida ( 1966 : 280 ) , and munroe ( 1961 ) .\nhippocrates [ papilio ( papilio ) machaon ] : generally regarded as conspecific with p . machaon ( bryk 1930 , d ' abrera 1990 , fujioka et al . 1997 ) , but also treated as a separate species ( e . g . , collins & morris 1985 : 94 , hancock 1983 , munroe 1961 ) .\nhoenei [ parnassius ( driopa ) stubbendorfii ] : generally regarded as conspecific with p . stubbendorfii based on its allopatric occurence ( e . g . , ackery 1975 , bryk 1935 , collins & morris 1985 , eisner 1974 , fujioka et al . 1997 , and hancock 1983 ) , but treated as a separate species by fukuda et al . ( 1982 ) , kitahara ( 1990 ) , korzhunov & gorbunov ( 1995 : 51 ) , and sorimachi ( 1995 : 128 ) .\nhuberi [ parnassius ( tadumia ) schultei ] : recently described as a distinct species closely related to p . acco and p . schultei ; in judging from the original description ( paulus 1999 ) , the taxon resembles more closely p . schultei with which it is allopatric and treated here as conspecific .\nhunnyngtoni [ parnassius ( tadumia ) ] : in the past often treated as conspecific with p . acco ( e . g . , ackery 1975 , eisner 1976 , hancock 1983 ) , but now generally accepted as a separate species which is morphologically and ecologically quite distinct from p . acco ( bryk 1935 , collins & morris 1985 , d ' abrera 1990 , h\u00e4user 1993 , inaoka & sugisawa 1997 , sorimachi 1994a , sorimachi 1995 , weiss 1991 ) .\nimperiatrix [ teinopalpus imperialis ] : regarded as conspecific with t . imperialis by most authors ( e . g . , d ' abrera 1982 , eisner 1974 , talbot 1939 , turlin 1991 ) , but recently treated as a distinct species based on sympatric occurence with t . imperialis by gaonkar ( in prep . ) .\nincertus [ graphium ( pazala ) ] : originally described and subsequently treated as conspecific with g . tamerlanus ( e . g . , bryk 1930 ) , but recently regarded as a separate species by chou ( 1994 ) , and koiwaya ( 1993 ) who noticed differences in male genitalia .\ningenuus [ battus chalceus ] : depending on the identity of the type specimen of chalceus rothschild & jordan , 1906 ( see above ) this might represent the valid name for this species , which has already been used by some authors ( llorente - bousquets et al . 1997 , m\u00f6hn 1999 , racheli & pariset 1992 ) .\ninterjecta [ papilio ( druryia ) interjectana ] : previously in general use as the species name ( e . g . , collins & morris 1985 , d ' abrera 1980 , hancock 1984b , 1993 , larsen 1991 ) , which , however , is invalid as a junior primary homonym ; interjectana vane - wright , 1995 has been proposed as an objective replacement name ( see below ) .\ninterjectana [ papilio ( druryia ) ] : this name has been proposed as an objective replacement for interjecta van someren , 1960 , which is invalid as a junior primary homonym ( ackery et al . 1995 : 150 ) .\njoanae [ papilio ( papilio ) machaon ] : previously often treated as a separate species ( collins & morris 1985 : 95 , hancock 1983 , miller & brown 1981 , sperling 1987 ) , but recently regarded as conspecific with p . machaon ( fujioka et al . 1997 , sperling & harrison 1994 , tyler et al . 1994 ) .\nkahli [ papilio ( papilio ) polyxenes ] : previously regarded as a separate species ( collins & morris 1985 : 95 , hancock 1983 , miller & brown 1981 ) , placed with p . nitra ( d ' almeida 1966 : 203 ) , now presumed to represent a hybrid between p . machaon and p . polyxenes ( layberry et al . 1998 , sperling 1987 ) , or treated as conspecific with p . polyxenes ( fujioka et al . 1997 , scott 1986 , tyler et al . 1994 ) .\nkigoma [ graphium ( arisbe ) ] : originally described as a subspecies of g . almansor and subsequently also placed with g . poggianus ( ackery et al . 1995 , hancock 1985 ) , it has recently been accepted as a separate species due to constant differences in male genitalia and wing pattern by smith & vane - wright ( 2001 ) .\nkiritshenkoi [ parnassius ( koramius ) staudingeri ] : generally treated as conspecific with p . delphius ( ackery 1975 , bryk 1935 ) or p . staudingeri ( sorimachi 1995 , weiss 1992 ) ; recently listed as a separate species by tuzov et al . ( 1997 : 139 ) based on a sympatric occurence with p . staudingeri .\nkosii [ graphium ( graphium ) weiskei ] : recently described as a separate species from new ireland related to g . weiskei ( m\u00fcller & tennent 1999 ) ; despite differences in wing pattern and male genitalia it is provisionally retained here under g . weiskei due to its allopatric distribution .\nkotzebuea [ pachliopta ] : previously often regarded as concpecific with p . aristolochiae ( e . g . , hancock 1983 , munroe 1961 ) , but more recently accepted as a separate species following the study by hiura & alagar ( 1971 ) , e . g . , by collins & morris ( 1985 ) , treadaway ( 1995 ) , and tsukada & nishiyama ( 1982 ) ; according to page & treadaway ( 1995 : 148 ) , this philippine species might be more closely related to p . polyphontes from sulawesi .\nlabeyriei [ parnassius ( tadumia ) maharaja ] : first described as a separate species and treated as such by chou ( 1994 ) and weiss ( 1992 ) , it is now regarded as conspecific with p . maharaja ( d ' abrera 1990 , h\u00e4user 1993 , ohya 1993 , sorimachi 1995 ) .\nlacandones [ protographium dioxippus ] : previously treated as a separate species ( e . g . , collins & morris 1985 , d ' almeida 1966 , de vries 1987 , hancock 1983 , munroe 1961 ) but recently regarded as conspecific with p . dioxippus by brown ( 1991 ) , llorente - bousquets et al . ( 1997 ) , and tyler et al . ( 1994 : 30 ) .\nlachinus [ meandrusa ] : often treated as conspecific with m . sciron ( chou 1994 , collins & morris 1985 , d ' abrera 1982 , hancock 1983 , munroe 1961 ) , but regarded as a distinct species by several authors ( corbet & pendlebury 1987 : 87 , rothschild 1895 , talbot 1939 ) ; this taxon appeared previously in the literature under the name of gyas westwood , which however is invalid as a junior primary homonym ( see above ) .\nleptocircini [ papilioninae ] : for the availability and correct usage of the tribal name , see smith & vane - wright ( 2001 : 506 - 508 ) .\nleucosilaus [ protesilaus ] : previously regarded as conspecific with p . molops by collins & morris ( 1985 ) and hancock ( 1983 : 20 ) , but treated as a separate species by brown ( 1991 ) , d ' almeida ( 1966 : 283 ) , and tyler et al . ( 1994 ) ."]}
{"id": 408, "summary": [{"text": "the angolan brush-furred rat ( lophuromys angolensis ) is a species of brush-furred mouse found in angola and the southwest of the democratic republic of congo . ", "topic": 29}], "title": "angolan brush - furred rat", "paragraphs": ["thomas ' s ethiopian brush - furred rat ( lophuromys brunneus ) , also called the brown brush - furred rat or the brown brush - furred mouse , is a species of brush - furred mouse from southern ethiopia .\naccording to uniprot , zena ' s brush - furred rat ( lophuromys zena ) is a species of rat .\nthe mount cameroon brush - furred rat or roseveari ' s brush - furred mouse ( lophuromys roseveari ) is a species of rodent in the family muridae .\nhutterer ' s brush - furred mouse or hutterer ' s brush - furred rat ( lophuromys huttereri ) is a species of rodent in the family muridae .\ndieterlen ' s brush - furred mouse or mt oku brush - furred mouse ( lophuromys dieterleni ) is a species of rodent in the family muridae .\nlophuromys verhageni ( verhagen ' s brush - furred rat ) is a rodent belonging to the genus lophuromys .\nlophuromys dudui ( dudu ' s brush - furred rat ) is a rodent belonging to the genus lophuromys .\nthe gray brush - furred rat ( lophuromys aquilus ) is a species of rodent in the family muridae .\nrahm ' s brush - furred rat ( lophuromys rahmi ) is a species of rodent in the family muridae .\nthe ethiopian forest brush - furred rat ( lophuromys chrysopus ) is a species of rodent in the family muridae .\nansorge ' s brush - furred rat ( lophuromys ansorgei ) is a species of rodent in the family muridae .\nthe short - tailed brush - furred rat ( lophuromys brevicaudus ) is a species of rodent in the family muridae .\nthe rusty - bellied brush - furred rat ( lophuromys sikapusi ) is a species of rodent in the family muridae .\nthe yellow - spotted brush - furred rat ( lophuromys flavopunctatus ) is a species of rodent in the family muridae .\nthe woosnam ' s brush - furred rat ( lophuromys woosnami ) is a species of rodent in the family muridae .\nthe black - clawed brush - furred rat ( lophuromys melanonyx ) is a species of rodent in the family muridae .\nthe fire - bellied brush - furred rat ( lophuromys nudicaudus ) is a species of rodent in the family muridae .\nthe yellow - bellied brush - furred rat ( lophuromys luteogaster ) is a species of rodent in the family muridae .\nthe medium - tailed brush - furred rat ( lophuromys medicaudatus ) is a species of rodent in the family muridae .\n. subfamily deomyinae - spiny mice , link rat and brush - furred rats . in : happold , david c . d . ,\nrudd ' s mouse or the white - bellied brush - furred rat , uranomys ruddi , is the only member of the genus uranomys .\nthe brush - furred mice , genus lophuromys are a group of rodents found in sub - saharan africa .\ncrawford - cabral , j . 1998 . the angolan rodents of the superfamily muroidea . an account on their distribution . estudos , ensaios e documentos 161 : 1 - 222 .\nrattus lutreolus ( j . e . gray , 1841 ) - australian swamp rat\nlenoxus apicalis ( allen , j . a . , 1900 ) - andean rat\nfox ' s shaggy rat . in : happold , david c . d . ,\nloring ' s acacia rat . in : happold , david c . d . ,\nbunomys andrewsi ( allen , j . a . , 1911 ) - andrew\u00b4s hill rat\nsigmodon fulviventer allen , j . a . , 1889 - tawny - bellied cotton rat\nthe link rat ( deomys ferrugineus ) is a species of rodent in the family muridae .\n. subfamily lophiomyinae - maned rat . in : happold , david c . d . ,\nneusticomys mussoi ochoa g . and soriano , 1991 - musso ' s fish - eating rat\nsigmodontomys alfari allen , j . a . , 1897 - alfaro ' s rice water rat\noecomys speciosus ( allen , j . a . and chapman , 1893 ) - arboreal rice rat\noryzomys alfaroi ( allen , j . a . , 1891 ) - alfaro ' s rice rat\n. subfamily mystromyinae - white - tailed rat . in : happold , david c . d . ,\noecomys trinitatis ( allen , j . a . and chapman , 1893 ) - trinidad arboreal rice rat\nverheyen , w . , dierckx , t . and hulselmans , j . 2000 . the brush - furred rats of angola and southern congo : description of a new taxon of the lophuromys sikapusi species complex . bulletin de l\u2019institut royal des sciences naturelles de belgique , biologie 70 : 253 - 267 .\nthe subfamily deomyinae consists of four genera of mouse - like rodents that were placed in the subfamilies murinae and dendromurinae until very recently . they are sometimes called the acomyinae , particularly in references that antedate the discovery that the link rat , deomys ferugineus , is part of the clade . deomyinae is the older name and therefore has priority over acomyinae .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\njustification : listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , tolerance of a degree of habitat modification , presumed large population , and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category .\nthis species is largely distributed in west africa and central africa . it is found from sierra leone in west africa to tanzania and kenya in east africa and southward to northern angola . the eastern range limits are not well resolved . in tanzania its distribution is patchy , and it is found around high mountains in the appropriate altitudinal and climatic habitat . at mount nimba ( guinea ) it occurs up to 1 , 600 m asl .\nthis species inhabits dense , moist grasslands , secondary growth , agricultural fields , abandoned farmlands , swamps and grassy plantations where there is abundant low cover . in primary and secondary forests , it occurs only in patches of grassland and herbaceous cover , most especially in open areas . it is a terrestrial and nocturnal , crepuscular species . this species has both an insectivorous and omnivorous diet .\nthere are no conservation measures in place ; in vieew of its wide range it is probably present in some protected areas .\nthis errata assessment has been created because the map was accidentally left out of the version published previously .\n1 . forest - > 1 . 6 . forest - subtropical / tropical moist lowland suitability : suitable 4 . grassland - > 4 . 6 . grassland - subtropical / tropical seasonally wet / flooded suitability : suitable 14 . artificial / terrestrial - > 14 . 1 . artificial / terrestrial - arable land suitability : suitable 14 . artificial / terrestrial - > 14 . 2 . artificial / terrestrial - pastureland suitability : suitable\ngrubb , p . , jones , t . s . , davies , a . g . , edberg , e . , starin , e . d . and hill , j . e . 1998 . mammals of ghana , sierra leone and the gambia . trendrine press , zennor , st ives , cornwall , uk .\nhappold , d . c . d . 1987 . the mammals of nigeria . oxford university press , london , uk .\nhappold , d . c . d . 1996 . mammals of the guinea - congo rain forest . proceedings of the royal society of edinburgh 104 : 243 - 284 .\niucn . 2016 . the iucn red list of threatened species . version 2016 - 3 . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 07 december 2016 ) .\niucn . 2017 . the iucn red list of threatened species . version 2017 - 1 . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 27 april 2017 ) .\nmusser , g . g . and carleton , m . d . 2005 . superfamily muroidea . in : d . e . wilson and d . a . reeder ( eds ) , mammal species of the world : a geographic and taxonomic reference , pp . 894 - 1531 . the john hopkins university press , baltimore , usa .\npacifici , m . , santini , l . , di marco , m . , baisero , d . , francucci , l . , grottolo marasini , g . , visconti , p . and rondinini , c . 2013 . generation length for mammals . nature conservation 5 : 87\u201394 .\nswynnerton , g . h . and hayman , r . w . 1951 . a checklist of the land mammals of the tanganyika territory and the zanzibar protectorate . journal of the east africa natural history society 20 ( 6 ) : 274 - 392 .\n( errata version published in 2017 ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2016 : e . t12356a115104961 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\ndeomyines share no morphological characteristics that can be used to separate them from other muroids , though subtle aspects of the third upper molar have been suggested . this subfamily is united solely on the basis of shared genetic mutations . these conclusions have demonstrated good statistical support using nuclear and mitochondrial dna , and dna - dna hybridization .\nbecause of the lack of physical characteristics supporting this group , it is very possible that the subfamily as it is currently recognized is subject to enlargement . many of the genera currently placed in the murinae or dendromurinae have never been included in a molecular phylogenetic analysis . potential surprises await when they are .\nall genera are found in africa , suggesting the deomyines may have originated there . the spiny mice , acomys spp . , are also found in asia .\nthomas , 1917 . in : patton , james l . , pardinas , ulyses f . j . and d ' elia , guillermo ,\nweksler , percequillo , and voss , 2006 . in : patton , james l . , pardinas , ulyses f . j . and d ' elia , guillermo ,\nthomas , 1906 . in : patton , james l . , pardinas , ulyses f . j . and d ' elia , guillermo ,\ncarleton , michael d . , banasiak , rebecca a . and stanley , william t .\ncarleton , michael d . , smeenk , chris , angermann , renate and goodman , steven m .\ncarleton , michael d . , gardner , alfred l . , pavlinov , igor ya and musser , guy g .\n. order rodentia - rodents . in : happold , david c . d . ,\n. subfamily spalacidae - mole rats . in : happold , david c . d . ,\n. subfamily cricetomyinae - pouched rats and pouched mice . in : happold , david c . d . ,\n. subfamily delanymyinae - delany ' s swamp mouse . in : happold , david c . d . ,\n. subfamily dendromurinae - african climbing mice . in : happold , david c . d . ,\n. subfamily petromyscinae - pigmy rock mice . in : happold , david c . d . ,\n. subfamily arvicolinae - voles , lemmings and muskrats . in : happold , david c . d . ,\n. subfamily gerbillinae - gerbils and jirds . in : happold , david c . d . ,\n. subfamily leimacomyinae - buttner ' s forest mouse . in : happold , david c . d . ,\n. subfamily murinae - rats and mice . in : happold , david c . d . ,\nthree - striped forest mouse . in : happold , david c . d . ,\n. subfamily otomyinae - vlei rats and whistling rats . in : happold , david c . d . ,\n. subfamily tachyoryctincae - african root - rats . in : happold , d . c . d . ,\ngroup ( rodentia : muridae : murinae ) of east africa : a morphometric reassessment and biogeographical implications .\ntaylor , peter j . , lavrenchenko , leonid a . , carleton , michael d . , verheyen , erik , bennett , nigel c . , oosthuizen , carel j . and maree , sarita\nding , x . , leigh , c . m . , goodman , s . m . , bedford , j . m . , carleton , michael d . and breed , w . g .\ncarleton , michael d . , emmons , louise h . and musser , guy g .\nvoss , r . s . and carleton , michael d . ( eds . )\nnew york : american museum of natural history . ( bulletin of the american museum of natural history ; 331 ) 450 pages .\nthey sort out like nuts and bolts : a scientific biography of guy g . musser\nschmidt , david f . , ludwig , craig a . and carleton , michael d .\no ' brien , c . , mcshea , william j . , guimondou , s . , barriere , p . and carleton , michael d .\ncarleton , michael d . , kerbis peterhans , j . c . and stanley , w . t .\n. superfamily muroidea . in : wilson , don e . and reeder , d . m . ,\n. order rodentia . in : wilson , don e . and reeder , d . m . ,\ncarleton , michael d . , musser , guy g . and pavlinov , i . ya\npallas , 1811 , is the valid name for the genus of red - backed voles . in : averianov , a . o . and abramson , n . i . ,\nsytematics , phylogeny and paleontology of small mammals - - an international conference devoted to the 90th anniversary of prof . i . m . gromov\n, short - tailed rats , malagasy voles . in : goodman , s . m . and benstead , j . p . ,\n, white - tailed tree rats , antsangy . in : goodman , s . m . and benstead , j . p . ,\n, tufted - tailed rats . in : goodman , s . m . and benstead , j . p . ,\n, big - footed mice . in : goodman , s . m . and benstead , j . p . ,\n, voalavoanala . in : goodman , s . m . and benstead , j . p . ,\n. systematics and phylogenetics of madagascar ' s native rodents . in : goodman , s . m . and benstead , j . p . ,\ncarleton , michael d . , sanchez , o . and vidales , g . urbano\ncarleton , michael d . , goodman , s . m . and rakotondravony , d .\ngoodman , s . m . , carleton , michael d . and pidgeon , m .\ncarleton , michael d . , fisher , robert d . and gardner , alfred l .\nmusser , g . g . , carleton , michael d . , brothers , e . m . and gardner , alfred l .\n. systematic studies of oryzomyine rodents ( muridae , sigmodontinae ) : diagnoses and distributions of species formerly assigned to oryzomys\ncapito\n.\n. new taxa of nesomyine rodents ( muroidea : muridae ) from madagascar ' s northern highlands , with taxonomic comments on previously described forms .\n. the rodents of the reserve speciale d ' anjanaharibe - sud , madagascar .\n. morphological differentiation among subsaharan and north african populations of the lemniscomys barbarus complex ( rodentia : muridae ) .\nmusser , g . g . , brothers , e . m . , carleton , michael d . and hutterer , r .\n. systematic studies of madagascar ' s endemic rodents ( muroidea : nesomyinae ) : a new genus and species from the central highlands .\nbrown , j . h . , carleton , michael d . , estes , j . a . , fleming , t . h . and musser , g . g .\n. a new genus for hesperomys molitor winge and holochilus magnus hershkovitz ( mammalia , muridae ) with an analysis of its phylogenetic relationships .\n. systematics and evolution . in : kirkland , d . l . and layne , j . ,\n. chapter 9 : introduction to rodents . in : anderson , s . and jones , j . k . ,\n. chapter 11 : muroid rodents . in : anderson , s . and jones , j . k . ,\n. a survey of gross stomach morphology in microtinae ( rodentia , muroidea ) .\n. phylogenetic relationships in neotomine - peromyscine rodents ( muroidea ) and a reappraisal of the dichotomy within new world cricetinae .\ndie ameisenart\nacanthomyops\nsetzt sich zusammen aus lat .\nacanthus\n, griech .\n\u00e1kanthos\n, griech .\n\u00e1kantha\n=\ndorn\nund griech .\nm\u00fdops\n, griech .\nm\u00fdein\n=\nsich schlie\u00dfen\n.\nein sch\u00f6nes beispiel einer buchstabenwanderung ( ampelwort ) ist das engl .\nadder\n=\nnatter\n. urspr\u00fcnglich hiess sie auch im englischen\nnadder\nbzw .\nnaedre\n. aus\na naedre\nwurde jedoch irgendwann\nan adder\n. zusammen mit dem\nan\nmerkt man den buchstabenklau kaum , aber allein ist der verlust offensichtlich , aber daran denkt heute kaum noch ein engl\u00e4nder .\ndas engl .\nanimal\n=\ntier\nund dt .\nanimalisch\ngehen zur\u00fcck auf lat .\nanimal\n=\ntier\n,\nlebewesen\n.\nany of various insects of the order lepidoptera , characteristically having slender bodies , knobbed antennae , and four broad , usually colorful wings . 2 . a person interested principally in frivolous pleasure : a social butterfly . 3 . sports a . a swimming stroke in which a swimmer lying face down draws both arms upward out of the water , thrusts them forward , and draws them back under the water in an hourglass design while performing a dolphin kick . b . a race or a leg of a race in which this stroke is swum . 4 . butterflies a feeling of unease or mild nausea caused especially by fearful anticipation .\netymology : middle english butterflye , from old english butorfloge : butor , butere , butter ; see butter + floge , fly ; see fly2 .\nword history : is a butterfly named for the color of its excrement or because it was thought to steal butter ? it is hard to imagine that anyone ever noticed the color of butterfly excrement or believed the insect capable of such theft . the first suggestion rests on the fact that an early dutch name for the butterfly was boterschijte . the second is based on an old belief that the butterfly was really a larcenous witch in disguise .\nhere ' s a little bagatelle ( or , very imprecisely , a bugatelle ! ) of entomology etymology . i ' ve long been fascinated by the large variety of distinct words for\nbutterfly\nin various indo - european languages . here is my butterfly collection , which i hope will be of more than\ne - vanessa - nt\ninterest .\n( das wortspiel zu\ne - vanessa - nt\nerkl\u00e4rt sich durch engl .\nevanescent\n=\nfl\u00fcchtig\nund\nvanessa atalanta\n=\nsamtschwarzer schmetterling mit wei\u00dfen flecken und roter binde\n. )\ndieser artikel ist den\nschmetterlingen\n,\nnachtfaltern\nund\nraupen\ngewidmet . man findet dazu viele \u00fcbersetzungen und etymologische hinweise ( wenn auch nicht zu allen \u00fcbersetzungen ) .\neinige quellen ( oxford english dictionary ) behaupten , die\nbutterfliege\nerhielt ihren namen , weil ihr kot der butter \u00e4hneln sollte . ( dazu pa\u00dft z . b . niederl .\nboterschijte\n. ) andere quellen ( webster ) gehen von einer mystischen erkl\u00e4rung aus , wonach hexen in der gestalt von schmetterlingen rahm und butter stahlen .\nder griech .\npetaloudia\n( modern greek ) geht zur\u00fcck auf\npetal\n=\n( bl\u00fcten - ) blatt\nund findet sich noch im wissenschaftlichen namen\nlepidoptera\nf\u00fcr\nschmetterling\n,\nfalter\n,\nschuppenfl\u00fcgler\n.\nder lat .\npapilio\nf\u00fchrte zu frz .\npapillon\n=\nschmetterling\nund engl .\npavilion\n= dt .\npavillon\n=\nein zelt mit fl\u00fcgeln\n. ( das lat .\npipilare\n=\npiepen\nkann ich jedoch nicht mit\nschmetterling\nin verbindung bringen - oder haben sie schon ' mal einen\nschmetterling\npiepen\nh\u00f6ren ? )\nder ital .\nfarfalle\n=\nschmetterling\nfindet sich wieder als bezeichnung f\u00fcr \u00e4hnlich geformte nudeln . ausserdem kann die\ncravatta a farfalla\nals\nfliege\ngetragen werden .\nder dt .\nschmetterling\nist nicht nur biologisch sondern auch sprachlich mit der\nbutterfliege\nverwandt . sein name leitet sich ab von einem s\u00e4chsischen wort\nschmetten\n, tschesch .\nsmetana\n=\nboth meaning\nrahm\n,\nsahne\n( vgl .\nschmand\n=\nmilchrahm\n) .\n( im\nschmettern\neiner arie kann man eine verwandschaft zum lat .\npipilare\nerkennen . )\nder\nfalter\n, den man sowohl im\ntagfalter\n=\nschmetterling\nals auch im\nnachtfalter\n=\nmotte\nfindet kann entweder das\nfalten\nder fl\u00fcgel beschreiben . das ahd .\nfifaltra\nk\u00f6nnte aber auch auf lat .\npipilare\nzur\u00fcck gehen .\ndie folgenden links f\u00fchren zu bildern und informationen zu\nbutterfly\nund\nbutterfly - abk\u00f6mmlingen\n.\nsmithsonian naturalist kjell b . sandved searched worldwide for 24 years to photograph these natural designs on butterfly wings .\ndas gesamte alphabet , geschrieben auf schmetterlingsfl\u00fcgeln - f\u00fcr sein lebenswerk war der fotograf kjell b . sandved fast ein vierteljahrhundert unterwegs .\nam anfang war das f . auf dem dachboden des smithsonian instituts in washington d . c . , auf einer leiter balancierend zwischen hunderten von schubladen und schachteln mit exotischen schmetterlingen , fand kjell b . sandved seine berufung . in einer alten zigarrenkiste sah er ein exemplar , dem die sch\u00f6pfung den silbrig gl\u00e4nzenden buchstaben f auf den fl\u00fcgel gemalt hatte .\nalberta bufferflies is the first comprehensive guide and reference to the butterflies of the province . life - size colour photographs complement the descriptions of every species and subspecies of butterfly known or expected to occur in alberta . full colour pictorial keys assist the novice and expert alike in identifying any butterflies encountered in the province . each species account includes habitat requirements , life history , and distribution information . colour maps illustrate species ranges in north america and confirmed records from alberta . the main flight periods as well as earliest and latest flight records are illustrated graphically for quick reference . a section on\nbutterfly cigarettes are produced in china , king size ( 85 mm ) , soft pack , 20 cigarettes in a pack . dear visitors of the site if you have more information about this brand , please edit this info . thank you for the assistance .\nbutterfly pool cigarettes are produced in china , king size ( 85 mm ) , soft pack , 20 cigarettes in a pack .\ndear visitors of the site if you have more information about this brand , please edit this info . thank you for the assistance .\nthe castle , owned by the goulaine family , houses a rare butterfly collection in addition to a museum . it hosts various functions , including weddings . wine is available for sale at the castle\u2019s vineyards .\nthe band wanted a name that sounded heavy and beautiful at the same time . trivia : their biggest hit was\nin a gadda da vida\n, which was originally called\nin the garden of eden\n. the singer was so trashed on lsd one rehearsal that it came out\nin a gadda da vida\n, and the band decided that was a better name for the song .\nwelcome to the fourth issue of cultural entomology digest . this issue focuses on butterfly and moth cultural entomological references . butterflies are perhaps the most popular group of all insects and cary symbolic meaning for almost every human culture . their general beauty and harmless demeanor allow many individuals to perceive this group in a positive light when compared to most other insect groups .\nbutterfly\nsingt sich irgendwie leichter als\nschmetterling\n- deswegen kommt dieser internationale klassiker gleich mehrsprachig daher . danyel gerard blieb zwar damit so etwas wie ein\none - hit - wonder\n, belegte aber 1971 immerhin ganze 14 wochen lang platz 1 der singlecharts . durch die mehrsprachige version kann man hier sogar von einem\neurovision\u00e4ren\nhit sprechen .\na universal native america symbol . in the apache bear dance they entice girls from the underworld . it figures prominently in the hopi migration myth , honon nyamu . butterflies are created by the zuni paiyatemu playing a flute . ajille [ navaho ] disguises himself as one , and serves as hero and origin tales . butterflies are also linked ( minor motifs ) to certain thunder bird narratives .\nbutterfly bush , . . . , also called buddleia . | butterfly chair | butterfly fish | butterfly orchid | butterfly pea | butterfly valve | butterfly weed | cabbage butterfly | emperor butterfly | leaf butterfly | milkweed butterfly , see monarch butterfly . | monarch butterfly | sea butterfly , see pteropod . | thistle butterfly | zebra butterfly\nimelda marcos was once the ' steel butterfly , ' the beautiful wife and confidante of philippine dictator ferdinand marcos .\napparently the german word for butterfly is\nmilchdieb ,\nwhich translates as\nmilk thief .\nevidently there was a theory in the middle ages that the little critters steal milk and butter , a myth possibly based on their light , colorful wings and delicate appearance . or perhaps they really did steal milk and butter . it ' s not impossible .\n[ q ] from david powell : \u201ccould the word butterfly , which has no obvious connection with butter ( outside of its name ) , possibly be an ancient corruption of flutter by , which is exactly what the creature does ? i can imagine a child mispronouncing it thusly and the result sticking in our language . \u201d\nengl .\ncastrate\n, dt .\nkastrieren\ngeht zur\u00fcck auf lat .\ncastrare\n, das wiederum auf ein substantiv mit der bedeutung\nmesser\n,\nschneidewerkzeug\nzur\u00fcck geht . eine sanskritische variante hat die bedeutung\nschlachten\n.\nbei der\nkastration\nwerden die hoden des m\u00e4nnlichen tieres entfernt , abgeschnitten .\nauf das postulierte ide .\n* kes -\n,\n* kas -\n,\n* kas - tro -\n,\n* kas - to -\n,\n* kasso -\ngehen weitere begriffe zur\u00fcck , wie\ndt .\nkassieren\n, von lat .\ncassare\n=\naufheben\n,\nannullieren\n, lat .\ncassus\n=\nleer\n,\nnichtig\ndie engl .\ncaterpillar\n=\nraupe\nhie\u00df um 1440 noch\ncatyrpel\nund geht zur\u00fcck auf frz .\nchatepelose\n=\nhaarige katze\n.\ninteressant ist der zusammenhang von engl .\npile\n=\nstapel\nund engl .\npilose\n=\nbehaart\n, die auf lat .\npilus\n=\nhaar\nzur\u00fcck gehen .\ndas haar findet man nicht nur in der suppe sondern auch in der\npille\n, die auf lat .\npila\n=\nball\nund weiter auf einen\nhaarknoten\nzur\u00fcck geht .\ndie franz\u00f6sische\nraupe\nwird nicht\nhaarige katze\nsondern\nhaariger hund\ngenannt : frz .\nchenille\n, von lat .\ncanicula\n, dem diminutiv von\ncanis\n=\ndog\n.\nder engl .\ncoach dog\n,\ncarriage dog\nwurde darauf abgerichtet , hinter einer kutsche herzulaufen .\ndas engl .\ncoach - horse\n=\nkutschen - pferd\n, scheint eine spanisch beeinfusste bezeichnung zu sein .\ncob\n=\nspider\n=\nspinne\n,\ncobweb\n=\nspider web\n=\nspinnennetz\n.\ndas engl .\ncobweb\nhiess mittelengl . noch\ncoppeweb\n, altengl .\nattorcoppa\n=\nspider\n. das altengl .\nattor\n=\ngift\n, also war die altengl . spinne ein\ngifttasse\noder aber auch\ngiftkopf\n, da man die spinne als\nkopf mit beinen\nansehen konnte .\netymologies of the word for\ndog\n- wolfgang behr ' s bibliographic listing .\nengl .\ndoodlebug\n=\nameisenl\u00f6we\nd\u00fcrfte sich aus engl .\ndoodle\n=\nnarr\n, ( vgl . dt .\nd\u00f6del\n) und engl .\nbug\n=\nwanze\nzusammen setzen .\nder ohrwurm ist gleich in zweifacher weise erkl\u00e4rungsbed\u00fcrftig . zun\u00e4chst das tier mit der bezeichnung\nohrwurm\nund dann der\nohrwurm\nim \u00fcbertragenen sinn , als melodie , die man nicht mehr aus dem kopf bekommt . der name des tieres k\u00f6nnte auf seine form zur\u00fcckgehen und auf die angst der menschen , dass er tats\u00e4chlich nachts ins ohr eines menschen krabbelt .\nim\nkluge\nfindet man unter\nohrwurm\ndie aussage , dass der fr\u00fcheste nachweis bereits im 14 . jh . zu finden ist . f\u00fcr\nearworm\nsoll es schon altenglische belege seit dem 8 . jh . geben .\ninteressant finde ich jedenfalls , dass der ursprung bereits auf die antike zur\u00fcckgeht . ohrw\u00fcrmer fanden damals tats\u00e4chlich den weg in das menschliche ohr . allerdings nicht lebend sondern getrocknet und zu pulver zerstossen . man sprach diesem pulver heilende wirkung bei der erkrankung des ohres zu . genannt wurden sie lat .\nauricula\n=\n\u00f6hrchen\n,\nohrl\u00e4ppchen\n. im franz\u00f6sischen hiessen diese mittelchen\ncure - oreille\n=\nohren - reiniger\n.\nsp\u00e4ter ging die urspr\u00fcngliche bedeutung verloren und ins gegenteil gedeutet . man sagte den ohrw\u00fcrmer dann nach , ausl\u00f6ser f\u00fcr ohrenerkrankungen zu sein und bef\u00fcrchtete sogar , dass sie sich ins gehirn durcharbeiten , so dass sie eben zu frz .\nperce - oreille\n=\nohrbohrer\nentwickelte .\nerstaunlich finde ich schon , dass sich die \u00fcbertragene bedeutung\nohrwurm\nf\u00fcr eine\neing\u00e4ngige melodie\nerst um 1987 gebildet haben soll .\nda es jedoch schon die neueengl . bezeichnung\nearwig\n=\nohrwurm\ngibt , ist die annahme berechtigt , dass der dt .\nohrwurm\n( im musikalischen sinne ) als lehn\u00fcbersetzung\nearworm\nins englische fand .\nin einem beitrag zur mailingliste der ads vom 04 . 03 . 2005 wird die frage aufgeworfen , wann\nearworm\nim englischen und\nohrwurm\nim deutschen in gebrauch kam . als fr\u00fchester nachweis f\u00fcr\nearworm\nwird in dem beitrag die newsday - ausgabe 9 / 18 / 1987 mit einem zitat des saxophonisten bobby watson angef\u00fchrt :\ni like to create little earworms\n, he says .\nthat way people who don ' t know the technical side of the music will start humming\n.\ni find the figurative\nohrwurm\n( german ) at google groups from 1991 , the appropriate english\nearworm\nfrom 1993 .\n1 ) eine art k\u00e4fer , dessen schwanz mit einer zange versehen ist , welcher sich auf faulen standen , pflanzen und in der erde aufh\u00e4lt , und welchen man f\u00e4lschlich in dem bedachte hat , da\u00df er den schlafenden gern in die ohren krieche ;\nforficula auricularia l .\nzangenk\u00e4fer\n,\nohrk\u00e4fer\n,\nohrh\u00f6hler\n,\n\u00f6hrling\n, nieders .\nohrworm\n,\ngaffeltange\n, in der schweiz\nohrenmittel\n,\nmittel\n, von\nmade\n. so freundlich als ein ohrwurm oder ohrw\u00fcrmchen , im gemeinen leben , weil dieser k\u00e4fer im gehen viele schlangenf\u00f6rmige , dem ansehen nach freundliche bewegungen macht . k\u00f6nnte ein ohrw\u00fcrmchen geschmeidiger seyn ? less .\n2 ) auch eine art asseln , welche gleichfalls einen getheilten zangenf\u00f6rmigen schwanz hat ;\nscolopendra forficata l .\nf\u00fchret den nahmen des ohrwurmes .\n3 ) bey den j\u00e4gern ist der ohrwurm , ohne plural , eine\nkrankheit an den ohren der jagdhunde\n, welche von einer scharfen feuchtigkeit herr\u00fchret , die ihnen die ohrenwund frisset .\nda die beyden ersten arten ohrw\u00fcrmer , den neuern erfahrungen zu folge , die ohren der menschen nicht mehr aufsuchen als ein jedes anderes insekt , so ist sehr wahrscheinlich , da\u00df sie ihren nahmen von ihrem zangenf\u00f6rmigen , einem\n\u00f6hre\nnicht un\u00e4hnlichen schwanze haben ; ( s .\n\u00f6hr\nund\nohr\n2 . 2 ) . die unkunde der wahren bedeutung ihres nahmens hat denn gemacht , da\u00df man ihn so gut zu erkl\u00e4ren gesucht , als man konnte , und dieses insect f\u00fcr den gef\u00e4hrlichsten feind des ohres ausgab .\nwe created this site for those of you that have a song stuck in your head and you can ' t get it out no matter what you do . using the latest in reverse - auditory - melodic - unstickification technology , we ' ve been able to allow our users to \u201cunhear\u201d songs by hearing equally catchy songs . so really all we ' re doing is making you forget your old song by replacing it with another one . . . sorry .\ndie redensart ,\nso freundlich als ein ohrwurm oder ohrw\u00fcrmchen\n, ist daher entstanden , weil dieser k\u00e4fer im gehen viele schlangenf\u00f6rmige dem ansehen nach freundliche bewegungen macht .\n3 ) bey den j\u00e4gern ist der ohrwurm oder ohrenwurm , eine krankheit an den ohren der jagdhunde , welche von einer scharfen feuchtigkeit herr\u00fchrt , die ihnen die ohren wund fri\u00dft .\nword spy has posted a 12 / 22 / 1987 article from the whole earth review , talking about ohrwurms in the figurative sense , so it seems unlikely that the english term could have predated the german term .\n. . . i should note that most authorities feel that the\ngull\nin\ngullible\nis not a\nseagull\n( =\nm\u00f6we\n) , but comes from an earlier sense of the word , meaning a\nyoung bird\nof any species . and young birds , as you seem to have discovered , are easy to fool . . . .\ndiese englische redewendung ist verwandt mit dem dt .\neinem geschenkten gaul schaut man nicht ins maul\n. hinter beiden redewendungen geht es um den zustand der z\u00e4hne des pferdes . je l\u00e4nger ( und vergibter ) sie sind , umso \u00e4lter ist das pferd . die englische redewendung bedeutet dabei\ni heard it from a reliable source\n=\netwas aus erster hand , direkt aus der quelle erfahren\n. die deutsche redewendung besagt , dass man bei einem geschenk nicht allzu anspruchsvoll sein soll .\ndarauf geht auch der ausdruck\nlong of tooth\nzur\u00fcck , um zu besagen , dass jemand schon recht alt ist ( das zahnfleisch geht zur\u00fcck = die z\u00e4hne werden l\u00e4nger ) .\nzu den informationen aus dem pferdemaul gibt es aber auch noch eine andere geschichte . die besagt , dass die briten w\u00e4hrend der napoleonischen kriege prostituierte als informantinnen einsetzten . ihre aufgabe war es wichtige informationen von den franz\u00f6sischen offizieren zu erhalten , um sie den englischen\nintelligence officers\nzu \u00fcbermitteln .\nin den berichten wurden diese informationen mit\ni got it straight from the whore ' s mouth .\ngekennzeichnet . im laufe der zeit wurde aus\nwhore ' s mouth\n=\nmund der hure\ndas maul des pferdes\nhorse mouth\n.\nbei\nurltoken\nfindet man weiter engliche redewendungen , die sich auf\nhorse\nbeziehen .\ninteressant ist z . b . auch die redewendung\nto bet on the wrong horse\n, das unterschiedliche kulturen erkennen l\u00e4sst . w\u00e4hrend man in england auf das falsche pferd wettet , setzt man in deutschland auf die falsche karte .\nall of these are unlikely given the early metaphorical uses of cat and dog to signify something noisy and violent . the most likely explanation is the simplest . the noise and violence of a storm is the metaphorical equivalent of a cat and dog fight .\njaywalk\nmeans : to cross a street carelessly or in an illegal manner so as to be endangered by traffic , and dates from 1919 .\njay birds who ventured out of their rural forests and into the urban areas often got confused . they often endangered their lives walking anywhere where they wanted , including into traffic . city people laughed at their strange behavior . so , now anyone who crosses the street in a reckless or illegal way is called a jaywalker ( and is sometimes fined ) .\ndie engl .\nmoth\n=\nnachtfalter\ngeht mit der dt .\nmotte\nauf eine skand .\nmott\n=\nmaggot\n=\nmade\nzur\u00fcck .\nder engl .\nox\nund der dt .\nochse\ngehen auf ein vorgerman .\n* ukhson\nund ide .\n* uksin\nzur\u00fcck .\ndie bedeutung von ahd .\nohso\nsoll\nsamenspritzer\ngewesen sein .\ndie bezeichnung engl .\noxbow\nf\u00fcr eine\nflussschleife\nist seit 1797 nachweisbar und geht auf das gebogene brustholz , einem teil des geschirrs zur\u00fcck , das seinen namen seit 1368 hat .\noxen\nis the only true survival in mod . eng . of the o . e . weak plural .\noxbow\nsemicircular bend in a river\nis first recorded 1797 , amer . eng . ( new england ) , in ref . to the shape of the piece of wood which forms the collar for an ox yoke ( so called from 1368 ) .\nder engl .\npetrel\n( 1676\npitteral\n, 1703\npetrel\nby dampier ) k\u00f6nnte auf den apostel\npetrus\nzur\u00fcckgehen . dieser soll \u00e4hnlich dem dt .\nsturmvogel\n\u00fcber das wasser geschwebt sein . wenn es sich dabei nicht um eine fehldeutung handelt , dann ist engl .\npetrel\neine verkleinerungsform von\npetrus\n, etwa\npeterle\n.\ndie\nbajo - nuevo - bank\nwurde auch als\npetrelinsel\nbezeichnet - vielleicht fand man hier eine gro\u00dfe anzahl sturmv\u00f6gel vor .\nthe atlantic petrel is one of the largest gadfly petrels ( pterodroma species ) , recognised by its striking white breast and abdomen . . . more 12 images 1 video\ndiscovered as recently as 1963 , barau ' s petrel remains fairly unknown due to its inaccessible and remote breeding habitat on just . . . more 4 images 0 videos\ndiablotin ( little devil ) was the name given to the black - capped petrel by the caribbean islanders whose nights were commonly . . . more 4 images 0 videos\ncook ' s petrel , named in honour of the formidable explorer captain james cook , is one of the smallest petrels , a group of oceanic . . . more 5 images 0 videos\na medium - sized seabird with long wings , the galapagos petrel is greyish - black across the upperparts , and white on the forehead and . . . more 3 images 3 videos\ndespite being called petrels , procellaria species are thought to be more closely related to calonectris shearwaters than to other . . . more 7 images 0 videos\npetrels are oceanic birds , with broad webbed feet suited to their aquatic lifestyle , and long wings that enable them to fly great . . . more 8 images 6 videos\nsomewhat resembling a penguin , the peruvian diving - petrel is a small and tubby black and white bird that flies low and fast with . . . more 3 images 1 video\nthe providence petrel is a robust seabird confined to two small islands off the east coast of australia . its plumage is almost . . . more 2 images 1 video\nthe southern giant petrel is , as the name suggests , a very large bird , with impressive long , pointed wings and a huge bill . like . . . more 22 images 8 videos\nthis small petrel belongs to a group of oceanic birds that return to land only to breed . the name petrel comes from the latin . . . more 7 images 3 videos\nthis large , marine bird is extremely similar in appearance to the white - chinned petrel ; both are bulky , almost entirely black , with . . . more 5 images 1 video\nthis large , bulky bird spends nearly all its time at sea , and has many adaptations for this oceanic life style . its plumage . . . more 7 images 0 videos\nthe stormy petrel . so named , according to tradition , from the italian petrello ( little peter ) , in allusion to st . peter , who walked on the sea .\npetrelle\n, ein feuerwerksst\u00fcck , welches eigentlich eine pastillienh\u00fclse , und ungef\u00e4hr 1 fu\u00df lang ist . ehe man solche mit gek\u00f6rntem pulver f\u00fcllet , dr\u00fcckt man sie , aber nicht so stark , breit zusammen , bis auf die gegend , wo man den trichter hineinsteckt , durch welchen das kornpulver laufen mu\u00df . wenn sie nun gef\u00fcllet ist , so legt man sie auf den tisch , und rollet mit einem runden holze dar\u00fcber , damit das gek\u00f6rnte pulver zerdr\u00fcckt werde ; alsdann beuget man sie nicht in die runde zusammen , sondern leget sie in einen zickzack , oder schlangenweise , und bindet sie in der mitte mit einem faden fest auf einander . in das umgebundene ende steckt man eine stapine oder communication , z\u00fcndet sie an , und wirft sie auf den boden , auf welchem sie herum springt , platzt und kracht .\namateur or specialist , mammals ' planet offers several thematic access to discover the mammals on the planet .\ninformation on the classification , status , the distribution on the planet . . .\nmammals are classified in 27 to 29 orders , 145 families , 1272 genus , . . .\nthis selection list introduced mammal species , grouped by the principle of comparative anatomy , morphological similarity and geographical location . ( see the menu taxinomy , for more information on the classification of mammals ) .\nscientists consider that a species is distinct by the fact that it can not reproduce with each other . this list shows all the species listed by their common name .\ndas altnorw .\nhreinn\nhat die bedeutung\nhorn\n,\ngeweih\n+\nd\u00fdri\n=\ntier\n.\nmiddle english\nreindere\n: old norse\nhreinn\n,\nreindeer\n; see\nker -\nin appendix i + middle english\nder\n=\nanimal\n; see\ndeer\n.\ndas engl .\nreindeer\n= dt .\nrentier\nist eigentlich ein\nweisser schimmel\n, da schwed .\nren\nschon\nrentier\nhei\u00dft . das aus nordischen sprachen stammende\nren\nist eine hirschart , die in diesen unwirtlichen gegenden ( polargegend ) vorkommt . im deutschen wurden aus den\nrens\nbzw . den\nrenen\ndie\nrentiere\n, das schwed .\nren\nzu\nrentier\n.\neine m\u00f6gliche\n\u00fcbersetzung\nvon\nrentier\nw\u00e4re etwa\ngeweih - tier\n.\nda es heute oft mit kurzem vokal gesprochen wird , gibt es der f\u00e4lschlichen vermutung nahrung , dass es sich um ein\nrenn - tier\nhandelt .\nauch die im englischen naheliegende\n\u00fcbersetzung\nals\ngez\u00fcgeltes tier\n( engl .\nrein\n=\nz\u00fcgel\n) ist eine volksetymologische deutung .\nm\u00f6glich w\u00e4re ein zusammenhang mit griech .\nkrios\n=\nwidder\n.\ni know about 1 , 200 words for reindeer - we classify them by age , sex , color , antlers ,\nsaid nils isak eira , who manages a herd of 2 , 000 reindeer in north norway .\nthe word\ncaribou\nderives from the micmac word\ngalipu\nand entered english in the 1660s . presumably , english - speaking hunters in north america adopted this native american word without realizing that the species already had a perfectly good english name in\nreindeer\n.\netymology : today ' s word\nrentier\nwas imported from old norse\nhreind\u00fdri\nfrom\nhreinn\n=\nreindeer\n, the more usual name for the animal +\nd\u00fdr\n=\ndeer\n. also swedish\nrendjur\nor just\nren\n, da .\nrensdyr\n, dutch\nrendier\n, german\nrentier\n.\nthe middle english word\ndeer\n, referred to all animals , as does its german cousin\ntier\n=\nanimal\n.\nold norwegian and old icelandic\nhreinn\n=\nreindeer\ncomes from the same pie root as\nhorn\n.\nder\nwort - detektiv\nweist auch auf den\nweisser schimmel\n- charakter des wortes hin .\nreindeer\nfirst appeared in middle english ( as\nrayne - dere\n) way back around 1400 ( if not earlier , records from the period being a bit spotty , of course ) . even though the word is very old , the second element is definitely our modern word\ndeer\n. the\nrein\npart derives from the old norse\nhreinn\n, which was simply the norse word for the animal . so the combination\nreindeer\nactually amounts to\nreindeer deer\n.\ntwo of santa ' s reindeer were originally named\ndunder\nand\nblixem\n, not\ndonner\nand\nblitzen\n.\ndie namen der rentiere von santa claus sind :\nrudolph\n( the red - nosed reindeer ) ,\ndasher\n,\ndancer\n,\nprancer\n,\nvixen\n,\ncomet\n,\ncupid\n,\ndonder\n( oder\ndonner\n) und\nblixen\n( oder\nblitzen\n) .\ninsbesondere um die namen der beiden letzten ranken sich einige sprachliche legenden . sicher ist wohl , dass sie urspr\u00fcnglich\ndunder\nund\nblixem\nhie\u00dfen und erst sp\u00e4ter in\ndonner\nund\nblitzen\numbenannt wurden .\nthe story of how two reindeer named\ndunder\nand\nblixem\nbecame\ndonner\nand\nblitzen\nis a complicated and confusing one , in part because a good deal of mystery remains about the origins of the poem that named them ,\na visit from saint nicholas .\nwe ' ll do our best here to trace the history of how the poem - and the names of two reindeer - changed over time .\nclaim : the character\nrudolph the red - nosed reindeer\nwas created for the montgomery ward group of department stores .\nder engl .\nrentier\n( den man gelegentlich auch als dt .\nrentier\n( mensch ) antreffen kann ) hat mit dem dt .\nrentier\n( tier ) allerdings nichts zu tun . der engl .\nrentier\nund der dt .\nrentner\n=\nruhest\u00e4ndler\ngehen zur\u00fcck auf frz .\nrente\n=\nj\u00e4hrliches einkommen\nund weiter auf lat .\nreddere\n=\nzur\u00fcckgeben\n.\nin nordengland wurde die b\u00fcrgerinitiative\nsos\n=\nsave our squirrels\ngegr\u00fcndet , um die roten gegen die aus den usa\neingewanderten\ngrauen eichh\u00f6rnchen zu sch\u00fctzen .\nsave our squirrels is the largest single - species conservation project taking place in the uk at present . launched in july 2006 , the project has the remit to deliver red squirrel conservation , information , and access projects in northumberland , cumbria , north yorkshire , and north merseyside .\nder engl .\npetrel\nk\u00f6nnte auf den apostel\npetrus\nzur\u00fcckgehen . dieser soll \u00e4hnlich dem dt .\nsturmvogel\n\u00fcber das wasser geschwebt sein . wenn es sich dabei nicht um eine fehldeutung handelt , dann ist engl .\npetrel\neine verkleinerungsform von\npetrus\n, etwa\npeterle\n.\nsein vorname\nstormy\nk\u00f6nnte darauf zur\u00fcck gehen , dass diese v\u00f6gel w\u00e4hrend eines sturms gerne schiffe umflogen in der hoffnung auf kleinere organismen aufnehmen zu k\u00f6nnen .\nder\nstormy petrel\n( frz .\np\u00e9trel - temp\u00eate\n) wird auch im \u00fcbertragenen sinn als\nschlechtes zeichen\noder auch f\u00fcr einen\nstreitbaren menschen\nbenutzt .\nden\nstormy petrel\ngibt es auch im \u00fcbertragenen sinn , als\nschlechtes omen\n,\nschlechte vorahnung\n.\n. . . the term\nstormy petrel\nin general usage anm . : als\nschlechtes zeichen\n) has come to refer to a harbinger of trouble ; perhaps people believed that the bird was seen just before a storm . . . .\nthe complete stormy petrels list , categorized by part of speech , is now available in html format . if you have new entries to add , send them to me . and let me know if you think something on the list doesn ' t belong there .\nhier gibt der autor jed hartman dem\nstormy petrel\nnoch eine weitere \u00fcbertragen bedeutung als sprachliche kategorie . seine\nstormy petrels list\nenth\u00e4lt wortverbindungen in denen mindestens ein wort auf das vorhandensein eines anderen wortes angewiesen ist . ich wei\u00df , das mir auch im deutschen schon des \u00f6fteren solche wortverbindungen aufgefallen sind . im moment f\u00e4llt mir nur der\nnie\u00dfer\nein , der immer einen\nnutzen\nhaben mu\u00df , der\nnutznie\u00dfer\n- oder umgekehrt als\nnie\u00dfnutz\n=\nnutzungsrecht\n, w\u00f6rtlich\ngenie\u00dfungs ( - recht )\n.\nconcept and registry by elliott moreton . items provided by elliott moreton except where otherwise noted . page maintained by jed hartman .\nsooner or later i ' ll mark each of the petrels as\nfirst - tier ,\nsecond - tier ,\nor\njoke ,\nas defined by elliott on the comments page . in the mean time , you ' ll have to figure out which category each item is in on your own .\nall petrels are stormy ( except , of course , those that aren ' t . this item remains on the list for historical reasons . )\nstormy petrel\nis an alteration of earlier\npitteral\n, probably so named in allusion to\nst . peter ' s walking on the sea\n, from the fact that the bird flies close to the water in order to feed on surface - swimming organisms and ship ' s refuse ; called\nstormy\nbecause in a storm the birds surround a ship to catch small organisms which rise to the surface of the rough seas ; when the storm ceases they are no longer seen .\nthe word\nunderdog\nis said to have originated in a 19th - century song or poem by david barker (\nthe under - dog in the fight\n) . can anyone supply any information about when this barker text was first published , and whether it was a song or a poem ?\n. . . apparently his first well - known poem was published in the new york evening post in 1854 ( it says here ) .\nbarker ' s book\npoems\nwas published in 1876 , apparently . no copy is immediately available to me . presumably the poem in question ( whether or not it ' s in this book ) was published in a periodical at some earlier date .\nthe poem\nthe under - dog in the fight\nwas apparently well known . this expression apparently was taken up by mark twain ( i don ' t know what date ) . i don ' t know whether it began with barker or whether it was already a stock phrase before his poem .\n1862 : dennar stuart ,\ncamp - meeting in tennessee\n, in harper ' s 26 ( 151 ) : 97 - 102 : p . 100 :\nand , bretheren , you and i know that occasionally , if not oftener , i ' ve been the under - dog in the fight . . . .\nthe distribution of the species is not fully known . according to the study by w . verheyen et al . , the species is found in west africa from the lower reaches of the congo river in eastern democratic republic of the congo and in east africa from uganda through western kenya to northern tanzania . however it remains to be seen whether l . ansorgei extends from east africa along the northern and southern rim of the congolese central forest block to the lower reaches of the congo river , or the range along the lower congo is a historical range of the species .\nthe species was first identified as l . ansorgei in mumias , nyanza province in 1896 . it is usually included in l . sicapusi , but w . verheyen et al . consider it as a distinct species in their study . l . manteufeli ( matschie , 1911 ) and l . pyrrhus ( heller , 1911 ) are considered synonyms of l . ansorgei by mammal species of the world .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndicrostonyx exsul allen , g . m . , 1919 - st . lawrence island collared lemming\npolyplax meridionalis johnson , 1962 * ( type host ? perhaps a . spinosissimus )\nhoplopleura himalayana mishra , kulkarni and bhat , 1973 * ( host sp . ? )\napodemus hermonensis filippucci , simson , and nevo , 1989 - mt . hermon field mouse\npolyplax humae khan and khan , 1985 * ( host ? , perhaps millardia sp . )\nhoplopleura sinhgarh mishra , bhat , and kulkarni , 1972 * ( mus sp . )\nvernaya fulva ( allen , g . m . , 1927 ) - red climbing mouse\nmacrotarsomys bastardi milne - edwards and g . grandidier , 1898 - bastard big - footed mouse\nakodon affinis ( allen , j . a . , 1912 ) - colombian grass mouse\nakodon urichi allen , j . a . and chapman , 1897 - northern grass mouse\nneotoma anthonyi allen , j . a . , 1898 - anthony ' s woodrat\nosgoodomys banderanus ( allen , j . a . , 1897 ) - michoacan deer mouse\nperomyscus difficilis ( allen , j . a . , 1891 ) - zacatecan deer mouse\nperomyscus furvus allen , j . a . and chapman , 1897 - blackish deer mouse\nperomyscus melanotis allen , j . a . and chapman , 1897 - black - eared mouse\nperomyscus nasutus ( allen , j . a . , 1891 ) - northern rock mouse\nperomyscus yucatanicus allen , j . a . and chapman , 1897 - yucatan deer mouse\nphyllotis osilae allen , j . a . , 1901 - bunchgrass leaf - eared mouse\nreithrodontomys gracilis allen , j . a . and chapman , 1897 - slender harvest mouse\nrhipidomys couesi ( allen , j . a . and chapman , 1893 ) - coue ' s climbing mouse\nrhipidomys ochrogaster allen , j . a . , 1901 - yellow - bellied climbing mouse\nthomasomys cinereiventer allen , j . a . , 1912 - ashy - bellied oldfield mouse .\nthomasomys rosalinda thomas and st . leger , 1926 - roslanda ' s oldfield mouse"]}
{"id": 416, "summary": [{"text": "homonoides is a genus of moths belonging to the subfamily tortricinae of the family tortricidae .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it contains only one species , homonoides euryplaca , which is found in madagascar . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "homonoides", "paragraphs": ["this is the place for homonoides definition . you find here homonoides meaning , synonyms of homonoides and images for homonoides copyright 2017 \u00a9 urltoken\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word homonoides . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word homonoides and , of course , homonoides synonyms and on the right images related to the word homonoides .\ngenus : homonoides diakonoff , 1960 . verh . k . ned . akad . wet . ( 2 ) 53 ( 2 ) : 7 [ key ] , 102 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmadagascar central , andringitra oriental , for\u00eat d ' anjavidilava , 1990 m , 19\u201325 . xii . 1970 , leg . p . griveaud .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide diakonoff 8525 , mnhn ; paratypes 3\u2642 , genitalia slides ad 8290 , 8346 , mnhn .\ndiakonoff a . 1973a . tortricidae of the andringitra range , central madagascar ( lepidoptera ) . part 1 . tortricinae . - bulletin du mus\u00e9um national d ' histoire naturelle ( 3 ) 108 : 105\u2013143 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nby t . m . gilligan 1 , j . baixeras 2 , j . w . brown 3 , and k . r . tuck 4\nurltoken is pleased to offer the complete world catalogue of the tortricidae ( t @ rts ) ! this is a complete list of all world species , utilizing the world catalogue published in 2005 as the foundation for the database . version 3 . 0 of the online catalogue contains 15 , 099 records representing 10 , 883 species . more than 1 , 600 records have been updated from ver 2 . 0 ( jul , 2012 ) , and more than 3 , 000 records have been updated from the original catalogue . the database is completely searchable and contains photos of over 1 , 200 type specimens .\nt @ rts will be updated regularly both with corrections from the original world catalogue and with additions since its publication . as such , these pages will serve as the most up to date information on current tortricid nomenclature . if you find any errors in the data presented here or have any questions / comments , please use the contact form to send the authors an email .\nwe are indebted to all of the original authors of the world catalogue ( j . w . brown , j . baixeras , r . brown , m . horak , f . komai , e . metzler , j . razowski , and k . tuck ) for providing the basis for this project . we would also like to thank the dozens of individuals who have provided corrections or updates to the database since it was first placed online in 2007 .\ngilligan , t . m . , j . baixeras , j . w . brown & k . r . tuck . 2014 . t @ rts : online world catalogue of the tortricidae ( ver . 3 . 0 ) . urltoken\n1 colorado state university , bioagricultural sciences and pest management , 1177 campus delivery , fort collins , co 80523 , usa 2 institut cavanilles de biodiversitat i biologia evolutiva , universitat de valencia , apartat oficial 2085 , 46071 valencia , spain 3 systematic entomology laboratory - usda [ retired ] , smithsonian institution , p . o . box 37012 , national museum of natural history , washington , dc 20013 , usa 4 curator - microlepidoptera [ retired ] , entomology department ( dc2 - 2n ) , natural history museum , cromwell road , london sw7 5bd , uk\nunless noted , all images on these pages are copyright \u00a9 2003 - 14 by todd gilligan . please do not download , copy , print , or otherwise distribute any images from these pages without the permission of the author . contact form .\nscientists aim to describe a single ' tree of life ' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things . however , evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery , and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named . eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific ' classifications ' . some species have been named more than once . such duplicates are listed under synonyms . eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ntype - species : batodes euryplaca meyrick , 1933 . exotic microlepid . 4 : 422 .\ntype specimens : ? type status ? country : ? locality , ( ? depository ) . .\nt @ rts : online world catalogue of the tortricidae ( ver . 2 . 0 )\nby gilligan , t . m . , j . baixeras , j . w . brown & k . r . tuck . 2012 .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\noops . a firewall is blocking access to prezi content . check out this article to learn more or contact your system administrator .\nneither you , nor the coeditors you shared it with will be able to recover it again .\nreset share links resets both viewing and editing links ( coeditors shown below are not affected ) .\nthis article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone . are you certain this article is inappropriate ?\ncrowd sourced content that is contributed to world heritage encyclopedia is peer reviewed and edited by our editorial staff to ensure quality scholarly research articles .\nby using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy . world heritage encyclopedia\u2122 is a registered trademark of the world public library association , a non - profit organization .\ncopyright \u00a9 world library foundation . all rights reserved . ebooks from world library are sponsored by the world library foundation , a 501c ( 4 ) member ' s support non - profit organization , and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide diakonoff 2275 , mnhn ; allotype \u2640 , genitalia slide diakonoff 3128 , mnhn ; paratypes 4\u2642 , mnhn .\ndiakonoff a . 1960 . tortricidae from madagascar . part i . tortricinae and chlidanotinae . - verhandelingen van de koninklijke nederlandse academie van wetenschappen , afd . natuurkunde ( 2 ) 53 ( 2 ) : 1\u2013109 , pls . 1\u201340 ."]}
{"id": 422, "summary": [{"text": "macrocheilus is a genus of beetles in the family carabidae , containing the following species : macrocheilus allardi basilewsky , 1957 macrocheilus alluaudi burgeon , 1937 macrocheilus angustatus basilewsky , 1949 macrocheilus asteriscus ( white , 1844 ) macrocheilus basilewskyi a. serrano , 2000 macrocheilus bensoni hope , 1838 macrocheilus bicolor andrewes , 1920 macrocheilus biguttatus gory , 1832 macrocheilus bimaculatus ( dejean , 1831 ) macrocheilus binotatus andrewes , 1931 macrocheilus biplagiatus ( boheman , 1848 ) macrocheilus burgeoni basilewsky , 1967 macrocheilus chaudoiri andrewes , 1919 macrocheilus clasispilus basilewsky , 1967 macrocheilus crampeli alluaud , 1916 macrocheilus cribrarius fairmaire , 1901 macrocheilus cruciatus ( marc , 1840 ) macrocheilus diplospilus basilewsky , 1967 macrocheilus dorsalis klug , 1834 macrocheilus dorsiger ( chaudoir , 1876 ) macrocheilus elegantulus burgeon , 1937 macrocheilus ferruginipes fairmaire , 1892 macrocheilus fuscipennis zhao & tian , 2010 macrocheilus gigas zhao & tian , 2010 macrocheilus hybridus peringuey , 1896 macrocheilus immanis andrewes , 1920 macrocheilus impictus ( wiedemann , 1823 ) macrocheilus labrosus ( dejean , 1831 ) macrocheilus lindemannae jedlicka , 1963 macrocheilus longicollis peringuey , 1904 macrocheilus macromaculatus louwerens , 1949 macrocheilus madagascariensis basilewsky , 1953 macrocheilus moraisi a. serrano , 2000 macrocheilus niger andrewes , 1920 macrocheilus nigrotibialis heller , 1900 macrocheilus ocellatus basilewsky , 1953 macrocheilus overlaeti burgeon , 1937 macrocheilus parvimaculatus zhao & tian , 2010 macrocheilus perrieri fairmaire , 1899 macrocheilus persimilis basilewsky , 1970 macrocheilus proximus peringuey , 1896 macrocheilus quadratus zhao & tian , 2010 macrocheilus quadrinotatus burgeon , 1937 macrocheilus saulcyi chevrolat , 1854 macrocheilus scapularis reiche , 1843 macrocheilus sinuatilabris zhao & tian , 2010 macrocheilus solidipalpis zhao & tian , 2010 macrocheilus spectandus peringuey , 1904 macrocheilus taedatus basilewsky , 1960 macrocheilus tripustulatus ( dejean , 1825 ) macrocheilus vanharteni felix & muilwijk , 2007 macrocheilus varians peringuey , 1904 macrocheilus viduatus peringuey , 1899 macrocheilus vinctus basilewsky , 1960 macrocheilus vitalisi andrewes , 1920", "topic": 27}], "title": "macrocheilus", "paragraphs": ["assessing reproductive and endocrine parameters in male largescale suckers ( catostomus macrocheilus ) along a contaminant gradient in the lower columbia river , usa .\nassessing reproductive and endocrine parameters in male largescale suckers ( catostomus macrocheilus ) along a contaminant gradient in the lower colu . . . - pubmed - ncbi\npersistent organochlorine pollutants such as polychlorinated biphenyls ( pcbs ) , dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene ( p , p ' - dde ) , and polybrominated diphenyl ethers ( pbdes ) are stable , bioaccumulative , and widely found in the environment , wildlife , and the human population . to explore the hypothesis that reproduction in male fish is associated with environmental exposures in the lower columbia river ( lcr ) , reproductive and endocrine parameters were studied in male resident , non - anadromous largescale sucker ( catostomus macrocheilus ) ( lss ) in the same habitats as anadromous salmonids having conservation status . testes , thyroid tissue and plasma collected in 2010 from longview ( lv ) , columbia city ( cc ) , and skamania ( sk ; reference ) were studied . sperm morphologies and thyrocyte heights were measured by light microscopy , sperm motilities by computer - assisted sperm motion analysis , sperm adenosine triphosphate ( atp ) with luciferase , and plasma vitellogenin ( vtg ) , thyroxine ( t4 ) , and triiodothyronine ( t3 ) by immunoassay . sperm apoptosis , viability , mitochondrial membrane potential , nuclear dna fragmentation , and reproductive stage were measured by flow cytometry . sperm quality parameters ( except counts ) and vtg were significantly different among sites , with correlations between vtg and 7 sperm parameters . thyrocyte heights , t4 , t3 , gonadosomatic index and fulton ' s condition factor differed among sites , but not significantly . sperm quality was significantly lower and vtg higher where liver contaminants and water estrogen equivalents were highest ( lv site ) . total pcbs ( specifically pcb - 138 , - 146 , - 151 , - 170 , - 174 , - 177 , - 180 , - 183 , - 187 , - 194 , and - 206 ) and total pbdes ( specifically bde - 47 , - 100 , - 153 , and - 154 ) were negatively correlated with sperm motility . pcb - 206 and bde - 154 were positively correlated with dna fragmentation , and pentachloroanisole and vtg were positively correlated with sperm apoptosis and negatively correlated with atp . bde - 99 was positively correlated with sperm counts and motility ; t4 was negatively correlated with counts and positively correlated with motility , thus indicating possible androgenic mechanisms and thyroid endocrine disruption . male lss proved to be an informative model for studying reproductive and endocrine biomarkers in the lcr .\nmaintaining and updating the site requires a lot of time and effort . therefore , we are forced to introduce a partially paid access . we expect that the costs will not be too burdensome for you , and your money will help us in the development of interactive keys , and more dynamic updates of the site .\nyour subscription will be activated when payment clears . view the status of your subscription in your account .\nthis project help increase the availability of scientific knowledge worldwide . contributions at any level help sustain our work . thank you for your support .\n\u00a9 carabidae of the world , 2007 - 2018 \u00a9 a team of authors , in in : anichtchenko a . et al . , ( editors ) 2007 - 2018\ncopyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved\nenter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nrobins , c . r . , r . m . bailey , c . e . bond , j . r . brooker , e . a . lachner , r . n . lea , and w . b . scott . 1991 . common and scientific names of fishes from the united states and canada . american fisheries society , special publication 20 . 183 pp .\nhybridizes with c . commersoni in a limited area in british columbia ( scott and crossman 1973 ) . see smith ( 1992 ) for a study of the phylogeny and biogeography of the catostomidae .\ndue to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to\nrange includes western north america , mainly west of the rocky mountains ; arctic basin from peace river drainage , british columbia , to smokey river drainage , alberta ; pacific slope from nass river , british columbia , to snake river drainage ( below shoshone falls ) , idaho and nevada , and coquille river , oregon ; an isolated occurrence record exists in the mackenzie river , northwest territories ( page and burr 1991 ) .\ntotal adult population size is unknown but very large . this species is common in much of its range .\ntrend over the past 10 years or three generations is uncertain but likely relatively stable .\n( 200 , 000 - 2 , 500 , 000 square km ( about 80 , 000 - 1 , 000 , 000 square miles ) ) range includes western north america , mainly west of the rocky mountains ; arctic basin from peace river drainage , british columbia , to smokey river drainage , alberta ; pacific slope from nass river , british columbia , to snake river drainage ( below shoshone falls ) , idaho and nevada , and coquille river , oregon ; an isolated occurrence record exists in the mackenzie river , northwest territories ( page and burr 1991 ) .\nusually mature by 4th or 5th year of life . usually spawns in the spring when water temperatures reach 46 - 48 f . a female may deposit as many as 20 , 000 eggs ; eggs hatch in about 2 weeks ( scott and crossman 1973 ) .\nlife span may be up to 11 years . predators of young suckers include fishes and fish eating birds . in shallow waters adults may be preyed upon by large mammals and birds ( e . g . , bears and eagles ) .\nhabitat includes lakes , and pools and runs of medium to large rivers ( page and burr 2011 ) . usually this sucker is in shallow water , but sometimes it occurs as deep as 80 feet . in lakes , it is often near stream mouths , along weedy shores , or in backwaters . fry move to shallows to feed by day and to deeper water at night . spawning may occur in sandy areas of streams ; also along lake shorelines in areas with sand or gravel substrate .\na bottom feeder . eats aquatic insect larvae , crustaceans , snails , algae , detritus , etc . young suckers feed primarily on plankton .\noccurrences are based on evidence of historical presence , or current and likely recurring presence , at a given location . such evidence minimally includes collection or reliable observation and documentation of one or more individuals ( including eggs and larvae ) in appropriate habitat .\noccupied locations that are separated by a gap of 15 km or more of any aquatic habitat that is not known to be occupied represent different occurrences . however , it is important to evaluate migrations and seasonal changes in habitat to ensure that spawning areas and nonspawning areas for a single population are not artificially segregated as different occurrences simply because there have been no collections / observations in an intervening area that may exceed the separation distance .\ndata on dispersal and other movements generally are not available . in some species , individuals may migrate variable distances between spawning areas and nonspawning habitats . separation distances ( in aquatic kilometers ) for catostomids are arbitrary but reflect the presumption that movements and appropriate separation distances generally should increase with fish size . hence small , medium , and large catostomids , respectively , have increasingly large separation distances . separation distance reflects the likely low probability that two occupied locations separated by less than several kilometers of aquatic habitat would represent truly independent populations over the long term . because of the difficulty in defining suitable versus unsuitable habitat , especially with respect to dispersal , and to simplify the delineation of occurrences , a single separation distance is used regardless of habitat quality . occupied locations that are separated by a gap of 15 km or more of any aquatic habitat that is not known to be occupied represent different occurrences . however , it is important to evaluate seasonal changes in habitat to ensure that an occupied habitat occurrence for a particular population does not artificially separate spawning areas and nonspawning areas as different occurrences simply because there have been no collections / observations in an intervening area that may exceed the separation distance .\nthis specs group includes catostomids that typically are 20 - 40 cm in adult standard length .\nuse the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .\nzoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .\nbrown , c . j . d . 1971 . fishes of montana . big sky books , the endowment and research foundation , montana state university , bozeman . mt . 207 pp .\nnelson , j . s . , e . j . crossman , h . espinosa - perez , l . t . findley , c . r . gilbert , r . n . lea , and j . d . williams . 2004 . common and scientific names of fishes from the united states , canada , and mexico . american fisheries society , special publication 29 , bethesda , maryland . 386 pp .\npage , l . m . , and b . m . burr . 1991 . a field guide to freshwater fishes : north america north of mexico . houghton mifflin company , boston , massachusetts . 432 pp .\npage , l . m . , and b . m . burr . 2011 . peterson field guide to freshwater fishes of north america north of mexico . second edition . houghton mifflin harcourt , boston . xix + 663 pp .\nscott , w . b . , and e . j . crossman . 1973 . freshwater fishes of canada . fisheries research board of canada , bulletin 184 . 966 pp .\nsmith , g . r . 1992 . phylogeny and biogeography of the catostomidae , freshwater fishes of north america and asia . pages 778 - 826 in r . l . mayden , editor . systematics , historical ecology , and north american freshwater fishes . stanford university press , stanford , california . xxvi + 969 pp .\nwydoski , r . s . , and r . r . whitney . 1979 . inland fishes of washington . the university of washington press , seattle . 220 pp .\nholton , g . d . , and h . e . johnson . 1996 . a field guide to montana fishes . 2nd edition . montana fish , wildlife and parks , montana state parks and wildlife interpretive association , helena , montana . 104 pp .\nlee , d . s . , c . r . gilbert , c . h . hocutt , r . e . jenkins , d . e . mcallister , and j . r . stauffer , jr . 1980 . atlas of north american freshwater fishes . north carolina state museum of natural history , raleigh , north carolina . i - x + 854 pp .\nmaster , l . l . and a . l . stock . 1998 . synoptic national assessment of comparative risks to biological diversity and landscape types : species distributions . summary report submitted to environmental protection agency . the nature conservancy , arlington , va . 36 pp .\nsimpson , j . and r . wallace . 1982 . fishes of idaho . the university press of idaho , moscow , idaho . 238 pp .\nthe small print : trademark , copyright , citation guidelines , restrictions on use , and information disclaimer .\nnote : all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve ' s central databases as of november 2016 . note : this report was printed on\ntrademark notice :\nnatureserve\n, natureserve explorer , the natureserve logo , and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve . any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .\ncopyright notice : copyright \u00a9 2017 natureserve , 4600 n . fairfax dr . , 7th floor , arlington virginia 22203 , u . s . a . all rights reserved . each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document . the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .\nnatureserve . 2017 . natureserve explorer : an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ] . version 7 . 1 . natureserve , arlington , virginia . available http : / / explorer . natureserve . org . ( accessed :\nridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely , james zook , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\npatterson , b . d . , g . ceballos , w . sechrest , m . f . tognelli , t . brooks , l . luna , p . ortega , i . salazar , and b . e . young . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson , wes sechrest , marcelo tognelli , gerardo ceballos , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\niucn , conservation international , and natureserve . 2004 . global amphibian assessment . iucn , conservation international , and natureserve , washington , dc and arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union , conservation international and natureserve .\nno graphics available from this server can be used , copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text . any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve . nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication , estoppel , or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve . no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve . except as expressly provided above , nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .\nall documents and related graphics provided by this server and any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server are provided\nas is\nwithout warranty as to the currentness , completeness , or accuracy of any specific data . natureserve hereby disclaims all warranties and conditions with regard to any documents provided by this server or any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server , including but not limited to all implied warranties and conditions of merchantibility , fitness for a particular purpose , and non - infringement . natureserve makes no representations about the suitability of the information delivered from this server or any other documents that are referenced to or linked to this server . in no event shall natureserve be liable for any special , indirect , incidental , consequential damages , or for damages of any kind arising out of or in connection with the use or performance of information contained in any documents provided by this server or in any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server , under any theory of liability used . natureserve may update or make changes to the documents provided by this server at any time without notice ; however , natureserve makes no commitment to update the information contained herein . since the data in the central databases are continually being updated , it is advisable to refresh data retrieved at least once a year after its receipt . the data provided is for planning , assessment , and informational purposes . site specific projects or activities should be reviewed for potential environmental impacts with appropriate regulatory agencies . if ground - disturbing activities are proposed on a site , the appropriate state natural heritage program ( s ) or conservation data center can be contacted for a site - specific review of the project area ( see visit local programs ) .\n) . your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users .\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\njenkins ja 1 , olivier hm 2 , draugelis - dale ro 2 , eilts be 3 , torres l 4 , pati\u00f1o r 5 , nilsen e 6 , goodbred sl 7 .\nu . s . geological survey , national wetlands research center , 700 cajundome blvd . , lafayette , la 70506 , usa . electronic address : jenkinsj @ usgs . gov .\nu . s . geological survey , national wetlands research center , 700 cajundome blvd . , lafayette , la 70506 , usa .\ndepartment of veterinary clinical sciences , louisiana state university , baton rouge , la 70803 , usa .\ndepartment of biological sciences and texas cooperative fish and wildlife research unit , texas tech university , lubbock , tx 79409 - 3131 , usa .\nu . s . geological survey , texas cooperative fish and wildlife unit , texas tech university , lubbock , tx 79409 - 2120 , usa ; department of biological sciences and department of natural resources management , texas tech university , lubbock , tx 79409 - 2120 , usa .\nu . s . geological survey , oregon water science center , 2130 s . w . 5th avenue , portland , or 97201 , usa .\nu . s . geological survey ( emeritus ) , high point , nc 27262 , usa .\nresearch support , u . s . gov ' t , non - p . h . s .\noccurs in pools and runs of medium to large rivers . also found in lakes . pelagic up to 1 . 8 cm in length ( ref . 1998 ) . young feed on planktonic cladocerans , copepods , ostracods , and mites ; chironomid , trichopteran and ephemeropteran larvae ; and bottom ooze ( ref . 1998 ) . adults feed on algae , diatoms , insects , amphipods , and mollusks ( ref . 1998 ) . may feed on salmonid eggs ( ref . 1998 ) . preyed upon by mergansers , osprey , eagles , and bears ( ref . 1998 ) . edible but not highly favored ( ref . 1998 ) .\nc . michael hogan marked\ncolumbia river demersal habitat\nas visible on the\nlampetra richardsoni vladykov and follett , 1965\npage .\nc . michael hogan marked\ncolumbia river demersal habitat\nas hidden on the\nlampetra richardsoni vladykov and follett , 1965\npage .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nresearch curator of fishes , north carolina state museum of natural sciences , research laboratory , 4301 reedy creek rd . , raleigh , nc , 27607 , usa\nbanks , r . c . , r . w . mcdiarmid , a . l . gardner , and w . c . starnes\nchecklist of vertebrates of the united states , the u . s . territories , and canada\nspecial publication of the center for biodiversity research and information , no . 1 , vol 1 - 3\nnelson , joseph s . , edwin j . crossman , h . espinosa - p\u00e9rez , l . t . findley , c . r . gilbert , et al . , eds .\nfull author list : nelson , joseph s . , edwin j . crossman , h\u00e9ctor espinosa - p\u00e9rez , lloyd t . findley , carter r . gilbert , robert n . lea , and james d . williams\nrobins , richard c . , reeve m . bailey , carl e . bond , james r . brooker , ernest a . lachner , et al .\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\ngreek , kata = down + greek , stoma = mouth ( ref . 45335 )\nfreshwater ; demersal ; depth range 1 - 80 m ( ref . 1998 ) . temperate ; 54\u00b0n - 41\u00b0n\nnorth america : arctic basin in canada from peace river drainage in british columbia to smokey river drainage in alberta ; pacific slope from nass river in british columbia to snake river drainage ( below shoshone falls ) in idaho and nevada , usa , and coquille river in oregon , usa .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 61 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 5723 ) ; common length : 25 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 12193 ) ; max . reported age : 15 years ( ref . 12193 )\noccurs in pools and runs of medium to large rivers . also found in lakes . pelagic up to 1 . 8 cm in length ( ref . 1998 ) . young feed on planktonic cladocerans , copepods , ostracods , and mites ; chironomid , trichopteran and ephemeropteran larvae ; and bottom ooze ( ref . 1998 ) . adults feed on algae , diatoms , insects , amphipods , and mollusks ( ref . 1998 ) . may feed on salmonid eggs ( ref . 1998 ) . preyed upon by mergansers , osprey , eagles , and bears ( ref . 1998 ) . edible but not highly favored ( ref . 1998 ) .\npage , l . m . and b . m . burr , 1991 . a field guide to freshwater fishes of north america north of mexico . houghton mifflin company , boston . 432 p . ( ref . 5723 )\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00501 ( 0 . 00207 - 0 . 01214 ) , b = 3 . 10 ( 2 . 88 - 3 . 32 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 1 \u00b10 . 41 se ; based on food items .\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : low , minimum population doubling time 4 . 5 - 14 years ( tmax = 15 ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : high vulnerability ( 62 of 100 ) .\na curated database of candidate human ageing - related genes and genes associated with longevity and / or ageing in model organisms .\na curated database of genes associated with dietary restriction in model organisms either from genetic manipulation experiments or gene expression profiling .\nprojects focused on gene expression profiling of ageing and of dietary manipulations of ageing , such as caloric restriction .\nsoftware for ageing research , including the ageing research computational tools ( arct ) perl toolkit .\na curated database of ageing and life history information in animals , including extensive longevity records .\nthe benchmark genome assembly and annotation of the long - lived , cancer - resistant naked mole - rat ( heterocephalus glaber ) .\na high - coverage genome of the bowhead whale ( balaena mysticetus ) , the longest - lived mammal .\nanalyses using the anage database to study the evolution of longevity and ageing in vertebrate lineages .\na portal of ageing changes covering different biological levels , integrating molecular , physiological and pathological age - related data .\nthe whosage database contains people and biotech companies that are contributing to increase our understanding of ageing and life - extension .\ncomments , suggestions , ideas , and bug reports are welcome . please contact us .\nwe investigated occurrence , transport pathways , and effects of polybrominated diphenyl ether ( pbde ) flame retardants and other endocrine disrupting chemicals ( edcs ) in aquatic media and the foodweb in the lower columbia river . in 2009 and 2010 , foodweb sampling at three sites along a gradient of contaminant exposure near skamania ( washington ) , columbia city ( oregon ) and longview ( washington ) included water ( via passive samplers ) , bed sediment , invertebrate biomass residing in sediment , a resident fish species ( largescale suckers [\n) . this paper primarily reports fish tissue concentrations . in 2009 , composites of fish brain , fillet , liver , stomach , and gonad tissues revealed that overall contaminant concentrations were highest in livers , followed by brain , stomach , gonad , and fillet . concentrations of halogenated compounds in tissue samples from all three sites ranged from < 1 to 400 nanograms per gram of wet tissue . several chemical classes , including pbdes , organochlorine pesticides , and polychlorinated biphenyls ( pcbs ) , were detected at all sites and in nearly all fish tissues sampled . in 2010 , only fish livers were sampled and inter - site concentration differences were not as pronounced as in 2009 . chemical concentrations in sediments , fish tissues , and osprey eggs increased moving downstream from skamania to the urbanized sites near columbia city and longview . numerous organochlorine ( oc ) pesticides , both banned and currently used , and pbdes , were present at each site in multiple media and concentrations exceeded environmental quality benchmarks in some cases . frequently detected oc compounds included hexachlorobenzene , pentachloroanisole , dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane ( ddt ) and its degradates , chlorpyrifos , and oxyfluorofen . biomagnification of bde47 , 100 , 153 , and 154 occurred in largescale suckers and osprey eggs . results support the hypothesis that contaminants in the environment lead to bioaccumulation and potential negative effects in multiple levels of the foodweb .\nu . s . department of the interior | u . s . geological survey url : urltoken page contact information : pubs warehouse contact page page last modified : may 04 , 2017 10 : 50 : 24"]}
{"id": 424, "summary": [{"text": "xylodromus concinnus is a species of rove beetle in the omaliinae subfamily , that can be found everywhere in europe , the near east , and australia . ", "topic": 27}], "title": "xylodromus concinnus", "paragraphs": ["xylodromus concinnus ( marsham , 1802 ) = omalium brunnipennis stephens 1834 = omalium brunnipes stephens 1834 = omalissus castaneus broun 1893 = omalium lacustris casey 1893 = omalium picinus stephens 1834 = omalissus scutosus broun 1915 = omalium ater gerhardt 1901 = xylodromus fuliginosus heer 1839 .\nxylodromus concinnus ( marsham , 1802 ) family : staphylinidae size : 3 . 1 mm ( 3 , 0 to 3 , 5 mm ) distribution : west . palaearctic , australian region ecology : synanthropic in stables and barns location : germany , rheinland - pfalz , hunsrueck , loetzbeuren leg . j . scheuern , 28 . x . 1978 ; det . wunderle , 1993 photo : u . schmidt , 2016 xylodromus concinnus ( flickr )\nenter the name or part of a name you wish to search for . the asterisk character * can be used as wildcard . e . g . ' papilio * ' . keep in mind that the search is only based on the full taxon name .\nwe are still having problems with the search feature . unfortunately we cannot give a timeline when the advanced search will be fixed .\nthe id resolving service for stable taxon ids is currently under maintenance . meanwhile , please use the name search in order to find the taxon page .\nmuseum f\u00fcr naturkunde leibniz - institut f\u00fcr evolutions - und biodiversit\u00e4tsforschung invalidenstr . 43 10115 berlin germany e - mail : fauna - eu ( at ) mfn - berlin . de website : urltoken\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nbroun , t . 1915 ,\ndescriptions of new genera and species of coleoptera . part iv .\n, bulletin of the new zealand institute , vol . 1 , pp . 267 - 346\nfauvel , a . 1878 ,\nles staphylinides de l ' am\u00e9rique du nord .\n, bulletin de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 linn\u00e9enne de normandie , vol . 3 , no . 2 , pp . 167 - 269\nblackburn , t . [ 1887 ] 1888 ,\nfurther notes on australian coleoptera with descriptions of new species\n, transactions and proceedings and reports of the royal society of south australia , vol . 10 , pp . 177 - 287\ngerhardt , j . 1901 ,\nneuheiten der schlesischen k\u00e4ferfauna aus dem jahre 1900 .\n, deutsche entomologische zeitschrift , vol . 1901 , no . 1 , pp . 157 - 158\ncasey , t . l . 1894 ,\ncoleopterological notices , v .\n, annals of the new york academy of sciences , vol . 7 , pp . 281 - 606 , pl . 1\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : a4137178 - d525 - 1d1d - e044 - 00144f3b4a43\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 43622716 - d0c9 - 43e7 - 85a4 - e5923c77adcf\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 519119\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nlike most websites we use cookies . this is to ensure that we give you the best experience possible .\ncontinuing to use urltoken means you agree to our use of cookies . if you would like to , you can learn more about the cookies we use .\nwe\u2019d value your feedback on the tool . our survey takes only five minutes to complete .\nthe distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available . when several references are cited , they may give conflicting information on the status . further details may be available for individual references in the distribution table details section which can be selected by going to generate report .\none or more of the features that are needed to show you the maps functionality are not available in the web browser that you are using .\nplease consider upgrading your browser to the latest version or installing a new browser .\nwe parsed the following live from the web into this page . such content is managed by its original site and not cached on discover life . please send feedback and corrections directly to the source . see original regarding copyrights and terms of use .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n[ 10 ] de jong , y . s . d . m . ( ed . ) ( 2011 ) fauna europaea version 2 . 4 ( faunaeur . org )\nnote : you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments . please , create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\nthere are no photos of this species on the website yet . you can offer your photo by logging into your account\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with nbn atlas , please upload using the upload tools ."]}
{"id": 430, "summary": [{"text": "nassarius glabratus is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family nassariidae , the nassa mud snails or dog whelks . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "nassarius glabratus", "paragraphs": ["what type of species is nassarius glabratus ? below , you will find the taxonomic groups the nassarius glabratus species belongs to .\nwhich photographers have photos of nassarius glabratus species ? below , you will find the list of underwater photographers and their photos of the marine species nassarius glabratus .\npesi portal - nassarius glabratus ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1842 )\nhow to identify nassarius glabratus marine species ? below , you will find the list of main identification criteria and physical characteristics of marine species nassarius glabratus . for each identification criteria , the corresponding physical characteristics of marine species nassarius glabratus are marked in green .\nwhere is nassarius glabratus found in the world ? below , you will find the list and a world map of the geographic distribution where the marine species nassarius glabratus can be found .\nnassarius glabratus by lambert m . surhone , mariam t . tennoe , susan f . henssonow\nnassarius glabratus - nassariidae - gambia seashell - 10 . 5mm - lot 1 on ebid singapore | 121913788\nnassarius glabratus - nassariidae - gambia seashell - 10 . 5mm - lot 1 on ebid australia | 121913788\nworms - world register of marine species - nassarius glabratus ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1842 )\n( of strombus glabratus g . b . sowerby ii , 1842 ) cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]\n( of nassarius obliquus ( kiener , 1835 ) ) gofas , s . ; afonso , j . p . ; brand\u00e0o , m . ( ed . ) . ( s . a . ) . conchas e moluscos de angola = coquillages et mollusques d ' angola . [ shells and molluscs of angola ] . universidade agostinho / elf aquitaine angola : angola . 140 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nbernard , p . a . ( ed . ) ( 1984 ) . coquillages du gabon [ shells of gabon ] . pierre a . bernard : libreville , gabon . 140 , 75 plates pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\ncernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]\nadam w . & knudsen j . 1984 . r\u00e9vision des nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda prosobranchia ) de l\u2019afrique occidentale . bulletin de l\u2019institut royal des sciences naturelles de belgique 55 ( 9 ) : 1 - 95 , 5 pl . [ details ]\n( of nassa ( naytia ) glabrata ( sowerby , 1842 ) ) cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nshells for sale , shells online \u00ab shells for sale , conchology , inc .\nthe star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :\nwe want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only , as we handle very few foreign shells in general . as time goes , the system will become more and more performant .\nenter your email address and we will send you an email with your username and password .\ne - mail jecilia sisican if you do not receive your email with your username and password .\nclick on an image to view all the information : family , species , author , date , and full locality .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 1 . 216 seconds . )\nnassariidae fast moving , medium sized neogastropods . they are often living in large numbers in the intertidal zone on mud flats or quiet sand bottoms in bays . many have a superb aperture , an intricate sculpture and variable colours . about 300 species .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 0 . 253 seconds . )\nnassariidae fast moving , medium sized neogastropods . they are often living in large numbers in the intertidal zone on mud flats or quiet sand bottoms in bays . many have a superb aperture , an intricate sculpture and variable colours . about 300 species .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 0 . 097 seconds . )\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with nbn atlas , please upload using the upload tools .\n- note : several protected species are illustrated here only for identification purposes . they are not for sale . - the photos in our gallery are in most cases just a sample from our stock , except when only one specimen is offered . we try to match the original color but it can vary if your screen is not correctly adjusted ( gamma correction ) .\nmerci de saisir vos informations de connexions . vous pouvez demander la cr\u00e9ation d ' un compte directement en cliquant ici\nmot de passe oubli\u00e9 ? saisissez votre adresse email ci - dessous . si vous ne retrouvez pas l ' adresse email correspondant \u00e0 votre compte merci de nous contacter directement\nthis shell has been added to your booking list . show my booking list continue browsing shell\nyou have to be logged to be able to book and buy shells . click here to log in or create an account .\nbernard , p . a . ( ed . ) ( 1984 ) . coquillages du gabon [ shells of gabon ] . pierre a . bernard : libreville , gabon . 140 , 75 plates pp .\nadam w . & knudsen j . 1984 . r\u00e9vision des nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda prosobranchia ) de l\u2019afrique occidentale . bulletin de l\u2019institut royal des sciences naturelles de belgique 55 ( 9 ) : 1 - 95 , 5 pl .\ncernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 .\n( g . b . sowerby ii , 1842 ) . in : costello , m . j . ; bouchet , p . ; boxshall , g . ; arvantidis , c . ; appeltans , w . ( 2014 ) european register of marine species , accessed through pesi at\nthis work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - share alike 3 . 0 license\npesi is funded by the european union 7th framework programme within the research infrastructures programme . contract no . ri - 223806 . activity area : capacities . period 2008 - 2011 - website hosted & developed by vliz banner picture : gannet ( morus bassanus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) by karl van ginderdeuren - contact pesi\njavascript is disabled ! not all shop functions are available . please check your browser settings .\n19 % vat incl . excl . shipping costs shipping weight : 0 . 010 kg delivery : max . 12 workdays ( germany ) stock level : 1 piece\n19 % vat incl . excl . shipping costs shipping weight : 0 . 010 kg delivery : max . 12 workdays ( germany )\n' * price per piece , unless otherwise marked by number in brackets following product ' s name , e . g . 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'\nitem is from australia , bids are aud ( a $ ) , sgd ( sg $ ) prices are estimates .\neconomy air = a $ 22 . 50 ( sg $ 23 . 48 )\naustralian customers can pay by direct bank deposit ( preferred ) , paypal or cheque . overseas customers please pay by paypal unless other arrangements have been made\nprices quoted below are for regular airmail . please note that we can register and / or insure on larger orders . please enquire .\ncombining items in the one package is the most economical way to buy as postage stays the same up to 500grams .\nas postage figures vary dramatically from state to state and country to country please message us if you need an accurate quote .\nwe offer a money - back guarantee if not happy with the item . money will be refunded once the item has been returned in its original condition . return postage is the buyers responsibility .\nthis is a single item listing . if an auction is running , the winning bidder will be the highest bidder .\ngreat first 6 months of the year , over 1 , 000 items sold and nearly every single record i had previously achieved has been well and truly obliterated . holiday notice was on for a month as well so i am way ahead of where i thought i would be . the only target i missed was listing numbers . . . . due to sales , so i can live with that .\n46 created tue 10 jul 2018 03 : 13 : 35 ( sgt ) . copyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 ebid ltd\nthank you so much ! i sent an email with a query and received a reply 30 minutes later and they actually answered my question and were very helpful . on a bank holiday monday too !\n45 created tue 10 jul 2018 06 : 45 : 04 ( aest ) . copyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 ebid ltd"]}
{"id": 431, "summary": [{"text": "bodianus busellatus , is a species of wrasse native to tropical and warm temperate waters of the south central pacific , particularly the marshall islands . ", "topic": 3}], "title": "bodianus busellatus", "paragraphs": ["bodianus _ busellatus _ not _ bilunulatus _ n _ sp _ lateral _ 285 _ mmsl _ marq - 453 _ jtwilliams _ marq - 2011 - 33 _ 2011 - 11 - 10 _ 18 - 02 - 43 . jpg\nbodianus after bodiano or pudiano , from the portuguese pudor , meaning modesty ( jordan & evermann , 1896 ) .\ngomon , m . f . ( 2006 ) . a revision of the labrid fish genus bodianus with descriptions of eight new species . rec . aust . mus . suppl . 30 : 1 - 133 . [ details ]\ngomon , m . f . , 2006 . a revision of the labrid fish genus bodianus with descriptions of eight new species . rec . aust . mus . suppl . 30 : 1 - 133 . ( ref . 75973 )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\njustification : this species has a very restricted range and little is known about its population and life history characteristics . however , there are no major threats known . it is therefore listed as least concern .\nthis species was taken only in fatu hiva and nuku hiva within the marquesas islands , and henderson island and ducie atoll in the pitcairn group . although regions adjoining these islands have not been thoroughly sampled , it has not been encountered elsewhere in the tuamotu archipelago even though the area has been explored ( randall pers . comm . in gomon 2006 ) .\nthis is a large species , to about 315 mm sl . it inhabits coral reefs in depths of 13 - 74 m .\nthere are no known major threats to this species . it is possibly caught as bycatch .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nphoto by cambraia duarte , p . m . n . ( c ) imagdop\n, select family and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the family .\n, select country and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the country .\n, select ecosystem and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the ecosystem .\ncfm script by eagbayani , 30 . 11 . 04 , , php script by cmilitante , 05 / 11 / 2010 , last modified by cmilitante , 14 / 03 / 2013\nname from the latin prefix bu meaning large , and noun sella for saddle , plus the adjectival suffix atus , in reference to the large black saddle - like spot on the caudal peduncle of this species and the spot is considerably larger in individuals of this species than in those of its cognates .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01202 ( 0 . 00558 - 0 . 02589 ) , b = 3 . 06 ( 2 . 88 - 3 . 24 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this genus - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 5 \u00b10 . 5 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : moderate to high vulnerability ( 47 of 100 ) .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nthe webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 license\nfroese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n- field id : marq - 453 - collection date : 2011 - 11 - 10 - gps : - 10 , 471 / - 138 , 67697 - depth : - 25m - standard length : 285mm - coi dna seq . : cctttatttagtatttggtgcctgagccggaatagtcggcaccgcgctaagtttacttatccgggccgaactaagccaacccggtgctctcctcggagacgaccagatttataatgttatcgttacggcacacgccttcgtaataatcttctttatagtaatacccattatgattggaggttttggaaactgacttatccctctaataattggggcccccgacatggcatttcctcgaatgaacaacatgagcttctgactcctccctccatctttcctactgctgttagcctcttcaggcgtagaagcaggagctggcaccggatggaccgtttatccgcccctagcaggcaatctagcccatgcgggagcatccgtcgatttaaccatcttctcccttcacctagccggggtctcctcaattttaggtgcaattaactttatcaccacaattattaacataaaaccaccagccatctctcaatatcaaacccctctctttgtttgagccgtcctaattaccgctgtactacttctgctctctctccccgtcctggccgccggcattacaatgctattaacagaccgaaacctaaatactacattctttgacccagccggcggaggggacccgattctataccaacacctcttc\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services ."]}
{"id": 440, "summary": [{"text": "the magazine mountain middle-toothed snail also known as the magazine mountain shagreen , scientific name inflectarius magazinensis , is a species of small , air-breathing , land snails , terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs in the family polygyridae . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "magazine mountain middle - toothed snail", "paragraphs": ["mount magazine shagreen snail ( inflectarius magazinensis ( ) , also known as the magazine mountain middle - toothed snail .\nwikipedia article copyright notice : this article is licensed under the gnu free documentation license . it uses material from the wikipedia article\nmagazine mountain middle - toothed snail\n.\nglenn , c . r . 2006 .\nearth ' s endangered creatures - magazine mountain middle - toothed snail facts\n( online ) - licensed article from wikipedia : the free encyclopedia . accessed\ncaldwell , r . s . 1986 .\nstatus of mesodon magazinensis , the magazine mountain middle - toothed snail .\nreport for grant no . 84 - 1 . arkanasas nongame species preservation program , little rock .\nfacts summary : the magazine mountain middle - toothed snail ( inflectarius magazinensis ) is a species of concern belonging in the species group\nsnails\nand found in the following area ( s ) : arkansas . this species is also known by the following name ( s ) : mesodon magazinensis , magazine mountain shagreen .\ncaldwell , r . s . 1986 . status of mesodon magazinensis ( pilsbry and ferriss ) , the magazine mountain middle - toothed snail . unpublished report for grant number 84 - 1 for arkansas nongame species preservation program , arkansas . 18 pp .\nthis page is based on the copyrighted wikipedia article magazine mountain middle - toothed snail ; it is used under the creative commons attribution - sharealike 3 . 0 unported license ( cc - by - sa ) . you may redistribute it , verbatim or modified , providing that you comply with the terms of the cc - by - sa\nthis species is known only from a single location on magazine mountain in logan county , arkansas . magazine mountain is relatively separate from other mountains in the region and is considered an\nisland\necosystem\nalso known as the magazine mountain middle - toothed snail , the magazine mountain shagreen , mesodon magazinensis , is a dusky brown or buff - colored medium - sized land snail , 0 . 5 in ( 13 mm ) wide and 0 . 3 in ( 7 mm ) high . the shell surface is roughened by half - moon shaped scales . the outer lip of the aperture has a small triangular tooth , while the inner side has a single blade - like tooth . it is similar in appearance to the more common m . infectus .\nin rock slides , at base of cliff on north side of magazine mountain at around 2 , 800 ft .\nrare arkansas animals most of the rare invertebrate animals that are listed as rare in arkansas are endemic to the ouachita and ozark mountains . many , such as crayfish and amphipods , live in caves or cave streams . several rare snails have limited ranges , such as the magazine mountain middle - toothed land snail , which is found only on that mountain . detailed mussel research documents several rare species , such as the arkansas fatmucket and speckled pocketbook mussels .\nmagazine mountain shagreen .\nbeacham ' s guide to the endangered species of north america . . retrieved july 09 , 2018 from urltoken urltoken\n( < 100 square km ( less than about 40 square miles ) ) restricted to one slope of magazine mountain in logan county , arkansas .\nthis snail is only known to occur on one mountain slope in the ozark national forest in western arkansas . its limited range makes it particularly sensitive to any habitat alteration .\nglobal range : ( < 100 square km ( less than about 40 square miles ) ) restricted to one slope of magazine mountain in logan county , arkansas .\nreasons : this snail is only known to occur on one mountain slope in the ozark national forest in western arkansas . its limited range makes it particularly sensitive to any habitat alteration .\nmagazine mountain shagreen .\nbeacham ' s guide to the endangered species of north america . . encyclopedia . com . ( july 9 , 2018 ) . urltoken\narkansas river valley magazine mountain\u2019s rocky outcrops are home to leadplant and the locally endemic maple - leaved oak . small - headed pipewort and bottle gentian occur in areas of natural seepage .\nu . s . fish and wildlife service ( usfws ) . 1994 . recovery plan for magazine mountain shagreen . u . s . fish and wildlife service , jackson , mississippi . 26 pp .\nthe shagreen ' s known range is included within the ozark national forest and is classified as a special interest area . magazine mountain was recently proposed as a candidate for designation as a research natural area .\nu . s . fish and wildlife service . 1989 .\ndetermination of the magazine mountain shagreen , mesodon magazinensis , as an endangered species .\nfederal register 54 ( 72 ) : 15286 - 15287 .\nu . s . army training exercises planned for the vicinity of magazine mountain will be permitted by the fws if troop , vehicle , and artillery movements do not disturb the north slope of the mountain . under provisions of the endangered species act , the army is required to consult with the fws before any exercises are undertaken . such a consultation might allow exercises to be held , so long as conditions to protect the snail ' s habitat are met .\nthe magazine mountain shagreen was listed as threatened on april 17 , 1989 . [ 2 ] thanks to efforts from the u . s . forest service , us fish and wildlife service , and the arkansas department of parks and tourism , the snail was removed from the endangered list in may of 2013 . [ 3 ] the shagreen is the first invertebrate ever removed from the federal endangered species list . [ 4 ]\nbecause of this snail ' s extremely limited range , it is vulnerable to any land use change or other activity that might disrupt the habitat ' s fragile ecological balance . in 1989 the arkansas department of parks and tourism applied for a special use permit from the forest service to develop a state park on magazine mountain . the u . s . fish and wildlife service ( fws ) has expressed the opinion that construction of access roads , buildings , pipelines , and trails would adversely affect the snail if these activities disrupted rock slide rubble on the north slope . the fws , the forest service , and the state are currently negotiating to determine the feasibility of the proposed state park .\nu . s . fish and wildlife service ( usfws ) . 1989g . endangered and threatened wildlife and plants ; determination of threatened status for the magazine mountain shagreen ( mesodon magazinensis ) . final rule . federal register . department of the interior . vol . 54 , no . 72 : 15206 - 15208 .\nthere is thought to be only one extant population ; on the north slope of magazine mountain , logan co . , arkansas ( usfws , 1989 ; 2004 ) . a single dead specimen was found on the south slope in 1903 ( pilsbry and ferriss , 1906 ) but a population has never been discovered there ( usfws , 1994 ) .\na single population inhabits a rock slide ( in rock debris ) on the north side only of a mountain on an approximately 60 % slope . the snail prefers a cool moist climate and will move deeper into rock crevasses in warmer dry weather ( usfws , 1989 ) . caldwell ( 1986 ) hypothesized that drier and warmer conditions on the south slope made conditions inhospitable for the species .\ncomments : there is thought to be only one extant population ; on the north slope of magazine mountain , logan co . , arkansas ( usfws , 1989 ; 2004 ) . a single dead specimen was found on the south slope in 1903 ( pilsbry and ferriss , 1906 ) but a population has never been discovered there ( usfws , 1994 ) .\ncomments : a single population inhabits a rock slide ( in rock debris ) on the north side only of a mountain on an approximately 60 % slope . the snail prefers a cool moist climate and will move deeper into rock crevasses in warmer dry weather ( usfws , 1989 ) . caldwell ( 1986 ) hypothesized that drier and warmer conditions on the south slope made conditions inhospitable for the species .\nthis mountain shagreen is active above the surface on cool , damp or wet days and retreats into the rock crevices as the weather warms . during july and august it never surfaces .\nouachita mountains many endemic plants live in the ouachitas , including a twistflower that is found only in arkansas and oklahoma . rich mountain has the state\u2019s only example of ofer hollow reed grass .\nseveral rare fish species are found only in arkansas , including the ouachita madtom , the caddo madtom , the yellowcheek darter , the paleback darter , and the strawberry river darter . the ozark cavefish and the leopard darter are found only in a few caves in arkansas , missouri , and oklahoma . arkansas also supports several salamanders endemic to the ozark and ouachita mountains . two that occur only in arkansas are the caddo mountain salamander and the fourche mountain salamander .\nthis snail has been collected from rock slide rubble at the base of a north - facing rocky escarpment . it prefers cool , moist conditions and burrows far back into crevices in the cliffs , during the hottest part of summer . habitat elevation ranges from 2 , 000 - 2 , 600 ft ( 600 - 790 m ) .\n1 . endemics are known to occur only in a relatively small area . several plant and animal species occur only in arkansas . the caddo mountain salamander ( plethodon caddoensis ) is found only in certain areas of the state\u2019s ouachita mountains .\nseveral reptiles listed as rare in the state are on the edge of the ranges , such as the cornsnake and the louisiana milk snake . other snakes represent disjunct populations , such as the dusty hognose on rich mountain . the conversion of prairies to agriculture has reduced the ornate box turtle population drastically and confined it to a few prairie remnants in the state .\nin arkansas , twenty animals are endangered , eight are threatened , and four are candidates . the endangered animals are two types of crayfish , one type of beetle , eight mussels , one fish , four birds , three bats , and the florida panther . the threatened animals are a snail , a mussel , three fish , a reptile , and two birds . a look at the numbers highlights the fact that the list is based on current knowledge and that scientists do not know everything about all species that live here . for instance , eight mussels are listed . that does not mean arkansas is a repository for rare mussels . it simply means someone has collected a lot of data on the mussels in the state . on the other hand , only one insect is listed . ninety - five percent of the world\u2019s animals are insects . that only one is listed means more inventory and study need to be done . in these cases , not enough data exist for some species . in other cases , the data may be old and not recently verified . the florida panther ( puma concolor coryi ) was one of the first species in arkansas added to the endangered species list , in 1967 . an exhaustive statewide search has not been conducted for the panther recently , and the listing carries a footnote that indicates it may be a historic occurrence in arkansas . the bachman\u2019s warbler and two mussels also carry this footnote .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nvariously cited as a species , subspecies of cryptomastix mullani , or synonym of cryptomastix sanburni . the problem was not effectively addressed in the literature until recently . was listed in 1996 under the name mesodon magazinenses .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\ngland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) \u2013 australia\u2019s unique reptiles \u2013 including lizards and snakes \u2013 face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .\nthe value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .\na recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .\n- - natureserve explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50 , 000 plants , animals and ecological communtities of the u . s and canada . natureserve explorer provides in - depth information on rare and endangered species , but includes common plants and animals too . natureserve explorer is a product of natureserve in collaboration with the natural heritage network .\nitis reports - - itis ( the integrated taxonomic information system ) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants , animals , fungi , and microbes of north america and the world .\nfws digital media library - - the u . s . fish and wildlife service ' s national digital library is a searchable collection of selected images , historical artifacts , audio clips , publications , and video .\nthis article is only an excerpt . if it appears incomplete or if you wish to see article references , visit the rest of its contents here .\nfor the first time in history , a captive cheetah has successfully given birth to eight healthy cubs . it is said that only around 10 , 000 cheetahs remain in the wild in africa along with 100 or fewer in iran .\nlist of all endangered animals . list of all endangered plants . list of all endangered species ( animals & plants ) . by species group ( mammal , birds , etc ) . . . united states endangered species list . browse by country , island , us state . . . search for an endangered species profile .\nare you inspired by endangered animals ? check out our games and coloring pages ! more to come soon .\nu . s . fish and wildlife service regional office , division of endangered species 1875 century blvd . , suite 200 atlanta , georgia 30345 urltoken\nhubricht , l . 1972 .\nthe land snails of arkansas .\nsterkiana 46 : 15 - 16 .\nurltoken gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the modern language association ( mla ) , the chicago manual of style , and the american psychological association ( apa ) .\nwithin the \u201ccite this article\u201d tool , pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style . then , copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list .\nbecause each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article , urltoken cannot guarantee each citation it generates . therefore , it\u2019s best to use urltoken citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publication\u2019s requirements and the most - recent information available at these sites :\nmost online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers . therefore , that information is unavailable for most urltoken content . however , the date of retrieval is often important . refer to each style\u2019s convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates .\nin addition to the mla , chicago , and apa styles , your school , university , publication , or institution may have its own requirements for citations . therefore , be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nevi , an amazon company , was founded in 2005 under the name true knowledge . the team started out with a mission to make it possible to access the world ' s knowledge simply by asking for information using natural language .\nwe\u2019re part of the amazon alexa team based in amazon ' s innovative cambridge development centre , alongside other amazon teams including prime air , core machine learning , amazon devices and amazon web services .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , world , . . . more\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\nnon - migrant : no . all populations of this species make significant seasonal migrations .\nlocally migrant : no . no populations of this species make local extended movements ( generally less than 200 km ) at particular times of the year ( e . g . , to breeding or wintering grounds , to hibernation sites ) .\nlocally migrant : no . no populations of this species make annual migrations of over 200 km .\nnote : for many non - migratory species , occurrences are roughly equivalent to populations .\ncomments : the restricted range makes it vulnerable to any land use change or activity that would have an adverse effect on the talus slopes where it is found . toxic chemical application , runoff , or drift ( i . e . , herbicides , pesticides , fire - retardant slurries ) may have a detrimental impact on the species ( usfws , 1994 ) .\ncomments : potential threats include the proposed development of a nearby state park and use by the u . s . army for training exercises ( usfws , 1989 ) . currently , the u . s . army is no longer considering this option ( usfws , 1994 ) . recreational activities ( hiking , camping ) might potentially pose a threat to the species but this has not been confirmed ( usfws , 1994 ) . toxic chemical application , runoff , or drift ( i . e . , herbicides , pesticides , fire - retardant slurries ) may have a detrimental impact on the species ( usfws , 1994 ) .\ncomments : entire range is within the ozark national forest and is classified as a special interest area ( usfws , 1989 ; 1994 ) .\nthis species is endemic to arkansas in the united states . its natural habitat is rocky areas .\nthanks to efforts from the u . s . forest service , us fish and wildlife service , and the\nmollusc specialist group 2000 . inflectarius magazinensis . 2006 iucn red list of threatened species . downloaded on 07 august 2007 .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nturgeon , d . d . , j . f . quinn , jr . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , f . g . hochberg , w . g . lyons , p . m . mikkelsen , r . j . neves , c . f . e . roper , g . rosenberg , b . roth , a . scheltema , f . g . thompson , m . vecchione , and j . d . williams . 1998 . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks . 2nd edition . american fisheries society special publication 26 , bethesda , maryland : 526 pp .\ndue to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to\npotential threats include the proposed development of a nearby state park and use by the u . s . army for training exercises ( usfws , 1989 ) . currently , the u . s . army is no longer considering this option ( usfws , 1994 ) . recreational activities ( hiking , camping ) might potentially pose a threat to the species but this has not been confirmed ( usfws , 1994 ) . toxic chemical application , runoff , or drift ( i . e . , herbicides , pesticides , fire - retardant slurries ) may have a detrimental impact on the species ( usfws , 1994 ) .\nthe restricted range makes it vulnerable to any land use change or activity that would have an adverse effect on the talus slopes where it is found . toxic chemical application , runoff , or drift ( i . e . , herbicides , pesticides , fire - retardant slurries ) may have a detrimental impact on the species ( usfws , 1994 ) .\noccurrences are based on some evidence of historical or current presence of single or multiple specimens , including live specimens or recently dead shells ( i . e . , soft tissue still attached without signs of external weathering or staining ) , at a given location with potentially recurring existence . weathered shells constitute a historic occurrence . evidence is derived from reliable published observation or collection data ; unpublished , though documented ( i . e . government or agency reports , web sites , etc . ) observation or collection data ; or museum specimen information .\nbarriers include barriers to dispersal such as the presence of permanent water bodies greater than 30 m in width , permanently frozen areas ( e . g . mountaintop glaciers ) which generally lack land snails ( frest and johannes , 1995 ) , or dry , xeric areas with less than six inches precipitation annually , as moisture is required for respiration and often hatching of eggs . for the various slugs and slug - like species ( families arionidae , philomycidae , limacidae , milacidae , testacellidae , veronicellidae ) , absence of suitable moisture , except for the most ubiquitous of species such as deroceras reticulatum ( m\u00fcller , 1774 ) , can serve as a barrier to movement ( frest and johannes , 1995 ) . members of these groups tend to have greater difficulty crossing areas of little moisture than other pulmonates . for tree snails ( family bulimulidae [ = orthalicidae ] ) , lack of appropriate arboreal habitat ( e . g . distance of greater than 500 m ) also serves as a separation barrier .\nuse the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .\nzoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .\nemberton , k . c . 1991 . the genetic , allozymic and conchological evolution of the tribe mesodontini ( pulmonata : stylommatophora : polygyridae ) . malacologia , 33 ( 1 - 2 ) : 71 - 178 .\npilsbry , h . a . and j . ferriss . 1906 . mollusca of the ozarkian fauna . proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia 1906 : 529 - 567 .\nrobison , h . w . and r . t . allen . 1995 . only in arkansas : a study of the endemic plants and animals of the state . university of arkansas press , fayetteville , arkansas .\nthe small print : trademark , copyright , citation guidelines , restrictions on use , and information disclaimer .\nnote : all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve ' s central databases as of november 2016 . note : this report was printed on\ntrademark notice :\nnatureserve\n, natureserve explorer , the natureserve logo , and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve . any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .\ncopyright notice : copyright \u00a9 2017 natureserve , 4600 n . fairfax dr . , 7th floor , arlington virginia 22203 , u . s . a . all rights reserved . each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document . the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .\nnatureserve . 2017 . natureserve explorer : an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ] . version 7 . 1 . natureserve , arlington , virginia . available http : / / explorer . natureserve . org . ( accessed :\nridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely , james zook , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\npatterson , b . d . , g . ceballos , w . sechrest , m . f . tognelli , t . brooks , l . luna , p . ortega , i . salazar , and b . e . young . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson , wes sechrest , marcelo tognelli , gerardo ceballos , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\niucn , conservation international , and natureserve . 2004 . global amphibian assessment . iucn , conservation international , and natureserve , washington , dc and arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union , conservation international and natureserve .\nno graphics available from this server can be used , copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text . any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve . nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication , estoppel , or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve . no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve . except as expressly provided above , nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .\n) . your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users .\nsea turtles are graceful saltwater reptiles , well adapted to life at sea . unlike turtles on land , sea turtles cannot retract their legs and head . but with streamlined bodies and flipper - like limbs , they are graceful swimmers able to navigate across the oceans of the world .\nhere , we look at the seven species that can be found today , all of which are said to have been around since the time of the dinosaurs .\nfile : status iucn2 . 3 cr . svg critically endangered ( iucn 2 . 3 ) [ 1 ]\nlua error in package . lua at line 80 : module ' module : buffer ' not found .\nthis article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone . are you certain this article is inappropriate ?\ncrowd sourced content that is contributed to world heritage encyclopedia is peer reviewed and edited by our editorial staff to ensure quality scholarly research articles .\nby using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy . world heritage encyclopedia\u2122 is a registered trademark of the world public library association , a non - profit organization .\n, author of\nthe isle of palms ,\netc . wm . maginn , ll . d . j . g . lockh . . . . . . tum mare ; and shuns the forum and the gay potentiorum limina . blackwood ' s\nwas rapidly making way , at this time , and it has been stated by a . . . . . . and a vow to god made he , vovebat , diis iratis , tliat he would hunt in the\nvenare inter dies tres of cheviot within days three , in montibus . . . . . . mages ! in the interval , maginu continued to contribute extensively to the\n. the quantity , variety , spirit , and value of his articles made him . . . . . . es , the other breathes empyrean air remote from the hum of man , m rural\u2014or\n\u2014solitude . north . whew ! ambrose [ enthusiastically ) . for poetical in . . . . . . how different\n\u2014and awakes a passing sigh for the far - off highlands , whose\n- tops rise before you in a visionary dream . you know the wellington . . . . . . orth . people in trade\u2014and in a small way\u2014in the soft or hard line\u2014sugar or\nof natural history : including zoology , botany and geology : vol . 5 ( series 2 )\nof natural history , vol . v - second series author : w . jardine langu . . . . . . . . . . . . story , including zoology , botany , and geology . ( being a continuation of the '\nof botany and zoology , ' and of loudon and charlesworth ' s ' magazi . . . . . . nd odorous branches at our feet ; the nymphs that press with nimble step the\nthyme and purple heath - flower come not empty - handed , but scatter . . . . . . ars to me to be a mere variety of v . serpylli - folia , l . it differs from the\nform of that plant , known to the scotch botanists as v . humifusa . . . . . . of a dull dirty brown colour , and the texture to resemble the most beautiful\n. major parlby and mr . fox having jointly purchased the fish , pro . . . . . . state of the latter plant which i found abundantly in cultivated land in the\nregion of northern catalonia , has larger fruit than it is usu . . . . . . 10 . ] \u2014 t caudonia , n . g . , _ \u00ab r . fern . head and chest convex , very finely\n: head thick , a little broader than the chest : feelers slende . . . . . . et metatibiis viridibus , alis limpidis . head and chest convex , green , finely\n, rather thickly mr . f . walker on some new species of clialcid . . .\nof natural history , vol . x author : w . jardine language : english . . . . . . . . . . . . story . including zoology , botany , and geology . ( being a continuation of the '\nof botany and zoology , ' and of loudon and charlesworth ' s ' magazi . . . . . . wild specimen of alchemilla , gathered by the late mr . g . don upon the clova\n, in scotland , manyyears since , and con - sidered by him as a spe . . . . . . lly at the latter end of the month of march . in 18 ' 28 several were seen in a\nsituation near belfast by mr . wm . sinclaire and myself , on the . . . . . . ience , and to belong to a group , of the occurrence of which , either in these\nor in the plains at their base , i know of no other instance , sa . . . . . . rspersed erect spiny hairs ; punctate - striated , the interstices very finely\n; the third , fifth , and the seventh from the suture , raised ; . . . . . . irregular ridges , depressions , and vascular foramina , which give it a rough\n- like character . the lower jaw , which is preserved in the present . . . . . . nd crowded at the extremities , where , under a magnifier , the surface appears\nby minute wrinkles of the striae ; epidermis very thin , browni . . .\ncopyright \u00a9 world library foundation . all rights reserved . ebooks from world journals , database of academic research journals are sponsored by the world library foundation , a 501c ( 4 ) member ' s support non - profit organization , and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\narkansas has many plant and animal species , partly because of varied topography and a temperate climate . an abundance of wildlife and rich soils for planting crops drew many of the early european settlers to the state . many resources have been harvested or depleted . earlier generations did not take steps to ensure that certain species were protected as their numbers decreased , and today several plants and animals are classified as endangered , threatened , or rare .\nthe fish and wildlife service also maintains a list of \u201ccandidate\u201d species , which have enough information and scientific data to warrant proposing them for listing but have not been proposed . in some cases , conservation actions are taken to reduce or remove the threats to those species . the preventive approach is taken for species that can benefit from early recovery efforts .\nthe list is dynamic . species are added and removed , as well as reclassified or moved between endangered and threatened . as of june 2005 , 389 animals and 599 plants were listed as endangered , along with 129 animals and 147 plants listed as threatened , in the united states . an additional 286 plant and animal species are listed as candidates .\nfour plants from arkansas are listed as endangered , and one is listed as threatened . the four endangered plants are missouri bladderpod , pondberry , harperella , and running buffalo clover . the threatened plant is geocarpon . all of these were listed in the late 1980s . additional research and fieldwork supports the continued listing of all except the running buffalo clover , which also carries the footnote that it may be a historic occurrence in arkansas .\n2 . disjuncts are species whose populations occur in widely separated areas . an example is the sand cherry ( prunus pumila ) , a plant found primarily in the northern united states . isolated populations also occur in arkansas\u2019s grand prairie .\n3 . relics are plants and animals that probably were more common when the state\u2019s climate was much different . as the climate changed , populations of these species died out , but small populations of some species continue to cling to appropriate habitat in the state . the deep ravines and protected slopes of the boston mountains provide areas rich in relict flora . some of the key plants include shining clubmoss , french\u2019s shooting star , interrupted fern , and butternut .\n4 . peripherals are species reaching the edge of their range . they tend to become less common and ultimately may qualify as rare . the plains harvest mouse ( reithrodontomys montanus ) , found throughout the great plains , becomes progressively rare southward into arkansas .\n5 . habitat specificity includes certain species that are limited geographically by habitat requirements . for instance , the filmy fern ( trichomanes boschianum ) is found only in damp limestone grottoes or sandstone overhangs in deep canyons of the state\u2019sboston mountains .\n6 . human - induced rarity includes species that become rare as a result of human activities . loss of native habitat to such things as agricultural production and urban development has resulted in the decline of several species that were once more common in arkansas . the prairie mole cricket ( gryllotalpa major ) depends on tallgrass prairie . as prairies in arkansas were plowed for crop production , this species became progressively rare and is now restricted to isolated fragments of remaining habitat .\nbesides habitat loss , degradation of habitat from pollution can lead to species\u2019 declining to the point of becoming rare . many freshwater mussel species that occur in arkansas rivers and streams depend on high water quality . alterations of river courses through channelization , urban and agricultural runoff , and increased sediment loads have had a negative effect on many species .\nozark mountains the limestone glades of the ozarks support a variety of rare plants , including a yellow coneflower , a skullcap , and a phlox . the springfield plateau contains arkansas\u2019s only known location for white - flowered trillium , running strawberry bush , and lady\u2019s slipper .\nwest gulf coastal plain arkansas oak grows in the sandy soils where the gulf of mexico once reached . the area\u2019s alkaline soils have sodium levels that would be toxic to most plants but support the tiny herbaceous plant geocarpon in this area and a few sites in missouri .\nmississippi alluvial plain what could easily be considered arkansas\u2019s rarest plant occurs only in the grand prairie region of this plain . stern\u2019s medlar is a large flowering shrub that produces clusters of white flowers . this plant was first described to science ( that is , described in a written form recognized by the appropriate scientific community ) in 1990 and is known to occur nowhere else .\ncrowley \u2019s ridge crowley\u2019s ridge has several species , such as the tulip tree , that are found elsewhere only in the appalachians . among the rarest are the bigleaf magnolia , the climbing magnolia , and two species of turtlehead .\narkansas lists nineteen marsh and shore birds as rare , including the interior least tern , the great egret , the snowy egret , the wood stork , and the least bittern . the list includes seven sparrows and seven warblers . other birds include the anhinga , the black - billed cuckoo , the willow flycatcher , and the rusty blackbird .\nseven bat species dominate the list of rare mammals . several rodents , such as shrews and harvest mice , are listed . larger mammals on the edge of their range are the eastern spotted skunk and the american badger .\nfoti , thomas , and gerald hanson . arkansas and the land . fayetteville : university of arkansas press , 1992 .\n\u201cthreatened and endangered species . \u201d arkansas game and fish commission . urltoken ( accessed january 13 , 2015 ) .\n\u00a92018 the central arkansas library system - all rights reserved - web services by aristotle web design .\nfinal determination that seven eastern u . s . land snails are endangered or threatened species\ninitiation of a 5 - year review of nine northeastern species . notice of initiation of reviews ; request for information ."]}
{"id": 443, "summary": [{"text": "nassarius distortus , common name : the distorted nassa , is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family nassariidae , the nassa mud snails or dog whelks . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "nassarius distortus", "paragraphs": ["explore what eol knows about nassarius distortus ( a . adams , 1852 ) .\nnassarius monile ( kiener , 1834 ) : synonym of nassarius distortus ( a . adams , 1852 )\nworms - world register of marine species - nassarius distortus ( a . adams , 1852 )\ndistorted nassa - nassarius distortus ( a . adams , 1852 ) - overview - encyclopedia of life\nworms - world register of marine species - nassarius ( niotha ) distortus ( a . adams , 1852 )\nnassarius distortus - nassariidae - philippines seashell - 19 . 5mm - lot 2 on ebid united states | 136937286\nnassarius plicatellus adams : synonym of nassarius niveus ( a . adams , 1852 )\nnassarius weyersi craven : synonym of nassarius pumilio ( e . a . smith , 1872 )\nnassarius ( nassodonta ) h . adams , 1867 : alternate representation of nassarius dum\u00e9ril , 1805\nlarge speckled nassarius snail ( nassarius sp ) common name : large speckled nassarius snails scientific name : nassarius sp size available : ~ 1 . 5 - 2 inch minimum tank . . .\nnassarius ( tritia ) a . adams , 1853 : synonym of nassarius ( hinia ) gray , 1847 ( alternate representation of nassarius dum\u00e9ril , 1805 )\nnassarius ( niotha ) h . adams & a . adams , 1853 accepted as nassarius dum\u00e9ril , 1805\nlike other invertebrates , nassarius distortus is very sensitive to copper - based medications and high nitrate levels . the super tongan nassarius snail requires a gradual acclimation period , preferably the drip acclimation method , since it is intolerant of even the smallest fluctuations in water parameters . the super nassarius snail is extremely difficult to breed in captivity .\nnassarius fenestratus ( marratt , 1877 ) : synonym of nassarius albescens gemmuliferus ( a . adams , 1852 )\nnassarius gemmuliferus a . adams , 1852 : synonym of nassarius albescens gemmuliferus ( a . adams , 1852 )\nnassarius ( cryptonassarius ) watson , r . b . , 1882 : alternate representation of nassarius dum\u00e9ril , 1805\nnassarius ( hima ) gray , 1852 ex leach , ms . : alternate representation of nassarius dum\u00e9ril , 1805\nnassarius ( naytia ) h . adams & a . adams 1853 : alternate representation of nassarius dum\u00e9ril , 1805\nnassarius ( reticunassa ) iredale , 1936 : synonym of nassarius ( hima ) gray , 1852 ex leach , ms . alternate representation of nassarius dum\u00e9ril , 1805 )\nnassarius ( mirua ) marwick , 1931 : synonym of nassarius ( hima ) gray , 1852 ex leach , ms . ( alternate representation of nassarius dum\u00e9ril , 1805 )\nnassarius ( caesia ) h . adams & a . adams , 1853 : alternate representation of nassarius dum\u00e9ril , 1805\nnassarius ( niotha ) h . adams & a . adams , 1853 : alternate representation of nassarius dum\u00e9ril , 1805\nnassarius ( phrontis ) h . adams & a . adams , 1853 : alternate representation of nassarius dum\u00e9ril , 1805\nnassarius ( telasco ) h . adams & a . adams , 1853 : alternate representation of nassarius dum\u00e9ril , 1805\nnassarius ( uzita ) h . adams & a . adams , 1853 : alternate representation of nassarius dum\u00e9ril , 1805\nnassarius ( zeuxis ) h . adams & a . adams , 1853 : alternate representation of nassarius dum\u00e9ril , 1805\nnassarius ( austronassaria ) c . laseron & j . laseron , 1956 : synonym of nassarius ( plicarcularia ) thiele , 1929 ( alternate representation of nassarius dum\u00e9ril , 1805 )\nnassarius ( bathynassa ) ladd , 1976 : synonym of nassarius ( zeuxis ) h . adams & a . adams , 1853 ( alternate representation of nassarius dum\u00e9ril , 1805 )\nnassarius ( demondia ) addicott , 1956 : synonym of nassarius ( caesia ) h . adams & a . adams , 1853 ( alternate representation of nassarius dum\u00e9ril , 1805 )\nnassarius ( glabrinassa ) shuto , 1969 : synonym of nassarius ( zeuxis ) h . adams & a . adams , 1853 ( alternate representation of nassarius dum\u00e9ril , 1805 )\nnassarius ( schizopyga ) conrad , 1856 : synonym of nassarius ( caesia ) h . adams & a . adams , 1853 ( alternate representation of nassarius dum\u00e9ril , 1805 )\nnassarius ( tarazeuxis ) iredale , 1936 : synonym of nassarius ( telasco ) h . adams & a . adams , 1853 ( alternate representation of nassarius dum\u00e9ril , 1805 )\nnassarius ( tavanothia ) iredale , 1936 : synonym of nassarius ( niotha ) h . adams & a . adams , 1853 ( alternate representation of nassarius dum\u00e9ril , 1805 )\nnassarius ( usita ) noszky , 1936 : synonym of nassarius ( uzita ) h . adams & a . adams , 1853 ( alternate representation of nassarius dum\u00e9ril , 1805 )\nnassarius ( venassa ) martens , 1881 : synonym of nassarius ( zeuxis ) h . adams & a . adams , 1853 ( alternate representation of nassarius dum\u00e9ril , 1805 )\nnassarius unicolor kiener , l . c . , 1834 : synonym of nassarius micans ( a . adams , 1852 )\nnassarius ( tritonella ) a . adams , 1852 : synonym of nassarius ( hima ) gray , 1852 ex leach , ms . ( alternate representation of nassarius dum\u00e9ril , 1805 )\nnassarius ( amycla ) h . adams & a . adams , 1853 : synonym of nassarius ( gussonea ) monterosato , 1912\n( of nassarius ( niotha ) distortus ( a . adams , 1852 ) ) cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]\nnassarius ( zaphon ) h . adams & a . adams , 1853 : synonym of nassarius ( caesia ) h . adams & a . adams , 1853 ( alternate representation of nassarius dum\u00e9ril , 1805 )\nnassarius snail ( nassarius vibex ) the nassarius snail has a little body with a big appetite - going around your tank foraging for any decaying waste , leftover food and nasty fish excrement in your . . .\n( of nassarius ( niotha ) distortus ( a . adams , 1852 ) ) tsuchiya k . ( 2017 ) . family nassariidae . pp . 910 - 917 , in : t . okutani ( ed . ) , marine mollusks in japan , ed . 2 . 2 vols . tokai university press . 1375 pp . [ details ]\nthe super nassarius snail from tonga combines unique beauty with unparalleled scavenging abilities . its oval , spiral shell is often said to resemble an olive pit , but it is much more ornate and elegant in its beauty . the most striking physical characteristic , however , is the long , tube - like siphon that protrudes from one end of the shell . this siphon is used to breathe while the super nassarius snail is buried in the substrate foraging for food . in addition to beauty , the nassarius distortus is an ideal detritus eater that also helps maintain adequate oxygen levels in the substrate as they burrow and sift through the sand .\nnassa tegula reeve , 1853 : synonym of nassarius striatus ( c . b . adams , 1852 )\nnassa miser ( dall , 1908 ) : synonym of nassarius coppingeri ( e . a . smith , 1881 )\nthe super nassarius snail from tonga combines unique beauty with unparalleled scavenging abilities . its oval , spiral shell is often said to resemble an olive pit , but it is much more ornate and elegant in its beauty . the most striking physical characteristic , however , is the long , tube - like siphon that protrudes from one end of the shell . this siphon is used to breathe while the super nassarius snail is buried in the substrate foraging for food . in addition to beauty , the nassarius distortus is an ideal detritus eater that also helps maintain adequate oxygen levels in the substrate as they burrow and sift through the sand . shop now : urltoken looking for expert information on all types of pets ? visit urltoken\nnassarius ( polinices , nassarius ) is prey of : pagurus cancer myoxocephalus tautogolabrus pseudopleuronectes asterias based on studies in : usa : massachusetts , cape ann ( littoral , mudflat ) this list may not be complete but is based on published studies .\nglowing marginella snail marginella plumiosum . 25 - . 5 inch in length sand sifting like nassarius snails very pretty - glassy shells\nnassarius ( polinices , nassarius ) preys on : solemya ensis macoma mya gemma onoba littorina littorea based on studies in : usa : massachusetts , cape ann ( littoral , mudflat ) this list may not be complete but is based on published studies .\nthe shells of various species of nassarius are popular with shell collectors , and are sometimes used in jewelry and other forms of decoration .\nnassarius vibex is a species which is often selected for marine aquaria . it is often confused with nassarius obsoletus , a cooler water snail less suited to tropical marine aquarium temperatures . in aquaria , the nassarius is considered nearly indispensable for keeping sand beds clean and healthy , as these snails tend to burrow and plow through the upper layer in a conch - like fashion , keeping algae and detritus from building up visibly on the surface .\nnassa lamarck , 1799 : established for the species buccinum mutabile linnaeus , 1758 , which is now classified as a synonym of nassarius dum\u00e9ril , 1805 in the family nassariidae .\nthe super tongan nassarius snail has an acute sense of smell and can quickly detect food when added to your aquarium . it is definitely fun to watch the sand boil with activity as the super tongan nassarius snail emerges from the substrate in search for the source of the scent . super tongan nassarius snails can typically find enough food in most marine aquariums with well - established sand beds . however , if food levels are not adequate , supplement their diet with frozen meaty foods , such as brine or mysis shrimp or pieces of fish or scallops .\naccording to van regteren altena et al . ( 1965 ) and van aartsen et al . ( 1984 ) hinia gray , 1847 is considered as a subgenus of nassarius dum\u00e9ril , 1806 .\nthe name is derived from the latin word\nnassa\n, meaning a wickerbasket with a narrow neck , for catching fish . nassarius would then mean\nsomeone who uses such a wickerbasket for catching fish\n.\nmost nassarius species are very active scavengers , feeding on crabs and carrion as dead fish , etc . they often burrow into marine substrates and then wait with only their siphon protruding , until they smell nearby food .\n( of nassarius monilis ( kiener , 1834 ) ) cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]\namong the many species of nassarius snails found in the coastal zones of most oceans , the super nassarius snail is one of the largest and can grow up to 1\nin size . this size advantage over their much smaller relatives makes them ideal inhabitants in larger marine reef systems . however , since they spend most of their time buried in your aquarium substrate feeding on waste , uneaten food , and other detritus , they require a well - established aquarium with live rock and sufficient sand substrate .\na scavenging snail that eats dead organisms in the aquarium and helps to keep nitrite levels down . they like to burrow into the sand and search for food . the tonga nassarius snail has a very acute sense of smell and can find a dead creature to eat in moments .\nbouchet , p . ; gofas , s . ( 2010 ) . nassarius dum\u00e9ril , 1806 . in : bouchet , p . ; gofas , s . ; rosenberg , g . ( 2010 ) world marine mollusca database . accessed through : world register of marine species at urltoken on 2010 - 11 - 30\n( of nassarius monilis ( kiener , 1834 ) ) dautzenberg , ph . ( 1929 ) . contribution \u00e0 l ' \u00e9tude de la faune de madagascar : mollusca marina testacea . faune des colonies fran\u00e7aises , iii ( fasc . 4 ) . soci\u00e9t\u00e9 d ' editions g\u00e9ographiques , maritimes et coloniales : paris . 321 - 636 , plates iv - vii pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nhaitao li ( \u674e\u6d77\u6d9b ) , duan lin ( \u6797\u7aef ) , hongda fang ( \u65b9\u5b8f\u8fbe ) , aijia zhu ( \u6731\u827e\u5609 ) and yang gao ( \u9ad8\u9633 ) , species identification and phylogenetic analysis of genus nassarius ( nassariidae ) based on mitochondrial genes , chinese journal of oceanology and limnology , volume 28 , number 3 / may , 2010 , pp . 565 - 572 , doi 10 . 1007 / s00343 - 010 - 9031 - 4\nto biodiversity heritage library ( 11 publications ) ( from synonym nassa distorta a . adams , 1852 ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 2 publications ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 48 publications ) ( from synonym buccinum coronatum quoy & gaimard , 1833 ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 9 publications ) ( from synonym buccinum monile kiener , 1834 ) to encyclopedia of life to usnm invertebrate zoology mollusca collection to usnm invertebrate zoology mollusca collection ( from synonym nassarius monilis ( kiener , 1834 ) )\n( of buccinum coronatum quoy & gaimard , 1833 ) quoy j . r . c . & gaimard j . p . ( 1832 - 1835 ) . voyage de d\u00e9couvertes de l '\nastrolabe\nex\u00e9cut\u00e9 par ordre du roi , pendant les ann\u00e9es 1826 - 1829 , sous le commandement de m . j . dumont d ' urville . zoologie . paris : tastu . 1 : i - l 1 - 264 ; 2 ( 1 ) : 1 - 321 [ 1832 ] ; 2 ( 2 ) : 321 - 686 [ 1833 ] ; 3 ( 1 ) : 1 - 366 [ 1834 ] ; 3 ( 2 ) : 367 - 954 [ 1835 ] ; atlas ( mollusques ) : pls 1 - 93 [ 1833 ] . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\ncernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]\nliu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of buccinum coronatum quoy & gaimard , 1833 ) cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]\n( of nassa distorta a . adams , 1852 ) cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]\n( of nassa lachrymosa reeve , 1853 ) cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]\n( of nassa ( alectrion ) monilis ( kiener , 1834 ) ) cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]\n( of nassa ( alectryon ) monilis ( kiener , 1834 ) ) cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]\n( of nassa monile ( kiener , 1834 ) ) dautzenberg , ph . ( 1929 ) . contribution \u00e0 l ' \u00e9tude de la faune de madagascar : mollusca marina testacea . faune des colonies fran\u00e7aises , iii ( fasc . 4 ) . soci\u00e9t\u00e9 d ' editions g\u00e9ographiques , maritimes et coloniales : paris . 321 - 636 , plates iv - vii pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of nassa monile ( kiener , 1834 ) ) cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]\n( of buccinum monile kiener , 1834 ) dautzenberg , ph . ( 1929 ) . contribution \u00e0 l ' \u00e9tude de la faune de madagascar : mollusca marina testacea . faune des colonies fran\u00e7aises , iii ( fasc . 4 ) . soci\u00e9t\u00e9 d ' editions g\u00e9ographiques , maritimes et coloniales : paris . 321 - 636 , plates iv - vii pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of buccinum monile kiener , 1834 ) cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]\ntsuchiya k . ( 2017 ) . family nassariidae . pp . 910 - 917 , in : t . okutani ( ed . ) , marine mollusks in japan , ed . 2 . 2 vols . tokai university press . 1375 pp . [ details ]\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\ncernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . < i > bulletin of the auckland institute and museum < / i > 14 : 1 - 356 .\nliu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) ( 2008 ) checklist of marine biota of china seas : china science press . 1267 pp\nliu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . < em > china science press . < / em > 1267 pp .\ntsuchiya k . ( 2017 ) . family nassariidae . pp . 910 - 917 , in : t . okutani ( ed . ) , < i > marine mollusks in japan < / i > , ed . 2 . 2 vols . tokai university press . 1375 pp .\nnew super mario bros . u - layer - cake desert ( complete world 2 )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nversion 43 . 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed . my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .\nbuccinum coronatum quoy , h . e . t . & j . p . gaimard , 1833\nin continuing your browsing of this site , you accept the use of cookies to offer you suitable content and services and realize visits statistics . learn more about cookies .\nthank you for your contribution to the improvement of the inpn . the information submitted has been sent to an expert for verification and correction .\nwarning : the data available reflects the progression status of knowledge or the availability of the inventories . it should never be considered as comprehensive .\nnational inventory of natural heritage , website : https : / / inpn . mnhn . fr .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\ntiger sand conch strombus spp despite their name , they are peaceful toward other tank mates . they are excellent sand sifters , and are very beneficial in the reef aquarium . as they . . .\nlive copepods for sale & amphipods make great fish and coral food * * * * * * please note - this item does not ship free by itself . you must purchase a package that comes with free . . .\ncerith snail ( cerithiidae sp . ) this all around fantastic saltwater snail is a favorite among aquarists . cerith snails eat detritus , fish waste , algae , and uneaten food . cerith snails will scale . . .\nthe saltwater peppermint shrimp ( lysmata wurdemanni ) is also known as veined shrimp and caribbean cleaner shrimp . it is a natural predator of the nuisance anemone - aiptasia , while some peppermint . . .\nthe blueberry gorgonian is a filter feeder which requires strong non lateral flow and phytoplankton / zooplankton to be fed to the tank at least once per week . due to the fact it is non . . .\ntapestry nerite snail ( nerita sp . ) common name : tapestry nerite snail scientific name : nerita sp size available : ~ 1 / 4 inch minimum tank size : 20 gallons food / diet : . . .\nthe blue leg hermit crab ( clibanarius tricolor ) is a nice addition to any saltwater reef tank because it is extremely good detritus eater and will aid in the removal of excess food , waste and algae . . .\ndepth range based on 3605 specimens in 218 taxa . water temperature and chemistry ranges based on 1024 samples . environmental ranges depth range ( m ) : 0 - 80000 temperature range ( \u00b0c ) : 4 . 888 - 28 . 540 nitrate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 033 - 33 . 876 salinity ( pps ) : 18 . 065 - 38 . 201 oxygen ( ml / l ) : 0 . 907 - 6 . 964 phosphate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 063 - 2 . 633 silicate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 380 - 83 . 712 graphical representation depth range ( m ) : 0 - 80000 temperature range ( \u00b0c ) : 4 . 888 - 28 . 540 nitrate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 033 - 33 . 876 salinity ( pps ) : 18 . 065 - 38 . 201 oxygen ( ml / l ) : 0 . 907 - 6 . 964 phosphate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 063 - 2 . 633 silicate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 380 - 83 . 712 note : this information has not been validated . check this * note * . your feedback is most welcome .\nr . w . dexter , the marine communities of a tidal inlet at cape ann , massachusetts : a study in bio - ecology , ecol . monogr . 17 : 263 - 294 , from p . 284 ( 1947 ) .\nthe following is a representative barcode sequence , the centroid of all available sequences for this species . no available public dna sequences . download fasta file\nspecies within this genus are found worldwide . these snails usually live on mud flats or sand flats , intertidally or subtidally .\nthe shells of species in this genus have a relatively high cyrtoconoid ( approaching a conical shape but with convex sides ) spire and a siphonal notch .\nis believed to be 90 , 000 years old . a further group of pierced shells , some with red\n) . these beads had previously been thought to be the oldest examples of jewelry .\n. however , this division is difficult to define , resulting in much confusion . even\nshows that the division into these subgenera appears to be uncertain and unreliable . there seem to be two groups within the genus\n. in the end , the molecular phylogeny did not match the previous morphological phylogeny .\n, most of which have become synonyms . the following species are accepted names according to the\nbouzouggar , a . , barton , n . , vanhaeren , m . , d ' errico , f . , collcutt , s . , higham , t . , hodge , e . , parfitt , s . , rhodes , e . , schwenninger , j . - l . , stringer , c . , turner , e . , ward , s . , moutmir , a . and stambouli , a . 2007 .\n82 , 000 - year - old shell beads from north africa and implications for the origins of modern human behavior\nproceedings of the national academy of sciences , june 4 , 2007 ; urltoken\ncernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356\nbernard , p . a . ( ed . ) ( 1984 ) . coquillages du gabon [ shells of gabon ] . pierre a . bernard : libreville , gabon . 140 , 75 plates pp\nkay c . vaught ( 1989 ) . classification of the living mollusca . isbn 978 - 0 - 915826 - 22 - 3 .\nwolff , w . j . ; duiven , p . ; esselink , p . ; gueve , a . ( 1993 ) . biomass of macrobenthic tidal flat fauna of the banc d ' arguin , mauritania . hydrobiologia 258 ( 1 - 3 ) : 151 - 163\nnassa r\u00f6ding , 1798 for mainly muricid species with the type species : nassa picta r\u00f6ding , 1798 ( = nassa serta ( brugui\u00e8re , 1798 ) .\nin the 19th and much of the 20th century , all species that were added to the genus nassa were nassa mud snails belonging to the family nassariidae . after the rediscovery of r\u00f6ding ' s catalogue of his collection museum boltenianum sive catalogus cimeliorum e tribus regnis natur\u00e6 qu\u00e6 olim collegerat joa . fried bolten , m . d . p . d . per xl . annos proto physicus hamburgensis . pars secunda continens conchylia sive testacea univalvia , bivalvia & multivalvia , the muricid genus nassa r\u00f6ding , 1798 was given priority over the genus nassa named by lamarck .\nnassa r\u00f6ding , 1798 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 24 february 2011 .\nnassa francolina ( brugui\u00e8re , 1789 ) . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 25 april 2010 .\nnassa serta ( brugui\u00e8re , 1789 ) . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 25 april 2010 .\nnassa situla ( reeve , 1846 ) . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 25 april 2010 .\nnassa tuamotuensis houart , 1996 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 25 april 2010 .\nnassa kraussiana dunker . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 25 april 2010 .\nnassa lathraia . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 25 april 2010 .\nnassa munda . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 25 april 2010 .\nnassa obockensis . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 25 april 2010 .\nnassa optima sowerby , 1903 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 25 april 2010 .\nnassa pulla ( linnaeus , 1758 ) . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 25 april 2010 .\nnassa steindachneri . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 25 april 2010 .\nnassa stiphra . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 25 april 2010 .\nnassa xesta . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 25 april 2010 .\nhouart r . ( 1996 ) the genus nassa r\u00f6ding 1798 in the indo - west pacific ( gastropoda : prosobranchia : muricidae : rapaninae ) . archiv f\u00fcr molluskenkunde 126 ( 1 - 2 ) : 51 - 63\nitem is from australia , bids are aud ( a $ ) , usd ( $ ) prices are estimates .\naustralian customers can pay by direct bank deposit ( preferred ) , paypal or cheque . overseas customers please pay by paypal unless other arrangements have been made\nprices quoted below are for regular airmail . please note that we can register and / or insure on larger orders . please enquire .\ncombining items in the one package is the most economical way to buy as postage stays the same up to 500grams .\nas postage figures vary dramatically from state to state and country to country please message us if you need an accurate quote .\nwe offer a money - back guarantee if not happy with the item . money will be refunded once the item has been returned in its original condition . return postage is the buyers responsibility .\nthis is a single item listing . if an auction is running , the winning bidder will be the highest bidder .\nso open for only 17 days in february - 232 items sold . over \u00a3400 worth sold\n41 created mon 09 jul 2018 13 : 52 : 52 ( edt ) . copyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 ebid ltd"]}
{"id": 449, "summary": [{"text": "rhoda ( 1813 \u2013 after 1836 ) was a british thoroughbred racehorse and broodmare who won the third running of the classic 1000 guineas at newmarket racecourse in 1816 and was the most successful racehorse in britain ( in terms of wins ) two years later .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "rhoda was one of the most active of all british classic winners , running in at least forty-five contests between 1816 and 1820 and winning twenty-one times .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "her actual number of competitive races was even higher as many of her later races were run in multiple heats , with the prize going to the first horse to win twice .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "she won the 1000 guineas on her second appearance but did not run as a three-year-old after finishing unplaced in the oaks stakes .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "rhoda won three races in 1817 , ten in 1818 , four in 1819 and two in 1820 . ", "topic": 14}], "title": "rhoda ( horse )", "paragraphs": ["drag images here or select from your computer for rhoda has no horse palmer memorial .\nrhoda horse is an entertainer out of fort wayne , indiana but once called dayton , ohio home .\ni thought you might like to see a memorial for rhoda has no horse palmer i found on findagrave . com .\n' s colt boniface , who carried 112 pounds , with rhoda in third .\nin another instance , when a cow got sick and vomited its owner concluded rhoda caused the illness .\nit ' s the most dramatic story about the witch of weare , but hardly the only one . when an animal took sick , and its owner believed rhoda caused it , he would cut off the animal\u2019s tail or an ear and burn it to rid it of rhoda\u2019s spell . this supposedly caused a boil to form on rhoda\u2019s skin .\nsupermodel hilary rhoda is accusing a woman of stealing hundreds of thousands of dollars from her personal fortune - her mother .\nfrozen in time , youngsters rhoda cly and ben ellison posed with one of the leeds brewery ' s horses in 1916 .\nlearning more about rhoda stoddard is easier than you might think . ancestry can help get you started with free walkthrough videos .\n' s horse fugitive in a match race over the ditch mile course , winning a prize of 100 guineas .\nwilliam and rhoda dustin were innkeepers . farmers traveling to and from markets in massachusetts liked to stop at the dustins ' inn .\ndates and places are just part of the picture . ancestry can provide insights into historical events and conditions rhoda stoddard may have experienced .\ntiny charger - one of the most consistent performers on the quarter tracks - aqha champion - leading quarter horse racing sire .\nrhoda roberts delivers her pitch to punters at the launch of the new boomerang festival , which will be held at the bluesfest site in october .\navery , who previously dated model rachel hunter and actress elisha cuthbert , began dating rhoda in 2009 when the model was at the height of her career .\na few mint copies ( sealed in original boxes ) of this book are available . this is the 6th , and by far the largest of only 6 horse books written by nelson c . nye , quarter horse historian and western novelist . click here for information and availability .\nin one last tale , rhoda dustin traveled more than 100 miles from weare to whitefield , n . h . , to attend to her pregnant daughter in a remarkable six hours . she accomplished this by fitting her horse with a special bridle provided by the devil that allowed the animal to fly .\ntownspeople also claimed she could fly and inflict illness on people and animals . when a young man named reuben favor took ill , the family blamed rhoda dustin .\nfirst , review our adoption application before considering adopting a horse from sfspca . doing so will help answer many questions you may have in advance .\nfor all the accusations leveled at rhoda , no one tried to officially punish her . after william died , she moved to vermont , where she died in 1824 .\nwhether rhoda dustin did anything to encourage this superstition isn\u2019t clear , but her neighbors accused her of making all sorts of mischief . if she was angry , they said , she could prevent butter from forming in their churns . the only solution was to take a flat iron and burn out the inside of the churn to remove rhoda\u2019s curse .\nin september , the duchess ran without success at the st leger meeting . she was the only horse to oppose blacklock in the doncaster stakes and the doncaster club stakes but was beaten by the younger horse in both races . in the four mile doncaster cup she started favourite but finished fourth of the six runners behind rasping .\na more modern scholar who came to the same conclusions is alexander mackay - smith , he believed that speed originated with the hobby . they published their work in : wallace the horse of america in his derivation , history and development 1897 and mackay - smith the colonial quarter race horse 1983 and speed and the thoroughbred 2000 .\nto an outsider travelling through new hampshire in the late 1700s , rhoda dustin seemed a peaceful innkeeper . but the tongue - wagging gossips around her hometown called her the witch of weare .\nsupermodel hilary rhoda ' sues her mother for stealing her fortune . . . and she responds by attacking newlywed ' s husband sean avery for brainwashing the beauty and not signing a prenup '\nwilliam and rhoda dustin were born in southern new hampshire in rockingham county , she in 1736 and he in 1740 . after they married , they came to weare , a town near concord .\nfollowing that , reuben\u2019s father and a group of his friends confronted rhoda dustin with an axe , demanding she leave the boy alone . she promised to stop any tormenting . the boy soon recovered .\nall the latest horse racing form , betting odds , news , breeding , jockey and trainer information for karisto . karisto is a gelding born in 2014 september 7 by written tycoon out of verkko\namerica is blessed with tremendous domestic resources for the sport horse breeder as we have three racehorse breeds ( tb , qh , st ) plus a multitude of other light horse breeds that descend from this same root stock : morgan , saddlebred , tennessee walker and missouri fox trotter . we can capitalize on this science by making an effort to understand the proven mare lines our stock may carry .\nthe white mountain independent show low , arizona 12 / 03 / 2004 rhoda palmer of whiteriver went to heaven nov . 25 , 2004 . she was born june 21 , 1958 in pine ridge , south dakota . she enjoyed outdoor life , cooking , laughing and making jokes . rhoda is survived by her husband robert palmer , sr . ; daughter stephanie palmer ; her sons , robert palmer , jr . and roman palmer . she is also survived by her parents georgianna and alvin has no horse , sr . ; her sisters marla two crow , mary little whiteman , and rose spoonhunter ; brothers aubrey two crow , aaron two crow , alvin has no horse , jr . , and alan has no horse ; and many aunts , uncles , cousins and friends . a two - night wake will begin saturday , dec . 4 at her residence in whiteriver and home services will be held monday , dec . 6 , at 1 p . m . also at her home . interment will be in canyon day cemetery . silver creek chapel mortuary of whiteriver handled the arrangements .\nnearly 100 years on , tetley ' s is preparing to quit its traditional home and rhoda ' s daughter says her late mother would have been\nhorrified\nby the prospect of the beer being brewed outside the white rose county .\nstories from the silk road rc 64108 retold by cherry gilchrist read by walter dixon 1 cassette seven folktales\u2014about camels , demons , dragons , and horses\u2014from places along the ancient trade route between the old chinese capital city chang\u2019an and samarkand .\nthe bride with the horse\u2019s head\ntells how a kindhearted chinese girl , betrothed to a horse , became the goddess of silk . for grades 3 - 6 and older readers . 1999 .\nwilliam dustin had nothing but an axe and a jug . but the couple eventually prospered as farmers and innkeepers , raising nine children . but rhoda dustin had a reputation around the town for her powers of witchcraft , which she deployed to plague her neighbors .\na fine strong horse , call\u2019d leopard , five years old this grass , fourteen hands three inches high , remarkable for his colour and justness of shape . he goes extreamly well on his legs , and clear of all blemishes .\nhorse racing being then a popular sport among the men , a number of lumbermen formed the hoo - hoo racing club . the race track was located east on broad street about two and one - half miles from the center of town .\nthe all - american beauty filed a lawsuit against her mother in federal court back in 2014 according to page six , saying that marianne rhoda forged her signature , diverted funds and even used a company card to go shopping at high - end retailers like neiman marcus and barneys .\nnella da gubbio , from whom at least five german derby winners descend , and who is found across the german warmblood sport horses , has the distinction of being descended from the american running horse on both sides of her pedigree - - she is 3 / 4 american bred .\nbut sibola possessed much more that was of interest to tesio . her third dam perfection ( pedigree ) , a daughter of the delicate leamington , was out of maiden rh - - a daughter of american super horse lexington rh , out of kitty clark rh . the ' rh ' stands for running horse , which was the pre - thoroughbred racing breed of america , and it is actually this running horse breed that took and continues to hold the world records in true distance racing , records that have never been equaled or broken . for instance , lexington rh set a four - mile heat racing record that was only beat once , and for only 1 / 4 of second , and that was done by his grandson fellowcraft , who is the sire of the great lady reel , dam of the sensation hamburg - - see speed gene for more on hamburg . lexington rh , born in 1850 , he still holds the world stallion record ; he was leading sire for sixteen years . the closest modern horse to his sire record is sadlers wells , an american thoroughbred who build a dynasty in england and ireland and he carries 123 lines of lexington rh .\nwe are living in exciting times for sport horse breeders as every year there seems as if some significant discovery is made concerning sport talent and genetic transmission . for instance , in 2010 the dr mims bower and her research team published their findings that the original foundation mares of the thoroughbred were not ' arabian ' as long believed , but were what she calls ' native ' british and irish mares - these individuals we know as running horse and irish hobby mares from the historical records ( mackay - smith ' speed and the thoroughbred ' ) . then in january of 2012 dr . emmiline hill and her associates further expounded on this , by tracing the ' speed ' gene back to\n. . a british mare about 300 years ago , when local british horse types were the preeminent racing horses , prior to the foundation of the thoroughbred racehorse .\nread the article below .\nfor supper , hash was made out of the soup meat . with this was served biscuits , preserves , and milk supplied by the family cow . a large pitcher of milk was an important part of each meal . the cow , along with the horse and buggy were kept in the stable yard behind the house .\nthis is the same root stock that the american colonists imported for race and saddle stock - - and it was the speed , stamina and athleticism of these early horses that birthed the racehorse breeds of the states . and so it is not surprising that the irish team determined that the american quarter horse carries the speed gene also .\ngod don\u2019t play rc 64159 by mary monroe read by victoria gordon 2 cassettes annette , from god still don\u2019t like ugly ( rc 59849 ) , has achieved the american dream : husband , daughter , job , and house . when she starts to receive threatening letters and calls , she turns to old friend rhoda to help her uncover the culprit . explicit descriptions of sex , strong language , and some violence . 2006 .\ndancing started sometime before sunset and was certain to last until sunrise . contra dances , cotillions , waltzes , and cross - the - corner reels swept steadily on to the music of \u201cturkey - in - the - straw , \u201d \u201ccotton - eyed joe , \u201d \u201cthe old gray horse came tearing through the wilderness , \u201d \u201cdinah , \u201d and \u201cget along liza jane . \u201d\nwhat does this mean for the breeders of sport horses ? briefly , because equine genetics work the same no matter the breed of horse , we should employ all the knowledge the thoroughbred industry is providing . in particular , we should make breeding decisions with an awareness of the strength of superior mare lines - and we should take steps to bring forward this power to our sport foals .\nit will be noted that laelia is shown as a grey mare , although she is by a brown horse out of a bay mare . sheet anchor , her sire , is described in the reference books as a dark brown , and there can be little doubt that her dam , cotillon , was a bay . cotillon , who started favourite for the oaks , was a well - known race mare , and had she been a grey this fact would undoubtedly have been established . there are no grey horses among her ancestors . furthermore , cotillon , covered by camel ( another dark brown horse ) , was sold to germany after producing laelia , and any discrepancy in her description would have been noticed on her arrival at the harzburg stud . the following year ( 1843 ) , cotillon produced a roan foal . the evidence would seem irrefutably to show that after ostensible matings with sheet anchor and camel in 1841 and 1842 respectively , cotillon had been served by a grey stallion , who was responsible for her foals of the following years . it has not been possible hitherto to establish the identity of this grey horse\n[ family tables of racehorses ] .\nunderstanding your breeding stock ' s genetic strengths and weaknesses can be the greatest tool you have in your quest for sport horse excellence . recently a recognition of the power of the mare has become a focus in equine breeding . although the genetic contribution of both parents is very important , a realization has surfaced that the maternal strength might instead be responsible for more of the foal ' s attributes .\na brown bay turkish horse , of a good size , strong , and free from all manner of blemish , is kept at constable burton near bedale , in yorkshire , and allowed to serve mares at a guinea each : he was sent from belgrade by general mercie , and is sire to the mare which won the subscription money last year at richmond , being the first that was trained of his breed .\ngot by a horse call\u2019d quiet cuddy , bred by francis appleyard , esq ; . . . . pilate\u2019s dam was out of esquire bethell\u2019s poor robin\u2019s dam , and was got by sir marmaduke wyvill\u2019s bell grey turk ; her grandam by marwood\u2019s coneyskin , which mare was second to brockles betty at hamilton , and also at new - market . [ newcastle journal . 6 - 13 apr 1754 . no 781 . ]\nrhoda is a super - sweet mare looking for her forever home as a companion ( possibly okay for some light riding , we will update once we\u2019ve evaluated her more ) . she came to the south florida spca with 10 other seriously malnourished horses rescued from a ranch in southwest miami - dade on april 8 , 2013 ( view news coverage of her rescue ) . she is a beauty , inside and out , and deserves to live out her days filled with gentle loving care .\nwind rider\u2019s oath : bahzell trilogy , book 3 rc 64233 by david weber read by michael scherer 4 cassettes bahzell bahnakson , champion of the war god tomanak , attempts to persuade the sothoii people to help fight against the dark gods . bahzell joins the elite wind riders and their mystical horse - like coursers , while the dark gods plot his demise . sequel to the war god\u2019s own ( rc 63011 ) . violence . 2004 .\nsun kissed : the coulter family , book 7 rc 64470 by catherine anderson read by martha harmon pardee 2 cassettes rancher samantha harrigan and veterinarian tucker coulter meet while protecting a horse from its drunken owner . when her own horses are poisoned , samantha suspects her ex - husband . but authorities think that samantha\u2014the insurance beneficiary\u2014is involved . tucker helps prove her innocence . some explicit descriptions of sex and some strong language . bestseller . 2007 .\nthe pattern of her heart : lights of lowell , book 3 rc 64177 by tracie peterson and judith miller read by mitzi friedlander 2 cassettes 1857 . tragedy forces jasmine houston and her husband nolan to leave their lowell , massachusetts , horse farm and return to her family\u2019s mississippi plantation to oversee the final cotton harvest . jasmine\u2019s plans to free the slaves have unintended consequences . sequel to a love woven true ( rc 60451 ) . 2005 .\ntesio was already familiar with the power for speed and stamina that came this way as his first classic winner fidia ( the horse who put tesio on the racing map ) , whose his third dam was inbred 2x2 to lexington rh daughters - - and catnip had lexington rh on her damline as well . obviously , tesio was not blinded by the english bias , instead he was willing to take true performance excellence wherever he found it .\nit took them quite a while to get to this point of view . in the early days of the stud book mares seldom got a name of their own , more often they carried names like\ndaughter of glencoe\nidentified only in relation to their sire . this had made the study of early thoroughbred pedigrees difficult . it is worse trying to study warmblood and sport horse lineages - - often the mare is just\nunknown\n.\nhorse and buggies were still the mode of transportation . but automobiles did appear on the scene in lake charles around 1910 . cars , today considered an everyday necessity , were a much - desired luxury to the people in the 1900\u2019s . the leading makes at the time were overland , buick , ford , oldsmobile , stanley steamer , and the locomobile . to be taken for a ride in one of these new machines was a most exciting experience .\nenglish ( northumbria ) : occupational name for a breeder or keeper of horses , from old english stod \u2018stud\u2019 or stott \u2018inferior kind of horse\u2019 + hierde \u2018herdsman\u2019 , \u2018keeper\u2019 . there is a difficulty in deriving this name from old english stod in that stud is not recorded in the sense \u2018collection of horses bred by one person\u2019 until the 17th century ; before that it denoted a place where horses were kept for breeding , but that sense does not combine naturally with \u2018herdsman\u2019 .\nbut that is not all , tesio was also aware that maiden rh ' s daughter perfection is the full sister to a gelding named parole , and he was the horse that gave the then invincible isonomy his first defeat , which of course added fuel to fire of indignation the british were stoking concerning the american racers . so it was that tesio recognized this passed over mare - - catnip - - was a genetic gold mine , and history has shown how right he was .\nto be leap ' d this season , at half a guinea per leap , and a shilling to the boy , a fine stallion called bay childers , bred by the duke of hamilton out of mr bartlet ' s childers and the bay bolton mare , now the property of robert storey his grace ' s groom at hamilton . mares may be immediately served by this horse , which is 15 hands , with strength proportionable in every part , and is 10 years old this grass .\nthe space age of 1967 is a sharp contrast to the horse and buggy days at the turn of the century . people then read with interest about travelers to new orleans ; people of today look forward to the first trip to the moon . indeed , the miniskirt is a far cry from the fashions of the victorian era , as is rock \u2018n roll from the square dance and waltz music of the past , and the private social affairs from the community fais - do - do .\non hindoo ' s side of hanover ' s pedigree was his dam , florence , by the great american racehorse and sire lexington , whose pedigree was considered\nimpure ,\nsince the female line pedigree of his grandsire , timoleon , could not be traced in the general stud book . that , and the questions regarding wild medley ' s pedigree , were sufficient to bar hanover ' s progeny from the general stud book when its compiler and publisher , weatherby ' s , announced in 1913 , that horses would not be allowed entry into the stud book unless their pedigrees could be traced\nwithout flaw\nto horses already accepted in earlier volumes of the gsb . hanover wasn ' t , of course , the only horse affected - - all lexington descendants were disbarred , along with other families , both english and american , although it had no direct effect on the american stud book , and did not preclude these horses from racing in england . there were , however , inconsistencies and narrow gaps of opportunity for some horses with\nstained\npedigrees during the years this policy , known as the jersey act , was gradually hardening , starting around 1897 . thus , rhoda b . ( 1895 ) , hanover ' s daughter , imported into ireland by richard\nboss\ncroker , was subsequently registered in the gsb , and qualified as a horse already admitted to the book prior to the 1913 enactment . so her irish - bred son , epsom derby winner orby , and his sister rhodora , winner of the one thousand guineas , and their descendants were thoroughbreds , by the gsb ' s definition .\nof interest , given the possible connection to beverley mentioned above , is a mare by the belgrade turk that was dam of james milnes ' esq ; pilot . pilot was a grey horse foaled in 1739 and , according to cheny , also known as jack of the green . he raced 1745 - 1748 in the north , including beverley , and proved a useful runner , winning 5 of his 13 starts ( including 3 of 4 starts in 1746 ) ; he was advertised as a stallion in 1754 , with the pedigree :\nobviously , as mentioned tesio choose his stock and bloodlines with proven performance , no matter what anyone else thought - - and we breeders would be wise to follow his example if we want to create something lasting . the american lines not only had blistering speed , but outstanding stamina , proven by heat - racing test , and so it provided the best of both types in one product . and catnip was no fluke , and it was proven once again by a mare that also slipped into the gsb before the american horse was banned .\nlike , catnip , it was a good thing lady josephine was entered into the stud book before the jersey act came down , because this pinnacle of english breeding is loaded with american running horse lines ! when lady josephine is written of it is usually her sire sunridge that is given the credit for her amazing influence . sunridge is a potent and very good sire , and he is 4x4x4 to the full brothers rataplan / stockwell - - which makes them 5x5x5 in lady josephine , but seldom mentioned is the strong potency coming via the dam , americus girl .\nbred by frank vessels , foaled in 1960 and campaigned by western stables under conditioner earl k . holmes , tiny charger was out of clabber tiny ( by clabber ii from tiny iny , tb ) . as a two - and three - year - old , he earned $ 73 , 356 from straightaway performance . a top aaa , as a three - year - old in 1963 , he won the following stakes : the inaugural at bay meadows ( january 5 ) over jet deck and pacific bars ; the hollywood handicap at bay meadows ( january 26 ) over copan buck and golden note ; and the inaugural at los alamitos ( april 9 ) over chudej\u0092s rhoda and moolah bar .\nto be leap\u2019d this season at a guinea each mare , a fine bay horse , 7 years old this grass , near 15 hands high , of great beauty , and uncommon strength , he moves justly , sets his ends well , and is free from all natural blemishes : he was got by the belgrade turk , which got the mare call\u2019d after him , that won the great stakes at richmond ; his dam was got by bay bolton , out of the old scarborough mare , which beat the famous bonney black at new - market . this horse may be seen at any time , by enquiring of henry jaques at constable burton , near bedal in yorkshire , where a further account may be had of his pedigree , & c . good grass will be provided for mares at reasonable rates , and such as come above 20 miles , shall have a month\u2019s keeping gratis . all breeders are invited to look at him , and such only wish\u2019d to make use of him as know not where to find a better . \u2014those who desire a leap of the old belgrade turk , may have their mare cover\u2019d at 5 guineas a foal , and nothing in case of failure . [ newcastle courant . 7 apr 1733 . numb . 415 . ]\non sundays the young men of the town often rented a horse and buggy from either edgar ryan ( 900 block of bilbo street ) or the edgar george ( 600 block of ryan street ) livery stable and took their best girls for a ride to walnut grove . many times they stopped for a walk down lover\u2019s lane , the old footbridge crossing pithon coulee near the lake . the bridge , overhung with moss - laden cypress trees , was a favorite walk for young swains . carved in the huge trees and on the wooden bridge railing were interlocked hearts , lovers\u2019 initials , and such amorous expressions as \u201ci love you . \u201d\nthe brown laurel ( 1824 ) was born at heslington hall , near york , bred by major nicholas yarburgh from wagtail , who was also bred by the major . wagtail was by prime minister , a half - sister to tranby . laurel was a brother to belinda , who ran second in the doncaster st . leger , and a half - brother to st . leger winner charles xii . he became a great cup horse , and ran until to the age of seven . he ran twice at the age of three , not placing in the york st . leger , and running\na bad third\nto matilda in the doncaster st . leger .\njust as in human research , the equine scientists are able to trace the mitochondrial dna back and determine true ancestry . this is a huge help now , and will be even more in the future , when we will be able to fill in those gaps in our sport horse pedigrees . for example , it was discovered by this method , that the general stud book ( thoroughbred ) had far fewer foundation mares than they originally thought . and it also turned out that some of the foundation mares were recorded several times , but with different names , plus many of the mares were also found to share a common mother . never before have we had a tool like this - one that can verify bloodlines .\nthroughout this early period citizens of southwest louisiana were still living a somewhat primitive existence . written in 1960 is a history of the roman catholic church in the area ; it gives an excellent description of those years . the first catholic missionaries came from texas in the early 1850\u2019s , although evidence indicates prior visits did take place . priests from eastern texas , grand coteau , opelousas , and lafayette were all near enough to have come here earlier . however , conditions made missionary work difficult . a horse was the major means of travel , and a good animal cost as much as forty dollars . religious ignorance was another obstacle . adults were indifferent to spiritual matters but did all they could to insure success for the missionary\u2019s work with children .\nbut there is much more to this humble mare . as i mentioned catnip possessed american thoroughbred lines , and the american thoroughbred and any horse that carried their lines , which had not been previously accepted in the general stud book was not allowed to be registered as thoroughbred in that era ( jersey act ) . her dam sibola was an american thoroughbred brought to england to race before the jersey act was in place . and race she did , winning the prestigious one thousand guineas . it was the consistent performance of our breed , such as sibola , that resulted in the anger and outrage that birthed the jersey act . but sibola had already been added to the gsb before the edict slammed down on american racers and so her offspring could be registered in it .\ntiny charger was second in the pomona quarter horse championship to anna dial and second in the los ninos to joe sherry ; and third in the josie bar behind jet deck and anna dial . this was in 1963 . he was fourth in the los alamitos championship stakes , fourth in the los alamitos derby at 440 , fourth in the clabbertown g stakes . he set a new three - year - old colt record in a 350 allowance at los alamitos , taking the win by a nose in : 17 . 72 over straw flight and dari star . his first year on the tracks he ran second in the los alamitos futurity , beaten three - quarters of a length by hustling man ; second by a neck to jet deck in the california bred futurity ; and third to jet deck and top moon in the kindergarten stakes .\nhistory has proven how right tesio ' s choice to buy this mare was , because the dynasty this mare begot is truly one of the most outstanding in the thoroughbred breed . her first daughter nera di bicci produced a racing and sport dynasty in germany through her daughter nella da gubbio , who was by another undervalued sire , grand parade . this sire , even while he was a derby winner , was not thought of well because he the son of another notorious race stealer : the irish - bred orby , who had won both the english and irish derby , handing the english another humiliation . why was this such a problem ? not only was orby bred by the hated irishman croker , who was not allowed to even train at newcastle , but he was out of an american dam ! his dam rhoda b was a daughter of the great hanover , who carried the top mare alice carneal rh 5x6 , who is the dam of lexington rh , and he also had a double of the important vandal rh 5x5 .\nof those more immediately successful , one was belinda ( 1825 ) , the sister to laurel and half - sister to st . leger winner charles xii , out of the prime minister mare wagtail . she herself was good enough to run second to the colonel in the doncaster st . leger for her owner , major nicholas yarburgh , and she eventually retired to his stud at heslington hall , near york . she produced a number of foals , her best being tuscan ( 1846 , by lanercost ) , who won the gimcrack stakes ; the doctor ( 1834 , by dr . syntax ) who won the croxteth stakes and was a good cup horse , and the in - bred black lollypop ( 1836 , by voltaire ) , the dam of the good racehorse and sire sweetmeat , who is a key link in the byerley turk sire line . the american horses hastings and plaudit descend tail - female from lollypop , and exceller , broad brush and le ksar have belinda as a tail - female ancestress . la danseuse ( 1828 , out of madame saqui ( half - sister to chester cup winner fylde ) , by remembrancer ) won three races : a sweepstakes at chester at age three , a sweepstakes at manchester , and a sweepstakes at liverpool . in the hampton court stud she produced reel ( 1836 , by camel ) , and from this single thread descends all of family 13 - e , a successful female line of stakes winners on all continents .\nbelgrade turk mare ( belgrade turk ) bay bolton mare ( bay bolton ) bartlet ' s childers mare ( bartlet ' s childers ) flora ( regulus ) harriet ( matchem ) miss green ( highflyer ) canary ( coriander ) canary bird ( sorcerer ) quadrille ( selim ) | cotillon ( partisan ) | laelia ( sheet anchor ) | caprice ( coronation ) | tawney ( ivan ) | madeline ( plum pudding ) | hollyleaf ( hollywood ) | stella ( necromancer ) . . . . . 22 - a varennes ( selim ) | brocard ( whalebone ) | corumba ( filho da puta ) | zuleika ( muley moloch ) | ladylike ( newminster ) | grand duchess ( lozenge ) . . . . . 22 - d pioneer mare ( pioneer ) echo ( emilius ) . . . . . 22 - b venus ( sir hercules ) mrs . quickly ( longbow ) . . . . . 22 - c\nshe was first entered as a brood mare in the 1814 supplement to gsb .\nbred by lord f g osborne , in 1806 , got by whiskey or sorcerer , her dam , canary , by coriander , out of miss green , by highflyer - harriet , by matchem - flora , by regulus .\nher first four produce through 1813 were listed . that list was added to in subsequent editions ; with her list of produce in the 4th edition of vol . iii ( 1883 ) given as\n1810 b f by selim \u2026 mr gillam 1811 b c ( died a foal ) \u2026 1812 b c fandango , by selim \u2026 d of rutland 1813 ch c by dick andrews ( dead ) \u2026 mr golding 1815 b f quadrille , by selim \u2026 d of rutland 1816 ch f by ditto \u2026 mr farrall 1817 b f by haphazard \u2026 mr farrall 1818 b f varennes , by selim \u2026 ld verulam 1819 b c by orville ( dead ) \u2026 mr thornhill 1820 b f by scud , or pioneer \u2026 mr thornhill 1822 b c philander , by phantom ( died at 2 yrs old ) \u2026 sir t mostyn 1824 b f diamentina , by rubens \u2026 sir t mostyn 1826 ch f canary , by woful \u2026 mr dilly in 1821 missed to scud , 1823 to selim , 1825 to tiresias , and died in march 1827 , with a colt in her by spectre .\nof her seven fillies , three appear to have founded lines that survive to the present : quadrille , by selim , varennes , by selim , and the mare by scud or pioneer .\nlord f g osborne ' s canary - bird was a winner of 100 guineas at newmarket as a 2 year old ; although pick gave her pedigree as by whiskey ( or sorcerer ) he counted her amongst whiskey ' s winners for 1808 .\ncanary bird ' s dam , canary , was not entered as a broodmare in gsb until the 1891 edition of volume one .\n\u2756 canary , bred by mr george dawson , in 1797 , got by coriander - miss green , by highflyer - harriet , by matchem - flora , by regulus . 1804 b c wry nose , by worthy \u2026 mr tighe 1805 b f by whiskey , or sorcerer \u2026 lord f osborne 1806 br f canary bird , by ditto , or ditto \u2026 lord f osborne 1808 br c merlin , by sorcerer \u2026 lord f osborne\ncanary started for mr f dawson , in 1800 ; pick giving her pedigree as\nby coriander , out of hippopotamos\u2019s dam , by match\u2019em , grandam by regulus .\na generation is missing from this pedigree , which was corrected by pick when he published pedigrees for hippocampus in 1804 , and don felix in 1806 .\nosborne , ld f g don felix , own brother to canary , hippocampus & polly titian , by coriander ; dam , miss green ( hippopotamus & greyhound ' s dam ) by highflyer ; grandam , harriet ( creeper & crawler ' s dam ) by match ' em , out of flora ( marquis ' s dam ) by regulus , & c .\n( dam of canary ) was first entered in gsb as a broodmare in the edition of 1808 . that entry remained unchanged until the 5th edition of 1891 , when a note was added that she was sister to mrs jordan .\nmiss green ( sister to mrs jordan ) , bred by mr tattersall , in 1787 , got by highflyer , her dam , harriet , by matchem , out of flora , by regulus . 1791 b c by garrick \u2026 mr dawson 1793 b c hippopotamus , by king fergus \u2026 mr dawson 1794 b c greyhound , by sweetbriar ( sent to america ) \u2026 mr wentworth 1797 b f canary , by coriander \u2026 mr dawson 1799 b f by ditto ( died a foal ) \u2026 mr dawson 1800 b f by ditto \u2026 mr dawson 1801 b c hippocampus , by ditto \u2026 mr dawson 1802 b c don felix , by ditto \u2026 lord f g osborne 1803 b f polly titian , by ditto \u2026 mr howorth died in november 1803 , with a colt in her by coriander .\n, of 1791 , with her list of produce through 1790 . three foals were added to her list of produce in the 1800 supplement , and her latest entry in the 1891 edition reads\nharriet , bred by lord rockingham , in 1769 , got by matchem , her dam , flora , by regulus - bartlet ' s childers - bay bolton - belgrade turk . 1776 b f by bellario \u2026 mr tattersall 1779 b c by chillaby \u2026 mr tattersall 1780 b f by the vernon arabian \u2026 mr tattersall 1782 b f by gog \u2026 mr tattersall 1784 b f mrs jordan , by highflyer \u2026 mr ladbroke 1786 b c creeper , by tandem \u2026 lord a hamilton 1787 b f miss green , by highflyer \u2026 mr dawson 1788 b c by ditto \u2026 duke of bedford 1789 b c by ditto \u2026 lord barrymore 1790 b c by ditto \u2026 mr pelham 1792 b c crawler , by ditto \u2026 duke of grafton 1793 b f by diomed \u2026 duke of grafton 1794 b c speculator , by ditto \u2026 duke of grafton\nharriet was among the horses listed for sale in one of mr tattersall ' s advertisements in 1778 .\nto be sold by private contract , by mr tatterall , near hyde - park turnpike . lot . xiv . harriet , a bay mare , got by match ' em her dam ( flora ) by regulus , her grand dam by bartlet ' s childers , her great grand dam by bay bolton , great great grand dam by belgrade ; the dam of this mare was the dam of marquis and count ; covered by chillaby . [ weatherby ' s racing calendar ( newspaper ) 4 nov 1778 ; issue xv . ]\nmr tattersall also advertised for sale harriet ' s 1784 filly by highflyer ( later mrs jordan ) .\nto be sold by private contract , by mr tattersall , and to be seen at ely , cambridgeshire , thirteen miles from newmarket . september , 1784 . rising one year old . 17 a bay filly , with a star and snip , both hind legs and off fore heel white , got by highflyer , her dam by match\u2019em , grand dam flora , by regulus , great grand dam by bartlett\u2019s childers , great great grand dam by bay bolton , great great great grand dam by belgrade . - - n b the grand dam of this filly was the dam of marquis and count . n b the price of the colts 100gs , the fillies 50gs each . [ weatherby ' s racing calendar ( newspaper ) 29 sep 1784 . numb . xiii . ]\nflora , bred by sir w strickland , got by regulus , her dam by bartlet ' s childers , grand dam by bay bolton , great grand dam by the belgrade turk . 1755 c by sloe \u2026 ld rockingham 1757 b c by whitefoot \u2026 ld rockingham 1758 c by ditto \u2026 ld rockingham 1760 b f by the godolphin colt ( grand dam of nottingham ) \u2026 ld rockingham 1761 b c marquis , by the godolphin colt \u2026 mr vernon 1762 f by the godolphin colt ( dam of copperbottom ) \u2026 ld rockingham 1764 br c by sampson \u2026 ld rockingham 1766 b f marchioness , by the godolphin colt \u2026 mr vernon 1767 br b f by sampson \u2026 ld rockingham 1768 c by sampson \u2026 ld rockingham 1769 b f harriet , by matchem ( dam of creeper ) \u2026 mr blake 1770 b c hotspur , by ditto \u2026 ld bolingbroke 1771 c by squirrel \u2026 ld bolingbroke 1772 br c count , by snap \u2026 mr jennings 1776 c viscount , by chillaby \u2026 mr jennings 1780 b c by ditto \u2026 mr dowson\nalthough flora was a broodmare from a fairly early date in lord rockingham ' s stud , she is only mentioned twice in records of his examined to date , and his lordship does not appear to have had a pedigree or breeders certificate for her amongst his papers . pick , in his\n, ( vol . i , 1803 ; p 381 ) says flora was a gift to lord rockingham from mr wentworth ( from his name , likely a kinsman of his lordship ) and that she was foaled about 1749 or ' 50 . this would make flora 30 years old at the time of her last foal . however , it is rare in thoroughbred records for mares to have foals so late in life , and a somewhat later foaling date seems more likely , perhaps about 1752 .\na question also arises about her breeder , since no\nsir\nw strickland seems to have been alive during the time period in question . sir william strickland , the 4th baronet of boynton died in 1735 , and the next william strickland , born in 1753 , did not become baronet until after the death of his father , sir george , in 1808 . another member of the extended strickland family ( william , 1714 - 1788 ) , is said to have been\nof beverley .\nhe is described in the online history of parliament as second son of walter strickland , also of beverley , by his wife elizabeth peirson of mowthorpe , yorks . the father walter was a brother of sir william strickland , the 3rd baronet . beverley , late in the 17th century and through the first half of the 18th century had several active breeders , and bruce lowe ' s families 26 , 31 , and 40 were fostered there . names of early breeders and proprietors of running horses mentioned in\n, . . . george poulson , esqr , vol . ii , 1829 mentioned the following in the list of\neminent seats of gentlemen in beverley\nof about 1723 :\nsir charles hotham , bart . in eastgate sir michael warton , adjoining north bar - - - warton , esq . in newbigin alured popple , esq . let to mr richard burton , in ditto [ within north bar ] warton warton , esq in eastgate , let to sir robt . hildyard , bart . ; francis apleyard , esq . in laregate , formerly st giles ; francis appleyard , esq . in tollgavel , let to samuel dalton , esq ;\nthe only breeder known to have patronized all the stallions in flora ' s pedigree ( regulus , bartlet ' s childers , bay bolton , and the belgrade turk , which he owned ) is sir marmaduke wyvill .\nthis mare does not have an entry in gsb , and no historical information has been found about her .\nthe\nown brother to childer ' s\nwas advertised for sale as part of\nthe stud , late of mr william ovington of cowling , nigh beedal , in the county of york .\n[\n. 24 feb 1727 - 8 ] there is also an existing stallion advertisement for him , as mr bartlet ' s , in the same newspaper from 20 apr 1728 ( numb . 56 . ) .\nat mr bartlet ' s at nutwith - coate nigh masham , bedale and rippon , in the north - riding of the county of york , will be leap ' d this season , the full brother to the duke of devonshire ' s famous childers at 3 guineas , and half a crown a mare , where mares may be kept in good grass , and well taken care of .\nbartlet ' s childers ( late ovington ' s ) had definitely dated foals 1726 - 1738 . given the next crosses in flora ' s pedigree , the bartlet ' s childers mare was probably foaled later , sometime after 1731 .\nbay bolton mare this mare does not have a broodmare entry in gsb , and historical information is also lacking . bay bolton was probably kept as a private stallion by the duke of bolton , since no advertisements to the public have been located , and he appears mostly in pedigrees of horses bred either by the duke himself or his family , friends , and associates . bay bolton had definitely dated foals 1715 - 1732 . this mare was probably foaled towards the latter end of that range , 1727 or later .\nthis mare has neither a broodmare entry in gsb nor any known historical information .\nthe mare mentioned in the above advertisement was sir marmaduke wyvill ' s bay mare ; she won the 120 guineas for 5 years old at richmond , 18 jun 1728 , beating four others , and then looks to have become the duke of somerset ' s mare known as belgrade , which he started for the king ' s plate for 5 year old mares at newmarket the following april .\nthe belgrade turk appeared in one more advertisement for his son ( later called young belgrade or belgrade the 2nd and sometimes confused with his father ) . by that time , the fee for the\nold belgrade turk\nhad risen from the original one guinea to 5 guineas , well above the going rate .\nfrom the first advertisement , it appears that the belgrade turk probably began his career in england as a stallion about 1722 . he has definitely dated foals 1723 - 1739 , but the mare in question , in order to have been flora ' s great grandam , was probably foaled before 1728 .\nboth francis appleyard , esq ; and mr bethell were breeders in beverley , and pilot ' s dam is one of the few mares known to have been sired by the belgrade turk . that pilot ' s grandam was a contemporary of brocklesby betty suggests she was also foaled around 1711 , and implies that marwood ' s coneyskin ( later mr hutton ' s coneyskins , according to pick ,\n, i , 1803 ; p 160 ) must have been foaled no later than 1708 , further distinguishing him from the duke of rutland ' s coneyskins ( 1712 ) winner of 5 king ' s plates in 1719 . marwood ' s\nold coney - skins\nis mentioned in one other advertisement .\nhe was got by capt . appleyard\u2019s single - peeper , out of a fine mares , whose sire was carried abroad by mr sitlington , and reported to have been sold , to the emperor of germany , for a very considerable sum of money .\nn b single - peeper\u2019s performances are so well known , that it is needless to repeat them . [\nwhether the coneyskins mare in the above advertisement ( dam of craftsman and grandam of appleyard ' s singlepeeper ) was the same as pilot ' s grandam ( and dam of bethell ' s poor robin ) is unknown .\ndescribes laelia as a grey :\n1842 laelia gr . f .\n[ gsb 5 : 32 ] .\non the other hand , it is also possible that the matings of cotillon occurred exactly as reported to the stud book and rather that cotillon was not the dam of laelia . it is also possible that laelia was a sabino , a relatively modern colour distinction , rather than a grey .\nan example of a roan hunter by james seymour ( 1702c - 1752 ) illustrates that\nroan\ndid not always mean\ngrey\n. colour theorists suggest that the roan gene has never been present in the thoroughbred , thus , when the term\nroan\nis used to describe a coat colour it is generally assumed that the colour was actually grey , sabino or rabicano . the latter two are widely distributed throughout the breed ."]}
{"id": 455, "summary": [{"text": "semicassis labiata ( formerly also known as phalium labiatum ) is a species of large predatory sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusc .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "this species is in the subfamily cassinae , the \" helmet shells \" and \" bonnet shells \" , which feed on sea urchins . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "semicassis labiata", "paragraphs": ["subspecies semicassis labiata labiata ( g . perry , 1811 ) represented as semicassis labiata ( perry , 1811 )\n\u00bb subspecies semicassis labiata labiata ( g . perry , 1811 ) represented as semicassis labiata ( perry , 1811 )\nsemicassis labiata labiata ( g . perry , 1811 ) \u00b7 accepted , alternate representation\nworms - world register of marine species - semicassis labiata labiata ( g . perry , 1811 )\nscientific data : genus : semicassis species : labiata subspecies : forma : author : perry , g . author year : 1811\nspecies semicassis diuturna iredale , 1927 accepted as semicassis bisulcata ( schubert & j . a . wagner , 1829 )\nspecies semicassis persimilis kira , 1955 accepted as semicassis bisulcata ( schubert & j . a . wagner , 1829 )\n\u00bb variety semicassis undulata var . levilabiata paetel , 1888 accepted as semicassis undulata ( gmelin , 1791 ) ( synonym )\n\u00bb species semicassis ( semicassis ) bisulcata ( schubert & j . a . wagner , 1829 ) represented as semicassis bisulcata ( schubert & j . a . wagner , 1829 )\n\u00bb subspecies semicassis bisulcata persimilis kira , 1955 accepted as semicassis bisulcata ( schubert & j . a . wagner , 1829 )\nspecies semicassis japonica ( reeve , 1848 ) accepted as semicassis bisulcata ( schubert & j . a . wagner , 1829 )\nspecies semicassis pila ( reeve , 1848 ) accepted as semicassis bisulcata ( schubert & j . a . wagner , 1829 )\n( of semicassis ( semicassis ) labiata ( perry , 1811 ) ) verbinnen g . , segers l . , swinnen f . , kreipl k . & monsecour d . ( 2016 ) . cassidae . an amazing family of seashells . harxheim : conchbooks . 251 pp . [ details ]\n\u00bb subspecies semicassis bisulcata booleyi ( g . b . sowerby iii , 1900 ) accepted as semicassis bisulcata ( schubert & j . a . wagner , 1829 )\nspecies semicassis fibrata ( p . marshall & r . murdoch , 1920 ) \u2020\n\u00bb species semicassis ( antephalium ) adcocki ( g . b . sowerby iii , 1896 ) represented as semicassis adcocki ( g . b . sowerby iii , 1896 )\n\u00bb species semicassis ( kahua ) lilliei ( c . a . fleming , 1943 ) \u2020 represented as semicassis lilliei ( c . a . fleming , 1943 ) \u2020\n\u00bb species semicassis ( kahua ) marwicki ( c . a . fleming , 1943 ) \u2020 represented as semicassis marwicki ( c . a . fleming , 1943 ) \u2020\n\u00bb species semicassis ( kahua ) fibrata ( p . marshall & r . murdoch , 1920 ) \u2020 represented as semicassis fibrata ( p . marshall & r . murdoch , 1920 ) \u2020\n( of semicassis ( semicassis ) labiata ( perry , 1811 ) ) beu , a . ( 2010 ) . marine mollusca of isotope stages of the last 2 million years in new zealand . part 3 . gastropoda ( vetigastropoda - littorinimorpha ) . journal of the royal society of new zealand . 40 ( 3 - 4 ) : 59 - 180 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n\u00bb subspecies semicassis saburon evanescens settepassi , 1970 accepted as semicassis saburon ( brugui\u00e8re , 1792 ) ( not available , published in a work which does not consistently use binominal nomenclature ( iczn art . 11 . 4 ) )\n\u00bb subspecies semicassis saburon inaequalis settepassi , 1970 accepted as semicassis saburon ( brugui\u00e8re , 1792 ) ( not available , published in a work which does not consistently use binominal nomenclature ( iczn art . 11 . 4 ) )\n\u00bb subspecies semicassis saburon multicostata settepassi , 1970 accepted as semicassis saburon ( brugui\u00e8re , 1792 ) ( not available , published in a work which does not consistently use binominal nomenclature ( iczn art . 11 . 4 ) )\n\u00bb subspecies semicassis undulata bivaricosa settepassi , 1970 accepted as semicassis undulata ( gmelin , 1791 ) ( not available , published in a work which does not consistently use binominal nomenclature ( iczn art . 11 . 4 ) )\n\u00bb subspecies semicassis undulata elegantissima settepassi , 1970 accepted as semicassis undulata ( gmelin , 1791 ) ( not available , published in a work which does not consistently use binominal nomenclature ( iczn art . 11 . 4 ) )\n\u00bb subspecies semicassis undulata maderensis settepassi , 1970 accepted as semicassis undulata ( gmelin , 1791 ) ( not available , published in a work which does not consistently use binominal nomenclature ( iczn art . 11 . 4 ) )\n\u00bb subspecies semicassis undulata saburoidea settepassi , 1970 accepted as semicassis undulata ( gmelin , 1791 ) ( not available , published in a work which does not consistently use binominal nomenclature ( iczn art . 11 . 4 ) )\n\u00bb subspecies semicassis undulata tenuis settepassi , 1970 accepted as semicassis undulata ( gmelin , 1791 ) ( not available , published in a work which does not consistently use binominal nomenclature ( iczn art . 11 . 4 ) )\n( of semicassis labiata iheringi ( carcelles , 1953 ) ) beu , a . ( 2010 ) . marine mollusca of isotope stages of the last 2 million years in new zealand . part 3 . gastropoda ( vetigastropoda - littorinimorpha ) . journal of the royal society of new zealand . 40 ( 3 - 4 ) : 59 - 180 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\ncassis japonica reeve , 1848 accepted as semicassis bisulcata ( schubert & j . a . wagner , 1829 ) ( type by subsequent designation )\nsubgenus semicassis ( casmaria ) h . adams & a . adams , 1853 accepted as casmaria h . adams & a . adams , 1853 ( original rank )\n( of phalium ( semicassis ) m\u00f6rch , 1852 ) beu , a . g . ( 2005 ) neogene fossil tonnoidean gastropods of indonesia . scripta geologica 130 , p . 1 - 186 , pp . 166 , figs . 327 [ details ]\n( of semicassis ( antephalium ) iredale , 1927 ) verbinnen g . , segers l . , swinnen f . , kreipl k . & monsecour d . ( 2016 ) . cassidae . an amazing family of seashells . harxheim : conchbooks . 251 pp . [ details ]\n( of cassis ( semicassis ) m\u00f6rch , 1852 ) m\u00f6rch o . a . l . ( 1852 ) . catalogus conchyliorum quae reliquit d . alphonso d\u2019aguirra & gadea , comes de yoldi 1 , cephalophora . l . klein , hafniae [ copenhagen ] , 170 pp . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 112 [ details ]\ndiscover a faster , simpler path to publishing in a high - quality journal . plos one promises fair , rigorous peer review , broad scope , and wide readership \u2013 a perfect fit for your research every time .\none of the most intriguing patterns in mammalian biogeography is the \u201cisland rule\u201d , which states that colonising species have a tendency to converge in body size , with larger species evolving decreased sizes and smaller species increased sizes . it has recently been suggested that an analogous pattern holds for the colonisation of the deep - sea benthos by marine gastropoda . in particular , a pioneering study showed that gastropods from the western atlantic showed the same graded trend from dwarfism to gigantism that is evident in island endemic mammals . however , subsequent to the publication of the gastropod study , the standard tests of the island rule have been shown to yield false positives at a very high rate , leaving the result open to doubt .\nthe evolution of gastropod body size in the deep sea is reexamined . using an extended and updated data set , and improved statistical methods , it is shown that some results of the previous study may have been artifactual , but that its central conclusion is robust . it is further shown that the effect is not restricted to a single gastropod clade , that its strength increases markedly with depth , but that it applies even in the mesopelagic zone .\nthe replication of the island rule in a distant taxonomic group and a partially analogous ecological situation could help to uncover the causes of the patterns observed\u2014which are currently much disputed . the gastropod pattern is evident at intermediate depths , and so cannot be attributed to the unique features of abyssal ecology .\ncitation : welch jj ( 2010 ) the \u201cisland rule\u201d and deep - sea gastropods : re - examining the evidence . plos one 5 ( 1 ) : e8776 . urltoken\ncopyright : \u00a9 2010 john j . welch . this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .\nfunding : some preliminary work undertaken when jw was funded by bbsrc grant do17750 awarded to andrew rambaut . the funders had no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .\nthe island rule states that after island colonisation , animals undergo predictable patterns of body size evolution , with larger colonising species becoming smaller , and smaller species becoming larger . the result is a graded trend from dwarfism in the largest colonists to gigantism in the smallest [ 1 ] \u2013 [ 4 ] . because insular habitats are distinctive in a number of ways , this pattern might be variously explained , and a variety of hypotheses have indeed been proposed in the literature [ 1 ] \u2013 [ 11 ] . recently , mcclain et al . [ 12 ] made an important advance by testing for analogous patterns of body size evolution in a non - insular system . specifically , they compared body sizes of animals living in deep - sea benthic habitats with their shallow - water living congeners . using the malacolog database version 3 . 3 . 3 of rosenberg [ 13 ] , mcclain et al . [ 12 ] took the gastropods of the western atlantic as a case study , and reported that a highly significant trend from dwarfism to gigantism was evident in the deep - sea species .\nhere , i re - examine whether deep - sea gastropods manifest the island rule , making use of the improved statistical methods , and data collated from the recently updated malacolog database [ 24 ] , which has been both expanded , and revised to reflect advances in gastropod systematics [ 25 ] . it is found that the central conclusion of mcclain et al . [ 12 ] is robust , and that gastropod colonists of the deep - sea benthos do indeed exhibit island - rule - like evolution .\npart a shows how different tests of the \u2018island rule\u2019 can give qualitatively different results . \u201cdeep - sea\u201d species were defined as those with a depth range midpoint > 200m , and all other species defined as \u201cshallow - water\u201d . the ordinary - least - squares regression ( dashed line ) differs significantly from the 1\u22361 line of the null ( dotted line ) , but the standardized - major - axis regression ( solid line ) shows no significant departure . part b shows a less ambiguous case : \u201cdeep - sea\u201d species are those never observed above 400m , and \u201cshallow - water\u201d species those never observed below 200m ; body sizes are within - genus means , taking equal numbers of deep - and shallow - water species in each genus .\nthe body sizes of deep - sea gastropods are plotted against those of their shallow - water congeners . \u201cshallow - water\u201d species were never observed below 200m , and \u201cdeep - sea\u201d species never observed above depths of a : 200m , b : 400m and c : 600m . separate standardized - major - axis regression lines are shown for the neogastropoda ( black points ) and all other groups ( grey points ) . the dotted line is the 1\u22361 expected under the null . genera with fewer than two deep and two shallow species were excluded .\nsince the pattern was first identified [ 1 ] \u2013 [ 3 ] the island rule has been explained in a large number of ways [ 1 ] \u2013 [ 11 ] . a powerful method of distinguishing between the competing explanations is to test for the presence of analogous patterns in systems that share some , but not all of the ecological characteristics of island habitats [ 4 ] , [ 12 ] , [ 34 ] . for example , one putative contributor to the vertebrate pattern is \u201cimmigrant selection\u201d , that is , between - lineage differences in the probability of reaching isolated islands , as opposed to differences in survival after colonisation [ 4 ] , [ 35 ] , [ 36 ] . the colonization of the deep - sea benthos differs clearly and qualitatively from the colonization of islands , and so if it is assumed that the similar patterns of body size evolution reflect a similarity of underlying cause [ 12 ] , this argues against immigrant selection as a key determinant of the graded trend that is observed in both cases .\nsimilarly , predator release is a particularly plausible explanation of the vertebrate island rule [ 1 ] , [ 4 ] , [ 6 ] , [ 11 ] ; this is partly because it can naturally account for both dwarfism and gigantism ( by assuming that large and small body sizes evolve as alternative strategies for predator avoidance ) , and partly because predator release is so clearly implicated in other unusual characteristics of island endemics ( such as tameness ) [ 37 ] , [ 38 ] . but there is little evidence that reduced predation characterises the deep - sea [ 12 ] , [ 14 ] , and indeed there is direct evidence of substantial predation acting on deep - sea gastropods [ 12 ] , [ 39 ] \u2013 [ 41 ] . the gastropod results therefore argue against the predator release hypothesis as a general explanation of the island rule [ 12 ] .\nwe are therefore still far from understanding the causes of the patterns observed \u2013 and particularly the roles of inter - and intra - specific competition [ 3 ] , [ 4 ] , [ 11 ] , [ 12 ] . a detailed clarification of where the pattern does and does not hold will be an important step toward achieving this goal [ 4 ] , [ 12 ] , [ 19 ] , [ 20 ] .\nmany thanks are due to andrew rambaut for providing a script to mine the malacolog database . many thanks also to lucy weinert , nicolas bierne , gary rosenberg , shai meiri . simon joly and an anonymous reviewer , who all greatly improved the manuscript with their comments and advice .\nconceived and designed the experiments : jw . performed the experiments : jw . analyzed the data : jw . wrote the paper : jw .\nfoster jb ( 1964 ) evolution of mammals on islands . nature 202 : 234\u2013235 .\nvan valen l ( 1973 ) pattern and balance in nature . evolutionary theory 1 : 31\u201349 .\nlomolino mv ( 1985 ) body size of mammals on islands : the island rule re - examined . am nat 125 : 310\u2013316 .\nlomolino mv ( 2005 ) body size evolution in insular vertebrates : generality of the island rule . j biogeog 32 : 1683\u20131699 .\nmacarthur rh , wilson eo ( 1963 ) an equilibrium theory of insular zoogeography . evolution 17 : 373\u2013387 . 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( doi :\ndo these subject areas make sense for this article ? click the target next to the incorrect subject area and let us know . thanks for your help !\nspencer , h . g . , marshall , b . a . & willan , r . c . ( 2009 ) . checklist of new zealand living mollusca . pp 196 - 219 . in : gordon , d . p . ( ed . ) new zealand inventory of biodiversity . volume one . kingdom animalia : radiata , lophotrochozoa , deuterostomia . canterbury university press , christchurch . [ details ]\n( of xenogalea insperata iredale , 1927 ) verbinnen g . , segers l . , swinnen f . , kreipl k . & monsecour d . ( 2016 ) . cassidae . an amazing family of seashells . harxheim : conchbooks . 251 pp . [ details ]\n( of xenogalea collactea finlay , 1928 ) verbinnen g . , segers l . , swinnen f . , kreipl k . & monsecour d . ( 2016 ) . cassidae . an amazing family of seashells . harxheim : conchbooks . 251 pp . [ details ]\n( of cassis achatina lamarck , 1816 ) dautzenberg , ph . ( 1929 ) . contribution \u00e0 l ' \u00e9tude de la faune de madagascar : mollusca marina testacea . faune des colonies fran\u00e7aises , iii ( fasc . 4 ) . soci\u00e9t\u00e9 d ' editions g\u00e9ographiques , maritimes et coloniales : paris . 321 - 636 , plates iv - vii pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of cassis achatina lamarck , 1816 ) verbinnen g . , segers l . , swinnen f . , kreipl k . & monsecour d . ( 2016 ) . cassidae . an amazing family of seashells . harxheim : conchbooks . 251 pp . [ details ]\n( of phalium labiatum ( perry , 1811 ) ) macdonald & co ( 1979 ) . the macdonald encyclopedia of shells . macdonald & co . london & sydney . [ details ]\nbeu , a . ( 2010 ) . marine mollusca of isotope stages of the last 2 million years in new zealand . part 3 . gastropoda ( vetigastropoda - littorinimorpha ) . journal of the royal society of new zealand . 40 ( 3 - 4 ) : 59 - 180 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nversion 43 . 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed . my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .\ncassis achatina lamarck , j . b . p . a . de , 1816\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 6e7aff22 - 0f91 - 4d9d - 8365 - 7dcfb19581fc\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : b0b7f230 - b35e - 49bd - 9b3c - 2632ed770284\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 540321\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nfigures a - c : 56 mm , maria island , tas ( e ) , coll . s . grove .\ntypical shell - length 60 mm . lives subtidally on sand . native . occurs in southeastern and southwestern australia ( qld , nsw , tas , vic , sa and wa ) ; also new zealand , south africa and southeast south america . in tasmanian waters , this is a rare species , most likely to be found in the e .\nthe web - pages on this web - site are generated from an underlying database . these can be cited as\nrespectively . whilst great care is taken to accurately identify specimens featured on this web - site and to allocate all records to the most appropriate taxonomic names available , no guarantee is offered that all identifications are accurate , nor that the taxa to which they have been allocated are currently valid . commentaries on habitat , distribution and biology are also subject to change as new information comes to light . if you have any enquiries , or any comments that will help improve the content or appearance of these pages , then please follow the links from ' contact ' on the left - hand panel .\nthe symbols k . a . c . f . m . an . are used to indicate the geographical range of the species . they have been adopted to give an approxomation of the range of each species within new zealand .\nmorley , m . s . , hayward , b . w . , raven , j . l . , foreman , g . a . , grenfell , h . r . 2006 : intertidal and shallow subtidal biota of mahia peninsula , hawkes bay , records of the auckland institute and museum , 43 ( p . 35 )\npowell , a . w . b . 1979 : new zealand mollusca : marine , land and freshwater shells , collins , auckland ( p . 159 )\nnote : localities are approximate , and represent only some of the known localities for the species .\nkreipl k . 1997 . recent cassidae . christa hemmen , wiesbaden , 151 p . page ( s ) : 58 [ details ]\nm\u00f6rch , o . a . l . ( 1852 - 1853 ) catalogus conchyliorum quae reliquit d\u2019alphonso d\u2019aguirra & gadea comes de yoldi , regis daniae cubiculariorum princeps , ordinis dannebrogici in prima classe & ordinis caroli terth eques . fasciculus primus . cephalophora , 170 pp . [ 1852 ] ; fasciculus secundus . acephala . annulata cirripedia . echinodermata , 74 pp . l . klein , hafniae , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of xenophalium iredale , 1927 ) iredale t . 1927 . a review of australian helmet shells ( family cassididae \u2014 phylum mollusca ) . records of the australian museum 15 ( 5 ) : 321\u2013354 , plates 31 - 32 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 333 [ details ]\n( of faurotis jousseaume , 1888 ) jousseaume , f . ( 1888 ) . description des mollusques recueillis par m . le dr . faurot dans la mer rouge et le golfe d\u2019aden . m\u00e9moires de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 zoologique de france . 1 : 165 - 223 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 188 [ details ]\n( of tylocassis woodring , 1928 ) woodring , w . p . 1928 . miocene mollusks from bowden , jamaica . part ii . gastropods and discussion of results . contributions to the geology and paleontology of the west indies . carnegie institution of washington publication 385 : vii + 564 pp . , 3 figs . , 40 pls page ( s ) : 306 [ details ]\n( of maucassis c . a . fleming , 1943 \u2020 ) beu , a . g . & maxwell , p . a . ( 1990 ) cenozoic mollusca of new zealand . new zealand geological survey paleontological bulletin , 58 , 1\u2013518 . [ details ]\ngrammatical gender feminine , under provisions of iczn art . 30 . 1 . 1 , following ending with latin noun cassis , meaning\nhelmet\n. [ details ]\niredale , t . 1927 ,\na review of australian helmet shells ( family cassididae - phylum mollusca )\n, records of the australian museum , vol . 15 , pp . 321 - 354\nfinlay , h . j . 1928 ,\nthe recent mollusca of the chatham islands\n, transactions and proceedings of the new zealand institute , vol . 59 , pp . 232 - 286 , pls 38 - 43\nlamarck , j . b . p . a . de m . 1816 ,\nliste des objets repr\u00e9sent\u00e9s dans les planches de cette livraison\n, ed . lamarck , j . b . p . a . de m . , tableau encyclop\u00e9dique et m\u00e9thodique des trois r\u00e8gnes de la nature . vers , coquilles , mollusques et polypiers , no . 23 , pp . 1 - 16 , agasse , paris\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : aac847d5 - 5ff9 - 4766 - ae79 - 93e49469868f\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 5573d09e - 46ae - 40e0 - 83b0 - da7534a4d5c6\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 539037\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\nfull reference : e . vredenburg . 1925 . description of mollusca from the post - eocene tertiary formation of north - western india : cephalopoda , opisthobranchiata , siphonostomata . memoirs of the geological survey of india 50 ( 1 ) : 1 - 350\naverage measurements ( in mm ) : shell 28 . 5 x 21 . 0\nf + + , very strange specimen ! looks like hybrid of vibex and turgida ! we had some before from b . cook !\nf + + , first time we have from venezuela ! ex . coll . peggy williams\nf + , nice smooht specimen , w / o ! - last pieces from gigliotti\u00b4s collection , super bargain ! was 40 . 00 ( con )\nf + , fresh collected ! very nice shape and patterns . w / o\nf + , very thick , heavy specimen ! - last pieces from gigliotti\u00b4s collection , super bargain ! was 30 . 00 ( con )\nf + + , very thick lip ! nice color , ex . coll . peggy williams , w / o\nthe photos in our gallery are in most cases just a sample from our stock , except when only one specimen is offered . we try to match the original color but it can vary if your screen is not correctly adjusted ( gamma correction ) .\nfourteen shells , a mixture of gastropods and bivalves , arranged in two rows of three and two rows of four against a plain background . the drawing is signed by watling , and annotated in brown ink .\nthe drawing is annotated in blue pencil at top right with the number\n329\n, which refers to the pre - 1984 numbering system for the watling collection .\nthe drawing is annotated in brown ink against four shells in roughly the lower left hand quarter with the native names\nbirra - da\n,\ncaib - bow - ah\n,\nbal - bou - ree\nand\nmoan\n.\nthe drawing is signed at lower right in brown ink\nt . watling , delt . -\n, but is undated .\niredale , tom , ' history of new south wales shells part iii : the settlement years ( continued ) : thomas watling , artist ' , proceedings , royal zoological society of new south wales 1956 - 7 pp . 162 - 169 ( 1958 ) .\nencyclo . co . uk , online since 2007 , is a search engine for english meanings and definitions . the website aims to publish all wordlists , big and small , on the internet , making it much easier to find the word you need . follow us on facebook\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\npoint radius ( mm ) 0 . 1 0 . 2 0 . 3 0 . 4 0 . 5 0 . 6 0 . 7 0 . 8 0 . 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the ala .\nthe ala is made possible by contributions from its partners , is supported by ncris and hosted by csiro ."]}
{"id": 465, "summary": [{"text": "sainfoin ( 1887 \u2013 october 1911 ) was a british thoroughbred racehorse that was the winner of the 1890 epsom derby and was the sire of rock sand , the tenth winner of the triple crown in 1903 . ", "topic": 7}], "title": "sainfoin ( horse )", "paragraphs": ["sainfoin is a premium forage alternative to lucerne and grass . \u2018sainfoin\u2019 means ' healthy hay\u2019 in french and this is exactly what it is ! sainfoin pellets are also non - bloating .\nsainfoin is suitable for all horses , and can be very beneficial when fed with hay and grass as a nutritious alternative and to add a variety of flavour . sainfoin is particularly suitable for horses requiring a nutritious diet , including :\na handsome , good - sized chestnut horse , sainfoin was of sturdy make with a good shoulder . existing photographs suggest that he was sickle - hocked . his form tailed off badly at 4 and 5 for unknown reasons .\npeter davy , who has supplied fresh sainfoin test samples to the legumeplus project has grown a small acreage of sainfoin for a number of years . last year he planted a few acres on a neighbours field - mr . & mrs . phillips from shelvin , in kent - to try sainfoin on british warmblood colts from their ukeuro stud ( seen pictured to the right ) .\nforage legumes are attractive to farmers these days . free nitrogen and extra protein content certainly meet current farming needs . sainfoin offers this and a lot more besides . until now there has been little information on sainfoin , but that is changing . the eu sainfoin research project known as \u2018 healthy hay \u2019 is now completed and we are in the process of publishing the results online .\nno horse less of longevity or number of foals has affected the modern quarter racehorse to the degree of domino .\nour sainfoin pellets are rich in natural minerals and trace elements . they are a good source of condensed tannins , which aid digestion of protein . sainfoin is also a source of naturally occurring copper , which can aid the health of bones , tendons and joints .\nunfortunatly no official crest was given to these l . s . i . ( l ) ' s , so the crest to the right was made up from sainfoin ' s\nhistory\n. h . m . s . sainfoin was named after the winner of the 1890 derby\ninterestingly , there are some differences within sainfoin varieties which we may be able to take advantage of . these opportunities are to be explored further this year .\nundefeated in ten races st . simon in all probability is the greatest horse of all time . unfortunately st . simon was not tested in the classic races of england because rules in effect at the time stipulated that if the person who had nominated a particular horse to a classic died before the race , the horse was inelgible to run in the race . as the breeder of st . simon had died the horse was denied the opportunity to become a classicist . nevertheless he did run against some very good horses and dealt with them summarily .\nanthelmintic over the years we have heard from many of you about the remarkable effect that sainfoin has on wormy lambs . the \u2018healthy hay\u2019 project has demonstrated that the anti - parasitic benefits are very real indeed . early results confirm that parasitic worm control is effective when sainfoin is fed , are their lifecycles are disrupted .\nbloat free & methane an animal blown up as a result of grazing clover is a distressing experience and is the main reason given by farmers for not growing legumes . sainfoin never causes bloat , one of its great attributes . recent work in australia lead to the conclusion that as little as 20 % of sainfoin in the diet can offset the risk of bloat to near zero . work with beef steers in canada showed the same when small quantities of sainfoin were mixed with lucerne . rumen activity is important in other ways . from an environmental perspective the eu project has been studying rumen gas production with a particular interest in how sainfoin reduces methane production .\nby the time of his death , sainfoin was considered of so little account as a stallion that his death was not reported to the press for over a year .\nman o ' war passed away on november 1 , 1947 after suffering a heart attack . more than two thousand people attended the funeral , which was broadcast by radio . the great stallion was the first horse to be embalmed , and is now buried at the kentucky horse park in lexington .\nand the good sprinters elmstead and amphora , all by amphion . sainfoin is also a half brother to 1902 jockey club cup and cesarewitch handicap winner black sand ( by melanion ) .\nevery year , thousands of visitors flocked to faraway farm in kentucky to see the legendary horse and hear his famous stud groom , will harbut , tell stories about the champion . he always introduced his charge as\nthe mostest horse that ever was\nand insisted that man o ' war had never been beaten . when a guest asked about\nwe never lifted a jockey to his back that we didn ' t tell to hold the horse down , so as not to win by too wide a margin .\nby the early 1950\u2019s two thoroughbred stallions had already begun their ascension within the quarter\u00b7three bars and top deck . the dam of three bars was by a horse decending from domino ,\nin direct descent the tetrarch has influenced the quarter horse through gray dream . gray dream is , of course , the maternal grandsire of lena\u2019s bar , the dam of easy jet . ,\nroots , soil & drought a sainfoin crop is capable of growing on the thinnest of alkaline soils . it is extremely drought - resistant and never stops growing even in prolonged dry spells . its root structure leaves soil in excellent condition and sainfoin can be considered an invaluable part of the light land rotation . it penetrates soil and rock to a great depth where it seems able to extract nutrients better than any other species . it grows best on stony brash or chalks , but does not like wet soils where red clover should be chosen in preference . sainfoin will grow well on alkaline soil and should not be sown on land below 6 . 2ph .\nthis was a four year project involving 12 partners from europe . these include three from britain : reading university , niab and cotswold seeds . the network , which completed its work in 2010 , has produced some interesting results . it seems that the role for sainfoin is about to be reinvented . in short , sainfoin offers farmers an attractive fodder crop for naturally alkaline , free draining soils . some of the findings so far are detailed here .\nsainfoin haylage cut late summer was tried on the young horses and some brood mares this spring . referring to mr . & mrs . phillips ' comments mr . davy says\nyes his horses loved it and he said they looked better almost straight away . he was very pleased and said he was going to plant 8 acres of it there and then , though the field he had in mind turned out to be too acidic so he couldn ' t . he has many horses all set stocked ( no rotation system ) with a worm problem including , he thinks , wormer resistance . so potentially it ' s a good site for an experiment in the benefits of sainfoin which we are sort of trying in our little way - with a plan to feed / supplement a group of young horses through the year with sainfoin to compare with the other groups . we have talked about grazing them on my sainfoin this year but are in two minds as we want to have enough sainfoin as a daily supplement through the year so we can compare that with the controls . however we are thinking of grazing some if it as opposed to second cut of hay .\nhe was purchased by sir james miller just a few days before being entered for the derby and was ridden by a jockey named j . watts . his racing colours were white and gold , and the derby is known as the blue ribbon race , hence the ribbon overlaying the horse shoe sainfoin later sired the colt ' rocksand ' the tripple crown winner some thirteen years later . sadly , being a gelding there were no further issue .\nsainfoin is inbred 3x3 to the \u201cemperor of stallions , \u201d 1852 dual english classic winner stockwell , and has a cross of stockwell ' s full brother rataplan at the fourth generation , making him inbred 4x5x4 to the baron and pocahontas . he is also inbred 5x5x5 to the baron ' s sire birdcatcher and 5x5 to 1834 st . leger stakes winner and four - time english leading sire touchstone . sainfoin is a full brother to sierra , dam of 1911 english leading sire\nsainfoin has deep penetrating roots making it highly suitable for the dry , alkaline soils of england . in these times of fluctuating feed and veterinary drugs prices , alongside increased environmental demands , there are few crops that tick as many boxes .\nno one dared challenge him in the lawrence realization . mrs . jeffords finally agreed to enter a horse , provided he was not beaten too badly . samuel riddle didn ' t consider this a problem , saying :\nsainfoin ( gb ) ch . h , 1887 { 2 - g } dp = 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 ( 0 ) di = inf cd = inf - 11 starts , 4 wins , ? places , ? shows\nthere are few crops like sainfoin . it is a high - yielding , drought - resistant plant which needs no nitrogen fertiliser and little phosphate . it won\u2019t cause bloat , is a natural anthelmintic and with rumen protected protein produces top quality meat and milk .\nman o ' war acted up at the start , allowing sir barton to break on top , but the older horse held his lead for only sixty yards before man o ' war passed him . as the new york times reported :\nthe author could find little evidence that quarter horse breeders had attempted to incorporate the lineage of st . simon into their operation . however , rocket bar is out of a mare whose sire goes in direct decent to st . simon .\nprotein , animal growth & tannins protein , the essential element for growth , can be poorly utilised in ruminant animals as it can be rapidly broken down in the rumen . this is inefficient and leads to slower growth rates and increased nitrogen losses in the urine . sainfoin contains tannins ( complex chemical structures ) which bind with protein molecules , protecting them as they pass through the rumen so that they can be absorbed efficiently as they pass further down the digestive tract . this doesn\u2019t happen with other legumes and largely explains why stock fed sainfoin have faster liveweight gain when compared to any other forage .\nas with any new feed , introduce gradually over a week . sainfoin pellets are ideally fed soaked . if appropriate , feed singly as treats or mixed with twice their volume of soaked purabeet or twice their volume of chop and well dampened . use as part of the forage ration or in addition . start with 100g per 100kg of bodyweight per day , increase as required up to a maximum of 5kg per day . for example , for a 500kg horse start with 500g per day ( dry weight , before soaking ) and increase as required . feed according to requirement & condition .\ni ' m putting common and isinglass back - to - back because . . . well , how many times do you see two triple crown winners in three years sired by the same horse ? not a bad run for isonomy by producing two horses to sweep the honors .\nsanda , the dam of sainfoin , failed to win on the flat but was a winner over hurdles . she is a half sister to 1876 coronation stakes winner footstep ( by see saw ) and is out of the stockwell mare sanda , whose dam lady evelyn ( by don john ) won the 1849 oaks stakes .\nan obscure footnote to the career of galtee more : a man named marcus daly , an american sportsman known as the\nmontana copper king\nat that time , offered the owner of galtte more $ 125 , 000 for the horse , roughly $ 3 . 2 million in current dollars .\nas lochsong began dominating the sprint division another kingsclere horse , selkirk , was making his mark as a miler . he won the queen elizabeth stakes at ascot in 1991 en route to being crowned champion miler , before taking the lockinge , the celebration mile and the challenge stakes in 1992 , all by more than two lengths . the finish was much closer in the sussex stakes at glorious goodwood , where selkirk went down by a head to marling , but he finished the year as champion older horse in britain , and retired to stud where he was a highly successful stallion until his death in 2013 .\nat 3 : won derby s . ( eng , epsom , 2414m = 12f , now g1 ) , esher s . ( eng , sandown ) , dee s . ( eng , chester ) sainfoin had a full sister , sierra ( ch f 1889 ) , who is prominent in many modern pedigrees through the full stakes winning siblings ( close )\non june 6 , 1919 , man o ' war began his racing career with a six length win at belmont park . it later seemed appropriate that the great horse made his first start there , since the historic track was built by his breeder , who named it in honor of his father , august belmont i .\nthe so - called\nrace of the century ,\nrun on october 12 , 1920 , was a weight for age event , contested over a mile and a quarter . being the older horse , sir barton carried 126 pounds , while man o ' war carried 120 . during the week leading up to the race , the condition of each horse was questioned . louis feustel worried about a slight filling in man o ' war ' s tendon while rumors spread that sir barton was training poorly . in response to an article in chicago ' s evening post , sir barton ' s trainer h . guy bedwell issued the following statement :\n355 sainfoins collected almost one for every day of the year ! from a plant breeding point of view , the \u2018healthy hay\u2019 project has been extremely productive . through the involvement of niab a great number of sainfoin accessions have been collected . these have come from around the world and include some very interesting sub - species from armenia . in total 170 have been planted , monitored and classified over the last three years . now that the initial collection has been completed , it is hoped that this resource can be exploited by plant breeders . we are also compiling the results of biochemistry research which is providing helpful information on the effects of sainfoin on meat and milk quality . for full details of the work visit urltoken ( from spring 2011 ) .\nteddy has influenced the quarter racehorse at the highest level of competition . in fact , his son bull dog can be found in the pedigree of all american futurity winners hot idea , three oh\u2019s , timetothinkrich and savannah , jr . in direct descentteddy has influenced the quater horse through jackstraw , spotted bull , everett , jr . and others .\nsainfoin won the first four races of his career , ending his streak with a win in the derby stakes over a rain - soaked course . after that , it was all downhill for his racing career . the one bright spot in his stud career was 1903 english triple crown winner rock sand , who successfully maintained the male line and also wielded marked influence in the united states through his daughters .\nman o\u2019war , of course , has had a phenomenal impact upon the quarter horse . two direct descendants have won the all american futurity , namely timetothinkrich and hot idea , both by aforethought . man o\u2019war is also in the pedigree of top deck and moolah bux , which has made a significant contribution to the quarter runner through his daughters , is out of a mare\nainfoin ' s only notable runner was 1903 english triple crown winner rock sand , although his daughter bromus won the important seaton delaval plate as a juvenile and gained greater fame later on as the dam of two - time english leading sire phalaris . sainfoin ' s only other notable contribution was tout suite , whose unbeaten son hurry on led the english general sire list in 1926 and continued the male line of unbeaten barcaldine .\na full brother to fairway , pharos was a very good horse winning 14 of 30 races . this was an unduly large number of starts for a top class english horse of pharos\u2019 era . pharos had just failed to win the english derby and his connections left him in training in the hopes that he would win a race commiserate with his ability . their patience was well rewarded because in the last start of his career pharos was victorious in the champion stakes . this race , run at newmarket in october , is a group 1 race * this writer\u2019s opinion a good performance in this race forecasts an adaptability by a horse\u2019s descendants to the american style of race more so than any race in europe . the champion stakes has often been the last race of a horse\u2019s career and at one and one\u2022fourth mile is shorter than the more prevalent european distance of one and one\u2022 half miles . the ability to revert successfully to a shorter distance tends to indicate first class speed . pharos1 _ r at stud first in england , pharos spent much of his career in france . it was in this latter country that pharos had his best success , as he sired nearco and pharis while there . perhaps it is also worthy of note that pharos sired ei greco , the maternal grandsire of ribot . as stated earlier pharos was a full brother to fairway . in no other instance in history have two brothers been so successful at racing and at stud and their influence so far reaching . hal k . may , elements of speed\nafter the stuyvesant , man o ' war was once again challenged by a horse from the payne whitney stables , this time in the form of whisk broom ii ' s son john p . grier . the trainer from payne whitney , james rowe , jr . , referred to man o ' war as\nthat red lobster\nand refused to believe that he , or any other horse , was invincible . he had been aiming john p . grier at the dwyer stakes , and was hoping to beat the champion again . john p . grier stayed with man o ' war for over a mile , even pulling ahead once , and when big red caught grier and drew clear to win in record time , he broke his game opponent ' s heart . the pole\ncolor : ch ( gb ) at 2 : won astley s . ( eng , lewes ) at 3 : won derby s . ( eng , epsom , 2414m = 12f , now g1 ) , esher s . ( eng , sandown ) , dee s . ( eng , chester ) sainfoin had a full sister , sierra ( ch f 1889 ) , who is prominent in many modern pedigrees through the full stakes winning siblings ( close )\nwe have a couple of paddocks that need re - seeded . has anyone any experience of including some sainfoin in a seed mix ? i understand that it can take a year to establish and doesn ' t withstand heavy grazing but that horses love it ? our soil is alkaline and not normally prone to waterlogging ( excepting this winter ! ) . any info from the uk or other countries with using it in grazing would be helpful . thanks !\nthe first time johnny loftus got on him , man o ' war threw the jockey about forty feet . but according to his owner ,\ntossing johnny was the last bad move man o ' war ever made ,\nfor once he began galloping with the stable pony , major trent , and the other yearlings , man o ' war quickly became the most highly regarded horse in the barn .\nmost effective at around a mile , phalaris won sixteen of twenty - four races . as witnessed by the fact that he was the number one sire in england on two occasions , phalaris was a good sire of winners . however it is the strength of phalaris\u2019 male line which places him among the elite horses in history . in fact , phalaris has founded the strongest male line of any horse of this century .\nthe day of the big race , j . k . l . ross , the owner of sir barton , replaced his regular rider , earl sande , with frank keogh , explaining that sande had developed a nervous stomach , but many speculated that he was taken off the older champion because he had stated that man o ' war was the best horse he had ever ridden after substituting for clarence kummer in the miller stakes that summer .\nfoaled in 1905 , fair play was owned and bred by major august belmont ii , and during his racing career he was trained by andrew joyner . he was best known for his rivalry with colin , to whom fair play finished second in many game efforts , including the 1908 belmont stakes . colin was the last american champion to retire undefeated until ogden phipps ' personal ensign duplicated the accomplishment in 1988 , and fair play was the only horse to ever challenge him .\nthe next time he ran , chicago o ' brien expressed his confidence in man o ' war ' s greatness by betting $ 100 , 000 against tom shaw ' s $ 1 , 000 that once again the big chestnut colt would prevail .\nit ' s a crazy bet , i don ' t mind giving you a grand , but any horse can fall down ,\nsaid shaw . even with an impost of 135 pounds , man o ' war managed\nthe great turf writer joe palmer , of the blood - horse , called him\nas near to living flame as horses get ,\nand most american horsemen consider him to be the greatest racehorse in american turf history . when samuel riddle was offered a million dollars for man o ' war , he answered that\nlots of men have a million dollars , but only one can own man o ' war .\noffered a blank check , he again declined , saying :\nlouis feustel , who had galloped hastings , had worked for august belmont ii under andrew joyner during fair play ' s racing career , and had trained mahubah himself , became man o ' war ' s trainer . ex - jockey harry vitotoe broke him to saddle . man o ' war proved to have inherited some of hastings ' fire , and was said to be a very difficult horse to break , fighting every step and repeatedly dumping harry . as samuel d . riddle recalled :\nlike all horses , the great man o ' war had his quirks . his grandsire hastings , who won the 1896 belmont stakes , was said to be one of the most unmanageable horses in history , and was famous for biting other horses during races . although some of hasting ' s fiery temperament was passed on to his grandson , man o ' war refrained from biting his competition , and he chose to chew his hooves instead , a habit which baffled those associated with the legendary horse .\nthe actual bid was made by riddle ' s friend ed buhler , the uncle of the great artist richard stone reeves . one of the finest painters of thoroughbreds in racing history , reeves was always awed by the fact that his uncle had bought man o ' war , and when he was commissioned to paint the great horse , he said ,\ni had gathered reference material since i was a boy . it was almost as if i had been practicing all my life for that one painting .\nmatthew dawson trained many classic horses as well as st . simon . st . simon was thought by dawson to be far superior to any other horse he had ever seen . going further , dawson said that st . simon was as good at one furlong as he was at three miles . dawson\u2019s claims can be substan - tiated by reviewing a few of the performances of st . simon . as a two year old st . simon had a matched race of six furlongs against duke of richmond which ranked among the best of his age . the jockey of duke of richmond had been instructed to break in front and attempt to make all the running . yet at the end of a quarter mile st . simon was ahead by fifty yards . later st . simon won the ascot goldcup at two and one - half miles . after the ascot gold he was able to successfully revert back to a mile . both dawson and archer had a predilection against allowing a horse to exert any more energy than that necessary to win . yet st . simon won races by twenty lengths while under severe restraint .\nmore group 1 success came in 1989 when jeff smith\u2019s dashing blade won the dewhurst . that same year silver fling took the prix de l\u2019abbaye for george strawbridge , but it was a kingsclere sprinter of jeff smith\u2019s , lochsong , who was to capture the nation\u2019s hearts in the following years . slow to reveal her talent , lochsong blossomed as a 4 year old , taking the stewards cup , the portland handicap and the ayr gold cup in 1992 \u2013 the first time all three of these big sprint handicaps had been won by the same horse in the same year . the following year she stepped up again , running away with the group 1 nunthorpe at york before recording a startling four - length victory in the prix de l\u2019abbaye . she was crowned champion sprinter and cartier horse of the year in 1993 . racing on in 1994 , she took the temple stakes , the king\u2019s stand and the prix de l\u2019abbaye , retaining her title as champion sprinter . she retired to stud and her offspring have been trained successfully from park house , whilst her half - sister lochangel was trained by ian to win the nunthorpe in 1998 .\nthe riddles and jeffords shared a training track between their two farms in maryland , and every year the two stables matched their most promising young horses against each other in order to give them some racing experience before their first season on the track . that year , man o ' war met golden broom in the trials and the high priced saratoga yearling won the short sprint . man o ' war , being the bigger horse , had trouble breaking fast enough to beat the smaller , quicker colt , but once the big chestnut learned how to handle his long legs , it was an entirely different story .\nthe kenilworth gold cup was not only the\nrace of the century ,\nbut it was also the first entire race to be filmed . photographer edward muybridge , the man who had taken the first film of a running animal forty years before , used fourteen cameras to record the event , and the film was shown on broadway . even though the great horse had outrun the triple crown winner , set numerous track records , and set world records that still stand today , man o ' war had never been fully extended , and he was retired without ever having the opportunity to display his full potential .\nlegend , fact and disbelief become one when reviewing the career of the horse which is still regarded as america\u2019s best . his speed and stamina were extraordinary \u2013 few horses have combined these attributes in a more spectacular manner . man o\u2019war won twenty of twentyone starts . his one loss can be attributed to the american style of racing in that he was boxed in between the rail and outside horses . contemporary reports stated that man o\u2019war was fully extended only once in all his races . though a top sire , the stud career of man o\u2019war was compromised because he stood as a private stallion and the few outside mares he received were usually of inferior credentials . man o\u2019war sired triple crown winner war admiral and his influence today is carried on mainly by in reality and olden times . through his daughters , the name of man o\u2019war appears in the internal parts of many pedigrees . in fact , in 1973 his name appeared in the pedigree of four of five divisional champions .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nthis title is currently out of print . it will be re - published shortly .\n( 1939 , the thoroughbred owners and breeders association ; reprinted in 1974 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwinx ' s staying power as one of the world ' s top rac . . .\nt . j . comerford , assistant trainer for aidan o ' brie . . .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\npremium forage alternative to lucerne and grass , rich in natural minerals and trace elements .\nall products are natural and seasonal variations can occur , the packaging of each product will detail the typical analysis which is relevant to the batch / cut within the bag . below are this product\u2019s specification ranges to give an indication of the seasonal variations that can occur for this product .\nwe do not add vitamins as the forages themselves have them naturally occurring , often in their precursor form . we have averaged the analysis of different batches for this product to provide the following vitamin & mineral figures .\nprof . irene mueller - harvey of reading university also asked if mr davy had any information on faecal egg counts ( nematodes ) and mr . davy replied\nyes we have done one lot and the idea is to track through the year with some more tests\n.\nthank you for visiting british eventing . to enhance the security of our site we have made some changes which your browser will not support . to continue using our site please upgrade your browser .\ncookies are small text files held on your computer . they are used so that you can place orders and we can provide a better service . continue to use the site as normal if you ' re happy with this , or find out how to manage cookies .\nif this is your first visit , be sure to check out the faq by clicking the link above . you will need to register before you can post on the forum : click the register link above to proceed . to start viewing messages , select the forum that you want to visit from the selection below . you can also switch from viewing the ' full site ' ( desktop ) , or the ' mobile ' device version via the drop - down menu ( bottom / left of this page ) , and vice versa . to report a problem please use the contact us form at the foot of the full site version of the forum page .\nnot for horses but we are about to grow some for cattle this year . i would be concerned about the protein levels for horses unless they were in hard work or growing . also i think horses would graze it too close to the ground and would kill it which would make it an expensive annual plant ! try cotswold seeds for advice , i have always found them very helpful .\nmany thanks for your help . the horses here are a greedy bunch so grazing it to ground level might be a problem unless we can grown some at one end of the field and fence it off before it gets totally eaten away ! i ' m mostly just trying to introduce a wider range of grasses , herbs etc as some of the paddocks were previously used for grazing cattle . i ' ll talk with cotswold seeds as i see they have quite a wide range of seed mixes available .\npowered by vbulletin\u00ae version 4 . 2 . 3 copyright \u00a9 2018 vbulletin solutions , inc . all rights reserved .\nwest australian , the first winner of the english triple crown in 1853 . ( photo : 1853 painting by harry hall )\nthe names of the american triple crown winners are fairly common to most of us - secretariat , affirmed , citation , seattle slew , gallant fox , etc . while we might not know the intimate details of the career of every winner , most racing fans are familar with the horses themselves .\nacross the atlantic our friends in great britain are on the cusp of their first triple crown winner ( camelot ( gb ) ) since the great nijinsky ( or nijinky ii in the u . s . ) in 1970 . and while most of us are familiar with nijinsky , the other english champions are a bit more obscure . to help get you up to speed , i ' ve cultivated and summarized a summary of the winners of the english triple crown , from west australian to nijinsky .\nwest australian began his racing career by running in two races within a week in october of his juvenile season . he lost his debut but came back to win the glasgow stakes just days later . he began his three - year - old campaign in the 2 , 000 guineas at newmarket , winning by a half - length over sittingbourne . in the epsom derby , west australian faced a field of 28 horses winning by a neck over sittingbourne .\ngladiateur is the only french - bred winner of the english triple crown , and one of only three horses to sweep the series that weren ' t bred in great britain . sporting a career record of 19 - 16 - 0 - 1 , gladiateur is considered one of the best throgoubreds of his time . in addition to the english triple crown , gladiateur also won the grand prix de paris and the ascot gold cup .\ni don ' t have anything particularly interesting to add about lord lyon , but check out the newspaper summary of the 1866 epsom derby entitled the race for\nthe derby\n.\none of the great champions in thoroughbred racing history , ormonde never tasted defeat in 16 career races . so feared was ormonde that only two opponents entered to run against him in the st . james ' s palace stakes at royal ascot and he was sent to post as the 3 / 100 favorite . 3 / 100 . i wonder if there were any bridge - jumpers that day ?\normonde was devastating over any distance , winning races from six to 16 furlongs during his career . in addition to the english triple crown , ormonde won the champion stakes , the st . james ' s palace and the dewhurst .\ncommon was one of the more obscure winners of the triple crown in that he only raced five times in his career , winning four races and finishing third in the other . unraced as a two - year - old , the 2 , 000 guineas was the first race of his career , followed by the derby . after sweeping the first two legs of the triple crown , common went to royal ascot and won the st . james ' s palace stakes but tasted his first defeat in his next start , the eclipse stakes at sandown . common would finish his career by winning the st . leger and was retired shortly after the race .\nisinglass sported a sparkling 12 - 11 - 1 - 0 record in his career and won the princess of wales ' s stakes , eclipse stakes and ascot gold cup , in addition to the triple crown .\nthe sire of flying fox , orme , was sired by prior triple crown winner ormonde .\nfollowing his racing career , flying fox was a three - time leading sire in france ( 1904 , 1905 and 1913 ) .\nunlike many of his counterparts , diamond jubilee had one of the more uneven records of any triple crown winner at 16 - 6 - 4 - 1 . diamond jubilee was bred and owned by the prince of wales ( later king edward vii ) .\nrock sand sports one of the more distinguished careers of any english triple crown winner . in addition to his victories in the 2 , 000 guineas , epsom derby and st leger stakes , rock sand won the dewhurst , the st . james ' s palace stakes at royal ascot , the princess of wales ' s stakes and the jockey club stakes .\n1915 - pommern ( gb ) by polymelus ( gb ) out of a st . hilaire ( gb ) mare ( merry agnes ( gb ) )\npommern , gay crusader and gainsborough are the three winners of the english triple crown during world war i , when the series was altered significantly due to the ongoing hostilities in europe . all the races were run at newmarket and the conditions for the derby and st . leger differed from their historical norms . as a result , these three winners are generally not considered\ntrue\nwinners of the triple crown .\none of three non - great britain - bred horses to win the english triple crown ; bahram was bred by hh aga khan iii at the curragh in ireland .\nin addition to the triple crown , bahram won the st . james ' s palace stakes at royal ascot .\n1970 - nijinsky ( can ) ( or\nnijinsky ii\nin u . s . ) by northern dancer ( can ) out of a bull page mare ( flaming page ( can ) )\nnijinsky was one of the great race horses in the 20th century and one of the most important stallions in the last 50 years . in addition to the triple crown , nijinsky won the irish derby , the dewhurst and the king george vi and queen elizabeth stakes .\nnijinsky sired 1986 kentucky derby and 1987 breeders ' cup classic winner ferdinand , along with 1982 epsom derby winner golden fleece , 1986 epsom derby winner shahrastani , breeders ' cup mile winner royal academy , 2 , 000 guineas winner shadeed , and french derby winner caerleo n . that is one impressive resume .\nthis article has a component height of 41 . the sidebar size is long .\n\u00a9 2018 vox media , inc . all rights reserved sports data \u00a9 stats 2018\nthe term \u201cupset\u201d has been used in all sports . it i . . .\nman o\u2019 war , regarded as one of the two or three be . . .\ndoctype html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nthe legendary man o ' war , informally christened big red by racing fans , was foaled at the nursery stud in lexington , kentucky , shortly before midnight on march 29 , 1917 .\nhis dam was mahubah , a bay daughter of the english triple crown winner rock sand . bred in england , rock sand won that country ' s most coveted trio of races , the epsom derby , the 2 , 000 guineas , and the st . leger stakes , in 1903 , and then made headlines again in 1906 with his $ 125 , 000 pricetag when purchased by august belmont ii , who imported him into the united states .\nman o ' war ' s sire was the leading sire fair play , a golden chestnut sired by hastings , the infamously bad tempered belmont stakes winner of 1896 , and out of fairy gold . winner of england ' s woodcote stakes for two - year - old fillies , fairy gold was a daughter of the 1880 epsom derby winner bend or .\nwhen the two retired to stud , it was colin who found himself to be overshadowed , for his stud record paled in comparison to that of his old rival . in addition to man o ' war , fair play sired the accomplished horses display , mad play , chance shot , chance play , mad hatter , my play , ladkin , chatterton , stromboli , masda , sands of pleasure , and countless others , leading the american sires list in 1920 , 1924 , and 1927 .\nman o ' war was so dubbed by mrs . eleanor robson belmont , who traditionally named all of her husband ' s horses , including mahubah , whose name is arabic for ' good tidings ' . mrs . belmont originally wanted to call mahubah ' s colt\nmy man o ' war\nin honor of her husband ' s participation in world war i . when she sent the registration to new york , the first word was dropped and he was officially named man o ' war .\nmajor belmont had planned on racing the colt in his own colors , as he usually raced the horses he bred , but in 1918 belmont decided to sell his yearlings , feeling that his involvement in the war in europe would prevent him from racing them . therefore , after an attempt to sell them as a package failed , man o ' war and the other nursery stud youngsters were sent to saratoga ' s sale in august of 1918 .\nthe highest priced yearling at saratoga that summer was a blaze faced chestnut colt named golden broom , purchased by mrs . walter m . jeffords for $ 15 , 600 . her cousin , samuel doyle riddle , a textile manufacturer and former rider on the northeastern hunt circuit , paid a moderate $ 5 , 000 for man o ' war .\nthe reasons for riddle ' s purchase have been greatly debated , with numerous individuals claiming to have influenced the decision . what is known is that trainer louis feustel wanted a fair play colt , and also admired man o ' war ' s dam , mahubah , having trained her for belmont . it was said , probably with at least some truth , that riddle felt that man o ' war would surely make an excellent hunter , if he was not a successful racehorse .\nit was also said that sam riddle liked the way the colt ' s coat shone\nlike gold in the afternoon sunlight ,\nalthough this poetic legend seems at odds with claims that man o ' war was not prepared for the sale as carefully as his stablemates . belmont had considered holding man o ' war back from the sale , but had decided that keeping the best colt for himself might make a bad impression on potential buyers .\nhe fought like a tiger . he screamed with rage , and fought us so hard that it took several days before he could be handled with safety .\nwhile this description was very possibly an exaggeration , it was well known that man o ' war threw his rider while still at saratoga , and enjoyed at least fifteen minutes of freedom before he was captured .\nthree days after breaking his maiden the first time out , man o ' war went on to win the keene memorial , beating colin ' s son on watch by three lengths . he covered the sloppy five and a half furlongs in 1 : 05 3 / 5 .\nnext came the youthful stakes at jamaica . once again , on watch failed to catch him , and man o ' war was the two and a half length winner . it was only two days later that he went to post at aqueduct in the hudson stakes , and despite an impost of 130 pounds the story was no different . the big chestnut son of fair play won by a length and a half , and was quite obviously not running his hardest . in the july 5 tremont stakes , also at aqueduct , and also under 130 pounds , an extra furlong proved no challenge . man o ' war easily beat ralco by a length .\nafter a month off , man o ' war went to post at saratoga for the u . s . hotel stakes . for the third time he carried 130 pounds . big red wired the field , and h . p . whitney ' s upset could only get within two lengths of him . man o ' war ' s brilliance in these early juvenile stakes prompted comparisons to colin and sysonby .\nthen , on august 13 , 1919 man o ' war met payne whitney stable ' s upset and his old rival golden broom , who had since won the saratoga special , in saratoga ' s sanford memorial stakes . after a substitute starter sent the field off while he had his hindquarters to the barrier , man o ' war was working to make up lost ground when his rider , johnny loftus , sufferd an error in judgment , going to the inside , and the champion was boxed in . when he finally found racing room , it was a moment too late . the living legend had been upset by upset , losing by less than a half length and carrying fifteen pounds more than the winner , who in the race of his life had covered the six furlongs in 1 : 11 1 / 5 . willie knapp , who rode upset , described the race :\nwe ' d passed the quarter pole and were going to the eighth pole , i guess it was , and i heard something right behind me and i knew it was big red coming at me now . i looked back and there he was . johnny loftus was riding like a crazy man and he yelled at me , ` move out , willie ! i ' m coming through ! ' so i yelled back at him , ` take off ! take off me , bum , or i ' ll put you through the rail ! ' then i set down to riding and we won .\nstable employees claimed that man o ' war had nightmares for weeks after his only defeat , and he never lost again . golden broom developed a quarter crack , and was retired for the year after finishing third in the sanford memorial .\nman o ' war got even in the grand union hotel stakes , beating upset by a length with the highly regarded blazes third . he also won the hopeful stakes by four lengths and finished the season with a two and a half length victory over john p . grier in the belmont futurity .\nin 1920 , johnny loftus was denied a renewal of his jockey ' s license , possibly as a result of the controversy following the sanford memorial , and therefore man o ' war had a new regular rider in clarence kummer .\nman o ' war ' s three - year - old career began with a win over upset and wildair in the 1920 preakness stakes . to the great disappointment of racing fans , he had been kept out of the kentucky derby because samuel riddle disapproved of three - year - olds being asked to run a mile and a quarter so early in may . after setting a new american record of 1 : 35 4 / 5 for the mile in the withers stakes , big red took the belmont stakes by a stunning twenty lengths , breaking sir barton ' s american record in the process . man o ' war ' s time for the mile and three eighths was 2 : 14 1 / 5 .\nto keep his footing and rewarded the faithful gambler by easily scoring an eight length victory in the stuyvesant handicap . he had successfully given 32 pounds to runner up yellow hand .\nwhere man o ' war passed grier was preserved at aqueduct , called the\nman o ' war pole\nin honor of the event . man o ' war ' s time of 1 : 49 1 / 5 for the mile and an eighth was a new american record .\njohn p . grier did at least partially recover , and later beat the champion filly cleopatra in the aqueduct handicap while giving her sixteen pounds . he also won the edgemere and annapolis handicaps , and was widely considered the second best three year old of 1920 .\nafter the dwyer , man o ' war won the miller stakes by six lengths and in the travers stakes he beat upset by two and a half lengths , with john p . grier third , and covered the mile and a quarter in 2 : 01 4 / 5 without any difficulty , despite high weight of 129 pounds . the whitney horses carried 123 and 115 , respectively ."]}
{"id": 469, "summary": [{"text": "metadiaptomus is a genus of crustacean in the family diaptomidae , containing the following species : metadiaptomus aethiopicus ( daday , 1910 ) metadiaptomus alluaudi ( guerne & richard , 1890 ) metadiaptomus asiaticus ( ulyanin , 1875 ) metadiaptomus capensis ( g. o. sars , 1907 ) metadiaptomus chevreuxi ( guerne & richard , 1895 ) metadiaptomus colonialis ( douwe , 1914 ) metadiaptomus gauthieri brehm , 1949 metadiaptomus lobulifer ( rylov , 1927 ) metadiaptomus mauretanicus kiefer & roy , 1942 metadiaptomus meridianus ( douwe , 1912 ) metadiaptomus purcelli ( g. o. sars , 1907 ) metadiaptomus transvaalensis methuen , 1910 metadiaptomus vandouwei ( kiefer , 1930 )", "topic": 26}], "title": "metadiaptomus", "paragraphs": ["embed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - metadiaptomus ( metadiaptomus capensis )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - metadiaptomus ( metadiaptomus capensis )\ntitle =\narkive species - metadiaptomus ( metadiaptomus capensis )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\ninformation on metadiaptomus capensis is being researched and written and will appear here shortly .\nmetadiaptomus capensis is classified as vulnerable ( vu ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .\nworms - world register of marine species - metadiaptomus purcelli ( sars g . o . , 1907 )\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive photo - < i > metadiaptomus capensis < / i >\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive photo - < i > metadiaptomus capensis < / i >\ntitle =\narkive photo - < i > metadiaptomus capensis < / i >\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nupdated locality records of species of metadiaptomus and tropodiaptomus on the african continent confirm the generally disjunct distribution of these two taxa as recognised by dumont ( 1980 ) in north africa . distributional data for southern africa reveal little range overlap between these two genera . apart from two south western cape taxa , species of metadiaptomus are largely confined to upland , higher latitude , semi - arid or arid warm subtemperate regions , while species of tropodiaptomus generally occupy moist , lower - lying , lower latitude subtropical regions . separation along latitudinal and / or altitudinal axes implicates temperature as a controlling factor , while separation on the precipitation axis suggests the importance of habitat permanence . using a multiple regression equation derived for african waters to predict water temperature from latitude and altitude , it is shown that the two genera tend to separate around the 20 \u00b0c mean annual temperature isotherm . additional factors influencing distribution ( habitat permanence , water quality , competition and predation ) are discussed .\nwalter , t . c . & boxshall , g . ( 2018 ) . world of copepods database .\nwalter , chad . the world of copepods . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of paradiaptomus colonialis ( douwe , 1914 ) ) walter , chad . the world of copepods . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of diaptomus colonialis douwe , 1914 ) walter , chad . the world of copepods . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of paradiaptomus asiaticus ( ulyanin , 1875 ) ) walter , chad . the world of copepods . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of diaptomus asiaticus uljanin , 1875 ) walter , chad . the world of copepods . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of diaptomus purcelli sars g . o . , 1907 ) sars , g . o . ( 1907 ) . on two new species of the genus diaptomus from south africa . archiv f\u00f6r matematik og naturvidenskab , christiana 28 ( 8 ) : 1 - 17 , pls . 1 - 2 . [ details ]\n( of diaptomus purcelli sars g . o . , 1907 ) walter , chad . the world of copepods . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\ndepth range based on 8 specimens in 4 taxa . environmental ranges depth range ( m ) : 52 - 52 note : this information has not been validated . check this * note * . your feedback is most welcome .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken\nmatthew bird freshwater research unit zoology dept university of cape town 7707 rhodes gift western cape south africa tel : + 27 721760102 matthew . bird @ urltoken\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s species and habitats from destruction .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa\nallanson , b . r . , r . c . hart , j . h . o ' keeffe & r . d . robarts , 1990 . inland waters of southern africa : an ecological perspective . kluwer academic publishers , dordrecht , 458 pp .\nbailey , h . p . , 1960 . a method of determining the warmth and temperateness of climate . geogr . annaler , 42 : 1\u201316 .\nb\u0103an\u0103arescu , r . , 1990 . zoogeography of fresh waters , 1 . general distribution and dispersal of freshwater animals . aula - verlag , wiesbaden , 511 pp .\nbegon , m . , j . l . harper & c . r . reynolds , 1990 . ecology . individuals , populations and communities . 2nd edn . , blackwell scientific publications , boston , 945 pp .\nburgis , m . j . & j . j . symoens ( eds ) , 1987 . african wetlands and shallow water bodies . directory . orstom , paris . travaux et documents no . 211 , 650 pp .\ndumont , h . j . , 1980 . zooplankton and the science of biogeography : the example of africa . in w . c . kerfoot ( ed . ) , evolution and ecology of zooplankton communities . the university press of new england , hanover ( n . h . ) ; lond . : 685\u2013696 .\ndumont , h . j . & h . m . verheye , 1984 . the nature and origin of the crustacean zooplankton of sahelian africa , with a note on the limnomedusa . hydrobiologia 113 : 313\u2013325 .\ndussart , b . , 1989 . crustac\u00e9s cop\u00e9podes calano\u00efdes des eaux int\u00e9rieures africaines . crustaceana , supplement 15 : 1\u2013205 .\ndussart , b . & d . defaye , 1983 . r\u00e9pertoire mondial des crustac\u00e9s cop\u00e9podes des eaux int\u00e9rieures . i . calano\u00efdes . c . n . r . s . , paris , 224 pp .\ngreen , j . , 1990 . zooplankton associations in zimbabwe . j . zool . , lond . 222 : 259\u2013283 .\nhart , r . c . , 1985 . seasonality of aquatic invertebrates in lowlatitude and southern hemisphere inland waters . hydrobiologia 125 : 151\u2013178 .\nhutchinson , g . e . , 1967 . a treatise on limnology , 2 . j . wiley & sons , n . y . , 1115 pp .\nhutchinson , g . e . , g . e . pickford & j . f . m . schuurman , 1932 . a contribution to the hydrobiology of pans and other inland waters of south africa . arch . hydrobiol . 24 : 1\u2013154 .\nlabarbera , m . c . & p . kilham , 1974 . the chemical ecology of copepod distribution in the lakes of east and central africa . limnol . oceanogr . 19 : 459\u2013465 .\nnoble , r . g . & j . hemens , 1978 . inland water ecosystems in south africa \u2014 a review of research needs . south african national scientific programmes report 34 : 1\u2013150 .\nrayner , n . a . , 1990 . the freshwater diaptomidae ( calanoida : copepoda ) of southern africa . unpublished ph . d . thesis , university of natal , pietermaritzburg , 219 pp .\nrayner , n . a . & j . heeg , 1994 . distribution patterns of the diaptomidae ( calanoida : copepoda ) in southern africa . hydrobiologia 272 / dev . hydrobiol . 92 : 47\u201375 .\nstra\u0161kraba , m . , 1980 . the effects of physical variables on freshwater production : analyses based on models . in e . d . le cren & r . h . lowe - mcconnell ( eds ) , the functioning of freshwater ecosystems . cambridge university press , london : 13\u201384 .\nstuckenberg , b . r . , 1969 . effective temperature as an ecological factor in southern africa . zool . afr . 4 : 145\u2013197 .\nvan schalkwyk , d . j . & r . d . walmsley , 1984 . prediction of surface water temperature of south african impoundments . j . limnol . soc . sth . afr . 10 : 57\u201361 .\nwalmsley , r . d . & m . butty ( eds ) , 1980 . limnology of some selected south african impoundments . water research commission and national institute for water research collaborative report , v & r printing works , pretoria , 229 pp .\nwilliams , w . d . , ( 1988 ) limnological imbalances : an antipodean viewpoint . freshwat . biology 20 : 407\u2013420 ."]}
{"id": 471, "summary": [{"text": "afleet alex ( born may 9 , 2002 in florida ) is an american thoroughbred race horse who , in 2005 , won two of america 's classic races , the preakness stakes and the belmont stakes .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "he is owned by the cash is king stable partnership , was trained by tim ritchey and was ridden by jeremy rose .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "in twelve lifetime starts , alex won eight times ( six times in stakes , three times in g1 stakes ) , placed twice ( both in g1 stakes ) , and came in third once ( in the kentucky derby ) over 12 starts , for lifetime earnings of $ 2,765,800 . ", "topic": 14}], "title": "afleet alex", "paragraphs": ["alex ' s lemonade stand foundation and afleet alex have an important message : dream big . # preakness\nfollowing are photos of afleet alex and tapit taken on that beautiful may morning .\nafleet alex was named in honor of his sire , northern afleet , and three of the children of his owners who shared the name or nickname \u201calex . \u201d\nthe owners of thoroughbred racehorse afleet alex invite alex ' s parents to set up a lemonade stand at the kentucky derby . a few weeks later , afleet alex goes on to win the preakness stakes despite a dramatic stumble , bringing more attention to alex ' s story .\nwatching from the stands , tim richey , afleet alex ' s trainer , feared the worst .\nalex\u2019s lemonade stand is a registered service mark of alex ' s lemonade stand foundation .\nthe training regimen of top kentucky derby candidate afleet alex is unlike that of most horses in north america .\nin his racing career , afleet alex faced many obstacles . two heart - breakingly narrow losses and a lung infection\nafleet alex is relatively early in a long stud career at gainesway , now run by antony beck following his father\u2019s death in 2010 . afleet alex has the chance to match the output of his own sire , taylor made\u2019s veteran northern afleet , who has what some might call a \u201csneaky good\u201d r\u00e9sum\u00e9 , with 6 percent stakes winners through 12 crops of racing age . afleet alex is northern afleet\u2019s best offspring , but northern afleet also has sired champions amazombie and negligee , as well as multiple grade 1 winners evening jewel and teaks north .\nafleet alex is outcrossed through five generations . he is a full brother to grade ii - placed stakes winner unforgettable max\nthat summer afleet alex won his first race at delaware park by 11 lengths and his second by 12 . ritchey immediately began charting a schedule of top races for alex .\nafleet alex\u2019s triumphant display in the 2005 belmont stakes came as a timely reminder of his potential , and perhaps what might have been . as far as performances in the belmont stakes , few matched afleet alex\u2019s seven length demolition of a field .\nritchey said he does get some double takes in the mornings with afleet alex , who is currently training at churchill downs .\nscrappy t responded by bounding sideways right into the path of afleet alex , who clipped his heels . somehow , afleet alex managed to get his left front leg under him as his right splayed out in front of him ; somehow , jockey jeremy rose stayed aboard . somehow , afleet alex was back in full flight within a few strides and strode away to win brilliantly .\nchuck zacney will be watching the derby at the oaks turf club . one of afleet alex ' five owners , zacney had a great alex thrill last saturday when alex ' s son , 24 - 1 shot afleet again , won the withers stakes at aqueduct . zacney ' s cash is king stable happens to own afleet again , so that was not a vicarious thrill .\ncount kiaran mclaughlin , whose horse closing argument finished half a length in front of afleet alex in the derby but about 26 lengths behind him in the preakness , among alex\u2019s great admirers .\nthe public seemed to agree . afleet alex was the favorite for the historic preakness stakes . the race seemed to unfold perfectly . jockey jeremy rose and afleet alex waited patiently toward the back of the pack , saving energy . then with just a nudge from rose , the colt unleashed a furious burst of speed at the top of the stretch . but just as afleet alex was sailing into the lead , another horse suddenly , unexpectedly shied outward , directly into afleet alex\u2019s path . his legs tangled with afleet alex , who tripped and went to his knees . the colt\u2019s nose was in the dirt , and rose seemed about to pitch forward to the ground .\nlukas bids on a horse ' s confirmation . bloodlines are secondary . the colt just happened to be a son of afleet alex .\nalex and the amazing lemonade stand , a children ' s book telling alex ' s story , is published . it was written by alex ' s parents , liz and jay scott , and illustrated by alex ' s aunt pam howard .\niotapa , winner of last week ' s clement hirsch at del mar , is the third grade 1 winner sired by champion afleet alex .\nafleet alex has produced horses that seem to get better with age , and they can excel on any surface . photo : coglianese / nyra\nafleet alex opened up his sophomore season with a stakes win at oaklawn park in the mountain valley stakes at 6f . prepping for the derby , ritchey sent afleet alex in the rebel stakes ( g3 ) and the arkansas derby ( g1 ) before his start in the derby .\nsoon after his retirement , cash is king announced a deal with gainesway farm in lexington , kentucky . prominent breeder and owner jess jackson , who purchased afleet alex\u2019s dam maggy hawk , bought an interest in afleet alex\u2019s breeding career and assisted cash is king partners in choosing gainesway .\nwith better racing luck , afleet alex might have been the first breeders\u2019 cup juvenile / triple crown winner . the son of northern afleet finished second in the 2004 breeders\u2019 cup juvenile behind wilko after a tough , wide trip . a year later in the kentucky derby , afleet alex was wide around both turns before shifting to the inside where he just missed by a length . the 2005 preakness showcased afleet alex\u2019s athleticism when the colt was brought to his knees after clipping the heels of scrappy t in deep stretch after that colt ducked from the whip . despite the mishap , afleet alex gathered himself and powered to a 4 \u00bd length victory .\npart of afleet alex ' s earnings and merchandising proceeds were donated to alex ' s lemonade stand , a fundraising effort for juvenile cancer research started by cancer patient alexandra scott that raised some $ 3 . 5 million in 2005 thanks to publicity generated by afleet alex . afleet alex ' s owners and trainer also visited juvenile cancer wards in louisville , baltimore and new york city prior to the colt ' s triple crown races . cash is king stable ' s activities on behalf of alex ' s lemonade stand were honored by the 2005 special eclipse award .\nafleet alex ' s preakness victory was voted the \u201cmoment of the year\u201d for 2005 by the national thoroughbred racing association . it also ranked # 54\nafleet alex won his first two starts by a combined 23 \u00bc lengths at delaware park . from there , he was pointed to graded stakes .\nthough she never met afleet alex , her daughter would have hugged him , scott said :\nalex loved animals . shortly before she died , we went to a horse show and walked through the stables .\nafleet alex resides at gainesway farm , and it was great seeing him again on a sunny , breezy afternoon the day before this year\u2019s kentucky derby .\nafleet alex ( left ) , with regular jockey jeremy rose up , takes a light jog alongside trainer tim ritchey on monday morning at churchill downs .\nritchey ' s playbook will be put to the ultimate test next month , when afleet alex meets the best of his generation in the kentucky derby .\nhelped by afleet alex , alex scott\u2019s dream of raising $ 1 million to benefit pediatric cancer research has now exceeded $ 2 million . alex\u2019s lemonade stand foundation has funded dozens of grants that are helping researchers fight childhood cancer . but even that is not the end of the story .\nwhen the owners of afleet alex heard the story of alex scott and her lemonade stand , they thought of their friend john silvertand and his fight against cancer , and knew right away that they wanted to use the colt\u2019s star power to benefit the cause of cancer research . chuck zacney , the managing partner , announced that every time afleet alex did well in a race , they would donate a portion of his winnings to alex\u2019s lemonade stand . they also donated profits from the sale of afleet alex gear , and used the colt\u2019s popular website and media interviews to promote alex\u2019s lemonade stand . they even convinced the racetracks where afleet alex was appearing to sponsor alex\u2019s lemonade stands . the kentucky derby , the preakness , and the belmont stakes all featured alex\u2019s lemonade stands , spotlighted by nbc and espn . on belmont stakes day , 30 racetracks throughout the u . s . held stands in her name , raising tens of thousands of dollars .\nchildren ' s hospital of philadelphia ( alex ' s hospital ) names its oncology day hospital the\nalex scott day hospital .\nritchey trained afleet alex to one of the best 3 - year - old seasons of the previous decade , a campaign that came on the heels of triple crown runs from regional heroes funny cide in 2003 and smarty jones in 2004 , and he would add his own mark on the triple crown races . bred in florida by john martin silvertand , afleet alex was by multiple grade 2 winner northern afleet , at the time an unproven sire . afleet alex was a full brother to one of northern afleet\u2019s few stakes - winning horses to that point , unforgettable max , both being out of the hawkster mare maggy hawk .\nin the champagne , afleet alex missed the win by about a half - length to proud accolade ( yes it\u2019s true ) . the breeders\u2019 cup juvenile should have been an easy race for the colt , but afleet alex was out finished by longshot wilko ( awesome again ) by \u00be of a length . afleet alex finished the year with four wins and two seconds in six starts . he was ready to head down the road to the kentucky derby .\nafleet alex ( truenicks , sro ) : conformation , left , and nearly falling before winning the 2005 preakness stakes ( gr . i , video ) .\nchuck zacney , one of the owners of afleet alex , then a spirited 2 - year - old , was among those moved to contribute in 2004 .\ni cannot say whether afleet alex is guided by the spirit of little alex scott . but i would have to say that i witnessed a miracle . that a 4 - year - old child dying of cancer started a charity\nchuck zacney , managing partner of the cash is king syndicate , which owns afleet alex , said he has great confidence in the training route ritchey has taken .\nwe wanted to continue alex ' s work , but how would we keep people interested ?\nsaid liz scott , her mother .\nthen [ racehorse ] afleet alex comes along and takes it to another whole level .\nin the preakness , after angling his colt to the rail at the start , jeremy rose kept afleet alex well behind the pace . he made a bold move around the second turn while circling much of the field . when he was about to pass pacesetter scrappy t at the head of the stretch , scrappy t veered out directly in the path of the fast - moving afleet alex . afleet alex stumbled and nearly fell but miraculously recovered , regained his feet , and won going away .\nafleet alex\u2019s offspring aren\u2019t noted as win - early types . he has 13 % lifetime two year old winners , which is average . his babies are slower developing types and although the occasional sprinter will crop up , shorter distances really aren\u2019t their forte . afleet alex\u2019s babies are most competitive at seven furlongs to 1 1 / 8 miles , and four of his offspring have won stakes races at classic distances , including travers hero afleet express . afleet alex\u2019s progeny are at home on dirt , mud and to a lesser extent , turf and various synthetics . afleet alex is enjoying a resurgence in popularity . his son texas red won the breeders\u2019 cup juvenile last year and looked like an excellent prospect for this year\u2019s kentucky derby trail before he was injured .\nthree weeks later at the belmont stakes , along with tens of thousands of racing fans across the nation , i made a donation and enjoyed a glass of lemonade at alex\u2019s lemonade stand . i could hardly wait to see what afleet alex would do next . he did not disappoint . i got goosebumps as afleet alex powered to the lead with a dramatic rush . as the courageous little horse sped past me on the way to a seven length victory , i shouted , \u201cfly , alex , fly ! \u201d i\u2019m not sure which alex i meant .\ndancing afleet\u2019s rapid improvement at delaware park in the past six weeks gave him another graded stakes winner , and she could develop into a top horse for afleet alex , although she has yet to be tested against the nation\u2019s top 3 - year - old fillies .\nafleet alex had his greatest accomplishment in what would be the final start of his career , the belmont stakes . the bay demolished a field of ten rivals , including kentucky derby winner giacomo , by seven lengths . was the rest of the field that bad or was afleet alex that good ? the colt\u2019s final quarter of : 24 . 50 was the fastest since 1969\u2019s hero arts and letters . secretariat got his last quarter in : 25 flat . his exploits earned afleet alex three year old championship honors .\nstallion feature ; the \u201clittle superhorse , \u201d afleet alex : \u201cscrappy t blew the turn and afleet alex ! jeremy rose almost fell out of the saddle ! a dramatic occurrence at the top of the stretch ! \u201d tom durkin couldn\u2019t have called the almost catastrophic event in the 2005 preakness stakes ( g1 ) any better . afleet alex is likely best remembered for his preakness victory . the \u201clittle superhorse\u201d went to his knees at the top of the pimlico homestretch , yet managed to gather himself , and in a flash , was five lengths in front of scrappy t . afleet alex went on to win the belmont stakes ( g1 ) in even more impressive fashion before retiring prematurely .\nthe kentucky derby could have easily had a different outcome had afleet alex not gotten blocked in on the rail and had instead been on the outside , but finished third behind 50 - 1 shot giacomo and closing argument , was not a bad result . tim ritchey sent jeremy rose and afleet alex to the preakness , in search of redemption .\nafleet alex , why would you slam that back , when pete is offering seriously thought out , good advice ? why would you think afleex alex ' s fee will rise ? it could easily slump also . this is a very tricky game . to consider spending $ 40 , 000 on a stud fee , the mare needs to be worth $ 120 - 160k . if afleet alex ' s offspring do not run as expected , his fee will drop . he may fall eventually into the range where you could actually afford to buy a mare that would be justified in breeding to afleet alex .\ncoincidentally , the day before the preakness , afleet alex\u2019s jockey , jeremy rose , said of the colt , \u201cthis horse will run on broken glass if i ask him . \u201d\nit all happened so quickly , yet the horrific image of afleet alex nearly falling after clipping heels will remain embedded in the memory , forever teetering on the edge of disaster .\nas the time approached for afleet alex to resume training , ritchey , 53 , decided he would toy with a philosophy he used years ago with a horse named general g .\nalso included in the afleet alex story is\nalex ' s lemonade stand ,\nstarted by 4 - year - old alexandra\nalex\nscott , who had been diagnosed with a form of juvenile cancer . prior to her death last august , she opened a lemonade stand to raise money for her hospital and for cancer research . it reached people all over the world , eventually raising close to $ 1 . 7 million . afleet alex ' cash is king stable partners , touched by the story , have donated a portion of the colt ' s earnings to alex ' s lemonade stand .\nafleet alex came off the winter layoff to win a 6 - furlong race in an impressive 1 : 09 2 / 5 at oaklawn . two weeks later , on march 19 , he came back and ran the worst race of his life in the rebel . heading into the race , the owners wanted a high - profile jockey . though jeremy rose had ridden afleet alex for every race of his career , john velazquez , the nation\u2019s top rider in 2004 , got the mount for the rebel stakes . afleet alex finished dead last .\nafleet alex ' s owners had been modest when they said their horse was\npretty good .\ntheir horse was invited to the kentucky derby in 2005 and the scotts were invited to set up a lemonade stand there .\njust like that , alex ' s lemonade stand foundation ( alsf ) was on the world ' s stage .\nafleet alex and jockey jeremy rose stumbled on the final turn of the preakness , miraculously afleet alex was able to regain his footing and go on to win exemplifying the true determination of a champion \u2013 getting back up and fighting , no matter what challenges lay ahead . this spirit has continued to be a core part of alex ' s lemonade stand foundation .\nthat same day , in saratoga springs , new york , a young thoroughbred horse won his first major race , the sanford stakes . his name was alex , too : afleet alex . it was clear from his impressive victory that afleet alex was no ordinary racehorse , but a potential champion . gifted with unusual stamina , intelligence , and athletic grace , the plucky little horse won races , a growing number of fans , and media attention .\nin truth , breeders have never really warmed up to afleet alex , perhaps partly because of his rather unfashionable pedigree . afleet alex is the best of 72 stakes winners by his sire , northern afleet , a powerfully built miler who was a decent sire in the united states but a very good one on shuttle journeys to brazil , where he led the sire list in 2013 . afleet alex\u2019s dam , maggy hawk , by the undistinguished sire hawkster , also produced his full brother , the stakes winner unforgettable max , and her dam was the grade 1 winner qualique , by hawaii , but the next dam was by the unfashionable sensitivo . none of those names was appealing to fashion - conscious kentucky breeders , and afleet alex , though well made , is not the most imposing individual . his stud career has suffered as a consequence .\nafleet alex made his stakes debut on one of the toughest circuits for 2 - year - olds , at saratoga springs in new york . he won the sanford in stakes record time and offers reportedly as high as $ 2 million followed . cash is king had no intention of selling and turned down all offers . afleet alex followed his sanford with a win in the hopeful , also at saratoga . afleet alex closed his 2 - year - old season with two close second place finishes in the champagne at belmont park and the breeders\u2019 cup juvenile .\nafleet alex was sired by northern afleet from the prominent raise a native sire line . northern afleet had five career wins from 21 starts , including three graded stakes wins in california at distances from seven furlongs to 1 \u00bd miles . he was grade 1 placed in the malibu stakes at santa anita and the met mile at belmont park . afleet alex\u2019s dam , maggy hawk , was out of the sire hawkster , who earned $ 1 . 5 million during his career with three grade 1 stakes wins . he also set the world record for 12 furlongs at santa anita .\nafleet alex was sent off as the second choice behind bellamy road in the 2005 kentucky derby . he was among three horses in deep stretch whose nose touched the lead , but he could only manage a third - place finish behind longshot winner giacomo and even longer shot closing argument . afleet alex\u2019s next race came in the preakness at pimlico , just a few miles from the timonium sales pavilion where he was purchased by ritchey and cash is king . the second leg of the triple crown for afleet alex is the race all remember when recalling his career .\na less - than - spectacular 2009 was followed by a better 2010 for afleet alex\u2019s first crop , highlighted by afleet express\u2019s nose win in the travers . that colt had emerged in late spring with sharp wins in an allowance race at belmont and the grade 3 pegasus , along with a rough - trip third in the jim dandy . but like his sire , he would not race again after his career - defining win , in this case due to a suspensory ligament injury . afleet express stands at gainesway alongside afleet alex , and his first foals are yearlings of 2013 .\ntoday , afleet alex is living the good life , retired to a horse farm in kentucky , but i will never be able to thank that horse enough for what he did for the foundation , and for our family . this saturday , may 2 , a special horse will be in the field at the kentucky derby - materiality . what makes this horse special , his sire is none other than afleet alex . ten years after afleet alex took two out of three of the triple crown races , i cannot think of a better tribute to that special time in our lives than to see afleet alex ' s legacy continue , along with our daughter alex ' s . icing on the cake - we will be setting up a lemonade stand at the preakness this year , and know there will be signs of our alexs everywhere .\n[ afleet alex ' s ] place in horse racing lore was established at that year ' s preakness . after another horse veered into his path , their heels clipped , and afleet alex dropped almost to his knees , his nose inches from the dirt , his jockey , jeremy rose , barely hanging on . it was a feat of athleticism for both horse and jockey . instead of going down , afleet alex regained his footing and roared off to a 43 / 4 - length victory .\nhe did something champions do ,\nrose said after the race .\nthough he was the second betting choice in the derby , afleet alex finished third . the 2005 kentucky derby belonged to 50\u20131 giacomo and mike smith , while 71\u20131 long shot closing argument finished second . afleet alex finished third by a length . afterwards , of jeremy rose\u2019s ride , ritchey said , \u201che did everything right . he took the horse through traffic to give him the opportunity to win . the other two horses were just a little better . \u201d now , it was on to the preakness for afleet alex , where the horse would soon become a legend .\nsoon after , the horse ' s owners offered a percentage of his winnings to alex ' s cause , and contributions took off . so did afleet alex ' s career . there was an alex ' s lemonade stand at the kentucky derby , where the horse finished third , and others at the preakness and belmont stakes , where he won both races .\nafleet alex is currently active . his progeny tend to stay better than those of the average american sire but typically need time to mature . he stands at gainesway farm , lexington , kentucky .\non alex ' s 9th birthday , alex ' s lemonade stand foundation for childhood cancer is officially established , dedicated to funding and finding cures for all children battling cancer .\nalsf reaches the $ 80 million fundraising mark\u2014surpassing alex\u2019s original goal by $ 79 million .\nafter the belmont , ritchey intended to take afleet alex back to saratoga and point to the travers stakes . however , in late july , ritchey announced that his colt had undergone surgery to repair a small fracture . even with this setback , cash is king hoped for a return in the fall with a goal of running in the breeders\u2019 cup . in october , afleet alex\u2019s fracture had not fully healed . in december , when a test revealed a degeneration of bone in his fractured leg , a condition that increased the possibility of another break , afleet alex was retired to stud .\nlouisville , ky . - the last race of smarty jones ' brilliant career was on june 5 , 2004 . exactly 21 days later , 2 - year - old afleet alex made his debut .\nalex has sired a number of top - class horses , including travers stakes winner afleet express , who also stands at gainesway , and afleet again , winner of the breeders\u2019 cup marathon and withers stakes . in all he has sired 10 graded stakes winners , 23 black type stakes winners , and two champions .\nafleet alex was a star from the beginning . he wasn\u2019t the most expensive horse in any of the sales , but once trainer tim ritchey got his hands on the northern afleet colt , things just went right . from the beginning , the colt knew how to win . afleet alex started his career at delaware park in a 5 . 5f maiden special weight , which he won easily . from there , the colt won an allowance at delaware before shipping to saratoga to run with the big boys . in his two graded stakes races at saratoga , the 6f sanford ( g2 ) and the 7f hopeful ( g1 ) , afleet alex went to belmont to start in the g1 champagne on a four race win streak .\njust days before her first birthday , alex is diagnosed with neuroblastoma , a childhood cancer .\nalsf starts team lemon , a charity race program supporting alex ' s lemonade stand foundation .\nten years later , reflecting back on afleet alex and the national prominence alsf gained because of the horse and his owners , it ' s hard to overstate how important it was to the foundation . afleet alex ' s story will be highlighted during this year ' s preakness coverage , with josh elliott interviewing liz and jay scott . tune in to preakness coverage on nbc on saturday , may 16 to watch .\nnobody could live with afleet alex\u2019s devastating turn of foot . his lead increased with every stride , running the final quarter mile in : 24 . 50 , the fastest closer since arts and letters in 1969 .\nat the top of the stretch , he was set to engage the long - shot leader scrappy t when that rival suddenly ducked out , causing afleet alex to clip heels , stumble and nearly go down .\nalexandra\nalex\nscott , future founder of alex ' s lemonade stand foundation , is born in connecticut to parents liz & jay scott . she is the second of four children .\nafleet alex was a talented , ultra - consistent competitor and as game and determined as any horse who ever looked through a bridle . he proved all that and more with his rather miraculous victory in the preakness .\nafleet alex , the champion 3 - year - old male of 2005 , has settled into a steady stallion career at gainesway in lexington , ky . , though he has yet to sire a true breakout horse .\nit was clear that day the similarities between my daughter and afleet alex , they both showed spirit and strength to overcome adversity and race on . when the final day of the triple crown came , the belmont stakes , our immediate family couldn ' t be there , so alex ' s grandparents , aunts and uncles completed the\ntriple crown\nof lemonade stands at the race . you see , we had a prior commitment , it was the same date as alex ' s\noriginal\nlemonade stand . this would be the very first stand we would hold without alex , and while there were tears shed that day , afleet alex gave us hope for the future . when post time finally arrived , we were still cleaning up from the lemonade stand , but we all huddled inside of the elementary school where alex ' s stand is held and watched on a tv provided for just this purpose . as we anxiously awaited the outcome , afleet alex seemed to have run out of luck staying in the middle of the pack until the last turn . but then , life found his feet and afleet alex took off once again , leaving the field in his dust . he won again by many lengths , showing the spirit of our alex , to never give up , and that it is never too late to make the difference .\nthe race was also notable for colts from the first crop sired by afleet alex ( truenicks , sro ) taking first and second here , with withers stakes ( gr . iii ) winner afleet again taking second . adding in last year\u2019s hopeful stakes ( gr . i ) victor dublin \u2013 also grade i - placed this year \u2013 afleet alex now has three u . s . graded winners among his seven first crop stakes winners . to make the weekend even brighter , afleet alex\u2019s second crop was represented by sharp - looking belmont park maiden winner commonwealth rush ( dam by forest wildcat ) on friday , and avatar day ( out of a salt lake ( truenicks , sro ) mare ) was second in the premio primi passi ( gr . iii ) in italy .\nafter an easy win in the six - furlong mountain valley at oaklawn to start his 3 - year - old season , afleet alex stopped badly in the grade 3 southwest , backing up to finish last in the six - horse field . diagnosed after the race with a lung infection , afleet alex recovered in time for the arkansas derby , where all doubts about his ability were put to rest when he won by eight lengths .\nunfortunately , alex never raced again after suffering a fracture . when he was operated on , veterinarian patty hogan said she had to go through several drill heads because alex\u2019s bone was so hard .\nalex announces she is going to raise $ 1 million to help all children battling childhood cancer .\nfrom there it was on to historic saratoga race course . he \u201cdrew away when aroused\u201d and beat 10 other horses in the grade ii sanford , winning by over five lengths . next , afleet alex won the grade i hopeful on august 21 , 2004 . it was race 9 , right before the alabama where society selection would eventually win over ashado . afleet alex was bumped in the early stages by consiladator but eventually recovered and launched a rally going four - wide . the equibase chart report states that afleet alex \u201cfinished with a flurry to wear down devils disciple . \u201d he won by a neck and headed to belmont park as an undefeated horse .\nafleet alex , as was his custom , had already been out for his customary jog around the belmont oval , and was now back for his usual second tour of the track , this time for a stiff gallop .\nafleet alex began his second season with an easy victory in the six - furlong mountain valley stakes at oaklawn but ran the only bad race of his career in the grade 3 rebel stakes , finishing sixth , beaten 12 1 / 2 lengths by greater good . afleet alex recovered quickly from the lung infection behind that poor performance and booked his ticket to the kentucky derby with an eight - length romp in the grade 2 arkansas derby .\nafleet alex , who has more graded earnings than any other 3 - year - old racing , trains twice a day in a routine that has been followed three to four times a week since january . trainer tim ritchey , who devised the plan over the winter , divides afleet alex ' s training into two sessions . he has him jog when the track first opens , then brings him back later in the morning for a gallop . most horses go to the track once a day , but ritchey ' s approach , which he doesn ' t use with other horses in his stable , is custom made to balance fitness with contentment for afleet alex .\nafleet alex came out of the preakness incident with only a slight scrape on his left front ankle . \u201ci would like to see afleet alex run a stalking race and make one good three - eighths - mile run , \u201d ritchey said . \u201ci think he has a tremendous shot to win the belmont because he rates so well . he\u2019ll relax behind horses - sit , sit , sit - and when jeremy asks him , he\u2019ll make that big kick . \u201d heading in to the belmont stakes , the 1 1 / 2 - mile distance is always the big question . trainer tim ritchey believed he had afleet alex ready to go the distance . to jeremy rose , the distance wasn\u2019t daunting when you had a superior horse like afleet alex . \u201cif the preakness were a mile and a half , \u201d asked rose , \u201chow many do you think we\u2019d have won by ? \u201d\nso america ' s top two runners did no better than round out their divisional superfectas , with afleet alex behind hurricane run , motivator , and shamardal among the 3 - year - olds and saint liam in arrears of ghostzapper , azamour , and westerner in the elder division . in all , only five americans - ghostzapper , saint liam , afleet alex , leroidesanimaux , and roses in may - made the hemisphere ' s top 20 .\nit ' s really working out for alex ,\nsaid zacney .\ni give tim all the credit in the world . he picked the horse out . he ' s been his baby , his project , and he loves alex , and alex is thriving because of it .\nwhile afleet alex did not win the kentucky derby ( he came in a respectable third place ) , the kentucky derby provided us with an amazing opportunity to expose alex ' s lemonade stand to new people , and as an added bonus , the horse racing and sports media began covering the story of the two alexs .\nwhen afleet alex\u2019s career took off , no one was more excited than silvertand . diagnosed with colon cancer , and given only two months to live , silvertand elected to discontinue chemotherapy and leave it \u201cin god\u2019s hands\u201d so that he could fully enjoy afleet alex\u2019s triumphs . \u201cthe horse keeps me going , \u201d silvertand told the associated press . \u201ci truly believe he\u2019s helping me in my battle . \u201d silvertand has now survived nearly three years since his diagnosis .\nthe pace was slow and steady early on , set by longshot pinpoint . cautioned about making a move too early , jeremy rose tucked afleet alex to eighth on the inside right , saving ground for the run - in .\nin saturday ' s kentucky derby , the auxiliary starting gate will include no . 17 dublin , a son of afleet alex . in the next stall , no . 18 will be backtalk , a son of smarty jones .\nour founder alexandra \u201calex\u201d scott gave us our mission : to find cures for all children battling cancer .\nkristen thompson , left , and terese brittingham at alex ' s lemonade stand at pimlico race course .\nthis is smarty ' s second crop of 3 - year - olds , alex ' s first .\nthat win sent the horse to churchill downs as one of the favorites for the kentucky derby , and after a blistering pace cooked the front - runners , a rallying afleet alex had every chance in the stretch at odds of 9 - 2 . the final sixteenth of the 2005 derby was a free - for - all , as a trio of closers staggered to the finish , and afleet alex could only get up for third behind longshots giacomo and closing argument .\nnureyev is also broodmare sire of the highly successful us sire northern afleet \u2013the sire of , among others , us champion and dual classic winner afleet alex . the latter is himself now a successful sire at gainesway farm with his progeny including such gr1 winners as dublin , afleet express , texas red , materiality , iotapa and sharla rae . yet another successful sire out of a nureyev mare is the zafonic horse iffraaj \u2013whose dam , pastorale , is a half sister to cape sire great britain .\n4 - year - old alex announces she wants to hold a lemonade stand to help her hospital ! with the help of her older brother , alex raised an amazing $ 2 , 000 for her hospital .\nduring the first 12 days of his life , afleet alex was bottle - fed by silvertand ' s then 9 - year - old daughter lauren because his dam was unable to produce milk and a nurse mare was not immediately available .\nscrappy made a fantastic controlled run to the front with plenty left in the tank . afleet alex took a masterful ride and made a major impressive move in clear view of everyone prior to the incident . scrappy t then blew the turn going about 4 wide . i will always wonder if he would have won the race had he not blown that turn . afleet alex was really coming hard , just gobbling up ground so fast it seemed everyone else was in slow motion .\nafleet alex might not have been the best preakness winner in recent memory , but his 4 3 / 4 - length win in the 2005 pimlico classic was certainly the most dramatic and perhaps the most visually impressive of the early 21st century .\nfinally , afleet alex was retired . a new injury was discovered before the horse was shipped to gulfsteam park . \u201cit would heal , but your\u2019re looking at six to eight months , \u201d ritchey said . \u201cand with a horse of his value and his credentials , he just needs to be retired and go to stud . \u201d a deal was made for afleet alex to stand at stud in kentucky at gainesway farm in 2006 . his initial stud fee was $ 40 , 000 .\nafleet alex finished the year with two losses when he was outfinished by longshot wilko and finished second at the breeders\u2019 cup juvenile stakes . alex bobbled at the start and endured another bump with consiladator . he finished gamely but weakened slightly at the end of the race . going five - wide and eventually four - wide most of the trip had taken its toll . nevertheless , afleet alex was on the radar as one of the top derby contenders for 2005 . and he was now going to follow the same path as smarty jones and head for oaklawn to prep for the kentucky derby .\nalex ' s story attracts national attention and she appears on the oprah winfrey show and the today show .\nwe were going down , and ' little alex ' popped us up ,\nhe told her .\nthe little girl , alex scott , was loved by people everywhere who were inspired by her courage and her will to live . the little horse , afleet alex , is loved by people everywhere who are inspired by his courage and his will to win . \u201ci\u2019ve received letters from people who say when they watch this horse run it literally brings tears to their eyes , \u201d says ritchey . i am among them . and as the story continues , as afleet alex races on , with every glass of lemonade i drink this summer , i will know that i am participating in a miracle .\nthe potentially horrific scene seemed to play out in slow motion . incredibly , afleet alex did not fall . in a remarkable feat of athleticism , he somehow pulled his half - ton frame upright . then , to everyone\u2019s amazement , he recovered his stride and kept running . the astonished crowd roared as afleet alex , unhurt but clearly incensed , surged ahead and won the race by nearly five lengths . that moment will go down as one of the most remarkable in horse racing\u2019s history .\nbred in florida by john silvertand , afleet alex was plucked from the 2004 fasig - tipton midlantic sale of 2 - year - olds in training by trainer tim ritchey on behalf of the cash is king stable syndicate headed by chuck zacney . afleet alex won his first start , a 5 1 / 2 - furlong maiden race at delaware park , only a little more than a month later , cruising to an 11 1 / 4 - length victory in 1 : 03 . 85 .\nthe next two legs of the triple crown would define afleet alex\u2019s career and set him up for a strong initial reception as a stallion after he was retired later that summer . his amazing , athletic performance in the preakness \u2013 where he nearly dropped to his knees at the top of the stretch after being bumped by scrappy t and then recovered to win going away \u2013 was replayed countless times during the interregnum before the belmont , giving afleet alex national recognition for his athleticism and ability .\nafleet alex , who ran in all the triple crown races in 2005 and won the preakness after a dramatic stumble , was one of alsf ' s earliest\ncelebrity\nsupporters . the support of his owners was a turning point for the foundation . after alex passed away in 2004 , alex ' s parents , liz and jay scott , weren ' t sure how to go on without her . as jay scott wrote in a recent huffington post piece :\nif the jacksons expected great things from their colt , barbaro\u2019s delaware park predecessor , afleet alex , far exceeded his owners\u2019 expectations . five newcomers to the sport bought the florida - bred alex at maryland\u2019s 2004 fasig - tipton two - year - old in training sale for the rock bottom price of $ 75 , 000 . chuck zacney , bob brittingham , joe judge , joe lerro and jen reeves made alex the first purchase of cash is king stable . delaware park trainer tim ritchey chose alex for the group after watching the small but sturdy colt strut through the ring .\neight horses were entered in the $ 500 , 000 champagne stakes at belmont . juvenile supremacy in the east was on the line . this race was also a prep for the breeders\u2019 cup october 30 at lone star park . the champagne would be afleet alex\u2019s first attempt at 1 1 / 16 - miles . it had been deemed the battle of the unbeaten horses . proud accolade was 3 - for - 3 , while afleet alex was 4 - for - 4 heading into the champagne . sun king was also entered in the champagne and would be a familiar opponent for afleet alex through the years . but it was todd pletcher\u2019s proud accolade , the son of yes it\u2019s true , who ended up winning by a half a length .\nafleet alex ( 2004 ) \u2013 afleet alex won the sanford and the hopeful as a two - year - old , but is best known for his three - year - old season . after finishing third in the 2005 kentucky derby behind 50 - 1 shot giacomo , he came back to win a heart stopping preakness and a dominant belmont stakes . after not racing for the remainder of 2005 , he was still named champion three - year - old . he is the sire of multiple top horses , including 2014 breeders\u2019 cup juvenile winner , texas red . he also has sired iotapa , afleet express , materiality , and dublin .\nretired to gainesway in 2006 , afleet alex sired the grade 1 hopeful stakes winner dublin ( out of classy mirage , by storm bird ) , the grade 1 travers stakes winner afleet express ( expanse , by distant view ) , the grade 2 breeders\u2019 cup marathon winner afleet again ( lucky again , by wild again ) , the grade 2 winner afleeting lady ( oatsee , by unbridled ) , and the grade 2 winner harissa ( dynasty , by time for a change ) in his first crop . that was , in fact , a pretty spectacular start to any horse\u2019s stud career , but until iotapa came along in his fourth crop , those first - crop graded stakes winners were his five best offspring . afleet alex\u2019s production in between those crops was rather uninspiring .\nin the 1 1 / 2 - mile belmont , afleet alex completely dominated his opposition , winning by seven lengths . it would be his last start , however , as a hairline fracture was discovered shortly afterward , followed by a diagnosis of bone degeneration in his left foreleg . the horse was retired in december and sent to graham beck\u2019s gainesway for the 2006 breeding season . at that time , stonestreet\u2019s jackson bought a major interest in afleet alex to join cash is king and gainesway as owners .\ndespite the loss in the rebel stakes , the horse had an excuse and the road map to the derby was still going according to plan . the arkansas derby would be the third and final race leading to the first saturday in may . and just like the 2004 kentucky derby winner , smarty jones , afleet alex performed brilliantly in the arkansas derby . jeremy rose was back aboard , and afleet alex won by eight lengths , the largest margin of victory in the race\u2019s 69 - year history .\nthis is afleet alex ' s preakness 2005 run where he almost falls at the top of the stretch ! he recovers to take off and win in stunning fashion . there is footage after the race which covers slow motion footage of the near fall .\nafleet alex had surpassed his owners ' wildest dreams . zacney and his partners had purchased the horse , their first buy , at a timonium auction in 2004 for $ 75 , 000 , at the behest of tim richey , a trainer from elkton .\ncash is king stable purchased afleet alex from the 2 - year - old sale . cash is king was then a brand new partnership whose members were from the philadelphia and delaware valley area . in early 2004 , the head of the stable , chuck zacney , asked tim ritchey to buy and train a horse for cash is king . ritchey made the first purchase for cash is king for $ 75 , 000 at the timonium sale in april 2004 . that colt turned out to be afleet alex .\nafter starting off hot , alex is looking for that next big horse to put him back in the limelight .\nalex does not have history on his side . his third in the kentucky derby blew his triple crown chances .\nafleet alex ' s trainer , tim richey , was featured in the interactive program \u201ctalkin ' horses\u201d on urltoken on may 25 , 2005 , with much of the discussion focusing on the colt ' s derby and preakness performances . the transcript was later published in\nlate in 2005 , afleet alex retired , having won eight of 12 starts for $ 2 , 765 , 800 . leg injuries suffered , most likely , in the preakness ended his career . he stands at stud at gainesway farm ( ky . ) .\nafleet alex knew what it was like to fight for life . at birth , he was given little chance of survival when his mother was unable to produce milk , depriving him of critical colostrum needed to fight infection . for two weeks he was bottle - fed by breeder john silvertand\u2019s 9 - year - old daughter lauren . against the odds , afleet alex survived and grew strong . overlooked by racing\u2019s elite , he was purchased for a bargain price by a group of five philadelphia friends buying their very first racehorse .\nafleet alex raced only once more , winning the belmont by seven lengths and confirming that he was the champion of what , in retrospect , was not among the best crops in the history of american racing . none of the other runners in that year\u2019s triple crown races have become outstanding sires \u2013 flower alley\u2019s 2012 kentucky derby and preakness winner i\u2019ll have another is probably the best horse sired by any of the participants \u2013 but on balance , afleet alex is the best sire of the crop , just as he was , on balance , the best racehorse . his daughter , iotapa , the winner of the clement l . hirsch stakes at del mar on aug . 2 , is afleet alex\u2019s third grade 1 winner among his 25 stakes winners from 504 foals ages 3 and up ."]}
{"id": 495, "summary": [{"text": "plioviverrops is an extinct genus of terrestrial carnivore of the family hyaenidae , endemic to southern europe during the late miocene subepoch ( 11.6 \u2014 5.3 mya ) existing for approximately 6.3 million years . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "plioviverrops", "paragraphs": ["el linaje de\nplioviverrops\nprosper\u00f3 y dio origen a descendientes con patas m\u00e1s largas y mand\u00edbulas m\u00e1s puntiagudas , similar al aspecto tomado por los c\u00e1nidos en am\u00e9rica del norte .\nthe lineage of\nplioviverrops\nprospered , and gave rise to descendants with longer legs and more pointed jaws , a direction similar to that taken by canids in north america .\n= = = auge y desaparici\u00f3n de hi\u00e9nidos similares a perros = = = los descendientes de\nplioviverrops\nalcanzaron su apogeo hace 15 millones de a\u00f1os , con m\u00e1s de treinta especies identificadas .\n= = = rise and fall of the dog - like hyenas = = = the descendants of\nplioviverrops\nreached their peak 15 million years ago , with more than 30 species having been identified .\nhowever , other hyaenids soon spread into europe and began spending more time on the ground . the first known european hyaenid was plioviverrops orbignyi , a small critter that has been called a\nmongoose - like insectivore / omnivore .\nplioviverrops was specialized for eating insects , rather than the wider diet of protictitherium . its claws couldn ' t retract , and it probably spent most of its time on the ground rather than in trees , like this angolan slender mongoose . it lived from 17 million to 5 . 3 million years ago , - - basically all through the miocene epoch .\nshortly after the plioviverrops genus evolved , other hyaenids began getting bigger ( along with changes in their teeth ) , as the warm forests and woods of the early miocene epoch opened up into grasslands and open forests with definite seasons . around 10 million years ago , some hyaenids evolved into\nrunning hyenas\nwho were better adapted to running down their prey like wolves than to crushing bones and scavenging ; others became more like small wolves or jackals , pursuing a scavenging and rodent - hunting lifestyle . finally , between 6 and 7 million years ago , some became fairly slow , bone - crushing animals ( although the spotted hyena can run reasonably fast ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nhyaenid\nis the proper term for any member of the hyena family ( the hyaenidae ) , including the aardwolf .\nonly four species of hyaenids still live today , but paleontologists know of at least 69 species from fossils . i cannot hope to describe them all here , so this is kind of a rough overview .\nwith their heavy jaws and sloping backs , modern hyenas may look vaguely\nprimitive ,\nbut in fact the first hyaenid that scientists can recognize as such dates back only between 18 and 17 million years ago - - the early miocene epoch . by that time , horses already had three toes instead of five and cats were recognizable , if only barely .\nof course , the ancestors of hyaenids must have separated from those of other carnivores millions of years before . maybe they looked - - and lived - - much like genets such as this small - spotted genet , living in trees much of the time and eating almost anything , including fruit and insects . most of the world was then covered with tropical or subtropical forests , with only a few areas of grassland .\nat any rate , that first known hyena is protictitherium gaillardi , which still basically looked like a genet or civet . it could retract its claws like a cat and spent much if not most of its time in the trees . its diet may have been birds , small mammals and even insects .\nthere were several species of protictitherium after p . gaillardi . even though they were quite primitive , they managed to survive in the trees above their more advanced kin for millions of years , at last dying out between 5 . 3 and 4 . 2 million years ago .\nbelong ) . they evolved larger and heavier teeth , but we know very little about them , because as yet we have only fragmentary skulls , jaws and teeth of them .\none of the most extreme bone - crushers that ever evolved was adcrocuta eximia which lived in greece , austria and spain a bit more than 9 million years ago . with its thick , short legs , it was not a good runner - - but it was a good bone - crusher and may have thus lived mainly by scavenging , even more so than any modern hyena .\nthree hyena genera took up running down prey for a living : chasmaporthetes , lycyaena and hyaenictis . they had a long reign as important predators . chasmaporthetes crossed the bering land bridge during the pliocene to enter north america , where it evolved a new species , chasmaporthetes ossifragus - - the only native hyaenid that north america ever had . it did not die out until the first ice ages began , in the pleistocene - - perhaps a victim of the climate changes that also triggered the growth of the great ice sheets .\nby the end of the miocene , hyaenids apparently ran into problems . we don ' t know why for sure , but competition with the canids ( wolves , foxes , jackals and other wild\ndogs\n) may have been part of it . the canids evolved in north america , but they entered eurasia seven million years ago and began to diversify . between three and four million years ago - - the pliocene - - the first wolf - sized canids arrived . whatever the cause , the entire hyaenid family almost died out in europe , except for a few running hyenas like chasmaporthetes and a giant version of the spotted hyena , called the\ncave hyena\n.\ntwo known genera of hyenas explored a whole new ecological niche - - tongxinictis and tungurictis . they may have been evolving to become like modern civets . their teeth lost all ability to crush bone . but apparently this unique direction didn ' t work out , because they seem to have been rare and soon became extinct .\nthe aardwolf , a termite - eating hyaenid , must have split off from other hyaenids very early , because its weak jaws and feeble teeth are so different . but there are no hyaenid fossils that seem related . oddly , its coat is colored just like the striped hyena ' s . this may mean the coat coloring is a very old one for hyenas and was shared by the earliest hyaenids .\nby the time the climate had truly warmed after the last ice age , perhaps 10 , 000 years ago , only today ' s four species of hyaenids still survived . of them all , only the striped hyena still ranges outside of africa . even the giant cave hyena of europe became extinct . the hyaenid family appears to be in a state of irreversible decline , though the surviving species may well persist and evolve for millions of years longer if humans do not exterminate them .\nthe hyaenid specialist group ' s page on ancient hyenas , which is more up to date .\nkoepfli kp , jenks sm , eizirik e , zahirpour t , van valkenburgh b , wayne rk . molecular systematics of the hyaenidae : relationships of a relictual lineage resolved by a molecular supermatrix . molecular phylogenetics and evolution . 2006 mar 31 ; 38 ( 3 ) : 603 - 20 . ( what are these strange numbers and letters ? )\nturner a , ant\u00f3n m . evolving eden : an illustrated guide to the evolution of the african large - mammal fauna . columbia university press ; 2004 .\nwang x , tedford rh , ant\u00f3n m . dogs : their fossil relatives and evolutionary history . columbia university press ; 2010 .\nwerdelin l , solounias n . the evolutionary history of hyaenas in europe and western asia during the miocene . bernor , raymond louis , volker fahlbusch , and hans - walter mittmann , in the evolution of western eurasian neogene mammal faunas . columbia university press , 1996 .\nangolan slender mongoose - - wikimedia commons , original photo taken by hans hillewaert and released under the creative commons attribution - share alike 3 . 0 unported license .\nthis is a subsite of wearesites , robin m . weare ' s personal website . all contents copyright robin m . weare except where otherwise noted . all rights reserved .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone . are you certain this article is inappropriate ?\nthis article was sourced from creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . world heritage encyclopedia content is assembled from numerous content providers , open access publishing , and in compliance with the fair access to science and technology research act ( fastr ) , wikimedia foundation , inc . , public library of science , the encyclopedia of life , open book publishers ( obp ) , pubmed , u . s . national library of medicine , national center for biotechnology information , u . s . national library of medicine , national institutes of health ( nih ) , u . s . department of health & human services , and urltoken , which sources content from all federal , state , local , tribal , and territorial government publication portals ( . gov , . mil , . edu ) . funding for urltoken and content contributors is made possible from the u . s . congress , e - government act of 2002 .\ncrowd sourced content that is contributed to world heritage encyclopedia is peer reviewed and edited by our editorial staff to ensure quality scholarly research articles .\nby using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy . world heritage encyclopedia\u2122 is a registered trademark of the world public library association , a non - profit organization .\ncopyright \u00a9 world library foundation . all rights reserved . ebooks from project gutenberg are sponsored by the world library foundation , a 501c ( 4 ) member ' s support non - profit organization , and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department .\nwe ' ve detected that javascript is disabled in your browser . would you like to proceed to legacy twitter ?\ntwitter may be over capacity or experiencing a momentary hiccup . try again or visit twitter status for more information .\nyou can add location information to your tweets , such as your city or precise location , from the web and via third - party applications . you always have the option to delete your tweet location history . learn more\nhere ' s the url for this tweet . copy it to easily share with friends .\nby embedding twitter content in your website or app , you are agreeing to the twitter developer agreement and developer policy .\nnot on twitter ? 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hyaenictis wehaietu ) . hyaenictis has been classically included in the cursorial hyaenid ecomorphotype ( werdelin and solounias 1996 ; turner et al . 2008 ) , given the lack of the typical durophagous adaptations of adcrocuta . in this paper , we describe a new skull with associated mandible and atlas from the late vallesian of the vall\u00e8s - pened\u00e8s basin that , based on the retention of p1 and m2 , as well as the reduced m1 metaconid , is attributed to hyaenictis . . . .\n. . . overall , the dentition of ips62078 is more slender ( it displays relatively narrower premolars ) than adcrocuta eximia ( see solounias 1990 , 1991 ; turner et al . 2008 ) . ips62078 further differs from a . eximia in the larger p4 protocone , the presence of a p3 mesial accessory cusp , the longer and tricuspid m1 talonid ( instead of bicuspid , as adcrocuta lacks the hypoconulid ) , and the retention of m2 . . . .\n. . . the dentition of the described specimen also does not resemble that of chasmaporthetes , which is characterized by more slender and trenchant premolars with well - developed distal accessory cusps , as well as several more derived features that are absent in hyaenictis spp . ( turner et al . 2008 ) . thus , ips62078 differs from chasmaporthetes ( see kurt\u00e9n and werdelin 1988 ; werdelin and solounias 1991 ; werdelin and turner 1996 ; ant\u00f3n et al . 2006 ; tseng et al . 2013 ) in the presence of p1 , the relatively broader cheek teeth , the less developed accessory cusps in the premolars , the mesial and distal accessory cusps of the premolars aligned with the main cusp ( instead of lingually tilted ) , the presence of metaconid ( even if vestigial ) , the tricuspid m1 talonid ( chasmaporthetes lacks the hypoconulid and sometimes the hypoconid ) , and the presence of m2 . . . .\n. . . according to the ecological opportunity hypothesis , this will be more likely if the immigrant has a substantially different ecology ( e . g . using otherwise unexploited resources ) , or if the continent is poor of species with similar ecologies . for instance , a phylogenetic study suggests that rat snakes ( colubridae : tribe lampropeltini ) underwent an explosive diversification in north america after migrating from eurasia through the bering land bridge [ 14 ] . this pattern is interpreted as the outcome of the colonization of a continent where ecological opportunities were plentiful , since the existing diversity of snakes in north america at the time of immigration was relatively low [ 14 ] . . . .\n. . . for instance , a phylogenetic study suggests that rat snakes ( colubridae : tribe lampropeltini ) underwent an explosive diversification in north america after migrating from eurasia through the bering land bridge [ 14 ] . this pattern is interpreted as the outcome of the colonization of a continent where ecological opportunities were plentiful , since the existing diversity of snakes in north america at the time of immigration was relatively low [ 14 ] . likewise , a phylogeny of muroid rodents suggests that a rapid radiation characterized by a burst in speciation rates , followed the arrival to south america [ 15 ] . . . .\n. . . their biochronological significance remains , however , relatively limited since their presence in western europe covers a large timeframe . pachycrocuta brevirostris appeared in europe at the beginning of the late villafranchian ( olivola fu / mnq18 , e . g . turner et al . , 2008 ; rook and mart\u00ednez - navarro , 2010 ) and disappeared at the beginning of the middle galerian , perhaps as a result of the arrival of crocuta ( palombo et al . , 2008 ) . panthera onca gombaszoegensis and canis mosbachensis are present in western and central europe respectively from mnq18 and mnq19 and up to the late galerian ( e . g . . . .\n. . . pachycrocuta brevirostris appeared in europe at the beginning of the late villafranchian ( olivola fu / mnq18 , e . g . turner et al . , 2008 ; rook and mart\u00ednez - navarro , 2010 ) and disappeared at the beginning of the middle galerian , perhaps as a result of the arrival of crocuta ( palombo et al . , 2008 ) . panthera onca gombaszoegensis and canis mosbachensis are present in western and central europe respectively from mnq18 and mnq19 and up to the late galerian ( e . g . . . .\n. . . hunting ( or cursorial ) hyenas were the last ecomorphotype to become extinct , being substituted by canids during the pliocene , after the dispersal of the latter into the old world by the end of the miocene ( werdelin and turner 1996a , b ; turner et al . 2008 ) . three out of the four extant hyaenids belong to the bone - cracking ecomorphotype : crocuta crocuta ( erxleben , 1777 ) , hyaena hyaena ( linnaeus , 1758 ) , and parahyaena brunnea ( thunberg , 1820 ) . . . .\n. . . more recently , studies on the internal cranial anatomy of hyaenids relied on extant taxa ( holekamp et al . 2007a ; arsznov et al . 2010 ; sakai et al . 2011 ) , so that the brain morphology of extinct bone - cracking hyenas remains undescribed . here , with the aid of ct - scans , we describe the internal cranial morphology ( frontal sinuses and brain ) of the extinct bone - cracking hyena pliocrocuta perrieri , which is the most common hyena in late pliocene to early pleistocene mammalian faunas from europe ( turner et al . 2008 ) . we analyze three complete crania of this hyaenid species from the iberian peninsula , whose external morphology was previously described by vinuesa et al . ( 2014 ) . . . .\n. . . alan . cooper @ urltoken 1 these authors contributed equally to this work . types and fill a surprisingly wide range of ecological niches , and their presence is a useful indicator of ecosystem health ( turner et al . 2008 ) . among the four extant species , the spotted hyena , which is the sole member of the genus crocuta , has attracted considerable evolutionary and systematic interest due to having a social system similar to that of many primates , in contrast to other gregarious carnivores ( watts & holekamp 2007 ; diedrich 2008 ; turner et al . 2008 ) . . . .\n. . . this diversity was even greater during the quaternary , when hyenids were also present , and the extant carnivore fauna was much more widespread than it is today . however while the evolution of the large african and european terrestrial carnivore guild has had considerably attention ( turner , 1990 ; turner and ant\u00f3n , 1996 , 1998 ; werdelin and lewis , 2005 , 2013 ; turner et al . , 2008 ) , this is less true of asia and southeast ( se ) asia in particular . southeast asia , especially the sundaic and indochinese parts of the indomalayan realm ( encompassing the area from southern china in the north to java in the south , sumatra in the west and borneo and the philippines in the east ; fig . . . .\n. . . the earliest record of this species is from the pliocene of europe , ca 5 . 3e3 . 4 ma ( turner et al . , 2008 ) . in se asia its earliest record is kao pah nam , thailand ( recorded as crocuta sp . ) , a currently undated , but probably middle pleistocene , site . . . .\nour research during the last 20 years has been chiefly concerned with aspects of the evolution of miocene - pliocene carnivora . areas of particular interest include the functional anatomy and systema\u2026\n[ more ]\nas an international research team , we strive to understand the anatomy and paleoecology of the once widespread fossil ailurids ( red pandas ) .\ni ' m involved in projects concerning rri and public engagement in science . one of these is nano2all and another is sparks . the projects synenergene is just ended .\nnew viverrid , felid , mustelid and amphicyonid fossils from the lothidok formation of west turkana .\nrecent studies have found regularities in the pattern of distribution of dental parameters such as canine or carnassial length among sympatric carnivores . these regularities are taken to be indicative of community - wide character displacement . this study documents similar patterns in late miocene and earliest pliocene hyaenids from several localities in eurasia and africa . statistical tests . . . [ show full abstract ]\nthe topotypic material of the giant late miocene hyaenid allohyaena kadici kretzoi is described . new data on the deciduous dentition shows unambiguously that a . kadici is a hyaenid and not a percrocutid as reported by some previous authors . a . kadici is compared to the large hyaenids adcrocuta eximia and crocuta crocuta . these comparisons show that a . kadici has a mixture of primitive . . . [ show full abstract ]\nsabre - toothed felids , the machairodontines , have attracted much attention among palaeontologists for many decades , not only because of their spectacular morphology but also because they are a striking example of convergent evolution that is most probably linked to strong selective pressures . in this paper we provide a summary of the changing interpretations of their functional anatomy and . . . [ show full abstract ]\nfunctional anatomy of the forelimb in promegantereon * ogygia ( felidae , machairodontinae , smilodonti . . .\nwe examine the functional anatomy of the forelimb in the primitive sabre - toothed cat promegantereon ogygia in comparison with that of the extant pantherins , other felids and canids . the study reveals that this early machairodontine had already developed strong forelimbs and a short and robust thumb , a combination that probably allowed p . ogygia to exert relatively greater forces than extant . . . [ show full abstract ]\n\u201cearliest zanclean age for the colombacci and uppermost di tetto formations of the \u00ab latest messinian \u00bb northern apennines : new palaeoenvironmental data from the maccarone section ( marche province , italy ) \u201d by popescu et al . ( 2007 ) geobios 40 ( 359\u2013373 )\nif you are a subscriber , please sign in ' my account ' at the top right of the screen .\nwe review the larger pattern of appearance of the hyaenidae in europe and outline their part in the turnover of the guild of larger carnivora that occurs across the miocene\u2013pliocene boundary . the earliest record of the family is in mn4 , although the patchy nature of the earliest records makes it difficult to be certain about the continent of origin . there is a clear pattern of morphological evolution over that long timespan , from the earliest viverrid - and herpestid - like forms through dog - like and more cursorial taxa to the larger , bone - crunching animals of the later miocene and the pliocene\u2013pleistocene epochs . miocene dog - like hyaenas may indicate that social hunting had emerged by that time , while the appearance of larger species means that hyaena - accumulated bone assemblages may potentially occur in any late miocene to pleistocene locality .\nnous r\u00e9visons le mod\u00e8le d\u2019apparition des hyaenidae en europe et nous soulignons leur r\u00f4le dans le renouvellement des communaut\u00e9s de grands carnivores au cours du mioc\u00e8ne et du plioc\u00e8ne . le premier enregistrement de cette famille est situ\u00e9 dans la mn4 , m\u00eame si la raret\u00e9 des premiers enregistrements ne permet pas d\u2019\u00e9tablir avec certitude leur continent d\u2019origine . il existe un mod\u00e8le clair d\u2019\u00e9volution morphologique pendant cette p\u00e9riode , des premi\u00e8res formes apparent\u00e9es aux viverrid\u00e9s et aux herpestid\u00e9s en passant par des formes de type dog - like et des taxons plus cursoriaux , jusqu\u2019aux grands animaux broyeurs d\u2019os du mioc\u00e8ne terminal et du plio - pl\u00e9istoc\u00e8ne . les hy\u00e8nes mioc\u00e8nes qualifi\u00e9es de dog - like peuvent indiquer que la chasse sociale , en groupe , ait \u00e9merg\u00e9 \u00e0 cette \u00e9poque , alors que l\u2019apparition des esp\u00e8ces de grande taille signifie que les hy\u00e8nes accumulatrices de vestiges osseux , ont pu potentiellement exister dans les localit\u00e9s du mioc\u00e8ne terminal au plioc\u00e8ne .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nem - consulte . com is registrered at the cnil , d\u00e9claration n\u00b0 1286925 . as per the law relating to information storage and personal integrity , you have the right to oppose ( art 26 of that law ) , access ( art 34 of that law ) and rectify ( art 36 of that law ) your personal data . you may thus request that your data , should it be inaccurate , incomplete , unclear , outdated , not be used or stored , be corrected , clarified , updated or deleted . personal information regarding our website ' s visitors , including their identity , is confidential . the owners of this website hereby guarantee to respect the legal confidentiality conditions , applicable in france , and not to disclose this data to third parties .\nview nexus file : hyaenidae _ werdelin _ & _ solounias _ 1991 . nex\nwerdelin , l . and n . solounias . 1991 . the hyaenidae : taxonomic systematics and evolution . fossils and strata 30 : 1 - 104 .\n( 7926 ) l . werdelin and n . solunias 1991 . the hyaenidae : taxonomy , systematics , and evolution fossils and strata 30 : 1 - 104\n( 53093 ) p . j . wagner and g . f . estabrook 2014 . trait - based diversification shifts reflect differential extinction among fossil taxa proceedings of the national academy of sciences 111 ( 46 ) : 16419 - 16424\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , world , geography , . . . more\n( de bonis et al . , 2005 ) ? ] | | - - \u2020\ncarroll , r . l . , 1988 : vertebrate paleontology and evolution . \u2013w . h . freeman and company , new york , 1988 , 698\ncarroll , r . l . , 1988 : appendix . 594 - 648 in carroll , r . l . , 1988 : vertebrate paleontology and evolution . \u2013w . h . freeman and company , new york , 1988 , 698\nde bonis , l . , peign\u00e9 , s . , likius , a . , mackaye , h . t . , vignaud , p . & brunet , m . , 2005 : hyaenictitherium minimum , a new ictithere ( mammalia , carnivora , hyaenidae ) from the late miocene of toros - menella , chad . \u2013comptes rendus de l ' acad\u00e9mie des sciencies , paris : palevol : vol . 4 , pp . 671 - 679\nkurt\u00e9n , b . & werdelin , l . , 1988 : a review of the genus chasmaporthetes hay , 1921 ( carnivora , hyaenidae ) . \u2013journal of vertebrate paleontology : vol . 8 , # 1 , pp . 46 - 66\nmckenna , m . c . & bell , s . k . , ( eds . ) 1997 : classification of mammals \u2013 above the species level . \u2013columbia university press , new york , 1997 , xii - 631\nnowak , r . m . , 1991 : walker ' s mammals of the world ; part 1 . \u2013the johns hopkins university press , baltimore and london , 1991 , xlviii - 642 - lxiii\nnowak , r . m . , 1991 : walker ' s mammals of the world ; part 2 . \u2013the johns hopkins university press , baltimore and london , 1991 , xii - 643 - 1629\ntseng , z . j . , jin , c . - z . , liu , j . - y . , zheng , l . - t . & sun , c . - k . , 2008 : fossil hyaenidae ( mammalia : carnivora ) from huainan , anhui province , china . \u2013vertebrata palasiatica : vol . 46 , # 2 , pp . 133 - 146\nwang , x . - m . , 2004 : new materials of tungurictis ( hyaenidae , carnivora ) from tunggur formation , nei mongol . \u2013vertebrata palasiatica : vol . 42 , # 2 , pp . 144 - 153\nwerdelin , l . & lewis , m . e . , 2000 : carnivora from the south turkwel hominid site , northern kenya . \u2013journal of paleontology : vol . 74 , # 6 , pp . 1173 - 1180\nwerdelin , l . & lewis , m . e . , 2012 : the taxonomic identity of the type specimen of crocuta sivalensis ( falconer , 1867 ) . \u2013journal of vertebrate paleontology : vol . 32 , # 6 , pp . 1453 - 1456 [ doi : 10 . 1080 / 039 . 032 . 0607 ]\nwerdelin , l . , 2003 : mio - pliocene carnivora from lothagam , kenya . 261 - 328 . in leakey , m . g . & harris , j . m . , ( eds . ) 2003 : lothagam \u2013 the dawn of humanity in east africa . \u2013columbia university press , new york , 2003 , 1 - 678\nwerdelin , l . & solounias , n . , 1991 : the hyaenidae : taxonomy , systematics and evolution . \u2013fossils & strata : # 30 , 31 may , pp . 1 - 104\nadcrocuta ( syn . hyena ) , allohyaena , chasmaporthetes ( syn . ailuraena ) , crocuta , hyaena , hyaenictis , hyaenictitherium , ictitherium , leecyaena , lycyaena , miohyaena , pachycrocuta , palinhyaena , pliocrocuta , protictitherium , thalassictis ( syn . palhyaena ) , tungurictis .\nj . j . flynn . 1998 . early cenozoic carnivora (\nmiacoidea\n) . in c . m . janis , k . m . scott , and l . l . jacobs ( eds . ) , evolution of tertiary mammals of north america\nthis article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 2 / 28 / 2016 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; 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{"id": 502, "summary": [{"text": "nassarius echinatus is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family nassariidae , the nassa mud snails or dog whelks . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "nassarius echinatus", "paragraphs": ["nassarius echinatus ( a . adams , 1852 ) - overview - encyclopedia of life\nexplore what eol knows about nassarius echinatus ( a . adams , 1852 ) .\nworms - world register of marine species - nassarius echinatus ( a . adams , 1852 )\nnassariidae \u00bb nassarius echinatus , id : 305042 , shell detail \u00ab shell encyclopedia , conchology , inc .\nworms - world register of marine species - nassarius ( niotha ) echinatus ( a . adams , 1852 )\nnassarius ( niotha ) h . adams & a . adams , 1853 accepted as nassarius dum\u00e9ril , 1805\nnassarius quadrasi alba ( var . ) hidalgo , j . g . , 1904\n( of nassarius ( niotha ) echinatus ( a . adams , 1852 ) ) cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]\n( of nassarius ( niotha ) echinatus ( a . adams , 1852 ) ) tsuchiya k . ( 2017 ) . family nassariidae . pp . 910 - 917 , in : t . okutani ( ed . ) , marine mollusks in japan , ed . 2 . 2 vols . tokai university press . 1375 pp . [ details ]\nnassarius - species dictionary - global : ispot nature - your place to share nature . ispot is a website aimed at helping anyone identify anything in nature . once you ' ve registered , you can add an observation to the website and suggest an identification yourself or see if anyone else can identify it for you .\ndescription up to 3 cm , similar to n . albescens gemmuliferus , but with more widely spaced , spiny nodules arranged in spiral rows . . . .\ndescription up to 3 cm , similar to n . albescens gemmuliferus , but with more widely spaced , spiny nodules arranged in spiral rows . colour variable , white or cream often with orange - brown spots . habitat : rocky or sandy eulittoral and deeper . distribution : indo - pacific . ( richmond , 1997 ) . [ details ]\nrichmond , m . ( ed . ) ( 1997 ) . a guide to the seashores of eastern africa and the western indian ocean islands . sida / department for research cooperation , sarec : stockholm , sweden . isbn 91 - 630 - 4594 - x . 448 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\ncernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]\n( of nassa echinata a . adams , 1852 ) cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]\n( of nassa ( hebra ) echinata a . adams , 1852 ) cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]\n( of nassa quadrasi var . alba hidalgo , 1904 ) cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]\ntsuchiya k . ( 2017 ) . family nassariidae . pp . 910 - 917 , in : t . okutani ( ed . ) , marine mollusks in japan , ed . 2 . 2 vols . tokai university press . 1375 pp . [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nversion 43 . 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed . my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .\non this website , they are grouped by external features for convenience of display .\ntan siong kiat and henrietta p . m . woo , 2010 preliminary checklist of the molluscs of singapore ( pdf ) , raffles museum of biodiversity research , national university of singapore .\ntan , k . s . & l . m . chou , 2000 . a guide to the common seashells of singapore . singapore science centre . 160 pp .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthe star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :\nwe want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only , as we handle very few foreign shells in general . as time goes , the system will become more and more performant .\nenter your email address and we will send you an email with your username and password .\ne - mail jecilia sisican if you do not receive your email with your username and password .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 0 . 002 seconds . )\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\ncernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . < i > bulletin of the auckland institute and museum < / i > 14 : 1 - 356 .\ncernohorsky , w . o . ( 1984 ) systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda : i > bulletin of the auckland institute and museum < / i . 14 : 1 - 356\nrichmond , m . ( ed . ) ( 1997 ) . a guide to the seashores of eastern africa and the western indian ocean islands . sida / department for research cooperation , sarec : stockholm , sweden . isbn 91 - 630 - 4594 - x . 448 pp .\ntsuchiya k . ( 2017 ) . family nassariidae . pp . 910 - 917 , in : t . okutani ( ed . ) , < i > marine mollusks in japan < / i > , ed . 2 . 2 vols . tokai university press . 1375 pp .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !"]}
{"id": 508, "summary": [{"text": "the big-eared horseshoe bat ( rhinolophus macrotis ) is a bat species within the rhinolophidae native to china , india , indonesia , laos , malaysia , nepal , pakistan , the philippines , thailand , and vietnam . ", "topic": 25}], "title": "big - eared horseshoe bat", "paragraphs": ["complete mitochondrial genome of the big - eared horseshoe bat rhinolophus macrotis ( chiroptera , rhinolophidae ) .\ncomplete mitochondrial genome of the big - eared horseshoe bat rhinolophus macrotis ( chiroptera , rhinolophidae ) . - pubmed - ncbi\nbig - eared horseshoe bat or rhinolophus macrotis is listed on the iucn red list ( 1996 ) as lower risk / least concern .\na young / baby of a bigeared horseshoe bat is called a ' pup ' . a bigeared horseshoe bat group is called a ' colony or cloud ' .\nthe big - eared horseshoe bat is listed as least concern ( lr / lc ) , lowest risk . does not qualify for a more at risk category . widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category , on the iucn red list of threatened species\nin china , 79 individuals of big - eared horseshoe bat complex were sampled during 2006\u20132012 from 14 localities ( fig . 1 and table s1 , supporting information ) , including the 12 specimens of the 7 small form and 5 large form bats published previously 18 . all bats were identified following csorba et al . 19 .\nhow to cite this article : sun , k . et al . the complex evolutionary history of big - eared horseshoe bats ( rhinolophus macrotis complex ) : insights from genetic , morphological and acoustic data . sci . rep . 6 , 35417 ; doi : 10 . 1038 / srep35417 ( 2016 ) .\npleistocene climatic fluctuations and accompanying ecological changes in china have presented severe challenges to the survival of bat species , greatly affecting their population differentiation and contemporary distribution 3 , 21 , 22 . in this study , the tmrca of the entire r . macrotis complex populations dated to 1 . 51 ma . during this period , china was experiencing glacial - interglacial cycles , including the poyang glacial stage ( 1 . 8 ma ) and the dagu glacial stage ( 1 . 1 ma ) 23 . climatic changes and temperature decline may have forced the big - eared horseshoe bats to diverge from other bat species and evolve separately .\nwe sequenced and characterized the complete mitochondrial genome of the big - eared horseshoe bat , rhinolophus macrotis . total length of the mitogenome is 16 , 848 bp , with a base composition of 31 . 2 % a , 25 . 3 % t , 28 . 8 % c and 14 . 7 % g . the mitogenome consists of 13 protein - coding genes , 2 rrna ( 12s and 16s rrna ) genes , 22 trna genes and 1 control region . it has the same gene arrangement pattern as those of typical vertebrate mitochondrial genome . the results will contribute to our understanding of the taxonomic status and evolution in the genus rhinolophus bats .\nin our previous study 18 , the large and small forms were identified from sympatric large - eared horseshoe bats in china , suggesting the existence of a cryptic species . in this study , three sympatric populations ( gd1 , hun and jx1 ) were detected between small and large forms ( fig . 1 ) , suggesting secondary contact after putative speciation .\nwe used a uniq - 10 column animal genomic dna isolation kit ( sangon , china ) to extract total genomic dna from collected bat wing membranes which had been preserved in 99 % ethanol .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nthe mainland populations probably represent two distinct species . the philippine form of r . macrotis was initially described as a separate species , r . hirsutus ( anderson , 1905 ) , but was later subsumed under r . macrotis by tate ( 1943 ) but hirsutus is morphologically and genetically distinct ( guillen et al . in csorba et al . 2003 ) .\nhutson , a . m . , racey , p . a . ( chiroptera red list authority ) & cox , n . ( global mammal assessment team )\njustification : listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , presumed large population , and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category .\nthough this species is widely distributed in its range in south asia it is known from a few localities and has a small colony size . the population size of this species is low and a declining trend in the population is inferred ( molur et al . 2002 ) . in peninsular malaysia and southern thailand it is rare in tall lowland forest and also hill forest in peninsular malaysia ( bumrungsri and francis pers . comm . 2006 ) and widespread but seemingly uncommon in the philippines ( heaney et al . 1998 ) .\nin south asia , the habitat of this species is being deforested for timber , firewood and conversion for agricultural use . in nepal it is threatened due to increase in tourism leading to disturbance to roosting sites ; fumigation and chemical pesticides to rid the caves of roosts ( t . k . shreshta pers . comm . january 2002 ; molur et al . 2002 ) . in southeast asia , it is probably threatened in parts of its range ( such as malaysia ) by ongoing habitat loss .\nin south asia , there are no direct conservation measures in place for this species . the species has not been recorded from any protected areas . additional studies are needed into the distribution , abundance , breeding biology , general ecology and threats to this little - known species . populations should be monitored to record changes in abundance and distribution . habitat maintenance , conservation and restoration are needed . public awareness activities need to be taken up to mitigate any further threats to this taxon ( molur et al . 2002 ) . in view of its wide range in southeast asia , it seems probable that the species has been recorded from some protected areas , although this needs to be confirmed .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nthank you for visiting nature . com . you are using a browser version with limited support for css . to obtain the best experience , we recommend you use a more up to date browser ( or turn off compatibility mode in internet explorer ) . in the meantime , to ensure continued support , we are displaying the site without styles and javascript .\n( a ) phylogenetic tree based on the analysis of the combined mitochondrial cyt b and control region . numbers above the branches are bootstrap support from in maximum likelihood followed by posterior probabilities from bayesian analyses . ( b ) sampling sites for the mt lineages included in the study . circle sizes are proportional to the number of individuals captured . abbreviations of samples populations are indicated in table s1 . the map was made with qgis 2 . 8 ( urltoken ) and natural earth public domain map data ( urltoken ) , and modified in illustrator .\nfor 79 individuals in the r . macrotis complex sampled from 14 localities across the entire chinese range of the species , we found much variation in cyt b ( 1 , 140 bp ) and control region ( 464 bp ) . a total of 29 haplotypes of cyt b were defined based on 103 polymorphic sites ( 71 of which were parsimony informative ) . no insertions or deletions were found . fifty haplotypes of the control region were defined based on 115 polymorphic sites ( 90 of which were parsimony informative ) . the alignment of the combined cyt b and control region ( 1 , 604 bp ) resulted in 53 haplotypes . for the autosomal chd1 gene ( 742 bp ) , a total of 20 haplotypes were defined from 71 individuals based on 24 polymorphic sites ( 6 of which were parsimony informative ) .\nthe ranges of the three clades were partially sympatric ( fig . 1b ) . both sxi and cq populations contained individuals from clades 2 and 3 ( all large forms ) , both the hun and jx1 populations contained individuals from clades 1 and 3 , and the gd1 population contained individuals from clades 1 and 2 .\nin general , intraspecific genetic divergence levels among bats are typically less than 2 % within cyt b 20 . thus we used cyt b to calculate the intra - lineage and inter - lineage genetic differences . in this species complex , the maximum level of uncorrected intra - clade divergence was \u22642 % ( table 1 ) . among the three clades , the minimum uncorrected divergence was over 2 % ( table 1 ) , though never exceeded 4 % .\nsince the clades were distinct genetic pools , population genetics analyses were performed within each lineage . genetic diversity was highest in clade 1 , followed by clades 3 and 2 for both the cyt b and control region ( table 2 ) .\nwe estimated divergence times among clades using cyt b ( table 3 ) . the inferred tmrca for all r . macrotis complex was 1 . 51 ma ( million years ago ) , with similar divergence times mt clades 1 and 2 ( 0 . 64 and 0 . 66 ma , respectively ) . in contrast , mt clade 3 originated much later . tajima\u2019s d values and fu\u2019s fs tests indicated that none of the three mt lineages deviated significantly from neutrality ( table 4 ) . unlike in mt clades 2 and 3 , analysis of mt clade 1 failed to reject the model of population expansion ( table 4 ) , with an estimated timing of expansion occurring 78 . 8 ka ( thousand years ago ) ( 95 % ci : 38 . 1\u201396 . 1 ka ) .\nconsistent with the microsatellite results , the large form individuals from mt clade 2 and mt clade 3 did not form independent chd1 haplogroups and instead shared five haplotypes ( fig . 3 ) . however , the large form and the small form had their own distinct haplotypes with one exception ( fig . 3 ) .\ncolours indicate the membership of each mt lineage , including clade 1 ( red ) , clade 2 ( green ) and clade 3 ( blue ) .\nwe focused on the geographic pattern of nuclear genetic variation within mt clades 2 and 3 , as the above analyses failed to detect their genetic differentiation in individual clustering ( figs 2 and 3 ) . no significant ibd was found within the large forms ( p > 0 . 05 ) . however , when excluding the gd1 population , the test of ibd suggested that the two lineages had not evolved separately but were connected because smooth clinal variation rather than a geographic break was observed in the nuclear genetic variation ( fig . 4 ) .\nwhite circles represent the distances between gd1 population in large forms and other populations .\nphenotypic analyses distinguished the large and small forms using either forearm length or resting frequency of echolocation calls ( fig . 5 ) , including in sympatric populations .\ncircles represent the mean values . colours indicate the membership of each mt lineage , including clade 1 ( red ) , clade 2 ( green ) and clade 3 ( blue ) . the asterisks represent the individuals from gd1 population in large forms .\nwithin the large form , morphological differentiation was not significant between mt clade 2 and mt clade 3 . forearm length was significantly explained by site , but not by sex and mt lineage , or by interactions among variables ( table 5 ) . resting frequency was significantly explained by sex and mt lineage , as well as by site . no significant interaction was found between effects ( table 5 ) .\nlineage , sex and site , analyzed by general linear model ( glm ) .\nwe focused on the geographic pattern of acoustic variation within mt clade 2 / clade 3 of the large form as we found no significant morphological differences between these two clades . we detected positive significant associations between resting frequency and both longitude ( r = 0 . 39 , p = 0 . 0011 ) and latitude ( r = 0 . 284 , p = 0 . 0199 ) . when excluding gd1 , clinal variation was much more significant ( longitude : r = 0 . 48 , p < 0 . 0001 ; rf vs latitude : r = 0 . 74 , p < 0 . 0001 ) .\nthe tmrcas of the combined mt clade 1 ( small form ) and mt clade 2 ( large form ) dated to 1 . 16 ma , suggesting that the two mt lineages differentiated from each other between 1 . 16\u20130 . 64 ma . this time was consistent with two major cold glacial stages , xixiabangma glaciations ( 1 . 17\u20130 . 8 ma ) 24 and the naynayxungla glaciations ( 0 . 71\u20130 . 59 ma ) 25 . the former stage is one of the coldest recent climatic periods based on a high mass accumulation rate for chinese loess 26 . at that time , the populations might have become isolated into different refugia and occupied different habitats and climate zones either due to , or eventually leading to , local ecological adaptation , and two distinct lineages distributed in central and southwest china .\nthe mitochondrial genetic analyses indicated that large forms diverged into two distinct lineages , clade 2 and clade 3 with a level of divergence similar to that between the small and large forms . additionally , these two mt clades show distinct geographic distribution , with clade 2 primarily occurring central china , whereas clade 3 is primarily in southeast china ( fig . 1 ) , although there is sympatry in two localities ( cq and sxi ) . these results suggest a cryptic mitochondrial lineage in the large form in china .\nan increasing number of studies have reported mitochondrial species - level paraphyly ( e . g . refs 6 , 7 and 8 ) . in our study , phylogenetic analyses revealed that mt clade 1 ( small forms ) was nested within the mt clades 2 + 3 group ( large forms ) , rendering large forms paraphyletic with respect to small forms . two evolutionary processes may account for this mitochondrial paraphyly : ( i ) incomplete lineage sorting and the persistence of highly divergent mt lineages , and ( ii ) mitochondrial introgression .\nbased on our analyses of population demographic history , the small form might have undergone post - glacial range expansion after the baiyu ( the last ) glaciation 24 , following secondary contact with the large forms . in the mitochondrial trees , all individuals from the three sympatric areas diverged recently ( see the top of mt clade 1 ; figs s1 and s2 ) . moreover , the number of small forms is less than large forms in three sympatric areas ( fig . 1 ) , suggesting the small form may be expanding into areas occupied by the large form .\nsampling sizes were different for morphological characters , echolocation calls , mtdna , microsatellite dna and the chd1 gene . for morphological characters ( forearm length ) , 133 independent samples were measured . for echolocation calls , 109 independent samples were recorded . from those individuals with morphological and echolocation data , 79 samples were sequenced for mtdna , 78 and 71 were examined using microsatellite dna and chd1 analyses , respectively . for each sampling locality , we determined the latitude and longitude using gps ( etrex vista ) and then calculated the geographic distance matrixes among localities .\neight microsatellite loci , reffer 15 , 22 , 24 , 27 , h3 , pd3 , a4 and ph69a , were amplified using fluorescently labeled primers for 78 individuals . primer sequences and pcr conditions followed those of rossiter et al . 45 and hua et al . 46 . amplified pcr products were analyzed using the abi 3730 automated dna sequencer . the resulting sequences were analyzed using genemapper id 3 . 2 ( applied biosystems ) . all loci were screened for null alleles and large allele dropouts using micro - checker v2 . 2 . 3 47 . tests for deviation from hardy - weinberg equilibrium and linkage disequilibrium were performed for each population in genepop v4 . 0 48 .\nthe autosomal chd1 gene was amplified using two sets of primers ( ex26f and ex27r ; emb26f and emb27r ) 49 because some individuals failed to amplify with one set , and so we tried a second set . for the first set of primers , the pcr conditions were an initial denaturation at 95 \u00b0c for 5 min , followed by 36 cycles of denaturation at 94 \u00b0c for 30 s , annealing at 63 \u00b0c for 30 s , and extension at 70 \u00b0c for 2 min 30 s , and a final extension at 72 \u00b0c for 10 min . for the second set , the pcr conditions were 35 cycles of denaturation at 94 \u00b0c for 45 s , annealing at 59 \u00b0c for 45 s , and extension at 72 \u00b0c for 1 min . heterozygous sites in chd1 sequences were resolved to two haplotypes per individual using phase 2 . 1 50 implemented in dnasp v5 51 .\nhaplotype diversity ( h ) and nucleotide diversity ( \u03c0 ) were calculated for mitochondrial cyt b and control region for each population and mt lineage . the uncorrected cyt b genetic distances within and among mt lineages were calculated in mega 5 . 05 52 . for microsatellites , expected heterozygosity ( h e ) and observed herterozygosity ( h o ) were calculated using genepop , and mean allele number and allelic richness for per locus and per taxon was assessed in fstat 2 . 9 . 3 53 . for the chd1 gene , \u03c0 , h e and h o for each taxon was calculated using arlequin v3 . 5 54 .\nwe calculated nuclear genetic distances between localities using slatkin\u2019s linearized f st ( given by f st / ( 1 \u2212 f st ) ) . an isolation by distance ( ibd ) model was estimated from the large forms based on microsatellites .\nwe used jmodeltest 61 and the akaike information criterion to select the best model of evolution for ml and bi analyses . the best - fit models were as follows : ( 1 ) trn + g [ g = 0 . 072 ] for cyt b , ( 2 ) tim3 + i + g [ i = 0 . 478 ; g = 0 . 507 ] for control region , trn + i + g [ i = 0 . 651 ; g = 0 . 714 ] for the combined mtdna data . for ml analysis , the starting tree was obtained with bionj 62 and we evaluated support of the resulting topologies using 1 , 000 nonparametric bootstraps . for bi analysis , we used the molecular evolution model parameters estimated for each data set and two simultaneous runs of markov chain monte carlo ( mcmc ) analysis , each comprising four chains and 10 6 generations . trees and parameters were sampled every 10 generations . when the run terminated , the deviation of split frequencies reached a value < 0 . 01 . the ln - likelihoods of trees reached an asymptote . the first 25 % of the sampled trees were discarded as a burn - in .\ngeographic variation for phenotypic characters was explored via box plots , with longitude and latitude on the abscissa . the relationship of resting frequency to either longitude or latitude was estimated by linear regression analysis , with averaging of frequency by site .\nto estimate the phenotypic differentiation between mt clade 2 and mt clade 3 in the large form , we used a general linear model with type iii sums of squares to test for an effect of sex , site and mt lineage on forearm length and echolocation frequency . all variables were treated as fixed effects in the model .\naccession codes : all sequence data has been uploaded to genbank ( kx261888 - kx261966 , kx826057 - kx826076 ) . microsatellite genotypes , sequence alignments by markers , phylogenetic trees and morphological and acoustic data files are uploaded on the dryad digital repository ( doi : 10 . 5061 / dryad . b1c88 ) .\n( eds . ) ] [ 339\u2013361 ] ( academic press , new york , 2003 ) .\n( eds . ) ] ( cornell university press , new york , 1996 ) .\nfstat , a program to estimate and test gene diversities and fixation indices ( version 2 . 9 . 3 ) . updated from goudet ( 1995 ) . available at :\narlequin suite ver 3 . 5 : a new series of programs to perform population genetics analyses under linux and windows\npopulations 1 . 2 . 30 : population genetic software ( individuals or population distances , phylogenetic trees ) ( 2007 ) .\ngenetix 4 . 05 , logiciel sous windows tm pour la g\u00e9n\u00e9tique des populations . laboratoire g\u00e9nome , populations , interactions , cnrs umr 5171 , universit\u00e9 de montpellier ii , montpellier ( 1996\u20132004 ) .\nwe thank lei wang , yuyan you , sen liu , shi li , guanjun lu , limin shi and xu zhu for field support . this work was financed by the national natural science foundation of china ( grant nos . 31370399 , 31270414 and 31570390 ) , the specialized research fund for the doctoral program of higher education ( no . 20120043130002 ) , the fundamental research funds for the central universities ( no . 2412016kj045 ) and the program for introducing talents to universities ( b16011 ) .\nk . s . designed the study , performed much of the sampling , implemented most of genetic methodologies and analyses , and wrote the manuscript . r . t . k . assisted with interpretation of data and gave important comments on multiple versions of the manuscript . t . l . and x . w . contributed part of genetic methodologies . l . j . , t . j . and a . l . assisted with sample collection . j . f . assisted with study design , provided laboratory space , reagents , and some funding . all authors reviewed the manuscript .\nthis work is licensed under a creative commons attribution 4 . 0 international license . the images or other third party material in this article are included in the article\u2019s creative commons license , unless indicated otherwise in the credit line ; if the material is not included under the creative commons license , users will need to obtain permission from the license holder to reproduce the material . to view a copy of this license , visit urltoken\nby submitting a comment you agree to abide by our terms and community guidelines . if you find something abusive or that does not comply with our terms or guidelines please flag it as inappropriate .\nnature is part of springer nature . \u00a9 2018 springer nature limited . all rights reserved .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nsimmons , nancy b . / wilson , don e . , and deeann m . reeder , eds .\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 3rd ed . , vols . 1 & 2\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 2nd ed . , 3rd printing\nwith contributions by bernadette n . graham , adam p . potter , and mariana m . upmeyer\ncomments : philippinensis species group . includes episcopus and hirsutus ; see ellerman and morrison - scott ( 1951 ) , tate ( 1943 ) , corbet and hill ( 1992 ) , and bates and harrison ( 1997 ) , but also see ingle and heaney ( 1992 ) , who suggested that hirsutus may deserve recognition as a distinct species . does not include siamensis , see francis et al . ( 1999b ) and hendrichsen et al . ( 2001b )\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nmitochondrial dna a dna mapp seq anal . 2016 nov ; 27 ( 6 ) : 4078 - 4079 . epub 2015 jan 21 .\na jilin provincial key laboratory of animal resource conservation and utilization , northeast normal university , changchun , china .\npicture has been licensed under a creative commons attribution sharealike license original source : base map derived from file : blankmap - world . png . distribution data from iucn red list author : chermundy\nbiokids is sponsored in part by the interagency education research initiative . it is a partnership of the university of michigan school of education , university of michigan museum of zoology , and the detroit public schools . this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation under grant drl - 0628151 . copyright \u00a9 2002 - 2018 , the regents of the university of michigan . all rights reserved .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services ."]}
{"id": 528, "summary": [{"text": "the fairy gerygone ( gerygone palpebrosa ) , previously known as the fairy warbler , is a species of bird in the family acanthizidae native to new guinea and queensland . ", "topic": 27}], "title": "fairy gerygone", "paragraphs": ["fairy gerygone ( gerygone palpebrosa ) is a species of bird in the acanthizidae family .\nfairy gerygone ( gerygone palpebrosa ) occurrence records from continental australia suitable for species distribution modelling .\nthe fairy gerygone ( gerygone palpebrosa ) is a species of bird in the acanthizidae family .\nvanderwal , j . ( 2013 ) . fairy gerygone ( gerygone palpebrosa ) - occurrence records filtered for species distribution modelling . centre for tropical biodiversity & climate change , james cook university . [ data files ] urltoken gerygone ( gerygone palpebrosa ) / occurrences\nmurphy , s . ( 2002 ) . why do male fairy gerygones gerygone palpebrosa burst into song on hearing predators or loud noises ? sunbird 32 : 62 - 66 .\nthis dataset includes observations of fairy gerygone ( gerygone palpebrosa ) that are sourced from the atlas of living australia ( ala ) database . rather than raw observations , these have been filtered such that they are assumed to be suitable for species distribution modelling exercises . the cleaning process included :\nthe white - throated gerygone is found in open eucalypt woodlands and forests and in vegetation along watercourses .\nuntil relatively recent years , fairy gerygone was not known to occur south of the gin gin - childers region . whether it has spread southward or was overlooked in the past is not known ; this is one of several essentially tropical species which appears to be extending its range south . in the sunshine coast littoral scrubs , it occurs side by side with mangrove gerygone . more rarely in the hinterland , it may be in the same habitat as brown gerygone , which is absent from the coastal scrubs .\ngregory , p . ( 2018 ) . fairy gerygone ( gerygone palpebrosa ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\ngerygone , the gerygones or peep - warblers , is a genus of bird in the acanthizidae family . the . . .\nthe fairy gerygone , g . palpebrosa differs from the white - throated gerygone in that it does not have the white tail tips , and some males have a black chin and / or throat . it also only overlaps in the queensland part of the white - throated gerygone ' s range , from tropic of capricorn to northern cape york . the smaller weebill , smicrornis brevirostris , can resemble young white - throated gerygones , but does not have a red eye , lacks the white throat and forehead and is generally paler above , with a shorter , paler bill .\nford j ( 1986 ) phylogeny of the acanthizid warbler genus gerygone based on numerical analyses of morphological characters . emu 86 : 12\u201322 .\nthe white - throated gerygone ranges from south - eastern australia through queensland and across northern australia to the kimberley region , western australia .\nthis fairy gerygone was singing today at mudjimba on the sunshine coast . there are six pairs of this species in a 3 - km stretch of coastal vine scrub in the vicinity . i ' ve also seen the bird elsewhere along the coast including noosa national park and coolum . occasionally in turns up in the hinterland - at ninderry , kenilworth and bli bli - but it does not appear to be resident there .\nthe white - throated gerygone mates for life . it builds an oval or pear shaped nest of bark bound with spiders ' silk , which is hung in the outer foliage of trees .\n10\u201311\u00b75 cm ; 8 g . medium - small gerygone with distinctive male plumag\u00ades . male nominate race has forehead , side of head and throat to upper breast black , crown . . .\ncitation : ny\u00e1ri \u00e1s , joseph l ( 2012 ) evolution in australasian mangrove forests : multilocus phylogenetic analysis of the gerygone warblers ( aves : acanthizidae ) . plos one 7 ( 2 ) : e31840 . urltoken\ndespite ford ' s ( 1986 ) pioneering attempt to analyze gerygone phylogenetically , the conservative morphology of the group has inhibited development of a comprehensive phylogenetic framework . this in turn has complicated interpretations of biogeographic patterns . a recent phylogenetic study of the largest radiation of australasian songbirds , the meliphagoidea [ 8 ] , was the first molecular analysis of acanthizids that included gerygone . the eight species of gerygone analysed there comprised a monophyletic group , which , together with the monotypic fernwren oreoscopus gutturalis , was basal to all other acanthizids . support for the monophyly of the eight species was high but relationships within the genus were not well resolved .\ncomplex evolutionary and biogeographic scenarios in the history of gerygone are clearly apparent from our results . they identified g . chrysogaster and g . mouki as a sister clade to the rest of gerygone , consistent with an australo - papuan center of diversity for the group . the geographic distributions of these two taxa correspond to australo - papuan tropical lowland ( irian ) and subtropical - montane rainforest ( tumbunan ) avifaunas [ 3 ] , [ 5 ] , [ 49 ] .\npicture of an australian brood parasite and its host : ( a ) little bronze - cuckoo nestling ( left ) and egg ( right ) ; ( b ) large - billed gerygone nestling ( left ) and egg ( right ) .\nthe white - throated gerygone is a very small grey brown bird with a white throat and spot on forehead , distinctive bright yellow underparts and a white - tipped tail . it has a red eye . most often heard during breeding season , it is not obvious at other times .\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : gerygone palpebrosa . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\ng . cinerea was consistently recovered by all loci as not closely related to other ingroup species , rendering gerygone paraphyletic ( figure 1 , 2 ) . analysis of our 13 - locus dataset placed this species among the three outgroup members , and specifically with the species we used of acanthiza \u00b8 a . apicalis .\nthe white - throated gerygone mates for life . it builds an oval or pear shaped nest of bark bound with spiders ' silk , which is hung in the outer foliage of trees . breeding season : september to november ; longer in north of range . clutch size : 2 to 3 incubation : 12 days time in nest : 15 days\nthe most novel relationship that we recovered is the exclusion from gerygone of g . cinerea , which clearly belongs in acanthiza ( figure 2 and 3 ) . based on plumage and biogeography , ford ( 1986 ) suggested that g . cinerea was closely related to g . chloronota . we conclude that g . cinerea should be assigned to acanthiza vigors and horsfield , 1827 , and so be known as a . cinerea ( salvadori , 1876 ) .\nthe species tree inferred from all 13 loci mirrored closely the consensus among the underlying gene trees and the analysis of the concatenated and partitioned dataset . topologies obtained throught the best and * beast algorithms were congruent . again , gerygone was not monophyletic and the sister species relationships of g . chrysogaster / g . mouki , and g . igata / g . modesta were strongly supported ( figure 2 ) . similarly , the three mangrove specialists were not a monophyletic group , and their constrained monophyly constitutes a significantly worse likelihood under the au test . the majority of nodes in the species tree received strong support ; however , several low - to - moderately supported nodes prevailed , especially in the recently evolved clades sister to g . magnirostris .\nthus , gerygones colonized mangroves on several occasions and those that occur in mangroves are not each other ' s closest relatives within the genus gerygone . this lends further support for case - by - case exploration of the rich australo - papuan mangrove avifauna . phylogeographic analysis of diversity within and among the three gerygones adapted to mangroves and their closest relatives especially g . fusca , will bring additional insights to levels of intraspecific genetic diversity , influence of geographic barriers , and the history of any hybridization events . contrasting these molecular findings with data based on morphology , plumage , song and ecological niche will broaden our understanding of historical biogeography within this group . in particular , it should clarify the importance of the mangroves of australia and new guinea in the evolution of the region ' s avifauna and its ecological diversity .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe ioc world bird list is an open access resource of the international community of ornithologists . our goal is to facilitate worldwide communication in ornithology and conservation based on an up - to - date classification of world birds and a set of english names that follows explicit guidelines for spelling and construction ( gill & wright 2006 ) .\nthe ioc editorial team and advisors update the web - based list quarterly . the updates include changes of recommended names or classification , additions of newly described species , corrections of nomenclature , and updates of species taxonomy .\nthe ioc world bird list complements other primary world bird lists that differ slightly in their primary goals and taxonomic philosophy , i . e . the clements checklist of the birds of the world , the howard & moore complete checklist of the birds of the world , 4 th edition , and hbw alive / bird life international . improved alignment of these independent taxonomic works is a goal of the newly structured international ornithologists union , including a round table discussion at the 2018 meeting in vancouver , british columbia .\nioc world bird list 8 . 1 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 8 . 1\nioc world bird list 8 . 2 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 8 . 2\nioc world bird list 7 . 1 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 7 . 1\nioc world bird list 7 . 2 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 7 . 2\nioc world bird list 7 . 3 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 7 . 3\nioc world bird list 6 . 4 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 6 . 4\nioc world bird list 6 . 3 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 6 . 3\nioc world bird list 6 . 2 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 6 . 2\nioc world bird list 6 . 1 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 6 . 1\nioc world bird list 5 . 4 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 5 . 4\nioc world bird list 5 . 3 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 5 . 3\nioc world bird list 5 . 2 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 5 . 2\nioc world bird list 5 . 1 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 5 . 1\nioc world bird list 4 . 4 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 4 . 4\nioc world bird list 4 . 3 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 4 . 3\nioc world bird list 4 . 2 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 4 . 2\nioc world bird list 4 . 1 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 4 . 1\nioc world bird list 3 . 5 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 3 . 5\nioc world bird list 3 . 4 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 3 . 4\nioc world bird list 3 . 3 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 3 . 3\nioc world bird list 3 . 2 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 3 . 2\nioc world bird list 3 . 1 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 3 . 1\ngill f & d donsker ( eds ) . 2016 . ioc world bird list ( v 6 . 2 ) . doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 6 . 2\ndiscover a faster , simpler path to publishing in a high - quality journal . plos one promises fair , rigorous peer review , broad scope , and wide readership \u2013 a perfect fit for your research every time .\nwarblers ( aves : acanthizidae ) . plos one 7 ( 6 ) : 10 . 1371 / annotation / 2e9dfd8d - 413c - 47bd - 84c2 - d7df5db7859c .\neditor : robert c . fleischer , smithsonian institution national zoological park , united states of america\ncopyright : \u00a9 2012 ny\u00e1ri , joseph . this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .\nfunding : csiro ecosystems science ( ces ) , atlas of living australia provided funding for laboratory work , consumables and travel within australia . the university of kansas biodiversity institute provided funding for laboratory consumables , sequencing fees and data analysis . the american museum of natural history frank m . chapman memorial fund provided funding for laboratory consumables and sequencing fees . the funders had no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .\nseveral molecular phylogenetic studies have now documented the importance of island radiations in diversification of continental avifaunas [ 9 ] \u2013 [ 11 ] . they have led to the conclusion that islands are not necessarily evolutionary dead ends , but rather that they can be sources of biological diversity for mainland groups through back - colonization events . by analogy , the role of mangrove forests as ecological islands for closed - canopy - dwelling birds , especially during australia ' s long history of aridification [ 12 ] , might also be tested .\ncomplementary gene sequence contigs derived from all 13 loci for all taxa were aligned using clustalx 2 . 0 . 7 [ 25 ] , and scrutinized further by eye in mesquite 2 . 74 [ 26 ] . separate data matrices of 19 taxa ( 16 ingroup and 3 outgroup ) were assembled for each of the 11 nuclear loci , while the two mitochondrial genes ( nd2 and nd3 ) were combined in a single dataset . subsequent analyses examined individual loci and a partitioned dataset through model - based phylogenetic algorithms under both maximum likelihood ( ml ) and bayesian analysis ( ba ) approaches . modeltest 3 . 7 [ 27 ] was used to determine the most appropriate model of sequence evolution via the akaike information criterion ( aic ) .\nadditionally , a species tree was estimated from the joint distribution of individual gene trees via the program best 1 . 6 [ 32 ] , [ 33 ] . the dataset was again partitioned by locus , each with an appropriately specified model of evolution . we assigned default settings for the parameter values of the bayesian search , as recommended by the authors : flat priors , inverse gamma distribution with values of \u03b1 = 3 and \u03b2 = 0 . 003 for priors of population size , and a uniform distribution with bounds of 0 . 5 and 1 . 5 for priors of the mutation rates . two runs with four separate chains ( one heated and three cold ) were run simultaneously for 10 8 generations , sampling every 1000 generations . a consensus topology from the two separate runs was obtained after discarding an initial burn - in of 50 % of the sampled topologies . additionally , we also used the species tree reconstruction options in the program * beast 1 . 6 [ 34 ] , [ 35 ] using the same set of model parameterizations and number of generations as for the best run .\nalignment of sequence data derived from all thirteen loci was straightforward , resulting in a total of 8124 base pairs ( bp ) . overall sequence length ranged from 279 bp to 1350 bp for nuclear loci , whereas the two mitochondrial genes were 1041 bp and 351 bp in length ( table 2 ) . among the nuclear loci , mameal - 23 , musk , and tgfb2 were the most variable ; however , mameal - 16 , cdc132 and fib5 had the highest percentage of informative sites ( table 2 ) . the two mtdna protein - coding genes nd2 and nd3 had no insertions , deletions , or anomalous stop - codons . base composition was typical of avian mtdna ( table 2 ) , consistent with true mitochondrial origin as opposed to nuclear pseudogenes [ 40 ] . information content in the two mitochondrial loci was significantly higher than in the nuclear loci : out of the total number of variable sites , nd2 and nd3 had over 70 % and 64 % parsimony informative sites , respectively ( table 2 ) .\nphylogenetic estimates of gene trees obtained via bayesian and maximum likelihood analysis of individual loci .\nlocus acronyms follow table 2 and references therein . nodal support is indicated by circles , where the upper half corresponds to bayesian posterior probabilities ( bpp ) and the lower half depicts ml bootstrap values ( mlbv ) . bpp support values greater than 95 % are given in bold above branches , and indicated by dark upper half - circles . mlbv greater than 80 are in bold below branches , and indicated by dark lower half - circles . support values below these thresholds are in regular font and depicted with an open circle half . values below 50 % bpp and 50 mlbv are denoted by double dashes or not at all where both algorithms failed to recover that value at a node . the mitochondrial protein coding genes nd2 and nd3 have been combined in a single partition , indicated as \u201cmtdna\u201d . mangrove specialists are highlighted in bold .\nall gene trees indicated clearly that the three mangrove - inhabiting species g . magnirostris , g . tenebrosa , and g . levigaster , do not form a monophyletic group . strong support was evident in all gene trees for two sister species relationships , one between g . chrysogaster and g . mouki , and the other between g . igata and g . modesta . the mtdna dataset further indicated strong support for sister species relationships between g . chloronota and g . palpebrosa ( also supported by fib5 ) , between g . inornata and g . albogularis ( also supported by musk , hmg2 , al16 ) , and between g . fusca and g . levigaster ( also supported by rag2 , tgfb2 , hmg2 , cdc132 ) .\nextended taxon sampling included in the analysis of g . cinerea within the acanthizidae . all samples are listed in gardner et al . ( 2010 ) and include genbank accession numbers from multiple sources used in building a multilocus dataset for testing relationships within the meliphagoidea .\nconceived and designed the experiments : an lj . performed the experiments : an . analyzed the data : an . contributed reagents / materials / analysis tools : an lj . wrote the paper : an lj .\nford j ( 1982 ) origin , evolution and speciation of birds specialized to mangroves in australia . emu 82 : 12\u201323 .\nschodde r , mason ij ( 1999 ) the directory of australian birds . collingwood : csiro publishing .\nschodde r , mason ij , gill hb ( 1979 ) the avifauna of the australian mangroves : a brief review of composition , structure and origin . in : clough bf , editor . structure , function , and management : mangrove ecosystems in australia . australian institute of marine science and australian national university press . pp . 141\u2013150 .\nschodde r ( 2006 ) australia ' s bird fauna today \u2013 origins and evolutionary development . in : merrick jr , archer m , hickey gm , lee msy , editors . evolution and biogeography of australasian vertebrates . new south wales : australian scientific publishing . pp . 413\u2013458 .\nj\u00f8nsson ka , bowie rck , moyle rg , christidis l , filardi ce , et al . ( 2008 ) molecular phylogenetics and diversification within one of the most geographically variable bird species complexes\nj\u00f8nsson ka , bowie rck , moyle rg , christidis l , filardi ce , et al . ( 2010 ) historical biogeography of an indo - pacific passerine bird family ( pachycephalidae ) : different colonization patterns in the indonesian and melanesian archipelagos . journal of biogeography 37 : 245\u2013257 .\ngardner jl , trueman jwh , ebert d , joseph l , magrath rd ( 2010 ) phylogeny and evolution of the meliphagoidea , the largest radiation of australian songbirds . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 55 : 1087\u20131102 .\nfilardi ce , moyle rg ( 2006 ) single origin of a pan - pacific bird group and upstream colonization of australasia . nature 438 : 216\u2013219 .\nmoyle rg , filardi ce , smith ce , diamond j ( 2009 ) explosive pleistocene speciation and hemispheric radiation of a \u201cgreat speciator\u201d . proceedings of the national academy of sciences usa 106 : 1863\u20131868 .\nny\u00e1ri \u00e1s , benz bw , j\u00f8nsson ka , fjelds\u00e5 j , moyle rg ( 2009 ) phylogenetic relationships of fantails ( aves : rhipiuridae ) . zoologica scripta 38 : 553\u2013561 .\nbyrne m , yeates d , joseph l , kearney m , bowler j , et al . ( 2008 ) birth of a biome : insights into the assembly and maintenance of the australian arid zone biota . molecular ecology 17 : 4398\u20134417 .\nloynes k , joseph l , keogh js ( 2009 ) multi - locus phylogeny clarifies the systematics of the australo - papuan robins ( family petroicidae , passeriformes ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 53 : 212\u2013219 .\nedwards sv , jennings bw , shedlock am ( 2005 ) phylogenetics of modern birds in the era of genomics . proceedings of the royal society b : biological sciences 272 : 979\u2013992 .\nhackett sj , kimball rt , reddy s , bowie rck , braun el , et al . ( 2008 ) a phylogenomic study of birds reveals their evolutionary history . science 320 : 1764\u20131768 .\nli c , ort\u00ed g , zhao j ( 2010 ) the phylogenetic placement of sinipercid fishes ( \u2018perciformes ) revealed by 11 nuclear loci . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 56 : 1096\u20131104 .\ntoon a , hughes j , joseph l ( 2010 ) multilocus analysis of honeyeaters ( aves : meliphagidae ) highlights spatio - temporal heterogeneity in the influence of biogeographic barriers in the australian monsoonal zone . molecular ecology 19 : 2980\u20132994 .\n\u201d brush - finches and near relatives ( aves , emberizidae ) from individual gene trees . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 58 : 297\u2013303 .\ndegnan jh , rosenberg na ( 2006 ) discordance of species trees with their most likely gene trees . plos genetics 2 : 762\u2013768 .\nliu l , edwards sv ( 2009 ) phylogenetic analysis in the anomaly zone . systematic biology 58 : 452\u2013460 .\nliu l , pearl dk ( 2007 ) species trees from gene trees : reconstructing bayesian posterior distributions of a species phylogeny using estimated gene tree distributions . systematic biology 56 : 504\u2013514 .\nedwards sv , liu l , pearl dk ( 2007 ) high - resolution species trees without concatenation . proceedings of the natlional academy of sciences usa 104 : 5936\u20135941 .\nthompson jd , gibson tj , plewaniak f , jeanmougin f , higgins dg ( 1997 ) clustal _ x windows interface : flexible strategies for multiple sequence alignment aided by quality analysis tools . nucleic acid research 25 : 4876\u20134882 .\nmaddison wp , maddison dr ( 2010 ) mesquite : a modular system for evolutionary analysis . version 2 . 74 . available :\nposada d , crandall ka ( 1998 ) modeltest : testing the model of dna substitution . bioinformatics 14 : 817\u2013818 .\nzwickl d ( 2008 ) garli , a program that performs phylogenetic searches on aligned sequence datasets using the maximum - likelihood criterion ( version 1 . 0 ) . available from : <\nronquist f , huelsenbeck jp ( 2003 ) mrbayes 3 : bayesian phylogenetic inference under mixed models . bioinformatics 19 : 1572\u20131574 .\nrambaut a , drummond aj ( 2007 ) tracer v1 . 4 . available :\nshimodaira h , hasegawa m ( 2001 ) consel : for assessing the confidence of phylogenetic tree selection . bioinformatics 17 : 1246\u20131247 .\nliu l ( 2008 ) best : bayesian estimation of species trees under the coalescent model . bioinformatics 24 : 2542\u20132543 .\nliu l , pearl d , brumfield r , edwards sv ( 2008 ) estimating species trees using multiple - allele dna sequence data . evolution 62 : 2080\u20132091 .\ndrummond aj , rambaut a ( 2007 ) beast : bayesian evolutionary analysis by sampling trees . bmc evolutionary biology 7 : 214 .\nheled j , drummond ja ( 2010 ) bayesian inference of species trees from multilocus data . molecular biology and evolution 27 : 570\u2013580 .\nweir jt , schluter d ( 2008 ) calibrating the avian molecular clock . molecular ecology 17 : 2321\u20132328 .\nnorman ja , rheindt fe , rowe dl , christidis l ( 2007 ) speciation dynamics in the australo - papuan meliphaga honeyeaters . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 42 : 80\u201391 .\nflycatcher diversification using phylogenetic and paleogeographic data . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 53 : 961\u2013971 .\ndrummond aj , ho syw , phillips mj , rambaut a ( 2006 ) relaxed phylogenetics and dating with confidence . plos biology 4 : e88 .\nsorenson md , quinn tw ( 1998 ) numts : a challenge for avian systematics and population biology . auk 115 : 214\u2013221 .\nfregin s , haase m , olsson u , alstr\u00f6m p ( 2009 ) multi - locus phylogeny of the family acrocephalidae ( aves : passeriformes ) \u2013 the traditional taxonomy overthrown . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 52 : 866\u2013878 .\nmcguire ja , witt cc , altshuler dl , remsen jv jr ( 2007 ) phylogenetic systematics and biogeography of hummingbirds : bayesian and maximum likelihood analyses of partitioned data and selection of an appropriate partitioning strategy . systematic biology 56 : 837\u2013856 .\npasquet e , pons j - m , fuchs j , cruaud c , bretagnolle v ( 2007 ) evolutionary history and biogeography of the drongos ( dicruridae ) , a tropical old world clade of corvoid passerines . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 45 : 158\u2013167 .\nwright tf , schirtzinger ee , matsumoto t , eberhard jr , graves gr , et al . ( 2008 ) a multilocus molecular phylogeny of the parrots ( psittaciformes ) : support for a gondwanan origin during the cretaceous . molecular biology and evolution 25 : 2141\u20132156 .\nlovette ij , p\u00e9rez - em\u00e1n jl , sullivan jp , banks rc , fiorentino i , et al . ( 2010 ) a comprehensive multilocus phylogeny for the wood - warblers and a revised classification of the parulidae ( aves ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 57 : 753\u2013770 .\nschodde r ( 1982 ) origin , adaptation and evolution of birds in arid australia . in : baker wr , greensdale pjm , editors . evolution of the flora and fauna of arid australia . adelaide : peacock publications . pp . 191\u2013224 .\nschodde r , calaby jh ( 1972 ) the biogeography of the australo - papuan bird and mammal faunas in relation to torres strait . in : walker d , editor . bridge and barrier , the natural and cultural history of the torres strait . canberra : australian national university press . pp . 257\u2013300 .\nvoris hk ( 2000 ) maps of pleistocene sea levels in southeast asia : shorelines , river systems and time duration . journal of biogeography 27 : 1153\u20131167 .\njohnstone re ( 1990 ) mangroves and mangrove birds of western australia . records of the western australian museum suppl 32 .\nnoske ra ( 1996 ) abundance , zonation and foraging ecology of birds in mangroves of darwin harbour , northern territory . wildlife research 23 : 443\u2013474 .\nford j ( 1983 ) taxonomic notes on some mangrove - inhabiting birds in australasia . records of the western australian museum 10 : 381\u2013415 .\nbackstr\u00f6m n , fagerberg s , ellegren h ( 2008 ) genomics of natural bird populations : a gene - based set of reference markers evenly spread across the avian genome . molecular ecology 17 : 964\u2013980 .\nmarini m , hackett sj ( 2002 ) a multifaceted approach to the characterization of an intergeneric hybrid manakin ( pipridae ) from brazil . auk 119 : 1114\u20131120 .\n: a new world representative of \u2018old world suboscines\u2019 . proceedings of the royal society series biology ( suppl . ) 270 : 238\u2013241 .\nprimmer cr , borge t , lindell j , saetre gp ( 2002 ) single - nucleotide polymorphism characterization in species with limited available sequence information : high nucleotide diversity revealed in the avian genome . molecular ecology 11 : 603\u2013612 .\nbarker fk , barrowclough gf , groth gf ( 2002 ) a phylogenetic hypothesis for passerine birds : taxonomic and biogeographic implications of an analysis f nuclear dna sequence data . proceedings of the royal society of london series biology 289 : 295\u2013308 .\nsorenson md , ast jc , dimcheff de , yuri t , mindell dp ( 1999 ) primers for a pcr - based approach to mitochondrial genome sequencing in birds and other vertebrates . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 12 : 105\u2013114 .\ndo these subject areas make sense for this article ? click the target next to the incorrect subject area and let us know . thanks for your help !\nrecorded at dawn ; campsite twelve mile lagoon , lakefield np . background : white - throated honeyeater ( 0 : 07 ) ; yellow honeyeater ( 0 : 02 , 3 calls ) ; rainbow lorikeet ( 0 : 28 ) ; blue - faced honeyeater ( from 0 : 38 onwards ) .\nrecording at dawn in iron range np . a lot of species in the background ( some in the front ) , for instance :\nyellow - spotted honeyeater ( song ) at 0 : 06 ; white - eared monarch ( buzzing call ) from 0 : 20 ; little shrikethrush at 0 : 24 ; dusky myzomela ( call ) at 0 : 29 ( can be heard more often ) ; lovely fairywren ( song , faint recording ) at 0 : 27 ; graceful honeyeater ( ' plik ' song ) at 0 : 39 .\nthere ' s an unknown bird calling at 0 : 10 and 0 : 59 , possibly also graceful honeyeater . a possible yellow - breasted boatbill ( short shong ) at 0 : 44 , although lovely fairywren might also be possible .\nrecording was modified slightly : amplifying , some noise removal , high pass filtering ( < 1000 hz ) , some low pass filtering ( > 5500 hz to muffle insects a bit ) ; interval shortened at 0 : 19 .\nthe usual quiet\ntip tip\nfeeding calls from mid - stratum , generally by a pair or family group feeding together .\nsonogram images \u00a9 xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\nhbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .\nno flash player has been set up . please select a player to play flash videos .\ntwo views of a foraging female in a tree , the second one repeated in slow motion .\njohn o ' malley , holger teichmann , lindsay hansch , aviceda , nick athanas , rhonda hansch .\nthis species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 31b7981a - a45e - 46a6 - 9702 - 67dfb17cb744\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 366f0a2c - af42 - 4ce9 - aa57 - 1a68b692798a\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : de1db06a - 1a36 - 4e91 - a835 - 916d91274032\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 361284\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 289 , 593 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml + rdfa 1 . 0 / / en\nurltoken\ndouble - check spelling , grammar , punctuation . translators work best when there are no errors or typos .\nif words are different , search our dictionary to understand why and pick the right word .\nif phrases are different , try searching our examples to help pick the right phrase .\nwe ' ve combined the most accurate english to spanish translations , dictionary , verb conjugations , and spanish to english translators into one very powerful search box .\nspanishdict is devoted to improving our site based on user feedback and introducing new and innovative features that will continue to help people learn and love the spanish language . have a suggestion , idea , or comment ? send us your feedback .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmale of northern race personata - & apos ; black - throated warbler & apos ; .\n* * direct email link protected by javascript . enable javascript or email ' ian ' ( at symbol ) ' urltoken ' . * *\naperture : f4 . 0 shutter speed : 1 / 125 sec focal length : 500 . 0 mm\nsorry , we just need to make sure you ' re not a robot . for best results , please make sure your browser is accepting cookies .\n( a . b . meyer , 1899 ) \u2013 yapen i and n new guinea ( e to n coast of se peninsula to the kumusi r ) .\nrand , 1941 \u2013 s new guinea from morehead r e to fly r .\ne . p . ramsay , 1878 \u2013 se new guinea e from upper fly r .\ngould , 1866 \u2013 ne queensland ( cape york peninsula s to mitchell r and townsville area ) , in ne australia .\noften located by quiet but insistent , rather nasal \u201ctt tt\u201d contact note . song , by male . . .\nedges of tropical rainforest and ecotone between that and other habitats , vine thickets ( e . g . at 40 . . .\ninsectivorous ; no details of items . seen mostly singly , in pairs or in small parties of up to five individuals , probably family groups . . . .\nbirds in breeding condition in oct ( at end of dry season ) in new guinea ; breeding recorded in jul\u2013may in australia . nest reported as . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\n( w new guinea , w papuan islands and aru is . . sw of new guinea . )\nsearch is restricted to [ [ filters . class | getlabelfor : class _ choices ] ]\nautomatic vetting based on the ala & apos ; s & apos ; assertions & apos ; whereby observations were assessed as inappropriate for modelling ( ie . & apos ; zero _ coordinates & apos ; , & apos ; invalid scientific name & apos ; ) ;\ndetermining if the observations fell within expert - derived range polygons . these polygons were supplied by birdlife australia to represent , for each species , its core breeding habitat , non - breeding , historic , irruptive , or invasive ranges . records that fall outside these ranges were marked as inappropriate for modelling ; and\nhuman - derived classification of records after previous two assessments . through the edgar project ( urltoken ) , users were able to map all species observations and comment on the suitability of records for distribution modelling . this included records deemed inappropriate by other means .\nevery 6 months the occurrence record download file is updated to reflect recent vetting by experts . in the data download , sensitive records have been obfuscated by truncating the lat / long to two decimal places . obfuscated records will be indicated in the data file . access to the accurate data will need to be arranged with the original data owners - contact the ala for more information .\nthe resulting downloadable file of occurrence records reflects which records are suitable for species distribution modelling .\ncopy and paste a formatted citation or use one of the links to import into a bibliography manager .\n[ [ item . name | formatfacet ] ] ( [ [ item . value ] ] )\n[ [ item . name | formatfacet ] ] ( [ [ item . value ] ] )\nto filter your results by a time period enter a year range between [ [ earliest _ year ] ] and [ [ latest _ year ] ] inclusive . open ranges can be specified by leaving one of the fields blank . please note that adding a time period filter to your search will restrict your search to only those records in research data australia which contain temporal information .\n[ [ item . preflabel | totitlecase ] ] ( [ [ item . collectionnum ] ] )\nnote : adding a location filter will restrict your search to only records that have location information described .\n[ [ preresult . response . numfound ] ] result ( s ) found with these filters . hit search\nthe advanced search popout allows you to build / refine complex queries all in a single tabbed popout . from within the advanced search you can construct boolean searches and apply one or more filter categories to your search .\nnote that there is no defined order to the tabs in the advanced search and you can apply the filters in any order you choose . where there are multiple options for a filter category e . g . ( subjects ) the options & record counts displayed are based on your query . each time you switch tabs the available filter options and record counts are updated to reflect any changes on the previous tab .\nas you build / refine your search in the advanced search popout , you can review the entire search and the number of results which will be returned by selecting the \u2018review\u2019 tab . the tab also allows you to modify your search by removing filters .\nthe query constructor provides a way of searching for records using multiple search term combinations and boolean operators .\nthe advanced queries created using the query constructor are comprised of rows . each row consists of a field , condition operator and a value . the value tells the search what to look for , the field tells the search where to look , and the condition operator tells the search whether a record should \u2018contain\u2019 or \u2018exclude\u2019 the value .\nmultiple search terms entered into a single condition value are treated by the search as being separated by the boolean operator and .\nthe search terms are treated as case insensitive e . g . \u2018rain\u2019 is the same as \u2018rain\u2019 .\nexact phrases can also be entered into condition values by using quotes\ne . g .\nice sheets\nthe ? symbol can be used to perform a single character wildcard search . e . g . organi ? ations .\nthe * symbol can be used to perform multiple character wildcard search . e . g . extend *\nnote : wildcard characters can be applied to single search terms , but not to search phrases .\nthe query constructor supports the use of the boolean operators \u2018and\u2019 & \u2018or\u2019 between query rows . the operators are applied at the search level , meaning all query rows are separated by the same boolean value . changing the boolean value between two query rows will change the value between all query rows .\nhere we will step through constructing an advanced query where we would like to find all the records which contain \u2018rain\u2019 in the title , and \u2018flood\u2019 and \u2018weather\u2019 in the description .\nopen the advanced search popout and ensure you are on the \u2018search terms\u2019 tab . two query rows should be displayed by default .\nin the empty value field in the 1st query row enter the search term \u2018rain\u2019 .\nin the empty value field in the 2nd query row enter the search term \u2018flood\u2019 .\nin the empty value field in the 3rd query row enter the search term \u2018weather\u2019 .\nthe subject tab allows you to refine your search by selecting subjects which have been used to describe data records . the default subject vocabulary in research data australia , and the one which is used consistently by data providers , is the anzsrc field of research . other supported subject vocabularies are also available and can be selected by using the drop down displayed at the top of the tab ( note that these can take a little while to load ) .\nsubject vocabularies are displayed as browsable hierarchical trees . subject literals displayed as green links can be clicked to display or hide child subjects .\nsubjects can be added or removed from your search by using the checkbox displayed with each subject literal . multiple subjects can be selected within a single subject vocabulary and also across vocabularies .\nthe number of records with a subject will be displayed at the end of each subject literal e . g \u2018economics ( 30 ) \u2019 . note that because the relationships between records and subjects are many to many , the counts displayed with the subjects will not necessarily match the count of records returned by your search . for example you may see 3 subjects all showing a ( 1 ) beside them . this could resolve to a single record containing all 3 of the subjects . where no records exist with a subject value a ( 0 ) will be displayed with the literal .\nthe data provider tab allows you to limit your search to records published to research data australia by specific providers . the number of records available from providers will be displayed at the end of each provider literal e . g \u2018bond university ( 25 ) \u2019 .\ndata providers can be added or removed from your search by using the checkbox displayed with each data provider literal .\nthe access tab allows you to limit your search to records with specific access types . data records in research data australia fall into one of four access types :\ndata that is accessible and reusable , providing certain conditions are met ( e . g . free registration is required )\ndata access is limited in some way ( e . g . only available to a particular group of users or at a specific physical location )\nthe number of records available in each access type will be displayed at the end of the access literal e . g \u2018open ( 23 ) \u2019 .\naccess types can be added or removed from your search by using the checkbox displayed with each access literal .\nopen licence : a licence bearing broad permissions that may include a requirement to attribute the source , or share - alike ( or both ) , requiring a derivative work to be licensed on the same or similar terms as the reused material .\nnon - commercial licence : as for the open licence but also restricting reuse only for non - commercial purposes .\n: as for the open licence but also prohibits adaptation of the material , and in the second case also restricts reuse only for non - commercial purposes .\nrestrictive licence : a licence preventing reuse of material unless certain restrictive conditions are satisfied . note licence restrictions , and contact rights holder for permissions beyond the terms of the licence .\nno licence : all rights to reuse , communicate , publish or reproduce the material are reserved , with the exception of specific rights contained within the copyright act 1968 or similar laws . contact the copyright holder for permission to reuse this material .\nthe number of records available in each licence filter group will be displayed at the end of the licence literal e . g \u2018no licence ( 57 ) \u2019 .\nlicence groups can be added or removed from your search by using the checkbox displayed with each licence literal .\nthe time period tab allows you to restrict your search to only records which contain temporal coverage * information which falls within a specific year range . the filter has been implemented as a pair of text fields which allow you to enter a \u2018from year and \u2018to year\u2019 . the placeholder text shown in the text fields indicates the available temporal range you can search within .\nto filter your results by a time period : open the advanced search popout and ensure you are on the \u2018time period\u2019 tab . enter a time period range by using the from year and to year fields . click the \u2018search\u2019 button to execute the search .\nnote : where the records in your search contain no temporal information the following message will be displayed on the tab :\nsearch results contain no time period information .\nthe location tab will allow you to filter your search results to only records that have mappable location information described , which falls within a specified region .\nuse the map navigation tools on the left hand side of the map until you have the required map view .\nrelease the mouse to finish . if there are records with location information available for your selection a red marker will be displayed for the first 15 records .\nnote to change or redraw a region simply carry out the above steps again .\nresearch data australia is the data discovery service of the australian national data service ( ands ) . ands is supported by the australian government through the national collaborative research infrastructure strategy program . read more about ands . . .\nother names description similar species behaviour diet calls reproduction distribution / habitat . . .\ncan ' t find a community you love ? create your own and start something epic .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en\ntaxonomy : psilopus olivaceus gould , 1838 , new south wales , australia . three subspecies recognized ( source : handbook of the birds of world )\n* cinerascens sharpe , 1878 - se new guinea ( around port moresby area and gulf coast ) , and ne australia ( n & c cape york peninsula ) . * rogersi mathews , 1911 - n australia from western australia ( roebuck bay ) e to se corner of gulf of carpentaria . * olivacea ( gould , 1838 ) - e australia from base of cape york peninsula s ( extending inland to w slopes of great dividing range ) to se & sc victoria ; scattered records in extreme e coastal south australia .\nexcept where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution , non - commercial , share alike cc by - nc - sa licence .\nthis small bird can be occasionally seen in the thickly vegetated areas on the eastern part of the douglas campus . the male has a blackish throat with a white stripe , then yellow underparts , female yellow underparts , both sexes are brownish - green on the back . legs and feet black , eyes red , bill grey . photograph courtesy ian montgomery , urltoken\nwe acknowledge australian aboriginal people and torres strait islander people as the first inhabitants of the nation , and acknowledge traditional owners of the lands where our staff and students live , learn and work .\navibase has been visited 263 , 296 , 466 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\nctx _ ver = z39 . 88 - 2004 & rft ; _ val _ fmt = info % 3aofi % 2ffmt % 3akev % 3amtx % 3adc & rfr ; _ id = info % 3asid % 2fands & rft . title ; = catchment restoration / coommonderry swamp / habitat restoration & rft . identifier ; urltoken ; = atlas of living australia & rft . description ; = the project will protect and enhance coommonderry wetlands by removing environmental weeds and re - establishing native vegetation within the catchment on both public and private lands . & rft . creator ; = anonymous & rft . date ; = 1970 & rft ; _ rights = & rft . type ; = dataset & rft . language ; = english\nthe project will protect and enhance coommonderry wetlands by removing environmental weeds and re - establishing native vegetation within the catchment on both public and private lands .\nthis article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone . are you certain this article is inappropriate ?\nit is found in australia , indonesia , and papua new guinea . its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical mangrove forests .\nthis article was sourced from creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . world heritage encyclopedia content is assembled from numerous content providers , open access publishing , and in compliance with the fair access to science and technology research act ( fastr ) , wikimedia foundation , inc . , public library of science , the encyclopedia of life , open book publishers ( obp ) , pubmed , u . s . national library of medicine , national center for biotechnology information , u . s . national library of medicine , national institutes of health ( nih ) , u . s . department of health & human services , and urltoken , which sources content from all federal , state , local , tribal , and territorial government publication portals ( . gov , . mil , . edu ) . funding for urltoken and content contributors is made possible from the u . s . congress , e - government act of 2002 ."]}
{"id": 529, "summary": [{"text": "amphilepis is a genus of brittle stars of the family amphilepididae .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it contains the following species : amphilepis antarctica amphilepis guerini amphilepis ingolfiana amphilepis mobilis amphilepis neozelandica amphilepis norvegica amphilepis nuda amphilepis papyracea amphilepis patens amphilepis pycnostoma amphilepis sanmatiensis amphilepis scutata amphilepis tenuis amphilepis teodorae", "topic": 26}], "title": "amphilepis", "paragraphs": ["species amphilepis platytata h . l . clark , 1911 accepted as amphilepis patens lyman , 1879 ( synonymized by h . l . clark ( 1917 ) )\nworms - world register of marine species - amphilepis platytata h . l . clark , 1911\nworms - world register of marine species - amphilepis pycnostoma ( h . l . clark , 1911 )\namphilepis platytata h . l . clark , 1911 ( synonymized by h . l . clark ( 1917 ) )\n( of amphilepis platytata h . l . clark , 1911 ) st\u00f6hr sabine ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nspecies amphilepis gymnopora hertz , 1926 accepted as amphiura belgicae koehler , 1900 ( synonymized by a . m . clark ( 1965 ) )\nspecies amphilepis diastata murakami , 1942 accepted as amphiura diastata ( murakami , 1942 ) ( synonymized by a . m . clark ( 1965 ) )\nto barcode of life to biodiversity heritage library ( 10 publications ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 4 publications ) ( from synonym amphilepis platytata h . l . clark , 1911 ) to encyclopedia of life to encyclopedia of life ( from synonym amphilepis platytata h . l . clark , 1911 ) to mczbase - harvard university ( mcz oph - 3173 ) ( from synonym amphilepis platytata h . l . clark , 1911 ) to mczbase - harvard university ( mcz oph - 3383 ) ( from synonym amphilepis platytata h . l . clark , 1911 ) to usnm invertebrate zoology echinodermata collection ( 4 records ) ( from synonym amphilepis platytata h . l . clark , 1911 ) to usnm invertebrate zoology echinodermata collection ( 5 records ) to itis\nspecies amphilepis remittens koehler , 1922 accepted as ophiomonas remittens ( koehler , 1922 ) ( transferred to ophiomonas by a . m . clark ( 1970 ) )\no\u2019hara t ( 2009 ) . amphilepis neozelandica sp . nov . , the first record of the amphilepididae in new zealand waters ( echinodermata : ophiuroidea ) .\n( of amphilepis platytata h . l . clark , 1911 ) clark , h . l . ( 1911 ) . north pacific ophiurans in the collection of the united states national museum . smithsonian institution united states national museum bulletin . 75 : 1 - 302 . [ details ]\nthis dataset contains the digitized treatments in plazi based on the original journal article mills , sadie , o\u2019hara , timothy ( 2010 ) : amphilepis neozelandica sp . nov . , the first record of the amphilepididae in new zealand waters ( echinodermata : ophiuroidea ) . zootaxa 2514 : 47 - 54 , doi : 10 . 5281 / zenodo . 196098\n( of amphilepis platytata h . l . clark , 1911 ) clark , h . l . ( 1917 ) . reports on the scientific results of the albatross expedition to the tropical pacific , 1899 - 1900 ( part 18 ) . reports on the scientific results of the albatross expedition to the eastern tropical pacific , 1904 - 1905 ( part 30 ) . ophiuroidea . bulletin of the museum of comparative zoology at harvard . 61 ( 12 ) : 429 - 453 . [ details ]\nst\u00f6hr , s . ; o\u2019hara , t . & thuy , b . ( eds ) ( 2018 ) . world ophiuroidea database .\nhansson , h . g . ( 2001 ) . echinodermata , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , . 50 : pp . 336 - 351 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nhansson , h . ( 2004 ) . north east atlantic taxa ( neat ) : nematoda . internet pdf ed . aug 1998 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nlyman , t . ( 1879 ) . ophiuridae and astrophytidae of the \u201cchallenger\u201d expedition . part ii . bulletin of the museum of comparative zoology at harvard college , cambridge , mass . 6 ( 2 ) , 17 - 83 , 10 pl . [ details ]\nintergovernmental oceanographic commission ( ioc ) of unesco . the ocean biogeographic information system ( obis ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of amphiura norvegica ljungman , 1865 ) ljungman , a . v . ( 1865 ) . till\u00e4gg till k\u00e4nnedom af skandinaviens ophiurider . \u00f6fversigt af kgl . vetenskaps - akademiens f\u00f6rhandlingar 1863 . 21 ( 7 ) , 359 - 367 , pl . xv . [ details ]\ndyntaxa . ( 2013 ) . swedish taxonomic database . accessed at urltoken [ 15 - 01 - 2013 ] . , available online at http : / / urltoken [ details ]\nhansson , h . ( 2004 ) . north east atlantic taxa ( neat ) : nematoda . internet pdf ed . aug 1998 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors\n( of amphiura norvegica ljungman , 1865 ) hansson , h . ( 2004 ) . north east atlantic taxa ( neat ) : nematoda . internet pdf ed . aug 1998 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors\n( of amphiura norvegica ljungman , 1865 ) hansson , h . g . ( 2001 ) . echinodermata , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , . 50 : pp . 336 - 351 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\namphiura pycnostoma h . l . clark , 1911 ( transferred by a . m . clark ( 1970 ) )\n( of amphiura pycnostoma h . l . clark , 1911 ) clark , h . l . ( 1911 ) . north pacific ophiurans in the collection of the united states national museum . smithsonian institution united states national museum bulletin . 75 : 1 - 302 . [ details ]\n( of amphiura pycnostoma h . l . clark , 1911 ) clark , a . m . ( 1970 ) . notes on the family amphiuridae ( ophiuroidea ) . bull . br . mus . nat . hist . ( zool . ) 19 ( 1 ) : 1 - 81 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of amphiura pycnostoma h . l . clark , 1911 ) st\u00f6hr sabine ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nto biodiversity heritage library ( 5 publications ) ( from synonym amphiura pycnostoma h . l . clark , 1911 ) to encyclopedia of life ( from synonym amphiura pycnostoma h . l . clark , 1911 ) to usnm invertebrate zoology echinodermata collection ( holotype usnm 25641 ) ( from synonym amphiura pycnostoma h . l . clark , 1911 )\nclark , h . l . ( 1911 ) . north pacific ophiurans in the collection of the united states national museum . smithsonian institution united states national museum bulletin . 75 : 1 - 302 . [ details ]\nclark , h . l . ( 1917 ) . reports on the scientific results of the albatross expedition to the tropical pacific , 1899 - 1900 ( part 18 ) . reports on the scientific results of the albatross expedition to the eastern tropical pacific , 1904 - 1905 ( part 30 ) . ophiuroidea . bulletin of the museum of comparative zoology at harvard . 61 ( 12 ) : 429 - 453 . [ details ]\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser ."]}
{"id": 541, "summary": [{"text": "clea wykoffi is a species of freshwater snail with an operculum , an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family buccinidae , the true whelks , most of which are marine . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "clea wykoffi", "paragraphs": ["- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - species : clea wykoffi r . a . m . brandt , 1974 - id : 5288000028\nworms - world register of marine species - clea h . adams & a . adams , 1855\noverally , clea species feed like their marine cousins . although clea helena is the most well - known in the genus , there are plenty of other species . here ' s a list from\nwhile clea gemma ( conolly 1929 ) is the type for the afrocanidia ( sub ) genus from africa .\nspecies clea fusca ( h . adams , 1862 ) accepted as anentome fusca ( h . adams , 1862 )\none more update ! i just found that canidia bocourti brot was synonymised as clea helena by brandt ( 1974 ) . best ! gianluca\nclea helena is sometimes called clea ( anentome ) helena or anentome helena . it is a member of the whelk family buccinidae , and one of very few whelks that lives its entire life in freshwater habitats . common names in the trade include assassin snail and snail - eating snail .\nclea are whelks , most of which live in the sea . like their marine relatives , clea are opportunistic carnivores that feed on both live prey and carrion . among the prey taken are snails , and it is this that has made them popular with fishkeepers . clea stay partially hidden under the sediment , and if a snail slides past , then quickly ( by snail standards ) jump into action , chasing their prey and eventually subduing it .\nmost clea live in clean , fast - flowing streams where they can be found in sandy or muddy substrates . clea helena is exceptional in being found in ponds and ditches too , and its tolerance for a wider range of water conditions is probably why this one particular species does so well in captivity .\nclea helena is not difficult to breed , though it does so slowly , and isn\u2019t likely to become a pest in the same was as many other snails . for one thing , being carnivorous , it is fussier about food , and that means an aquarium of given size will support a much smaller population of clea helena than omnivorous or herbivorous snails .\nhello guys , i thought you may be interested in some updates : 1 ) afrocanidea gemma conolly , 1929 is an invalid taxon , synonym of gutturnium muricinum ( r\u00f6ding , 1798 ) it is a ranellidae ( note also the spelling of the invalid genus ) urltoken 2 ) the species list of congeners is not complete : c . broti ( deshayes 1876 ) c . cambojiensis ( reeve , 1861 ) c . funesta adams , 1861 c . fusca ( adams , 1861 ) c . scalarina ( deshayes , 1876 ) c . spinosa temcharoen , 1971 c . wykoffi brandt , 1974 some sites you may find useful : worldwide molluscan species database - bagni liggia urltoken urltoken\nsungai jernih , perlis , northern peninsular malaysia . another typical habitat for many clea species as they have abundant prey to feed on and nutrient - rich waters flowing from nearby caves .\nin the author\u2019s experience , controlling a runaway malayan livebearing snail ( or malayan trumpet snail , melanoides tuberculata ) is to use 4 - 6 clea helena per 60 litres ( about 15 us gallons ) of water . while they won\u2019t exterminate every last one of the malayan livebearing snails , the clea helena will keep the population of them small enough that they\u2019re no longer troublesome .\nusually , clea snails can be found in abundance when present in a water body . thus , when a prey is detected , a large number of snails will search and assemble around it .\nsteung saen , kampong thom , cambodia . this is the preferred habitat for clea species as it has a wide , muddy river bottom . such habitats are widespread across delta plains of southeast asian countries .\nmeanwhile , other clea snails will try to loosen the grip of the feeding predator on its prey by using their foot to\npull\nthe prey out , much like a tug - of - war game .\non the other hand , like all snails , clea helena and tylomelania spp . are vulnerable to predation when kept with large fish . cichlids , pufferfish , loaches and certain catfish ( e . g . , synodontis ) are likely to view clea helena and the smaller tylomelania as potential food . even if they don\u2019t eat them outright , fish that like to peck at things may stress these snails sufficiently that they\u2019ll cause damage and eventually death .\nclea helena are known as assassin snails and snail - eating snails precisely because they\u2019re so good at catching and killing small snails . are they worth using though ? in short , yes , but you will need quite a few of them .\nbesides malayan livebearing snails , clea helena will also eat other small snail species including physa spp . ( tadpole snails ) . they will also eat juvenile tylomelania snails , and that may be an issue if you want to keep them together .\nclea helena is a predator , and it will eat any small snails it can catch . it will likely eat fish eggs too , and quite likely immobile ( \u201cwriggler\u201d ) fish fry too . but otherwise clea helena is an excellent community tank resident . it does not harm snails that are substantially larger than it is , and things like adult nerite snails as well as tylomelania seem to coexist amicably enough . fish are at no risk at all once mobile , and even livebearer fry are ignored .\nthese are true freshwater snails and do not need salt added to the water . but having said that , the authors experience is that both clea helena and tylomelania spp . tolerate slightly brackish water conditions ( around sg 1 . 003 ) perfectly well .\n( of quadrasia crosse , 1886 ) smith e . a . ( 1895 ) observations on the genus clea , with the description of a new species . proceedings of the malacological society of london 1 : 251 - 253 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nhi ! nice work you ' ve done here ! i ' m portuguese malacologist currently finishing my phd thesis on gastropods in the aquarium trade . clea helena was one of my studied species ! i wonder if you could contact me by email so we could exchange some thoughts ? rita . coelho @ urltoken kind regards , rita\nlike most other snails , clea helena and tylomelania spp . will not do well in water that is too soft or acidic . while the precise water chemistry values do not seem to be important , aim for moderately hard to hard water with a ph above neutral ( 10 - 20 degrees dh , ph 7 - 8 ) .\nhello , i am trying to id a species of clea i collected in a hill - forest torrent in brunei . i think it might be c . nigricans . however , i found descriptions of other species that are rather similar ( c . funesta , c . bockii ) and would like to share some thoughts . could you pls send me a mail to gianluca . polgar @ urltoken\nit is not possible to tell male and female clea helena apart , so to start breeding them , a small group will be necessary . when clea helena mates , pairs or groups of snails clamber over each other and seem to hold position like that for hours at a time . eventually the males and females separate , and the females go off to lay their eggs . eggs are deposited one at a time in tiny transparent blobs , usually on solid objects such as bogwood roots . hatching takes a few weeks , and it is fully six months before the juveniles are big enough ( around 8 mm ) to be seen actively hunting at the surface . before they get that big they are presumably hidden away in the sand feeding on whatever small organisms they find there . lifespan is around two years .\nclea helena is a burrowing species , and does best in tanks with a sandy substrate . if nothing else , this gives the aquarist an opportunity to watch the natural behaviour of the species . it is also more likely to reproduce successfully in a tank with a sandy substrate since the juvenile snails seem to spend a lot of time hidden underground . perhaps they need to avoid being eaten by the adults ?\ntylomelania spp . and clea helena have much to attract the aquarist keeping small , gentle freshwater fish . compared to the existing species on offer , these snails are far less likely to become a pest , and once settled in , hardy and easy to maintain . while we\u2019re not quite at the stage of having a freshwater reef tank just yet , these snails are a good few steps in that direction !\nhello i am gianluca , i am trying to id a clea that i think is c . nigricans , collected in a hill - forest torrent in brunei . however , the original description of c . nigricans adams , 1855 closely resembles that one of c . funesta and c . blockii . . . if anyone likes to share some thoughts , i would love to have a chat by email : gianluca . polgar @ urltoken cheers , gianluca\nthe assassin snail ( clea helena ) has been welcomed by fishkeepers as the single best all - around snail - killing animal in the hobby . existing choices were limited to things like pufferfish and the larger loaches , particularly botiine loaches , but these fish are often difficult to maintain , and in the case of puffers especially , tend to be nippy towards their tankmates . the assassin snail is very different . it is small , completely harmless towards fish and shrimps , and generally very easy to keep . it is also very pretty , bright yellow with chocolate brown stripes .\nalright , the next big question is probably : how does it feed ? i have heard many who discovered them congregating around rotting carcasses of frogs , dead swiflets and bats near caves . personally , i have encountered a group of clea helena feeding on picnic leftovers of fried fish at water ' s edge in sungai jernih , perlis , malaysia . so , these buccinids are no different from their marine cousins - scavengers and predators at the same time . i ' ve brought some back home for further observations of their feeding behaviour . here ' s a photo - essay of it :\ninformation on the african species is particularly void while asia ' s ones received more attention ( from the aquarium trade , not researchers ! ) . clea genus is widespread across southeast asia and have not been recorded elsewhere . it ' s abundance is notable especially in alluvial plains and around large water bodies like the irrawaddy delta ( myanmar ) , mekong river ( indochina countries ) , chao phraya river ( thailand ) and other major waterways and lakes of malaysia , brunei and indonesia ( sumatra , java , kalimantan ) . the question is - how did they managed to reach other rivers and lakes divided by tall mountain ranges and vast seas ?\non the scientific front though , little is known about this enigmatic group of snails . however , it is generally accepted that there are two genus of this family that somehow abandoned the sea in favour of creeks and ponds . the african species is categorised into the ( sub ) genus afrocanidia while asia ' s is grouped into the clea genus . now , this may shed some light to its origins . perhaps , they first appeared from a common ancestor when africa and south asia was in one piece ( called pangea ) 225 million years ago ? or did they adapted to freshwater separately ( convergent evolution ) since it is more likely to be a recent adaptation ?\nthe possible answer can be found when we turn the clock back to around 20 000 years ago . the waters of south china sea , gulf of siam , straits of malacca and java sea recede and is replaced by alternating grasslands and swamps . now , one would notice that major rivers were being drained out of this large peninsula , dubbed sundaland , by\nmega rivers\n( much like the present day amazonian basin ) . so , it ' s possible that the clea genus or its ancestor have had its early millenias conquering much of sundaland ' s freshwater systems before rising sea levels cut off many populations and from there each evolved into seperate species or subspecies .\ntylomelania spp . are almost but not quite livebearers . again , males and females are separate , so for breeding purposes a group is required . there is no easy way to sex them . once mating has taken place , the female broods the eggs internally almost to the point when they are ready to hatch . the eggs are then released , and within an hour than juvenile snail crawls out from the shell . at this point the juvenile has a shell that is a good 5 mm in length , and can be reared alongside the adults without problems . they are , however , vulnerable to predation by clea helena , so while adults of both species can be mixed , you won\u2019t get many tylomelania if they\u2019re kept together .\nadams a . ( 1855 ) . description of two new genera and several new species of mollusca , from the collection of hugh cuming , esq . proceedings of the zoological society of london . 23 : 119 - 124 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 119 [ details ]\ngalindo , l . a . ; puillandre , n . ; utge , j . ; lozouet , p . ; bouchet , p . ( 2016 ) . the phylogeny and systematics of the nassariidae revisited ( gastropoda , buccinoidea ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution . 99 : 337 - 353 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of quadrasia crosse , 1886 ) houbrick r . s . ( 1986 ) transfer of quadrasia from the planaxidae to the buccinidae ( mollusca : gastropoda : prosobranchia ) . proceedings of the biological society of washington 99 ( 2 ) : 359 - 362 . [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe various species of tylomelania imported from the southeast asian island of sulawesi are not kept to do a job , but because they\u2019re interesting and attractive . in the past aquarists have kept apple snails ( pomacea spp . ) but these don\u2019t always do well . in the wild most apple snails spend a few months resting in the mud , but they can\u2019t do this in an aquarium , and because of this seem to \u2018burn up\u2019 , dying within a year or so and never attaining full size . tylomelania spp . do much better in aquaria , and unlike apple snails , they do not eat plants , so can be kept in planted tanks without risk .\ntylomelania are members of the family pachychilidae , a freshwater - dwelling group within the predominantly marine cerithioidea superfamily of gastropods . there are numerous tylomelania species , and telling them apart is difficult . many retailers simply sell them as tylomelania , or else under trade names such as sulawesi elephant snails , helmet snails , rabbit snails and various other names .\ntylomelania spp . are primarily inhabitants of lakes and rivers . they are more scavengers than carnivores , and feed on various types of decaying organic matter besides carrion . they also eat some algae , though they are less dedicated algae - eaters than , say , nerite snails , which seem to eat nothing else .\nwhat makes tylomelania so remarkable is their size and variety . their shells come in a range of shapes and sizes , the biggest ones more than 10 cm ( 4 inches ) in length . ornamentation consists of different arrangements of ribs and grooves . the soft body of the animal is variable too , and can be yellow , green , grey or black .\nwater quality is important , particularly in the case of tylomelania . these are not species for immature aquaria , and are best added after the aquarium has been running for at least a couple of months . unlike the other freshwater snails kept by hobbyists , such as apple snails , these are not air - breathing snails , and they will not do well in tanks with poor water circulation or inadequate oxygen .\ntylomelania are less fussy and do well in tanks with either sand or gravel substrates . if sand is provided , they will root about a bit more naturally , and this is fun to watch , but they don\u2019t seem overly bothered by gravel substrates . tylomelania will breed successfully in tanks with either type of substrate .\nfeeding these snails is extremely easy , since both species consume any meaty food they find , including uneaten fish food . to a degree then , they\u2019re scavengers . but for optimal health they will need some food left out specifically for them . catfish pellets are a good staple , but these could be augmented with calcium - rich fare that will help them build their shells . wet - frozen brine shrimp , mysis and krill all seem to be very popular . small pieces of frozen lancefish are also welcomed , especially the more bony bits like the head that fish tend to ignore .\ntylomelania spp . are essentially non - predatory so far as aquarium fish and invertebrates go .\ngood companions are things like tetras , non - nippy barbs , rainbowfish , livebearers , corydoras catfish , bristlenose catfish and so on .\ntylomelania are excellent scavengers and a good choice for the aquarist after a snail that will consume uneaten fish food and organic detritus . they are especially good at cleaning up any leftover bones and shells , as well as things like shrimp moults .\nof course no snail actually \u201ccleans\u201d an aquarium , and that remains the job of the filter ( as well as the weekly water changes ) . but tylomelania seem to be able to compete reasonably well with things like corydoras catfish , and aquarists might even consider using these snails , perhaps alongside shrimps , as the only bottom feeders in the aquarium .\nbrandt r . a . m . ( 1974 ) . the non - marine aquatic mollusca of thailand . archiv f\u00fcr molluskenkunde . 105 : i - iv , 1 - 423 . page ( s ) : 204 , pl . 15 fig . 69 [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nsorry , the species or group that you asked for is not on the onezoom tree .\nthe open tree contains additional species not on the onezoom tree ( particularly subspecies and fossils ) . to check if this is why we cannot find your species or group , you can\n, then chances are you have entered a wrong number or a misspelt name .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\n. if you continue to use the site we will assume that you agree with this .\nthis article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone . are you certain this article is inappropriate ?\nlike all snails in the clade neogastropoda , snails in this genus are carnivorous .\nthis article was sourced from creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . world heritage encyclopedia content is assembled from numerous content providers , open access publishing , and in compliance with the fair access to science and technology research act ( fastr ) , wikimedia foundation , inc . , public library of science , the encyclopedia of life , open book publishers ( obp ) , pubmed , u . s . national library of medicine , national center for biotechnology information , u . s . national library of medicine , national institutes of health ( nih ) , u . s . department of health & human services , and urltoken , which sources content from all federal , state , local , tribal , and territorial government publication portals ( . gov , . mil , . edu ) . funding for urltoken and content contributors is made possible from the u . s . congress , e - government act of 2002 .\ncrowd sourced content that is contributed to world heritage encyclopedia is peer reviewed and edited by our editorial staff to ensure quality scholarly research articles .\nby using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy . world heritage encyclopedia\u2122 is a registered trademark of the world public library association , a non - profit organization .\ncopyright \u00a9 world library foundation . all rights reserved . ebooks from project gutenberg are sponsored by the world library foundation , a 501c ( 4 ) member ' s support non - profit organization , and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\nsearch their arrest records , driving records , contact information , photos and more . . .\ncopyright 2018 peekyou . com . a patent pending people search process . all rights reserved .\nfrom sungai jernih , perlis , northern peninsula malaysia . note its difference from thai varieties offered in the aquarium trade .\nis a very resilient snail . it can lay dormant for more than a month without food . in this stage , it usually buries or half - buries itself in the loose , sandy or muddy substrate .\nwhen food ( meat or snail ) is detected , it prolongs it ' s proboscis ( siphon ) and crawls out to search for its quarry . occasionally , it will also react similarly when there is movement in the water ( especially if it lives in still waters most of the time . )\nit will then wander around to locate the prey . however , it takes a straight path towards the prey if there are no others in the vicinity .\nthe first to reach the prey will grab it with its foot and inserts a thin , fleshy tube ( siphon ) into the snail and suck the animal within the shell .\n( proably excreting digestive enzymes and dissolve the prey alive before consuming it . )\nto finish its meal but that may be because of the miniature size of the prey . for larger size meals like frog carcasses , it might take a day or more to finish the entire body . most of the time , they will abandon their meal when they are full and return back when they ' re ready for the next meal .\nafter some time devouring its prey , other snails will lose interest and gradually retreats back to their hideouts , leaving the lucky snail and its meal alone . at last , when the meal is finished , the predator will crawl back to its own resting spot , leaving empty shells of the prey behind .\nnot surprisingly , buccinids aren ' t the only one which has migrated to freshwater environments in southeast asia . there are also genus\n( thailand ) of pyramidellidae . so , who knows what more lurks in the muddy depths of these tropical rivers and lakes ?\nthe melvill - tomlin collection . parts . 50 , 51 , 52 , 53 , 54 . buccinacea ( pyrenidae , buccinidae , galeodidae , nassariidae and fasciolariidae ) .\nmaps of holocene sea level transgression and submerged lakes on the sunda shelf . the natural history journal of chulalongkorn university , supplement 2 : 1 - 44 , august 2006 .\nellen e . strong , oliver gargominy , winston f . ponde , phillippe bouchet , 2008\nglobal diversity of gastropods ( gastropoda ; mollusca ) in freshwater . hydrobiologia ( 2008 ) 595 : 149\u2013166\naccording to the report : ellen e . strong , oliver gargominy , winston f . ponde , phillippe bouchet , 2008 global diversity of gastropods ( gastropoda ; mollusca ) in freshwater . hydrobiologia ( 2008 ) 595 : 149\u2013166 . freshwater buccinids are first recorded in the fossil assemblages of the miocene period ( approximately 23 - 5 million years ago ) .\na young nature - lover aspiring to be a malacologist . inspired by the amazing biodiversity of tropical rainforests and coral reefs ( snails , clams and slugs in particular ) ; intrigued by the fields of paleotology , geology and many other fields that suffix with\n- logy\n; motivated by the never ending discoveries of nature and the ecology within . traveled extensively around southeast asia & beyond . this blog showcases snapshots of my discoveries , explorations , views and admiration of the intricacies in molluscs and nature while on the journey towards achieving my childhood dream .\nlast wednesday i received an email from mike cole of cole ecological , forwarded by our good buddy tim pearce . attached to mike\u2019s message was the jpeg bel . . .\nthe ubin community came together to celebrate singapore ' s last unspoilt island from 26 may ( sat ) to 24 jun ( sun ) 2018 . here ' s a look back at pesta ubin 201 . . .\nthere are a lot of cases where you may need the help of a committed locksmith so it is of utmost importance that you have the contact number of a reliable . . .\nred - legged pademelons ( * thylogale stigmatica * ) are not sociable animals , but they put up with each other . but every now and then , especially towards the en . . .\nto come out again , mr / ms mantis shrimp\u2026 . . and true enough , patience paid off and here\u2019s he / she peeking out of his / her hole ! more of the mantis shrimp and . . .\ntoday is halloween . in my own culture , it is never part of our ' habit ' to celebrate this event . but in my adopted country , this is big ! the children are lo . . .\narticle id : 2013 - 07 - 22 - wetecol * jamilah , ms * & muhammad razali salam coastal biodiversity and conservation research group department of biological scien . . .\nthe 15th meeting of the mid - atlantic malacologists took place yesterday at the delaware museum of natural history ( dmnh ) in wilmington , delaware . i counted . . .\nthe ariophantid * hemiplecta belerang * sp . nov . from south sumatra is described in this paper . it is compared with its closest congeners , from which it is g . . .\nsnakes ! tigers ! lizards ! pangolins ! bears ! calling all wildlife in the forest ! run for your lives ! for the wildlife kingpin is freed - again . . . old habits . . .\ni pick my way along the beach the sky is blue , the tide is out , exposed pools glitter ; down i reach to touch a sea hare on the snout . * \u2013 * ( perhaps it\u2019s not . . .\nborneo is totally smaller than india or australia , but very rich with biodiversity . i am interested on terrestrial snail fauna especially the micro - terres . . .\n19 october 2009 after the not - so - satisfying snorkeling experience at bare island in the morning , i went snorkeling at little bay in the afternoon and had a . . .\nthis is a short article written on coral reef ecosystem for ekomar coffeetable book : ) .\ncoral reef ecosystem is the most diverse ecosystem in the sea . it . . .\ncopyright of jk - siputkuning , 2012 , unless stated or referenced otherwise . picture window theme . powered by blogger ."]}
{"id": 545, "summary": [{"text": "lottia langfordi is a species of sea snail , a true limpet , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family lottiidae , one of the families of true limpets . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "lottia langfordi", "paragraphs": ["- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - species : lottia langfordi ( t . habe , 1944 ) - id : 5004000058\n( of collisella langfordi habe , 1944 ) liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors\n( of collisella langfordi habe , 1944 ) liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nnakano t . & ozawa t . ( 2007 ) . worldwide phylogeography of limpets of the order patellogastropoda : molecular , morphological and paleontological evidence . journal of molluscan studies 73 ( 1 ) : 79\u201399 . [ details ]\nkase t . , nakano t . , kurihara y . & haga t . ( 2013 ) . a middle pleistocene limpet assemblage from central japan ( gastropoda : patellogastropoda ) and selective extinction of intertidal rocky shore molluscs in response to glacio - eustatic sea - level changes . paleontological research . 17 ( 3 ) : 261 - 281 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( habe , 1944 ) . accessed through : xu , k . , an , j . , ding , l . , dong , d . , gao , y . , huang , y . , jiang , w . , lei , y . , li , k . , li , x . , li , y . , liang , x . , lin , g . , lin , m . , liu , h . , liu , j . , liu , w . , liu , x . , lu , d . , ma , z . , ren , x . , sha , z . , sun , j . , sun , s . , sun , z . , tian , l . , wang , d . , wang , j . , wu , x . , xia , b . , xiao , n . , yin , j . , zhang , j . , zhang , s . , zhang , x . , zhao , e . , zheng , x . , zhou , h . , zhou , j . & zhou , k . ( 2018 ) chinese register of marine species at : urltoken ; = 456595 on 2018 - 07 - 09\nxu , k . , an , j . , ding , l . , dong , d . , gao , y . , huang , y . , jiang , w . , lei , y . , li , k . , li , x . , li , y . , liang , x . , lin , g . , lin , m . , liu , h . , liu , j . , liu , w . , liu , x . , lu , d . , ma , z . , ren , x . , sha , z . , sun , j . , sun , s . , sun , z . , tian , l . , wang , d . , wang , j . , wu , x . , xia , b . , xiao , n . , yin , j . , zhang , j . , zhang , s . , zhang , x . , zhao , e . , zheng , x . , zhou , h . , zhou , j . & zhou , k . ( 2018 ) . chinese register of marine species .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nversion 43 . 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed . my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .\n- note : several protected species are illustrated here only for identification purposes . they are not for sale . - the photos in our gallery are in most cases just a sample from our stock , except when only one specimen is offered . we try to match the original color but it can vary if your screen is not correctly adjusted ( gamma correction ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nfuchigami , t . and sasaki , t . , 2005 : the shell structure of the recent patellogastropoda ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . paleontological research , vol . 9 , no . 2 , pp . 143\u2013168 . ( reference no . 0793 )\n( c ) 2008 - 2016 . the university museum , the university of tokyo .\nthe source code for the wiki 2 extension is being checked by specialists of the mozilla foundation , google , and apple . you could also do it yourself at any point in time .\nwould you like wikipedia to always look as professional and up - to - date ? we have created a browser extension .\nit will enhance any encyclopedic page you visit with the magic of the wiki 2 technology .\ni use wiki 2 every day and almost forgot how the original wikipedia looks like .\nof perfecting techniques ; in live mode . quite the same wikipedia . just better .\n, who confirmed that it was available there under the stated license on that date .\nbasis of this page is in wikipedia . text is available under the cc by - sa 3 . 0 unported license . non - text media are available under their specified licenses . wikipedia\u00ae is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation , inc . wiki 2 is an independent company and has no affiliation with wikimedia foundation ."]}
{"id": 553, "summary": [{"text": "cymbium marmoratum , commonly known as the marble cymbium volute , is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family volutidae , the volutes . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "cymbium marmoratum", "paragraphs": ["bail p . & poppe g . t . 2001 . a conchological iconography : a taxonomic introduction of the recent volutidae . conchbooks , hackenheim . 30 pp , 5 pl . ( updated october 2008 for worms ) [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nversion 43 . 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed . my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nusing cookies on urltoken shellauction uses cookies only for technical reasons and to facilitate and speed up your site navigation . by continuing to browse , you accept the use of cookies ; if you do not wish to receive them please disable them or not navigate this website further . more info cookies on urltoken\nutilizzo dei cookies su urltoken shellauction utilizza i cookies esclusivamente per ragioni tecniche e per facilitare e velocizzare la navigazione del sito . continuando a navigare accetti l ' utilizzo dei cookies , se non desideri riceverli ti invitiamo a disabilitarli oppure a non navigare questo sito ulteriormente . altre informazioni sui cookies di urltoken\ntrawled at 30 - 40m . 1995 . gem - . from old collection . really top quality ! wonderful specimen . ( un )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken"]}
{"id": 592, "summary": [{"text": "calathus metallicus is a species of ground beetle from the platyninae subfamily that can be found in albania , bulgaria , greece , poland , romania , slovakia , ukraine , all states of former yugoslavia ( except slovenia ) , and near east . ", "topic": 27}], "title": "calathus metallicus", "paragraphs": ["have a fact about calathus metallicus ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for calathus metallicus ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nno one has contributed data records for calathus ambiguus yet . learn how to contribute .\nhans - martin braun added the german common name\nrothalsiger kahnl\u00e4ufer\nto\ncalathus melanocephalus linnaeus\n.\nhans - martin braun added the german common name\nhellschildiger breithalsk\u00e4fer\nto\ncalathus melanocephalus linnaeus\n.\nenter the name or part of a name you wish to search for . the asterisk character * can be used as wildcard . e . g . ' papilio * ' . keep in mind that the search is only based on the full taxon name .\nwe are still having problems with the search feature . unfortunately we cannot give a timeline when the advanced search will be fixed .\nthe id resolving service for stable taxon ids is currently under maintenance . meanwhile , please use the name search in order to find the taxon page .\nmuseum f\u00fcr naturkunde leibniz - institut f\u00fcr evolutions - und biodiversit\u00e4tsforschung invalidenstr . 43 10115 berlin germany e - mail : fauna - eu ( at ) mfn - berlin . de website : urltoken\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\nmaintaining and updating the site requires a lot of time and effort . therefore , we are forced to introduce a partially paid access . we expect that the costs will not be too burdensome for you , and your money will help us in the development of interactive keys , and more dynamic updates of the site .\nyour subscription will be activated when payment clears . view the status of your subscription in your account .\nthis project help increase the availability of scientific knowledge worldwide . contributions at any level help sustain our work . thank you for your support .\n\u00a9 carabidae of the world , 2007 - 2018 \u00a9 a team of authors , in in : anichtchenko a . et al . , ( editors ) 2007 - 2018\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\npaleartic . open habitats , xerophilous . pteridimorphic , with winter larvae . small size . predator .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nyour file was uploaded and will be processed shortly . you will get an e - mail after importing the file in our database . u can close this window now ."]}
{"id": 608, "summary": [{"text": "byasa latreillei , the rose windmill , is a butterfly from the windmills genus ( byasa ) , found in various parts of asia , comprising tailed black swallowtail butterflies with white spots and red submarginal crescents . ", "topic": 23}], "title": "byasa latreillei", "paragraphs": ["no one has contributed data records for byasa latreillei yet . learn how to contribute .\nbyasa latreillei ssp : genestieri ? yunnan , dali . 1p . rare offer . 2628 .\nspecies : byasa latreillei ssp : genestieri . 1 pair . collection data : yunnan , dali .\nbyasa latreillei ssp : genestieri ? yunnan , dali . 1p . rare offer . 2628 . | ebay\nbyasa latreillei genestieri ; huang , 2003 , neue ent . nachr . 55 : 74 ( note )\npapilio latreillei genestieri oberth\u00fcr , 1918 ; bull . soc . ent . fr . 1918 : 187\n= byasa hedistus ; huang , 2001 , neue ent . nachr . 51 : 99\n= byasa dasarada melanura ; huang , 2001 , neue ent . nachr . 51 : 98\nbyasa dasarada dasarada ; huang , 2001 , neue ent . nachr . 51 : 98 ( note )\nbyasa dasarada ravana ; huang , 2001 , neue ent . nachr . 51 : 98 ( note )\nbyasa dasarada barata ; huang , 2001 , neue ent . nachr . 51 : 98 ( note )\n? papilio latreillei robus jordan , 1928 ; novit . zool . 34 : 161 ; tl : tonkin , ngai tio , 4800ft\n= byasa dasarada ouvrardi oberth\u00fcr , 1920 ; huang , 2003 , neue ent . nachr . 55 : 75\n{ author1 , author2 . . . } , ( n . d . ) . byasa latreillei ( donovan , 1826 ) . [ online ] india biodiversity portal , species page : { name of species field } available at : urltoken [ accessed date jul 10 , 2018 ] .\n{ author1 , author2 . . . } , ( n . d . ) . byasa latreillei ( donovan , 1826 ) . [ online ] india biodiversity portal , species page : { name of species field } available at : urltoken [ accessed date jul 10 , 2018 ] .\nbyasa nevilli ; [ mrs ] , 110 ; huang , 2001 , neue ent . nachr . 51 : 99 ( note )\nbyasa hedistus ; [ mrs ] , 111 ; huang , 2001 , neue ent . nachr . 51 : 99 ( note )\nbyasa dasarada ouvrardi ; [ mrs ] , 111 ; huang , 2003 , neue ent . nachr . 55 : 75 ( note )\nbyasa dasarada melanura ; [ mrs ] , 111 ; huang , 2001 , neue ent . nachr . 51 : 98 ( note )\njordan , k . , 1928 on the latreillei group of eastern papilios . novitates zoologicae . 34 : 159 - 172 , pl . 6 , 7 . online as pdf\nbyasa alcinous mansonensis ab . flaveolus murayama & shimonoya , 1966 ; ty\u00f4 to ga 15 ( 3 / 4 ) : 58 , f . 3 ; tl : poli\nphiloxenus [ byasa polyeuctes ] : a name previously in use for this species ( e . g . , munroe 1961 ) , but invalid as a junior primary homonym .\nimpediens [ byasa ] : this taxon has generally been cited byasa impediens rothschild , 1895 , but as realized by fujioka et al . ( 1997 ) it was originally described as an infrasubspecific form ( rothschild 1895 : 269 - 270 ) , and has only been made available through a subsequent citation as a subspecies by seitz ( 1907 : 9 ) .\npapilio ( byasa ) polla de nic\u00e9ville , 1897 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 10 ( 4 ) : 633 ; tl : n . shan states , n . chin hills , 5000ft\nstenoptera [ byasa nevilli ] : recently described as a separate species from hainan allied to b . nevilli ( chou 1994 , gu 1997 ) , a species which is not yet know to occur on the island but only on the chinese mainland .\nhedistus [ byasa ] : generally accepted as a separate species ( e . g . , collins & morris 1985 , hancock 1983 , munroe 1961 ) , but treated as conspecific with b . dasarada by d ' abrera ( 1982 : 37 ) .\nfebanus [ byasa impediens ] : sometimes accepted as a separate species endemic to taiwan ( e . g . , collins & morris 1985 , igarashi & fukuda 1997 ) , but recently more often treated as conspecific with b . impediens from mainland china ( chou 1994 , d ' abrera 1982 , fujioka et al . 1997 , hancock 1983 , and shirozu 1992 ) .\nrhadinus [ byasa mencius ] : originallly described and generally placed as conspecific with b . mencius ( e . g . , collins & morris 1985 , fujioka et al . 1997 ) , it was suggested by d ' abrera ( 1982 : 38 ) to be closer to b . nevilli , and has recently been elevated to species rank by chou ( 1994 ) .\nprepared by christoph l . h\u00e4user , in cooperation with rienk de jong , gerardo lamas , robert k . robbins , campbell smith & richard i . vane - wright .\nparnassiinae duponchel , [ 1835 ] [ 66 spp . ] parnassiini duponchel , [ 1835 ] :\ndriopa korshunov , 1988 [ 8 spp . ] parnassius ( driopa ) ariadne lederer , 1853 - clarius eversmann , 1843 * parnassius ( driopa ) clodius m\u00e9n\u00e9tri\u00e9s , 1855 parnassius ( driopa ) eversmanni m\u00e9n\u00e9tri\u00e9s , 1855 - felderi bremer , 1861 * - litoreus stichel , 1907 * parnassius ( driopa ) glacialis butler , 1866 * - sulphurus antram , 1924 * parnassius ( driopa ) mnemosyne ( linnaeus , 1758 ) parnassius ( driopa ) nordmanni [ m\u00e9n\u00e9tri\u00e9s ] , 1850 parnassius ( driopa ) orleans oberth\u00fcr , 1890 parnassius ( driopa ) stubbendorfii m\u00e9n\u00e9tri\u00e9s , 1849 - hoenei schweitzer , 1912 *\nparnassius latreille , 1804 [ 13 spp . ] parnassius ( parnassius ) actius ( eversmann , 1843 ) parnassius ( parnassius ) apollo ( linnaeus , 1758 ) parnassius ( parnassius ) apollonius ( eversmann , 1847 ) parnassius ( parnassius ) bremeri bremer , 1864 parnassius ( parnassius ) dongalaicus tytler , 1926 * - rikihiroi kawasaki , 1995 * parnassius ( parnassius ) epaphus oberth\u00fcr , 1879 parnassius ( parnassius ) honrathi staudinger , 1882 parnassius ( parnassius ) jacquemontii boisduval , 1836 parnassius ( parnassius ) nomion fischer de waldheim , 1823 parnassius ( parnassius ) phoebus ( fabricius , 1793 ) * - ruckbeili deckert , 1909 * parnassius ( parnassius ) sacerdos stichel , 1906 * parnassius ( parnassius ) smintheus doubleday , 1847 * - behrii edwards , 1870 * parnassius ( parnassius ) tianschanicus oberth\u00fcr , 1879\nleptocircini kirby , 1896 [ = lampropterini bryk , 1929 ; [ = graphiini talbot , 1939 ] * [ 144 spp . ]\nmimoides brown , 1991 [ 11 spp . ] mimoides ariarathes ( esper , 1788 ) mimoides euryleon ( hewitson , [ 1856 ] ) mimoides ilus ( fabricius , 1793 ) - belesis ( bates , 1864 ) * - branchus ( doubleday , 1846 ) * mimoides lysithous ( h\u00fcbner , [ 1821 ] ) - eupatorion ( lucas , 1857 ) * - harrisianus ( swainson , 1822 ) * - oedipus ( felder , 1865 ) * - rurik ( eschscholtz , 1821 ) * - sebastianus ( oberth\u00fcr , 1880 ) * mimoides microdamas ( burmeister , 1878 ) mimoides pausanias ( hewitson , 1852 ) mimoides phaon ( boisduval , 1836 ) - hipparchus ( staudinger , 1884 ) * mimoides protodamas ( godart , 1819 ) mimoides thymbraeus ( boisduval , 1836 ) mimoides xeniades ( hewitson , 1867 ) * - chibcha ( fassl , 1912 ) * - harmodius ( doubleday , 1846 ) * mimoides xynias ( hewitson , 1875 ) - trapeza ( rothschild & jordan , 1906 ) *\nprotesilaus swainson , [ 1832 ] [ 11 spp . ] protesilaus aguiari ( d ' almeida , 1937 ) protesilaus earis ( rothschild & jordan , 1906 ) * protesilaus glaucolaus ( bates , 1864 ) protesilaus helios ( rothschild & jordan , 1906 ) protesilaus leucosilaus ( zik\u00e1n , 1937 ) * protesilaus macrosilaus ( gray , [ 1853 ] ) * - penthesilaus ( felder & felder , 1865 ) * protesilaus molops ( rothschild & jordan , 1906 ) - hetaerius ( rothschild & jordan , 1906 ) * protesilaus orthosilaus ( weymer , 1899 ) protesilaus protesilaus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) - archesilaus ( felder & felder , 1865 ) * - embrikstrandi ( d ' almeida , 1936 ) * - nigricornis ( staudinger , 1884 ) * - pseudosilaus ( zikan , 1937 ) * - travassosi ( d ' almeida , 1938 ) * protesilaus stenodesmus ( rothschild & jordan , 1906 ) protesilaus telesilaus ( felder & felder , 1864 )\nprotographium munroe , [ 1961 ] [ 14 spp . ] protographium agesilaus ( gu\u00e9rin & percheron , 1835 ) - autosilaus ( bates , 1861 ) * - neosilaus ( hopffer , 1865 ) * - oberthueri ( rothschild & jordan , 1906 ) * protographium anaxilaus ( felder & felder , 1865 ) * - arcesilaus ( lucas , 1852 ) * protographium asius ( fabricius , 1781 ) protographium calliste ( bates , 1864 ) protographium celadon ( lucas , 1852 ) protographium dioxippus ( hewitson , [ 1856 ] ) - lacandones ( bates , 1864 ) * protographium epidaus ( doubleday , 1846 ) protographium leosthenes ( doubleday , 1846 ) protographium leucaspis ( godart , 1819 ) protographium marcellinus ( doubleday , [ 1845 ] ) protographium marcellus ( cramer , [ 1777 ] ) protographium philolaus ( boisduval , 1836 ) - oberthueri ( rothschild & jordan , 1906 ) * - xanticles ( bates , 1863 ) * protographium thyastes ( drury , 1782 ) - marchandii ( boisduval , 1836 ) * protographium zonaria ( butler , 1869 )\nbattus scopoli , 1777 [ 12 spp . ] battus belus ( cramer , [ 1777 ] ) battus chalceus ( rothschild & jordan , 1906 ) * - ingenuus ( dyar , 1907 ) * battus crassus ( cramer , [ 1777 ] ) battus devilliersii ( godart , 1823 ) battus eracon ( godman & salvin , 1897 ) battus laodamas ( felder & felder , 1859 ) battus lycidas ( cramer , [ 1777 ] ) battus madyes ( doubleday , 1846 ) - philetas ( hewitson , 1869 ) * battus philenor ( linnaues , 1771 ) battus polydamas ( linnaeus , 1758 ) - archidamas ( boisduval , 1836 ) * - psittacus ( molina , 1782 ) * - streckerianus ( honrath , 1884 ) * battus polystictus ( butler , 1874 ) battus zetides munroe , 1971 - zetes ( westwood , 1847 ) *\ncressida swainson , 1832 [ 1 sp . ] cressida cressida ( fabricius , 1775 )\neuryades felder & felder , 1864 [ 2 spp . ] euryades corethrus ( boisduval , 1836 ) euryades duponchelii ( lucas , 1836 )\nlosaria moore , [ 1902 ] [ 4 spp . ] losaria coon ( fabricius , 1793 ) losaria neptunus ( gu\u00e9rin - m\u00e9neville , 1840 ) losaria palu ( martin , 1912 ) * losaria rhodifer ( butler , 1876 )\nornithoptera boisduval , [ 1832 ] [ 12 spp . ] ornithoptera aesacus ( ney , 1903 ) * ornithoptera alexandrae ( rothschild , 1907 ) ornithoptera chimaera ( rothschild , 1904 ) ornithoptera croesus wallace , 1859 * ornithoptera goliath oberth\u00fcr , 1888 ornithoptera meridionalis ( rothschild , 1897 ) ornithoptera paradisea staudinger , 1893 ornithoptera priamus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) - akakeae kobayashi & koiwaya , 1978 * - allotei ( rothschild , 1914 ) * - euphorion ( gray , [ 1853 ] ) * ornithoptera richmondia ( gray , [ 1853 ] ) * ornithoptera rothschildi kenrick , 1911 - akakeae kobayashi & koiwaya , 1978 * ornithoptera tithonus de haan , 1840 ornithoptera victoriae ( gray , 1856 ) - allotei ( rothschild , 1914 ) *\npharmacophagus haase , 1892 [ 1 sp . ] pharmacophagus antenor ( drury , 1773 )\ntrogonoptera rippon , [ 1890 ] [ 2 spp . ] trogonoptera brookiana ( wallace , 1855 ) trogonoptera trojana ( honrath , 1886 )\nmeandrusa moore , 1888 [ 3 spp . ] meandrusa payeni ( boisduval , 1836 ) meandrusa sciron ( leech , 1890 ) * - hercules ( blanchard , 1871 ) * meandrusa lachinus ( fruhstorfer , 1902 ) * - gyas ( westwood , 1841 ) *\nabderus [ papilio ( pterourus ) ] : generally seen as conspecific with p . garamas ( e . g . , bryk 1930 , d ' abrera 1981 , d ' almeida 1966 , tyler et al . 1994 ) , but sometimes also treated as a distinct species ( collins & morris 1985 : 87 , hancock 1983 , llorente - bousquets et al . 1997 ) .\nacco [ parnassius ( tadumia ) ] : is treated here to include baileyi south , przewalskii alpheraky , and all related taxa some of which at times have been regarded as distinct species ( e . g . , bryk 1935 , chou 1994 , collins & morris 1985 , munroe 1961 ) ; the view of a single species has been accepted by most recent authors based on the allopatric occurence of the different taxa concerned ( e . g . , ackery 1975 , eisner 1976 , hancock 1983 , inaoka & sugisawa 1997 , rose 2000 , shinkai 1997 , sorimachi 1994a , sorimachi 1995 ) .\nadamas [ pachliopta ] : previously regarded as conspecific with p . aristolochiae ( e . g . , fujioka et al . 1997 , tsukada & nishiyama 1982 ) , but recently accepted as a separate species by page & treadaway ( 1995 ) .\naesacus [ ornithoptera ] : generally regarded as a separate species ( e . g , collins & morris 1985 : 83 , hancock 1983 , hancock & orr 1997 , munroe 1961 , otani & kimura 1998 , von kn\u00f6tgen 1997 ) , but also considered as conspecific with o . priamus by parsons ( 1996 ) .\naethiops [ papilio ( druryia ) microps ] : formerly in general use as the species name ( e . g . , carcasson 1975 , d ' abrera 1980 , munroe 1961 ) , but invalid as a junior primary homonym ( ackery et al . 1995 , hancock 1983 ) ; aethiopsis hancock , 1983 has been proposed as an objective replacement name ( see below ) , but microps storace , 1952 is also seen as a conspecific taxon and hence available as species name ( ackery et al . 1995 : 152 ) .\naethiopsis [ papilio ( druryia ) microps ] : proposed as an objective replacement name for p . aethiops rothschild & jordan , 1905 , which is invalid as a junior primary homonym ( hancock 1983 : 38 ) ; at species level , however , microps storace , 1952 is already available as a valid name ( see below ) .\naglaope [ parides panthonus ] : previously treated as a separate species ( e . g . , collins & morris 1985 : 70 , d ' almeida 1966 , and hancock 1983 : 47 ) , but recently regarded as conspecific with p . panthonus by lamas ( pers . com . ) , and tyler et al . ( 1994 : 28 ) .\nakakeae [ ornithoptera priamus / rothschildi ] : originally described as a separate species , but now regarded as an interspecific hybrid between o . priamus and o . rothschildi ( otani & kimura 1998 : 101 ) .\nalcindor [ papilio ( menelaides ) polytes ] : generally held to be conspecific with p . polytes ( e . g . , bryk 1930 , d ' abrera 1982 , tsukada & nishiyama 1982 ) but recently elevated to species rank by fujioka et al . ( 1997 : 228 ) .\nalexiares [ papilio ( pterourus ) glaucus ] : previously regarded as a separate species ( e . g . , collins & morris 1985 , d ' abrera 1981 , d ' almeida 1966 : 132 , hagen & scriber 1995 , hancock 1983 , munroe 1961 ) , but recently seen as conspecific with p . glaucus ( llorente - bousquets et al . 1997 , tyler et al . 1994 ) .\nallotei [ ornithoptera priamus / victoriae ] : originally described and subsequently often listed as a separate species ( e . g . , munroe 1961 ) , it is now recognized as an interspecific hybrid between o . priamus and o . victoriae ( collins & morris 1985 : 82 , haugum & low 1978 . 1985 , otani & kimura 1998 : 99 , parsons 1999 : 225 ) .\nammosovi [ parnassius ( sachaia ) arcticus ] : originally described as a separate species but subsequently found to be a junior synonym of arcticus eisner , which first had been misplaced under p . simo ( see h\u00e4user 1993 , tuzov et al . 1997 ) .\nanaxilaus [ protographium ] : the species was formerly known under the name of arcesilaus lucas which , however , is invalid as a junior primary homonym ( see below ) .\nandreji [ parnassius ( sachaia ) ] : long treated as conspecific with p . simo ( e . g . , ackery 1975 , bryk 1935 , collins & morris 1985 , eisner 1976 , and munroe 1961 ) , but recently accepted as a separate species by chou ( 1994 ) , sorimachi ( 1995 : 72 ) , and weiss ( 1991 ) , which has also been found sympatrically with p . simo ( koiwaya 1995 ) .\nangolanus [ graphium ( arisbe ) ] : in former times the species was known under the name of pylades fabricius , which is invalid as a junior primary homonym ( see below ) .\nannae [ pachliopta phlegon ] : previously in use as the species name ( e . g . , d ' abrera 1982 ) , but invalid as a junior primary homonym ; strandi bryk , 1930 has been proposed as an available replacement name ( see below ) .\nantiphus [ pachliopta ] : until recently regarded as conspecific with p . aristolochiae ( e . g . , fujioka et al . 1997 , tsukada & nishiyama 1982 ) , but now recognized as a separate species by page & treadaway ( 1995 ) .\napollinaris [ archon ] : for a long time treated as a subspecies of a . apollinus ( e . g . , ackery 1975 , bryk 1934 , d ' abrera 1990 , igarashi 1979 , collins & morris 1985 , hancock 1983 ) , but now generally accepted as a distinct species based on the sympatric occurence with a . apollinus in part of its range ( carbonell 1991 , de freina 1985 , hesselbarth et al . 1995 ) .\narcas [ parides eurimedes ] : the species has long been known under this name which , however , is invalid as a junior primary homonym ; eurimedes stoll is available as a subjective replacement name ( tyler et al . 1994 ) .\narcesilaus [ protographium anaxilaus ] : previously the species has been known under this name ( e . g . , d ' abrera 1981 , d ' almeida 1966 , munroe 1961 ) which , however , is invalid as a junior primary homonym ( hancock 1983 ) .\narchesilaus [ protesilaus protesilaus ] : listed as a separate species by d ' almeida ( 1966 : 249 ) , but now generally regarded as conspecific with p . protesilaus ( e . g . , brown 1991 , hancock 1983 : 20 , munroe 1961 , tyler et al . 1994 : 30 ) .\narchidamas [ battus polydamas ] : previously mostly treated as a separate species ( e . g . , collins & morris 1985 : 70 , d ' almeida 1966 , hancock 1983 : 47 , m\u00f6hn 1999 , racheli & pariset 1992 ) , but recently regarded as conspecific with b . polydamas by lamas ( pers . com . ) , and tyler et al . ( 1994 : 28 ) ; the oldest available name for this taxon is probably papilio psittacus molina , 1782 ( see below ) , which hitherto has been interpreted as representing a species of castniidae ( racheli & pariset , 1992 : 53 ) .\narcticus [ parnassius ( sachaia ) ] : originally described as a siberian subspecies of p . simo , a species which does not occur in siberia , and subsequently placed as conspecific with p . tenedius ( eisner 1969 ) ; recognized as a separate species by mr\u00e1cek ( 1989 ) , and recently accepted as such ( e . g . , korshunov & gorbunov 1995 : 54 , sorimachi 1995 , tuzov et al . 1997 : 142 , and weiss 1991 ) ; includes ammosovi korshunov as a junior synonym ( see above ) .\naristeus [ papilio ( pterourus ) menatius ] : previously in use as the species name ( e . g . , bryk 1930 , d ' abrera 1981 ) but invalid as a junior primary homonym ( hancock 1983 : 32 ) .\naristolochiae [ pachliopta ] : for taxa formerly included under this species , see also under p . adamas and p . antiphus ( see above ) .\naristophontes [ papilio ( princeps ) nireus ] : originally described and often regarded as a separate species ( e . g . , collins & morris 1985 : 105 , d ' abrera 1980 , d ' abrera 1997 ) , but recently treated as conspecific with p . nireus with which it is allopatric ( ackery et al . 1995 : 153 , hancock 1984b ) .\narnoldi [ papilio ( druryia ) arnoldiana ] : this name is invalid as a junior primary homonym , and arnolidana vane - wright has been proposed as an objective replacement name for this taxon ( see below ) .\narnoldiana [ papilio ( druryia ) ] : originally described as a subspecies of p . cynorta and treated as such by most authors ( e . g . , carcasson 1975 , collins & morris 1985 , d ' abrera 1980 ) , but recently regarded as a separate species by ackery et al . ( 1995 : 139 ) , and hancock ( 1989 , 1993 ) ; the taxon was previously known under the name arnoldi poulton , which , however , is invalid as a junior primary homonym ( see above ) .\nascolius [ papilio ( pterourus ) zagreus ] : previously regarded as a separate species ( e . g . , collins & morris 1985 : 85 , d ' almeida 1966 : 147 , de vries 1987 , hancock 1983 , munroe 1961 ) , but recently treated as conspecific with p . zagreus ( racheli & pariset 1993 , tyler et al . 1994 ) .\naugustus [ parnassius ( kailasius ) imperator ] : recently proposed as a separate species from p . imperator by sugisawa & kawasaki ( 1997 ) based on differences in male genitalia and wing pattern ; regarded as conspecific with p . imperator by all previous authors , e . g . , ackery ( 1975 ) , bryk ( 1935 ) , collins & morris ( 1985 ) , ohya ( 1990 ) , sorimachi ( 1995 : 166 ) , and weiss ( 1991 ) ; this view is accepted here as no truely sympatric occurence of the two taxa has yet been demonstrated .\nauriger [ graphium ( arisbe ) ] : several taxa in the past sometimes treated as conspecific with g . auriger are now regarded as distinct species ; see also under g . olbrechtsi , and g . schubotzi .\nautosilaus [ protographium agesilaus ] : listed as a separate species by d ' almeida ( 1966 : 256 ) , but generally regarded as conspecific with p . agesilaus ( brown 1991 , collins & morris 1985 , d ' abrera 1981 , hancock 1983 , tyler et al . 1994 : 30 ) .\nbachus [ papilio ( pterourus ) zagreus ] : previously regarded as a separate species ( e . g . , collins & morris 1985 : 85 , d ' almeida 1966 : 154 , hancock 1983 , munroe 1961 , racheli & pariset 1993 ) , but recently treated as conspecific with p . zagreus ( tyler et al . 1994 ) .\nbaileyi [ parnassius ( tadumia ) acco ] : originally described as a subspecies of p . acco , later placed with rothschildianus or przewalskii ( e . g . , bryk 1935 ) , and subsequently also treated as a separate species ( e . g . , weiss 1992 ) ; more recently , however , regarded by most authors again as conspecific with p . acco ( ackery 1975 , eisner 1976 , inaoka & sugisawa 1997 , shinkai 1997 , sorimachi 1994a , sorimachi 1995 , weiss 1992 ) .\nbairdii [ papilio ( papilio ) machaon ] : previously often regarded as a separate species ( e . g . , collins & morris 1985 : 95 , d ' almeida 1966 : 155 , hancock 1983 , miller & brown 1981 , munroe 1961 ) , but now generally treated as conspecific with p . machaon ( d ' abrera 1990 , fujioka et al . 1997 , scott 1986 , sperling 1987 , tyler et al . 1994 ) .\nbatjanensis [ graphium ( graphium ) stresemanni ] : described as a distinct species in the g . weiskei group , and recently accepted as a separate species by hanafusa ( 1998 ) , and m\u00fcller & tennent ( 1999 ) ; since batjanensis appears to be allopatric to g . stresemanni , it is retained here provisionally under that species ; it has also been suggested to be conspecific with g . weiskei ( parsons 1999 : 245 ) .\nbeehri [ parnassius ( parnassius ) smintheus ] : as the other north american taxa in this group , beehri was in the past generally placed as a subspecies of p . phoebus ( e . g . , bryk 1935 , eisner 1976 , ferris 1976 , tyler et al . 1994 ) ; following the separation of nearctic taxa at species level under p . smintheus ( see below ) , it consequently has now to be placed with the latter taxon ; in a recent study , species rank has been accordet to beehri based on differences in egg morphology ( shepard & manley 1998 ) .\nbelesis [ mimoides ilus ] : formerly treated as a separate species ( e . g . , collins & morris 1985 : 49 , d ' almeida 1966 : 257 , hancock 1983 , and munroe 1961 ) , but recently regarded as conspecific with m . branchus by brown ( 1991 ) , and with m . ilus by tyler et al . ( 1994 : 31 ) .\nbenguetanus [ papilio ( sinoprinceps ) ] : sometimes regarded as conspecific with p . xuthus ( e . g . , fujioka et al . 1997 : 220 ; munroe 1961 ) , but mostly accepted as a separate species ( collins & morris 1985 , hancock 1983 , treadaway 1995 , tsukada & nishiyama 1982 ) .\nbiokoensis [ graphium ( arisbe ) ] : originally described as a subspecies of g . policenes and subsequently treated as such ( ackery et al . 1995 : 165 ) or considered conspecific with g . liponesco ( larsen 1994 ) , but recently accepted as a separate species restricted largely to central africa by smith & vane - wright ( 2001 ) .\nbiseriatus [ papilio ( menelaides ) helenus ] : generally treated as conspecific with p . helenus ( e . g . , bryk 1930 , fujioka et al . 1997 , tsukada & nishiyama 1982 ) , but regarded as a distinct species by collins & morris ( 1985 : 98 ) following hancock ( 1983 : 37 ) .\nbjorndalae [ papilio ( heraclides ) aristodemus ] : originally described and subsequently treated as a subspecies of p . aristodemus , but listed as a distinct species by d ' abrera ( 1990 : 44 ) .\nboedromius [ parnassius ( sachaia ) ] : originally described as a separate species , but later mostly regarded as conspecific with p . simo ( e . g , ackery 1975 , bryk 1935 , collins & morris 1985 , d ' abrera 1990 , eisner 1976 , munroe 1961 , verity 1905 - 1911 ) ; reinstated as a separate species by kreuzberg ( 1985 ) , and recently accepted as such by most authors ( e . g . , h\u00e4user 1993 , lukhtanov & lukhtanov 1994 , sorimachi 1995 , tuzov et al . 1997 , and weiss 1991 ) .\nboolae [ graphium ( arisbe ) policenoides ] : originally described and subsequently listed as a separate species by munroe ( 1961 ) , it has been regarded as conspecific with g . policenoides ( ackery et al . 1995 ) , but is now established as conspecific with g . liponesco ( hancock 1986 , larsen 1994 , smith & vane - wright 2001 ) .\nbranchus [ mimoides ilus ] : in the past generally treated as a separate species ( e . g . , brown 1991 : 401 , collins & morris 1985 : 49 , d ' abrera 1981 , d ' almeida 1966 : 258 , de vries 1987 , hancock 1983 , and munroe 1961 ) , but recently regarded as conspecific with m . ilus by lamas ( pers . com . ) , llorente - bousquets et al . ( 1997 ) , and tyler et al . ( 1994 : 31 ) .\nbrevicauda [ papilio ( papilio ) ] : usually treated as a separate species ( e . g . , collins & morris 1985 : 94 , d ' abrera 1990 , hancock 1983 , layberry et al . 1998 , miller & brown 1981 , munroe 1961 , scott 1986 ) , but has also been regarded as conspecific with p . machaon ( fujioka et al . 1997 , sperling & harrison 1994 , tyler et al . 1994 ) .\nbridgei [ papilio ( menelaides ) ] : this species has sometimes been regarded to also include p . erskinei ( see below ) which recently has been accepted again as a distinct species ( tennent 1999 ) ; the two taxa were introduced in the same paper , and this name has been given precedence over erskinei mathew , 1886 as the species name by parsons ( 1999 ) despite the fact that the latter name had already been given priority by racheli ( 1980 ) acting as first reviser ( see tennnet 1999 : 215 ) .\nbromius [ papilio ( druryia ) chrapkowskoides ] : a name in general use for this species ( e . g . , berger 1981 , carcasson 1975 , collins & morris 1985 , d ' abrera 1980 , d ' abrera 1997 , hancock 1984b , larsen 1991 , munroe 1961 ) which has recently been recognised to be invalid as a junior primary homonym ( ko\u00e7ak 1983 ) ; it has been suggested that a case will be made to the iczn for the conservation of the long established name papilio bromius doubleday , 1845 ( ackery et al . 1995 : 140 ) .\nbrontes [ papilio ( druryia ) desmondi ] : previously in use as the species name ( e . g . , carcasson 1975 , munroe 1961 ) , but invalid as a junior primary homonym ( ackery et al . 1995 , hancock 1984b ) .\nburaki [ pachliopta leytensis ] : buraki ko\u00e7ak , 1983 has been proposed as a replacement name for papilio phegeus hopffer , 1885 , which is invalid as a junior primary homonym ( see below ) ; leytensis murayama , 1978 , however , is available as a subjective conspecific name ( see below ) .\ncanadensis [ papilio ( pterourus ) glaucus ] : generally placed as a subspecies of p . glaucus ( e . g . , collins & morris 1985 , d ' abrera 1990 , d ' almeida 1966 , miller & brown 1981 , scott 1986 , tyler et al . 1994 ) , but recently accepted as a separate species ( caterino & sperling 1999 , hagen et al . 1991 , hagen & scriber 1995 , layberry et al . 1998 ) .\ncarchedonius [ graphium ( arisbe ) almansor ] : originally described and subsequently treated as a distinct species ( e . g . , hancock 1983 ) , it has been regarded as conspecific with g . adamastor ( ackery et al . 1995 ) , but is recently treated as conspecific with g . almansor ( d ' abrera 1997 , larsen pers . com . , smith & vane - wright 2001 ) .\ncardinal [ parnassius ( koramius ) ] : for a long time regarded as a subspecies of p . delphius ( e . g . , ackery 1975 , bryk 1935 , eisner 1976 , collins & morris 1985 , d ' abrera 1990 , munroe 1961 ) , but later recognized as a distinct species which partly coexists with other members of the p . delphius group ( kreuzberg 1985 , stshetkin 1979 ) , a view which lately has been generally accepted ( e . g . , h\u00e4user 1993 , sorimachi 1995 , tuzov et al . 1997 , weiss 1992 ) .\ncastilhoi [ parides panthonus ] : originally described as a separate species and subsequently treated as such by collins & morris ( 1985 : 70 ) and hancock ( 1983 : 47 ) , but now seen as conspecific with p . panthonus ( lamas pers . com . , tyler et al . 1994 : 28 ) .\ncaucasica [ zerynthia ( allancastria ) ] : originally placed and long regarded as conspecific with z . cerisy ( e . g . , ackery 1975 , bernardi 1970 , bryk 1934 ) , but now generally accepted as a separate species which coexists in part of its range with z . cerisy ( e . g . , collins & morris 1985 , hancock 1983 , h\u00e4user 1993 , hesselbarth et al . 1995 , kuhna 1977 , nekrutenko 1990 , and tuzov et al . 1997 : 148 ) .\nchaon [ papilio ( menelaides ) nephelus ] : listed as a separate species by munroe ( 1961 ) and talbot ( 1939 ) , but now generally regarded as conspecific with p . nephelus ( collins & morris 1985 : 100 , d ' abrera 1982 , hancock 1983 , tsukada & nishiyama 1982 ) .\ncarchedonius [ graphium ( arisbe ) aalmansor ] : originally described and subsequently sometimes treated as a distinct species ( e . g . , hancock 1983 ) , but mostly regarded as conspecific with g . adamastor ( ackery et al . 1995 , hancock 1985 ) ; recently , however , seen as conspecific with g . almansor ( d ' abrera 1997 , smith & vane - wright pers . com . ) .\nchibcha [ mimoides xeniades ] : originally described and subsequently listed as a separate species by d ' abrera ( 1981 ) , d ' almeida ( 1966 ) , and munroe ( 1961 ) , but now generally regarded as conspecific with m . xenidaes ( brown 1991 , hancock 1983 , tyler et al . 1994 ) .\nchinensis [ luehdorfia ] : originally described and in the past often treated as conspecific with l . japonica ( e . g . , ackery 1975 , d ' abrera 1990 , rothschild 1918 ) or with l . puziloi ( e . g . , bryk 1934 , eisner 1974 ) , but now recognized as a separate species ( chou 1994 , collins & morris 1985 , fujioka et al . 1997 , hancock 1983 , igarashi & fukuda 1997 , kato 1998 , nos\u00e9 1990 , watanabe 1996 ) .\nchitondensis [ papilio ( druryia ) ] : originally described as a subspecies of p . chrapkowskoides and subsequently treated as such ( hancock 1984b ) , but recently accepted as a separate species ( ackery et al . 1995 : 140 ) .\nchoui [ parnassius ( tadumia ) szechenyii ] : recently described as a separate species related to p . szechenyii ; as judged from the illustrations of the original description , however , it seems unlikely to be specifically distinct .\nchrapkowskii [ papilio ( druryia ) ] : originally described and now again mostly treated as a separate species ( ackery et al . 1995 , collins & morris 1985 , d ' abrera 1997 , hancock 1983 , hancock 1993 , kielland 1990 ) , but sometimes in the past also regarded as conspecific with p . chrapkowskoides ( e . g . , carcasson 1975 , d ' abrera 1980 , larsen 1991 ) .\nchrapkowskoides [ papilio ( druryia ) ] : this species has long been know under the name of bromius doubleday , 1845 ( e . g . , collins & morris 1985 , d ' abrera 1980 , hancock 1984b , munroe 1961 ) , which however is invalid as a junior primary homonym ; chrapkowskoides storace , 1952 is available as a subjective replacement name at the species level ( hancock 1993 ) and an objective replacement name has been proposed by ko\u00e7ak ( 1983 ) , but it has been suggested that a case will be made to the iczn for the conservation of the long established name papilio bromius doubleday , 1845 ( ackery et al . 1995 : 140 ) .\nchungianus [ graphium ( pazala ) timur ] : treated as a separate species by shirozu ( 1992 ) , but otherwise seen as conspecific with g . alebion ( d ' abrera 1982 : 108 ) or with g . timur ( koiwaya 1993 ) .\ncinyras [ papilio ( heraclides ) thoas ] : mostly seen as conspecific with p . thoas ( e . g . , d ' abrera 1981 , d ' almeida 1966 , munroe 1961 , racheli & pariset 1993 : 436 , tyler et al . 1994 ) , but treated as a separate species by collins & morris ( 1985 : 89 ) , and hancock ( 1983 ) .\nclarius [ parnassius ( driopa ) ariadne ] : the species has in the past often been referred to under this name ( e . g . , bryk 1935 , eisner 1974 ) which , however , is invalid as a junior primary homonym .\ncleotas [ papilio ( pterourus ) menatius ] : previously treated as a separate species ( e . g . , collins & morris 1985 : 86 , d ' almeida 1966 , de vries 1987 , hancock 1983 ) , but now seen as conspecific with p . menatius by tyler et al . ( 1994 ) .\ncodrus [ graphium ( graphium ) ] : this species is seen by some authors to include g . empedovana ( d ' abrera 1982 : 96 , parsons 1999 : 251 ) , which is treated here as a separate species ( see below ) .\ncoelus [ parides vercingetorix ] : in the previous literature the species was known under this name ( e . g . , collins & morris 1985 , d ' almeida 1966 , hancock 1983 ) which , however , is invalid as a junior primary homonym ; vercingetorix oberth\u00fcr is available as a subjective replacement name ( tyler et al . 1994 ) .\ncoloro [ papilio ( papilio ) polyxenes ] : previously regarded as a separate species ( collins & morris 1985 : 95 ) or placed with p . zelicaon ( d ' almeida 1966 : 243 , miller & brown 1981 ) , but now regarded as conspecific with p . polyxenes ( fujioka et al . 1997 , sperling 1987 , tyler et al . 1994 ) .\ncolumbus [ eurytides serville ] : listed as a separate species by collins & morris ( 1985 : 51 ) , d ' almeida ( 1966 : 259 ) , hancock ( 1983 ) , and munroe ( 1961 ) , but recently regarded as conspecific with e . serville ( lamas , pers . com . , tyler et al . 1994 : 30 ) .\ncretica [ zerynthia ( allancastria ) ] : originally described and often still regarded as conspecific with z . cerisy ( e . g . , ackery 1975 , bryk 1934 , collins & morris 1985 , hancock 1983 , and tolman & lewington 1997 ) ; more recently , it has been accepted as a separate species based on constant differences of adults and early stages by several authors ( carbonell 1996b , de prins & iversen 1996 , olivier 1993 ) .\ncroesus [ ornithoptera ] : generally accepted as a separate species ( e . g . , collins & morris 1985 : 83 , hancock & orr 1997 , munroe 1961 , otani & kimura 1998 , tsukada & nishiyama 1982 : 240 , von kn\u00f6tgen 1997 ) , but recently considered as conspecific with o . priamus by parsons ( 1996 , 1999 : 226 ) .\ncyproeofila [ papilio ( druryia ) ] : previously this species was generally referred to as p . zenobius godart ( e . g . , carcasson 1975 , collins & morris 1985 : 107 , hancock 1983 , munroe 1961 ) , which , however , appears to be not an available name but an unjustified emendation of p . zenobia fabricus ( hancock 1988b : 297 ) . in almost all the previous literature ( see above ) , this name has been misspelled as\ncypraeofila\nresulting from an incorrect transliteration of the symbol\n\u009c\nused in the original description .\ndelphius [ parnassius ( koramius ) ] : for taxa formerly treated as conspecific with p . delphius , see also under p . acdestis , p . cardinal , p . maximinus , p . staudingeri , p . stenosemus , and p . stoliczkanus .\ndiodorus [ parides bunichus ] : has sometimes been treated as a separate species ( e . g . , collins & morris 1985 : 68 , d ' almeida 1966 , hancock 1983 : 47 ) , but mostly regarded as conspecific with p . bunichus ( lamas pers . com . , rothschild & jordan 1906 , tyler et al . 1994 : 28 ) .\ndoddsi [ papilio ( achillides ) dialis ] : generally treated as concpecific with p . dialis ( e . g . , bryk 1930 , d ' abrera 1982 : 51 ) , but recently elevated to species rank by bauer & frankenbach ( 1998 ) , and gu ( 1997 ) .\ndohertyi [ troides rhadamantus ] : treated as a separate species by collins & morris ( 1985 : 79 ) , d ' abrera ( 1982 ) , and tsukada & nishiyama ( 1982 : 232 ) , but regarded as conspecific with t . rhadamantus by hancock ( 1983 ) , haugum & low ( 1978 - 1985 ) , and munroe ( 1961 ) .\ndongalaicus [ parnassius ( parnassius ) epaphus ] : originally described as a separate species , but subsequently regarded as conspecific with p . epaphus ( bryk 1935 ) ; recently , again , it has been recognized as a separate species and as conspecific with rikihiroi kawasaki , 1995 ( see below ) based on the sympatric occurence with p . epaphus ( sorimachi 1995 , sugisawa 1996 ) .\ndospassosi [ papilio ( heraclides ) chiansiades ] : originally described and subsequently regarded as a separate species ( collins & morris 1985 : 90 , hancock 1983 ) , but recently placed as conspecific with p . chiansiades ( tyler et al . 1994 ) .\ndrucei [ parides anchises ] : previusly often treated as a separate species ( e . g . , collins & morris 1985 : 70 , d ' almeida 1966 , hancock 1983 : 47 ) , but recently regarded as conspecific with p . anchises ( tyler et al . 1994 : 29 ) .\nearis [ protesilaus ] : originally described and generally recognized as a separate species ( e . g . , collins & morris 1985 : 48 , d ' abrera 1981 , d ' almeida 1966 : 268 , hancock 1983 , and munroe 1961 ) , but regarded as conspecific with p . telesilaus by brown ( 1991 ) , and tyler et al . ( 1994 : 30 ) ; recently the species status has been reaffirmed by bollino & vitale ( 1999 ) based on constant differences in male genitalia between the two taxa .\nembrikstrandi [ protesilaus protesilaus ] : originally described and subsequently listed as a separate species by collins & morris ( 1985 : 48 ) , d ' almeida ( 1966 : 268 ) , hancock ( 1983 ) , and munroe ( 1961 ) , but recently regarded as conspecific with p . protesilaus ( brown 1991 , tyler et al . 1994 : 30 ) .\nempedovana [ graphium ( graphium ) ] : generally treated as a separate species ( e . g . , collins & morris 1985 , corbet & pendlebury 1992 , saigusa et al . 1982 , treadaway 1995 , and tsukada & nishiyama 1982 ) , but regarded as conspecific with g . codrus by d ' abrera ( 1982 : 96 ) and parsons ( 1999 : 251 ) .\nerlaces [ parides erithalion ] : previously treated as a separate species by collins & morris ( 1985 : 70 ) , d ' almeida ( 1966 ) , and hancock ( 1983 : 47 ) , but recently regarded as conspecific with p . erithalion ( lamas pers . com . , tyler et al . 1994 : 29 ) .\nerostratinus [ papilio ( heraclides ) erostratus ] : originally described and subsequently treated as a separate species ( e . g . , collins & morris 1985 : 90 , d ' abrera 1981 , d ' almeida 1966 : 172 , hancock 1983 ) , but now seen as conspecific with p . erostratus ( llorente - bousquets et al . 1997 , tyler et al . 1994 ) .\nerskinei [ papilio ( menelaides ) ] : originally described and subsequently treated as a distinct species ( bryk 1930 , munroe 1961 ) , it was later placed as conspecific with p . bridgei ( collins & morris 1985 , hancock 1983 , parsons 1999 , racheli 1980 ) , but recently has been accepted again as a separate species ( tennent 1999 ) .\nesperanza [ papilio ( pterourus ) ] : this species has been classified in the subgenus heraclides by collins & morris ( 1985 ) , and hancock ( 1983 ) , but it is recently included in the subgenus pterourus by tyler et al . ( 1994 ) .\neupatorion [ mimoides lysithous ] : generally regarded as conspecific with m . lysithous ( e . g . , brown 1991 , collins & morris 1985 : 49 - 50 , d ' abrera 1981 : 69 , and tyler et al . 1994 : 31 ) , but previously listed as a separate species by d ' almeida ( 1966 : 269 ) .\neuphorion [ ornithoptera priamus ] : often accepted as a separate species ( e . g . , collins & morris 1985 : 83 , hancock 1983 , hancock & orr 1997 , nielsen et al . 1996 ) , but recently regarded as conspecific with o . priamus by braby ( 2000 ) , munroe ( 1961 ) , otani & kimura ( 1998 ) , parsons ( 1996 ) , and von kn\u00f6tgen ( 1997 ) .\neuphratoides [ graphium ( pathysa ) ] : in the past generally not treated as a distinct species ( collins & morris 1985 , hancock 1983 , munroe 1961 ) and placed with either g . euphrates ( e . g . , d ' abrera 1982 ) or with g . decolor ( e . g , tsukada & nishiyama 1982 : 413 ) ; elevated to species rank by page ( 1987 ) , and accepted as a species by treadaway ( 1995 ) ; further clarification by additional comparative studies is apparently hindered by the taxon becoming exceedingly rare due to habitat destruction ( page 1987 : 235 ) .\nfeisthamelii [ iphiclides podalirius ] : recently treated as a separate species by fernandez - rubio ( 1991 ) , tennent ( 1996 ) , and wohlfahrt ( 1996 , 1998 ) but generally regarded as conspecific with i . podalirius ( e . g . , collins & morris 1985 , de prins & iversen 1996 , hancock 1983 , munroe 1961 , tolman & lewington 1997 ) .\nfelderi [ parnassius ( driopa ) ] : until recently mostly treated as conspecific with p . eversmanni ( e . g . , ackery 1975 , bryk 1935 , eisner 1974 , fujioka et al . 1997 , iwamoto & inomata 1988 , and sorimachi 1995 : 173 ) , but regarded as a separate species by collins & morris ( 1985 ) , korshunov & gorbunov ( 1995 : 52 ) , tuzov et al . ( 1997 : 138 ) , and weiss ( 1999 ) . unpublished results of genetic studies ( zakharov in prep . ) confirm the conspecifity of p . eversmanni and the taxa felderi and litoreus .\nfernandus [ papilio ( druryia ) ] : originally described as a subspecies of p . cypraeofila and subsequently treated as such by most authors ( e . g . , collins & morris 1985 , d ' abrera 1980 , hancock 1983 ) , but recently regarded as a separate species by ackery et al . ( 1995 : 149 ) , and hancock ( 1988b , 1993 ) .\nfilaprae [ papilio ( druryia ) ] : originally described as a subspecies of p . cypraeofila and subsequently treated as such by most authors ( e . g . , by collins & morris 1985 , d ' abrera 1980 , hancock 1983 ) , it recently has been regarded as a separate species by ackery et al . ( 1995 : 149 ) , and hancock ( 1988b , 1993 ) .\nflavisparsus [ graphium ( arisbe ) illyris ] : originally described and generally placed as conspecific with g . illyris ( e . g . , ackery et al . 1995 , smith & vane - wright 2001 ) , but recently regarded as a distinct species by d ' abrera ( 1997 ) .\nfurvus [ papilio ( druryia ) chrapkowskoides ] : orginally described as a subspecies of p . bromius [ = p . chrapkowskoides ] and subsequently treated as such by most authors ( e . g . , ackery et al . 1995 , bryk 1930 , hancock 1984b ) , but recently elevated to species rank by wojtusiak & pyrcz ( 1997 ) based on differences in male genitalia ; the name furvus joicey & talbot , however , is invalid as a junior primary homonym , and nerminae ko\u00e7ak , 1983 , has been proposed as an objective replacement name ( see below ) .\ngoodenovi [ graphium ( graphium ) weiskei ] : orginally described as a subspecies of g . weiskei based on a single specimen , it has been suggested to be specifically distinct from that species by parsons ( 1999 : 250 ) on the basis of notable differences in male genitalia .\ngothica [ papilio ( papilio ) polyxenes ] : originally described as a separate species , and later treated as conspecific with p . nitra ( hancock 1983 : 35 ) or with p . zelicaon ( collins & morris 1985 , miller & brown 1981 , scott 1986 ) ; also placed together with the other two taxa mentioned with p . polyxenes ( tyler et al . 1994 ) .\ngyas [ meandrusa lachinus ] : previously in use as the species name ( e . g . , d ' abrera 1982 , munroe 1961 , talbot 1939 , rothschild 1895 ) , but invalid as a junior primary homonym ; lachinus fruhstorfer is available as a subjective replacement name for this taxon ( see below ) .\nharmodius [ mimoides xeniades ] : the name harmodius has long been in use for this species ( e . g . , collins & morris 1985 , d ' abrera 1981 , d ' almeida 1966 , hancock 1983 , munroe 1961 ) but it is invalid as a junior primary homonym ( brown 1991 ) .\nharrisianus [ mimoides lysithous ] : generally regarded as conspecific with m . lysithous ( e . g . , brown 1991 , collins & morris 1985 : 50 , d ' abrera 1981 : 69 , and tyler et al . 1994 : 31 ) , but has previously been listed as a separate species by d ' almeida ( 1966 : 277 ) .\nhector [ pachliopta ] : this species has been transfered to the ( sub ) genus pharmacophagus by hancock ( 1988a ) , which , however , has not been followed by other authors .\nhercules [ meandrusa sciron ] : this name has previously been in use for this taxon ( e . g . , rothschild 1895 , tsukada & nishiyama 1982 : 366 ) but it is invalid as a junior primary homonym ; sciron leech is available as a subjective replacement name ( see below ) .\nheringi [ papilio ( menelaides ) fuscus / tydeus ] : previously listed as a distinct species ( e . g . , bryk 1930 , collins & morris 1985 , racheli & haugum 1983 ) , it is now regarded as an interspecific hybrid between p . fuscus and p . tydeus ( hancock 1983 : 38 , tennent 1999 ) .\nhermeli [ papilio ( achillides ) ] : a recently described species from mindoro island , philippines , closely related to p . chikae , and accepted as a separate species by bauer & frankenbach ( 1998 ) , shimogori ( 1997 ) , and treadaway ( 1995 ) .\nhermosanus [ papilio ( achillides ) paris ] : generally treated as a subspecies of p . paris , but considered as a separate species by shirozu ( 1992 ) .\nhetaerius [ protesilaus molops ] : originally described as a subspecies of p . molops and treated as such by most authors ( e . g . , brown 1991 , collins & morris 1985 , d ' abrera 1981 , tyler et al . 1994 ) , but previously listed as a separate species by d ' almeida ( 1966 : 279 ) , and placed as conspecific with p . macrosilaus by hancock ( 1983 : 20 ) .\nhide [ parnassius ( koramius ) patricius ] : first described and subsequently treated as a separate species ( e . g . , chou 1994 , sorimachi 1995 , weiss 1992 ) ; here , regarded as conspecific with p . patricius with which it is closely related and from which it is geographically separated .\nhipparchus [ mimoides phaon ] : generally regarded as conspecific with m . phaon ( e . g , brown 1991 , collins & morris 1985 , tyler et al . 1994 : 31 ) , but listed as a separate species by d ' abrera ( 1981 ) , d ' almeida ( 1966 : 280 ) , and munroe ( 1961 ) .\nhippocrates [ papilio ( papilio ) machaon ] : generally regarded as conspecific with p . machaon ( bryk 1930 , d ' abrera 1990 , fujioka et al . 1997 ) , but also treated as a separate species ( e . g . , collins & morris 1985 : 94 , hancock 1983 , munroe 1961 ) .\nhoenei [ parnassius ( driopa ) stubbendorfii ] : generally regarded as conspecific with p . stubbendorfii based on its allopatric occurence ( e . g . , ackery 1975 , bryk 1935 , collins & morris 1985 , eisner 1974 , fujioka et al . 1997 , and hancock 1983 ) , but treated as a separate species by fukuda et al . ( 1982 ) , kitahara ( 1990 ) , korzhunov & gorbunov ( 1995 : 51 ) , and sorimachi ( 1995 : 128 ) .\nhuberi [ parnassius ( tadumia ) schultei ] : recently described as a distinct species closely related to p . acco and p . schultei ; in judging from the original description ( paulus 1999 ) , the taxon resembles more closely p . schultei with which it is allopatric and treated here as conspecific .\nhunnyngtoni [ parnassius ( tadumia ) ] : in the past often treated as conspecific with p . acco ( e . g . , ackery 1975 , eisner 1976 , hancock 1983 ) , but now generally accepted as a separate species which is morphologically and ecologically quite distinct from p . acco ( bryk 1935 , collins & morris 1985 , d ' abrera 1990 , h\u00e4user 1993 , inaoka & sugisawa 1997 , sorimachi 1994a , sorimachi 1995 , weiss 1991 ) .\nimperiatrix [ teinopalpus imperialis ] : regarded as conspecific with t . imperialis by most authors ( e . g . , d ' abrera 1982 , eisner 1974 , talbot 1939 , turlin 1991 ) , but recently treated as a distinct species based on sympatric occurence with t . imperialis by gaonkar ( in prep . ) .\nincertus [ graphium ( pazala ) ] : originally described and subsequently treated as conspecific with g . tamerlanus ( e . g . , bryk 1930 ) , but recently regarded as a separate species by chou ( 1994 ) , and koiwaya ( 1993 ) who noticed differences in male genitalia .\ningenuus [ battus chalceus ] : depending on the identity of the type specimen of chalceus rothschild & jordan , 1906 ( see above ) this might represent the valid name for this species , which has already been used by some authors ( llorente - bousquets et al . 1997 , m\u00f6hn 1999 , racheli & pariset 1992 ) .\ninterjecta [ papilio ( druryia ) interjectana ] : previously in general use as the species name ( e . g . , collins & morris 1985 , d ' abrera 1980 , hancock 1984b , 1993 , larsen 1991 ) , which , however , is invalid as a junior primary homonym ; interjectana vane - wright , 1995 has been proposed as an objective replacement name ( see below ) .\ninterjectana [ papilio ( druryia ) ] : this name has been proposed as an objective replacement for interjecta van someren , 1960 , which is invalid as a junior primary homonym ( ackery et al . 1995 : 150 ) .\njoanae [ papilio ( papilio ) machaon ] : previously often treated as a separate species ( collins & morris 1985 : 95 , hancock 1983 , miller & brown 1981 , sperling 1987 ) , but recently regarded as conspecific with p . machaon ( fujioka et al . 1997 , sperling & harrison 1994 , tyler et al . 1994 ) .\nkahli [ papilio ( papilio ) polyxenes ] : previously regarded as a separate species ( collins & morris 1985 : 95 , hancock 1983 , miller & brown 1981 ) , placed with p . nitra ( d ' almeida 1966 : 203 ) , now presumed to represent a hybrid between p . machaon and p . polyxenes ( layberry et al . 1998 , sperling 1987 ) , or treated as conspecific with p . polyxenes ( fujioka et al . 1997 , scott 1986 , tyler et al . 1994 ) .\nkigoma [ graphium ( arisbe ) ] : originally described as a subspecies of g . almansor and subsequently also placed with g . poggianus ( ackery et al . 1995 , hancock 1985 ) , it has recently been accepted as a separate species due to constant differences in male genitalia and wing pattern by smith & vane - wright ( 2001 ) .\nkiritshenkoi [ parnassius ( koramius ) staudingeri ] : generally treated as conspecific with p . delphius ( ackery 1975 , bryk 1935 ) or p . staudingeri ( sorimachi 1995 , weiss 1992 ) ; recently listed as a separate species by tuzov et al . ( 1997 : 139 ) based on a sympatric occurence with p . staudingeri .\nkosii [ graphium ( graphium ) weiskei ] : recently described as a separate species from new ireland related to g . weiskei ( m\u00fcller & tennent 1999 ) ; despite differences in wing pattern and male genitalia it is provisionally retained here under g . weiskei due to its allopatric distribution .\nkotzebuea [ pachliopta ] : previously often regarded as concpecific with p . aristolochiae ( e . g . , hancock 1983 , munroe 1961 ) , but more recently accepted as a separate species following the study by hiura & alagar ( 1971 ) , e . g . , by collins & morris ( 1985 ) , treadaway ( 1995 ) , and tsukada & nishiyama ( 1982 ) ; according to page & treadaway ( 1995 : 148 ) , this philippine species might be more closely related to p . polyphontes from sulawesi .\nlabeyriei [ parnassius ( tadumia ) maharaja ] : first described as a separate species and treated as such by chou ( 1994 ) and weiss ( 1992 ) , it is now regarded as conspecific with p . maharaja ( d ' abrera 1990 , h\u00e4user 1993 , ohya 1993 , sorimachi 1995 ) .\nlacandones [ protographium dioxippus ] : previously treated as a separate species ( e . g . , collins & morris 1985 , d ' almeida 1966 , de vries 1987 , hancock 1983 , munroe 1961 ) but recently regarded as conspecific with p . dioxippus by brown ( 1991 ) , llorente - bousquets et al . ( 1997 ) , and tyler et al . ( 1994 : 30 ) .\nlachinus [ meandrusa ] : often treated as conspecific with m . sciron ( chou 1994 , collins & morris 1985 , d ' abrera 1982 , hancock 1983 , munroe 1961 ) , but regarded as a distinct species by several authors ( corbet & pendlebury 1987 : 87 , rothschild 1895 , talbot 1939 ) ; this taxon appeared previously in the literature under the name of gyas westwood , which however is invalid as a junior primary homonym ( see above ) .\nleptocircini [ papilioninae ] : for the availability and correct usage of the tribal name , see smith & vane - wright ( 2001 : 506 - 508 ) .\nleucosilaus [ protesilaus ] : previously regarded as conspecific with p . molops by collins & morris ( 1985 ) and hancock ( 1983 : 20 ) , but treated as a separate species by brown ( 1991 ) , d ' almeida ( 1966 : 283 ) , and tyler et al . ( 1994 ) .\nleytensis [ pachliopta ] : this taxon has originally been proposed and sometimes subsequently been treated as a separate species from buraki / phegeus ( e . g . , tsukada & nishiyama 1982 : 277 ) , but the two taxa are linked by gradual intermediate forms and are thus now regarded as conspecific ( collins & morris 1985 , page & treadaway 1995 , treadaway 1995 : 96 - 97 ) ; therefore , leytensis can be used as the valid species name instead of phegeus which is invalid a a junior homonym ( see below ) .\nliponesco [ graphium ( arisbe ) ] : originally described as a subspecies of g . policenes and treated as such by most authors , it has been considered as conspecific with g . policenoides by ackery et al . ( 1995 ) and hancock ( 1986 ) , and is recently regarded as a separate species ( d ' abrera 1997 , larsen 1994 , smith & vane - wright 2001 ) .\nlitoreus [ parnassius ( driopa ) felderi ] : generally treated as conspecific with p . eversmanni or p . felderi ( e . g . , bryk 1935 , eisner 1974 , iwamoto & inomata 1988 , weiss 1999 ) , but it has been listed as a possibly distinct species by korshunov & gorbunov ( 1995 : 52 ) . unpublished results of genetic studies ( zakharov in prep . ) confirm the conspecifity of p . eversmanni and the taxa felderi and litoreus .\nliudongi [ parnassius ( koramius ) acdestis ] : recently described as a separate species closely related to p . acdestis ; in judging from the orginal description ( huang 1999 ) , the differences mentioned in male genitalia and female sphragis based on two specimens of each sex do not appear to warrant distinction at species level but rather seem to be within common margins of intraspecific variation .\nlongicaudata [ luehdorfia ] : a recently discovered taxon which partly coexists with l . chinensis and has thus generally been accepted as a separate species ( e . g . , fujioka et al . 1997 , igarashi & fukuda 1997 , kato 1998 , nos\u00e9 1990 , and watanabe 1996 ) ."]}
{"id": 625, "summary": [{"text": "mylodon is an extinct genus of ground sloth that lived in the patagonia ( argentina and chile ) area of south america until roughly 10,000 years ago . ", "topic": 13}], "title": "mylodon", "paragraphs": ["a delightfully grouchy looking ground sloth , mylodon darwinii . ( art by tabitha paterson )\nyou can download standardized annotation of the hemibarbus mylodon mitogenomic sequence via the links below .\nmylodon went extinct in patagonia at the end of the last glacial period , about 10 , 000 years ago .\nthese fascinating statements caused an unprecedented popular uproar across the world and led to a\nmylodon rush\nand soon expeditions from several nations were crisscrossing patagonia in search of a live mylodon , the \u201cmamifero misterioso\u201d [ mysterious mammal ] .\nameghino\u2019s mylodon paper irritated moreno who was sure that the skin that he had found was very old and did not belong to an extant mylodon as contended by ameghino . he also believed that ameghino had made up the \u201cpangolin\u201d story .\nin 1898 about the mylodon , but it was not based on the mylodon cave\u2019s skin ; he wrote about another skin that , according to him , had been found by his brother in santa cruz province , argentina . [ 4 ]\nmylodon bones have been found in several patagonian sites , but the most famous is the mylodon cave ( 51\u00b035\u2032 s , 72\u00b038\u2032 w ) , located 25 km ( 15 . 5 mi . ) north of the chilean town of puerto natales ( see my map\nin april 1899 a team led by dr . rudolph hauthal , a geologist who worked for moreno at la plata , did some additional excavations and retrieved more bones and mylodon dung . [ 1 ] based on their findings , they re - named the mylodon\nowen and darwin also comapred the fossils to the genus megatherium \u2013 another type of giant ground sloth . mylodon and megatherium were once thought to be closely related , but are now considered to be different families . darwin\u2019s bones were the type bones for mylodon .\ndescription of the skeleton of an extinct gigantic sloth , mylodon robustus , owen , with observations on . . . megatherioid quadrupeds in general\nlower jaw of the mylodon , a giant ground sloth that lived in patagonian south america from the pleistocene to about 10 , 000 years ago . the smooth molars indicate that the mylodon ate leaves and tender buds of trees . illustration from louis figuier ' s the w\nthis entry was posted in ground sloth and tagged beagle , charles darwin , cueva del milodon , dna , ermotherium , glyptodon clavipes , ground sloth , macrauchenia patachonica , megalonyx , mylodon cave , mylodon darwinii , nothrotheriops , richard owen , soft tissue . bookmark the permalink .\ndescription of the skeleton of an extinct gigantic sloth , mylodon robustus , owen , with observations on . . . megatherioid quadrupeds in general /\nthe \u201crhinoceros\u201d that darwin pulled out of the cliffs of punta alta a couple of days ago was actually the jaw of a mylodon \u2013 a giant ground sloth . in fact , richard owen called it mylodon darwinii \u2013 possibly the first species that darwin discovered to bear his name .\nnobody\u2019s quite sure what happened to the mylodon or why it eventually disappeared . it could be that , like so many other species , it was hunted to extinction by humans . or it could simply be that natural changes in the climate caused many of the plants it lived off to die out , leaving it without food . but one thing\u2019s for sure , these days the closest you can get to a mylodon is visiting the mylodon\u2019s cave !\nironically , both woodward\u2019s and haupthal\u2019s work indicated that the skin belonged to a pampean ground sloth of the grypotherium genus , very closely related to the mylodon but not a mylodon . thus the name neomylodon listai disappeared into oblivion . this pleased moreno as it disproved ameghino and deprived him of his moment of fame .\nlower jaw of the mylodon , a giant ground sloth that lived in patagonian south america from the pleistocene to about 10 , 000 years ago . the smooth molars indicate that the mylodon ate leaves and tender buds of trees . illustration from louis figuier ' s the world before the deluge , 1867 american edition .\n( a ) skull of mylodon darwinii as featured in reinhardt ( 1879 ) . ( b ) skull of glossotherium robustum as featured by owen ( 1842 ) .\ndetails - description of the skeleton of an extinct gigantic sloth , mylodon robustus , owen , with observations on . . . megatherioid quadrupeds in general / - biodiversity heritage library\nthanks for the comment john . here is a nice article discussing if mylodon darwinii did survive until around 150 years ago : click here . ( jan freedman . 21st september 2014 )\ndescription of the skeleton of an extinct gigantic sloth , mylodon robustus , owen , with observations on the osteology , natural affinities , and probable habits of the megatherioid quadrupeds in general .\nthe skin was so remarkably preserved by the cold conditions in the cave that at its discovery some people hypothesised that the mylodon must have been killed recently . expeditions were sent out across patagonia looking for a live mylodon , however none was ever found and modern carbon dating techniques later placed the skin at anywhere from 10 , 200 to 13 , 560 years old .\n( lista\u2019s new mylodon ) after the late argentine explorer ram\u00f3n lista who , according to ameghino , had actually seen and shot at one of these beasts a few years earlier [ 3 ] .\nmylodon jaw fossil collected at punta alta , published by smith , elder & co , 65 cornhill , london ( from zoology of the voyage of the beagle vol . 1 , richard owen ) :\ndescription of the skeleton of an extinct gigantic sloth , mylodon robustus , owen , with observations on . . . megatherioid quadrupeds in general : owen , richard : free download , borrow , and streaming : internet archive\nmcafee , robert ,\ndescription of new postcranial elements of mylodon darwinii owen 1839 ( mammalia : pilosa : mylodontinae ) , and functional morphology of the forelimb\n( 2016 ) . pcom scholarly papers . 1851 . urltoken\n' eubradys antiquus belongs to eubradys ' according to leidy 1853 ' eubradys antiquus is a subjective synonym of paramylodon harlani ' according to h . g . mcdonald 1995 ' eumylodon chapadmalensis belongs to eumylodon ' according to kraglievich 1925 ' eumylodon chapadmalensis is recombined as glossotherium chapadmalense ' according to h . g . mcdonald 1995 ' eumylodon chapadmalensis is recombined as glossotherium chapadmalense ' according to kraglievich 1928 ' megalonyx harlani is recombined as paramylodon harlani ' according to h . g . mcdonald 1995 ' megalonyx potens belongs to megalonyx ' according to leidy 1853 ' megalonyx potens is a subjective synonym of paramylodon harlani ' according to h . g . mcdonald 1995 ' mylodon garmani is a subjective synonym of paramylodon harlani ' according to h . g . mcdonald 1995 ' mylodon renidens is a subjective synonym of paramylodon harlani ' according to h . g . mcdonald 1995 ' mylodon sodalis is a subjective synonym of paramylodon harlani ' according to h . g . mcdonald 1995 ' mylodon sulcidens is a subjective synonym of paramylodon harlani ' according to h . g . mcdonald 1995 ' mylodon tenuceps belongs to mylodon ' according to stock 1917 ' mylodon tenuceps is a subjective synonym of paramylodon harlani ' according to h . g . mcdonald 1995 ' mylodon tenuceps is a subjective synonym of mylodon harlani ' according to stock 1925 ' nothrotherium graciliceps is a subjective synonym of nothrotheriops shastensis ' according to h . g . mcdonald 1995 ' nothrotherium shastense is recombined as nothrotheriops shastensis ' according to h . g . mcdonald 1995 ' nothrotherium texanum is recombined as nothrotheriops texanus ' according to h . g . mcdonald 1995 ' oryctotherium missouriense belongs to oryctotherium ' according to harlan 1841 ' oryctotherium missouriense is a subjective synonym of paramylodon harlani ' according to h . g . mcdonald 1995 ' oryctotherium oregonense belongs to oryctotherium ' according to perkins 1843 ' oryctotherium oregonense is a subjective synonym of paramylodon harlani ' according to h . g . mcdonald 1995 ' paramylodon nebrascensis is a subjective synonym of paramylodon harlani ' according to h . g . mcdonald 1995 ' paramylodon belongs to mylodontidae ' according to h . g . mcdonald 1995\nwoodward , who had inspected the mylodon\u2019s hide , correctly expressed his surprise that such a remarkable creature if still alive somewhere in patagonia had never been seen by any of the other scientists and explorers who had been in the region .\namongst the 15 or so new mammals identified by richard owen in the crates of fossils was the fairly large sloth , mylodon darwinii . this large beast was described on the basis of a jawbone and named in honour of its discoverer .\nh\u00f6ss , m . , et al . ( 1996 ) , \u2018molecular phylogeny of the extinct ground sloth mylodon darwinii \u2018 , proceedings of the national academy of sciences of the u . s . a . , 93 , 181 - 85 . [ full article ]\nmylodon probably subsisted on the foliage of trees and shrubs . well - developed claws were probably used to dig up tubers or to hold branches while the animal stripped them of leaves . mylodon and its relatives were the dominant group of south american ground sloths ; they are distinguished from other ground sloths by the presence of upper canine teeth , triangular cheek teeth , and a small first toe on the hind limbs . two closely related genera , paramylodon and glossotherium , were widely distributed and even spread into many regions of north america .\ni ' m looking for information on expeditions at the beginning of the 20th century to find evidence of a living mylodon . you mention illing ( 1898 ) . do you know where i would find information on this , or other expeditions ( other than prichards ) ?\ndescription of the skeleton of an extinct gigantic sloth , mylodon robustus , owen ; with observations on the osteology , natural affinities and probable habits of the megatherioid quadrupeds in general by owen , richard : r . and j . e . taylor / john van voorst hardcover - urltoken\n[ \u2026 ] i actually wrote a little bit about one member of the mylodonitidae family last year when darwin extracted one of its jaw bones near punta alta . that particular species was ultimately named after darwin by richard owen ( for more on mylodon darwinii see darwin\u2019s sloth ) . [ \u2026 ]\nwe ' re sorry ; this specific copy is no longer available . here are our closest matches for description of the skeleton of an extinct gigantic sloth , mylodon robustus , owen ; with observations on the osteology , natural affinities and probable habits of the megatherioid quadrupeds in general by owen , richard .\nwhen during a lecture , the then leading british authority in zoology , sir edwin ray lankester announced that the mylodon may still be alive somewhere in patagonia , mr . pearson , the owner or london\u2019s daily express newspaper quickly funded an expedition to hunt it down under the leadership of hesketh prichard . [ 5 ]\ndescription of the skeleton of an extinct gigantic sloth , mylodon robustus , owen , with observations on the osteology , natural affinities , and probable habits of the megatherioid quadrupeds in general . by richard owen . conservator of the museum of the royal college of surgeons in london . pub . by direction of the council\nty - book ti - description of the skeleton of an extinct gigantic sloth , mylodon robustus , owen , with observations on . . . megatherioid quadrupeds in general / vl - 1842 ur - urltoken cy - london , py - 1842 au - owen , richard , au - hunterian museum ( royal college of surgeons ) er -\nameghino also said that at first he was puzzled by the description that lista gave of his pangolin and unsuccessfully tried to identify the animal . when he finally got a piece of the skin from his brother , he had no doubts that lista ' s pangolin was a variety of mylodon . its smaller ossicles implied that it was a smaller species .\nthe mylodon ' s cave has a gaping mouth , filled with toothy stalactites at the entrance . it\u2019s hard to imagine today , but the cave was once a blank face of rock at the far extreme of a glacial lake . as patagonia\u2019s wicked winds whipped up waves across the lake\u2019s surface , they battered the sandstone cliff and gradually gouged out the cave .\nthough hauthal was convinced that there were no giant sloths alive anywhere in patagonia , several expeditions were sent to search for them such as illing\u2019s ( 1898 ) at general paz lake and hesketh prichard\u2019s ( 1900 / 1 ) , who covered 2 . 900 km ( 1 , 800 mi . ) along the southern andes . neither of them f0und any signs of mylodon .\nthe first part of the mylodon to be discovered was a portion of it\u2019s hairy skin , which was found by german explorer hermann eberhard towards the end of the 19th century . taking the skin with him on his travels , questions soon arose about what sort of animal it could have come from , which piqued the interest of otto nordenskj\u00f6ld who further explored the cave .\namong these large sloths , was the mylodon , a herbivore about 3 m ( 10 ft . ) long , 1 , 5 m ( 5 ft . ) high and weighing more than one ton ( 2 , 204 lb . ) . its thick reddish haired hide was embedded with tiny dermal bones or \u201cossicles\u201d . these bean - sized bones acted as flexible protective armor against predators .\n. . . considering the atlas ( c1 ) , the wider occipital condyles of mylodon could be necessary to support its longer skull ( ~ 3 cm longer , sensu esteban , mcafee , 2007 and is well developed as in many other sloths and xenarthrans . the proximal end is displaced , with a medial flare that likely serves as mechanism for reorienting the line of action for elbow extension . . . .\nit was here at mylodon that i met grace , girlfriend 2 . a wren writer , who worked for the master at arms . we were together in that camp right up to when we were demobbed . the rest is as they say history , grace has always said that she should not have gone out with somebody also on the base staff , it stopped her meeting other boys , and she would certainly have got many others , she was such a looker . in lowestoft we started having potato and gravy pies probably the forerunner of the instant food shops like mcdonalds . at this time i advanced to leading wireman . it was now the run up time to the dday landings , this combined with the geographical position of lowestoft mylodon was in the forefront of perations . i was pleased that having gone through the london blitz i was playing evens a small part in the final stage of the war . although my part was fairly modest it was a good feeling . ve day celebrations came and went in lowestoft and our duties changed to decommissioning the landing craft along the banks of the river . following vj day with everyone being demobbed , mylodon by then had become a demobb centre i drew the short straw and had to stay and decommission the base .\n. . . glossotherium the surface is deeper and shorter . the radial notch that articulates with the head of the radius is ovate , concave , and transversely expanded , although its width is less than that in glossotherium ( mcafee , 2007 ) . the interosseous membrane ridge / scar is rather straight as it extends from the lateral point of the capitulum and radial notch toward the distal end in glossotherium but the ridge exhibits a more meandering course in mylodon . . . .\nsince the first discovery of the mylodon skin in 1895 , the remains of ancient humans have been found in the cave along with the bones of many animals that are now extinct , such as sabre - toothed cats , dwarf horses and litopternas ( a kind of hoofed mammal ) . there are so many bones and remains in the cave that it has been theorised that early humans used the cave as a natural trap , herding wild animals inside so they could be easily killed and eaten .\n. . . which the forelimb elements all represent the left side of the animal . this specimen is a young adult as the radius , ulna , and other elements in this specimen show incomplete growth and fusion ; the skull dimensions are also smaller than other mylodon specimens ( esteban mcafee , 2007 ) . comparisons are also made to ypm 15696 ( glos sotherium robustum ; complete right forearm except for the scaphoid ) , which has elements that conform to the radial fig . 2 ) . . .\non the approach to the mylodon\u2019s cave you take a well - maintained path through lenga and \u00f1irre trees , which are both kinds of nothofagus trees native to southern south america . draped in old man\u2019s beard lichen , the wood has an enchanted feel that makes it even more bizarre when you see the silhouette of a giant sloth , dwarf horse and saber - toothed cat peeking between the tree trunks . fortunately , the silhouettes are just life - sized representations designed to give visitors an idea of scale .\nwe now know that this was all wishful thinking ; the pen\u2019s \u201crock walls\u201d were just cave - ins of the cave\u2019s ceiling . it is also likely that the animals clustered in caves for company or were dragged there by the some non - human predator . the mylodon remains from eberhardt cave have been dated to 10 , 832 + / - 400 years bp and 12 , 984 + / - 76 years for droppings and bone collagen respectively ; [ 13 ] coincidental with the end of the megafauna\u2019s era .\n@ book { bhl104843 , title = { description of the skeleton of an extinct gigantic sloth , mylodon robustus , owen , with observations on . . . megatherioid quadrupeds in general / } , volume = { 1842 } , copyright = { public domain . the bhl considers that this work is no longer under copyright protection } , url = urltoken note = urltoken publisher = { london , } , author = { owen , richard , and hunterian museum ( royal college of surgeons ) } , year = { 1842 } , pages = { 284 } , }\neberhard took this piece of skin and hung it on a tree by his home and when dr . nils otto gustaf nordenskj\u00f6ld ( 1869 - 1928 ) , a swedish geologist , geographer , and polar explorer visited the region a year later , he showed him the skin . nordenskj\u00f6ld , quickly guessed that it belonged to some extinct creature and did some digging in the cave , unearthing bones and dung which , together with more pieces of skin , were sent back to sweden , where dr . einar l\u00f6nnberg would later ( 1899 ) identify it as belonging to a mylodon . [ 2 ] [ 3 ]\nlestodon is the most represented taxon among the xenarthrans and also from the whole sample studied for uruguay ( table ii ) . the nisp of lestodon from uruguay represents 31 % of the remains ( 479 specimens ) and its abundance is 9 % of the individuals present in the total studied fauna . among the most represented sloths , glossotherium follows , whose nisp corresponds to 4 % of the total sample studied ( 57 specimens ) and its abundance represents 1 . 4 % of the individuals . for megatherium the nisp of the uruguayan sample only represents 1 % of the remains ( 9 specimens ) and its abundance represents 0 . 1 % of the individuals . scelidotherium ' s nisp is very small , 0 . 3 % ( 5 specimens ) , and so its abundance was of 0 . 1 % , although mylodon presents even lower values , with a nisp of only 0 . 1 % ( 2 specimens ) and an abundance that represents 0 . 05 % of the individuals of the studied fauna .\nfor the total remains studied from the province of buenos aires ( table iii ) , the most represented taxon among the xenarthrans and among the whole analysed sample is scelidotherium ( nisp = 293 specimens ) , since its remains constitute 15 % of the studied fossils from the province and its abundance represents 9 % of the individuals . the second most represented taxon of the whole sample is glossotherium , whose nisp reaches 14 % of the studied remains ( 274 specimens ) and its abundance represents 7 % of the individuals . megatherium ' s nisp corresponds to 9 % of the remains ( 164 specimens , third place ) , and its abundance is 3 % of the individuals analysed in this fauna . among sloths , l . armatus follows , whose nisp represents 4 % of the studied remains ( 83 specimens ) and its abundance corresponds to 2 % of the individuals of the analysed fauna . finally , mylodon ' s nisp corresponds just to 2 % of the studied remains ( 34 specimens ) and its abundance to 1 % .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nan . acad . bras . ci\u00eanc . vol . 86 no . 1 rio de janeiro mar . 2014\na fauna de mam\u00edferos do pleistoceno da am\u00e9rica do sul inclui animais de grande tamanho que t\u00eam despertado o interesse dos cientistas durante mais de dois s\u00e9culos . aqui tencionamos atualizar o conhecimento da sua paleoecologia e disponibilizar nova evid\u00eancia a respeito de dois enfoques : energ\u00e9tica vs . densidade populacional e abund\u00e2ncia relativa de taxa f\u00f3sseis . para determinar se as faunas estavam balanceadas , modelos de densidade populacional foram aplicados a v\u00e1rias faunas sulamericanas e os resultados comparados com os que melhor descrevem a paleoecologia das faunas africanas . os resultados dos estudos de abund\u00e2ncia para a o uruguai e a prov\u00edncia de buenos aires durante o piso / idade lujanense revelam que as pregui\u00e7as comedoras de vulto ( lestodon e glossotherium ) foram mais abundantes no primeiro territ\u00f3rio . no entanto , os mais seletivos scelidotherium e megatherium eram mais abundantes no segundo . embora os valores obtidos tinham sido corrigidos para evitar tendenciamentos tafon\u00f4micos de tamanho , as regress\u00f5es lineares de abund\u00e2ncia vs . massa corporal n\u00e3o se ajustaram ao esperado para consumidores prim\u00e1rios e secund\u00e1rios . as faunas do pleistoceno da am\u00e9rica do sul se comportam diferentemente do que os modelos atualistas sugerem . mudan\u00e7as no n\u00edvel do mar e , portanto , da \u00e1rea dispon\u00edvel poderiam dar conta dessas diferen\u00e7as ; a possibilidade de que uma grande plan\u00edcie aluvial na \u00e1rea hoje submersa poderia explicar mudan\u00e7as estacionais , o que poderia modificar os c\u00e1lculos da energ\u00e9tica e da abund\u00e2ncia .\nthere are also other reasons for why the lujanian fauna causes fascination : one of its members , megatherium , was studied under a modern palaeontological approach as early as the final years of the 18 th century by cuvier himself ( cuvier 1796 ) and , even before that , it was the first extinct vertebrate reconstructed in life position ( bru de ram\u00f3n 1784 - 1786 ) . only a few decades later did the megafauna become one of the major sources of inspiration for darwin ' s ideas on evolution ( vizca\u00edno et al . 2009 ) .\nit should be added to former reasons the very large size of several of its members , as many species are proposed to have had adult body masses above one tonne ( fari\u00f1a et al . 1998 , 2013 , bargo et al . 2000 , vizca\u00edno et al . 2012 ) . moreover , their palaeoautecological traits are very peculiar and the studies on their palaeosynecology ( fari\u00f1a 1996 ) have shown unexpected trophic relationships , as discussed below .\ndetermination of the number of individuals per taxa present in a fossil assemblage is a prerequisite to perform many palaeoecological studies , especially those that involve relative or absolute abundance populations ( badgley 1986 ) . taphonomic context of an assemblage provides information to choose the appropriate quantification method : in this work the relative abundance in the lujanian community will be assessed using damuth ' s ( 1982 ) model , and such outcome will be integrated with those of the reanalysis just described above .\nall of the taxa found in the luj\u00e1n local fauna and listed in tonni et al . ( 1985 ) were classified according to their probable diet . nomenclature and taxonomy were updated as per prevosti and vizca\u00edno ( 2006 ) , soibelzon et al . ( 2005 ) and other sources . the masses of the extinct taxa were taken from previous estimations in literature ( smith et al . 2003 ) . those species whose masses were estimated to have been less than 10 kg were not considered in order to avoid the problem of the biases in fossilisation , preservation , and collection ( behrensmeyer and hill 1980 , damuth 1982 , see fari\u00f1a 1996 for further discussion ) .\nto estimate the population density of each herbivorous species , the general equation in damuth ( 1981 ) was used : log d = - 0 . 75 log m + 4 . 23\nwhere d is population density in number of individuals per square kilometre , and m is the body mass expressed in grams . this equation is empirical and was obtained from the study of many diverse modern ecosystems . the standard error of the slope is 0 . 026 . if the average minus one s . e . were used rather than - 0 . 75 there would be no important differences in the results .\nthe basal metabolic rate of these herbivores was recalculated , as per fari\u00f1a ( 1996 ) , following the equation in peters ( 1983 ) : log r = - 0 . 25 log m + 0 . 6128 where r is the per - second mass - specific metabolic rate ( in j kg \u20131 s \u20131 ) , and m is the body mass expressed in grams .\ndue to sound thermodynamical reasons related to the loss of free energy as the trophic level increases , and to biomechanical reasons related to limb bone strength allometry ( sorkin 2008 ) , the modern carnivora are known to be less abundant than their potential prey . thus , a different equation must be used to estimate their population density ; that obtained by damuth ( 1993 ) for african flesh - eaters ( same symbols as above ) : log d = - 0 . 64 log m + 2 . 23 .\nthe basal metabolic rate of species belonging to carnivora is also described by a specific formula , because predators tend to consume more energy than herbivores , even at rest , and that , other things being equal , expenditure tends to be even higher as body size increases . thus , an appropriate equation , also from peters ( 1983 ) , was used : log r = - 0 . 27 log m + 0 . 6551 .\npleistocene : apart from luj\u00e1n , this model was also tested in other 14 south american faunas ( see fig 1 ) . faunal lists were obtained from the paleobiology database and the criterion for choosing them was the presence of at least two carnivore species within them . body masses were obtained from smith et al . ( 2003 ) and other sources ( casamiquela 1984 , hartwig and cartelle 1996 , pomi 2008 ) .\nlinear regressions for the five models applied to the fifteen south american faunas . all variables are given in j m \u20132 year \u20131 . dotted line represents the regression and solid line the expected ratio ( slope = 1 ) .\nfour more models were also tested in these faunas . the first one was a modification of the calculation of population density for the carnivores , since this was an important issue of debate in prevosti and vizca\u00edno ( 2006 ) . the equation was obtained from carbone and gittleman ( 2002 ) : log d = - 0 . 88 m + 2 . 296 , where d is the population density expressed in individuals per 100 km 2 and m is the body mass in kg .\nthe second new model was a modification of the model in fari\u00f1a ( 1996 ) in the calculation of the secondary productivity . this was made following western ( 1983 ) : log p = 0 . 67 log m s + log n + 1 . 14 , where p is the net productivity expressed in kcal km \u20132 year \u20131\u2013 n is the population density ( individuals per km 2 ) and m s is the equivalent in kcal of the animal ' s body mass . in order to obtain m s the body mass in gr was multiplied by the caloric value of the mammalian body , 1 . 5 kcal g \u20131 ( banse and mosher 1980 , western 1983 ) . production values were transformed into j m \u20132 year \u20131 in order for them to be comparable to the values of the carnivore ' s energetic requirements .\nthe third new model was a mixture of both the first and second models . population density of the carnivores was calculated following carbone and gittleman ( 2002 ) and secondary productivity was calculated following western ( 1983 ) .\nthe fourth new model changed the way population density was calculated , as well as the secondary productivity . the population density was calculated following silva et al . ( 2001 ) . the equations used were those for herbivores and carnivores :\ncarnivores : log d = 1 . 41 \u2013 1 . 83 ( log m ) \u2013 0 . 34 ( log m 2 ) + 0 . 28 ( log m 3 )\nwhere d is the population density expressed in individuals per square km , and m their body mass in kg . secondary productivity was calculated following western ( 1983 ) .\nin all the models used , if there was a difference of 15 % between the secondary productivity and the carnivores energetic requirements , the fauna was considered balanced .\nregarding the remains from the province of buenos aires , two different counts were performed : one involving all the specimens assigned to the lujanian age , and a differential one including only the remains from the local faunas of luj\u00e1n , paso otero and quequ\u00e9n salado - indio rico . each of these localities owns a characteristic local fauna that considered together define the typical faunistical association of the lujanian .\nthe masses of the studied taxa were taken as per the energetics section and also from gonz\u00e1lez ( 2001 ) and toledo ( 1996 ) .\nto estimate abundance the counts were based on the number of identified specimens ( nisp ) , understanding that specimen refers to a bone , tooth or fragment ( klein and cruz - uribe 1984 ) . mni counts tend to diminish values of the most common species and overestimate those of odd species ( damuth 1982 , arribas and palmqvist 1998 ) . nisp counts did not consider glyptodont scutes nor cervid antlers .\nif the model used in fari\u00f1a ( 1996 ) is applied to fifteen south american faunas , including the luj\u00e1n local fauna , and the secondary productivity is compared to the energetic requirements of the carnivores , then no faunas are ecologically balanced ( table i ) and the relationship between these two variables is rather weak ( r 2 = 0 . 3 ; figure 1a ) . the first new model applied here ( modified from fari\u00f1a 1996 ) does not show any balanced faunas either , and the relationship between both variables is weak ( r 2 = 0 . 28 ; table i , figure 1b ) .\nsecondary productivity of the herbivores and requirements of the carnivores for south american faunas . coloured cells indicate balanced faunas .\nthe productivity model shows that there are only three balanced faunas in this continent ( table i ) . the regression shows that the secondary productivity and the carnivores ' requirements are not closely related ( r 2 = 0 . 3 ; figure 1c ) . the model that combines productivity and carnivore density shows similar results to those obtained using the first model ( table i , figure 2d ) .\nthe last model , i . e . , productivity + silva et al . ( 2001 ) , indicates that there are two balanced faunas in south america ( table i ) , and that the relationship between the variables is even worse than that seen in the other models ( r 2 = 0 . 16 ; figure 1e ) . the present fauna of the serengeti was included as an actualistic control and was found to be balanced with this model .\nthe uruguayan sample analysed is composed of 1568 specimens ( nisp ) , 81 of them juveniles . a percentage of 4 . 5 % ( 71 specimens ) was identified at the order level , while 20 . 7 % ( 324 specimens ) were classified at the family or subfamily level and the remaining 74 . 8 % ( 1173 specimens ) were classified at the generic level .\nthe sample from the province of buenos aires includes 1889 specimens ( nisp ) , 51 of them juveniles . a percentage of 0 . 4 % ( 7 specimens ) was identified at the order level , 4 . 1 % ( 77 specimens ) were classified at the family or subfamily level and 95 . 5 % ( 1805 specimens ) were identified at the generic level .\ntaxa counts of primary ( a ) and secondary ( b ) consumers in the considered sample for uruguay , including size category , estimated body mass , number of specimens ( adults / juveniles , nisp ) and estimated relative abundance .\ntaxa counts of primary ( a ) and secondary ( b ) consumers in the considered sample for the province of buenos aires , including size category , estimated body mass , number of specimens ( adults / juveniles , nisp ) and estimated relative abundance .\nwith regard to the size categories in primary consumers , the most represented one in uruguay was category ii ( between 10 and 100 kg ) including 13 taxa . in the province of buenos aires and the localities of luj\u00e1n , paso otero and quequ\u00e9n salado - indio rico , the most represented body size category was the iii ( between 100 and 1000 kg ) , with 13 and 12 taxa respectively .\nthe discussion will follow the main topics addressed in this paper ( energetics and abundance ) and other subjects that can provide additional information relevant to the results presented here : food preferences and abundance , size of predators and isotopes .\nin the model employed in fari\u00f1a ( 1996 ) , the luj\u00e1n local fauna was not balanced . however , this model explained well the ecology of other local faunas : venta micena , lower pleistocene of spain ( palmqvist et al . 2003 ) , chapadmalalan and barranca de los lobos , plio - pleistocene of argentina ( vizca\u00edno et al . 2004 ) , puesto la costa and campo barranca , miocene of argentina ( vizca\u00edno et al . 2010 ) . as said above , these results rely on the condition of the models being taxon - free , hence independent of phylogenetical variables ( although they are included in the inference of the basal metabolism ) . this is why a phororhacid ( a large predatory tertiary running bird ) was included in the energetic calculations of the miocene faunas of argentina studied in vizca\u00edno et al . ( 2010 ) .\nit was also very useful as a starting point to develop other mathematical models that tried to explain the peculiar ecology of the megamammals that inhabited the continent .\nprevosti and vizca\u00edno ( 2006 ) suggested that the approach used in fari\u00f1a ( 1996 ) was not accurate , since the carnivore population densities were not the ones found by this author . according to the authors , who compiled the information from several sources about carnivore population ecology , they stress that those populations are affected by several ecological factors that should have been taken into account , like prey abundance and diseases . these authors also suggested that the mylodontids should have been less abundant , given their low metabolic rates .\nit is important to address the fact that prevosti and vizca\u00edno ( 2006 ) studied only one side of the imbalance proposed by fari\u00f1a ( 1996 ) , i . e . , the relationship between the secondary productivity and the requirements of the carnivores . fari\u00f1a ( 1996 ) showed that there was another side to that imbalance , the primary productivity in the luj\u00e1n local fauna having been too low for the herbivores to survive . again in this case , it should be noted that these models are time - averaged ( see below ) , i . e . they are instantaneous and not dynamic simulations , such as the evolutionary impact on species populations by a new predator ( see , for instance , alroy 2001 ) . this issue was not considered in the models used , since there was not enough data on primary productivity in the different areas of the south american continent to make comparisons with .\neven though the analysed faunas were corrected in order to avoid taphonomic biases , in all the studied cases the obtained values for the slope in the graph of abundance vs . body mass did not fit damuth ' s ( 1982 ) model ( - 1 . 05\u00b10 . 25 ) : log a = - 1 . 05 ( log m ) .\nas proposed by damuth ( 1982 ) , the \u201cassemblage\u201d studied does not need to be very defined : the fauna of a whole formation can be considered as an assemblage if we suspect that it is the same community of individuals ( again , vaguely defined ) . in this sense , the fossiliferous localities considered in the analysis for uruguay and the province of buenos aires correspond to the studied temporal lapse ; for this reason , it is assumed that the registered taxa are members of the same palaeocommunity . the specimens from the localities included in the counting , constitute a random sample of the then hypothetic living assemblage .\nit must be taken into account that the classification of the studied taxa into certain ecological feeding categories following miljutin ( 2009 ) , where within the primary consumers we include the herbivorous and the frugivorous taxa , and within the secondary consumers the animalivorous taxa , reflects an a priori categorization that might imply some difference with the real habits of the taxa . for example , conepatus , described as an omnivorous mainly insectivorous ( gonz\u00e1lez 2001 ) was included within the secondary consumers .\nregarding the abundance of secondary consumers presented in this work , all the registered genera in the studied region were counted ( 9 for the analysed sample from uruguay , table iib , and 11 for the province of buenos aires sample , table iiib ) , resulting in a greater number of studied taxa than in the original analysis ( fari\u00f1a 1996 ) . this increment is also due to the inclusion of minor size taxa such as dusicyon and lontra , which results in a higher number of secondary consumers than the registered in south american tertiary faunas and is also consistent with observations in extant south american faunas ( prevosti and vizca\u00edno 2006 and their references ) .\nfinally , in the studied sample for uruguay lestodon armatus is the most represented taxon ( nisp = 31 % ) and its abundance corresponds to 9 % of the studied fauna . the records of megatherium and scelidotherium in uruguay are scarce : nisp of the sample reaches only 1 and 0 . 3 % of the studied specimens , respectively , and its abundances 0 . 1 and 0 . 05 % of the individuals of the studied fauna . in contrast , in the province of buenos aires , scelidotherium is the most represented taxon of the sample ( nisp = 15 % ) and its abundance is similar to that observed for l . armatus in uruguay ( 9 % ) , whereas megatherium constitutes the third most represented taxon ( nisp = 9 % of the studied specimens ) and its estimated abundance is 3 % of the individuals analysed in this fauna , hardly greater that the observed for l . armatus ( 2 % ) .\nsloths muzzle analyses developed by bargo ( 2001a ) and bargo et al . ( 2006 a , b ) propose that in megatherium americanum and scelidotherium leptocephalum narrower muzzles are indicative of selective or mixed feeder habits , and their prensile lips were used to select plants or parts of plants . mcdonald ( 1997 , cited in bargo et al . 2006b ) stated that s . leptocephalum probably looked for buried food with the help of its forelimbs , even if it could also feed on other vegetation closer to the substrate level .\npreliminary observations of growth lines on glyptodont teeth suggest the potential for reconstruction of many aspects of the life history of these mammals , including the search for seasonal periodicities and growth rhythms .\nthe averages of the obtained values of \u03b4 13 c for lestodon armatus from uruguay ( - 18 . 8 % , czerwonogora et al . 2011 ) and glossotherium robustum from the province of buenos aires ( - 20 . 5 % , czerwonogora et al . 2011 ) indicate a preference for c3 vegetation and rather open environments , similar to those currently found in northern patagonia . those results are compatible with the ones obtained in modern primary consumers in open habitats ( deniro and epstein 1978 ) .\nmoreover , those high values of 15 n are congruent with some marks found in a fragmentary left rib of a very large mammal , probably a giant sloth or a mastodont . the spacing of the damage marks fits well with the distance between the mesiodistal lophs of the teeth ( fari\u00f1a 2002 ) .\nafrican mammalian faunas in the pleistocene are very similar ( if not identical ) to those existing today , so the model that best explains their dynamics could be the starting point used to study other faunas in the rest of the continents . the south american mammals that lived in the pleistocene are different from those existing today , so the model may have to be modified to address this issue . however , this cannot be done until the faunas in the paleobiology database are improved both in number of species and in quantity .\none could then speculate on the possibility that mammals might have experienced seasonal migrations , which would have resulted in a more efficient usage of vegetation by the herbivores . the dramatic reduction of the available area subsequent to the end of the glacial period , together with the effects of the end - pleistocene human arrival in the americas , must have been crucial factors in the extinction of this fauna .\nall these approaches open new and exciting possibilities for future research on the unique and bizarre mammals from south america , whose design and evolutionary history captivated george gaylord simpson and many others like us .\nalroy j . 2001 . a multispecies overkill simulation of the end - pleistocene megafaunal mass extinction . science 292 : 1893 - 1896 . 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[ links ]\nbargo ms . 2003 . biomechanics and palaeobiology of the xenarthra : the state of the art ( mammalia , xenarthra ) . sencken biol 83 : 41 - 50 . [ links ]\nbargo ms , de iuliis g and vizca\u00edno sf . 2006a . hypsodonty in pleistocene ground sloths ( xenarthra , tardigrada ) . acta palaeont pol 51 : 53 - 61 . [ links ]\nbargo ms , menegaz an , prado jl , salemme mc , tambussi c and tonni e . 1986 . mam\u00edferos y bioestratigraf\u00eda . una nueva fauna local de la unidad mam\u00edfero lujanense ( pleistoceno tard\u00edo ) de la provincia de buenos aires . ameghiniana 23 : 229 - 232 . [ links ]\nbargo ms , toledo n and vizca\u00edno sf . 2006b . muzzle reconstruction of the pleistocene ground sloths . j morph 267 : 248 - 263 . [ links ]\nbargo ms and vizca\u00edno sf . 2008 . paleobiology of pleistocene ground sloths ( xenarthra , tardigrada ) : biomechanics , morphogeometry and ecomorphology applied to the masticatory apparatus . ameghiniana 45 : 175 - 196 . [ links ]\nbargo ms , vizca\u00edno sf , archuby fm and blanco re . 2000 . limb bone proportions , strength and digging in some lujanian ( late pleistocene - early holocene ) mylodontid ground sloths ( mammalia , xenarthra ) . j vert paleontol 20 : 601 - 610 . [ links ]\nbehrensmeyer ak and hill ap . 1980 . eds . fossils in the making : vertebrate paleoecology and taphonomy . university of chicago press , 338 p . [ links ]\nbru de ram\u00f3n jb . 1784 - 1786 . colecci\u00f3n de l\u00e1minas que representan a los animales y monstruos del real gabinete de historia natural . 2 volumes . imprenta de andr\u00e9s de sotos : madrid , spain , p . 76 . [ links ]\ncarbone c and gittleman jl . 2002 . a common rule for the scaling of carnivore density . science 295 : 2273 - 2276 . 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[ links ]\ncione al and tonni ep . 2005 . bioestratigraf\u00eda basada en mam\u00edferos del cenozoico superior de la provincia de buenos aires , argentina . in : barrio re ( ed ) , geolog\u00eda y recursos minerales de la provincia de buenos aires . relatorio del xvi congreso geol\u00f3gico argentino , la plata , argentina . cap . xi , p . 183 - 200 . [ links ]\ncoltrain jb , harris jm , cerling te , ehleringer jr , dearing m , ward j and allen j . 2004 . rancho la brea stable isotope biogeochemistry and its implications for the palaeoecology of the late pleistocene , coastal southern california . palaeogeogr palaeoclim palaeoecol 205 : 199 - 219 . [ links ]\ncuvier g . 1796 . notice sur le squelette d ' une tr\u00e8s - grande esp\u00e8ce de quadrup\u00e8de inconnue jusqu ' \u00e0 pr\u00e9sent , trouv\u00e9 au paraquay , et d\u00e9pos\u00e9 au cabinet d ' histoire naturelle de madrid . magasin encyclop\u00e9dique : ou journal des sciences , des lettres et des arts 1 : 303 - 310 . 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{"id": 627, "summary": [{"text": "demania is a genus of crabs in the family xanthidae , containing the following species : demania alcocki deb , 1987 demania armadillus ( herbst , 1790 ) demania baccalipes ( alcock , 1898 ) demania crosnieri serene , 1984 demania cultripes ( alcock , 1898 ) demania garthi guinot & richer de forges , 1981 demania intermedia guinot , 1969 demania japonica guinot , 1977 demania mortenseni ( odhner , 1925 ) demania reynaudi ( h. milne edwards , 1834 ) demania rotundata serene , 1969 demania scaberrima ( walker , 1887 ) demania serenei guinot & richer de forges , 1981 demania splendida laurie , 1906 demania toxica garth , 1971 demania unispinosa chen & ng , 1999 demania wardi garth & ng , 1985 many of the species are known to be toxic to humans and domestic animals , and it is thought likely that all species of demania are toxic .", "topic": 26}], "title": "demania", "paragraphs": ["species demania squamosa guinot , 1977 accepted as demania reynaudii ( h . milne edwards , 1834 )\nbetween 1969 and 2002 , demania life expectancy was at its lowest point in 1985 , and highest in 1978 . the average life expectancy for demania in 1969 was 78 , and 62 in 2002 .\nstream demania by demania ( de grassi / manring / garcia trio ) and tens of millions of songs on all your devices with amazon music unlimited . exclusively for prime members . new subscribers only . terms apply .\ntable 1 : toxicity of xanthid crab demania cultripes ( alcock , 1898 ) from cebu island ( 2006 ) .\ncensus records can tell you a lot of little known facts about your demania ancestors , such as occupation . occupation can tell you about your ancestor ' s social and economic status .\ncensus records can give you a fascinating window into the day - to - day lives of your demania ancestors - like hours worked per week , level of education , veteran status , employers , and more .\nuse census records and voter lists to see where families with the demania surname lived . within census records , you can often find information like name of household members , ages , birthplaces , residences , and occupations .\ngarth , j . s . , 1975 . demania alcalai , a second new species of poisonous crab from the philippines . philippine journal of science , 104 ( 1 - 2 ) : 1 - 6 , fig .\ngarth , j . s . , 1976 . demania macneilli , a new species of xanthid crab from northern queensland ( crustacea : decapoda ) . records of the australian museum , 30 ( 5 ) : 113 - 117 , fig .\ndavie , p . j . f . , 1989b . new records of demania ( crustacea : decapoda : xanthidae ) from australia . memoirs of the queensland museum , 27 ( 2 ) : 123 - 128 , figs 1 - 5 .\ngarth , j . s . & p . k . l . ng , 1985 . notes on the genus demania laurie , 1906 ( crustacea , decapoda , brachyura , xanthidae ) . indo - malayan zoology , 2 ( 2 ) : 293 - 308 , pls 1 - 7 .\nchen , h . & p . k . l . ng , 1999 . crabs of the demania rotundata species group ( crustacea : decapoda : brachyura ) from east and south china seas , with description of a new species . the raffles bulletin of zoology , 47 : 139 - 153 .\nan unusually short lifespan might indicate that your demania ancestors lived in harsh conditions . a short lifespan might also indicate health problems that were once prevalent in your family . the ssdi is a searchable database of more than 70 million names . you can find birthdates , death dates , addresses and more .\nfigure 5 : hplc - fld analysis for psp in demania cultripes . one mu of ttx standard solution was injected to hplc - fld system . ( a , b ) viscera , ( c ) gtx stds . ( ( a : gtx4 , b : gtx1 , c : gtx3 , d : gtx2 ) , ( d ) stx stds . ( ( e : hyneostx , ) f : neostx , g : hystx , h : dcstx , i : stx ) .\nfigure 1 shows sampling locations in cebu island , central visayas region of philippines . in coral reefs along town of carmen , eastern coast in cebu island faced with the camotes sea , a total of seven xanthid crab specimens were collected by fishermen from cebu island using crab cages during the period from february to august 2006 . specimens were immediately frozen after capture , transported by air to the laboratory of utilization of marine bioresources , hiroshima university , and kept frozen at \u221220\u00b0c prior to identification and toxicity analysis . specimens were identified as the xanthid crab demania cultripes by dr . m . shimomura , one of our authors , from the kitakyushu museum of natural history & human history ( figure 2 ) . following identification , specimens were dissected into viscera and appendages to determine the anatomical distribution of toxins .\ntwo innovators of solo instrumental music , acoustic guitarist alex de grassi and electric bassist michael manring , join forces with percussionist and tabla player chris garcia ( of the zappa alum group , the grandmothers ) for a set of arranged and improvised music . with influences from india to appalachia to latin america and the blues , this trio fuses new sounds together with their original compositions and unlikely arrangements - think the stones ' paint it black in 7 / 8 time , and an improvised take on the traditional folk melody , the water is wide . de grassi ' s sympitar ( sympathetic string guitar ) and manring ' s liquid and ever - changing fretless sounds combine with tabla , kanjira , mbwata , and a myriad of percussion to produce a distinctly world twist to many of the tracks . from moments of introspection to pure grooving , the demania trio covers a lot of terrain and leaves no stone unturned .\nseveral cases of poisoning resulting in human fatalities and stemming from the ingestion of coral reef crabs have been reported from the indo - pacific region . we assessed the toxicity of the unidentified xanthid crab collected from the camotes sea off the eastern coast of cebu island , central visayas region of philippines from the food hygienic point of view . all seven specimens , which were identified with demania cultripes , collected in 2006 were toxic to mice irrespective of the season of collection and induced paralytic symptoms typical of tetrodotoxin ( ttx ) and paralytic shellfish poison ( psp ) . the activity was expressed in mouse unit ( mu ) being defined as the amount of ttx to kill a 20 g ddy male mice in 30 min after i . p . injection . toxicity scores for viscera and appendages of specimens were ( mean \u00b1 s . d . ) and mu / g , respectively . the highest individual toxicity scores observed for viscera and appendages were 52 . 1 and 7 . 7 mu / g , respectively . the frequency of toxic samples was 100 % . toxin profiles as determined by high - performance liquid chromatography - fluorescent detection analysis ( hplc - fld ) revealed that ttx was the main toxic principle accounting for about 90 % of the total toxicity along with 4 - epi ttx and 4 , 9 - anhydrottx . furthermore , gas chromatography - mass spectrometry ( gc - ms ) analysis revealed mass fragment ion peaks at 376 , 392 and 407 , which were characteristic of the quinazoline skeleton ( c9 - base ) specific to ttx . in addition , only a small amount of psp containing gonyautoxins1\u20134 and hydroxysaxitoxin was detected . to our knowledge , this is the first report presenting evidence of occurrence of ttx and psp in the xanthid crab d . cultripes inhabiting waters surrounding cebu island . from food hygienic point of view , people in coastal areas should be warned of the potential hazard of this crab in order to prevent its intentional or accidental consumption .\nserene , r . ( 1984 ) . crustaces decapodes brachyoures de l ' ocean indien et de la mer rouge . xanthoidea : xanthidae et trapeziidae . editions orstom . collection faune tropicale no . 24 . [ details ]\n: 187 ( key ) , 189 ( key ) , fig . 110 . - -\nalcock , a . w . , 1898 . materials for a carcinological fauna of india . no . 3 . the brachyura cyclometopa . part 1 . the family xanthidae . journal of the asiatic society of bengal , calcutta , 67 , part 2 ( 1 ) : 67 - 233 .\nbalss , h . , 1938b . \u00fcber einige xanthidae ( crustacea , dekapoda ) von singapore und umgebung . bulletin of the raffles museum , 14 : 48 - 63 , figs 1 - 2 , pls 2 - 3 .\nguinot , d . & b . richer de forges , 1981a . crabes de profondeur , nouveaux ou rares de l ' indo - pacifique ( crustacea , decapoda , brachyura ) ( premi\u00e8re partie ) . bulletin du mus\u00e9um national d ' histoire naturelle , paris , ( zool . biol . ecol . anim . ) 2 ( 4 ) , ( 1980 ) : 1113 - 1153 , figs 1 - 3 , pls 1 - 7 . ( in french with english summary )\nguinot , d . , 1969d . sur divers xanthidae notament sur actaea de haan et paractaea gen . nov . ( crustacea decapoda brachyura ) . cahiers du pacifique , 13 : 223 - 267 , figs 1 - 36 . ( in french )\nguinot , d . , 1979 . donn\u00e9es nouvelles sur la morphologie , la phylogen\u00e8se et la taxonomie des crustac\u00e9s d\u00e9capodes brachyoures . m\u00e9moires du mus\u00e9um national d ' histoire naturelle , paris , ( zoologie ) , 112 : 1 - 354 , figs 1 - 70 , pls 1 - 27 , 5 tabls . ( in french )\nho , p . - h . , 1994 . how much do we know about poisonous crabs ? ( 3 ) . fisheries extension , taipei , 92 : 21 - 24 . ( in chinese )\nsakai , t . , 1939 . studies on the crabs of japan . iv . brachygnatha , brachyrhyncha , pp . 365 - 741 , figs 1 - 129 , pls 42 - 111 , table 1 . yokendo co . , tokyo .\nser\u00e8ne , r . , 1984 . crustac\u00e9s d\u00e9capodes brachyoures de l ' oc\u00e9an indien occidental et de la mer rouge , xanthoidea : xanthidae et trapeziidae . avec un addendum par crosnier ( a ) : carpiliidae et menippidae . faune tropicale , no . xxiv : 1 - 349 , figs a - c + 1 - 243 , pls 1 - 48 . ( in french ) ( translated into english by r . w . ingle ) .\ntakeda , m . & s . miyake , 1968c . crabs from the east china sea . i . corystoidea and brachygnatha brachyrhyncha . journal of the faculty of agriculture , kyushu university , 14 ( 4 ) : 541 - 582 , figs 1 - 11 , pl . 6 .\nlin , c . c . , 1949 . a catalogue of brachyurous crustacea of taiwan . quarterly journal of the taiwan museum , 2 ( 1 ) : 10 - 33 .\nmilne - edwards , h . , 1834 . histoire naturelle des crustac\u00e9s , comprenant l ' anatomie , la physiologie et la classification de ces animaux . libraire encyclop\u00e9dique de roret , paris , vol . 1 : i - xxxv , 1 - 468 , pls 3 , 5 - 6 , 15 - 17 , 20 , 22 - 23 , 25 . ( see holthuis , 1979 , for dates of publication . )\nmuraoka , k . , 1998 . catalogue of the brachyuran and anomuran crabs donated by prof . dr . tune sakai to the kanagawa prefectural museum . catalogue of the collection in the kanagawa prefectural museum of natural history , 11 : 5 - 67 , pls 1 - 16 .\nodhner , t . , 1925 . monographierte gattungen der krabben - familie xanthidae . i . g\u00f6teborgs kungliga vetenskaps - och vitterhets - samh\u00e4lles handlingar , ( 4 ) 29 ( 1 ) : 1 - 92 , figs 1 - 7 , pls 1 - 5 . ( in german )\nsakai , t . , 1936b . crabs of japan : 66 plates in life colours with descriptions . sanseido , tokyo ( 1935 ) : 1 - 239 , figs 1 - 122 , 27 pages of bibliography & index , frontispiece ( in colour ) , pls 1 - 66 ( colour ) . ( in japanese )\ntakeda , m . & s . miyake , 1969d . crabs from the east china sea . ii . addition to brachygnatha brachyrhyncha . journal of the faculty of agriculture , kyushu university , 15 ( 4 ) : 449 - 468 , figs 1 - 4 .\nhave three or four teeth behind the exorbital angle , the two posterior are generally more projecting and more angular . the\n; all the regions are smooth ( sometimes feebly tuberculate near their margins ) . the submedian lobes of the\nare hardly in advance of the lateral and separated by an open fissure . the\nchhapgar , b . f . , 1957b . marine crabs of bombay state . taraporevala marine biological station , contribution number 1 : v + 89 pp . , pls a , b , 1 - 16 .\ndai , a . & s . yang , 1991 . crabs of the china seas , i - iv , 1 - 608 , figs 1 - 295 , pls 1 - 74 . china ocean press , beijing and springer - verlag , berlin heidelberg new york tokyo , english edition . ( translation from chinese original 1986 . )\nguinot , d . , 1971a . recherches pr\u00e9liminaires sur les groupements naturels chez les crustac\u00e9s decapodes brachyoures . viii . synth\u00e8se et bibliographie . bulletin du mus\u00e9um national d ' histoire naturelle , paris , 42 ( 5 ) : 1063 - 1090 . ( in french )\nsakai , t . , 1976a . crabs of japan and the adjacent seas . ( in 3 volumes : ( 1 ) english text : i - xxix , 1 - 773 , figs 1 - 379 , ( 2 ) plates volume : 1 - 16 , pls 1 - 251 , ( 3 ) japanese text : 1 - 461 , figs 1 - 2 , 3 maps . ) kodansha ltd , tokyo .\nare more or less worn out . antero - lateral borders are extremely arcuated , the four lobes behind the external\nangle being rounded and not forming angular teeth as in the typical species . the tubercles upon the posterior half of\nare , as well as those on the postero - lateral borders , somewhat more prominent and obtusely pointed . the\nlobes are smooth and their free margin entire and sinuate but not appreciably produced near the median notch as in the typical species . the granules on the under surface of\nare dorsally and externally covered with sharp fine granules , the former has an obtuse tooth and an accessory denticle near the inner angle , the latter has an obtusely crested superior border , which is divided into four or five obtuse teeth . the granules on the outer and under surfaces of\nis weakly crested in proximal half of the superior border ; both fingers are not at all pigmented , and their prehensile edges armed with five to six obtuse teeth .\nare all styliform , regularly decreasing in length from first to last , each anterior and posterior margin being furnished with two longitudinal rows of hairs respectively . ( t .\ndai , a . , s . yang , y . song & g . chen , 1986 . crabs of chinese seas , i - iv , 1 - 642 , figs 1 - 295 , pls 1 - 74 . ocean press , beijing . ( in chinese . )\njeng , m . - s . , r . - g . chan , h . - r . fung , & q . - s . chen , 1997 . northeast coast scenic area . investigations into ecological resources and monitering . 194 pp . ministry of transport and tourism . taipei . ( in chinese )\nser\u00e8ne , r . & p . lohavanijaya , 1973 . the brachyura ( crustacea : decapoda ) collected by the naga expedition , including a review of the homolidae . in : scientific results of marine investigations of the south china sea and the gulf of thailand 1959 - 1961 . naga rep . , 4 ( 4 ) : 1 - 187 , figs 1 - 186 , pls 1 - 21 , 1 map .\nyour amazon music account is currently associated with a different marketplace . to enjoy prime music , go to your music library and transfer your account to urltoken ( us ) .\nfree 5 - 8 business - day shipping within the u . s . when you order $ 25 of eligible items sold or fulfilled by amazon .\nor get 4 - 5 business - day shipping on this item for $ 5 . 99 . ( prices may vary for ak and hi . )\norder now and we ' ll deliver when available . we ' ll e - mail you with an estimated delivery date as soon as we have more information . your account will only be charged when we ship the item .\nsolo guitar innovator alex de grassi joins forces with electric fretless bass icon michael manring and percussionist / tabla player chris garcia , ( a touring member of frank zappa ' s old band , the grandmothers ) . this trio fuses elements of jazz , folk , and world music using surprising arrangements of original and traditional themes as a basis for improvisation . from the folk classic\nthe water is wide\nto the stones '\npaint it black\nplayed in 7 / 8 time , this trio explores new terrain .\nhe ' s one of my favorite guitarists . i buy all of his cd ' s . in fact i ' ve bought a couple lp ' s of his , even though i still don ' t have a working record player right now .\nthese guys are all at the top of their game . think you ' ve heard every version of ' paint it black ' ? here ' s a new twist ! beautifully produced trio setting . at the top of my playlist . . .\nthis recording , the music and performances are excellent , in my experience as a listener . and as a performer , i ' m inspired by both the acoustic guitar and fretless bass tones phrases etc . , and although garcia ' s work is new to me , his udu solo on\nyet again\n, track 4 , tells me that he is a monster at his art form and a beat master or he wouldn ' t be rubbing tempos with de grassi and manring . . . . k\nprime members enjoy free two - day shipping and exclusive access to music , movies , tv shows , original audio series , and kindle books .\nafter viewing product detail pages , look here to find an easy way to navigate back to pages you are interested in .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe website you are about to visit is progenealogists \u00ae , operated by tgn services , llc , a subsidiary of ancestry .\nthis page needs javascript enabled in order to work properly . click here for instructions on how to enable it in your browse\nhistorically , surnames evolved as a way to sort people into groups - by occupation , place of origin , clan affiliation , patronage , parentage , adoption , and even physical characteristics ( like red hair ) . many of the modern surnames in the dictionary can be traced back to britain and ireland .\nto receive news and publication updates for journal of toxicology , enter your email address in the box below .\ncopyright \u00a9 2010 manabu asakawa et al . this is an open access article distributed under the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original work is properly cited .\ncrabs are valued as popular seafood items and are widely consumed as many styles of human food such as boiled , steamed , or processed food in various parts of the world . while most species are edible , some are toxic to humans and other mammals . in tropical pacific areas , widespread rumors exist regarding the occurrence of toxic crabs . several cases of poisoning stemming from the ingestion of coral reef crabs and resulting in human fatalities have been reported [ 1 , 2 ] . the xanthid crabs zosimus aeneus , atergatis floridus , and platypodia granulosa inhabiting tropical and subtropical area are known to contain potent neurotoxins [ 3 ] . in z . aeneus , the species most frequently implicated in human poisoning , the occurrence of saxitoxin ( stx ) analogues [ 4 \u2013 6 ] and tetrodotoxin ( ttx ) [ 7 ] has been confirmed . paralytic shellfish poison ( psp ) , a most hazardous marine toxin , mainly originates in toxic marine dinoflagellates species of the genera alexandrium , gymnodinium , and pyrodinium , which are accumulated in many species of marine organisms such as crabs and filter - feeding organisms such as bivalve mollusks [ 8 \u2013 13 ] . at least 20 stx - like congeners have been identified with a range of hydroxyl , carbamyl , and sulfate moieties at four sites on the back bone structure . these organisms can act as potential toxin vectors and pose a threat to human health . on the other hand , the puffer toxin , ttx , has been continuously found in a wide range of organisms from both terrestrial and marine habitats [ 14 ] .\nour study deals with the screening and isolation of paralytic toxins from the xanthid crab d . cultripes of cebu island and identification of the toxins as ttx and paralytic shellfish poison ( psp ) , which are highly potent toxins occurring in pufferfish and toxic dinoflagellates .\nfigure 1 : map showing crab - collecting locations in cebu island . the location of cebu island in the philippines is shown in the map to the right . the map on left shows an enlarged image of cebu island to pinpoint the sampling location .\nfigure 2 : d . cultripes collected from camotes sea near cebu island . ( scale bar = 1 . 0 cm ) .\neach crab specimen was partially thawed and dissected into two anatomically different parts : viscera including hepatopancreas , reproductive organs , and intestines and appendages that were torn off from each crab specimen , including muscles . we examined each tissue for toxicity by the standard bioassay for ttx [ 19 ] . lethality was expressed in mouse units per gram of crab specimen tissue ( mu / g ) , where one mu is the amount of intraperitonially ( i . p . ) administered toxic material required to kill an 18\u201320 g male mouse of the ddy strain in 30 min .\nthe viscera from all seven crab specimens mentioned above were used as materials . to the viscera ( e . g . , 56 g ) were added 3 volumes of 1 % acetic acid in 80 % methanol . the mixture was homogenized for 3 min and extracted under reflux . this operation was repeated on the residue twice after filtration . the filtrate was combined and concentrated under reduced pressure . total lethality of the extracts thus obtained from the viscera was 3 , 559 mu for ttx . extracts were defatted with dichloromethane , and the aqueous layer was partially purified by successive treatment on activated charcoal ( wako ) and bio - gel p - 2 ( bio - rad . lab . ) column chromatography . conditions for each procedure were similar to those encountered in previous studies [ 20 \u2013 22 ] . toxicity was detected exclusively in the 0 . 03 m acoh fraction obtained from bio - gel p - 2 column chromatography . this toxic fraction was concentrated to dryness under reduced pressure , and the partially purified toxin obtained was dissolved in a small amount of water and analyzed for ttx and psp by high - performance liquid chromatography - fluorescent detection ( hplc - fld ) as previously described [ 20 , 23 ] . in addition , an alkali - hydrolysate of this toxin was trimethylsilylated and analyzed by gas chromatography - mass spectrometry ( gc - ms ) , as described below . standards of ttx , which also contained 4 - epi ttx and 4 , 9 - anhydrottx , were prepared from ribbon worm cephalothrix sp . ( found in hiroshima bay ) , using previously reported methods [ 21 ] . authentic specimens of gonyautoxins1 - 4 ( gtx ) and stxs were prepared from the digestive glands of psp - infested scallop patinopecten yessoensis found in ofunato bay , iwate prefecture , japan , and from the exoskeleton of z . aeneus collected at kabira bay , okinawa prefecture , japan , according to previously reported methods [ 4 , 24 , 25 ] .\nthe trimethylsilyl ( tms ) derivative of 2 - amino - 6 - hydroxymethyl - 8 - hydroxyquinazoline ( c9 base ) was derived from purified toxins and authentic ttx by a previously described procedure [ 26 ] . both tms derivatives were injected to a varian gas chromatograph ( 1200 ms / ms ) equipped with a mass spectrometer ( varian cp - 3800 ) according to previously described methods [ 21 ] .\nfigure 3 : hplc - fld analysis of ttx in d . cultripes . one mu of ttx standard solution was injected to hplc - fld system . ( a ) viscera . ( b ) ttx standards . ( a : ttx ; b : 4 - epi ttx ; c : 4 , 9 - anhydrottx ) .\nfigure 4 : gc - ms analysis of tms derivative of c9 base from ttx in d . cultripes . ( a ) viscera . ( b ) ttx standards . ( ( a ) ; ( b ) ; ( c ) ) ) .\njudging from the symptoms of the patients and the results of hplc - fld and gc - ms analysis , it seems to be the most probable that the causative food responsible for the poisoning with two deaths in april , 2004 mentioned above is d . cultripes containing ttx and psp . from food hygienic point of view , people in coastal areas should be warned of the potential hazard of this crab in order to prevent its intentional or accidental consumption .\nit was previously reported that ttx is the major toxin , and gtx 1 and 3 are minor toxins in l . pictor ( xanthid crab from taiwan ) [ 29 ] . in contrast , in crabs from negros island , philippines , ptx was found to be the predominant toxin [ 3 ] . on the other hand , ttx and psp are the major and minor toxins , respectively , in a . floridus inhabiting miura peninsula , kanagawa prefecture , japan , which differs from crabs found in okinawa , japan [ 30 ] . the a . floridus specimen from fiji island was found to have stx and stx derivatives as major toxins [ 31 ] . it is not clear at present whether the toxin in our crab specimens is of endogenous or exogenous origin . because crabs are generally detritus ( and not planktonic ) feeders , the most plausible explanation is that crabs specimens accumulated the toxin by feeding on toxic marine organisms in sampling areas . oikawa et al . [ 32 ] showed the presence of psp toxins in the viscera of the edible shore crab telmessus acutidens . it was also revealed that the total toxicity in the crab viscera increased linearly with the amount of toxic mussels the crabs ingested by feeding experiments [ 33 ] . transport and accumulation of toxins in food chains are a common phenomenon , particularly in marine biota . the origin of neurotoxins in toxic xanthid crabs may be from toxic lower strata invertebrates . the occurrence of calcareous red algae jania sp . as the primary source of psp in coral reef crabs was reported [ 34 , 35 ] . on the other hand , it was also reported that psp - containing a . floridus maintains a fairly high toxicity level for a long period when fed nontoxic diets ( noguchi et al . , personal communication ) . this observation may suggest that psp in this toxic crab mentioned above is endogenous . in addition to this , it may also suggest that the crabs have the psp and / or ttx - specific binding substance . through a complex system of trophic interrelationships , nonfilter - feeding organisms can also be exposed to psp and / or ttx and thus accumulate and play a role as vectors in marine food web . in order to elucidate the diet of d . cultripes , microscopic examination of stomach contents of the species is needed . further studies are now in progress to elucidate the associated mechanism of toxicity . in addition , investigation of individual , local , and size - dependent variations in toxicity of d . cultripes is also needed . because d . cultripes specimens are large enough to be regarded as food items , the potential danger of their consumption should be disseminated to the public to prevent future cases of food poisonings .\nto our knowledge , this is the first evidence of occurrence of ttx and psp in the d . cultripes inhabiting the coast of cebu island and the confirmation of its implication in human poisoning .\nthis work was partly supported by a jsps - dost core university program in fisheries sciences .\na . c . alcala and b . w . halstead , \u201chuman fatality due to ingestion of the crab\nt . yasumoto , y . oshima , and t . konta , \u201canalysis of paralytic shellfish toxins of xanthid crabs in okinawa , \u201d\nk . daigo , a . uzu , o . arakawa , t . noguchi , h . seto , and k . hashimoto , \u201cisolation and some properties of neosaxitoxin from a xanthid crab\nk . koyama , t . noguchi , y . ueda , and k . hashimoto , \u201coccurrence of neosaxitoxin and other paralytic shellfish poisons in toxic crabs belonging to the family xanthidae , \u201d\nt . noguchi , s . konosu , and y . hashimoto , \u201cidentity of the crab toxin with saxitoxin , \u201d\nd . yasumura , y . oshima , and t . yasumoto , \u201ctetrodotoxin and paralytic shellfish toxins in philippine crabs , \u201d\nm . asakawa , k . miyazawa , h . takayama , and t . noguchi , \u201cdinoflagellate\nk . ito , m . asakawa , r . beppu , h . takayama , and k . miyazawa , \u201cpsp - toxicification of the carnivorous gastropod\nm . asakawa , h . takayama , r . beppu , and k . miyazawa , \u201coccurrence of paralytic shellfish poison ( psp ) \u2014producing dinoflagellate\nr . beppu , k . nojima , s . tsuruda et al . , \u201coccurrence of psp - producing dinoflagellate\np . r . costa , m . j . botelho , and s . m . rodrigues , \u201caccumulation of paralytic shellfish toxins in digestive gland of octopus vulgaris during bloom events including the dinoflagellate\nk . miyazawa and t . noguchi , \u201cdistribution and origin of tetrodotoxin , \u201d\nr . b . gonzales and a . c . alcala , \u201cfatalities from crab poisoning on negros island , philippines , \u201d\nt . yasumoto , d . yasumura , y . ohizumi , m . takahashi , a . c . alcala , and l . c . alcala , \u201cpalytoxins in two species of xanthid crabs from the philippines , \u201d\ne . e . carumbana , a . c . alcala , and e . p . ortega , \u201ctoxic marine crabs in southern negros , philippines , \u201d\n, environmental health bureau , ministry of health and welfare , ed . , vol . 2 , pp . 240\u2013244 , japan food hygiene association , tokyo , japan , 1978 .\nm . asakawa , t . toyoshima , y . shida , t . noguchi , and k . miyazawa , \u201cparalytic toxins in a ribbon worm\nm . asakawa , t . toyoshima , k . ito et al . , \u201cparalytic toxicity in the ribbon worm\no . arakawa , t . noguchi , y . shida , and y . onoue , \u201coccurrence of 11 - oxotetrodotoxin and 11 - nortetrodotoxin - 6 ( r ) - ol in a xanthid crab\no . arakawa , y . noguchi , and y . onoue , \u201cparalytic shellfish toxin profiles of xanthid crabs\nt . noguchi , m . kohno , y . ueda , and k . hashimoto , \u201cisolation of gonyautoxin - 2 , a main component of paralytic shellfish poison from toxic scallop and its properties , \u201d\nt . noguchi , y . ueda , k . hashimoto , and h . seto , \u201cisolation and characterization of gonyautoxin - 1 from the toxic digestive gland of scallop\nh . narita , t . noguchi , j . maruyama et al . , \u201coccurrence of tetrodotoxin in a trumpet shell , \u201cboshubora\u201d\np . k . l . ng , d . guinot , and p . j . f . davie , \u201csystema brachyurorum\u2014part i : an annotated checklist of extant brachyuran crabs of the world , \u201d\nt . noguchi and j . s . m . ebesu , \u201cpuffer poisoning : epidemiology and treatment , \u201d\ny . h . tsai , d . f . hwang , t . j . chai , and s . s . jeng , \u201coccurrence of tetrodotoxin and paralytic shellfish poison in the taiwanese crab\nt . noguchi , t . uzu , k . koyama , j . maruyama , y . nagashima , and k . hashimoto , \u201coccurrence of tetrodotoxin as the major toxin in a xanthid crab\nu . raj , y . oshima , and t . yasumoto , \u201cthe occurrence of paralytic shellfish toxins in two species of xanthid crab from suva barrier reef , fiji islands , \u201d\nh . oikawa , t . fujita , m . satomi , t . suzuki , y . kotani , and y . yano , \u201caccumulation of paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in the edible shore crab\nh . oikawa , m . satomi , s . watabe , and y . yano , \u201caccumulation and depuration rates of paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in the shore crab\nt . yasumoto , y . oshima , and y . kotaki , \u201canalyses of paralytic shellfish toxins in coral reef crabs and gastropods with the identification of the primary source of toxins , \u201d\ny . kotaki , m . tajiri , y . oshima , and t . yasumoto , \u201cidentification of a calcareous red alga as the primary source of paralytic shellfish toxins in coral reef crabs and gastropods , \u201d"]}
{"id": 633, "summary": [{"text": "strioterebrum plumbeum , common name : the lead-coloured auger , is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family terebridae , the auger snails . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "strioterebrum plumbeum", "paragraphs": ["strioterebrum sacco , f . , 1891 type species : strioterebrum basteroti nyst , p . - h . , 1843\nmyurella joserosadoi myurella kilburni myurella nathaliae myurella nebulosa myurella parkinsoni myurella paucistriata myurella torquata myurella undulata myurella wellsilviae oxymeris areolata oxymeris areolatus cf . oxymeris caledonicus oxymeris chlorata oxymeris costelliferus oxymeris crenulatus oxymeris dillwynii oxymeris dimidiatus oxymeris fatuus oxymeris felinus oxymeris gouldi oxymeris maculatus oxymeris senegalensis oxymeris strigatus oxymeris trochlea oxymeris troendlei perirhoe cerithina perirhoe eburnea pristiterebra glauca pristiterebra petiveriana pristiterebra tuberculosa strioterebrum caliginosum strioterebrum japonicum strioterebrum nitidum strioterebrum plumbeum strioterebrum sanjuanensis strioterebrum swainsoni terebra alba terebra amanda terebra argosyia terebra argus terebra argus brachygyra ( f ) terebra argus cf .\nclade e is the largest clade and includes the genera myurella , clathroterebra , terenolla , hastulopsis , strioterebrum , and the \u201cterebra\u201d textilis - group ( terryn 2007 ) . myurella itself is polyphyletic , with several species placed as sister groups of other genera . for example , myurella affinis , the type species , is the sister group of terenolla , hastulopsis , some clathroterebra species , and two other myurella species ( pp = 1 , b = 94 ) . clathroterebra is also polyphyletic , with the two representative species used in our analyses , clathroterebra poppei and clathroterebra fortunei , type species of clathroterebra , appearing in separate well - supported clades ( pp = 1 , b = 100 ) for both . the distinctiveness of the monotypic genus terenolla appears to be confirmed in our analysis . hastulopsis and strioterebrum are paraphyletic . the \u201cterebra\u201d textilis - group is dispersed within clade e and constitutes a group that includes a large amount of undescribed diversity , both at the genus and species levels , hence the various types ( textilis iii , iv , v , and vii ) listed in the tree .\n( of terebra plumbea quoy & gaimard , 1833 ) quoy j . r . c . & gaimard j . p . ( 1832 - 1835 ) . voyage de d\u00e9couvertes de l '\nastrolabe\nex\u00e9cut\u00e9 par ordre du roi , pendant les ann\u00e9es 1826 - 1829 , sous le commandement de m . j . dumont d ' urville . zoologie . paris : tastu . 1 : i - l 1 - 264 ; 2 ( 1 ) : 1 - 321 [ 1832 ] ; 2 ( 2 ) : 321 - 686 [ 1833 ] ; 3 ( 1 ) : 1 - 366 [ 1834 ] ; 3 ( 2 ) : 367 - 954 [ 1835 ] ; atlas ( mollusques ) : pls 1 - 93 [ 1833 ] . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of terebra assimilis pease , 1869 ) pease w . h . ( 1869 ) . description of new species of marine gasteropod\u00e6 inhabiting polynesia . american journal of conchology . 5 : 64 - 79 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 67 [ details ]\nterryn , y . ( 2007 ) . terebridae : a collectors guide . conchbooks & natural art . 59pp + plates . [ details ]\n( of hastula plumbea ( quoy & gaimard , 1964 ) ) bratcher t . & cernohorsky w . o . ( 1987 ) . living terebras of the world . a monograph of the recent terebridae of the world . american malacologists , melbourne , florida & burlington , massachusetts . 240pp . [ details ]\n( of terebra plumbea quoy & gaimard , 1833 ) bratcher t . & cernohorsky w . o . ( 1987 ) . living terebras of the world . a monograph of the recent terebridae of the world . american malacologists , melbourne , florida & burlington , massachusetts . 240pp . [ details ]\n( of terebra plumbea quoy & gaimard , 1833 ) liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of terebra assimilis pease , 1869 ) bratcher t . & cernohorsky w . o . ( 1987 ) . living terebras of the world . a monograph of the recent terebridae of the world . american malacologists , melbourne , florida & burlington , massachusetts . 240pp . [ details ]\n( of terebra bourguignati deshayes , 1859 ) bratcher t . & cernohorsky w . o . ( 1987 ) . living terebras of the world . a monograph of the recent terebridae of the world . american malacologists , melbourne , florida & burlington , massachusetts . 240pp . [ details ]\n( of terebra castaneofusca thiele , 1925 ) bratcher t . & cernohorsky w . o . ( 1987 ) . living terebras of the world . a monograph of the recent terebridae of the world . american malacologists , melbourne , florida & burlington , massachusetts . 240pp . [ details ]\n( of terebra clappi pilsbry , 1921 ) bratcher t . & cernohorsky w . o . ( 1987 ) . living terebras of the world . a monograph of the recent terebridae of the world . american malacologists , melbourne , florida & burlington , massachusetts . 240pp . [ details ]\n( of terebra contigua pease , 1871 ) bratcher t . & cernohorsky w . o . ( 1987 ) . living terebras of the world . a monograph of the recent terebridae of the world . american malacologists , melbourne , florida & burlington , massachusetts . 240pp . [ details ]\n( of terebra hoffmeyeri abbott , 1952 ) bratcher t . & cernohorsky w . o . ( 1987 ) . living terebras of the world . a monograph of the recent terebridae of the world . american malacologists , melbourne , florida & burlington , massachusetts . 240pp . [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nversion 43 . 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed . my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .\nterebra assimilis pease , w . h . , 1871 ( preoccupied , renamed )\nterebra clappi pilsbry , h . a . , 1921 ,\n1920\n: hawaii\nin continuing your browsing of this site , you accept the use of cookies to offer you suitable content and services and realize visits statistics . learn more about cookies .\nwarning : the data available reflects the progression status of knowledge or the availability of the inventories . it should never be considered as comprehensive .\nnational inventory of natural heritage , website : https : / / inpn . mnhn . fr .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthe star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :\nwe want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only , as we handle very few foreign shells in general . as time goes , the system will become more and more performant .\nenter your email address and we will send you an email with your username and password .\ne - mail jecilia sisican if you do not receive your email with your username and password .\nclick on an image to view all the information : family , species , author , date , and full locality .\nterebridae terebridae are not variable in shape : they are all slender and pointed . the variability in sculpture and pattern is impressive . their determination is a challenge and we are fortunate with the existence of the work of bratcher and cernohorsky ( 1987 ) . there are about 350 species .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 0 . 005 seconds . )\nhastula imitatrix hastula knockeri hastula lanceata hastula lepida hastula matheroniana hastula penicillata hastula philippiana hastula rufopunctata hastula solida hastula species indonesia ( from ) hastula species thailand ( from ) hastula strigilata hastula strigilata nipponensis ( f ) hastula strigilata verreauxi ( f ) hastula strigillata cf . hastulopsis alveolata hastulopsis amoena hastulopsis burchi hastulopsis conspersa hastulopsis conspersa cf . hastulopsis loisae hastulopsis pertusa hastulopsis pseudopertusa impages aciculina impages anomala impages bacillus impages cinerea impages cinerea luctuosa impages escondida impages hectica impages inconstans impages marqueti impages maryleeae impages nassoides impages salleana impages stylata myurella affinis myurella affinis peasii ( f ) myurella affinis cf . myurella columellaris myurella flavofasciata myurella hiscocki\nthe basic data of this taxon were not entered consulting the original description , but from secondary sources .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\npilsbry , h . a . 1921 ,\nmarine mollusks of hawaii viii - xiii\n, proceedings of the academy of natural sciences , philadelphia , vol . 72 , pp . 296 - 328\npease , w . h . 1871 ,\nnotes on the synonymy and distribution of marine gastropoda\n, american journal of conchology , vol . 7 , pp . 20 - 25\ndeshayes , g . p . 1859 ,\na general review of the genus terebra and a description of new species\n, proceedings of the zoological society of london , vol . 27 , pp . 270 - 321\nabbott , r . t . 1952 ,\na new terebra ( hoffmeyeri ) from the philippines\n, nautilus , vol . 65 , no . 3 , pp . 77 - 80 , pl . 5\nthiele , j . 1925 ,\ngastropoda der deutschen tiefsee - expedition . theil 2\n, wissenschaftliche ergebnisse der deutschen tiefsee - expedition auf dem dampfer\nvaldivia\n1898\u20131899 , vol . 17 , no . 2 , pp . 35 - 382 , pls 313 - 346\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 58186065 - d13c - 444a - 90d9 - 8e10795e4bb2\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 512226\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nterebra brugui\u00e8re , j . g . , 1789 type species : terebra subulata linnaeus , c . , 1758\nterebra ( amanda - group ) type species : terebra ( amanda - group ) amanda hinds , r . b . , 1844\nterebra ( panamensis - group ) type species : terebra ( panamensis - group ) panamensis dall , w . h . , 1908\nterebra ( picta - group ) type species : terebra ( picta - group ) picta hinds , r . b . , 1844\nterebra ( textilis - group ) type species : terebra ( textilis - group ) textilis hinds , r . b . , 1844\nterebra ( textilis - group ) textilis roseata ( var . ) ( 4 )\nterebra ( variegata - group ) type species : terebra ( variegata - group ) variegata gray , j . e . , 1834\nterebra ( variegata - group ) specillata balaenorum ( var . ) ( 1 )\nterebra ( bathyrhaphe - group ) type species : granuliterebra bathyrhaphe smith , e . a . , 1875\nterebra ( bathyrhaphe - group ) bridgesi dushaneae ( var . ) ( 4 )\nterebra ( alba - group ) type species : terebra ( alba - group ) alba gray , j . e . , 1834\nterebra ( elata - group ) type species : terebra ( elata - group ) elata hinds , r . b . , 1844\nterebra ( elata - group ) elata montijoensis ( var . ) ( 2 )\ncinguloterebra oyama , k . , 1961 type species : terebra hedleyana pilsbry , h . a . , 1905\nclathroterebra oyama , k . , 1961 type species : clathroterebra fortunei deshayes , g . p . , 1857\nduplicaria dall , w . h . , 1908 type species : duplicaria duplicata linnaeus , c . , 1758\neuterebra cotton , b . c . & f . k . godfrey , 1932 type species : euterebra tristis tristis deshayes , g . p . , 1859\ngranuliterebra oyama , k . , 1961 type species : granuliterebra bathyrhaphe smith , e . a . , 1875\nhastula adams , h . g . & a . adams , 1853 type species : hastula strigilata linnaeus , c . , 1758\nhastulopsis oyama , k . , 1961 type species : hastulopsis melanacme smith , e . a . , 1873\nimpages smith , e . a . , 1873 type species : terebra caerulescens lamarck , j . b . p . a . de , 1822\nmyurella hinds , r . b . , 1844 type species : myurella affinis gray , j . e . , 1834\noxymeris dall , w . h . , 1903 type species : oxymeris maculatus linnaeus , c . , 1758\npellifronia terryn , y . & m . holford , 2008 type species : pellifronia jungi lai , k . y . , 2001\nperirhoe dall , w . h . , 1908 type species : perirhoe circumcincta deshayes , g . p . , 1857\npristiterebra taki , i . & k . oyama , 1954 type species : terebra tsuboiana yokoyama , m . , 1922\ntriplostephanus dall , w . h . , 1908 type species : triplostephanus triseriatus gray , j . e . , 1834\nterenolla iredale , t . , 1929 type species : terenolla pygmaea hinds , r . b . , 1844\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , world , geography , . . . more\nhastula is a genus of sea snails , marine gastropod mollusks in the family terebridae , the auger snails .\nspecies in this genus can be found in the indo - pacific region , australia and tasmania .\nthese are sand - dwelling snails that burrow into the sand no deeper than their length . these are carnivorous snails , feeding on polychaete worms .\nthe shell is smooth and glossy . it is very high and turreted with impressed sutures . the shell shows axial sculpturing of crenulations below the slender ribs . there is often no spiral sculpture ; some species show very weak spiral lines .\nhastula apicitincta ( sowerby iii , 1900 ) : synonym of impages apicitincta ( g . b . sowerby iii , 1900 )\nhastula diversa ( e . a . smith , 1901 ) : synonym of hastula rufopunctata ( e . a . smith , 1877 )\nhastula maryleeae r . d . burch , 1965 : synonym of impages maryleeae ( r . d . burch , 1965 )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\n1 department of biology and biotechnology \u201cc . darwin\u201d , sapienza university of rome , roma , italy ,\ncompeting interests : the authors confirm that co - author mand\u00eb holford is a plos one editorial board member . this does not alter the authors\u2019 adherence to plos one editorial policies and criteria . the authors also confirm that co - author yu zhang is employed by ernst & young ( 5 time square , new york , ny , ny 10036 , ny 10036 , usa ) . this does not alter the authors\u2019 adherence to plos one policies on sharing data and materials .\nconceived and designed the experiments : mvm np . performed the experiments : mvm np mc . analyzed the data : mvm np mc yz . contributed reagents / materials / analysis tools : mh . wrote the paper : mvm np mc mh yz . conducted fieldwork to collected specimens : mvm mh mc np .\nthis is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are properly credited .\n. in order to validate the abgd / klee approach with another group , a similar analysis has been carried out here on the terebridae . the terebridae was chosen as it is a well - characterized family of conoidea that includes \u223c350 described species , with an estimated total number of 450 extant species ( worms\u2013\n, which constitutes an exception for the conoideans , making terebrids a good model to test the ability of the abgd / klee approach to accurately delimit pshs .\nspecies delimitation is shown as a function of time and robustness . abgd / klee allows for a fast and relatively accurate first assessment of species diversity . a sampling of biodiverse taxa is first analyzed by bioinformatics species delimitation tool abgd ( automated barcode gap discovery ) using the coi gene and visualized by klee diagrams generated from indicator vectors of coi allowing primary species hypotheses ( pshs ) to be made . further analyses using integrative taxonomy in which additional characters ( genes , morphology , geography ) and criteria ( similarity , phylogeny ) will generate secondary species hypotheses ( sshs ) , but this involves a significant increase in time to produce a definitive robust species hypothesis ( rsh ) .\nthe three predatory marine mollusk groups of conoidea are illustrated with representative shells . conidae ( cone snails ) in red , terebridae ( auger snails ) in green , and the 14 remaining families , referred to as turrids , in yellow . the inner dark colors refer to known diversity and the outer light colors refer to estimated diversity .\ncollection permits were provided by the smithsonian tropical research institute permit office ( stri - spo ) and the panama aquatic resources authority ( arap ) for east pacific localities and by the mus\u00e9um national d\u2019histoire naturelle , paris for all the other localities . specific locations of collection sites are recorded in table s1 . our study did not involve endangered or protected species .\n) and stored in the malacology collection of the mus\u00e9um national d\u2019histoire naturelle ( paris , france ) .\ndna sequences were aligned with muscle 3 . 8 . 31 [ 34 ] and accuracy of the alignment was confirmed by eye .\na total of 454 specimens of terebridae were sequenced for a 658 - bp fragment of the coi gene , while a portion of the 28s rdna ranging from 696 to 742 bp was sequenced in a subset of 195 specimens and used to build a 758 - bp alignment ( data s1 and s2 ) . the coi alignment was analyzed with abgd to propose partitions with variable numbers of pshs , depending on the prior threshold and initial or recursive analyses . the more inclusive ( lumper ) partition provided by abgd included 98 clusters , and the least inclusive ( splitter ) partition contained 125 clusters . based on the coi gene only , gmyc and ptp analyses contained a variable number of clusters , mostly overlapping with abgd : 110 in the gmyc single threshold , 130 in the gmyc multiple threshold and 112 in the ptp ( fig . s1 \u2013 s3 ) . sixty - three pshs are found identical in the five partitions . if the partitions obtained with the gmyc multiple threshold method are excluded , the number of identical pshs raises to 83 .\nand 17 were assigned only to a genus name ( designated by \u201csp . \u201d ) (\nklee diagram for the coi gene showing the correlation amongst indicator vectors for the less inclusive ( splitter ) dataset obtained with the abgd method and including 125 pshs . color gradation in red indicates high correlation values . arrows indicate the conflicting pshs between the more inclusive and the less inclusive partitions discussed in the text and listed in table s1 .\nadditionally , ten pshs defined in the lumper partition were split in several psh in the splitter partitions . incongruence between the lumper and splitter abgd partitions can be easily visualized and evaluated when sequence data corresponding to the splitter partition are transformed in indicator vectors and used to build a klee diagram with the indicator vector method\nphylogenies for the pshs groups in the splitter partition vs . the lumper partition (\ngene sequences were paraphyletic between members of each splitter psh . on the basis of these results 13a\u2013b , 24a\u2013d , 71a\u2013c , 81a\u2013c and 98a\u2013c pshs were rejected and not considered candidate species . however , three groups of pshs from the same partition as those rejected , 3a\u2013d , 12a\u2013b , 30a\u2013b , were clearly recognized in the klee diagram (\nphylogeny , with support values comparable or only slightly lower than the lumper partition . additionally , results obtained from the gmyc and ptp are congruent and support the splitting of partitions . for 3a\u2013d , 12a\u2013b , 30a\u2013b psh groups , 28s gene results either confirmed the monophyly of the group ( e . g . for 30a\u2013b ) or were inconclusive . these results substantially reflect a geographical differentiation . specifically ,\nwith psh 30a from vanuatu and 30b from east africa . as a result , 3a\u2013d , 12a\u2013b , 30a\u2013b pshs , referring to\nbayesian phylogenetic tree estimated with the coi gene alignment . clades including several specimens identified as a single morphospecies are compressed in triangles . green circles indicate pp = 100 ; blue upward triangles indicate pp > 80 ; black downward triangles indicate pp > 50 .\nsp . 3 ( psh 33 ) . pshs 16 and 33 were split respectively in three ( pshs 16a\u2013c ) and ten ( pshs 33a\u2013j ) partitions in the abgd splitter analysis . inspection of the klee diagram for psh 16 and 33 clearly shows that correlation values of indicator vectors are lower than 90 % only between two clusters internal to each psh (\n) . this result , although not congruent with abgd analyses , is supported by gmyc analyses and , in case of psh 33 , by ptp analysis as well . pshs 16a\u2013b and 16c and 33a and 33b\u2013j were thus accepted as candidate species .\nin summary a partition of 104 primary species hypotheses are proposed that are congruent based on different characters ( coi , 28s ) , criteria ( similarity , phylogeny ) and species delimitation methods ( abgd / klee , gmyc , ptp ) .\nin other instances , the identification of two or more pshs in single morphospecies of our sample correlated with a disjunct geographic distribution , e . g . in\n) . for these putative allopatric species pairs , a more complete integrative approach taking into account evidence such as dispersal abilities is needed to rule out the possibility that genetic differentiation is due to an intraspecific geographic structure for psh pairs . in disjoint populations , reduced dispersal abilities are generally linked to higher levels of interpopulation genetic divergence\n. in marine environment , dispersal ability of benthic organisms is frequently influenced by the duration of their larval stage . this can be extremely variable , even in closely related species , ranging from remarkably long ( species with teleplanic planktotrophic larvae ) , to short ( species with lecitotrophic pelagic larvae ) , or even absent ( species with intracapsular development or brooding )\nremarkably , there are no cases in which two morphological distinct species are joined in a single psh using abgd / klee approach , suggesting that the use of morphological characters in terebridae is not likely to lead to alpha errors in biodiversity estimate ( e . g . overestimation of the number of species ) , due to a general lack of informativeness of shell characters .\nlist of terebridae specimens analyzed . table indicates morphospecies identification and collection data , together with psh assignment ( abgd lumper and splitter partitions , gmyc single and multiple thresholds and ptp ) , statistical support ( bootstraps and posterior probabilities ) for both coi and 28s loci for each defined psh and klee results .\nall material analyzed are from various expeditions organized in collaboration with the smithsonian tropical research institute , mus\u00e9um national d\u2019histoire naturelle ( mnhn ) , the institut de recherch\u00e9 pour le d\u00e9veloppement ( ird ) and pro - natura international ( see castelin et al . [ 32 ] for details ) . the authors acknowledge support from p . bouchet , b . buge , j . brisset and j . utge for access to , processing , and curation of the specimens used in this study . m . oliverio is acknowledged for discussion on larval development and microevolution . the phylogenetic analyses were partly performed on the cipres science gateway ( urltoken ) .\nfunding for this work was provided by nsf ( grant 1247550 ) and the alfred p . sloan foundation ( grant b2010 - 37 ) grants to m . h . this work was also supported by the \u201cconsortium national de recherche en g\u00e9nomique\u201d and the \u201cservice de syst\u00e9matique mol\u00e9culaire\u201d ( ums 2700b cnrs - mnhn ) as part of agreement 2005 / 67 between genoscope and mnhn for the project \u201cmacrophylogeny of life\u201d directed by g . lecointre . the funders had no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish or preparation of the manuscript .\nricher de forges b , hoffschir c , chauvin c , berthault c ( 2005 ) census of deep - sea species of new caledonia . rapport scientifique et technique ii6 , volume sp\u00e9cial . noum\u00e9a : ird . 113 .\nrex ma , etter rj ( 2010 ) deep - sea biodiversity : pattern and scale . cambridge , ma : harvard university press . 354 .\nerwin tl ( 2001 ) forest canopies , animal diversity . in : levin sa , editor . encyclopedia of biodiversity . waltham , ma : academic press .\ntanzler r , sagata k , surbakti s , balke m , riedel a ( 2012 ) dna barcoding for community ecology - how to tackle a hyperdiverse , mostly undescribed melanesian fauna . plos one 7 .\ngibbs j ( 2009 ) integrative taxonomy identifies new ( and old ) species in the lasioglossum ( dialictus ) tegulare ( robertson ) species group ( hymenoptera , halictidae ) . zootaxa : 1\u201338 .\ncastroviejo - fisher s , guayasamin jm , kok pjr ( 2009 ) species status of centrolene lema duellman and senaris , 2003 ( amphibia : centrolenidae ) revealed by integrative taxonomy . zootaxa : 16\u201328 .\nschlick - steiner bc , steiner fm , seifert b , stauffer c , christian e , et al . ( 2010 )\npadial jm , castroviejo - fisher s , kohler j , vila c , chaparro jc , et al . ( 2009 )\ncamargo a , sites j ( 2013 ) species delimitation : a decade after the renaissance . in : pavlinov iy , editor . the species problem - ongoing issues . new york : intech .\npadial jm , miralles a , de la riva i , vences m ( 2010 ) the integrative future of taxonomy . front zool 7 .\npuillandre n , modica mv , zhang y , sirovich l , boisselier mc , et al . ( 2012 )\ncastelin m , puillandre n , kantor yi , modica m , terryn y , et al . ( 2012 )\nholford m , puillandre n , terryn y , cruaud c , olivera b , et al . ( 2009 )\nstamatakis a ( 2014 ) raxml version 8 : a tool for phylogenetic analysis and post - analysis of large phylogenies . bioinformatics .\nronquist f , teslenko m , van der mark p , ayres dl , darling a , et al . ( 2012 )\nrambaut a , drummond aj ( 2007 ) tracer v1 . 4 . available from urltoken .\npons j , barraclough t , gomez - zurita j , cardoso a , duran d , et al . ( 2006 )\nmonaghan mt , wild r , elliot m , fujisawa t , balke m , et al . ( 2009 )\nezard t , fujisawa t , barraclough t ( 2009 ) splits : species\u2019 limits by threshold statistics . r package version 1 .\nr development core team ( 2010 ) r : a language and environment for statistical computing . r foundation for statistical computing . vienna , austria : r foundation for statistical computing .\nterryn y ( 2007 ) a collectors guide to recent terebridae ( mollusca : neogastropoda ) . hackenheim : conchbooks & natural art .\ncastelin m , lorion j , brisset j , cruaud c , maestrati p , et al . ( 2012 )\nholford m , zhang mm , gowd kh , azam l , green br , et al . ( 2009 )\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience on our website . by continuing to use our website , you are agreeing to our use of cookies . you can change your cookie settings at any time .\nschematic representation of miller ' s foregut anatomy of the terebridae . the three types of foregut anatomy miller used to define feeding strategies within the terebridae are depicted ( types i , ii , and iii ) . anatomical features are labeled and highlighted in color : yellow = salivary glands ( sg ) , red = buccal tube ( bt ) , green = venom bulb ( vb ) and radular sac ( rs ) , and blue = accessory feeding organ ( afo ) . also labeled are the proboscis ( p ) , found only in type ii terebrids , and the labial tube ( lt ) ( after miller 1970 ) .\nsimilar to the majority of shelled mollusks , the taxonomy of the terebridae is not very well characterized ; their taxonomy is primarily based on shell morphology ( oyama 1961 ; bratcher and cernohorsky 1987 ; terryn 2007 ) and relatively few studies describe their anatomy ( rudman 1969 ; miller 1971 ; taylor 1990 ; taylor et al . 1993 ) . this is surprising , given the relative abundance of terebrids and their global tropical distribution and shallow water occurrence . the last classification ( bouchet and rocroi 2005 ) of the gastropoda recognizes two subfamilies , terebridae and pervicaciinae , within the family terebridae , which comprises > 300 known species ( bratcher and cernohorsky 1987 ; terryn 2007 ) and may be another 100 unnamed taxa , especially in deeper waters ( 100\u2013500 m ) .\nwe used a three - gene data matrix consisting of mitochondrial 12s and 16s rrna and cytochrome oxidase subunit i ( coi ) sequences from 67 species to reconstruct the first molecular phylogeny of the terebridae ( fig . 2 ) . we also assessed the evolution of terebrid feeding strategies by mapping the presence or absence of the venom apparatus on the phylogeny . the results presented here suggest a new hypothesis for understanding terebrid evolution : our findings indicate that the terebridae have independently lost the venom apparatus twice during their evolution .\ncombined phylogenetic tree . consensus tree of ml analysis and ba using coi , 16s , and 12s data sets . pp and b are specified for each node . miller types , ia , ib , iia , iib , and iii , as described in the text are highlighted in the tree . molecular analyses divide the terebridae into five distinct clades , clades a\u2013e , indicated by the shaded gray areas . representative shells , numbered 1\u201313 , are shown for each clade . for clarity , multiple samples of the same species are shown only when there is a geographic difference , for example , 30370 and 30389 acus maculatus from panglao 2004 and santo 2006 expeditions , respectively .\nba consisted of six markov chains ( 10 , 000 , 000 generations each with a sampling frequency of one tree each hundred generations ) run in two parallel analyses using mrbayes ( huelsenbeck et al . 2001 ) . the number of swaps that are tried each time the chain stops for swapping was four , and the chain temperature was set at 0 . 08 . when the log - likelihood scores were found to stabilize , a consensus tree was calculated after omitting the first 0 . 25 % of trees as burn - in .\nfor the combined analyses of the three genes , the same parameters were used for the ml analysis . for the ba , one different model was applied for each gene , each with six substitution categories . for the coi gene , as saturation was found on the third base of the codon , different models were applied for the two partitions ( bases 1 and 2 vs . base 3 ) . finally , we have four unlinked partitions ( coi bases 1 and 2 , coi base 3 , 12s , and 16s ) .\ndata from cited literature and personal communications from a . sysoev and j . taylor helped to determine the presence or absence of a venom apparatus in the species used for the phylogenetic analysis . the absence or presence of the venom apparatus was then mapped on the tree using mesquite v . 2 . 01 ( maddison w and maddison dr 2007 ) , using the option \u201ctracing character history . \u201d the parsimony ancestral reconstruction method was used .\none hundred and fifty six samples of terebrids were used to reconstruct the molecular phylogeny of the terebridae . for the coi gene , 658 bp were sequenced . after alignments , we obtained a fragment of 534 and 455 bp for 12s and 16s genes , respectively . trees obtained independently with coi , 12s , and 16s genes were only partly resolved , but no contradictions were found ( results not showed ) . consequently , 12s , 16s , and coi mitochondrial genes , including 131 taxa in the ingroup , were used to produce a combined data set for phylogenetic analyses ( fig . 2 ) .\nphylogenetic analyses strongly indicate that the terebridae is monophyletic ( posterior probabilities [ pp ] = 1 , bootstraps [ b ] = 100 ) ( fig . 2 ) . terebra s . l . \u201c terebra \u201d jungi appears to be the sister group to all other terebrids ( pp = 1 , b = 92 ) . apart from \u201c t . \u201d jungi ( clade a ) , there are four major clades within the tree , designated in figure 2 as clades b\u2013e . clade b is comprised primarily of the genus acus plus one species currently placed in terebra , terebra areolata , which because of its placement in our tree , we tentatively define as acus areolatus ( pp = 1 , b = 100 ) . clade c includes cinguloterebra and additional species currently placed in terebra , including the type species of terebra , terebra subulata ( pp = 1 , b = 76 ) . clade d includes species currently placed in the genera hastula and impages ( pp = 1 , b = 100 ) .\nin order to efficiently characterize toxins from various terebrid species , it is essential to first identify those species that have a venom apparatus . shown in figure 3 is the mapping of the presence or absence of a venom apparatus in the terebrid species used to construct the molecular phylogeny in figure 2 . the map clearly indicates that terebrids have lost the venom apparatus twice during their evolution , see clades b and e . \u201c t . \u201d jungi , and the members of clades c and d , use the typical toxoglossate venom apparatus to hunt prey .\npossession of venom apparatus mapped onto terebrid phylogeny . the presence or absence of a venom apparatus was mapped onto the molecular phylogeny of the terebridae shown in figure 1 . terebrid species with a venom apparatus are indicated by a white box ( \u25a1 ) , whereas terebrid species without a venom apparatus are indicated by a black box ( \u25aa ) . the map indicates that terebrids have independently lost the venom apparatus twice during their evolution .\nevolutionary trends in the toxoglossa have been reconstructed primarily through studies involving radular formation and anatomy of the digestive system ( mills 1979 ; shimek and kohn 1981 ; kantor and sysoev 1989 ; taylor 1990 ; simone 1999 ; kantor and taylor 2000 ) . the molecular phylogeny presented here paints a plausible picture of how terebrids evolved such a diversity of feeding strategies . our findings suggest that all terebrids appear to be derived from a common ancestor with a venom apparatus of the miller type iib ( fig . 3 ) . furthermore , mapping of the venom apparatus indicates that two lineages of terebrids independently lost their ability to hunt prey using toxins , clades b and e .\nthere is a considerable correlation between our molecular phylogeny , miller ' s anatomical groupings , and the ecological distribution of the terebrid species used in this study . miller separated terebrids with a venom apparatus , type ii feeders , into two distinct groups , iia and iib . type iia and iib terebrids differ in the shape of the buccal tube and shell morphology ( miller 1970 ) . type iia terebrids have a long and slender buccal tube and small shiny shells , with 7\u201310 whorls and a flared aperture . terebrids of type iib have a short , thick buccal tube , and the shells are large , long , and slender , with 15 or more whorls and a constricted aperture . our phylogenetic analysis supports this separation . the species in clade c , terebra , have slender and multiwhorled shells , whereas those of clade d , hastula , are shiny with fewer whorls . the separation of the two clades is further supported by the ecological differences in their habitats . terebra species of clade c live buried in sandy or muddy subtidal flats , whereas hastula species of clade d live predominantly on surf beaches or in sand in reef pockets ( miller 1970 , 1979 ) . similarly , terebrids that feed without the use of a venom apparatus , types i and iii feeders , are represented by two different clades in the molecular phylogeny , clades b and e , respectively . our analysis clarifies that the two clades without venom apparatus , clades b and e , are not sister groups .\nthe terebridae phylogeny in figure 2 sets the stage for efficient characterization of terebrid toxins and identification of the gene superfamilies that encode their toxins using the biodiversity first , exogenomic strategy recently applied to cone snails ( olivera 2006 ; olivera and teichert 2007 ) . the exogenomic strategy was used to characterize cone snail toxins that target nicotinic receptors . in this strategy , phylogeny and molecular biology techniques are used to identify \u201cexogenes , \u201d genes of the toxins expressed in the venom duct . exogenes rapidly evolve to respond to cues in their biotic environment and are thus a powerful marker for differentiating ecological or evolutionarily distinct organisms .\nclades c and d are the two major terebrid groups most suitable to investigate toxins for biochemical characterization ( fig . 4 ) . furthermore , as clades c and d are not sister clades , they may produce divergent toxins that could result in varied functional activity upon further characterization .\nterebrids with venom apparatus : representative shell images of the terebrid species in clades c and d that have a venom apparatus . the species from left to right are clade c : terebra subulata , terebra guttata , cinguloterebra jenningsi , cinguloterebra anilis , terebra babylonia , terebra laevigata and clade d : hastula strigilata , hastula solida , and hastula hectica .\nthe biochemical and genetic characterization of terebrid toxins , while identifying novel compounds useful for investigating cell communication in the nervous system , will also provide additional characters to further clarify the phylogeny and evolutionary biology of these organisms . for toxoglossate gastropods , the dual analysis of molecular phylogeny and venom function is an instructive combination for unraveling the bigger question of evolutionary diversification . this work is a first attempt to address these issues for the terebridae .\nthe authors thank yuri kantor for processing many of the terebrid specimens in the field , virginie heros and philippe maestrati for assistance throughout from the field to curating samples at mnhn , the staff of mnhn ' s \u201cservice de syst\u00e9matique mol\u00e9culaire\u201d for technical facilities , and john taylor and alexander sysoev for providing unpublished anatomical information on terebrid taxa used in this study . the panglao 2004 and santo 2006 expeditions , which were the source of many specimens , were supported among others by the total foundation . joint funding from national science foundation chemistry division and office of international science and engineering postdoctoral fellowship ( 0610202 ) for m . h . also supported this work .\nthis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution non - commercial license urltoken which permits unrestricted non - commercial use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original work is properly cited .\noxford university press is a department of the university of oxford . it furthers the university ' s objective of excellence in research , scholarship , and education by publishing worldwide\nfor full access to this pdf , sign in to an existing account , or purchase an annual subscription .\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\nmost populous animal groups that use venom to capture their prey . these marine animals are generally characterized by\na venom apparatus that consists of a muscular venom bulb and a tubular venom gland . the toxoglossan radula , often\nbut very little is known about toxins from the other toxoglossa , and the phylogeny of these families is largely in doubt .\napparatus for this group . our \ufb01ndings indicate that most of the genera of terebrids are polyphyletic , and one species\n) is the sister group to all other terebrids . molecular analyses combined with mapping of venom\napparatus morphology indicate that the terebridae have lost the venom apparatus at least twice during their evolution .\nall other terebrid species do not . for venomous organisms , the dual analysis of molecular phylogeny and toxin function\nan instructive combination for unraveling the larger questions of phylogeny and speciation . the results presented here\n( taylor et al . 1993 ; puillandre et al . 2008 ) . a venom appa -\n1969 ; miller 1971 ; taylor 1990 ; taylor et al . 1993 ) . this\nthis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution non - commercial license ( http : / / creativecommons . or\nvolume of water , for 1 or 2 h . a piece of tissue ( usual\nfoot ) was cut and \ufb01xed in 95 % ethanol . table 2 lists all ter -\nand turridae ( s . l . ) were chosen as closely related outgroups ,\n. 1 . \u2014schematic representation of miller\u2019s foregut anatomy of the terebridae . the three types of foregut anatomy miller used to de\ufb01ne feeding\nstrategies within the terebridae are depicted ( types i , ii , and iii ) . anatomical features are labeled and highlighted in color : yellow\naccessory feeding organ ( afo ) . also labeled are the proboscis ( p ) ,\nfound only in type ii terebrids , and the labial tube ( lt ) ( after miller 1970 ) .\n. 2 . \u2014combined phylogenetic tree . consensus tree of ml analysis and ba using coi , 16s , and 12s data sets . pp and b are speci\ufb01ed for each\nnode . miller types , ia , ib , iia , iib , and iii , as described in the text are highlighted in the tree . molecular analyses divide the terebridae into \ufb01ve\ndistinct clades , clades a\u2013e , indicated by the shaded gray areas . representative shells , numbered 1\u201313 , are shown for each clade .\ndae . for the coi gene , 658 bp were sequenced . after align -\n. 3 . \u2014possession of venom apparatus mapped onto terebrid phylogeny . the presence or absence of a venom apparatus was mapped onto the\nmolecular phylogeny of the terebridae shown in \ufb01gure 1 . terebrid species with a venom apparatus are indicated by a white box (\n. 4 . \u2014terebrids with venom apparatus : representative shell images of the terebrid species in clades c and d that have a venom apparatus . the\nfolmer o , black m , hoeh w , lutz r , vrijenhoek r . 1994 . dna\nguindon s , gascuel o . 2003 . a simple , fast , and accurate\nherbert p , cywinska a , ball sl , dewaard jr . 2003 . biological\nimperial j , kantor y , watkins m , et al . ( 11 co - authors ) . 2007 .\nterebrids of similar proboscis type . pac sci . 29 ( 3 ) : 227\u2013241 .\nof similar proboscis type . pac sci . 33 ( 3 ) : 289\u2013306 .\nbiology of clades and species . annu rev ecol syst . 33 : 25\u201342 .\nterebridae . venus ( jpn j malac ) . 21 ( 2 ) : 176\u2013189 .\nchain reaction . in : hillis d , moritz c , mable bk , editors .\ntaxonomy . new york : springer - verlag . h57 . p . 329\u2013355 .\n. . . besides conus , a subset of the closely related family terebridae ( terebrids ) also possesses a specialized radula , used as a spear or harpoon to deliver potent neurotoxins . these ~ 300 known species fall into three feeding types [ 18 ] : type i species have salivary glands , an eversible labile tube , short buccal tube , and lack venom apparatus ; type ii species , the most similar to conus , have true venom glands and a delivery apparatus in the form of a specialized radula ; and type iii lack a venom apparatus , but have an accessory proboscis that other terebrids lack [ 11 , 19 ] . several type ii species have a venom that exhibits similarities to conopeptides . . . .\n. . . in this symposium , gorson and holford ( 2016 ) provide a perspective on the ways in which venom differs among gastropods of the family terebridae . specifically , the close relationship between these snails and the better - characterized cone snails ( holford et al . 2009 ) allows these comparisons to be extended in phylogenetic and ecological space . phylogenetic and ecological perspective can enhance prospecting for pharmacologically interesting proteins , and may be critical in identifying novel venom genes through comparative analysis ( fry 2005 ; moran et al . 2008 ; whittington et al . 2010 ) . . . .\n. . . conoideans subdue their prey using a venom apparatus made up of a proboscis , radular tooth , a radular sac , venom gland , and venom bulb ( fig . 3 ( a ) ; taylor 1990 ; kantor et al . 2000 ; modica and holford 2010 ; kantor and puillandre 2012 ) . cone snails ( conus ) are the most studied in the conoidea ( puillandre et al . 2014 ; puillandre et al . 2015 ) ; however , conus comprises only 5 % of the biodiverse group of venomous marine snails ( olivera et al . 1999 ; holford et al . 2009 ; king 2015 ) . other non - conus conoideans , such as the turridae ( s . l . ) family , which has more recently been divided into seven family groups ( tucker and tenorio 2009 ; bouchet et al . 2011 ) , and the terebridae family , also produce venom ( heralde et al . 2008 ; aguilar et al . 2009 ; gonzales and saloma 2014 ; gorson et al . 2015 ; moon et al . 2016 ) . . . .\n. . . thus , the advantages of molecular phylogenetics , which allows for the comparison of thousands of homologous characters across species , are of particular interest among the terebridae . the first molecular phylogeny of the terebridae was constructed based on analyses of a three\u2010 gene matrix ( 12s , 16s , and coi ) to define terebridae lineages and their evolutionary history [ 52 ] . this initial terebridae phylogeny confirmed the monophyly of the group and defined five distinct lineages : acus ( clade b ) , terebra ( clade c ) , hastula ( clade d ) , myurella ( clade e ) , and a previously unidentified fifth sister clade that includes pellifronia jungi ( clade a ) [ 52 ] . . . .\n. . . the first molecular phylogeny of the terebridae was constructed based on analyses of a three\u2010 gene matrix ( 12s , 16s , and coi ) to define terebridae lineages and their evolutionary history [ 52 ] . this initial terebridae phylogeny confirmed the monophyly of the group and defined five distinct lineages : acus ( clade b ) , terebra ( clade c ) , hastula ( clade d ) , myurella ( clade e ) , and a previously unidentified fifth sister clade that includes pellifronia jungi ( clade a ) [ 52 ] . subsequent molecular phylogenetic analysis , including additional taxa from the eastern and western pacific further resolved the terebrid evolutionary relationships , synonymizing acus clade b to oxymeris , recovering a previously unidentified clade f that includes the euterebra and duplicara genera , and subdividing the large myurella clade e into five lineages ( clades e1\u20135 ) [ 48 ] ( figure 2 ) . . . .\n. . . thus , the advantages of molecular phylogenetics , which allows for the comparison of thousands of homologous characters across species , are of particular interest among the terebridae . the first molecular phylogeny of the terebridae was constructed based on analyses of a three - gene matrix ( 12s , 16s , and coi ) to define terebridae lineages and their evolutionary history [ 52 ] . this initial terebridae phylogeny confirmed the monophyly of the group and defined five distinct lineages : acus ( clade b ) , terebra ( clade c ) , hastula ( clade d ) , myurella ( clade e ) , and a previously unidentified fifth sister clade that includes pellifronia jungi ( clade a ) [ 52 ] . . . .\n. . . auger snails ( 350\u2013400 described species ) form a clade in the phylogeny of puillandre et al . [ 254 ] which is the sister group to a clade turridae sensu stricto that contains the genus turris . a remarkable aspect of the evolution of terebrids\u2014and in striking contrast to cone snails\u2014is the frequent loss of the venom apparatus261 262 263264 . similarly , hypodermic radular teeth have evolved at least three times in terebrids , and independently of those in cone snails [ 264 ] . . . .\n. . . the terebridae was chosen as it is a well - characterized family of conoidea that includes , 350 described species , with an estimated total number of 450 extant species ( worms\u2013www . marinespecies . org ) . recent molecular surveys indicate that most terebrid morphologically defined species are generally congruent with dna - based clusters [ 33 ] , which constitutes an exception for the conoideans , making terebrids a good model to test the ability of the abgd / klee approach to accurately delimit pshs . . . .\n. . . tv1 is the first peptide structurally characterized from a terebrid snail . terebrids are part of the conoidean superfamily of predatory mollusks , which includes cone snails and turrids [ 18 , 19 ] . tv1 is a novel twenty - one amino acid teretoxin peptide with a cysteine scaffold similar to the m - superfamily of cone snail neurotoxins , cc - c - c - cc . . . .\n. . . the family includes about 400 recent species ( castelin et al . 2012 ) . like other conoidea , terebridae are predators , most of them possessing a venom apparatus ( taylor 1990 , holford et al . 2009 ) and producing toxins , the structure of which is close to that of the toxins of cone snails ( imperial et al . 2003 , puillandre & holford 2010 ) . one of the most prominent features of terebrid evolution is the loss of specialized foregut structures , such as the proboscis , radular apparatus , venom gland and often the salivary glands \u2014 which has occurred independently in different lineages of the family ( taylor 1990 , puillandre & holford 2010 , castelin et al . 2012 ) . . . .\ncentral to the discovery of neuroactive compounds produced by predatory marine snails of the superfamily conoidea ( cone snails , terebrids , and turrids ) is identifying those species with a venom apparatus . previous analyses of western pacific terebrid specimens has shown that some terebridae groups have secondarily lost their venom apparatus . in order to efficiently characterize terebrid . . . [ show full abstract ]\nthe terebridae and teretoxins : combining phylogeny and anatomy for concerted discovery of bioactive . . .\nthe conoidea superfamily , comprised of cone snails , terebrids , and turrids , is an exceptionally promising group for the discovery of natural peptide toxins . the potential of conoidean toxins has been realized with the distribution of the first conus ( cone snail ) drug , prialt ( ziconotide ) , an analgesic used to alleviate chronic pain in hiv and cancer patients . cone snail toxins ( conotoxins ) are . . . [ show full abstract ]\nstarting to unravel the toxoglossan knot : molecular phylogeny of the \u201cturrids\u201d ( neogastropoda : conoi . . .\nthe superfamily conoidea is one of the most speciose groups of marine mollusks , with estimates of about 340 recent valid genera and subgenera , and 4000 named living species . previous classifications were based on shell and anatomical characters , and clades and phylogenetic relationships are far from well assessed . based on a dataset of ca . 100 terminal taxa belonging to 57 genera , information . . . [ show full abstract ]"]}
{"id": 649, "summary": [{"text": "nassarius hirtus , common name the rough nassa , is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family nassariidae , the nassa mud snails or dog whelks . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "nassarius hirtus", "paragraphs": ["nassariidae \u00bb nassarius hirtus , id : 176674 , shell detail \u00ab shell encyclopedia , conchology , inc .\n- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - species : nassarius hirtus ( l . c . kiener , 1834 ) - id : 1950000570\nnassarius plicatellus adams : synonym of nassarius niveus ( a . adams , 1852 )\nnassarius weyersi craven : synonym of nassarius pumilio ( e . a . smith , 1872 )\nnassarius ( nassodonta ) h . adams , 1867 : alternate representation of nassarius dum\u00e9ril , 1805\nnassarius ( tritia ) a . adams , 1853 : synonym of nassarius ( hinia ) gray , 1847 ( alternate representation of nassarius dum\u00e9ril , 1805 )\nnassarius monile ( kiener , 1834 ) : synonym of nassarius distortus ( a . adams , 1852 )\nnassarius fenestratus ( marratt , 1877 ) : synonym of nassarius albescens gemmuliferus ( a . adams , 1852 )\nnassarius gemmuliferus a . adams , 1852 : synonym of nassarius albescens gemmuliferus ( a . adams , 1852 )\nnassarius ( cryptonassarius ) watson , r . b . , 1882 : alternate representation of nassarius dum\u00e9ril , 1805\nnassarius ( hima ) gray , 1852 ex leach , ms . : alternate representation of nassarius dum\u00e9ril , 1805\nnassarius ( naytia ) h . adams & a . adams 1853 : alternate representation of nassarius dum\u00e9ril , 1805\nnassarius ( reticunassa ) iredale , 1936 : synonym of nassarius ( hima ) gray , 1852 ex leach , ms . alternate representation of nassarius dum\u00e9ril , 1805 )\nnassarius ( mirua ) marwick , 1931 : synonym of nassarius ( hima ) gray , 1852 ex leach , ms . ( alternate representation of nassarius dum\u00e9ril , 1805 )\n( of nassarius ( alectrion ) hirtus ( kiener , 1834 ) ) cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]\nnassarius ( caesia ) h . adams & a . adams , 1853 : alternate representation of nassarius dum\u00e9ril , 1805\nnassarius ( niotha ) h . adams & a . adams , 1853 : alternate representation of nassarius dum\u00e9ril , 1805\nnassarius ( phrontis ) h . adams & a . adams , 1853 : alternate representation of nassarius dum\u00e9ril , 1805\nnassarius ( telasco ) h . adams & a . adams , 1853 : alternate representation of nassarius dum\u00e9ril , 1805\nnassarius ( uzita ) h . adams & a . adams , 1853 : alternate representation of nassarius dum\u00e9ril , 1805\nnassarius ( zeuxis ) h . adams & a . adams , 1853 : alternate representation of nassarius dum\u00e9ril , 1805\nnassarius hirtus ( kiener , 1834 ) : tr\u00f6ndl\u00e9 & boutet ( 2009 ) [ source de l ' enregistrement ] tr\u00f6ndl\u00e9 , j . & boutet , m . 2009 . inventory of marine molluscs of french polynesia . atoll research bulletin , 570 : 1 - 87 .\nnassarius ( austronassaria ) c . laseron & j . laseron , 1956 : synonym of nassarius ( plicarcularia ) thiele , 1929 ( alternate representation of nassarius dum\u00e9ril , 1805 )\nnassarius ( bathynassa ) ladd , 1976 : synonym of nassarius ( zeuxis ) h . adams & a . adams , 1853 ( alternate representation of nassarius dum\u00e9ril , 1805 )\nnassarius ( demondia ) addicott , 1956 : synonym of nassarius ( caesia ) h . adams & a . adams , 1853 ( alternate representation of nassarius dum\u00e9ril , 1805 )\nnassarius ( glabrinassa ) shuto , 1969 : synonym of nassarius ( zeuxis ) h . adams & a . adams , 1853 ( alternate representation of nassarius dum\u00e9ril , 1805 )\nnassarius ( schizopyga ) conrad , 1856 : synonym of nassarius ( caesia ) h . adams & a . adams , 1853 ( alternate representation of nassarius dum\u00e9ril , 1805 )\nnassarius ( tarazeuxis ) iredale , 1936 : synonym of nassarius ( telasco ) h . adams & a . adams , 1853 ( alternate representation of nassarius dum\u00e9ril , 1805 )\nnassarius ( tavanothia ) iredale , 1936 : synonym of nassarius ( niotha ) h . adams & a . adams , 1853 ( alternate representation of nassarius dum\u00e9ril , 1805 )\nnassarius ( usita ) noszky , 1936 : synonym of nassarius ( uzita ) h . adams & a . adams , 1853 ( alternate representation of nassarius dum\u00e9ril , 1805 )\nnassarius ( venassa ) martens , 1881 : synonym of nassarius ( zeuxis ) h . adams & a . adams , 1853 ( alternate representation of nassarius dum\u00e9ril , 1805 )\nnassarius unicolor kiener , l . c . , 1834 : synonym of nassarius micans ( a . adams , 1852 )\nnassarius ( tritonella ) a . adams , 1852 : synonym of nassarius ( hima ) gray , 1852 ex leach , ms . ( alternate representation of nassarius dum\u00e9ril , 1805 )\nnassarius ( amycla ) h . adams & a . adams , 1853 : synonym of nassarius ( gussonea ) monterosato , 1912\nnassarius ( zaphon ) h . adams & a . adams , 1853 : synonym of nassarius ( caesia ) h . adams & a . adams , 1853 ( alternate representation of nassarius dum\u00e9ril , 1805 )\nid : 101289 original name : nassarius _ hirtus [ jdg1 ] . jpg size 423x750 - 24818 bytes image manager : jan delsing directory : 1081 created : 2009 - 09 - 21 00 : 20 : 15 - user jan delsing url : urltoken text function : [ [ i : 101289 ; image ] ] , [ [ it : 101289 ] ] ( thumbnail )\n( of nassarius ( alectrion ) hirtus ( kiener , 1834 ) ) galindo , l . a . ; puillandre , n . ; utge , j . ; lozouet , p . ; bouchet , p . ( 2016 ) . the phylogeny and systematics of the nassariidae revisited ( gastropoda , buccinoidea ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution . 99 : 337 - 353 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nnassa tegula reeve , 1853 : synonym of nassarius striatus ( c . b . adams , 1852 )\nnassa miser ( dall , 1908 ) : synonym of nassarius coppingeri ( e . a . smith , 1881 )\nnassarius ( polinices , nassarius ) is prey of : pagurus cancer myoxocephalus tautogolabrus pseudopleuronectes asterias based on studies in : usa : massachusetts , cape ann ( littoral , mudflat ) this list may not be complete but is based on published studies .\nnassarius ( polinices , nassarius ) preys on : solemya ensis macoma mya gemma onoba littorina littorea based on studies in : usa : massachusetts , cape ann ( littoral , mudflat ) this list may not be complete but is based on published studies .\nthe shells of various species of nassarius are popular with shell collectors , and are sometimes used in jewelry and other forms of decoration .\nnassarius vibex is a species which is often selected for marine aquaria . it is often confused with nassarius obsoletus , a cooler water snail less suited to tropical marine aquarium temperatures . in aquaria , the nassarius is considered nearly indispensable for keeping sand beds clean and healthy , as these snails tend to burrow and plow through the upper layer in a conch - like fashion , keeping algae and detritus from building up visibly on the surface .\nnassa lamarck , 1799 : established for the species buccinum mutabile linnaeus , 1758 , which is now classified as a synonym of nassarius dum\u00e9ril , 1805 in the family nassariidae .\naccording to van regteren altena et al . ( 1965 ) and van aartsen et al . ( 1984 ) hinia gray , 1847 is considered as a subgenus of nassarius dum\u00e9ril , 1806 .\nthe name is derived from the latin word\nnassa\n, meaning a wickerbasket with a narrow neck , for catching fish . nassarius would then mean\nsomeone who uses such a wickerbasket for catching fish\n.\nmost nassarius species are very active scavengers , feeding on crabs and carrion as dead fish , etc . they often burrow into marine substrates and then wait with only their siphon protruding , until they smell nearby food .\nbouchet , p . ; gofas , s . ( 2010 ) . nassarius dum\u00e9ril , 1806 . in : bouchet , p . ; gofas , s . ; rosenberg , g . ( 2010 ) world marine mollusca database . accessed through : world register of marine species at urltoken on 2010 - 11 - 30\nhaitao li ( \u674e\u6d77\u6d9b ) , duan lin ( \u6797\u7aef ) , hongda fang ( \u65b9\u5b8f\u8fbe ) , aijia zhu ( \u6731\u827e\u5609 ) and yang gao ( \u9ad8\u9633 ) , species identification and phylogenetic analysis of genus nassarius ( nassariidae ) based on mitochondrial genes , chinese journal of oceanology and limnology , volume 28 , number 3 / may , 2010 , pp . 565 - 572 , doi 10 . 1007 / s00343 - 010 - 9031 - 4\ncernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]\nseverns , m . ( 2011 ) . shells of the hawaiian islands - the sea shells . conchbooks , hackenheim . 564 pp . [ details ]\n( of buccinum hirtum kiener , 1834 ) cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]\n( of nassa ( alectrion ) seminodosa a . adams , 1852 ) cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]\nin continuing your browsing of this site , you accept the use of cookies to offer you suitable content and services and realize visits statistics . learn more about cookies .\nnational inventory of natural heritage , website : https : / / inpn . mnhn . fr .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthe star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :\nwe want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only , as we handle very few foreign shells in general . as time goes , the system will become more and more performant .\nenter your email address and we will send you an email with your username and password .\ne - mail jecilia sisican if you do not receive your email with your username and password .\nsingapore . tmft , changi . during low tide on sand flat . february 10 , 2001 .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 0 . 002 seconds . )\nlocally common in silty sand under stones in shallow water . attains 1 . 25 inch . hawaii , tuamotus , marquesas , and the solomon islands .\n- note : several protected species are illustrated here only for identification purposes . they are not for sale . - the photos in our gallery are in most cases just a sample from our stock , except when only one specimen is offered . we try to match the original color but it can vary if your screen is not correctly adjusted ( gamma correction ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n* image is also available in higher resolution : 101289 . jpg ( 751x1331 - 149 kb ) .\nown collection . hawaii . sharks cove . on 2 feet in tide pools at night .\nfor every image in gallery , either accepted or unconfirmed , you can add , change or verify determination ( identification ) , or write comments .\ngalindo , l . a . ; puillandre , n . ; utge , j . ; lozouet , p . ; bouchet , p . ( 2016 ) . the phylogeny and systematics of the nassariidae revisited ( gastropoda , buccinoidea ) .\ndepth range based on 3605 specimens in 218 taxa . water temperature and chemistry ranges based on 1024 samples . environmental ranges depth range ( m ) : 0 - 80000 temperature range ( \u00b0c ) : 4 . 888 - 28 . 540 nitrate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 033 - 33 . 876 salinity ( pps ) : 18 . 065 - 38 . 201 oxygen ( ml / l ) : 0 . 907 - 6 . 964 phosphate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 063 - 2 . 633 silicate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 380 - 83 . 712 graphical representation depth range ( m ) : 0 - 80000 temperature range ( \u00b0c ) : 4 . 888 - 28 . 540 nitrate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 033 - 33 . 876 salinity ( pps ) : 18 . 065 - 38 . 201 oxygen ( ml / l ) : 0 . 907 - 6 . 964 phosphate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 063 - 2 . 633 silicate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 380 - 83 . 712 note : this information has not been validated . check this * note * . your feedback is most welcome .\nr . w . dexter , the marine communities of a tidal inlet at cape ann , massachusetts : a study in bio - ecology , ecol . monogr . 17 : 263 - 294 , from p . 284 ( 1947 ) .\nthe following is a representative barcode sequence , the centroid of all available sequences for this species . no available public dna sequences . download fasta file\nspecies within this genus are found worldwide . these snails usually live on mud flats or sand flats , intertidally or subtidally .\nthe shells of species in this genus have a relatively high cyrtoconoid ( approaching a conical shape but with convex sides ) spire and a siphonal notch .\nis believed to be 90 , 000 years old . a further group of pierced shells , some with red\n) . these beads had previously been thought to be the oldest examples of jewelry .\n. however , this division is difficult to define , resulting in much confusion . even\nshows that the division into these subgenera appears to be uncertain and unreliable . there seem to be two groups within the genus\n. in the end , the molecular phylogeny did not match the previous morphological phylogeny .\n, most of which have become synonyms . the following species are accepted names according to the\nbouzouggar , a . , barton , n . , vanhaeren , m . , d ' errico , f . , collcutt , s . , higham , t . , hodge , e . , parfitt , s . , rhodes , e . , schwenninger , j . - l . , stringer , c . , turner , e . , ward , s . , moutmir , a . and stambouli , a . 2007 .\n82 , 000 - year - old shell beads from north africa and implications for the origins of modern human behavior\nproceedings of the national academy of sciences , june 4 , 2007 ; urltoken\ncernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356\nbernard , p . a . ( ed . ) ( 1984 ) . coquillages du gabon [ shells of gabon ] . pierre a . bernard : libreville , gabon . 140 , 75 plates pp\nkay c . vaught ( 1989 ) . classification of the living mollusca . isbn 978 - 0 - 915826 - 22 - 3 .\nwolff , w . j . ; duiven , p . ; esselink , p . ; gueve , a . ( 1993 ) . biomass of macrobenthic tidal flat fauna of the banc d ' arguin , mauritania . hydrobiologia 258 ( 1 - 3 ) : 151 - 163\nnassa r\u00f6ding , 1798 for mainly muricid species with the type species : nassa picta r\u00f6ding , 1798 ( = nassa serta ( brugui\u00e8re , 1798 ) .\nin the 19th and much of the 20th century , all species that were added to the genus nassa were nassa mud snails belonging to the family nassariidae . after the rediscovery of r\u00f6ding ' s catalogue of his collection museum boltenianum sive catalogus cimeliorum e tribus regnis natur\u00e6 qu\u00e6 olim collegerat joa . fried bolten , m . d . p . d . per xl . annos proto physicus hamburgensis . pars secunda continens conchylia sive testacea univalvia , bivalvia & multivalvia , the muricid genus nassa r\u00f6ding , 1798 was given priority over the genus nassa named by lamarck .\nnassa r\u00f6ding , 1798 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 24 february 2011 .\nnassa francolina ( brugui\u00e8re , 1789 ) . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 25 april 2010 .\nnassa serta ( brugui\u00e8re , 1789 ) . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 25 april 2010 .\nnassa situla ( reeve , 1846 ) . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 25 april 2010 .\nnassa tuamotuensis houart , 1996 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 25 april 2010 .\nnassa kraussiana dunker . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 25 april 2010 .\nnassa lathraia . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 25 april 2010 .\nnassa munda . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 25 april 2010 .\nnassa obockensis . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 25 april 2010 .\nnassa optima sowerby , 1903 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 25 april 2010 .\nnassa pulla ( linnaeus , 1758 ) . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 25 april 2010 .\nnassa steindachneri . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 25 april 2010 .\nnassa stiphra . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 25 april 2010 .\nnassa xesta . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 25 april 2010 .\nhouart r . ( 1996 ) the genus nassa r\u00f6ding 1798 in the indo - west pacific ( gastropoda : prosobranchia : muricidae : rapaninae ) . archiv f\u00fcr molluskenkunde 126 ( 1 - 2 ) : 51 - 63\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nsorry , preview is currently unavailable . you can download the paper by clicking the button above .\nenter the email address you signed up with and we ' ll email you a reset link ."]}
{"id": 668, "summary": [{"text": "notoacmea turbatrix is a species of sea snail , a true limpet , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family lottiidae , one of the families of true limpets . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "notoacmea turbatrix", "paragraphs": ["notoacmea turbatrix a . c . f . e . intertidal , grows to 9mm .\nspecies notoacmea turbatrix nakano , b . a . marshall , m . kennedy & spencer , 2009\nspecies notoacmea helmsi ( e . a . smith , 1894 ) accepted as notoacmea elongata ( quoy & gaimard , 1834 )\nspecies notoacmea virescens w . r . b . oliver , 1926 accepted as notoacmea elongata ( quoy & gaimard , 1834 ) ( synonym )\nnotoacmea badia f . e . in clean tide pools , grows to 11mm .\nnotoacmea elongata a . c . f . e . intertidal , grows to 9mm .\nnotoacmea daedala a . c . f . e . intertidal , grows to 10mm .\nnotoacmea potae a . c . f . e . intertidal , grows to 13mm .\nnotoacmea scopulina a . c . e . at high tide , grows to 20mm .\nspecies notoacmea potae nakano , b . a . marshall , m . kennedy & spencer , 2009\nspecies notoacmea rapida nakano , b . a . marshall , m . kennedy & spencer , 2009\nnotoacmea parviconoidea a . c . f . m . e . intertidal , grows to 15mm .\nnotoacmea pileopsis a . c . e . on rocks above high tide , grows to 32mm .\nnotoacmea sturnus f . an . e . at high tide and splash zone , grows to 32mm .\nnotoacmea cellanoides a . c . f . e . at high tide and splash zone , grows to 25mm .\nnotoacmea is a southern genus of true limpets , marine gastropod molluscs in the family lottiidae , the true limpets .\nspecies notoacmea testudinalis ( o . f . m\u00fcller , 1776 ) accepted as testudinalia testudinalis ( o . f . m\u00fcller , 1776 )\nnotoacmea testudinalis ( o . f . m\u00fcller , 1776 ) : synonym of testudinalia testudinalis ( o . f . m\u00fcller , 1776 )\nponder w . f . & creese r . g . 1980 . a revision of the australian species of notoacmea , collisella and patelloida ( mollusca : gastropoda : acmaeidae ) . journal of the malacological society of australia , 4 ( 4 ) : 167 - 208 . [ details ]\nnakano t . , marshall b . a . , kennedy m . , spencer h . g . ( 2009 ) . the phylogeny and taxonomy of new zealand notoacmea and patelloida species ( mollusca : patellogastropoda : lottiidae ) inferred from dna sequences . molluscan research 29 : 33 - 59 . [ details ]\nnakano , t . , marshall , b . a . , kennedy , m . , spencer , h . g . 2009 : the phylogeny and taxonomy of new zealand notoacmea and patelloida species ( mollusca : patellogastropoda : lottiidae ) inferred from dna sequences , molluscan research , 29 ( 1 ) ( p . 56 )\nafter more than 2 years of preparations , the diatombase portal is now officially launched . . . .\nlast week - on may 30 and 31st \u2013 8 thematic experts on talitridae came together for the first time during a lifewatch - worms sponsored workshop . the workshop took place at the hellenic centre for marine research in crete , where it was organized back - to - back with the 8th international sandy beaches symposium ( isbs ) . the group focused on identifying relevant traits for the talitridae , and adding this data through the amphipoda species database . . . .\non 23 april 2018 , a number of editors of the world register of introduced species ( wrims ) started a three day workshop in the flanders marine institute ( vliz ) . these three days were used to evaluate , complete and improve the content of this worms thematic register ( tsd ) . . . .\nthe 2nd worms early career researchers and 3rd worms achievement award were granted respectively to fran\u00e7ois le coze and geoff read . congratulations ! . . .\nin 2018 , to celebrate a decade of worms ' existence , it was decided to compile a list of our top marine species , both for 2017 and for the previous decade . . . .\nthe scleractinian corals are now accessible though their own list portal . this world list contains over 1 500 accepted names of extant species and is one of the most complete existing resources for scleractinian taxa . . .\nthe symbols k . a . c . f . m . an . are used to indicate the geographical range of the species . they have been adopted to give an approxomation of the range of each species within new zealand .\nnorth and south islands . low tide , on rocks and shells in exposed rock pools\nnote : localities are approximate , and represent only some of the known localities for the species .\ndistinguishing characteristics an endemic limpet of new zealand and is quite variable in shell shape and colour pattern .\ndistribution found in the low tide zone attached to smooth rocks and other shells in sheltered positions ( eg . tide pools ) on open coasts throughout new zealand .\n( c ) peter poortman , www . nzshells . net . nz , some rights reserved ( cc by - nc ) , uploaded by tangatawhenua , urltoken\nyou can copy this taxon into another guide . if you are one of the editors of this guide it should copy everything , but if you ' re not , it will only copy the licensed content .\nclick the thumbnail to see the image full size , and use ctrl - f to search for any text .\ntenagodus weldii a . c . m . e . from 60 - 240m , grows to 73mm .\ntenagodus maoria a . c . e . from 40 - 300m , grows to 50mm .\nstephopoma roseum a . c . e . at and below low tide , tube width to 5mm .\nnovastoa lamellosa a . c . m . e . intertidal , tube width to 8mm .\nthylacodes zelandicus a . e . below low tide to 50m , grows to 100mm .\ndendropoma squamiferum a . e . from 25 - 80m , grows to 60mm .\npatelloida corticata a . c . f . e . on intertidal rocks , grows to 32mm .\npatelloida corticata ( corallina form ) a . c . f . e . on intertidal rocks , grows to 32mm .\npatelloida corticata ( pseudocorticata form ) a . c . f . e . on intertidal rocks , grows to 16mm .\ntrimusculus conicus k . a . c . f . m . on rocks at low tide , grows to 29mm .\nradiacmea inconspicua a . c . f . m . e . on rocks at low tide and on haliotis iris , grows to 19mm .\natalacmea fragilis a . c . f . e . at low tide , grows to 16mm .\nactinoleuca campbelli campbelli an . e . from 0 - 30m , grows to 6mm .\ncellana strigilis c . f . an . e . on intertidal rocks , grows to 79mm .\ncellana strigilis ( redimiculum form ) c . f . e . on intertidal rocks , grows to 46mm .\ncellana strigilis ( flemingi form ) an . e . on intertidal rocks , grows to 45mm .\ncellana oliveri m . an . e . on intertidal rocks , grows to 73mm .\ncellana oliveri ( chathamensis form ) m . e . on intertidal rocks , grows to 54mm .\ncellana oliveri ( bollonsi form ) an . e . on intertidal rocks , grows to 55mm .\ncellana radians a . c . f . e . on intertidal rocks , grows to 71mm .\ncellana radians ( perana form ) c . f . e . on intertidal rocks , grows to 50mm .\ncellana radians ( earlii form ) c . f . e . on intertidal rocks , grows to 40mm .\ncellana ornata a . c . f . e . on intertidal rocks , grows to 54mm .\ncellana stellifera a . c . f . e . on low tide rocks , grows to 64mm .\ncellana stellifera ( phymatius form ) a . c . f . e . on low tide rocks , grows to 42mm .\ncellana denticulata a . c . e . on intertidal rocks , grows to 84mm .\ncellana flava c . f . e . on intertidal rocks , grows to 72mm .\nscutellastra kermadecensis k . e . on rocks at low tide and below , grows to 174mm .\npectinodonta aupouria a . c . m . e . below 800m , grows to 20mm .\npectinodonta morioria a . c . f . e . below 360m , grows to 15mm .\ncoccopigya hispida a . c . f . e . below 800m , grows to 9mm .\numbraculum umbraculum k . a . c . at low tide and below , shell to 100mm .\naplysia parvula k . a . c . f . below low tide , shell to 30mm .\naplysia juliana a . c . f . at and below low tide , shell to 30mm .\nberthella medietas a . c . f . m . an . below low tide , shell to 13mm .\nberthella ornata a . c . f . e . intertidal , shell to 20mm .\ndolabrifera brazieri k . a . at and below low tide , shell to 20mm .\nsiphonaria australis a . c . f . m . e . on mid and high tide rocks , grows to 32mm .\nsiphonaria australis ( zelandica form ) a . c . f . m . e . on mid and high tide rocks , grows to 32mm .\nsiphonaria propria a . c . f . m . e . on rocks at low tide , grows to 19mm .\nsiphonaria obliquata c . f . an . e . on high tide rocks , grows to 66mm .\nsiphonaria stewartiana f . an . e . on high tide rocks , grows to 20mm .\nwilliamia radiata nutata k . a . from 10 - 50m , grows to 7mm .\nemarginula striatula a . c . f . m . an . e . below low tide to 220m , grows to 33mm .\nscutus breviculus a . c . f . e . intertidal , grows to 81mm .\ntugali elegans a . c . f . m . e . at and below low tide , grows to 55mm .\ntugali suteri suteri a . c . m . e . under rocks at low tide , grows to 18mm .\ntugali stewartiana f . e . from 20 - 100m , grows to 28mm .\nmontfortula chathamensis c . m . e . on intertidal rocks , grows to 20mm .\nmonodilepas diemenensis a . e . from 10 - 800m , grows to 20mm .\nmonodilepas monilifera monilifera f . e . from 40 - 150m , grows to 33mm .\nmonodilepas otagoensis f . e . from 40 - 150m , grows to 30mm .\nhaliotis iris a . c . f . m . e . at and below low tide , grows to 181mm .\nhaliotis virginea crispata a . c . e . at and below low tide , grows to 46mm .\nhaliotis virginea virginea a . c . f . e . at and below low tide , grows to 72mm .\nhaliotis australis a . c . f . m . an . e . at and below low tide , grows to 110mm .\nhaliotis virginea morioria m . e . at and below low tide , grows to 75mm .\nhaliotis virginea huttoni an . e . at and below low tide , grows to 69mm .\nbulla quoyii k . a . c . on intertidal mudflats , grows to 66mm .\nhaminoea zelandiae a . c . e . on intertidal mudflats , grows to 29mm .\ncylichna zealandica a . c . e . from 5 - 80m , grows to 13mm .\ncylichna thetidis k . a . from 10 - 70m , grows to 13mm .\nretusa oruaensis a . c . f . m . e . from 5 - 230m , grows to 4 . 5mm .\nrelichna pachys a . c . f . m . e . from 300 - 1500m , grows to 7mm .\nscaphander otagoensis f . e . from 200 - 800m , grows to 39mm .\nphiline auriformis a . c . f . from 5 - 25m , grows to 16mm .\nmelanochlamys lorrainae a . c . e . from 0 - 10m , grows to 9mm .\nellatrivia merces a . c . from 0 - 25m , grows to 16mm .\nerosaria cernica k . a . from 15 - 25m , grows to 30mm .\nconus lischkeanus k . a . e . at low tide and below , grows to 62mm .\nmesoginella koma a . c . e . from 0 - 5m , grows to 7mm .\nserrata fasciata a . c . e . at and below low tide , grows to 9mm .\nserrata fasciata ( albino form ) a . c . e . at and below low tide , grows to 9mm .\nserrata maoriana a . e . from 10 - 40m , grows to 9mm .\ndentimargo cairoma a . c . m . e . from 0 - 30m , grows to 5mm .\nmesoginella pisinna a . c . e . from 10 - 50m , grows to 5mm .\nmesoginella larochei a . c . e . from 20 - 50m , grows to 4mm .\namalda australis a . c . e . at low tide and below , grows to 52mm .\namalda depressa a . c . e . at low tide and below , grows to 20mm .\namalda mucronata a . c . e . from 5 - 600m , grows to 63mm .\namalda novaezelandiae a . c . m . e . from 5 - 700m , grows to 16mm .\namalda novaezelandiae ( crystallina form ) a . c . m . e . from 5 - 700m , grows to 16mm .\namalda bathamae f . e . from 300 - 700m , grows to 48mm .\namalda benthicola f . m . an . e . from 300 - 1000m , grows to 21mm .\namalda cf . benthicola f . m . an . e . from 300 - 1000m , grows to 21mm .\naustromitra rubiginosa a . c . f . m . e . from 5 - 100m , grows to 11mm .\naustromitra rubiginosa ( rubiradix form ) a . c . f . m . e . from 5 - 100m , grows to 11mm .\naustromitra rubiginosa ( antipoda form ) a . c . f . m . e . from 5 - 100m , grows to 11mm .\naustromitra rubiginosa ( brunneacincta form ) a . c . f . m . e . from 5 - 100m , grows to 11mm .\naustromitra rubiginosa ( planatella form ) a . c . f . m . e . from 5 - 100m , grows to 11mm .\nmitra carbonaria k . a . c . at low tide and below , grows to 77mm .\nvolutomitra obscura ( mortenseni form ) a . c . below low tide , grows to 28mm .\nvolutomitra banksi c . f . m . an . e . from 150 - 650m , grows to 42mm .\npeculator hedleyi a . e . from 5 - 260m , grows to 8mm .\negestas waitei c . f . an . e . from 100 - 500m , grows to 7mm .\nexilia expeditionis c . f . m . e . from 400 - 2500m , grows to 42mm .\nmetzgeria shirleyi a . e . from 360 - 650m , grows to 52mm .\nmetzgeria problematica f . e . from 100 - 300m , grows to 33mm .\nzygomelon zodion m . e . from 700 - 1400m , grows to 50mm .\nprovocator mirabilis a . c . f . m . an . e . from 80 - 800m , grows to 150mm .\nprovocator mirabilis ( aurantia form ) c . f . an . e . from 80 - 800m , grows to 130mm .\nprovocator mirabilis ( large form ) an . e . from 400 - 500m , grows to 180mm .\nprovocator mirabilis ( albino form ) an . e . from 200 - 500m , grows to 130mm .\nalcithoe wilsonae c . f . m . an . e . from 40 - 500m , grows to 110mm .\nalcithoe wilsonae ( smithi form ) c . f . an . e . from 100 - 510m , grows to 120mm .\nalcithoe wilsonae ( acuminata form ) c . m . e . from 300 - 500m , grows to 130mm .\nalcithoe wilsonae ( knoxi form ) c . f . an . e . from 400 - 700m , grows to 86mm .\nalcithoe cf . wilsonae c . f . m . an . e . from 40 - 500m , grows to 110mm .\nalcithoe fusus a . c . f . e . from 5 - 200m , grows to 85mm .\nalcithoe fusus ( haurakiensis form ) a . e . from 5 - 200m , grows to 85mm .\nalcithoe fusus ( hedleyi form ) a . e . from 5 - 600m , grows to 95mm .\nalcithoe davegibbsi a . e . from 30 - 80m , grows to 60mm .\nalcithoe jaculoides ( typical form ) a . c . f . e . from 30 - 600m , grows to 150mm .\nalcithoe jaculoides a . c . f . e . from 30 - 600m , grows to 190mm .\nalcithoe jaculoides ( johnstoni form ) a . c . f . e . from 30 - 600m , grows to 180mm .\nalcithoe jaculoides ( calva form ) c . f . e . from 30 - 600m , grows to 180mm .\nalcithoe cf . jaculoides a . c . f . e . from 30 - 600m , grows to 190mm .\nalcithoe arabica a . c . f . e . from 0 - 100m , grows to 236mm .\nalcithoe arabica ( depressa form ) a . e . from 0 - 100m , grows to 100mm .\nalcithoe arabica ( swainsoni form ) a . c . f . e . from 0 - 100m , grows to 180mm .\nalcithoe arabica ( swainsoni southern form ) a . c . f . e . from 0 - 100m , grows to 180mm .\nalcithoe arabica ( motutaraensis form ) a . c . f . e . from 0 - 100m , grows to 160mm .\nalcithoe arabica ( three kings form ) a . e . from 50 - 100m ; three kings area , grows to 170mm .\nalcithoe arabica ( three kings extinct swainsoni form ) a . e . from 50 - 100m ; three kings area , grows to 190mm .\nalcithoe seelyeorum ( knobby form ) a . e . from 50 - 250m ; three kings to north cape , grows to 229mm .\nalcithoe seelyeorum ( dwarf form ) a . e . from 50 - 250m ; three kings to north cape , grows to 140mm .\nalcithoe cf . seelyeorum a . e . from 50 - 250m ; three kings to north cape , grows to 200mm .\nalcithoe cf . seelyeorum ( smooth form ) a . e . from 50 - 250m ; three kings to north cape , grows to 200mm .\nalcithoe fissurata fissurata a . e . from 300 - 700m , grows to 238mm .\nalcithoe fissurata crassa a . e . from 50 - 250m ; three kings area , grows to 214mm .\nalcithoe fissurata elegans a . e . from 250 - 400m , grows to 190mm .\nalcithoe fissurata ssp . a . e . from deep water ; three kings area , grows to 181mm .\nalcithoe cf . fissurata c . e . from deep water , grows to 120mm .\nalcithoe tigrina a . e . from 100 - 500m , grows to 140mm .\nalcithoe pseudolutea a . c . m . e . from 300 - 500m , grows to 135mm .\nalcithoe lutea c . e . from 400 - 600m , grows to 150mm .\nalcithoe larochei larochei a . c . e . from 50 - 700m , grows to 170mm .\nalcithoe larochei ostenfeldi c . e . from 10 - 100m ; west of upper south island , grows to 222mm .\nalcithoe benthicola a . e . from 400 - 800m , grows to 267mm .\nalcithoe benthicola ( dwarf form ) a . e . from around 700m , grows to 140mm .\nalcithoe flemingi f . m . an . e . from 450 - 1100m , grows to 106mm .\ntonna tankervillii a . c . from 0 - 200m , grows to 252mm .\nsemicassis pyrum a . c . f . m . from 0 - 100m , grows to 118mm .\nsemicassis pyrum ( powelli form ) a . e . from 0 - 100m , grows to 60mm .\nsemicassis pyrum ( stadiale form ) f . m . from 0 - 100m , grows to 110mm .\nsemicassis pyrum ( hamiltoni form ) c . e . from 0 - 100m , grows to 87mm .\nsemicassis pyrum ( harrisoni form ) f . e . from 0 - 100m , grows to 90mm .\nsemicassis pyrum ( matai form ) f . e . from 0 - 100m , grows to 60mm .\nsemicassis pyrum ( abernethyi form ) c . e . from 0 - 100m , grows to 75mm .\nsemicassis pyrum ( ericanum form ) a . e . from 0 - 100m , grows to 110mm .\nsemicassis pyrum ( other form ) a . e . from 0 - 100m , grows to 110mm .\nsemicassis cf . pyrum a . c . f . m . from 0 - 100m , grows to 118mm .\nsemicassis labiata a . c . from 0 - 100m , grows to 93mm .\nsemicassis labiata ( insperatum form ) a . from 0 - 100m , grows to 93mm .\ncasmaria perryi k . a . from 0 - 100m , grows to 64mm .\nsemicassis royana k . a . from 10 - 100m , grows to 155mm .\ngaleodea triganceae a . c . f . m . e . from 100 - 900m , grows to 56mm .\nnassarius spiratus k . a . from 0 - 10m , grows to 25mm .\nnassarius aoteanus a . e . from 2 - 120m , grows to 37mm .\ntritia ephamilla k . a . c . f . m . from 400 - 2500m , grows to 22mm .\nadmetula superstes a . c . e . from 50 - 250m , grows to 15mm .\nnassaria miriamae k . a . from 500 - 1500m , grows to 45mm .\ncominella otagoensis f . e . from 100 - 500m , grows to 27mm .\ncominella mirabilis canturiensis c . m . e . from 300 - 620m , grows to 31mm .\ncominella mirabilis powelli f . e . from 20 - 220m , grows to 17mm .\ncominella alertae c . m . e . from 300 - 500m , grows to 31mm .\ncominella olsoni c . e . from 75 - 100m , grows to 64mm .\ncominella nassoides nassoides f . e . on mud flats , grows to 75mm .\ncominella nassoides nassoides ( foveauxana form ) f . e . from 0 - 50m , grows to 75mm .\ncominella nassoides iredalei m . e . from 10 - 20m , grows to 56mm .\ncominella nassoides otakauica f . e . from 40 - 100m , grows to 75mm .\ncominella nassoides nodicincta an . e . from 70 - 80m , grows to 56mm .\ncominella nassoides haroldi f . e . from 30 - 70m , grows to 38mm .\ncominella aff . nassoides haroldi f . e . from 30 - 70m , grows to 38mm .\ncominella glandiformis a . c . f . m . e . on mud flats , grows to 44mm .\ncominella virgata virgata a . c . e . intertidal , grows to 43mm .\ncominella virgata brookesi a . c . e . at low tide , grows to 34mm .\ncominella virgata brookesi ( eroded ) a . c . e . at low tide , grows to 34mm .\ncominella quoyana a . c . e . from 0 - 60m , grows to 26mm .\ncominella quoyana ( youngi form ) a . c . e . from 0 - 60m , grows to 26mm .\ncominella accuminata a . e . from 5 - 50m , grows to 23mm .\ncominella maculosa a . c . m . e . intertidal , grows to 58mm .\ncominella adspersa a . c . m . e . from 0 - 5m , grows to 74mm .\ncominella adspersa ( melo form ) a . c . m . e . from 0 - 5m , grows to 74mm .\ncominella regalis a . e . from 20 - 50m , grows to 21mm .\nbuccinulum vittatum vittatum a . c . f . an . e . under low tide rocks , grows to 35mm .\nbuccinulum vittatum vittatum ( heteromorphum form ) a . c . f . an . e . under low tide rocks , grows to 35mm .\nbuccinulum vittatum vittatum ( maketuense form ) a . c . f . an . e . under low tide rocks , grows to 35mm .\nbuccinulum vittatum vittatum ( motutaraense form ) a . c . f . an . e . under low tide rocks , grows to 35mm .\nbuccinulum vittatum bicinctum m . e . at and below low tide , grows to 33mm .\nbuccinulum vittatum vittatum ( littorinoides form ) a . c . f . an . e . under low tide rocks , grows to 35mm .\nbuccinulum vittatum vittatum ( littorinoides flavescens form ) a . c . f . an . e . under low tide rocks , grows to 35mm .\nbuccinulum vittatum vittatum ( littorinoides kaikouraense form ) a . c . f . an . e . under low tide rocks , grows to 35mm .\nbuccinulum vittatum ( littorinoides mestayerae form ) m . e . at and below low tide , grows to 33mm .\nbuccinulum vittatum ( littorinoides strebeli form ) m . e . at and below low tide , grows to 33mm .\nbuccinulum linea a . c . f . m . e . at and below low tide , grows to 49mm .\nbuccinulum linea ( sufflatum form ) a . c . f . m . e . below low tide , grows to 49mm .\nbuccinulum linea ( waitangiensis form ) a . c . f . m . e . below low tide , grows to 49mm .\nbuccinulum linea ( deep water form ) a . c . f . m . e . below low tide , grows to 49mm .\nbuccinulum cf . linea a . c . f . m . e . below low tide , grows to 49mm .\nbuccinulum fuscozonatum c . e . from 0 - 50m , grows to 31mm .\nbuccinulum pallidum pallidum c . f . m . e . at and below low tide , grows to 47mm .\nbuccinulum pallidum pallidum ( tenuistriatum form ) c . f . m . e . at and below low tide , grows to 47mm .\nbuccinulum pallidum powelli a . e . at and below low tide , grows to 45mm .\nbuccinulum pertinax pertinax f . m . an . e . at and below low tide , grows to 55mm .\nbuccinulum pertinax pertinax ( marwicki form ) f . m . an . e . at and below low tide , grows to 55mm .\nbuccinulum pertinax pertinax ( mutabile form ) f . m . an . e . at and below low tide , grows to 55mm .\nbuccinulum pertinax pertinax ( stewartianum form ) f . m . an . e . at and below low tide , grows to 55mm .\nbuccinulum pertinax finlayi c . f . e . from 100 - 200m , grows to 40mm .\nbuccinulum colensoi a . c . e . at and below low tide , grows to 26mm .\nbuccinulum robustum a . e . from 0 - 120m , grows to 21mm .\nbuccinulum robustum ( suteri form ) a . e . from 0 - 120m , grows to 21mm .\nbuccinulum flexicostatum f . m . e . from 20 - 620m , grows to 32mm .\naeneator comptus a . c . e . from 40 - 120m , grows to 60mm .\naeneator otagoensis c . f . e . from 40 - 240m , grows to 93mm .\naeneator marshalli separabilis a . e . from 50 - 100m , grows to 50mm .\naeneator attenuatus a . e . from 50 - 250m , grows to 70mm .\naeneator recens k . c . f . m . e . from 150 - 700m , grows to 61mm .\naeneator benthicolus a . e . from 200 - 600m , grows to 84mm .\naeneator valedictus c . f . m . e . from 300 - 1000m , grows to 55mm .\nantarctoneptunea benthicola a . c . f . m . an . e . from 360 - 1700m , grows to 130mm .\nantarctoneptunea benthicola ( delli form ) a . e . from 300 - 500m , grows to 102mm .\npenion sulcatus a . c . e . from 0 - 150m , grows to 165mm .\npenion cf . sulcatus a . e . at and below low tide , grows to 52mm .\npenion cuvierianus cuvierianus a . c . e . from 0 - 250m , grows to 256mm .\npenion cuvierianus cuvierianus ( heavy form ) a . c . e . from 0 - 250m , grows to 256mm .\npenion cuvierianus jeakingsi c . e . from 5 - 100m , grows to 154mm .\npenion fairfieldae f . e . from 110 - 125m , grows to 156mm .\npenion chathamensis m . e . from 300 - 500m , grows to 244mm .\npenion lineatus a . e . from 77 - 246m , grows to 172mm .\npenion ormesi a . c . e . from 50 - 200m , grows to 206mm .\naustrofusus glans a . c . f . m . e . from 0 - 650m , grows to 88mm .\naustrofusus glans ( agrestior form ) a . c . f . m . e . from 0 - 650m , grows to 88mm .\naustrofusus chathamensis c . m . e . from 5 - 250m , grows to 60mm .\ntaron dubius a . c . e . on stones at mid tide , grows to 22mm .\nglaphyrina caudata ( northern form ) a . c . f . e . from 5 - 150m , grows to 60mm .\nglaphyrina caudata ( southern form ) a . c . f . e . from 5 - 150m , grows to 88mm .\nglaphyrina plicata a . e . from 80 - 160m , grows to 50mm .\nfusinus genticus k . a . from 20 - 100m , grows to 171mm .\nfusinus genticus ( galathae form ) k . a . from 20 - 100m , grows to 171mm .\ncoluzea spiralis a . c . e . from 30 - 350m , grows to 135mm .\ncoluzea mariae c . f . m . an . e . from 100 - 1000m , grows to 107mm .\ncoluzea mariae ( wide form ) c . f . m . an . e . from 100 - 1000m , grows to 107mm .\ncoluzea wormaldi a . c . e . from 100 - 700m , grows to 110mm .\ncoluzea altocanalis c . f . m . e . from 400 - 1000m , grows to 127mm .\nfulgurofusus maxwelli c . f . m . an . e . from 476 to 1386m , grows to 86mm .\nfulgurofusus cf . maxwelli c . f . m . an . e . from 476 to 1386m , grows to 86mm .\niredalula alticincta ( striata form ) a . c . e . from 50 - 150m , grows to 27mm .\niredalula alticincta a . c . e . from 100 - 500m , grows to 22mm .\nbelomitra aoteana f . m . from 340 - 1500m , grows to 20mm .\ndaphnella cancellata a . e . from 0 - 50m , grows to 22mm .\nveprecula cooperi a . e . from 40 - 300m , grows to 7mm .\nxanthodaphne membranacea c . e . from 350 - 2500m , grows to 25mm .\nmurexsul octogonus a . c . e . from 0 - 500m , grows to 90mm .\nmurexsul octogonus ( cuvierensis form ) a . c . e . from 50 - 500m , grows to 90mm .\nrolandiella scotti a . e . from 10 - 50m , grows to 61mm .\nmurexsul mariae a . e . from 0 - 230m , grows to 29mm .\nmurexsul cf . mariae a . e . below low tide , grows to 20mm .\nmurexsul espinosus a . c . from 10 - 160m , grows to 35mm .\npoirieria zelandica a . c . f . m . e . from 10 - 200m , grows to 89mm .\npoirieria cf . zelandica a . c . f . m . e . from 10 - 200m , grows to 89mm .\npoirieria syrinx a . c . e . from 480 - 800m , grows to 45mm .\npoirieria kopua c . f . m . e . from 500 - 1000m , grows to 19mm .\ntimbellus flemingi a . c . e . from 300 - 900m , grows to 45mm .\nphyllocoma speciosa virginalis a . e . from 10 - 50m , grows to 16mm .\nponderia zealandica c . e . from 300 - 900m , grows to 20mm .\nprototyphis eos a . c . e . from 0 - 40m , grows to 37mm .\nprototyphis eos ( pink form ) a . c . e . from 0 - 40m , grows to 37mm .\nprototyphis eos paupereques a . e . from 5 - 20m , grows to 30mm .\nbabelomurex lischkeanus k . a . from 50 - 400m , grows to 62mm .\ncoralliophila squamosissima k . a . from 0 - 20m , grows to 30mm .\ncoralliophila sertata k . a . from 0 - 800m , grows to 19mm .\ncoralliophila sp . aff . sertata k . a . e . from 0 - 800m , grows to 13mm .\nhaustrum scobina a . c . m . e . on mid tide rocks , grows to 41mm .\nhaustrum albomarginatum a . c . f . m . e . on mid tide rocks , grows to 30mm .\nhaustrum scobina ( rutila form ) a . c . m . e . on mid tide rocks , grows to 41mm .\nhaustrum lacunosum c . f . m . an . e . on intertidal rocks , grows to 52mm .\nhaustrum lacunosum ( youngi form ) c . f . m . an . e . on intertidal rocks , grows to 52mm .\nhaustrum haustorium a . c . f . m . e . on intertidal rocks , grows to 81mm .\ndicathais orbita k . a . c . m . at and below low tide , grows to 120mm .\ndicathais orbita ( smooth form ) k . a . c . m . at and below low tide , grows to 120mm .\nneothais smithi k . a . on low tide rocks , grows to 34mm .\nagnewia tritoniformis a . c . on low tide rocks , grows to 29mm .\nmorula palmeri k . a . from 20 - 50m , grows to 26mm .\nuttleya ahiparana ( sculptured form ) a . e . from 30 - 60m , grows to 20mm .\nuttleya ahiparana ( smooth form ) a . e . from 30 - 60m , grows to 20mm .\nuttleya williamsi a . e . from 20 - 40m , grows to 12mm .\nuttleya marwicki a . c . e . from 10 - 50m , grows to 20mm .\nparatrophon quoyi a . c . e . on low tide rocks , grows to 34mm .\nparatrophon cheesemani cheesemani a . c . e . on intertidal rocks , grows to 19mm .\nparatrophon cheesemani exsculptus c . e . on intertidal rocks , grows to 20mm .\nparatrophon patens c . f . e . on low tide rocks , grows to 29mm .\nzeatrophon ambiguus a . c . f . m . e . from 0 - 120m , grows to 64mm .\nzeatrophon pulcherrimus c . f . m . e . from 100 - 600m , grows to 18mm .\nzeatrophon mortenseni caudatinus a . c . f . m . e . from 20 - 200m , grows to 23mm .\nenixotrophon latus k . a . c . f . m . from 450 - 1400m , grows to 55mm .\nenixotrophon maxwelli c . f . m . e . from 850 - 2700m , grows to 53mm .\nenixotrophon venustus k . a . c . m . an . from 850 - 1250m , grows to 55mm .\nxymene plebeius a . c . f . m . e . intertidal , grows to 23mm .\nxymene cf . plebeius a . c . f . m . e . intertidal , grows to 23mm .\naxymene traversi a . c . f . m . e . intertidal and sublittoral , grows to 20mm .\naxymene aucklandicus c . f . an . e . from 0 - 600m , grows to 15mm .\nxymenella pusilla a . c . f . e . from 0 - 50m , grows to 12mm .\nxymene huttonii a . c . f . an . e . from 0 - 600m , grows to 18mm .\nxymene pumilus c . f . an . e . from 0 - 600m , grows to 25mm .\ncomptella curta f . an . e . from 10 - 110m , grows to 7mm .\ntutufa bufo k . a . from 0 - 250m , grows to 132mm .\nbursa verrucosa k . a . from 10 - 50m , grows to 45mm .\nhinea brasiliana k . a . on rocks at low tide , grows to 20mm .\nargobuccinum pustulosum a . c . f . m . an . from 0 - 200m , grows to 136mm .\nranella australasia k . a . c . f . from 0 - 110m , grows to 123mm .\nranella olearium a . c . f . from 50 - 150m , grows to 220mm .\nfusitriton laudandus a . c . f . m . an . from 50 - 750m , grows to 157mm .\ncabestana spengleri k . a . c . f . m . from 0 - 40m , grows to 188mm .\ncabestana spengleri ( bolteniana form ) k . a . c . f . m . from 0 - 10m , grows to 70mm .\ncabestana tabulata k . a . c . f . from 0 - 45m , grows to 91mm .\ncharonia lampas ( capax form ) k . a . c . f . m . from 0 - 200m , grows to 300mm .\ncharonia lampas ( rubicunda form ) a . from 0 - 200m , grows to 200mm .\nmonoplex parthenopeus k . a . c . from 0 - 70m , grows to 130mm .\nmonoplex exaratus k . a . c . from 5 - 60m , grows to 61mm .\nturritriton labiosus k . a . from 5 - 60m , grows to 33mm .\nsassia parkinsonia k . a . c . from 5 - 30m , grows to 58mm .\nsassia palmeri k . a . e . from 5 - 60m , grows to 73mm .\nsassia kampyla a . c . f . m . an . from 300 - 900m , grows to 54mm .\nneoguraleus sinclairi a . c . f . m . e . from 0 - 50m , grows to 12mm .\nneoguraleus lyallensis a . c . f . e . from 0 - 20m , grows to 15mm .\nneoguraleus lyallensis ( tenebrosus form ) a . c . f . e . from 0 - 20m , grows to 15mm .\nneoguraleus interruptus a . c . e . from 0 - 50m , grows to 10mm .\nneoguraleus murdochi a . c . f . e . from 5 - 30m , grows to 12mm .\nneoguraleus manukauensis c . e . from 0 - 20m , grows to 15mm .\nneoguraleus sandersonae a . e . from 5 - 20m , grows to 15mm .\nneoguraleus amoenus a . c . e . from 5 - 50m , grows to 15mm .\nscrinium neozelanicum a . e . from 5 - 180m , grows to 12mm .\nliratilia subnodosa a . e . at and below low tide , grows to 7mm .\nmacrozafra subabnormis ( saxatilis form ) a . c . m . e . at and below low tide , grows to 7mm .\nzemitrella stephanophora a . c . e . at and below low tide , grows to 8mm .\npaxula allani m . e . from 0 - 10m , grows to 8mm .\nphenatoma rosea a . c . f . m . e . from 0 - 150m , grows to 37mm .\nphenatoma zealandica a . c . f . e . from 0 - 50m , grows to 34mm .\nmaoritomella albula a . c . f . e . from 0 - 50m , grows to 10mm .\nbathytoma murdochi murdochi a . e . from 80 - 500m , grows to 22mm .\nbathytoma cf . murdochi murdochi a . e . from 80 - 500m , grows to 22mm .\nbathytoma parengonia a . c . f . m . e . from 400 - 1600m , grows to 50mm .\nsplendrillia aoteana a . c . f . e . from 10 - 150m , grows to 18mm .\nsplendrillia roseacincta f . m . e . from 100 - 300m , grows to 20mm .\nsplendrillia benthicola c . f . m . e . from 120 - 600m , grows to 26mm .\nkuroshioturris angustata a . c . m . e . from 50 - 700m , grows to 16mm .\nkuroshioturris cf . angustata a . c . m . e . from 50 - 700m , grows to 16mm .\naustrodrillia rawitensis a . c . e . below low tide , grows to 15mm .\naoteadrillia wanganuiensis a . c . f . e . from 10 - 120m , grows to 20mm .\nantimelatoma buchanani ( maorum form ) a . e . from 10 - 50m , grows to 21mm .\nantimelatoma buchanani ( ahiparana form ) a . c . f . e . from 5 - 50m , grows to 22mm .\nantimelatoma buchanani ( benthicola form ) a . c . f . e . from 100 - 200m , grows to 21mm .\ncomitas onokeana vivens a . c . f . m . e . from 400 - 800m , grows to 74mm .\ncomitas trailli f . e . from 30 - 130m , grows to 30mm .\nmonophorus fascelinus a . c . f . an . e . from 5 - 100m , grows to 9mm .\nnototriphora aupouria k . a . c . e . from 10 - 300m , grows to 4 . 5mm .\nbouchetriphora pallida k . a . c . from 25 - 230m , grows to 9mm .\nseila cincta a . c . m . e . from 0 - 30m , grows to 11mm .\nseila terebelloides a . c . f . an . e . from 10 - 150m , grows to 13mm .\nataxocerithium huttoni a . c . f . e . from 10 - 300m , grows to 13mm .\nzeacumantus subcarinatus a . c . f . m . e . on intertidal rocks , grows to 19mm .\nzeacumantus lutulentus a . c . e . on tidal mudflats , grows to 36mm .\neuterebra tristis a . c . from 0 - 100m , grows to 24mm .\neuterebra tristis ( flexicostata form ) a . c . from 0 - 100m , grows to 24mm .\neuterebra tristis ( mariae form ) a . c . from 0 - 100m , grows to 24mm .\nperirhoe circumcincta k . a . from 5 - 50m , grows to 40mm .\nmaoricolpus roseus a . c . f . m . e . from 0 - 110m , grows to 94mm .\nmaoricolpus roseus ( manukauensis form ) c . e . from 0 - 10m , grows to 70mm .\nmaoricolpus finlayi a . e . from 5 - 80m , grows to 40mm .\nzeacolpus vittatus a . c . e . from 0 - 250m , grows to 98mm .\nstiracolpus pagoda a . c . f . m . e . from 0 - 100m , grows to 41mm .\nstiracolpus pagoda ( blacki form ) c . e . below low tide to 200m , grows to 27mm .\nstiracolpus symmetricus f . e . below low tide to 132m , grows to 22mm .\nstiracolpus ahiparanus a . c . e . below low tide to 60m , grows to 33mm .\nmurdochella levifoliata a . c . m . an . e . from 40 - 230m , grows to 6mm .\nmurdochella alacer a . e . from 40 - 160m , grows to 5mm .\ntrichosirius inornatus a . c . f . m . e . from 0 - 10m , grows to 22mm .\ntrichosirius cavatocarinatus c . f . m . an . e . from 95 - 640m , grows to 18mm .\ntrichosirius octocarinatus m . an . e . from 100 - 250m , grows to 7mm .\nzelippistes benhami a . e . from 20 - 600m , grows to 20mm .\nmalluvium calcareum a . c . m . e . from 75 - 450m , grows to 22mm .\nleptonotis perplexus a . c . f . m . an . from 40 - 600m , grows to 20mm .\nmaoricrypta costata a . c . e . from 0 - 147m , grows to 55mm .\nmaoricrypta youngi a . c . e . from 0 - 88m , grows to 29mm .\nmaoricrypta monoxyla a . c . e . from 0 - 15m , grows to 27mm .\nmaoricrypta sodalis a . c . f . e . from 0 - 925m , grows to 42mm .\nsigapatella novaezelandiae a . c . f . m . an . e . from 0 - 420m , grows to 42mm .\nsigapatella spadicea a . c . f . e . from 4 - 533m , grows to 21mm .\nsigapatella superstes a . e . from 0 - 805m , grows to 27mm .\nsigapatella terraenovae a . e . from 0 - 622m , grows to 34mm .\nsigapatella tenuis a . c . f . m . e . from 0 - 604m , grows to 24mm .\nlamellaria ophione k . a . c . e . below low tide , grows to 20mm .\nlamellaria cerebroides a . c . f . e . from 20 - 100m , grows to 32mm .\nmysticoncha harrisonae c . f . e . from 20 - 150m , grows to 25mm .\nglobisinum drewi a . c . f . m . e . from 10 - 800m , grows to 50mm .\npolinices tawhitirahia k . a . from 10 - 90m , grows to 34mm .\nuberella vitrea f . m . an . e . from 0 - 200m , grows to 8mm .\nfalsilunatia ambigua c . f . m . e . from 400 - 650m , grows to 15mm .\nfalsilunatia ambigua ( powelli form ) c . f . m . e . from 400 - 650m , grows to 21mm .\nfriginatica conjuncta a . c . f . m . e . from 250 - 1500m , grows to 9mm .\ntanea zelandica a . c . f . m . e . from 5 - 650m , grows to 35mm .\negg collar of notocochlis gualtieriana k . a . at low tide , grows to 60mm .\nproxiuber australe a . e . from 10 - 100m , grows to 8mm .\nproxiuber hulmei a . e . from 10 - 100m , grows to 7mm .\ncirsotrema zelebori a . c . f . m . e . from 5 - 250m , grows to 33mm .\nepitonium bucknilli a . c . e . from 10 - 50m , grows to 17mm .\njanthina exigua a . c . f . m . pelagic , grows to 23mm .\njanthina janthina a . c . f . m . pelagic , grows to 38mm .\nturbonilla zealandica c . f . an . e . from 4 - 10m , grows to 8mm .\nhypermastus bulbulus a . e . from 20 - 250m , grows to 13mm .\nmelanella vegrandis a . e . from 40 - 250m , grows to 8mm .\nrissoina zonata a . e . from 0 - 5m , grows to 12mm .\nagatha georgiana a . c . f . m . e . from 5 - 130m , grows to 15mm .\npupa affinis a . c . from 5 - 250m , grows to 18mm .\nmaxacteon milleri a . e . from 40 - 80m , grows to 21mm .\nmaxacteon cratericulatus a . c . e . from 50 - 250m , grows to 20mm .\nmaxacteon flammeus k . a . from 40 - 80m , grows to 20mm .\nbullina lineata k . a . at low tide and below , grows to 21mm .\nbullina lineata ( lauta form ) a . from 0 - 10m , grows to 20mm .\nbullina lineata ( melior form ) a . from 0 - 10m , grows to 20mm .\nmarinula filholi a . c . f . m . e . above high tide , grows to 11mm .\nmarinula striata f . an . e . under stones at high tide , grows to 8mm .\nleuconopsis obsoleta a . c . f . m . an . e . under stones at high tide , grows to 3mm .\nherpetopoma bellum a . c . m . e . under stones at low tide , grows to 7mm .\nherpetopoma larochei a . c . e . from 5 - 50m , grows to 5mm .\nherpetopoma alacerrimum c . e . from 5 - 230m , grows to 6mm .\nherpetopoma mariae a . e . from 10 - 50m , grows to 17mm .\ndiloma subrostratum a . c . f . e . in intertidal muddy areas , grows to 30mm .\ndiloma subrostratum ( corrosa form ) f . e . in intertidal muddy areas , grows to 30mm .\ndiloma nigerrimum a . c . f . m . an . in the upper tidal zone , grows to 30mm .\ndiloma nigerrimum ( digna form ) f . e . in the upper tidal zone , grows to 30mm .\ndiloma aridum a . c . f . m . an . e . in the upper tidal zone , grows to 17mm .\ndiloma durvillaea c . f . an . e . in bull kelp holdfasts , grows to 20mm .\ndiloma aethiops a . c . f . m . e . on rocks at and below low tide , grows to 38mm .\ndiloma zelandicum a . c . f . e . intertidal on rocky ground , grows to 32mm .\ndiloma coracinum a . c . f . e . on open coast rock , grows to 12mm .\ndiloma bicanaliculatum a . c . f . e . on intertidal rocks , grows to 20mm .\ndiloma bicanaliculatum ( lenior form ) c . f . e . on intertidal rocks , grows to 18mm .\nrisellopsis varia a . c . f . m . e . on high tide rocks , grows to 8mm .\naustrolittorina antipodum k . a . c . f . m . e . at high tide and splash zone , grows to 19mm .\naustrolittorina cincta a . c . f . m . an . e . at high tide and splash zone , grows to 24mm .\neatoniella flammulata a . c . e . from 0 - 10m , grows to 7mm .\ncantharidus dilatatus a . c . f . m . e . from 0 - 73m , grows to 12mm .\ncantharidus opalus a . c . f . m . e . from 0 - 10m , grows to 52mm .\ncantharidus opalus ( cannoni form ) m . e . on giant kelp , grows to 50mm .\ncantharidus antipodum f . an . e . in rock pools , grows to 9mm .\ncantharidus antipodum ( roseus form ) f . an . e . under kelp holdfasts , grows to 13mm .\ncantharidus turneri f . e . on seaweed covered rocks at low tide , grows to 9mm .\ncantharidus puysegurensis f . e . on seaweed in tidal pools , grows to 6mm .\ncantharidus fulminatus m . e . on seaweed from 0 - 5m , grows to 9mm .\nmicrelenchus sanguineus a . c . f . e . on algae from 0 - 13m , grows to 11mm .\nmicrelenchus sanguineus ( cryptus form ) a . c . f . e . on algae from 0 - 13m , grows to 11mm .\nmicrelenchus tesselatus a . c . f . e . from 0 - 20m , grows to 9mm .\nmicrelenchus huttonii a . c . f . e . intertidal 0 - 7m , grows to 15mm .\nmicrelenchus tenebrosus a . c . f . e . from 0 - 450m , grows to 12mm .\nmicrelenchus purpureus a . c . e . at low tide , grows to 35mm .\nmicrelenchus cf . purpureus a . c . e . at low tide , grows to 35mm .\nmicrelenchus burchorum a . e . from 0 - 15m , grows to 28mm .\nroseaplagis rufozona a . c . e . from 0 - 94m , grows to 9mm .\nroseaplagis artizona c . f . e . from 0 - 585m , grows to 10mm .\nroseaplagis mortenseni c . f . m . an . e . from 10 - 250m , grows to 8mm .\nroseaplagis caelatus f . e . from 15 - 420m , grows to 6mm .\nmaurea punctulata a . c . f . e . from 0 - 274m , grows to 51mm .\nmaurea punctulata ( stewartianum form ) a . c . f . e . from 0 - 274m , grows to 51mm .\nmaurea osbornei a . c . e . from 0 - 102m , grows to 37mm .\nmaurea granti c . f . m . an . e . from 0 - 220m , grows to 58mm .\nmaurea granti ( multigemmata form ) c . f . m . an . e . from 0 - 220m , grows to 58mm .\nmaurea benthicola c . e . from 75 - 129m , grows to 33mm .\nmaurea blacki c . f . m . an . e . from 73 - 549m , grows to 56mm .\nmaurea jamiesoni a . e . from 5 - 128m , grows to 33mm .\nmaurea spectabilis an . e . from 5 - 146m , grows to 56mm .\nmaurea foveauxana f . e . from 73 - 549m , grows to 64mm .\nmaurea eminens an . e . from 13 - 123m , grows to 55mm .\nmaurea pellucida a . c . f . e . from 0 - 187m , grows to 48mm .\nmaurea pellucida ( spirata form ) a . c . f . e . from 0 - 187m , grows to 48mm .\nmaurea selecta a . c . f . m . e . from 0 - 293m , grows to 67mm .\nmaurea selecta ( pagoda form ) a . c . f . m . e . from 0 - 293m , grows to 67mm .\nmaurea waikanae a . c . f . m . e . from 0 - 549m , grows to 57mm .\nmaurea waikanae ( fosteriana form ) a . c . f . m . e . from 0 - 549m , grows to 57mm .\nmaurea turnerarum a . e . from 186 - 805m , grows to 80mm .\nmaurea simulans c . f . m . an . e . from 183 - 1006m , grows to 61mm .\nmaurea simulans ( albino form ) c . f . m . an . e . from 183 - 1006m , grows to 61mm .\nmaurea simulans ( light form ) c . f . m . an . e . from 183 - 1006m , grows to 61mm .\nmaurea antipodensis an . e . from 18 - 500m , grows to 55mm .\nmaurea cf . antipodensis an . e . from 18 - 500m , grows to 55mm .\nmaurea tigris a . c . f . m . e . from 0 - 211m , grows to 101mm .\nmaurea penniketi a . e . from 55 - 622m , grows to 60mm .\nmaurea maui c . m . e . from 140 - 490m , grows to 53mm .\nmaurea alertae a . c . f . m . an . e . from 280 - 861m , grows to 30mm .\ncarinastele kristelleae c . an . e . from 15 - 270m , grows to 10mm .\nselastele onustum a . e . from 55 - 310m , grows to 10mm .\ncrosseola bollonsi a . e . from 25 - 150m , grows to 6mm .\nzeradina producta a . e . from 50 - 180m , grows to 4mm .\nnaricava neozelanica a . e . from 5 - 100m , grows to 5mm .\ncoelotrochus oppressus a . c . e . from 0 - 5m , grows to 6mm .\ncoelotrochus viridis a . c . f . m . e . at low tide , grows to 32mm .\ncoelotrochus tiaratus a . c . f . e . from 0 - 60m , grows to 19mm .\ncoelotrochus chathamensis c . f . m . an . e . intertidal under stones , grows to 10mm .\ncoelotrochus chathamensis ( dunedinensis form ) c . f . m . an . e . intertidal under stones , grows to 10mm .\ncoelotrochus chathamensis ( aucklandicum form ) c . f . m . an . e . intertidal under stones , grows to 10mm .\ncoelotrochus carmesinus a . e . from 0 - 10m , grows to 9mm .\nclanculus peccatus a . e . from 0 - 30m , grows to 13mm .\nsolariella tryphenensis a . e . from 10 - 200m , grows to 7mm .\nsolariella plicatula a . c . e . from 35 - 250m , grows to 7mm .\narchiminolia cf . meridiana a . c . f . m . e . from 220 - 1000m , grows to 15mm .\nbathymophila alabida k . a . e . from 500 - 1400m , grows to 12mm .\nantisolarium egenum a . c . f . m . e . from 0 - 200m , grows to 8mm .\nzethalia zelandica a . c . f . m . e . at and below low tide , grows to 26mm .\nfossarina rimata a . c . e . on low tide rocks , grows to 5mm .\nphilippia lutea a . c . from 0 - 10m , grows to 13mm .\nlunella smaragda a . c . f . e . intertidal , grows to 91mm .\ncookia sulcata a . c . f . m . e . from 0 - 10m , grows to 119mm .\nmodelia granosa a . c . f . m . e . from 0 - 50m , grows to 92mm .\nastraea heliotropium a . c . f . m . e . from 0 - 150m , grows to 129mm .\nxenophora neozelanica neozelanica a . e . from 20 - 120m , grows to 104mm .\nnerita melanotragus k . a . c . on mid to high tide rocks , grows to 33mm .\namphibola crenata a . c . f . e . on high tide mudflats , grows to 39mm .\npelicaria vermis a . c . f . e . from 0 - 120m , grows to 59mm .\npelicaria vermis ( flemingi form ) a . e . from 0 - 80m , grows to 50mm .\nstruthiolaria papulosa a . c . f . e . from 0 - 10m , grows to 106mm .\nstruthiolaria papulosa ( gigas form ) c . f . e . from 0 - 10m , grows to 100mm .\ncavolinia tridentata k . a . c . f . m . an . from 95 - 260m , grows to 15mm .\ncavolinia inflexa a . c . from 95 - 260m , grows to 7mm .\ndiacria trispinosa k . a . c . f . m . an . from 95 - 260m , grows to 7mm .\ndiacavolinia cf . longirostris a . from 95 - 260m , grows to 9mm .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone . are you certain this article is inappropriate ?\ncrowd sourced content that is contributed to world heritage encyclopedia is peer reviewed and edited by our editorial staff to ensure quality scholarly research articles .\nby using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy . world heritage encyclopedia\u2122 is a registered trademark of the world public library association , a non - profit organization .\ncopyright \u00a9 world library foundation . all rights reserved . ebooks from project gutenberg central are sponsored by the world library foundation , a 501c ( 4 ) member ' s support non - profit organization , and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department ."]}
{"id": 672, "summary": [{"text": "deroplatys desiccata , known by the common names giant dead leaf mantis and ( less-frequently ) malaysian dead leaf mantis , is a species of praying mantis from southeast asia . ", "topic": 16}], "title": "deroplatys desiccata", "paragraphs": ["dead leaf mantis , dead leaf praying mantis ( deroplatys desiccata ) . threat display\ndead leaf mantis ( deroplatys desiccata ) at bugworld in bristol zoo , bristol , england .\na dead - leaf mantis ( deroplatys desiccata ) on the hand of an assistant at the audubon insectarium in new orleans .\nmalaysian dead leaf mantis ( deroplatys lobata ) at the omaha henry doorly zoo .\nwhere to buy deroplatys desiccata ( giant dead leaf mantis ) with reviews . photographic print decor by paul starosta . deroplatys desiccata ( giant dead leaf mantis ) ; and other animals ; insects & bugs ; praying mantis ; praying mantis ( photography ) - paul starosta wall art ; posters ; and prints for home wall coverings are available . . . .\nphotographic print decor by paul starosta . deroplatys desiccata ( giant dead leaf mantis ) ; and other animals ; insects & bugs ; praying mantis ; praying mantis ( photog . . .\ndead - leaf mantis ( deroplatys dessicata ) at the audubon insectarium in new orleans .\nclick the button below to add the dead - leaf mantid - deroplatys dessicata to your wish list .\nthe dead leaf mantis , or deroplatys desiccata , is a large mantis from malaysia that is camouflaged as a dead leaf . it looks amazing ! they are not very easy to keep and breed , but it is definately possible .\na malaysian dead leaf mantis ( deroplatys lobata ) at the omaha henry doorly zoo , omaha , nebraska .\nderoplatys desiccata is not very aggressive to members of its species , but it is better not to house them together in one enclosure . sooner or later cannibalism will happen . until l4 ( fourth instar ) the nymphs can be kept together when fed constantly .\ni have noticed that deroplatys do well when given large prey items more infrequently , rather than a myriad of small prey many times a week . ( frogparty )\nwaldbronn , germany . 1st feb , 2017 . insect breeder adrian kozakiewicz holds up a praying mantis ( deroplatys desiccata ) in waldbronn , germany , 1 february 2017 . kozakiewicz and his insects became popular on different social media networks , including 270 , 000 likes on facebook , 55 , 000 followers on instagram and hundreds of thousands of views on his youtube channel . photo : uli deck / dpa / alamy live news\nsku : ap - fi3025 dimensions : 7 . 000\nw x 8 . 000\nh x 1 . 625\nd scientific name : deroplatys dessicata origin : malaysia shipping restrictions : international wildlife export fees apply\nthey are slightly smaller than the deroplatys desiccata . males grow up to 5 cm long and females grow up to 9 cm long . males are very skinny in comparison to the females and they are very capable of flight so take care not to lose them . after the 2nd molt , 8 segments can be counted on the males abdomen while 6 on the females . and the females prothorax shield is more cryptic and wavy whereas the males\u2019 are diamond - shaped .\nthis is my deroplatys desiccata dead leaf mantis . the enclosure is a simple bug net enclosure that can be purchased online , they don ' t cost much either . as always , i appreciate you taking the time to watch my content . don ' t forget to hit that like button if you enjoyed the video and subscribe so that you don ' t miss my future content . facebook urltoken twitter , snapchat & instagram @ tarantuladan merchandise urltoken fancy a game ? my xbl gt is tarantuladan take care of yourself and i ' ll see you in the next video .\ni have been keeping deroplatys , or dead leaf mantids for years , and they are clearly one of the masters of disguise . they have camouflage down to a science . i love looking at the intricate leaf patterns on the adults wings . they mimic dead leaves perfectly , especially the females .\nbreeding dead leaf mantids is generally simple . i have had some casualties in the past , but i have come to learn that waiting 3 weeks instead of 2 before introducing the male and female greatly reduces the chance of cannibalism . all in all , i would recommend this species to anyone . they are just too cool to pass up . the pics below are of d . desiccata and d . lobata .\nthis cryptic mantis lives to mimic dead leaves hence the name . i consider them to be one of the most beautiful mantids out there . their coloring ranges from dark gray to light mottled gray . they also possess a broad prothorax that looks ripped and crumpled like a leaf . d . lobata shield looks different from d . desiccata , but still serves the same purpose . when threatened , they will unfurl their wings to display their bright colorings . but nymphs will freeze and throw themselves to the ground with all legs folded to look like a dead leaf .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nm . beier . 1935 . mantodea . fam . mantidae . subfam . orthoderinae - choeradodinae - deroplatynae . genera insectorum de p . wytsman 201 : 1 - 10\neach tol leaf page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a leaf at the tip of the tree of life . the major distinction between a leaf and a branch of the tree of life is that a leaf cannot generally be further subdivided into subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages .\nfor a more detailed explanation of the different tol page types , have a look at the structure of the tree of life page .\ntree of life design and icons copyright \u00a9 1995 - 2004 tree of life project . all rights reserved .\nwe will inform you when the product arrives in stock . just leave your valid email address below .\nthis spinney looking fellow is camouflaged to mimic decaying , crumpled leaves . the colours range from a mottled brown , pale orangey brown through to an almost black . size depends on species and sex , but range from 75 - 85mm in size . females are substantially larger and heavier then males .\nif you disturb them , they will gently rock as if they have been caught in the breeze . and if they feel threatened , they will throw them selves to the ground , lying motionless on the floor .\nmalaysia . all of these species can be found here as well as borneo , indonesia and sumatra . being hot countries , you should keep the temperature at about 25 - 30c with a humidity in the region of 70 - 80 % . this is slightly warmer and more humid than other species of mantids are normally kept .\nish ! ! ! these mantids may look fragile , but are a relatively hardy species . please be aware that if the humidity is not right , the mantis can have problems shedding . they can have difficulty in discarding the old skin and become tangled and crippled in the old one ( especially when young ) . to help prevent this from happening , spray the cage every few days with a fine mister .\nthe cage should have a reasonably sized floor area , covered in dead leaves . a thick branch or stem should be provided for him / her to hang off .\ndead leaf mantids can be kept together . i never thought these could be keep together apart from very young , but i have been proven wrong . if ample food and space is provided then they live very happily together . even when they do become hungry they would prefer to hunt for live foods on the ground instead of attaching each other .\nthe adults ( both sexes ) can live together too . it ' s best i think , to pair a male up with two females , incase there are any fights between the males .\ndo your research before you commit to buying any pet , please do your own independent research .\nthe ideal temperature is about 26 \u00b0 c , but keeping them warmer is also good to about 35 \u00b0 c . do not keep them cooler than 22 \u00b0 c . at night you can allow the temperature to drop until 18 \u00b0 c . this species likes a slightly higher humidity , so it is important to spray water reguarly . a target humidity is about 50 to 80 % . keep the enclosure well ventilated . as with all species of praying mantis , the enclosure needs to be at least 3 times the length of the animal is height , and at least 2x the length of the animal in width . for an adult female this means the enclosure has to be at least 27 cm in height and 18 cm in width . a nice size for a terrarium would be 30 x 20 x 30 cm or bigger , so there is room for perches and decoration such as dead leaves .\nwhen adult , the differences between males and females are not to be missed . the male is long and slender , while the female is broad and bulky . she has a huge shield on the prothorax , while the male has a small shield . for nymphs you can use the sexing method of counting the number of segments on the abdomen , as described here . approximately 2 to 4 weeks after both partners reach adulthood , a mating attempt can be made . make sure that the female has eaten a lot in the days before the mating attempt . the female can be quite aggressive to the male , so if you see excessive aggression you have to remove the male and try again later . try to minimize disturbance . mating can take several hours , when the male leaves the back of the female he must be removed from the enclosure to keep him alive .\nthe adult molt can be dangerous for the gigantic female if the container is too small or there are sticks in the way . ( orin )\ndeadleaf mantids are hearty feeders but rarely attack others of the same size . ( orin )\nwhile dessicata will absolutely use vertical space in a terrarium , they can often be found mere inches above the substrate , resting face down on branches waiting for prey to come near . truly exceptional camouflage helps them to disappear amongst dead leaves and bark . ( frogparty )\ncage furnishings , e . g . molting surfaces , perches , d\u00e9cor , plants , etc .\nhatchlings are huge and take the large d . hydei or l1 schultesia readily . ( orin )\nprey preference is extremely broad , and flying prey , crickets , roaches etc are all relished greatly . a good varied diet for this species could include dubia roaches , crickets , silkworms , large moths , waxworms . ( frogparty )\nthe females pronotum is about one and a half times longer than wide with downward pointed sides while the males is rounded . males are nearly as long as females but are less massive . sexual dimorphism is difficult to identify on hatchlings but blatant after a few molts . ( orin )\nmating is the only real challenge with this species . the females seldom eat the males but the problem is males rarely show interest and hand mating is realistically impossible . the mating terrarium can include a 60 - watt incandescent light directly over one spot to increase temperature which may help the males become lively . ( orin )\neach female normally produces three to five oothecae that are stocky and an inch wide by 3 / 4 to an inch long . females live up to a year following maturity and can be alive when their offspring mature but rarely form good oothecae after the first five months . oothecae contain around 30 - 40 . the gestation period varies greatly under similar conditions so don ' t give up on an ootheca until it has been at least two full months . ( orin )\nphotos : up to five may be posted at the bottom of the completed template . please limit these photos to no more than one of an ootheca , two of nymphs ( different instars ) , one of an adult female , and one of an adult male .\nsign up for a new account in our community . it ' s easy !\ntags : shop in warragul - drouin , ballarat , launceston , bunbury , nowra - bomaderry .\nthe new mantis ultralight ( ul ) tents are 25 - 30 % lighter than the ever popular original mantis tents . the mantis ul 2 has doors and vestibles on both sides . both mo . . .\nframed art print decor by an unknown artist . christy mattewson & john mcgraw ; ny giants ; baseball photo - new york ; ny ; and other sports ; baseball ; new york giants . . .\nart print decor by pop ink - csa images . giant fish jumping into boat ; and other wall art ; posters ; and prints for home wall coverings are available . . . .\nseason : all seasons ; gender : women ' s ; earring type : stud earrings ; jewelry type : stud earrings ; occasion : casual , daily ; material : alloy ; material shown color : gold , silver . . .\nplus size tree leaf printed bow design v neck t - shirt . . .\nitf approved pressurised ball , suitable for all levels of play on all court surfaces . premium woven cloth . . . .\na soft string with the feel and playability of natural gut . the central core consists of thousands of microfibres individually treated with a premium thermo elasti . . .\nperfect racket for improving players offering a blend of power and control without sacrificing comfort . comes with a length head cover with shoulder strap for easy . . .\nconstruction : 100 % high modulus carbon . head size : 100 sq in . balance : 335mm . unstrung weight : 265g . string pattern : 16x19 . includes full cover . . . .\nmaterial : pu leather ; pattern : panda ; for : samsung ; phone / tablet accessories compatibility : a5 ( 2017 ) , a3 ( 2017 ) , a3 ( 2016 ) , a5 ( 2016 ) ; hard / soft : hard ; type : full body ; feat . . .\nthis listing was ended by the seller because the item is no longer available .\nthis amount includes applicable customs duties , taxes , brokerage and other fees . this amount is subject to change until you make payment . for additional information , see the global shipping programme terms and conditions - opens in a new window or tab\nthis amount includes applicable customs duties , taxes , brokerage and other fees . this amount is subject to change until you make payment . if you reside in an eu member state besides uk , import vat on this purchase is not recoverable . for additional information , see the global shipping programme terms and conditions - opens in a new window or tab\nthis item will be sent through the global shipping programme and includes international tracking . learn more - opens in a new window or tab\napplicable ) . if the item comes direct from a manufacturer , it may be delivered in non - retail packaging , such as a plain or unprinted box or plastic bag . see the seller ' s listing for full details . see all condition definitions - opens in a new window or tab\ncopyright \u00a9 1995 - 2018 ebay inc . all rights reserved . user agreement , privacy , cookies and adchoice\nour framed insects are made - to - order . please allow up to two weeks for your order to be completed . if you need your order sooner than this , please contact us at 212 - 343 - 1114 x401 or fabrication @ urltoken and we will do our best to accommodate you !\ncustomers with shipping addresses outside of the us will be charged an additional $ 168 . 00 for us fish & wildlife services processing fees . please allow up to 60 days for your order to be processed . read our full international wildlife shipping policy here .\nwe promise to never spam you , and just use your email address to identify you as a valid customer .\nthis product hasn ' t received any reviews yet . be the first to review this product !\na landmark in manhattan\u2019s soho art district since 1993 and currently located in greenwich village , the evolution store is nyc\u2019s premiere retail destination for science and natural history collectibles , artifacts , gifts , and home decor . our store offers a museum quality atmosphere creating a unique and intimate shopping experience .\nstore : returns are accepted within two weeks with receipt . no refunds - store credit / exchange only .\nweb : returns are accepted within two weeks of receipt . in case of damage , free shipping label provided .\nplease note that pictured specimens are representative of specimens available . usda interstate movement permits may be required for some live species .\nit\u2019s best to keep these at around 24 - 30 c ( 75 - 86 f ) . a heat mat or heat lamp is may be used to maintain the desired temperature . keep the temperature cooler at night to lengthen the lifespan of the mantis . warmer temperature speeds up the metabolism of the mantis and will shorten its life span and in contrast , cooler temperature slows its metabolism and lengthens the life span , but both extremes could kill it . keep humidity at a constant 70 - 80 % .\ntheir cage should be well ventilated with lots of twigs and leaves for the mantis to perch on . they don\u2019t require much room as they are not active predators , but they do need room to molt . the suggested width and height is usually 3x the length of the mantis . this species is not as vicious as other species and even adults are able to live communally ( both tiny males and females ) , but nevertheless , if you have a small number of nymphs , they should be separated into separate containers after the first molt to remove all chances of cannibalism .\nthis species has no specific needs , but can be picky , so a varied diet is best . start out with fruit flies for nymphs and move to pinhead crickets for larger nymphs and crickets , mealworms , wax worms , and other larger insects for sub - adult and adults\u2026although adults can be a bit more picky than nymphs . they especially love flying insects like moths . it\u2019s recommended that the size of the feeder insect does not exceed 1 / 3 the mantis length . do not overfeed them , overfeeding will speed up their metabolism and can and will shorten their life span . feed them as much as it will eat in one day and do not feed it for another 2 days . as for watering , this type will get its fluid from its food , but it can sometimes be seen drinking off droplets from the side of the cage so misting the cage every once in a while is best .\nselect a suitable pair after 2 weeks since their last molt . it would be best to mate the mantids after 3 - 4 weeks instead . 2 weeks may be too soon and the female may not be mature enough to be bred . introduce the female into the males enclosure and leave them alone . this could take hours or days for the male to make his move\u2026although a mature male should mount the female within a couple hours after introduction . or you could feed the female and during her feeding , put a male behind her and if he is ready , he will jump on her back\u2026but this method could be a bit difficult due to the timid nature of the males . after a while of holding on , the male will bend his abdomen down to connect with hers and mating will commence . the male may remain on the female for up to 2 days ( even after copulation ) . afterwards , he will run away and he must be removed or else he might eaten .\nabout 3 - 4 weeks after mating , the female will make her first ootheca . this species can lay around 4 - 6 oothecae with a period of 4 - 6 weeks in between each ootheca . after 6 weeks of incubation at 30 c ( 86 f ) and 70 - 80 % humidity , as many as 100 large nymphs will hatch out from each ootheca . these can be fed fruit flies a day or two after hatching . then continue to care for them as this care sheet suggests .\ni recieved a grapesized ootheca and after 1 week or so of incubation at high humidity , about 100 nymphs hatched out ! the nymphs were surprisingly large for the ootheca that they came out of . after a day or drying out , they started to eat large fruit flies . i think i\u2019ll start to feed them house flies after their next molt , which should come after a week or so after hatching .\nthe nymphs have been a success . they\u2019ve grown quite large since hatching and they are now subadults . the males have obviously grown faster than females so i must slow down their growth now . they are still living together and only one case of cannibalism have been observed , the rest are content to hang upsidedown with their cage mates . i will try to see if this is a communal species , if not , at least tolerant of each other .\nit\u2019s confirmed , this is a communal species . i\u2019ve kept all the nymphs together up until l5 and everything went well . then i separated the males from the females and raised them separately . they are now subadults and one of the males is already a full adult . the females are not far behind !\nafter the females have matured , i introduced the males into the females\u2019 tank . surprisingly , they are quite docile towards each other . the first mounting took place approximately 1 day after introduction . even after copulation , the male is still attached to the female for another 2 days .\nthe dead leaf mantis is a large and comparatively long lived mantis species originating from malaysia . they mimic dead leaves and prefer slightly warmer and more humid conditions than many other mantis species .\n\u00a9 urltoken v2 . 3 - solon ' s revenge provider ( s ) of this digital community guarant thee nothing page generation took 0 . 00959 sec\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwe ' ve sent an email to please follow the instructions to reset your password .\nenter your log in email address and we ' ll send you a link to reset your password .\nif is associated with an alamy account you ' ll receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password .\nsingle handheld shot with nikon d750 + schneider kreuznach apo - componon hm 90mm f / 4 . 5 : ) .\nthis site uses cookies . by continuing to use this site , you are agreeing to our use of cookies . learn more .\ni have had my praying mantis for three months now . she was a nymph when i got her but she recently had her last molt into adulthood and has beautiful wings . she just layed her eggsac . does anybody know how much longer she has to live once she has layed her eggs ? she still has quite an appetite .\nonce they deposit an ootheca , their time ' s very limited ( i . e . under four months ) .\nthe ooth is infertile as well , i think , unless you forgot to mention the presence of an introduced male .\nshe will probably lay more eggs . . . she may drop between 6 and eight ootheca before it ' s all over . it ' s no too late to find a male !\ni captured a female praying mantis the other week , and have been keeping her . she has ate a lot and before she laid , what i guess is eggs , she was very agressive . spreading wings , and attacking every move i made ! ! it was unreal ! the next morning , there was this brown , hard , gooey cocoon looking thing stuck on the side of the cage ( wire ) . it is about the size of a quarter i guess .\nis that her eggs ? since i got her from the wild , is it fertile ? if it is , when will they hatch , what do they look like , etc . ? ? i have no idea how to take care of baby mantis ? ! and she has eaten like 5 crickets a night ? !\nsounds like eggs to me . they will hatch in a few weeks if kept warm . if you aren ' t ready for them to hatch , you can put it in the refrigerator until you are .\nseparate them and feed small pinhead crix and / or fruit flies . giv them plenty of ventilation . mist them some too . you don ' t need any substrate but you will want to have a stick , artificial plant leaf etc for them to climb on . i have kept mantids nearly every summer since 1979 . the babys are kinda delicate so expect a few of them to die off .\ni got a real good book while back from swift inverts . it ' s called mantids : keeping aliens . it is only $ 10 and has much useful info .\nlook for the threads carolina mantid and chinese mantid appreciation thread . i posted some mantid pics there .\nhey everyone . i just recently ordered a pretty good book on mantids , but withe the recent passing of my mantis friend , i have found myself in need of more immediate answers .\nmantids will lay ootheca wether they ' ve mated or not . they won ' t be fertile if they haven ' t mated ( unless it ' s b . borealis ) . i don ' t think it effects their lifespan either way .\nmost species will lay more than one before death , but there may be exceptions . if it was an adult when collected , it may have already laid several before you found it .\ni don ' t know of any way to check the fertility , but if the female was adult when captured there ' s a good chance any oothec would be fertile .\nthank you so much ! i also received some good advice from the folks at insectadventures . com , so i think i ' m as prepared as possible for whatever may happen with these ootheca .\ni am so sorry to ressurect this thread , but i was just curious . i understand that egg sacs of any kind affect the lifespan of the female mantid . however , let ' s just say - in general - what is the lifespan of a male and female mantid ? ! ! ! ! i just want a rounded number if possible . thanks all .\nit has everything to do with what species you have ! i am assuming you have a locally caught species ( e . g .\n) , if it is any of these , the females will live an average of 3 more months ( in captivity ) plus or minus a month . the males will live an average of one more month ( in captivity ) plus or minus 3 weeks .\nseems like this thread is very old so i hope someone still responds . . . i have a preying mantis whom i found with a broken leg , i ' ve had her for over a month now , she has laid an ootheca , after which she continued to eat crickets then , she stopped eating altogether - for about a week , i thought she would die , she seemed very weak . . . . until , today . . . . she ate a moth i offered her . . .\noh - i believe she ' s the chinese variety , small brownish green . . .\nseems like this thread is very old so i hope someone still responds . . . i have a preying mantis whom i found with a broken leg , i ' ve had her for over a month now , she has laid an ootheca , after which she continued to eat crickets then , she stopped eating altogether - for about a week , i thought she would die , she seemed very weak . . . . until , today . . . . she ate a moth i offered her . . . any idea what ' s going on with her . . . much appreciated ! oh - i believe she ' s the chinese variety , small brownish green . . .\nmantids slow right down towards the end . eventually she ' ll just stop eating . they become clumsy and uncoordinated and lose their ability to grip . they lie down on the floor and die .\nit sucks that praying mantises ' lives are so short . they would make such great companions if they lived 10 years !\nmantids slow right down towards the end . eventually she ' ll just stop eating . they become clumsy and uncoordinated and lose their ability to grip . they lie down on the floor and die . it ' s bloody horrible .\nit ' s\nbloody horrible\nbut completely true like basin79 said . at this time of year they are all pretty much doomed no matter what .\nbefore arachnids i specialized in mantids and mid spring to late october is pretty much the standard life for mantids ( meaning the dawn of warmth to the first sign of frost ) . there ' s a decent chance that the ootheca is fertile but unfortunately your mantis has reached the end of its life . the best thing you can do now is try to keep the mother as comfortably as possible til she meets her end and then put the ootheca outside in a safe place so it can\nweather\nuntil next spring where you can then watch them hatch and then collect a specimen or two to rear .\ni have a wild praying mantis that hangs around my front and back porch . . . it looks like a juvenile to me , looks pretty healthy to me . . . if i wanted to make it offerings what would i give it .\nwhy do praying mantis die after laying their eggs . . . what does not allow them to live for more han one year ?\nthat ' s simply how their life cycle works . it ' s extremely common , and not just among insects . many animals and plants die after reproducing .\nbiologists have spent years trying to figure out the exact reason so many creatures do this , and have come up with any number of theories . sometimes the breeding process is simply too destructive to their bodies to live very long afterwards . in other cases it seems that limited resources means that for the offspring to thrive , their parents have to ' get out of the way ' so to speak .\nwith many small animals though , their odds of long term survival simply aren ' t good enough to build a body that can last very long . all evolution cares about is how many offspring you can produce , and if your time is limited due to predation or approaching winter then evolution will select for the individuals that produce the most eggs in the shortest amount of time , and will do so at the cost of everything else .\nregistration is free , and dedicated forums exist for the discussion of tarantulas , true spiders , centipedes & scorpions . we also have classifieds , reviews , bite / sting / breeding reports and more ! .\nhtml public\n- / / wapforum / / dtd xhtml mobile 1 . 0 / / en\nurltoken\njoel is a popular keynote speaker with conservation , corporate , and civic groups .\njoel is the founder of the photo ark , a groundbreaking effort to document every species in captivity before it\u2019s too late .\nevery purchase goes directly to support our mission : getting the public to care and helping to save species from extinction .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\nvery cool ! i collected a malaysian leaf katydid when i went to borneo , but was unable to keep it .\noh fantastic ! borneo is a part of the world i have yet to visit but its on my list for sure ."]}
{"id": 675, "summary": [{"text": "sapphirinidae is a family of parasitic copepods , containing the following genera : copilia dana , 1849 saphirinella claus , 1863 sapphirina j. thompson , 1830 terebellicola m. sars , 1861 vettoria c. b. wilson , 1924", "topic": 26}], "title": "sapphirinidae", "paragraphs": ["citation : baar y , rosen j , shashar n ( 2014 ) circular polarization of transmitted light by sapphirinidae copepods . plos one 9 ( 1 ) : e86131 . urltoken\nchae j , nishida s ( 1994 ) integumental ultrastructure and color patterns in the iridescent copepods of the family sapphirinidae ( copepoda : poecilostomatoida ) . mar biol 119 : 205\u2013210 .\nchae j , nishida s ( 1995 ) vertical distribution and diel migration in the iridescent copepods of the family sapphirinidae : a unique example of reverse migration ? mar ecol prog ser 119 : 111\u2013124 .\nplanktonic sapphirinidae copepods were found to circularly polarize the light passing through them . circular polarization may be created by unique , multilayered features of the membrane structure found under their cuticle or by organized muscle fibers .\nwalter , t . c . & boxshall , g . ( 2018 ) . world of copepods database . sapphirinidae thorell , 1859 . accessed through : world register of marine species at : urltoken ; = 128595 on 2018 - 07 - 09\nfurther research is needed to understand the role , if any , of the circularly polarized light transmitted through the body of sapphirinidae copepods . the role of cp light transmission and their sensitivity to cp polarization should be examined both interspecifically , within the sapphirinidae copepods including to examine for sexual dimorphism in the cp domain , and extraspecifically , for example , they may use cp light to avoid detection by predators sensitive to linear polarization . from the perspective of potential predators , it should be noted that stomatopod larvae are active planktonic predators .\nthe sapphirinidae are well defined by their dorsoventrally flattened bodies and by the presence of elaborate cuticular lenses at least in the female . the caudal rami are also flattened and have 6 small setae distributed around the margin . the form of the caudal ramus is useful as a species - level discriminating character .\nthe structural mechanism responsible for circular polarization in mantis shrimp and scarabaeidae beetles is well understood [ 9 ] , [ 13 ] , [ 16 ] . in our case , since the strongest cp was obtained at specific input light polarization angles and in a cycle of 90\u00b0 , it is clear that a part or parts of the sapphirinidae copepod function as \u03bb / 4 retarder plates . at this point , however , we do not fully understand the underlying structural mechanism . two mechanisms are possible : retardance by muscle fibers and / or by the multilayer membrane structure , the latter of which is also involved in sapphirinidae body coloration . these mechanisms may be operating independently , or interacting and augmenting each other .\namong the most striking features of the s . metallina male is its iridescence , which is caused by a multilayered - membrane structure in epidermal cells of the dorsal integument [ 17 ] \u2013 [ 19 ] . iridescence constitutes one characteristic of the species ' sexual dimorphism , which also includes differences in body size , shape , color , and more . however vassiere [ 20 ] did not find sexual dimorphism in sapphirinidae eye structure although follow - up studies are still required .\nmuscles are known to be birefringent . the myosin - containing a bands of the sarcomere ( the contractile unit ) are birefringent [ 21 ] , and indeed , light transmitted through vertebrate muscle tissues was demonstrated to undergo phase retardance [ 22 ] , [ 23 ] . sabhah and shashar [ 24 ] demonstrated that muscle tissue changes the transmission of partially linearly polarized light passing through zooplankton . we propose here that the sapphirinidae copepod circularly polarizes part of the linearly polarized light , thus contributing to its circularly polarized appearance .\ncircularly polarized light , rare in the animal kingdom , has thus far been documented in only a handful of animals . using a rotating circular polarization ( cp ) analyzer we detected cp in linearly polarized light transmitted through epipelagic free living sapphirina metallina copepods . both left and right handedness of cp was detected , generated from specific organs of the animal ' s body , especially on the dorsal cephalosome and prosome . such cp transmittance may be generated by phase retardance either in the muscle fibers or in the multilayer membrane structure found underneath the cuticle . although the role , if any , played by circularly polarized light in sapphirinidae has yet to be clarified , in other animals it was suggested to take part in mate choice , species recognition , and other forms of communication .\ngenus corina giesbrecht , 1891 accepted as vettoria wilson c . b . , 1924 ( synonym )\ngenus corissa farran , 1936 accepted as vettoria wilson c . b . , 1924 ( synonym )\ngenus edwardsia costa o . g . , 1838 accepted as sapphirina thompson j . , 1829 ( synonym )\ngenus lanowia oliveira , 1945 accepted as saphirella scott t . , 1894 accepted as clausidiidae embleton , 1901 ( synonym )\ngenus pyromma haeckel , 1864 accepted as sapphirina thompson j . , 1829 ( synonym )\ngenus sapphirella bjornberg , 1963 accepted as saphirella scott t . , 1894 accepted as clausidiidae embleton , 1901 ( mis spell of original name )\ngenus sapphiridina haeckel , 1864 accepted as sapphirina thompson j . , 1829 ( synonym )\nboxshall , g . ( 2001 ) . copepoda ( excl . harpacticoida ) , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 252 - 268 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nmartin , j . w . , & davis , g . e . ( 2001 ) . an updated classification of the recent crustacea . science series , 39 . natural history museum of los angeles county . los angeles , ca ( usa ) . 124 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nwalter , chad . the world of copepods . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\ndiscover a faster , simpler path to publishing in a high - quality journal . plos one promises fair , rigorous peer review , broad scope , and wide readership \u2013 a perfect fit for your research every time .\ncopyright : \u00a9 2014 baar et al . this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .\nfunding : israeli science foundation grant # 1081 / 10 to ns and by the halperin and shechter foundations . the funders had no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .\nambient light underwater is partially polarized linearly to varying degrees at different depths [ 1 ] , [ 2 ] , but circular polarization ( cp ) has been observed occurring naturally only near the water surface [ 3 ] , [ 4 ] . among animals , the production of circularly polarized light is rare , yet was documented in the bioluminescence of photuris lucicrescens and p . versicolor firefly larvae , in reflections from beetles of the scarabaeidae family , in panulirus argus lobsters , and in stomatopods ( mantis shrimp ) [ 5 ] \u2013 [ 14 ] .\ncircularly polarized light reflected by helical microfibril layers in the exocuticle of beetles belonging to the scarabaeidae family is usually left handed [ 5 ] \u2013 [ 7 ] , [ 10 ] , [ 12 ] , [ 13 ] . the multilayer structure that is responsible for the circularly polarized light in the scarab beetle plusiotis resplendens can be treated as a three - dimensional diffraction grating . in that sense , while its effect on the polarization state of the light differs , the exocuticle diffracts light much as a multilayer dielectric grating does . indeed , three - dimensional gratings can reflect light that is circularly or elliptically polarized [ 15 ] . in mantis shrimps , cp reflection has been observed in the keel of the male odontodactylus cultrifer and is generated by two optical components . the first , a linear polarizer , is based on the ordered arrangement of dichroic carotenoid astaxanthin molecules . the second component is a quarter - wave retarder , laid at a 45 degree angle to the linear component , which is assumed to comprise oriented calcite crystals [ 9 ] , [ 16 ] . mantis shrimps are also unique in that not only do they present a cp reflection , they can also see cp light [ 8 ] .\nsapphirina copepods , which appear transparent to polarization - insensitive eyes , affected the linear polarization of light that passed through them , in the process partially circularly polarizing it . due to the relative abundance of s . metallina , detailed analyses of cp focused on that species ( fig . 1 ) . figs . 1 . b and 1 . c demonstrate qualitatively that s . metallina has polarization activity with the linearly polarized transmitted light . the animal was rotated between two linear polarizers at 45\u00b0 to each other ( fig . 1 . b ) , and between crossed linear polarizers ( fig . 1 . c ) , until an intensity change was detected . the brightness level at certain locations is about the same in both figs 1 . b and 1 . c and this outcome is a clue that some level of cp exists herein . fig . 1 . d shows the result of the cp detector for depolarized illumination . the circular polarization effect was observed when the incoming light was either linearly polarized ( fig . 2 ) or depolarized ( fig . 1 . d ) .\n: the animal between crossed linear polarizers showing only linearly polarization - active structures . such linear polarization activity can arise from change in orientation of polarization , depolarization , or the creation of cp .\n: circularly polarized light passing through a copepod , according to its left or right handedness . incoming light was depolarized . arrows indicate areas of relatively strong cp , though not more than 30 % ; dark and bright areas indicate right and left cp , respectively . note that most of these areas , such as eye tubes or posterior parts of carapace , do not show up when placed between crossed linear polarizers ( insert c ) suggesting that the process causing the cp under depolarized illumination , is not mere retardance such as by muscle fibers .\ncopepod , when incoming light is linearly polarized , as detected by a cp detector .\na modulation depth of 1 . 0 indicates that all measured light is cp , whereas 0 signifies no cp .\n: each image is for a different orientation of the entrance polarizer , and therefore , of the illuminating beam , in 20\u00b0 steps . the orientation for 0\u00b0 was arbitrarily set . note that cp handedness is not recorded . locations of cp activity correspond with both muscles fibers as illuminated in\n: the modulation depth as a function of the input polarization orientation at six locations on the animal is indicated in the figure inset .\nwhen the light striking the copepods was linearly polarized , the orientation of the polarization strongly affected cp . fig . 2 . a shows maps of the modulation depth of the signals as detected by the cp detector . each image is for a different orientation of incoming light polarization in 20\u00b0 steps . a modulation depth of 1 . 0 indicates that the all measured light was cp , whereas a depth of 0 signifies no cp . the modulation depth as a function of the input polarization angle at six locations on the animal , as indicated on the inset , is depicted in fig . 2 . b . cp levels , which were 30\u201360 % , were maximal from the cephalosome , from the metasome , and in both lateral sides of the copepod ' s soma . the prominent regions are not identical in figs . 1 . d and 2 . a because the effect of cp of the depolarized light is much weaker ( maximum cp value of 30 % ) than the cp created under linearly polarized illumination ( maximum cp value of 60 % ) .\ntem images revealed the structure of the multilayer epidermal membrane ( fig . 3 ) , showing structures that could serve as light retarders . although we are not aware of any direct evidence of birefringence in these layered structures , we do not know of any mechanism other than retardation by birefringence to convert transmitted linear polarization to cp light .\n: frontal section of dorsal integument showing the multilayer membrane structure , a honeycomb arrangement , in which the first stack layer is parallel and some of the other layers are rotated on their sides showing a layered pattern .\nin addition , in many cases the cp was transmitted from locations where muscle fibers affected the linear polarization ( fig . 1 b\u2013d ) , suggesting retardance activity by these muscles .\ncircularly polarized light in nature is currently known to be reflected from the cuticle tissues of marine crustaceans [ 9 ] , [ 11 ] and of terrestrial arthropods [ 6 ] , [ 10 ] , [ 12 ] , [ 13 ] , [ 16 ] .\nin this work we present a case in which the light transmitted through an animals ' body is circularly polarized . the effect was observed , to varying degrees , when the incoming illumination was either linearly polarized or depolarized .\nbased on evidence from the optically active system in the copepods [ 17 ] , which is responsible for their iridescent coloration , we suggest a model for how circular polarization is produced in these copepods . their dorsal integument comprises a multilayered membrane made of 10\u201314 membrane pairs laid parallel to each other and to the cuticular plate . viewed as a single structure , their dorsal integument has a regular hexagonal structure , and the gaps between the membrane layers contain a series of hexagonal platelets . platelet thickness varies from 61\u201383 nm , and its estimated refractive index is 1 . 8 [ 17 ] .\nwe hypothesize that the crystals in each layer of the multilayer hexagonal platelets are birefringent . if the optical path difference between the fast and the slow axes of the crystal is an odd number of quarter - wave lengths , then the multilayer hexagonal platelets are functioning as a quarter - wave retarder . formally , the plate structure should follow the equation 2\u03c0\u00b7\u03b4 n \u00b7 z / \u03bb = ( 2 n + 1 ) \u00b7\u03c0 / 2 , where \u03b4 n is the refractive index difference between the fast and the slow axes of the platelets , z is the overall thickness of the multilayer structure , \u03bb is the average wavelength of the light , and n is an arbitrary positive whole number . hence linearly polarized light ( at a 45\u00b0 angle to the fast and slow axes ) transmitted through the copepods is circularly polarized . note that the graph of the modulation depth of the cp detector signal as a function of the input polarization shows a cycle of \u03c0 / 2 as is expected from a quarter - wave retarder . also note that most of cyclic signals changed together with almost no phase difference between them , an indication that all the crystals of the hexagonal platelets over the entire body of the copepod are oriented in approximately the same direction . however , we also found that the handedness of the circular polarization along the sides of the dorsal view ( points a\u2013d in fig . 2b , inset ) was opposite that in the central regions ( points e\u2013f in fig . 2b , inset ) . this observation may indicate that the cp mechanism in each of these two regions is different . further experimentation is needed to elucidate the retardance properties of the copepods .\nin addition to the current partial understanding of the copepod phase retardance mechanism , the question remains of how non polarized light becomes circularly polarized , even if to a low extent , when passing through the animal ' s body . one possibility is that the incoming light is partially linearly polarized as it is refracted into or within the copepod ( such as by eye tubes ) , especially when the light is arriving from directions that are not orthogonal to the curved body carapace . this partially linearly polarized light can then interact with the platelets to produce cp .\nthe role of circularly polarized light in the scarab beetle is not known [ 5 ] . stomatopods use polarization in species - specific signals related to mating and defense [ 9 ] . it should be emphasized that some species of mantis shrimp , such as odontodactylus cultrifer , can perceive and respond to cp signals , making them the only organisms with a known ability to sense circularly polarized light [ 8 ] , [ 9 ] .\nfor cp light detection , we built a system ( fig . 4 ) based on a cokin\u00ae circular polarizing filter , half of which was covered from the direction of the incoming light by a \u03bb / 2 retarder ( i . e . , circular polarization handedness switching filter ) with an optical path difference of 280 nm . a step motor rotated this apparatus sequentially to four positions at 90\u00b0 intervals . at each position , the specimen was photographed via a zeiss stemi 2000 - c polarization insensitive dissecting scope and a nikon single ccd digital camera . to match the retarder filter ( best fit for wavelengths around 560 nm ) , only the green channel of each image was used in further analysis . this approach resulted in four different pictures ( orientations of the \u03bb / 2 retarder at 90\u00b0 intervals ) of the copepod .\nilluminating light passed first through a depolarizer , and then , if needed , it was linearly polarized . after passing through the specimen , depending on handedness , the light was or was not filtered through a rotating 1 / 2 \u03bb retarder that covered half of the field of view . the circularly polarized light was then linearized by a 1 / 4 \u03bb retarder and an analyzer was used to examine it .\ncircular polarization images were analyzed using a matlab\u2122 code to produce a numerical and visual representation of the differences in the light transmitted through the copepods as the analyzer was rotated . this was done by analyzing the modulation depth of the light signal detected along the rotation of the \u03bb / 2 plate . note that our device is built to detect circularly polarized light , and to verify its reliability , it was tested under laser light ( \u03bb = 543 nm ) in various known polarization states . in addition , the device was tested with a scarab beetle specimen , and a considerable , circularly polarized light signal was detected in the form of a periodic signal , as expected . the modulation depth was defined as ( max\u2212min ) / ( max + min ) , where max and min are the maximum and minimum intensities , respectively .\nthe pictures of the transmitted circularly polarized light include one for each of the four positions of the input \u03bb / 2 plate . captured for the four different positions of the rotating \u03bb / 2 plate , the pictures represent four sampling points along a single cycle of the output signal . for every image pixel in each of the four pictures , the two values with the maximum intensity difference value ( max\u2212min ) were chosen , and the difference between them was calculated . each result was then divided by the sum of all the difference values ( max + min ) to give a value from 0\u20131 . defined as the modulation depth of the output cyclic signal , this value represents the percentage of the transmitted light that was circularly polarized from the total transmitted light .\ncopepods were collected by towing a 200 \u00b5m plankton net , just under the sea surface to depths up to 2 m , in the open waters of the gulf of aqaba , eilat , israel ( following [ 25 ] ) . over 20 sapphirina copepods were collected for cp examination . more than half of them were s . metallina ( dana , 1849 ) , and therefore , all further analysis focused exclusively on them .\nspecimen preparation for transmission electron microscopy followed [ 26 ] in detail . freshly collected specimens were fixated in a 2 . 5 % glutaraldehyde solution in a cacodylate buffer at ph 7 . 4 .\nfixation and dehydration : samples were fixed in the above for 3\u201324 h in the cold . then they were rinsed 3 times for 10 minutes each in the same buffer , post - fixed in 1 % osmium tetroxide in the same buffer for 1 h and dehydrated in a graded ethanol series . during dehydration they were stained en bloc in uranyl acetate in 70 % ethanol .\nembedding : samples were embedded in araldite resin . embedding was gradual , using two 5 - min rinses in epoxy propane ( propylene oxide ) and then an hour each in increasing amounts of araldite in epoxy propane ( 33 % , 50 % , 100 % ) . blocks were polymerized at 60\u00b0 in an oven for 24 h .\nsectioning : sections of various thicknesses ( 50\u201380 nm ) were cut using a leica ultracut uct ultra microtome ( leica microsystems , nussloch , germany ) and picked up on 75 - or 100 - mesh copper or nickel grids coated with formvar and carbon . the sections were contrasted with uranyl acetate and lead citrate .\ntransmission electron microscopy : sections were observed in a jeol jem - 1230 tem ( jeol ltd , tokyo , japan ) operated at 120 kv . digital images were collected with a gatan model 830 orius sc200 ccd camera using gatan ' s digital micrograph ( dm ) software .\nwe thank steven maccusker for technical support , rina jeger for assistance with tem analysis , viviana ( bracha ) farstey and dvir gur for assistance in species identification and animal related consultation , nishida shuhei for his advice and insights , and the comments of michael land and 2 anonymous reviewers that greatly improved this manuscript .\nconceived and designed the experiments : yb jr ns . performed the experiments : yb jr ns . analyzed the data : yb jr ns . contributed reagents / materials / analysis tools : yb jr ns . wrote the paper : yb jr ns .\nsabbah s , lerner a , erlick c , shashar n ( 2005 ) under water polarization vision - a physical examination . in : recent res . devel . experimental & theoretical biol . pandalai sg , editor . 1 : 123\u2013176 .\nshashar n , johnsen s , lerner a , sabbah s , chiao cc , et al . ( 2011 ) underwater linear polarization : physical limitations to biological functions . phil trans r soc b 366 : 649\u2013654 .\nivanoff a , waterman th ( 1958 ) elliptical polarization of submarine illumination . j mar res 16 : 255\u2013282 .\nshapiro db , hunt aj , quinby - hunt ms , hull pg ( 1991 ) circular polarization effects in the light scattering from single and suspension of dinoflagellates . underwater imaging , photography , and visibility . proc of spie 1537 : 30\u201341 .\nblaho m , egri a , hegedues r , josvai j , toth m , et al . ( 2012 ) no evidence for behavioral responses to circularly polarized light in four scarab beetle species with circularly polarizing exocuticle . physiol & behav 105 : 1067\u20131075 .\nneville ac , caveney s ( 1969 ) scarabaeid beetle exocuticle as an optical analogue of cholesteric liquid crystals . biol rev 44 : 531\u2013562 .\nchiou th , kleinlogel s , cronin t , caldwell r , loeffler b , et al . ( 2008 ) circular polarization vision in a stomatopod crustacean . curr biol 18 : 429\u2013434 .\ncronin tw , chiou th , caldwell rl , roberts n , marshall j ( 2009 ) polarization signals in mantis shrimps . proc of spie 7461 74610c 1\u20135 .\ngoldstein dh ( 2006 ) polarization properties of scarabaeidae . appl opt 45 : 7944\u20137950 .\nneville ac , luke bm ( 1971 ) form optical activity in crustacean . j insect physiol 17 : 519\u2013526 .\nseago ae , brady p , vigneron jp , schultz td ( 2009 ) gold bugs and beyond : a review of iridescence and structural colour mechanisms in beetles ( coleoptera ) . j r soc interface 6 : s165\u2013s184 .\nsharma v , crne m , park jo , srinivasarao m ( 2009 ) structural origin of circularly polarized iridescence in jeweled beetles . science . 325 : 449\u2013451 .\nwynberg h , meijer ew , hummelen jc , dekkers hpjm , schippers ph , et al . ( 1980 ) circular polarization observed in bioluminescence . nature 286 : 641\u2013642 .\nparker ar ( 2000 ) 515 million years of structural colour . j opt a : pure and appl opt 2 : r15\u2013r28 .\nchiou th , place ar , caldwell rl , marshall nj , cronin tw ( 2012 ) a novel function for a carotenoid : astaxanthin used as a polarizer for visual signalling in a mantis shrimp . j exp biol 215 : 584\u2013589 .\n( copepoda : poecilostomatoida ) . j mar biol ass u . k . 84 : 727\u2013731 .\nvaissiere r ( 1961 ) morphologie et histologie comparees des yeux des crustaces copepodes . arch zool exp gen 100 : 1\u2013125 .\nengel ag , franzini - armstrong c ( 1994 ) myology new york : mcgraw - hill .\ntran pt , inoue s , salmon ed , oldenbourg r ( 1994 ) muscle fine structure and microtubule birefringence measured with a new pol - scope . biol bull 187 : 244\u2013245 .\njarry g , henry f , kaiser r ( 2000 ) anisotropy and multiple scattering in thick mammalian tissues . j opt soc am a 17 : 149\u2013153 .\nsabbah s , shashar n ( 2006 ) polarization contrast of zooplankton : a model for polarization - based sighting distance . vision res 46 : 444\u2013456 .\nhubble ks , kirby rr ( 2007 ) transmission electron microscopy of marine crustacean eggs . crustaceana 80 : 739\u2013745 .\ndo these subject areas make sense for this article ? click the target next to the incorrect subject area and let us know . thanks for your help !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe nauplius eye is elaborate , with large paired cuticular lenses on the frontal margin of the cephalosome ; these lenses are secondarily lost in male copilia . the antennule is typically 5 - segmented and is non - geniculate in the male . the antenna is uniramous and 4 - segmented , terminating in a small claw . the mandible consists of a broad segment drawn out into a tapering , dentate blade . the maxillule is a single lobe with 4 setae . the maxilliped is 3 - segmented in females , 3 or 4 - segmented in the male , and terminates in a claw .\nswimming legs 1 to 4 are biramous with 3 - segmented rami , except for the endopod of leg 4 which is often reduced to 2 or just 1 segments . the fifth leg lacks a free segment and is represented by small papilla armed with 2 setae and 1 spine . egg sacs paired , multiseriate .\nand copilia species are large members of the epipelagic planktonic community , primarily in tropical and subtropical oceans . their bodies are flattened to slow the rate of sinking and they have adopted transparency as a cryptic strategy . some sapphirina are iridescent and contain reflective platelets of guanine in their integument ( chae , kita - tsukamoto , nishida & ohwada , 1996 ) . sapphirina feeds on salps ( heron , 1973 ) and possibly other gelatinous zooplankton . the males of copilia have reduced mouthparts , have lost their cuticular lenses and probably do not feed as adults . marked reverse diel migrations have been reported in some species of sapphirina from the upper epipelagic zone .\nwith 1 large terminal toothed element usually with 1 - 2 small setae at its base .\nsorry , there are no images or audio / video clips available for this taxon .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmclaughlin et al . 2005 . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : crustaceans . american fisheries society special publication 31\nbradford - grieve , j . m . , e . l . markhaseva , carlos rocha , and bernardo abiahy / d . boltovskoy , ed .\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nmaggie whitson marked\nfile : haeckel copepoda . jpg\nas trusted on the\nsapphirina darwinii\npage .\nmaggie whitson marked\nfile : ptrs168 0625 . png\nas trusted on the\nsapphirina danae\npage .\nmaggie whitson added an association between\nimage of baconia sapphirina and baconia\nand\nbaconia lewis 1885\n.\nmaggie whitson marked\nimage of sapphirina and sapphirina\nas trusted on the\nsapphirina\npage .\nmaggie whitson marked\nimage of sapphirina and sapphirina\nas trusted on the\nsapphirina j . thompson , 1830\npage .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nthis is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are properly credited .\ncopepods , which appear transparent to polarization - insensitive eyes , affected the linear polarization of light that passed through them , in the process partially circularly polarizing it . due to the relative abundance of\nhas polarization activity with the linearly polarized transmitted light . the animal was rotated between two linear polarizers at 45\u00b0 to each other (\n) , until an intensity change was detected . the brightness level at certain locations is about the same in both\nshows the result of the cp detector for depolarized illumination . the circular polarization effect was observed when the incoming light was either linearly polarized (\nwhen the light striking the copepods was linearly polarized , the orientation of the polarization strongly affected cp .\nshows maps of the modulation depth of the signals as detected by the cp detector . each image is for a different orientation of incoming light polarization in 20\u00b0 steps . a modulation depth of 1 . 0 indicates that the all measured light was cp , whereas a depth of 0 signifies no cp . the modulation depth as a function of the input polarization angle at six locations on the animal , as indicated on the inset , is depicted in\n. cp levels , which were 30\u201360 % , were maximal from the cephalosome , from the metasome , and in both lateral sides of the copepod ' s soma . the prominent regions are not identical in\nbecause the effect of cp of the depolarized light is much weaker ( maximum cp value of 30 % ) than the cp created under linearly polarized illumination ( maximum cp value of 60 % ) .\n) , showing structures that could serve as light retarders . although we are not aware of any direct evidence of birefringence in these layered structures , we do not know of any mechanism other than retardation by birefringence to convert transmitted linear polarization to cp light .\nwe hypothesize that the crystals in each layer of the multilayer hexagonal platelets are birefringent . if the optical path difference between the fast and the slow axes of the crystal is an odd number of quarter - wave lengths , then the multilayer hexagonal platelets are functioning as a quarter - wave retarder . formally , the plate structure should follow the equation 2\u03c0\u00b7\u03b4\nis an arbitrary positive whole number . hence linearly polarized light ( at a 45\u00b0 angle to the fast and slow axes ) transmitted through the copepods is circularly polarized . note that the graph of the modulation depth of the cp detector signal as a function of the input polarization shows a cycle of \u03c0 / 2 as is expected from a quarter - wave retarder . also note that most of cyclic signals changed together with almost no phase difference between them , an indication that all the crystals of the hexagonal platelets over the entire body of the copepod are oriented in approximately the same direction . however , we also found that the handedness of the circular polarization along the sides of the dorsal view ( points a\u2013d in\n, inset ) . this observation may indicate that the cp mechanism in each of these two regions is different . further experimentation is needed to elucidate the retardance properties of the copepods .\n) based on a cokin\u00ae circular polarizing filter , half of which was covered from the direction of the incoming light by a \u03bb / 2 retarder ( i . e . , circular polarization handedness switching filter ) with an optical path difference of 280 nm . a step motor rotated this apparatus sequentially to four positions at 90\u00b0 intervals . at each position , the specimen was photographed via a zeiss stemi 2000 - c polarization insensitive dissecting scope and a nikon single ccd digital camera . to match the retarder filter ( best fit for wavelengths around 560 nm ) , only the green channel of each image was used in further analysis . this approach resulted in four different pictures ( orientations of the \u03bb / 2 retarder at 90\u00b0 intervals ) of the copepod .\nisraeli science foundation grant # 1081 / 10 to ns and by the halperin and shechter foundations . the funders had no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .\nshashar n , johnsen s , lerner a , sabbah s , chiao cc , et al . ( 2011 )\ncircular polarization effects in the light scattering from single and suspension of dinoflagellates . underwater imaging , photography , and visibility\nblaho m , egri a , hegedues r , josvai j , toth m , et al . ( 2012 )\nchiou th , kleinlogel s , cronin t , caldwell r , loeffler b , et al . ( 2008 )\nwynberg h , meijer ew , hummelen jc , dekkers hpjm , schippers ph , et al . ( 1980 )"]}
{"id": 697, "summary": [{"text": "the eastern cherry fruit fly , rhagoletis cingulata ( loew ) , is a species of tephritid or fruit flies in the genus rhagoletis of the family tephritidae . ", "topic": 28}], "title": "rhagoletis cingulata", "paragraphs": ["the western cherry fruit fly , rhagoletis indifferens curran , once considered a subspecies of rhagoletis cingulata , occurs in the western united states from idaho and washington southward into california .\nfigure 2 . adult female cherry fruit fly , rhagoletis cingulata ( loew ) . graphic by division of plant industry .\ncherry fruit fly , mouche des cerises , prunus spp . , quarantine pest , regulated non - quarantine pest , rhagoletis cingulata complex\nrhagoletis cingulata attacks both sweet and sour cherries while rhagoletis fausta primarily attacks the sour cherries . because both species are native to the united states , their original food must have been the wild species of cherry .\nrhagoletis cingulata also has been reared from plum ( prunus spp . ) , fringe tree ( chionanthus virginica l . ) and wild olive ( osmanthus americanus ( l . ) gray ) .\nfigure 1 . reported distribution of the cherry fruit fly , rhagoletis cingulata ( loew ) , in florida . figure by g . j . steck and b . d . sutton , division of plant industry .\nlyon mw . larvae of the cherry fruit fly , rhagoletis cingulata , as a pseudoparasite . jama . 1925 ; 84 ( 14 ) : 1041 . doi : 10 . 1001 / jama . 1925 . 26620400004013d\npelz - stelinski ks , gut lj , stelinski ll , liburd oe , isaccs r . 2005 . captures of rhagoletis mendax and r . cingulata ( diptera : tephritidae ) on sticky traps are influenced by adjacent host fruit and fruit juice concentrates . environmental entomology 34 : 1013 - 1018 .\nthese two species closely resemble a third pest species , the apple maggot , rhagoletis pomonella ( walsh ) . the adults of all three species have banded wings .\nr . cingulata is an important pest of cherries in eastern north america . in europe , where it is found in cherry growing regions , it attacks late cherry varities , often tart cherries .\nthe black cherry fruit fly , rhagoletis fausta ( osten sacken ) , the third species in this complex , occurs across southern canada southward to new york in the east and to california along the west coast .\nhtml public\n- / / softquad software / / dtd hotmetal pro 6 . 0 : : 19990601 : : extensions to html 4 . 0 / / en\nhmpro6 . dtd\nno scientific name , common name or tsn was entered in the search text box . please enter a value into the empty text box .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthese flies are 4\u20135 mm long , just a little smaller than a house fly , and generally black with yellow margins on the thorax . the scutellum is white , the tibiae and tarsi are yellowish , and there are transverse and oblique blackish markings on the wings . the eastern cherry fruit fly has four white crossbands on the abdomen , which are not found on the black cherry fruit fly . the blackish bands on the wings of the black cherry fruit fly are more pronounced .\nthe maggots found in the fruit are yellowish white , up to 1 / 4 inch long and\u2014typical of fly larvae\u2014are pointed at the head end . key characters for the separation of the larval stage from related species are given by phillips ( 1946 ) .\na weevil , the plum curculio , conotrachelus nenuphar ( herbst ) is the most serious pest of cherries and plums , and its larvae may be mistaken for those of the fruit flies . however , plum curculio larvae have heavy chewing mandibles and a bluntly rounded head which readily distinguish them from fruit fly larvae which have sharp - pointed , downward - curved mouth hooks and a sharply pointed head .\nadults emerge from the ground during the spring when cherries are about half grown and feed for a few days on materials on the surface of the leaves and fruit before laying eggs . this is the most vulnerable stage in the fruit fly life cycle and the best time for control . each female may deposit 300 to 400 eggs . only one larva matures in a fruit , although more than one egg may be deposited in a single fruit . after oviposition the eggs hatch in five to eight days , and the young larvae tunnel directly to the surface of the cherry seed . they pass through three instars at an average of 11 days at 77\u00b0f .\nby the time the cherries are ripe , the larvae mature , drop to the ground , and burrow into the soil to a depth of one to three inches where they pupate and eventually overwinter . at first , infested cherries do not fall from the tree and may develop sunken areas . by harvest time as many as 75 % of the cherries may be infested . larvae are likely to be in the fruits of early varieties when harvested , and may pass undetected and be distributed around the country . a few flies emerge in august and september as a second generation , but about 99 % require a year to complete a life cycle .\ndavidson rh , peairs lm . 1966 . insect pests of farm , garden , and orchard . john wiley & sons , inc . , new york . 675 pp .\nphillips vt . 1946 . the biology and identification of trypetid larvae ( diptera : trypetidae ) . memoirs of the american entomological society 12 : 161 .\ngarman p , et al . 1956 . plant pest handbook . connecticut agricultural experiment station bulletin 600 : 1 - 194 .\nglasgow h . 1933 . the host relations of our cherry fruit flies . journal of economic entomology 26 : 431 - 438 .\nmetcalf cl , flint wp , metcalf rl . 1962 . destructive and useful insects , their habits and control . mcgraw - hill book co . , inc . , new york . 1087 pp .\npelz - stelinski ks , gut lj , isaccs r . 2006 . vertical position of traps influences captures of eastern cherry fruit fly ( diptera : tephritidae ) . florida entomologist 89 : 80 - 82 .\nquayle hj . 1941 . insects of citrus and other subtropical fruits . comstock publishing co . , inc . , ithaca , new york . 583 pp .\nstone alan , et al . 1965 . a catalogue of the diptera of america north of mexico . usda agricultural handbook no . 276 . 1696 pp .\nwhite im , elson - harris mm . 1994 . fruit flies of economic significance : their identification and bionomics . cab international . oxon , uk . 601 pp .\nauthor : h . v . weems , jr . ( retired ) , florida department of agriculture and consumer services , division of plant industry .\npublication date : march 2001 . latest revision : january 2012 . reviewed april 2018 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\nfrom michigan to new hampshire , southward to florida , over the entire middle and eastern region of the united states and in southeastern and south central canada .\nthe fruits of rosaceae ( prunus serotina ( primary native host ) and 6 other spp . )\nadults emerge from the ground when cherries are half grown , feed on moisture on leaves and fruits at first . lay eggs , up to 400 eggs . larvae hatch in five to eight days and tunnel directly to the surface of the cherry seed . they pass through three instars at an average of 11 days at 77\u00b0f .\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nyour browser doesn ' t support javascript or you have disabled javascript . please enable javascript , then refresh this page . javascript is required on this site .\neuropean union funding : for a one - year period ( 2017 - 12 - 16 to 2018 - 12 - 15 ) , eppo has been awarded an eu grant for the further development of the eppo code system ( agreement nb : sante / 2017 / gs / eppo / s12 . 768842 ) . the eu commission is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information from this project subsequently included in the eppo global database .\nlike most websites we use cookies . this is to ensure that we give you the best experience possible .\ncontinuing to use urltoken means you agree to our use of cookies . if you would like to , you can learn more about the cookies we use .\nattacked fruit will be pitted by oviposition punctures , around which some discoloration usually occurs . infested fruits appear normal until the maggot is nearly full - grown , at which time sunken spots appear . maggots and their frass inside the cherry render the fruit unsalable . infested fruits are more susceptible to fungi . the third larval instar forms one to three holes ( about 1 mm in diameter ) through the skin of the cherry , before it leaves it for pupation in the soil ( frick et al . , 1954 ) .\nupon detection , fallen and infected fruit should be removed and destroyed . this aspect is very important , but normally rarely executed as it costs time and money .\nas a new and environmentally friendly measure , progress has been made with bait sprays ( food bait mixed with low quantities of insecticides ) containing spinosad as an insecticide ( e . g . yee and chapmann , 2005 ; pelz - stelinski et al . , 2006b ; yee and alston , 2006 ; k\u00f6ppler et al . , 2008 ) . bait sprays can be applied as spot treatments on the trees . in comparison with cover sprays , the amount of insecticide used is drastically reduced with bait sprays . constraints in their effectiveness are high population densities and rainfall , because bait sprays up to now are not rainfast . furthermore , infestation sources , i . e . untreated host trees , should not be in the vicinity in order to avoid immigration of fertile females .\nrichard baker , claude bragard , thierry candresse , gianni gilioli , jean - claude gr\u00e9goire , imre holb , michael john jeger , olia evtimova karadjova , christer magnusson , david makowski , charles manceau , maria navajas , trond rafoss , vittorio rossi , jan schans , gritta schrader , gregor urek , irene vloutoglou , wopke van der werf and stephan winter .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nbosik , joseph j . , chairman , et al . ( committee on common names of insects )\nnorrbom , a . l . , l . e . carroll , f . c . thompson , i . m . white and a . freidberg / f . c . thompson , ed .\nfruit fly expert identification system and systematic information database . myia , vol . 9\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nthis article is only available in the pdf format . download the pdf to view the article , as well as its associated figures and tables .\nthe case of pseudoparasitism here recorded occurred in a boy , aged 22 months . the child is normal in every way . his mother is intelligent , very attentive to him , and carefully supervises his eating ; at least , that is her intention . about aug . 1 , 1924 , she noticed worms in the child ' s stool and consulted dr . milo k . miller of this city . the rather scant stool in which the worms were found was submitted to me for examination . i removed from it six fly larvae , one cherry pip , and a small red bead . three of the larvae were well preserved , but appeared dead . the other three showed the effects of their passage through the human alimentary canal . the larvae were submitted to the bureau of entomology of the united states department of agriculture for identification . mr . f . c . bishop of that bureau reported that they had been identified by mr . c . t . green\ncustomize your jama network experience by selecting one or more topics from the list below .\nour website uses cookies to enhance your experience . by continuing to use our site , or clicking\ncontinue ,\nyou are agreeing to our\ncaught near the village lahonci , desnjak and savci ( eastern part of slovenia ) and radmozanci , close to the slovene - hungarian border ."]}
{"id": 699, "summary": [{"text": "the hoplias aimara , also known as anjumara , manjuma , anjoemara and wolf fish , is a species of freshwater fish found in the rivers of south america . ", "topic": 6}], "title": "hoplias aimara", "paragraphs": ["the hoplias aimara taxonomy paper pdf download site is found right above the video .\nthe most formidable hoplias exported is the king of wolffish : the aimara , or trair\u00e3o ( hoplias aimara and / or h . macrophthalmus ) . juveniles and young adults sport a small black spot behind the gill cover .\nfirst data on the parasites of hoplias aimara ( characiformes ) : description of two new species of gill monogeneans ( dactylogyridae ) .\ntotal weight ( wt ) , standard length ( lp ) and sex of the specimens of hoplias aimara shown in figure 1 .\nspecimens of hoplias aimara examined fresh with their anal fins ( lines indicating the format ) and gonads ( indicated by arrows ) .\nthe newest member of hoplias is also the second most imported species . it was known as hoplias sp . black for many years and described as hoplias curupira in 2009 .\nhoplias aimara is a species of large size and low population density , characteristics that difficult their collection , transportation and storage of specimens in collections .\nfirst data on the parasites of hoplias aimara ( characiformes ) : description of two new species of gill monogeneans ( dactylogyridae ) . - pubmed - ncbi\nvideo of my aimara eating a 10\nmackerel and the armatus eating a 7\none .\nadditional info : although originally described in 1847 by valenciennes , a further description was carried out in 1907 by pellegrin and named hoplias macrophthalmus . further studies were carried out and proved this to be the same species . as hoplias aimara was used first that name takes precedence and the name hoplias macrophthalmus is now defunct .\nmala and aimara are night and day . from what i have seen , aimara needs to be w / lots of mid / upper level swimmers to coexist . its a huge risk as aimara are known to attack nets ( just an example of aggression ) . . . but its getting it to work is where the prize lays\ni can ' t truly say with aimara but i have a curupira with my bass and it works out .\nthe wolffish family has something for everyone : hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus , the smallest , will reach just over 20cm / 8\u201d , while the largest ( hoplias aimara ) will reach 130cm / 51\u201d and more than 30kg / 66lb .\nmattox , g . m . t . , m . toledo - piza & o . t . oyakawa . 2006 . taxonomic study of hoplias aimara ( valenciennes , 1846 ) and hoplias macrophthalmus ( pellegrin , 1907 ) ( ostariophysi , characiformes , erythrinidae ) . copeia , 2006 : 516 - 528 . [ links ]\nthe knowledge of the sex of individuals is important to conserve exploited fish species , as is the case of hoplias aimara , once , knowing their reproductive period , females can be avoided by fishing for the maintenance of fish stocks .\nmoreira j , scholz t , luque jl . first data on the parasites of hoplias aimara ( characiformes ) : description of two new species of gill monogeneans ( dactylogyridae ) . acta parasitol . 2015 ; 60 : 254 - 60\nhoplias microlepis , usnm 293250 , 176 . 2 mm sl , pirre river , tuira , panama .\nthe sub - family consists of three genera , totalling 16 species . the largest group is the genus hoplias with 11 species and we assume that h . aimara and macrophthalmus are separate species , although h . macrophthalmus may be a synonym .\nkaryotypes of hoplias lacerdae and hoplias aimara arranged from giemsa - stained ( a , f ) and c - banded ( b , g ) chromosomes . sequentially dapi - ( c , h ) and cma3 - ( d , i ) stained metaphase chromosomes of both species documenting the gc - rich positive heterochromatic blocks ( arrowed ) . images from h . lacerdae and h . aimara are represented in ( e ) and ( j ) , respectively . bar = 5 \u03bcm bar = 5 \u03bcm\npiranhas are pussycats ! the hoplias of south america are the predators to really fear , says oliver lucanus .\nhoplias aimara shows sexual dimorphism in the morphology of the anal fin in both fresh and fixed specimens . this information adds important data about this species , since this characteristic is visible even in fixed fishes and this process does not cause stiffening of the fins .\nmy point of view like fisher and keeping fish for 9 years is that an aimara smaller or same size of the p . bass will happen nothing .\ndurrieu , g . , maury - brachet , r . and boudou , a . ( 2005 ) goldmining and mercury contamination of the piscivorous fish hoplias aimara in french guiana ( amazon basin ) . ecotoxicology and environmental safety 60 ( 3 ) : 315 - 323 . urltoken\naimara have large and fearsome mouths and will attempt to swallow any other fish in the aquarium , including large loricariids , which their powerful jaws can break apart .\nmoreira j , scholz t , luque jl . first data on the parasites of hoplias aimara ( characiformes ) : description of two new species of gill monogeneans ( dactylogyridae ) . acta parasitol 2015 ; 60 ( 2 ) : 254 - 60 urltoken accessed july 9 , 2018 .\nmattox , g . m . t . , m . toledo - piza and o . t . oyakawa ( 2006 ) taxonomic study of < i > hoplias aimara < / i > ( valenciennes , 1846 ) and < i > hoplias macrophthalmus < / i > ( pellegrin , 1907 ) ( ostariophysi , characiformes , erythrinidae ) . : copeia 2006 ( 3 ) : 516 - 528 .\nmoreira j & scholz t & luque jl . ( 2015 ) . first data on the parasites of hoplias aimara ( characiformes ) : description of two new species of gill monogeneans ( dactylogyridae ) . acta parasitologica , 60 , pp . 254 - 60 . doi : 10 . 1515 / ap - 2015 - 0036\npreferred diet : aimara are not fussy eaters and will except most meaty foods , shrimps , crabs , crayfish , and fish meats are all accepted and variety will help ensure good health .\nno problem once they don ' t fit in each other mouth . . . here in brazil aimara and p . bass live in the same river , lake or dam ! ; d\nmoreira j , scholz t , luque jl :\nfirst data on the parasites of hoplias aimara ( characiformes ) : description of two new species of gill monogeneans ( dactylogyridae ) .\nacta parasitologica , vol . 60 , no . 2 , 2015 , pp . 254 - 60 , urltoken accessed july 9 , 2018 .\nnew and previously described species of urocleidoides ( monogenoidea : dactylogyridae ) infecting the gills and nasal cavities of hoplias malabaricus ( characiformes : erythrinidae ) from brazil .\nmolecular characterization of urocleidoides cuiabai and u . malabaricusi ( monogenea : dactylogyridae ) from the trahira fish hoplias aff . malabaricus in the paran\u00e1 river , brazil .\nhoplias microlepis ( lectotype of macrodon microlepis ) , bmnh 1864 . 1 . 26 . 221 , 269 . 7 mm sl , chagres river , panama .\nhoplias aimara chromosomes showing the 18s rdna ( red ) and 5s rdna ( green ) sites , the ag - nor bearing chromosome pair , and the distribution of ( caa ) 10 , ( ga ) 15 and ( ca ) 15 microsatellites . most conspicuous ( caa ) 10 sites in the long arms of a submetacentric chromosome pair are indicated by arrows . bar = 5 \u03bcm\ntherefore , this study aimed to complete cytogenetic data for another rather neglected hoplias species using conventional and molecular cytogenetic methods . it was aimed to ( 1 ) enhance the knowledge of the karyotype structure of these species ( 2 ) investigate the chromosomal relationships among them and ( 3 ) highlight the contrasting evolutionary pathways inside hoplias genus .\nknown common or trade names : giant trahiras , giant wolf fish , usually called \u2018aimara\u2019 it is important to understand that common names can be applied to many individual species and does not guarantee the correct identification of the fish in question .\nunlike erythrinus and hoplias these wolffish hunt in roving packs , cornering groups of smaller fish , especially characins , or chasing crustaceans and insects in the substrate or along the surface .\ndistribution and environment : across most of the northern parts of south america , brazil , columbia , venezuala , guyana , french guiana and suriname . including rio tocantins , rio xingu , rio tapajos , rio jar , and rio trombetas , in coastal drainages of the guyanas , suriname , and state of amapa , brazil . hoplias aimara live in differing habitats including large rivers , rapids , waterfalls and flooded forest floor environments .\ngill , t . 1903 . a new name ( hoplias ) for the genus macrodon . proceedings of the biological society of washington , 16 : 49 - 52 . [ links ]\nhoplias aimara ( valenciennes , 1847 ) : le bail et al . ( 2012 ) [ statut pour la guyane fran\u00e7aise ] le bail , p . - y . , covain , r . , jegu , m . , fisch - muller , s . , vigouroux , r . & keith , p . 2012 . updated checklist of the freshwater and estuarine fishes of french guiana . cybium , 36 ( 1 ) : 293 - 319 .\nsize : the largest hoplias species with the largest captured record at 120cm . the largest rod and reel record being 101cm . they will easily reach 50cm + in aquaria and often much more .\nmost interesting are hoplias . usually only three species are exported for the hobby and most common is h . malabaricus , being widespread in both the amazon and orinoco lowlands and exported frequently from peru .\nhoplias malabaricus are lazy , moving only when food is added to their environment . juveniles will eat virtually any frozen or live food , but do well with frozen mysis , smelt or cocktail shrimp .\nminor injuries sustained in territorial fights usually heal quickly . large wild hoplias are often caught with severe injuries , missing eyes , deformed jaws and amputated pectoral or ventral fins , but seem otherwise normal .\ngill ( 1903 ) proposed a new name , hoplias , to include all erythrinids previously classified in macrodon , since the latter genus was preoccupied in the sciaenidae . starks ( 1906 ) was the first author to use the new combination for hoplias microlepis , an act followed by subsequent auhors ( e . g . , regan , 1908 , meek & hildebrand , 1916 , eigenmann , 1921 ) .\ntherefore , a general chromosomal conservatism found in the four hoplias species analyzed contrasts with the extensive karyotype diversity that has been observed in other erythrinidae species , notably in the congeneric species h . malabaricus .\nblanco , d . r . , r . l . lui , m . r . vicari , l . a . c . bertollo & o . moreira - filho . 2011 . comparative cytogenetics of giant trahiras hoplias aimara and h . intermedius ( characiformes , erythrinidae ) : chromosomal characteristics of minor and major ribosomal dna and cross - species repetitive centromeric sequences mapping differ among morphologically identical karyotypes . cytogenetic and genome research , 132 : 71 - 78 . [ links ]\nhowever , south america is home to another group of fish that are far more voracious and much more aggressive . this is the family of the amazon wolffishes and they have many names , including trair\u00e3o ( sp . \u2019trai - ron\u2019 ) , aimara , guabina and fasaco .\nnevertheless this species is best kept by experts who can handle the long - term requirements of these big fish . unlike other wolffish h . aimara prefers fast moving water and can be more sensitive in bad water conditions . in low oxygen environment they become very intolerant of each other .\nhoplias curupira are more aggressive , both to each other and towards the keeper . it\u2019s is not unusual to find one approaching the front glass with flaring gills or viciously attacking any object used to trap them .\nmorphometric data of hoplias microlepis . standard length in mm ; values 1 - 14 are percentages of the standard length and values 15 - 22 are percentages of head length . n = number of examined specimens , sd = standard deviation .\nroberts , t . 1969 . osteology and relationships of characoid fishes , particularly the genera hepsetus , salminus , hoplias , ctenolucius , and acestrorhynchus . proceedings of the california academy of sciences , 35 : 391 - 500 . [ links ]\nkaryotypes of hoplias intermedius and hoplias brasiliensis arranged from giemsa - stained ( a , f ) and c - banded ( b , g ) chromosomes . sequentially dapi - ( c , h ) and cma3 - ( d , i ) stained metaphase chromosomes of both species documenting the gc - rich positive heterochromatic blocks ( arrowed ) . images from h . intermedius and h . brasiliensis are represented in ( e ) and ( j ) , respectively . bar = 5 \u03bcm\nos peixes podem exibir dimorfismo sexual conforme suas estrat\u00e9gias reprodutivas . em algumas esp\u00e9cies essa diferencia\u00e7\u00e3o j\u00e1 \u00e9 bem conhecida , no entanto , novos estudos t\u00eam aumentado o n\u00famero de esp\u00e9cies que n\u00e3o precisam de dissec\u00e7\u00e3o dos indiv\u00edduos para o reconhecimento do seu sexo . a esp\u00e9cie hoplias aimara , apesar de muito bem estudada ainda n\u00e3o apresentava registro da presen\u00e7a de caracteres sexuais secund\u00e1rios externos . o conhecimento tradicional de ribeirinhos indicou a possibilidade da exist\u00eancia de dimorfismo sexual para esta esp\u00e9cie que foi estudada em duas unidades de conserva\u00e7\u00e3o no estado do amap\u00e1 , a reserva de desenvolvimento sustent\u00e1vel do rio iratapuru e o parque nacional montanhas do tumucumaque . os indiv\u00edduos capturados , ainda frescos , tiveram sua nadadeira anal examinada e seu sexo confirmado atrav\u00e9s de sua dissec\u00e7\u00e3o . indiv\u00edduos fixados tamb\u00e9m passaram pelo mesmo procedimento . atrav\u00e9s do formato da nadadeira anal , seja em indiv\u00edduos frescos ou fixados , foi poss\u00edvel inferir o sexo de cada indiv\u00edduo , que foi confirmado atrav\u00e9s de sua dissec\u00e7\u00e3o . a esp\u00e9cie hoplias aimara apresenta dimorfismo sexual manifestado na morfologia de sua nadadeira anal . indiv\u00edduos depositados em cole\u00e7\u00f5es podem ter seu sexo observado sem sua dissec\u00e7\u00e3o , acrescentado informa\u00e7\u00f5es importantes \u00e0 biologia dos esp\u00e9cimes .\no grupo de esp\u00e9cies hoplias malabaricus representa um dos problemas taxon\u00f4micos mais complexos na sistem\u00e1tica de peixes neotropicais , com ampla distribui\u00e7\u00e3o em quase todas as bacias da am\u00e9rica do sul e parte da am\u00e9rica central e grande varia\u00e7\u00e3o ou sobreposi\u00e7\u00e3o de prov\u00e1veis caracteres diagn\u00f3sticos . o grande n\u00famero de esp\u00e9cies nominais , muitas delas sem material - tipo conhecido , \u00e9 um fator complicador nessa quest\u00e3o . atualmente , pelo menos tr\u00eas esp\u00e9cies nominais podem ser inclu\u00eddas no grupo de esp\u00e9cies hoplias malabaricus , com base no formato das margens mediais dos dent\u00e1rios e presen\u00e7a de dentes na l\u00edngua : hoplias malabaricus , h . teres e h . microlepis , a \u00faltima sendo a \u00fanica esp\u00e9cie exclusivamente trans - andina do g\u00eanero conhecida at\u00e9 o momento . apresentamos aqui um estudo taxon\u00f4mico de hoplias microlepis , com exame dos s\u00edntipos e exemplares coletados mais recentemente , incluindo uma redescri\u00e7\u00e3o da esp\u00e9cie . hoplias microlepis distribui - se nas bacias da costa pac\u00edfica do panam\u00e1 e sudoeste da costa rica , al\u00e9m da bacia do r\u00edo guayas no equador e regi\u00e3o pr\u00f3xima \u00e0 sua foz ( r\u00edo tumbes , noroeste do peru ) . registros da esp\u00e9cie na costa atl\u00e2ntica do panam\u00e1 s\u00e3o restritos \u00e0 zona do canal , sugerindo dispers\u00e3o atrav\u00e9s do canal do panam\u00e1 . s\u00e3o designados tamb\u00e9m lect\u00f3tipo e paralect\u00f3tipos .\nborn , g . g . & l . a . c . bertollo . 2001 . comparative cytogenetics among allopatric populations of the fish hoplias malabaricus . cytotypes with 2n = 42 chromosomes . genetica , 110 : 1 - 9 . [ links ]\nborn , g . g . & l . a . c . bertollo . 2006 . a new sympatric region for distinct karyotypic forms of hoplias malabaricus ( pisces , erythrinidae ) . brazilian journal of biology , 66 : 205 - 210 . [ links ]\nazevedo , p . , gomes , al . , 1943 . contribui\u00e7\u00e3o ao estudo da biologia da tra\u00edra hoplias malabaricus ( bloch , 1974 ) . boletim da ind\u00fastria animal , vol . 5 , no . 4 , p . 15 - 64 . [ links ]\nhoplias lacerdae chromosomes showing the 18s rdna ( red ) and 5s rdna ( green ) sites , the ag - nor bearing chromosome pair and the distribution of ( caa ) 10 , ( ga ) 15 and ( ca ) 15 microsatellites . bar = 5 \u03bcm\nin the aquarium h . aimara is prized , but not easy to keep . particularly large specimens will even hit the glass when the aquarium is approached , breaking their jaws , teeth , or glass itself . at over 30cm / 12\u201d they are difficult to keep \u2014 at over 100cm / 40\u201d they are best kept in acrylic tanks and left to experts .\ncioffi , m . b . & l . a . c . bertollo . 2010 . initial steps in xy chromosome differentiation in hoplias malabaricus and the origin of an x1x2y sex chromosome system in this fish group . heredity , 105 : 554 - 561 . [ links ]\ncioffi , m . b . , c . martins & l . a . c . bertollo . 2009a . comparative chromosome mapping of repetitive sequences . implications for genomic evolution in the fish , hoplias malabaricus . bmc genetics , 10 : 34 - 45 . [ links ]\ndergam , j . a . & l . a . c . bertollo . 1990 . karyotypic diversification in hoplias malabaricus ( osteichthyes , erythrinidae ) of s\u00e3o francisco and alto paran\u00e1 basins , brazil . brazilian journal of genetics , 13 : 755 - 766 . [ links ]\noyakawa , o . t . 1990 . revis\u00e3o sistem\u00e1tica das esp\u00e9cies do g\u00eanero hoplias ( grupo lacerdae ) da amaz\u00f4nia brasileira e regi\u00e3o leste do brasil ( teleostei : erythrinidae ) . unpublished ms . c . dissertation , universidade de s\u00e3o paulo , s\u00e3o paulo , 114p . [ links ]\nh . curupira will try to swallow fish almost up to their own size and may attack larger fish . when keeping them in a community aquarium choose only robust tank mates of considerably larger size . breeding behaviour is not known in the aquarium , but likely similar to other hoplias species .\nmap of northwestern south america and part of central america showing geographic distribution of hoplias microlepis based on material examined herein ( star and dots ) and records from literature ( squares ) . star indicates type - locality at chagres river , panama . some symbols may represent more than one lot .\noyakawa , o . t . & g . m . t mattox . 2009 . revision of the neotropical trahiras of the hoplias lacerdae species - group ( ostariophysi : characiformes : erythrinidae ) with descriptions of two new species . neotropical ichthyology , 7 : 117 - 140 . [ links ]\nconservative karyotype characteristics ( i ) shared by different hoplias species contrasted with highly divergent karyotypes ( ii ) displayed by representatives of h . malabaricus group , with seven major karyomorphs ( a - g ) . in ( ii ) , boxed karyomorphs share morphological chromosomal characteristics which differ between the two boxed sets\ncioffi , m . b . , e . kejnovsky & l . a . c . bertollo . 2011a . the chromosomal distribution of microsatellite repeats in the genome of the wolf fish hoplias malabaricus , focusing on the sex chromosomes . cytogenetic and genome research , 132 : 289 - 296 . [ links ]\naguirre , w . e . , v . r . shervette , r . navarrete , p . calle & s . agorastos . 2013 . morphological and genetic divergence of hoplias microlepis ( characiformes : erythrinidae ) in rivers and artificial impoundments of western ecuador . copeia , 2013 : 312 - 323 . [ links ]\nrosa , r . , m . caetano - filho , o . a . shibatta & l . giuliano - caetano . 2009 . cytotaxonomy in distinct populations of hoplias aff . malabaricus ( characiformes , erythrinidae ) from lower paranapanema river basin . journal of fish biology , 75 : 2682 - 2694 . [ links ]\noyakawa , ot . and mattox , gmt . , 2009 . revision of the neotropical trahiras of the hoplias lacerdae species - group ( ostariophysi : characiformes : erythrinidae ) with descriptions of two new species . neotropical ichthyology , vol . 7 , no . 2 , p . 117 - 140 . urltoken . [ links ]\nthe erythrinidae is a neotropical characiform family comprising three extant genera , erythrinus scopoli , hoplerythrinus gill , and hoplias gill , the latter constituting the most speciose of the three ( oyakawa , 2003 ) . oyakawa ( 1990 ) and oyakawa & mattox ( 2009 ) defined three groups within hoplias : the h . macrophthalmus group which comprises a single valid species , h . aimara ( valenciennes ) ( see mattox et al . , 2006 ) , the h . lacerdae group currently including five valid species ( h . australis oyakawa & mattox , h . brasiliensis ( spix ) , h . curupira oyakawa & mattox , h . intermedius ( g\u00fcnther ) and h . lacerdae miranda - ribeiro , see oyakawa & mattox , 2009 ) and the h . malabaricus group , still lacking a proper taxonomic approach . contrary to what was mentioned by blanco et al . ( 2010 ) , h . aimara is not included in the h . lacerdae group , but rather assigned to the h . macrophthalmus group ( see mattox et al . , 2006 ; oyakawa & mattox , 2009 ) . this error has been repeated by subsequent authors ( e . g . , blanco et al . , 2011 ; cioffi et al . , 2012 ; marques et al . , 2013 ) . similarly , h . microlepis ( g\u00fcnther ) and h . teres ( valenciennes ) were not included in the h . lacerdae group as stated by marques et al . ( 2013 ) , but rather belong to the h . malabaricus group ( see below ) .\nbertollo , l . a . c . , m . s . fontes , a . s . fenocchio & j . cano . 1997 . the x1x2y sex chromosome system in the fish hoplias malabaricus . i . g - , c - and chromosome replication banding . chromosome research , 5 : 493 - 499 . [ links ]\nbifi , a . g . 2013 . revis\u00e3o taxon\u00f4mica das esp\u00e9cies do grupo hoplias malabaricus ( bloch , 1794 ) ( characiformes : erythrinidae ) da bacia do rio da prata . unpublished ph . d . dissertation , universidade estadual de maring\u00e1 , paran\u00e1 , 51p . avaliable from : urltoken ( 28 aug 2013 ) . [ links ]\ncioffi , m . b . , c . martins , l . centofante , u . jacobina & l . a . c . bertollo . 2009b . chromosomal variability among allopatric populations of erythrinidae fish hoplias malabaricus : mapping of three classes of repetitive dnas . cytogenetic and genome research , 125 : 132 - 141 . [ links ]\nbertollo , l . a . c . , g . g . born , j . a . dergam , a . s . fenocchio & o . moreira - filho . 2000 . a biodiversity approach in the neotropical fish hoplias malabaricus . karyotypic survey , geographic distribution of cytotypes and cytotaxonomic considerations . chromosome research , 8 : 603 - 613 . [ links ]\nblanco , d . r . , r . l . lui , l . a . c . bertollo , v . p . margarido & o . moreira - filho . 2010 . karyotypic diversity between allopatric populations of the group hoplias malabaricus ( characiformes : erythrinidae ) : evolutionary and biogeographic considerations . neotropical ichthyology , 8 : 361 - 368 . [ links ]\nmarques , d . f . , f . a . santos , s . s . silva , i . sampaio & l . r . r . rodrigues . 2013 . cytogenetic and dna barcoding reveals high divergence within the trahira , hoplias malabaricus ( characiformes : erythrinidae ) from the lower amazon river . neotropical ichthyology , 11 : 459 - 466 . [ links ]\nhoplias brasiliensis chromosomes showing the 18s rdna ( red ) and 5s rdna ( green ) sites , the ag - nor bearing chromosome pair , and the distribution of ( caa ) 10 , ( ga ) 15 and ( ca ) 15 microsatellites . most conspicuous ( caa ) 10 sites in the proximal region of a metacentric chromosome pair are indicated by arrows . bar = 5 \u03bcm\nexcluding h . malabaricus , little cytogenetic information is available for other hoplias species . some previous data points towards one similar karyotype , with an invariable 2n = 50 and the absence of differentiated sex chromosomes [ 8 \u2013 10 ] . thus , such conserved karyotypes contrast with the extensive chromosome diversity that has been observed in other erythrinidae species , and particularly among the representatives of the h . malabaricus group .\nsantos , u . , c . m . v\u00f6lcker , f . a . belei , m . b . cioffi , l . a . c . bertollo , s . r . paiva & j . a . dergam . 2009 . molecular and karyotypic phylogeography in the neotropical hoplias malabaricus ( erythrinidae ) fish in eastern brazil . journal of fish biology , 75 : 2326 - 2343 . [ links ]\nsuch conserved karyotypes contrasts with the extensive karyotype diversity that has been observed in other erythrinidae species , particularly in the congeneric species h . malabaricus . nevertheless , what forces drive such particularly different modes of karyotype evolution among closely related species ? different life styles , population structure and inner chromosomal characteristics related to similar cases in other vertebrate groups can also account for the contrasting modes of karyotype evolution in hoplias genus .\nhoplias intermedius chromosomes showing the 18s rdna ( red ) and 5s rdna ( green ) sites , the ag - nor bearing chromosome pair , and the distribution of ( caa ) 10 , ( ga ) 15 and ( ca ) 15 microsatellites . note the general distribution pattern of microsatellites and a more conspicuous ( caa ) 10 site in the short arms of a submetacentric chromosome ( arrows ) . bar = 5 \u03bcm\nerythrinidae is a small family of freshwater fishes composed by three genera , hoplias gill 1903 , erythrinus scopoli 1777 and hoplerythrinus gill 1895 [ 1 ] . its species are characterized by a remarkable karyotype diversity with 2n ranging from 39 to 54 chromosomes and the occurrence of single and multiple sex chromosome systems in some species . thus , they represent an interesting and suitable model to investigate the process of chromosomal evolution among fishes [ 2 \u2013 5 ] .\nquerol , mvm . , querol , e . , pessano , e . , azevedo , clo . , tomassoni , d . , brasil , l . and lopes , p . , 2003 . reprodu\u00e7\u00e3o natural e induzida de hoplias malabaricus ( bloch , 1794 ) , em tanques experimentais , na regi\u00e3o de uruguaiana , pampa brasileiro . uruguaiana , pucrs . biodiversidade pampeana , vol . 1 , no . 1 , p . 46 - 57 . [ links ]\nin an expedition to the jari river to inventory fish as a part of the biodiversity corridor project of amap\u00e1 ( ci - brasil / iepa / ibama / gea - amap\u00e1 ) , locally hired assistants confirmed the sex of captured big trahiras ( h . aimara ) without examining the gonads . about 3 of 6 boatmen hired stated that the sex of the fishes could be easily determined by simply analysing the shape of the anal fins . since no related data for this species were available in the literature , it was necessary to confirm this characteristic by dissecting the gonads , which was performed for analysing and verifying the sex of the collected fishes .\nhoplias microlepis . - starks , 1906 : 772 [ comparison with hoplias malabaricus , citation to guayaquil , ecuador ] . - regan , 1908 : 167 [ redescription , citation to rio chagres , panama and western ecuador ] . - meek & hildebrand , 1916 : 303 [ diagnosis in key , citation to both slopes of panama and the western slope of ecuador ] . - eigenmann , 1921 : 508 - 511 [ citation , distribution ] . - eigenmann , 1922 : 169 [ diagnosis in key , citation to pacific slope of southern ecuador and both slopes of central panama ] . - hildebrand , 1938 : 290 [ distribution ] . - bussing , 1966 : 218 [ citation to puntarenas , costa rica ] . - g\u00e9ry , 1977 : 102 [ diagnosis in key , citation to pacific slope of southern ecuador , panama and costa rica ] . - ortega & vari , 1986 : 10 [ checklist , citation to peru ] . - oyakawa , 2003 : 240 [ checklist , distribution ] . - barriga , 1991 : 31 [ checklist ] . - ortega et al . , 2011 : 39 [ checklist , citation to peru ] . - barriga , 2012a : 110 [ distribution , endemism in guayas basin ] . - barriga , 2012b : 213 [ citation to ecuador with photograph ] . - aguirre et al . , 2013 [ morphological and genetic divergence among populations in ecuador ] .\nhoplias microlepis ( paralectotypes of macrodon microlepis ) . ( a ) bmnh 1864 . 1 . 26 . 222 , 222 . 8 mm sl , chagres river , panama ; ( b ) bmnh 1864 . 1 . 26 . 309 , 175 . 6 mm sl , chagres river , panama ; ( c ) bmnh 1860 . 6 . 16 . 128 , 276 . 6 mm sl , west ecuador ; ( d ) bmnh 1860 . 6 . 16 . 154 - 155 , 96 . 6 mm sl , west ecuador ; ( e ) bmnh 1860 . 6 . 16 . 154 - 155 , 108 . 2 mm sl , west ecuador ; ( f ) bmnh 1860 . 6 . 16 . 154 - 155 , 118 . 5 mm sl , west ecuador .\nhubbs ( 1953 ) made a few taxonomic considerations regarding hoplias microlepis . in the heading of the section concerning this species , he erroneously cited the year of publication as 1860 instead of 1864 . although g\u00fcnther ( 1864 ) in the original description of h . microlepis mentioned the species as occurring in guatemala , hubbs ( 1953 ) correctly stated that this was in error since g\u00fcnther ( 1864 ) only examined the syntypes from western ecuador and chagres river , panama . in addition , hubbs ( 1953 ) selected chagres river as the type locality of h . microlepis , probably due to the better condition of specimens from this locality among all seven syntypes ( figs . 1 - 2 ) . however , as hubbs ( 1953 ) did no designate a lectotype , his act is not valid and the type locality should encompass the localities of all syntypes together ( article 76 of iczn , 1999 ) . nevertheless , among the syntypes , specimens from chagres river are indeed the best ones in overall condition and we herein selected one of them as the lectotype , which establishes chagres river , panama as the type locality .\nsouth america : tributaries of middle and lower amazon basin , including rios trombretas , jari , tapaj\u00f3s , xingu , tocantins , and in the coastal rivers of guyana , suriname , fr guiana ; rios araguari and amap\u00e1 , state of amap\u00e1 , brazil ; lower reaches of r\u00edo orinoco , venezuela .\nmaturity : l m ? , range 22 - 22 cm max length : 100 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 12225 ) ; max . published weight : 40 . 0 kg ( ref . 12225 )\nfrequently occurs in counter current zones of principal rivers and creeks . feeds mainly on fish but also on other animals that fall into the water like small terrestrial invertebrates . is active at dusk and at night . reproduction takes place at the onset of the rainy season from december to march . depending on the size , the female can carry around 6 , 000 to 60 , 000 eggs ( ref . 12225 ) . known for the quality of its flesh ( ref . 27188 ) .\nplanquette , p . , p . keith and p . - y . le bail , 1996 . atlas des poissons d ' eau douce de guyane . tome 1 . collection du patrimoine naturel volume 22 , mnhn , paris & inra , paris . 429 p . ( ref . 12225 )\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5001 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00724 ( 0 . 00435 - 0 . 01206 ) , b = 3 . 13 ( 2 . 98 - 3 . 28 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & ( sub ) family - body ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 7 \u00b10 . 55 se ; based on food items .\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( tm = 1 ; fec = 6 , 000 ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : moderate vulnerability ( 37 of 100 ) .\nthanks to some advice from locals , jeremy finally caught the fish that eluded him for years .\nthe river monsters star offers some kind words for the people that helped make the show successful - the fans .\njeremy reels in an elusive tapah , a fish he has spent years trying to catch .\njeremy illustrates how you can use a variety of bait and lures to reel in a black bass .\njeremy wade doesn\u2019t need the water to reel us in . see what happened when he visited the animal planet office !\njeremy reels in a giant trevally and barracuda , but isn\u2019t convinced they\u2019re the strange fish attacking fishermen near new britain .\nleave the hook at home . see how jeremy caught a needlefish with just some rope and line .\njeremy was lucky enough to catch a goonch catfish once before , but not so much the second time around .\njeremy reveals what he did to reel in the biggest catch of his river monsters career .\njeremy meets with locals to find out what kind of monster fish could be terrorizing the rivers of western nepal .\nit took island ingenuity and some line to reel in the elusive and dangerous needlefish .\nof all the fish jeremy has reeled in , the lau lau stands out as his most meaningful catch .\nit wasn\u2019t a fish , but rather a machine that left jeremy trembling hundreds of feet beneath the surface .\ntrying to reel in this fish off the coast of indonesia is a battle that pushes jeremy to his physical and mental limits .\nextreme angler jeremy wade is on the hunt for fish with a taste for human flesh . this rip - roaring ride mixes action and adventure with mysteries , edge - of - the - seat chase and a battle of wills between man and nature .\nin new hampshire , conservation officers of new hampshire fish and game who work tirelessly to preserve and protect the natural resources of the granite state . they are on call 24 / 7 , responding to life and death situations in order to protect the public .\nthroughout washington state , the department of fish and wildlife police are protecting animals and citizens and busting criminals . whether the officers are on land or water , they are ready and willing to risk their lives .\ndr . dee : alaska vet follows veterinarian dee thornell as she treats everything from sled dogs to reindeer . dr . dee and her staff handle extreme cases and unique clients in the alaskan frontier .\nbasketball superstar and wildlife advocate yao ming travels to africa to help spread awareness about the cruelty of poaching . yao sees for himself the evidence of a losing battle , where africa ' s giants are senselessly slain every day for their tusks .\nadventurers eric larsen and ryan waters race 500 miles unassisted across the arctic ocean as they battle weather , nature , climate change and their own fortitude in their attempt to reach the geographic north pole in record time .\ngiant pandas are facing extinction , but in central china , two panda centers are embarking on a remarkable experiment to breed captive pandas in order to release them into the wild .\nadventurers , wildlife fanatics and good friends rene and wayne travel to patagonia in search of a very special , unique puma . encountering a host of other interesting critters along the way , they remain true to their quest of finding the elusive\nno tail .\nmeet eccentric individuals and their unusual pets including a man whose lions are starting to outgrow their home , a texan couple obsessed with the buffalo who roam their home , and an internet sensation whose best friend is a polar bear .\nthirty years after the worst nuclear radiation catastrophe in history , 100 times the combined amount of the hiroshima and nagasaki bombs , two scientists have now been allowed total access to the area surrounding the infamous chernobyl nuclear power plant .\neverything ' s bigger in texas , including the job of texas game wardens who protect the lone star state ' s natural resources and police its 27 million citizens . this elite force patrols and protects more than a quarter million square miles .\nhighlighting both the controversial whaling trade and the tactics that sea shepherd and its staff and volunteers use to attempt to cripple it , whale wars documents the group ' s three - month sojourn across the icy antarctic waters at the far end of the globe .\ntoucan nation is about grecia , a colorful toucan whose story sparks international outrage after her beak is mutilated . seeking to right a wrong and restore the toucan ' s beak , veterinarians and animal rescuers join forces with a team of 3d printers to build a prosthetic beak .\nexplore the incredible creatures that survive in the wild lands of costa rica . from bizarre and unique monkey rituals to a bat that catches fish to a sloth with an unusual set of friends , journey through an extraordinary land where nature continues to surprise and delight .\njoin steve and terri irwin - the hardest working couple in the natural world - as they rappel into caverns , tread through the jungle , and cross the high seas to rescue and protect threatened animals around the world .\nventure into the strange and wonderful world of the federal duck stamp contest , the only juried art competition run by the u . s . government . this film explores the eccentric nature of the contestants who enter each year for a chance at wildlife art stardom .\nrenowned bear handler jeff watson says goodbye to his family and friends and sets out on an adventure into the wilderness of southern indiana to teach his two 700 lb . grizzly bears bob and screech how to survive on their own in the wild . all - new series premieres nov . 12 at 10 / 9c .\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 discovery communications , llc . the world ' s # 1 nonfiction media company .\nthis video contains content from discovery communications , who has blocked it in your country on copyright grounds .\nno freshwater fish has a more fearsome reputation than the piranha , but , as many aquarists soon learn , these are actually quite timid . they get nervous when the aquarium is approached and prefer to bite pieces of other fishes\u2019 fins rather than devour them whole .\ndespite their reputation wolffish can be good aquarium fish and are surprisingly interesting with other fish or in groups . special rules apply , but these fish are hardy and easy to maintain .\nwithin their genus the species are similar and you\u2019ll need to know where your fish were collected to have an idea of what species belong where . brazil , colombia and venezuela don\u2019t export their wolffish species , so the list narrows .\nseveral others are highly endemic and have rarely been exported . assume that an aquarium wolffish belongs to one of five species .\nhoplerythrinus unitaeniatus is easily identified by its single horizontal stripe and elongate body , and exported occasionally from peru and colombia . it can be kept in a small school in a large aquarium .\ntheir swimbladder is not as reduced as much as the other genera , so they are much more surface oriented and active than other wolffish . they can also do well in a community tank with other larger fishes such as catfishes , cichlids and larger characins , such as myleus and leporinus .\nhoplerythrinus will accept dry foods such as pellets , freeze - dried shrimp and insects , and sometimes even flake foods more readily than their relatives .\nhoplerythrinus also prefer flood zone habitats with mild or no currents and several hundred individuals can migrate deep into flooded plains or forests during the rainy season .\nthe other small species occasionally found in the hobby is erythrinus erythrurus , often called the redfin wolffish . juveniles especially can show attractive red , yellow and even purple hatch marks on their flanks over an overall brown or burgundy body .\nmargins of the unpaired fins can be bright red , yellow or white . the body shape is more stout than hoplerythrinus and the swimbladder is reduced much further \u2014 to the point that the species swims in open water only when it wants to grab prey from the water column .\nerythrinus are more solitary , so groups require large aquariums with plenty of hiding places , allowing each fish to claim a territory . short lengths of clay or pvc pipe make ideal caves for a relatively shy fish that may fight with conspecifics .\nfish that do not challenge them for territory and do not fit in their mouth are usually ignored .\nideal tank mates are sturdy characins such as myleus and metynnis . large - bodied cichlids such as astronotus , hoplarchus and cichla also fare well .\nerythrinus will feed on live fish , crustaceans , worms and insects , and only slowly get used to frozen foods .\nerythrinus is found in swampy shoreline habitats and shallow clear or blackwater streams deep inside the forest . besides insect larvae , all examined had apistogramma , moenkhausia and nannostomus in their stomachs .\nany wolffish bought in an aquarium shop will probably belong to this particular species .\ncolour can range from mottled grey to brown and , depending on place of origin , almost black .\nin nature they are solitary , found in slow moving waters of virtually any habitat . the smaller the fish the shallower the habitat , and it\u2019s not unusual to find finger - long h . malabaricus in less than 5cm / 2\u201d of water , stalking aquatic insects and small fish . as the fish mature they become less tolerant of each other and move to deeper water .\nadult h . malabaricus are not overly aggressive , but require a larger territory . along riverbanks adults are usually spaced 3 - 4m / 10 - 13\u2019 apart .\nas with all wolffish species , aquarium water chemistry is of little importance , as these fish can adapt to just about any common range of values .\nthey are often more active at dusk and dawn , so keep lighting subdued to allow them to show more activity during the day . kept as a group of equal sizes they get along well until becoming sexually mature at 20cm / 8\u201d .\nas they mature , females develop a more robust shape and rounded stomach . they will become increasingly intolerant until a pair has formed , then will usually get along well and lay close together .\nbreeding can usually be induced by first dropping the temperature , raising it to 28 - 29\u00b0c / 82 - 84\u00b0f and slightly dropping the level of water .\nduring breeding the male digs shallow pits in which 2 , 000 - 10 , 000 yellowish eggs are laid in a cluster . he guards the nest and larvae until they hatch and spread out in the shallow water to hunt small prey .\nin the aquarium the young will immediately eat artemia nauplii and grow rapidly , eventually cannibalising each other .\nthis fish will occur sympatrically with h . malabaricus , but usually occurs in a different niche .\nthe black wolffish prefers river banks of faster rivers , especially major tributaries of the middle orinoco .\nthe body is more stout and less elegant than h . malabaricus and overall colour is a more uniform black or dark brown . the eyes are usually equally dark and less apparent . a maximum 30cm / 12\u201d size is considerably smaller than the 45cm / 18\u201d commonly reached by h . malabaricus .\nblack wolffish seem to prefer large shrimp and larger fishes . stomach contents examined in the orinoco region revealed macrobranchium spp shrimp , juveniles of several cichlid species and larger sized leporinus .\nlarge wolffish can cause deep cuts to a keeper\u2019s hands . handle them with the same respect as a powerful reptile of equal size . such extreme aggression also means the fishes can be fed directly with large tweezers and the fish quickly learn to take large cocktail shrimp or smelt from them .\nit\u2019s much larger and aggressive than the others and in nature is found in fast - flowing rivers and rapids where it preys on anything that moves . this species is absolutely fearless !\nthese monsters may also be kept together . if aquarium size allows , the animals are moderately territorial and will display to each other with flared gills and fins , but rarely bite each other . pairs are formed at 50cm / 20\u201d and harmonise well together .\nmoving adults can be dangerous because the fish will bite even out of the water and their 3cm / 1 . 2\u201d long teeth can penetrate most gloves and easily break plastic bags used in transport .\nwhy not take out a subscription to practical fishkeeping magazine ? see our latest subscription offer .\n\u00a9 1955 - 2016 bauer consumer media limited are authorised and regulated by the financial conduct authority ( firm reference no . 710067 ) media house , peterborough business park , peterborough , pe2 6ea .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 / / en\nurltoken\njuvenile description : the juveniles have a slim profile with relatively large eyes for their physical size . because of their large eventual size they maintain this immature shape well up to 50cm .\nwater parameters : generally unfussy as long as extremes are avoided . anywhere between a ph of 6 . 5 and 8 will be fine . tropical temperatures of 23c \u2013 30c\ntank size : because of the large size of the fish a large aquarium should be provided . 240cm x 90cm x 60cm \u2013 96\u201d x 36\u201d x 24\u201d .\nbreeding : breeding is unknown in captivity but should require a vast aquarium . successfully putting two together would be an achievement .\navailability : once rare and very expensive they have become readily available although still expensive compared to most other fish . only the venezuelan / columbian example is readily available as export form other locations is now illegal . when available other locality caught specimens are more expensive . they have been widely kept in asia for some time now and apart from a few specimens have only recently become widely available elsewhere .\nwe ' re constantly striving to improve our community to help make your monster fish keeping hobby fulfilling and interesting . comments are welcome .\ni wouldn ' t do it . . . but you never know ? try it lol\nhaha yeah . i already kept mala wolf with orinos . . . no problem ; s\nhaha yeah . i already kept mala wolf with orinos . . . no problem ; s i do think you won ' t have any problem ! ; d\ni would guess as long as he is under 15 - 18\nthat the brutal personality they carry would be absent . giving you higher chances for it to work . . . i would try it and have a tank divider or 2nd cycled tank ready to seperate . i usually try new combos on my days off since i am not a fan of the jdm ( less tankmates , higher chance ' s of aggression ) .\none thing remains & promises from our heavenly father we will not be defeated , for we will always remain victorious in the lord . thank you jesus for joey ( r1 ) has victory in you\ni could get a cycled tank prepared for him incase it all goes pete tong .\nthis fish doesn ' t eat what doesn ' t fit , they are not catfish . . . i ' m used to this fishes , they are not that brutal as jeremy and other people says . . .\nthey will not bite you while you swin in a lake or spot of water , they you not carry a 2 years old children down to the deep .\ngood luck with the future new fish . if we don ' t try , we will never know . .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nthe evolution of secondary sexual characteristics is usually the result of a disparity in the parental investment of males and females ( trivers , 1972 ; andersson , 1994 ) . in some cases , this disparity can be exclusively attributed to size differences between males and females .\nmany teleost fishes do not exhibit any sexual dimorphism , even during the spawning season , and do not show sexual characteristics or permanent ornaments . on the other hand , some fishes show permanently dimorphic traits that are not necessarily associated with internal fertilization ( rapp py - daniel and fernandes , 2005 ) . when present , sexual characteristics can be easily recognized in some species whereas , in others , a detailed examination is required for identification of these characteristics ( godinho , 2007 ) . typically , in any fish , sex can be determined by visual inspection of the gonads ( primary sexual characteristics ) , which normally requires dissection ; however , in mature fishes , these characteristics are quite evident .\nthe objective of this study was to prove the existence of sexual dimorphism in the species hopliasaimara after riverine people indication that recognized accurately the sex of the individuals without the dissection of them .\nconsequently , on capture of the fishes during subsequent expeditions in the context of the same mission , a process was initiated to confirm the information provided by the assistants , intensifying the fishery of this species . the fishes analysed were collected during expeditions to sustainable development reserve of iratapuru river and montanhas do tumucumaque national park , which were state and federal conservation units , respectively . in sustainable development reserve of iratapuru river , specimens were captured between november 22 and 23 , 2004 ( 0\u00b016\u203235\u2033n , 53\u00b006\u203224\u2033w ) , from jari river , municipality of laranjal of jari . in montanhas do tumucumaque national park , specimens were captured between september 4 and 14 , 2005 ( 3\u00b029\u203251\u2033n ; 52\u00b018\u20320\u2033 w ) from anotai river , municipality of oiapoque ."]}
{"id": 702, "summary": [{"text": "naquetia barclayi , common name : barclay 's murex , is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family muricidae , the murex snails or rock snails . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "naquetia barclayi", "paragraphs": ["7082 naquetia barclayi annandalei - 58 mm - f + + + - phil . . . 7082 naquetia barclayi annandalei - 58 mm - f + + + - phil . . .\nfamily : muricidae born : 1938 , dall , batsch & rehder genus and description : naquetia barclayi , 50 mm , f + + origin : collected by a local fishermen by nets off olango island , cebu philippines , july 2013 .\n( of chicoreus barclayi ( reeve , 1858 ) ) finet y . & houart r . ( 1989 ) on the taxonomic status of murex trigonulus lamarck , 1816 , murex trigonulus lamarck , 1822 and related taxa ( gastropoda , muricidae ) . apex 4 ( 1 - 2 ) : 1 - 18 . [ details ]\n( of chicoreus ( naquetia ) annandalei ( preston , 1910 ) ) finet y . & houart r . ( 1989 ) on the taxonomic status of murex trigonulus lamarck , 1816 , murex trigonulus lamarck , 1822 and related taxa ( gastropoda , muricidae ) . apex 4 ( 1 - 2 ) : 1 - 18 . [ details ]\n( of pteronotus annandalei preston , 1910 ) preston , h . b . ( 1910 ) description of five new species of marine shells from the bay of bengal . records of the indian museum , 5 , 117\u2013121 . [ details ]\nmerle d . , garrigues b . & pointier j . - p . ( 2011 ) fossil and recent muricidae of the world . part muricinae . hackenheim : conchbooks . 648 pp . page ( s ) : 113 [ details ]\nhouart r . , kilburn r . n . & marais a . p . ( 2010 ) muricidae . pp . 176 - 270 , in : marais a . p . & seccombe a . d . ( eds ) , identification guide to the seashells of south africa . volume 1 . groenkloof : centre for molluscan studies . 376 pp . [ details ]\n( of pteronotus annandalei preston , 1910 ) merle d . , garrigues b . & pointier j . - p . ( 2011 ) fossil and recent muricidae of the world . part muricinae . hackenheim : conchbooks . 648 pp . page ( s ) : 113 [ details ]\n( of chicoreus annandalei ( preston , 1910 ) ) finet y . & houart r . ( 1989 ) on the taxonomic status of murex trigonulus lamarck , 1816 , murex trigonulus lamarck , 1822 and related taxa ( gastropoda , muricidae ) . apex 4 ( 1 - 2 ) : 1 - 18 . [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nversion 43 . 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed . my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .\npterynotus annandalei preston , h . b . , 1910 : india - philippines - australia\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nshell gallery view \u00ab shell encyclopedia , conchology , inc . \u00bb conchological megadatabase on mollusks\nthe star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :\nwe want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only , as we handle very few foreign shells in general . as time goes , the system will become more and more performant .\nenter your email address and we will send you an email with your username and password .\ne - mail jecilia sisican if you do not receive your email with your username and password .\nclick on an image to view all the information : family , species , author , date , and full locality .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 1 . 604 seconds . )\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nhouart , r . 1992 ,\nthe genus chicoreus and related genera ( gastropoda : muricidae ) in the indo - west pacific\n, m\u00e9moires du mus\u00e9um national d ' histoire naturelle , paris , ser . a , vol . 154 , pp . 1 - 188\npreston , h . b . 1910 ,\ndescription of five new species of marine shells from the bay of bengal\n, records of the indian museum , vol . 5 , pp . 117 - 121\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 0040fc51 - eb0c - 406b - 9d15 - d995067c0979\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 91664f81 - 9598 - 47c8 - a4e6 - a0b0f89994dc\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 330177\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\n- note : several protected species are illustrated here only for identification purposes . they are not for sale . - the photos in our gallery are in most cases just a sample from our stock , except when only one specimen is offered . we try to match the original color but it can vary if your screen is not correctly adjusted ( gamma correction ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n1857 & 1858 . descriptions of seven new shells from the collection of the hon . sir david barclay , of port louis , mauritius .\nthe genus chicoreus and related genera ( gastropoda : muricidae ) in the indo - west pacific .\n. m\u00e9moires du mus\u00e9um national d\u2019histoire naturelle . 1 - 188pp ; figs 1 - 480\nlabel : mauritius . reeve , 1858 : st . brandon shoal , near mauritius ( thrown on shore after a hurricane ) .\nlectotype ( designated by d ' attilio & hertz , 1987 ) is in nhmuk ( 196277 ) . provenance : this specimen was bought at the sale of sir david barclay\u2019s collection in 1891 , three years after his death . although j . c . melvill was at this sale and purchased several lots , the\nwas not one of them . further investigation is needed to find out who purchased it at this sale and how it came to be in the melvill - tomlin collection . the lectotype was originally in the mrs de burgh collection , which was purchased by v . w . macandrew and after his death passed to the nhm ( dance , 1986 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nitems shipping internationally may be subject to customs processing depending on the item ' s declared value .\nsellers set the item ' s declared value and must comply with customs declaration laws .\nthis amount includes applicable customs duties , taxes , brokerage and other fees . this amount is subject to change until you make payment . for additional information , see the global shipping program terms and conditions - opens in a new window or tab\nthis amount includes applicable customs duties , taxes , brokerage and other fees . this amount is subject to change until you make payment . if you reside in an eu member state besides uk , import vat on this purchase is not recoverable . for additional information , see the global shipping program terms and conditions - 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opens in a new window or tab include seller ' s handling time , origin zip code , destination zip code and time of acceptance and will depend on shipping service selected and receipt of cleared payment - opens in a new window or tab . delivery times may vary , especially during peak periods .\nwill usually ship within 1 business day of receiving cleared payment - opens in a new window or tab .\ncopyright \u00a9 1995 - 2018 ebay inc . all rights reserved . accessibility , user agreement , privacy , cookies and adchoice\nthis item will be sent through the global shipping programme and includes international tracking . learn more - opens in a new window or tab\nitems delivered internationally may be subject to customs processing depending on the item ' s declared value .\nthis amount includes applicable customs duties , taxes , brokerage and other fees . this amount is subject to change until you make payment . for additional information , see the global shipping programme terms and conditions - opens in a new window or tab\nthis amount includes applicable customs duties , taxes , brokerage and other fees . this amount is subject to change until you make payment . if you reside in an eu member state besides uk , import vat on this purchase is not recoverable . for additional information , see the global shipping programme terms and conditions - opens in a new window or tab\nyou\u2019ll see an estimated delivery date - opens in a new window or tab based on the seller\u2019s dispatch time and delivery service . delivery times may vary , especially during peak periods and will depend on when your payment clears - opens in a new window or tab .\ninternational postage and import charges paid to pitney bowes inc . learn more - opens in a new window or tab\nany international postage and import charges are paid in part to pitney bowes inc . learn more - opens in a new window or tab\ninternational postage paid to pitney bowes inc . learn more - opens in a new window or tab\nany international postage is paid in part to pitney bowes inc . learn more - opens in a new window or tab\nmost purchases from business sellers are protected by the consumer contract regulations 2013 which give you the right to cancel the purchase within 14 days after the day you receive the item . find out more about your rights as a buyer - opens in a new window or tab and exceptions - opens in a new window or tab .\n* you\u2019ll see an estimated delivery date based on the seller\u2019s dispatch time and delivery service . delivery times may vary , especially during peak periods and will depend on when your payment clears - opens in a new window or tab .\nwill usually dispatch within 1 working day of receiving cleared payment - opens in a new window or tab .\ncopyright \u00a9 1995 - 2018 ebay inc . all rights reserved . user agreement , privacy , cookies and adchoice\nthis species is distributed in the red sea and in the indian ocean along the mascarene basin and mauritius ; in the western pacific ocean along india , the philippines and australia ."]}
{"id": 726, "summary": [{"text": "isotelus is a genus of asaphid trilobites from the middle and upper ordovician period , fairly common in the northeastern united states , northwest manitoba , southwestern quebec and southeastern ontario .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "one species , isotelus rex , is currently the world 's largest trilobite ever found as a complete fossil . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "isotelus", "paragraphs": ["this is an isotelus eye . the eye appears as a smooth bump on a cephalon fragment .\nthis is a genal spine . it is one of the most common fragments of the isotelus found .\nisotelus maximus range in size from less than a millimeter to as long as 24 inches . the exoskeleton of this giant of trilobite is usually found in fragments . for this reason , most people only find parts of isotelus trilobite . isotelus maximus has been found whole , but this is quite unusual and a great treasure . usually , complete specimens of isotelus are found in hundreds of pieces that must be meticulously reassembled . you will probably be satisfied finding parts of isotelus often several inches long . you may get lucky and find a complete specimen of enrolled isotelus as small as a pebble . the pictures below will help you find and identify evidence to what this fascinating giant trilobite looked like .\nhansen , m . c . 1989 . large isotelus found : ohio geology newsletter ( spring 1989 ) : 6 .\nshrake , d . 2005 . isotelus : ohio\u2019s state fossil . geofacts no 6 , pgs . 1 - 2 .\ndescription : in proportion , i am sure that isotelus are found in very low numbers compared to the ubiquitous flexicalymenes . this one , in fact , is the first mt . orab isotelus ever acquired by pangaea fossils . it appears to be in very good condition . it would make a nice addition to any mid - western ordovician collection . isotelus maximus is the state fossil of ohio .\noccasionally , you will find part of a pygidium of isotelus with one or more thoracic segments still attached . this is a rare treasure .\nthat lived during the ordovician period . it\u2019s fossils are common within several formations that outcrop in southwestern ohio . the largest isotelus trilobite to be found in ohio is about 16 inches long though the largest known trilobite isotelus rex found in manitoba , canada is from the same genus .\nin 1985 , the ohio government made isotelus ohio ' s official fossil . isotelus is a trilobite that existed between 430 and 480 million years ago . at this point in time , an ocean covered much of what is now ohio . isotelus is evidence of this , as it was a marine organism . a trilobite was an invertebrate creature that had a hard outer shell or skeleton . two lines crossed the body of the trilobite , making it appear to be in three parts . trilobite means\nthree - lobed creature .\nisotelus primarily lived during the ordovician age . they were one of the largest trilobites , with some of these animals reaching nearly thirty inches in length . isotelus no longer exist , becoming extinct approximately 430 million years ago .\nthe trilobite anatomy chart was done with an isotelus replica from a specimen found by dan cooper , dry dredger member . the isotelus fragments shown are from the collections of the dry dredgers , an association of amateur geologists and fossil follectors . the cincinnati trilobite fragment identifier was written and produced by bill heimbrock , dry dredger member .\nthe other side of the isotelus h ypostoma also has distinct markings . fine ridges like corduroy run diagonally across each lobe . the interior of the hypostoma is hollow .\nthis is the largest complete trilobite specimen ( \u201cin captivity\u201d ) from the cincinnati region . the world record is held by an isotelus specimen from the ordovician of manitoba that measures 70 cm ( 27 . 6 \u201c ) long . cmc ip50168 - isotelus maximus , late ordovician , adams county , ohio . anonymous donation in memory of dr . richard durrell .\nisotelus gigas dekay occurrence : reference : ross , 1979 ; babcock , 1996 lacks genal spines or has shorter genal spines than i . maximus ; also more triangular cephalic and pygidial margins than i . maximus\nthe most famous specimen of isotelus from ohio was discovered in 1919 while digging an outlet tunnel during the construction of the huffman dam near dayton . this giant trilobite specimen measures 14 \u00bd inches long . a couple elementary school classes in dayton proposed naming this specimen of the official state fossil . while declining to designate only that specific specimen , the legislature instead passed a bill naming the genus isotelus in 1985 .\nlate ordovician , about 450 , 000 , 000 b . p . ; 1 - 2950 isotelus rex ; holotype specimen ; collected by d . m . rudkin et al . ; churchill , mb ; 1998\nisotelus , a late ordovician trilobite , was designated the official state invertebrate fossil of ohio on june 20 , 1985 . after seeing a beautiful specimen of isotelus at the dayton museum of natural history ( now known as the boonschoft museum of discovery ) , third grade students from beavertown school in kettering , and fourth grade students from st . anthony school in dayton decided to try to get this trilobite designated as the official state fossil of ohio . a letter campaign to representatives robert l . corbin and robert e . hickey convinced them to sponsor legislation in the ohio house of representatives . senator charles horn agreed to do the same in the ohio senate . although the students wanted one particular specimen of isotelus collected from huffman dam near dayton in 1919 to represent ohio , the genus isotelus was designated as the official state invertebrate fossil ( shrake , 2005 ) .\nthe pygidium , or\ntail section\nof the isotelus is one contiguous plate . consequentially , it is often found complete in the fossil record . however , small fractures are usually visible due to the exoskeleton ' s fragile nature .\nthe center of the isotelus hypostoma is often found separated from the two lobes . the result is a shell fragment with what appears to be a lip . this is a loosely applied description because if trilobites had lips , they would certainly be soft body parts .\nisotelus is an exceptional choice for your state fossil representative . this trilobite fossil has played a pivotal role in the pursuit of scientific knowledge to understand the history of life in this region . its scientific and historical importance is unparalleled in ohio , and is a hallmark to the global significance of paleontological and geological resources in our state .\nthe hypostoma , or\nmouth plate\nof the isotelus is a very recognizable body part that is commonly found as the result of molting . found on the underside of the trilobite , the hypostoma looks like a pair of fang - like lobes with distinctive curvy lines and a pair of\ndimples\nabove the lobes . oddly enough , one lobe is typically bigger than the other . click the picture to see these markings . the side shown in this picture faces outward on the underside of the trilobite .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\n, expressed maximally in the orders asaphida , redlichiida , and lichida . below , depicted in scale alongside a familiar object , are some of the largest recorded specimens :\n( from new york ) , in contrast , have not been found at full size as complete specimens , but large disarticulated parts result in reconstructions of the sizes indicated below . however , many large specimens of\nhas likewise been found as a complete specimen over 300 mm in length . the total length of\nis a moderately effaced asaphid trilobite lacking terminal spines or prolongations , and the holotype specimen was found in a carbonate unit showing little evidence of distortion or compaction . all dorsal sclerites of the holotype are closely articulated , suggesting this is not an exuvium . at about 720 mm long , 400 mm in maximum width ( across the cephalon ) , and 70 mm in height ( at the posterior midpoint of the cephalon ) , it is the largest complete trilobite specimen ever found .\nand some of the earliest described species were considered to be among the biggest trilobites then known . indeed , several specific epithets , including those of\nlocke , 1838 , were coined in reference to their comparatively large size . hansen ( 1989 ) reported complete specimens of\nwith lengths up to 410 mm . prior to the discovery of the 720 mm\nexamples of large non - asaphide trilobites include redlichiide cambropallas ( holmidae , 230 mm ) and acadoparadoxides ( paradoxididae , 390 mm ) , out of the cambrian of morocco ( geyer , 1993 ) . many large specimens emerge each year out of morocco , but they are often at least partially restored . however , some very large complete specimens have been prepared .\ntreatise on invertebrate paleontology , pt . o , arthropoda 1 , trilobita , revised , volume 1\ngeological society of america and university of kansas press , lawrence , 530 p .\nel genero uralichas delgado , 1892 ( trilobite , lichida ) en al ordovicico de la peninsula iberica .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\njournal of paleontology . ( journal , magazine , 1927 ) [ worldcat . org ]\nyour web browser is not enabled for javascript . some features of worldcat will not be available .\nyour list has reached the maximum number of items . please create a new list with a new name ; move some items to a new or existing list ; or delete some items .\nnote : citations are based on reference standards . however , formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study . the specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher , classroom teacher , institution or organization should be applied .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) field is required . please enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) you entered is ( are ) not in a valid format . please re - enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\ni thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : journal of paleontology . publisher : [ tulsa , okla . ] society of economic paleontologists and mineralogists . isbn / issn : 0022 - 3360 oclc : 1754714\nsociety of economic paleontologists and mineralogists . ; paleontological society . ; american association of petroleum geologists . ; geological society of america .\naddress for accessing the journal using authorization number and password through oclc firstsearch electronic collections online . subscription to online journal required for access to abstracts and full text\naddress for accessing the journal from an authorized ip address through oclc firstsearch electronic collections online . subscription to online journal required for access to abstracts and full text\nplease choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours .\nvols . 7 - 10 , 12 - 13 , 15 - < 17 > include section\nbibliography and index to new genera , species and varieties of foraminifera\n( varies ) - - by h . e . thalmann . editors : 1927 - mar . 1930 , j . a . cushman ; june 1930 - mar . 1937 , r . c . moore ( with j . b . reeside , 1935 - mar . 1937 , c . w . cooke , apr . 1937 - mar . 1939 ) ; may 1939 - < 43 > c . w . cooke ( with n . d . newell , may 1939 - july 1942 , j . m . weller , sept . 1942 - < 43 > ) .\nyou may have already requested this item . please select ok if you would like to proceed with this request anyway .\njournal of paleontology . / society of economic paleontologists and mineralogists . ; paleontological society . ; american association of petroleum geologists . ; geological society of america . ; ; [ tulsa , okla . ] society of economic paleontologists and mineralogists .\nworldcat is the world ' s largest library catalog , helping you find library materials online . learn more \u203a\u203a\ndon ' t have an account ? you can easily create a free account .\nand was characterized by its distinctive flat shape . the head and the tail were well developed and large relative to the whole\n. the number of thoracic segments was small , and the eyes were large and crescentic in shape .\nordovician period , in geologic time , the second period of the paleozoic era . it began 485 . 4 million years ago , following the cambrian period , and ended 443 . 8 million years ago , when the silurian period began . ordovician rocks have the distinction of occurring at the highest elevation on earth\u2014the\u2026\ntrilobite , any member of a group of extinct fossil arthropods easily recognized by their distinctive three - lobed , three - segmented form . trilobites , exclusively marine animals , first appeared at the beginning of the cambrian period , about 542 million years ago , when they dominated the seas . although\u2026\narthropod , any member of the phylum arthropoda , the largest phylum in the animal kingdom , which includes such familiar forms as lobsters , crabs , spiders , mites , insects , centipedes , and millipedes . about 84 percent of all known species of animals are members of this phylum . arthropods are\u2026\nfossil , remnant , impression , or trace of an animal or plant of a past geologic age that has been preserved in earth\u2019s crust . the complex of data recorded in fossils worldwide\u2014known as the fossil record\u2014is the primary source of information about the history of life on earth . only a small fraction of\u2026\nameura , genus of trilobites ( extinct arthropods ) found as fossils in north america rocks dating from the late carboniferous to the late permian period ( from 318 million to 251 million years ago ) . ameura is characterized by a well - developed cephalon ( head ) and a long pygidium ( tail region ) that\u2026\nwe welcome suggested improvements to any of our articles . you can make it easier for us to review and , hopefully , publish your contribution by keeping a few points in mind .\nencyclop\u00e6dia britannica articles are written in a neutral objective tone for a general audience .\nyou may find it helpful to search within the site to see how similar or related subjects are covered .\nat the bottom of the article , feel free to list any sources that support your changes , so that we can fully understand their context . ( internet urls are the best . )\nyour contribution may be further edited by our staff , and its publication is subject to our final approval . unfortunately , our editorial approach may not be able to accommodate all contributions .\nour editors will review what you ' ve submitted , and if it meets our criteria , we ' ll add it to the article .\nplease note that our editors may make some formatting changes or correct spelling or grammatical errors , and may also contact you if any clarifications are needed .\nanimal , ( kingdom animalia ) , any of a group of multicellular eukaryotic organisms ( i . e . , as distinct from\u2026\ncorrections ? updates ? omissions ? let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article ( requires login ) .\nif you prefer to suggest your own revision of the article , you can go to edit mode ( requires login ) .\nour editors will review what you\u2019ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en\ntwo big trilobites have been found in the caesar creek spillway . this one is on display in the visitor center . the other one is in the smithsonian . photo credit ; erin shaw - odnr caesar creek naturalist\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0\nthis fragment of the genal area shows part of the genal spine and a distinct hole that characterizes the genal area .\nhere , the entire\nfree cheek\nwas found encased in crinoid stems and matrix . note the apparently large eye .\nthe ends of thoracic segments are often found cemented together in groups preserving the distinctive shape of the pleural lobe .\nindividually , the ends of each thoracic segment resemble the paddle on an oar of a boat . this commonly found fragment is often mistaken for a hypostoma ( mouth plate ) , but is missing the fine lines on its surface .\nsingle thoracic segments are often found on the surface of a rock . it appears as a unique brown stripe .\nthe dry dredgers and individual contributors reserve the rights to all information , images , and content presented here . permission to reproduce in any fashion , must be requested in writing to admin @ urltoken . www . urltoken is designed and maintained by bill heimbrock .\nall original material copyright 2008\u20132016 . no part of this site may be reproduced without written permission .\nthe content and opinions expressed on this web page do not necessarily reflect the views of nor are they endorsed by the university of georgia or the university system of georgia .\nmon - sat : 10 a . m . to 5 p . m .\nmeet your state representative . i am not referring to your state senator or your district representative . this is your representative of ohio\u2019s rich and significant paleontological past .\nfoerste was a dayton area high school teacher , a renowned and prolific paleontologist , and an important member of the \u201ccincinnati school\u201d of paleontology . the \u201ccincinnati school\u201d was not a formal educational institution , but rather refers to a dedicated group of amateur paleontologists active in the cincinnati area in the late 19th and early 20th centuries . each was a passionate collector and scholar of cincinnati fossils , and the fame of cincinnati grew from the research publications of these \u201cgentlemen naturalists . \u201d all were associated with the cincinnati society of natural history , a predecessor of cincinnati museum center . since the time of the \u201ccincinnati school , \u201d many cincinnatians have contributed to our understanding of the history of life . today , the university of cincinnati department of geology features one of america\u2019s foremost paleontological programs . the dry dredgers , an award - winning association of amateur fossil collectors , and the longest running such group in the united states , is still going strong today . the extensive fossil collections of the cincinnati society of natural history , the university of cincinnati , and many \u201ccincinnati school\u201d and \u201cdry dredgers\u201d members , now reside at cincinnati museum center and form the largest collection of late ordovician fossils in the world .\nthe majority of the states in the united states have an official state fossil designation . several states have\nunofficially designated thanks to a fossil being designated as the \u201cstate dinosaur\u201d or \u201cstate stone\u201d . there are 7 states without a state fossil designation , arkansas , hawaii , indiana , iowa , minnesota , new hampshire and rhode island .\n(\nking lizard\n) is a genus of early whale that lived 40 to 34 million years ago in the late eocene . basilosaurus represents one of the earliest whales although it is actually descended from land mammals . the front flippers had an elbow joint and the back flippers where hind legs would have been are greatly reduced in size . it ' s estimated it could reach gigantic sizes of 40 - 60 feet in length . these ancient whale fossils are most abundant in alabama but fossil remains of the basilosaurus cetoides may not be removed from the state without prior written approval of the governor .\nthe woolly mammoth or mammuthus primigenius was a species of mammoth . the common name for the extinct elephant genus mammuthus . it was about the size of a modern day elephant , covered in fur and lived from 400 , 000 years ago to as recent as 4 , 000 years ago . it first evolved in eurasia and entered alaska from siberia over the bering land bridge around 65 , 000 years ago . it ' s fossils are frequently found in alaska by gold miners after being washed out of stream banks .\narizana is famous for it ' s vast petrified forest , so it makes sense that arizona ' s state fossil would be the most plentiful species of fossil tree in that forest , araucarioxylon arizonicum . petrified wood is fossil wood that has been turn to a fossil via permineralization . that is the organic wood material was replaced with minerals by water after it was buried . the petrified forest national monument is located north of i - 40 east of holbrook and is from the triassic age , approximately 200 million years ago .\narkansaurus , a bipedal coelurosaurian dinosaur , is the only dinosaur whose remains have been found in arkansas . joe b . friday discovered the dinosaur ' s fossilized foot in a gravel pit near lockesburg in 1972 when he was out looking for a cow .\n) are abundant at the la brea tar pits in los angeles . smilodon is one of the most recognizable of the ferocious saber - toothed cats which roamed the americas up until 11 , 000 years ago . they could weight up to 350 kg and had massive , 8 inch long upper canine teeth which they used to prey on large ice age mammals .\nthe spike - tailed stegosaurus is one of the most iconic and recognizable dinosaurs . it ' s rare fossils can be found in the jurassic aged morrison formation of colorado . it is believed that a typical stegosaurus weighed ten tons but had a brain that was only about 2 ounces ( the size of a walnut ) while probably not the brightest of the dinosaurs it had a formidable array of armored plates , and a spiked tail with which to defend itself .\nthe connecticut valley is home to one of the most impressive dinosaur track sites in the world . tracks of many different types of dinosaurs have been found preserved in the valley ' s sandstone dating back to the early jurassic . eubrontes is the name given to the three - toed tracks but no skeletal remains have been found of their creator and the specific genus of dinosaur is not yet known . these tracks were the first known dinosaur fossils to be discovered in north america .\nbelemnites are an extinct group of squid - like cephalopods that lived during the jurassic and cretaceous . they had a hard , internal , cone shaped structure that is often preserved as a fossil though it is not technically a shell . they had 10 arms but unlike modern squid these arms had small hooks instead of suckers .\nbelemnites of the species belemnitella americana are found abundantly in the exposures of the mount laurel formation along the banks of the chesapeake and delaware canal . the fine - grained sands and silts of the mount laurel were deposited in a shallow sea during the late cretaceous .\ncurrently , florida does not officially recognize a state fossil but it ' s state stone is actually a fossil , so we ' ll count it . the state stone , err fossil is agatized coral and the most commonly found type found in florida is anthozoa .\nagatized\nis a common name given to fossils that have been replaced by silica and contaminate minerals which provide the color . agatized / fossilized coral is found in several florida locations and may have been formed when runoffs of silt rich is clay and silica buried an eocene aged coral reef . some of the first inhabitants of florida some 5 , 000 years ago used this agatized coral as a material for making stone tools and points .\ngeorgia ' s state fossil is the fossil shark tooth without any specific species or genus identified . fossil shark teeth are common in deposits ranging the cretaceous through the miocene in georgia . the reason shark teeth are so common is that sharks shed their teeth frequently during their lifetime and an adult shark may have left behind many thousands of teeth on the seafloor . the most impressive of these fossil shark teeth found in georgia are those of the\nwas discovered in 1928 by a cattle rancher near hagerman , idaho , hence the name . it is one of the oldest horses of the equus genus appearing 3 . 5 million years ago and is believed to be very similar to the african zebra . nearly 200 fossil horse skeletons have been recovered from the hagerman fossil beds national monument .\n) was a soft - bodied invertebrate of unknown affinities that lived in the the waters of muddy estuaries during the pennsylvanian period , 300 million years ago . its fossils have only been found in the mazon creek fossil beds of illinois , united states . it lacks characteristics of any modern phyla and paleontologists speculate that it may be a representative of a stem group to one of the many phyla of worms .\nwas a giant , predatory marine lizard that could reach sizes of up to 50 feet in length . pteranodon is a type of pterosaurs which included some of the largest known flying reptiles , with wingspans up to 20 ft .\nbrachiopod shells are probably the most commonly found fossils in kentucky . they are so many different species of fossil brachiopods found in kentucky , the state simply designated the entire group as the state fossil .\nare marine animals that superficially resembled clams , but are a completely different phylum with a vastly different internal structure .\npetrified palm wood is the louisiana state fossil and is characterized by prominent rod - like structures within the regular grain of the petrified wood . in louisiana , petrified palm wood belongs to the genus\n. it is found within the catahoula formation , which consists almost entirely of sediments deposited within broad , low - lying coastal plains during the oligocene period about 30 million years ago .\npertica is a genus of extinct vascular plants of the early to middle devonian ( around 420 to 380 million years ago ) . pertica quadrifaria ( the type species of the genus ) was described in 1972 from compression fossils found in the trout valley formation of northern maine , usa . it was an upright plant which grew to perhaps as much as a 3 feet in height .\necphora gardnerae gardnerae is a species of large carnivorous sea snail lived during the miocene epoch , and became extinct more than five million years ago . the shells are found as fossils in maryland and virginia . ecphora was one of the first fossils from the new world to be illustrated in a scientific work in europe .\nthe connecticut river valley of western massachusetts is one of the world ' s richest sources of prehistoric dinosaur tracks . the dinosaur tracks in the connecticut valley date from about 180 million to 210 million years ago . they are actually the first recorded dinosaur tracks being first discovered by a farmer ' s son in the early 1800 ' s . the prints were first thought to be the marks of ancient birds . no one can be certain which dinosaurs made the prints , but it ' s believed the largest ( more than a foot in length ) may have been made by dilophosaurus , a 20 - foot long meat - eating dinosaur .\nmammut americanum or the american mastodon is the youngest and most widely known member of the genus mammut . mastodons where relatives of elephants and mammoths and lived in michigan during the pliocene and pleistocene .\nwhich is a rock containing fossilized rugose coral ( hexagonaria percarinata ) was designated the michigan state stone in 1965 .\npetoskey stones are found in the gravel point formation of the traverse group . they are fragments of a coral reef that was originally deposited during the devonian period . the fragments were then natural polished by glaciers and are found over a wide area .\nthe name comes from an ottawa indian chief , chief pet - o - sega . the city of petoskey , michigan , is also named after him , and is the center of the area where the stones are found .\nlike alabama , mississippi has designated a primitive whale ( or rather two of them ) as their state fossils .\ncrinoids , sometimes commonly referred to as sea lilies are animals not plants . they are echinoderms related to starfish , sea urchins and brittle stars .\nmaiasaura is a large type of duck - billed dinosaur in montana during the upper cretaceous period , about 76 . 7 million years ago . maiasaura was large , attaining an adult length of about 30 ft and had the typical hadrosaurid flat ( duck - billed ) beak . . it had a small , spiky crest in front of its eyes , which may have been used in headbutting contests between males during the breeding season .\nthe mammoth was adopted as the nebraska state fossil in 1967 . the world\u2019s largest mammoth skeleton , nicknamed \u2018archie\u2019 was discovered in lincoln county , nebraska and is currently on display at the university of nebraska state museum . archie is 25 feet , seven inches long and is estimate to have weighed a staggering 15 tons .\nthe mammoth was an elephant but much larger than the modern day version , hence the name . the remains on three different species of mammoth that roamed the plains during the pleistocene period have been found in nebraska .\nshonisaurus is a gigantic genus of ichthyosaur that could reach lengths of nearly 50 feet . an ichthyosaur is an extinct marine reptile resembling a dolphin , with a long pointed head , four flippers , and a vertical tail .\nin 1920 a large bone - bed of shonisaurus fossils was discovered near berlin , nevada in the triassic aged luning formation . excavations thirty years later would reveal the remains of 37 large individuals . these were named shonisaurus , which means\nlizard from the shoshone mountains\n, after the where the fossils were found . this area is now encompassed by berlin\u2013ichthyosaur state park . shonisaurus was designated as the state fossil of nevada in 1984 .\nhadrosaurus foulkii was a type of duckbilled dinosaur that roamed the forests and swamps along new jersey ' s coastline 80 million years ago . it was probably about 25 feet long and 10 feet tall . hadrosaurs are believed to have stood on their hind legs while grazing , and had a mouthful of hundreds of tiny , blocky teeth that would have functioned to grind leaves and other vegetation .\nhadrosaurus foulkii was the dinosaur known from more than isolated teeth to be found in north america . a of hadrosaurus foulkii skeleton was discovered in 1858 by william foulke in a marl pit near haddonfield , new jersey . in 1868 , it became the first mounted dinosaur skeleton in the world and it was named the state dinosaur of new jersey in 1991 .\ncoelophysis bauri is an extinct species of coelophysid dinosaur that lived during the late triassic period , approximately 200 million years ago . it was a small , theropod dinosaur , about 6 feet in length and only weighing around 50 lbs . it was most likely a carnivore , preying on small reptiles , amphibians and early triassic mammals .\nthe remains of hundreds of skeletons of coelophysis were discovered at ghost ranch during the 1940s . because of the large number of remains that have been found it is probably the best known dinosaur of the triassic . coelophysis was adopted as the official fossil of new mexico by law in 1981 .\neurypterus is an extinct genus of \u201csea scorpion\u201d that lived during the silurian period from around around 432 to 418 million years ago . the first discovered species of the genus was eurypterus remipes . eurypterus averaged at about 5 to 9 inches in length and possessed spine - bearing appendages with a large paddle they used for swimming .\neurypterus remipes lived along the bottom of the shallow , brackish sea that covered much of new york over 400 million years ago . the first fossil of eurypterus was found in 1818 by s . l . mitchill . it was first thought to be a fossil catfish and wasn\u2019t correctly identified as an arthropod until years later . it was named the official state fossil of ny in 1984 .\n. megalodon is the largest known predator in the history of the planet having been estimated to reach sizes of up to 60 feet long . huge serrated teeth up to 7 1 / 2 inches have been discovered . it ' s a good thing that this gigantic shark went extinct about 2 . 6 million years ago .\nare relatively common fossils in north carolina . they are popularly collected by divers in the rivers and offshore after they erode out of the miocene aged hawthorn formation . these fossil teeth were adopted as the official state fossil of north carolina in 2013 .\nteredo wood the name that is given to wood that was bored into by small marine mollusks called shipworms . thus , petrified teredo wood would be the fossils of this wood bearing the distinctive boreholes .\nduring the paleocene ( around 60 million years ago ) parts of north dakota were covered by warm water swamps , similar to florida today . sequoias and other trees growing in these swamps fell into the water and were washed out to sea become driftwood . they would then be bored into by the marine shipworms . under the right conditions this driftwood would become fossilized and replaced with silica through the process of petrification .\nis a common fossil in the cannonball formation of south - central north dakota . it was designated the north dakota state fossil in 1967 .\nis a genus of allosaurid dinosaur from the late jurassic ( ~ 151 million years old ) morrison formation of oklahoma . it was a truly massive predator , estimated to have reached a maximum size of 34 - 43 feet in length . the first bones of saurophaganax were found in the early 1930s near kenton , oklahoma . since that time , discoveries have been rare and fragmentary .\nthe metasequoia or \u201cdawn redwood\u201d is a deciduous conifer that flourished from 34 to 5 million years ago . it\u2019s fossils are common in rocks of these ages in oregon and many other areas of the pacific northwest . it was made the official oregon state fossil in 2005 after intense lobbying by a local fossil enthusiast who presented every legislator with a metasequoia fossil . it\u2019s an appropriate fossil for the state , because of the states prominent timber heritage .\nphacops may be the most widely recognizable type of trilobite fossil in the world . phacops rana is a species of the genus that can found in pennsylvania ' s devonian aged rocks . trilobites are an extinct marine arthropod that occurred abundantly during the paleozoic era .\nphacops rana was named the official state fossil of pennsylvania in 1988 after being proposed to lawmakers by a elementary school science class .\nbecame the official state fossil of south carolina in 2014 . south dakota is the sixth state to make a mammoth the state fossil , and the second most recent to official name a state fossil . it almost didn\u2019t happen because of months of delays by creationist lawmakers who tried to add amendments referring to the book of genesis and god ' s creation to the law .\n\u201cthe columbian mammoth , which was created on the sixth day with the other beasts of the field , is designated as the official state fossil of south carolina and must be officially referred to as the ' columbian mammoth , ' which was created on the sixth day with the other beasts of the field .\nit took much pleading by state residents to keep religion out of science but eventually the bill passed free of religious amendments .\nprior to 1988 the official state fossil of south dakota was the cycad , a type of palm like mesozoic plant . legislators decided to change it to one of the most recognizable dinosaurs to all - time , triceratops .\nthe horned dinosaur triceratops is one of the most common dinosaur fossils in the cretaceous aged hell creek formation that outcrops in south dakota . many fine specimens of this large , rhinocerous looking herbivore have been discovered in south dakota .\npterorigonia is an extinct genus of that is a common fossil in the cretaceous aged rocks in west tennessee . about 70 million years ago , much of tennessee was covered by a shallow sea . in 1998 pterorigonia thoracica was named as the official state fossil of the state .\nthe early cretaceous sauropod dinosaur paluxysaurus jonesi is estimated to have been about 60 feet long , 26 feet of that being it\u2019s long neck . it is a relative of brachiosaurus & camarasaurus and its tracks can be viewed at dinosaur valley state park near glen rose , texas . complete skeletons of this dinosaur are unknown , and most material is fragmentary .\noriginally the official state dinosaur was pleurocoelus but that designation only lasted seven years when the bones were determined to have come from a different genus and species , paluxysaurus jonesi . in 2009 governor rick perry signed house concurrent resolution no changing the name of the state dinosaur to match .\ntexas ' s state stone , petrified palmoxylon wood also happens to be a fossil .\nallosaurus is a well - known predatory dinosaur that lived during the jurassic period and probably hunted in packs . it averaged about 25 - 30 feet in length and is the most common dinosaur fossil found in the morrison formation that outcrops in eastern utah . over 60 skeletons , representing both adults and juveniles of the species have been found in one quarry in utah along . it\u2019s skull could reach up to 3 feet in length with backwardly curving teeth . it could open its jaw very wide and it has been theorized that it used it\u2019s upper jaw like a hatchet to attach prey .\nvermont has two state fossils designated , a state terrestrial ( land ) fossil and a state marine fossil .\nthe \u201cmount holly mammoth\u201d was designated as the state terrestrial fossil in 2014 . discovered in 1848 , the mount holly mammoth consists of a partial mammoth found in a peat bog on mt . holly while making an excavation for a railroad .\nin making this excavation , the workmen found at the bottom of the bed , resting upon gravel which separated it from the rock below , a huge tooth . the depth of the peat at that place was eleven feet . soon afterwards one of the tusks was found , about eighty feet from the place of the tooth mentioned above , which was a grinder . subsequently the other tusk and several of the bones of the animal were found near the same place . these bones and teeth were submitted to the inspection of professor agassiz , who pronounced them to be extinct species of elephant . the directors of the r . & b . r . r . to whom they belong , placed them in the museum of the university of vermont , for preservation , and for the illustration of our fossil geology . \u201d\nin 1993 a fossil beluga whale skeleton was designated as the official vermont marine fossil . vermont is the only state that designates a fossil symbol from a species that still exists today .\nholds the distinction of being the first fossil described in north america in 1687 . it was named to honor thomas jefferson because of his interest in natural history and to celebrate the chesapeake bay , the largest estuary in the world . fossils of this 4 million year old shellfish are commonly found in streams and beaches of southeastern virginia . it is an index fossil for the lower yorktown formation .\nwashington is one of six states to have the woolly mammoth , designated as a state fossil , but at least they were one of the first to do so . so , it\u2019s the other states being unoriginal . petrified wood ( a fossil ) is also designated as the state stone . fossilized remains of the columbian mammoth were found on the olympic peninsula in western washington and petrified wood at several localities in eastern washington .\njeffersonii is an extinct giant ground sloth that lived in north america from the late miocene ( 10 million years ago ) through the pleistocene ( 11k years ago ) it was nearly 10 feet high and weight up to a ton . it is one of the most unusual north american ice - age mammals . it had thick hair that enabled the species to endure colder temperatures and range farther north than other ground sloths . it\u2019s name latin for \u201cgreat claw\u201d from the fact that it had a giant claw .\nlike the state fossil of virginia the species is named after fossil lover and third president of the united state , thomas jefferson . his lecture on megalonyx to the american philosophical society in 1797 marked the beginning of vertebrate paleontology in north america . in 2008 megalonyx jeffersonii was officially adopted as the west virginia state fossil .\nin 1985 the trilobite calymene celebra was adopted as the official wisconsin state fossil . trilobites are extinct marine arthropods which dominated the seas during the paleozoic period . calymene celebra lived during the silurian period , at a time when warm , shallow seas covered the state . its fossils are common in the vast niagara dolomite outcroppings which are exposed in the state .\nwyoming has both a state fossil , designated in 1987 and a state dinosaur designated in 1994 .\na genus of fossil herring was designated at the official state fossil . 45 - 50 million years ago , several large , freshwater lakes covered the southwestern part of wyoming , as well as areas of utah and colorado . periodically there were mass die - offs of fish in the lake , potentially caused by volcanic eruptions , temperature fluctuations , or algal blooms . a low oxygen environment at the bottom of the lake allowed for beautiful preservation of these fish as fossils . today these fossils are found in huge numbers at several quarries near kemmerer , wy . knightia is the most common of the fossil fish from the green river formation .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nthis trilobite was discovered during field research on the hudson bay shoreline , where it lay exposed for only 1 . 5 hours each tide cycle . the crew worked quickly , using hammers , pry bars , and chisels to separate it from the surrounding bedrock .\ntrilobites lived in ancient seas from the early cambrian period ( about 540 , 000 , 000 years ago ) . they probably ate live and dead animals on the sea floor . this trilobite may have grown so large because it lived in warm waters with ample food , as churchill was near the equator at the time .\ntrilobites are extinct arthropods that were the dominant creatures in seas of the early paleozoic era . most trilobites are up to a few centimetres long . this fossil , measuring more than 70 centimetres in length , is the largest complete specimen in the world , and is listed in the guinness book of world records .\nimages copyright the manitoba museum . copy and use outside this website prohibited without prior permission .\nthe manitoba museum acknowledges we are on treaty 1 land , and the homeland of the m\u00e9tis nation . these lands are the traditional territories of the anishinaabeg , ininiwak , and nakota nations . the museum is committed to collaborating with all indigenous peoples of this province including the dakota , anishininiwak , dene and inuit .\nwe also acknowledge the harms of the past and are committed to improving relationships in the spirit of reconciliation , and we extend our appreciation for the opportunity to live and learn on these traditional lands .\nmanitoba museum is accredited by imagine canada for excellence in non - profit accountability , transparency and governance .\nonline access is provided for research purposes only . for rights and reproduction requests or more information , go to\nyour session has expired . for your security , we have logged you out . would you like to log in again ?\na spectacular , museum - quality example of the official ohio state fossil , it is complete , down to the genal spines . it measures 9\nin length on an 11 3 / 4\nx 10 1 / 2\nmatrix . resin . ohio .\nwe are currently unable to calculate your contract price for this item . list price is being displayed temporarily . when your order is processed , you will be invoiced at your contract price even though list price is displayed now\nwhatever you have to say , positive or negative , is important to us .\nurltoken will publish your name as urltoken user . you can use this name , or edit and save a nickname . we recommend authors use their first and last initial .\nward ' s science allows users to contribute both positive , negative ratings and review content . we\u2019ve put together some general guidelines for having them published successfully . once you submit a review to us , it is read only . we do not modify submitted review content under any circumstance , at any time during our professional moderation . the intention of reviews , is to guide customers into quality purchase decisions based on unbiased relevant feedback\ninappropriate content : profane , offensive , illicit , or inappropriate words or phrases . any content related to safety concerns , or children , legal interests , threats , medical advice , spam , fraud , business ' s practices , politics , religion , or other matters that don ' t address the customer experience with the product being reviewed .\nmention of price : do not share a definitive price of the reviewed product .\npromotional content / links / cross - 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{"id": 735, "summary": [{"text": "sibon sanniolus , commonly known as the pygmy snail sucker or pygmy snail-eating snake , is a species of small snake which is found in mexico , belize , and guatemala . ", "topic": 16}], "title": "sibon sanniolus", "paragraphs": ["mesopeltis sanniolus cope 1866 : 318 leptognathus sanniola \u2014 bocourt 1908 sibynomorphus sanniola \u2014 schmidt & andrews 1936 sibynomorphus sanniolus \u2014 gaige 1936 sibon neilli henderson , hoevers & wilson 1977 sibon sanniola \u2014 lee 2000 : 329 sibon sanniolus \u2014 liner 1994 sibon sanniola \u2014 campbell 1998 sibon sanniolus \u2014 mccranie 2006 sibon sanniolus \u2014 wallach et al . 2014 : 669 sibon sanniola \u2014 heimes 2016 : 309\npigmy snail sucker ( sibon sanniolus ) on oth\u00f3n p . blanco check list \u00b7 urltoken\nsibon perissostichon k\u00f6hler , lotzkat & hertz 2010 sibon perrisostichon \u2014 rovito et al . 2012 ( in error ) sibon perissostichon \u2014 wallach et al . 2014 : 669\ncloudy snail - eating snake ( snail sucker ) - sibon nebulata . . . photo\nk\u00f6hler , gunther , j . rogelio cede\u00f1o - v\u00e1zquez , till kirstein and pablo beutelspacher - garc\u00eda . 2016 . the chetumal snake census : generating biological data from road - killed snakes . part 2 . dipsas brevifacies , sibon sanniolus , and tropidodipsas sartorii . mesoamerican herpetology 3 ( 3 ) : 689\u2013705\na new species of sibon , placed in the sibon annulatus species group , is described from the mosquitia region of northeastern honduras . within this group , the new species appears most closely related to sibon dimidiatus . by comparison to s . dimidiatus , the new species can be distinguished by its fewer ventrals , subcaudals , total number of ventrals plus subcaudals , and smaller adult size .\nmccranie , james r . ( 2006 ) new species of sibon ( squamata : colubridae ) from northeastern honduras . : journal of herpetology 40 ( 1 ) : 16 - 21\nmccranie , james r . 2006 . new species of sibon ( squamata : colubridae ) from northeastern honduras . journal of herpetology 40 ( 1 ) : 16 - 21 - get paper here\nrovito , sean m . ; theodore j . papenfuss ( 2012 ) a new species of sibon ( squamata : colubridae ) from the mountains of eastern guatemala . : zootaxa 3266 : 62\u201368\nsmith , hobart m . , 1982 : the gender of the nominal snake genus sibon . bulletin of the maryland herpetological society , vol . 18 , no . 4 . 192 - 193 .\ngenus sibon fitzinger , 1826 has been variously treated in literature as masculine , feminine , and neuter ; as the gender of a variable name should be considered masculine unless the original author implies otherwise ( iczn art . 30a2 ) , and as fitzinger treated all the adjectival epithets initially placed in the genus as masculine , masculine is the proper gender assignable to sibon ( smith , 1982 )\nrovito , sean m . ; theodore j . papenfuss 2012 . a new species of sibon ( squamata : colubridae ) from the mountains of eastern guatemala . zootaxa 3266 : 62\u201368 - get paper here\nmccranie , j . r . ( 2007 ) a second new species of sibon ( squamata : colubridae ) from la mosquitia , northeastern honduras . : herpetologica 63 ( 2 ) : 213 - 218\nmccranie , j . r . 2007 . a second new species of sibon ( squamata : colubridae ) from la mosquitia , northeastern honduras . herpetologica 63 ( 2 ) : 213 - 218 - get paper here\nk\u00f6hler , gunther , sebastian lotzkat and andreas hertz . 2010 . a new species of sibon ( squamata : colubridae ) from western panama . herpetologica 66 ( 1 ) : 80 - 85 - get paper here\nkofron , c . p . ( 1990 ) systematics of neotropical gastropod - eating snakes : the dimidiata group of the genus sibon , with comments on the nebulata group . : amphibia - reptilia 11 : 207 - 223\nkofron , c . p . 1990 . systematics of neotropical gastropod - eating snakes : the dimidiata group of the genus sibon , with comments on the nebulata group . amphibia - reptilia 11 : 207 - 223 - get paper here\nmccoy , c . j . 1986 . results of the carnegie museum of natural history expeditions to belize . i . systematic status and geographic distribution of sibon neilli ( reptilia , serpentes ) . annals of the carnegie museum 55 : 117 - 123 .\nmccoy , c . j . ( 1986 ) results of the carnegie museum of natural history expeditions to belize . i . systematic status and geographic distribution of sibon neilli ( reptilia , serpentes ) . : annals of the carnegie museum 55 : 117 - 123 .\nhenderson , r . w . , hoevers , l . g . , & wilson , l . d . ( 1977 ) a new species of sibon ( reptilia , serpentes , colubridae ) from belize , central america . : journal of herpetology 11 ( 1 ) : 77 - 79 .\nlotzkat , s . ; a . hertz ; g . k\u00f6hler . 2012 . a new species of sibon ( squamata : colubroidea : dipsadidae ) from the cordillera central of western panama , with comments on other species of the genus in the area . zootaxa 3485 : 26\u201340 - get paper here\nhenderson , r . w . , hoevers , l . g . , & wilson , l . d . 1977 . a new species of sibon ( reptilia , serpentes , colubridae ) from belize , central america . journal of herpetology 11 ( 1 ) : 77 - 79 . - get paper here\np\u00e9rez - higareda , gonzalo , marco a . l\u00f3pez - luna , and hobart m . smith ( 2002 ) a new snake related to sibon sanniola ( serpentes : dipsadidae ) from los tuxtlas , veracruz , mexico . : bull . maryland herp . soc . 38 ( 2 ) : 62 - 65\np\u00e9rez - higareda , gonzalo , marco a . l\u00f3pez - luna , and hobart m . smith 2002 . a new snake related to sibon sanniola ( serpentes : dipsadidae ) from los tuxtlas , veracruz , mexico . bull . maryland herp . soc . 38 ( 2 ) : 62 - 65 - get paper here\na new species of sibon in the s . annulatus species group is described from the mosquitia region of northeastern honduras . the new species differs from all other members in the group in ventral and dorsal coloration . within this group , the new species appears to be most closely related to s . dimidiatus and s . miskitus .\nthe number of species increased from 10 , 711 to 10 , 793 , i . e . an increase of 82 species . 66 new species have been described , 9 species have been revalidated from synonymy and 16 subspecies were elevated to full species . . .\nover the past 4 months , the number of species increased from 10 , 639 to 10 , 711 .\nthe number of species has grown from 10 , 544 in the may release to now 10 , 639 ( + 95 species ) .\noverall , 212 new taxa have been added or changed their status or name .\nthe reptile database is a taxonomic database that provides basic information about all living reptile species , such as turtles , snakes , lizards , and crocodiles , as well as tuataras and amphisbaenians , but does not include dinosaurs .\ncurrently there are more than 10 , 000 species and an additional 2 , 700 subspecies . this is making reptiles the largest vertebrate group after fish ( ~ 25 , 000 species ) and birds ( ~ 10 , 000 species ) , and significantly larger than mammals ( ~ 5 , 000 species ) or amphibians ( ~ 6 , 000 species ) .\nthe reptile database provides taxonomic information for the catalogue of life and the encyclopedia of life . our taxonomic information has also been used by genbank and many other resources and is the only comprehensive reptile database on the web .\nthe reptile database can be used to find all species within a certain geographic area ( e . g . all snakes of egypt ) . its collection of more than 2 , 500 images allow users to identify a species or at least get an idea how the species or genus may look like . more than 30 , 000 references provide a guide to further information .\nthis database is maintained by peter uetz ( database content ) and jakob hallermann , zoological museum hamburg ( new species and updates ) .\nnote : tdwg regions are generated automatically from the text in the distribution field and not in every cases it works well . we are working on it .\nbarbour , t . , and l . j . cole . 1906 . vertebrata from yucatan . reptilia , amphibia and pisces . bull . mus . comp . zool . harvard 50 : 146 - 159 - get paper here\ncalderon , r . ; cede\u00f1o - v\u00e1zquez , j . r . & pozo , c . 2003 . new distributional records for amphibians and reptiles from campeche , mexico . herpetological review 34 ( 3 ) : 269 - 272 - get paper here\ncampbell , j . a . 1998 . amphibians and reptiles of northern guatemala , the yucat\u00e1n , and belize . norman : university of oklahoma press , xiii + 380 pp . - get paper here\ncope , e . d . 1867 . fifth contribution lo the herpetology of tropical america . proc . acad . nat . sci . philadelphia , 18 [ 1866 ] : 317 - 323 - get paper here\ngaige , h . 1936 . some reptiles and amphibians from yucatan and campeche , mexico . carnegie inst . wash . publ . , ( 457 ) : 289 - 304 .\nharvey , michael b . ; gilson rivas fuenmayor , jos\u00e9 rances caicedo - portilla , and jos\u00e9 vicente rueda - almonacid 2009 . systematics of the enigmatic dipsadine snake tropidodipsas perijanensis alem\u00e1n ( serpentes : colubridae ) and review of morphological characters of dipsadini . herpetological monographs 22 ( 1 ) : 106 - 132 - get paper here\nheimes , p . 2016 . snakes of mexico . chimaira , frankfurt , 572 pp\nk\u00f6hler , g . 2008 . reptiles of central america . 2nd ed . herpeton - verlag , 400 pp .\nlee , j . c . 2000 . a field guide to the amphibians and reptiles of the maya world . cornell university press , ithaca ,\nlee , j . c . 1996 . the amphibians and reptiles of the yucat\u00e1n peninsula . comstock , cornell university press , ithaca , 500 pp .\nmccoy , c . j . , censky , e . j . , & van de vender , r . r . 1986 . distribution records for amphibians and reptiles in belize , central america . herpetological review 17 : 28 - 29 . - get paper here\npeters , j . a . 1960 . the snakes of the subfamily dipsadinae . misc . publ . mus . zool . , univ . michigan ( 114 ) : 224 pp . - get paper here\npizzatto , l\u00edgia ; maur\u00edcio cantor , juliana lima de oliveira , otavio a . v . marques , vinicius capovilla , and marcio martins 2008 . reproductive ecology of dipsadine snakes , with emphasis on south american species . herpetologica 64 ( 2 ) : 168 - 179 - get paper here\nschmidt , k . p , & andrews , e . w . 1936 . notes on snakes from yucat\u00e1n . field mus . nat hist . zool . ser . 20 : 167 - 187 . - get paper here\nwallach , van ; kenneth l . williams , jeff boundy 2014 . snakes of the world : a catalogue of living and extinct species . taylor and francis , crc press , 1237 pp .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nflores - villela , oscar / mccoy , c . j . , ed .\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nbarbour , t . , and l . j . cole . ( 1906 ) vertebrata from yucatan . reptilia , amphibia and pisces . : bull . mus . comp . zool . harvard 50 : 146 - 159\ncalderon , r . ; cede\u00f1o - v\u00e1zquez , j . r . & pozo , c . ( 2003 ) new distributional records for amphibians and reptiles from campeche , mexico . : herpetological review 34 ( 3 ) : 269 - 272\ncope , e . d . ( 1867 ) fifth contribution lo the herpetology of tropical america . : proc . acad . nat . sci . philadelphia , 18 [ 1866 ] : 317 - 323\nflores - villela , oscar / mccoy , c . j . , ed . , 1993 : herpetofauna mexicana : lista anotada de las especies de anfibios y reptiles de m\u00e9xico , cambios taxon\u00f3micos recientes , y nuevas especies . carnegie museum of natural history special publication , no . 17 . iv + 73 .\nfrank , norman & ramus , erica ( 1995 ) a complete guide to scientific and common names of reptiles and amphibians of the world . : pottsville : n g publishing inc . , 377 pp .\nharvey , michael b . ; gilson rivas fuenmayor , jos\u00e9 rances caicedo - portilla , and jos\u00e9 vicente rueda - almonacid ( 2009 ) systematics of the enigmatic dipsadine snake tropidodipsas perijanensis alem\u00e1n ( serpentes : colubridae ) and review of morphological characters of dipsadini . : herpetological monographs 22 ( 1 ) : 106 - 132\nlee , j . c . ( 2000 ) a field guide to the amphibians and reptiles of the maya world . : cornell university press , ithaca ,\nlee , j . c . ( 1996 ) the amphibians and reptiles of the yucat\u00e1n peninsula . : comstock , cornell university press , ithaca , 500 pp .\nmccoy , c . j . , censky , e . j . , & van de vender , r . r . ( 1986 ) distribution records for amphibians and reptiles in belize , central america . : herpetological review 17 : 28 - 29 .\npeters , j . a . ( 1960 ) the snakes of the subfamily dipsadinae . : misc . publ . mus . zool . , univ . michigan ( 114 ) : 224 pp .\npizzatto , l\u00edgia ; maur\u00edcio cantor , juliana lima de oliveira , otavio a . v . marques , vinicius capovilla , and marcio martins ( 2008 ) reproductive ecology of dipsadine snakes , with emphasis on south american species . : herpetologica 64 ( 2 ) : 168 - 179\nschmidt , k . p , & andrews , e . w . ( 1936 ) notes on snakes from yucat\u00e1n . : field mus . nat hist . zool . ser . 20 : 167 - 187 .\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\neleutherodactylus operosus savage , mccranie , and wilson , 1999 : a synonym of eleutherodactylus cerasi . . .\neleutherodactylus operosus is placed in the synonymy of eleutherodactylus cerasinus , based on the collection of new specimens from eastern honduras .\nnew species of snake of the colubrid genus rhadinaea ( godmani group ) from parque nacional el cusuco , . . .\nse describe una nueva especie de rhadinaea del grupo godmani en una localidad de bosque nublado en la sierra de omoa , en el noroeste de honduras . se diferencia de las otras especies del grupo por las siguientes caracter\u00edsticas : las superficies ventral y subcaudal rojas , la presencia de 21\u201321\u201321 filas de escamas dorsales , rayas vertebrales y laterales bien definidas y las rayas suplementarias . . . [ show full abstract ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nthat inhabit its rich and ideal natural habitat . a diverse reptile population , from sea turtles to boa constrictors , can be found in all parts of the equally diverse habitat . while some might not be easy to see , all leave their distinct footprint on the yucatan peninsula .\ntropical milksnake - lampropeltis triangulum blanchard ' s or yucatan milk snake is the subspecies that is endemic to the yucatan .\ngreen - headed treesnake ( mexican parrot snake ) - leptophis mexicanus . . . photo\nsalmon - bellied racer - mastigodryas melanolomus . . . photo1 . . . photo2\ncentral american ( yellow - red ) rat snake - pseudelaphe flavirufus ( elaphe / pantherophis flavirufa ) . . . photo\nbird - eating tree snake ( neotropical bird snake , puffing snake ) - pseustes poecilonotus . . . photo\nadorned graceful brown ( striped forest ) snake - rhadinaea decorata . . . photo\nguatemala neckband snake ( shovel - toothed ) snake - scaphiodontophis annulatus . . . photo\nyucatan white - lipped snake - symphimus ( opheodrys ) mayae . . . photo\nyucatan neotropical rattlesnake ( cascabel ) - crotalus tzabcan ( durissus ) . . . photo\nnote : many of the location details are from focus on nature tours list of reptiles . . . link\na posting on urltoken with lots of photos of anoles and a discussion on identification of the species in the photos , june 2008 . . . . link\nfollow - up on the decline in hawksbills of the yucatan region , from wwf ' s latin american and caribbean marine turtle programme , 2005 . . . . link\nthe campeche\nescorpion\n, an unknown mexican reptile , by peter heimes , m\u00e9xico desconocido , may 2000 . a great article about the discovery ( in 1994 ) and ecology of the campeche spiny - tailed iguana - ctenosaura alfredschmidti . . . . link\nmorelet ' s crocodile at yucatan peninsula ; crocodile specialist group ( wwf ) newsletter ; jan - mar 2002 . . . . link\niucn 2010 . iucn red list of threatened species . version 2010 . 4 . urltoken downloaded march 2011 .\noccurence status describes how common or rare a taxon is in a given area . see darwincore for more information on terminology .\nestablishment means describes how the taxon came to be established in an area . see darwincore for more information on terminology .\ngroup ( serpentes : colubridae ) . \u2014robert w . hansen and gerard t . salmon .\nthe chetumal snake census : generating biological data from road - killed snakes . part 5 .\n. \u2014gunther k\u00f6hler , j . rogelio cede\u00f1o - v\u00e1zquez , elias darius kraus , pablo m . beutelspacher - garc\u00eda , and juan alonso dom\u00ednguez - lepe\nthe herpetofauna of puebla , mexico : composition , distribution , and conservation status . \u2014guillermo a . woolrich - pi\u00f1a , el\u00ed garc\u00eda - padilla , dominic l . desantis , jerry d . johnson , vicente mata - silva , and larry david wilson\n) nest sites at la reserva de la biosfera de janos , chihuahua , mexico . \u2014david lazcano , erika bail\u00f3n - cuellar , gabriel ruiz - ayma , roberto mercado - hern\u00e1ndez , bryan navarro - vel\u00e1zquez , larry david wilson , g . lawrence powell , and anthony p . russell\na system for categorizing the distribution of the mesoamerican herpetofauna . \u2014larry david wilson , jerry d . johnson , louis w . porras , vicente mata - silva , and el\u00ed garc\u00eda - padilla\nhe chetumal snake census : generating biological data from road - killed snakes . part 4 .\n. \u2014 gunther k\u00f6hler , j . rogelio cede\u00f1o - v\u00e1zquez , akary myat tun , and pablo m . beutelspacher - garc\u00eda\nthe endemic herpetofauna of mexico : organisms of global significance in severe peril . \u2014 jerry d . johnson , larry david wilson , vicente mata - silva , el\u00ed garc\u00eda - padilla , and dominic l . desantis\n( serpentes : dipsadidae ) from the sierra de agalta , honduras . \u2014 james r . mccranie\nthe herpetofauna of the mexican yucatan peninsula : composition , distribution , and conservation status . \u2014 victor hugo gonz\u00e1lez - s\u00e1nchez , jerry d . johnson , el\u00ed garc\u00eda - padilla , vicente mata - silva , dominic l . desantis , and larry david wilson\n) in chiquibul forest , belize . \u2014 marisa tellez , boris arevalo , isabelle paquet - durand , and shawn heflick\nthe herpetofauna of jalisco , mexico : composition , distribution , and conservation status . \u2014 daniel cruz - s\u00e1enz , francisco javier mu\u00f1oz - nolasco , vicente mata - silva , jerry d . johnson , el\u00ed garc\u00eda - padilla , and larry david wilson\n\u2014 ross furbush , itzue w . caviedes - solis , fausto r . m\u00e9ndez - de la cruz , and adam d . leach\u00e9\n( anura : craugastoridae ) in costa rica . \u2014 jonathan e . twining and john o . cossel , jr .\nsouthern distributional limits of the sonoran desert herpetofauna along the mainland coast of northwestern mexico .\n\u2014 robert l . bezy , philip c . rosen , thomas r . van devender , and erik f . enderson\nthe herpetofauna of islands in the golfo de fonseca and adjacent waters , honduras .\n( boulenger , 1896 ) from mid - elevation forests in the valle de orosi , costa rica .\namphibians of the cordillera nombre de dios , honduras : coi barcoding suggests underestimated taxonomic richness in a threatened endemic fauna .\nthe chetumal snake census : generating biological data from road - killed snakes . part 3 .\ngunther k\u00f6hler , j . rogelio cede\u00f1o - v\u00e1zquez , manuela spaeth , and pablo m . beutelspacher - garc\u00eda\nidentification uncertainty and proposed best - practices for documenting herpetofaunal geographic distributions , with applied examples from southern mexico .\n\u2014 adam g . clause , carlos j . pav\u00f3n - v\u00e1zquez , peter a . scott , chris m . murphy , eric w . schaad , and levi n . gray\na survey of tadpoles and adult anurans in the sierra madre del sur in oaxaca , mexico ( amphibia : anura ) .\nthe chetumal snake census : generating biological data from road - killed snakes . part 1 . introduction .\nthe chetumal snake census : generating biological data from road - killed snakes . part 2 .\nthe herpetofauna of nayarit , mexico : composition , distribution , and conservation status . \u2014 guillermo a . woolrich - pi\u00f1a , paulino ponce - campos , jes\u00fas loc - barrag\u00e1n , juan pablo ram\u00edrez - silva , vicente mata - silva , jerry d . johnson , el\u00ed garc\u00eda - padilla , and larry david wilson\npopulation status of the american crocodile ( crocodylus acutus ) in caye caulker , belize . \u2014 marisa tellez , miriam boucher , and karl kohlman\nsmith , 1956 ) and the description of two new species . \u2014 gunther k\u00f6hler ,\nthe herpetofauna of tamaulipas , mexico : composition , distribution , and conservation status . \u2014 sergio a . ter\u00e1n - ju\u00e1rez , el\u00ed garc\u00eda padilla , vicente mata - silva , jerry d . johnson , and larry david wilson\nnew distribution record and reproductive data for the chocoan bushmaster , lachesis acrochorda ( serpentes : viperidae ) , in panama . \u2014 rogemif daniel fuentes and greivin corrales\na checklist and key to the snakes of the tantilla clade ( squamata : colubridae ) , with comments on distribution and conservation . \u2014 larry david wilson and vicente mata - silva\nbody size , humeral spine size , and aggressive interactions in the emerald glass frog , espadarana prosoblepon ( anura : centrolenidae ) in costa rica . \u2014 hayden d . hedman and myra c . hughey\nreproduction of the zebra - tailed lizard , callisaurus draconoides ( squamata : phrynosomatidae ) , from baja california sur , mexico . \u2014 stephen r . goldberg\nmexican hylid frogs . \u2014 itzue w . caviedes - solis , luis f . v\u00e1zquez - vega , israel\nsolano - zavaleta , edmundo p\u00e9rez - ramos , sean m . rovito , tom j . devitt , peter heimes , oscar a . flores - villela , jonathan a . campbell , and adri\u00e1n nieto montes de oca\nin nuevo le\u00f3n , mexico . \u2014 william l . farr , manuel nev\u00e1rez de los reyes ,\ndumeril\u2019s coralsnake ( micrurus dumerilii jan , 1858 ) in panama . \u2014 aaron prairie , kathryn chandler , patty ruback , and\nmorphology and ecology of the mexican cave anole anolis alvarezdeltoroi . \u2014 simon scarpetta , levi gray , adrian nieto\nthe herpetofauna of chiapas , mexico : composition , distribution , and conservation . \u2014 jerry d . johnson , vicente mata - silva ,\n( duellman , 1968 ) ( amphibia : anura : hylidae ) . \u2014 gunther k\u00f6hler , ra\u00fal gomez trejo p\u00e9rez , luis canseco - m\u00e1rquez , fausto m\u00e9ndez de la cruz , and arne\ndum\u00e9ril & bibron , 1841 ( anura : rhinophrynidae ) . \u2014 luis sandoval , gilbert barrantes , diego ocampo , and catalina s\u00e1nchez - quir\u00f3s\nupdated checklists of snakes for the provinces of panam\u00e1 and panam\u00e1 oeste , republic of panama .\nthe herpetofauna of oaxaca , mexico : composition , physiographic distribution , and conservation status . \u2014 vicente mata - silva , jerry d . johnson , larry david wilson , and el\u00ed garc\u00eda - padilla\n( sauria : helodermatidae ) , in a tropical dry forest of the motagua valley , guatemala . \u2014 daniel ariano - s\u00e1nchez and gilberto salazar\n( anura : hylidae ) , in the caribbean foothills of southeastern costa rica . \u2014 brian kubicki and stanley salazar\n( sauria : anguidae ) . \u2014 william w . lamar , c\u00e9sar l . barrio - amor\u00f3s , quetzal dwyer , juan g . abarca , and roel de plecker\ntitle pages \u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013 cover , table of contents , board members , social media team and country representatives view / download articles \u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2013\u2013\u2014\u2014\u2013\u2014\u2014 - an updated checklist of the amphibians and reptiles of nicaragua . \u2014 javier sunyer view / download \u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013 characterizing the chort\u00eds block biogeographic province : geological , physiographic , and ecological associations and herpetofaunal diversity . \u2014 josiah h . townsend view / download \u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013 two new species of the norops pachypus complex ( squamata , dactyloidae ) from costa rica . \u2014 gunther k\u00f6hler , joseph vargas , and sebastian lotzkat view / download other contributions \u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2014 - - \u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013 nature notes , distribution notes , and miscellaneous notes view / download\ngroup from eastern panama . \u2014 abel batista , gunther k\u00f6hler , konrad mebert , and milan vesely\nan updated list of the amphibians and reptiles of honduras , with comments on their nomenclature . \u2014 jos\u00e9 m . solis ,\nsnake species of the world , vol . undetermined , manuscript ( version 2004 )\nworking manuscript of follow - up volumes to mcdiarmid et al . ( 1999 ) ,\nsnake species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , vol . 1\nsnakes - part 1 . revised edition with new material by p . e . vanzolini\ntype locality : near lost and found ecohostel , reserva forestal la fortuna , 8\u00b0 40 . 47\u2019 n , 82\u00b0 12 . 97\u2019 w , 1434 m elevation .\nholotype : smf 88716 , adult female as judged by the shape of the base of the tail , collected by sebastian lotzkat on 14 may 2008 . original field number sl 145 .\nthe name perissostichon is a noun in apposition and is derived from the greek words perissos ( beyond the regular number or size ) and stichos ( row , line ) , referring to the high number of dorsal scale rows in this species .\nslideshare uses cookies to improve functionality and performance , and to provide you with relevant advertising . if you continue browsing the site , you agree to the use of cookies on this website . see our user agreement and privacy policy .\nslideshare uses cookies to improve functionality and performance , and to provide you with relevant advertising . if you continue browsing the site , you agree to the use of cookies on this website . see our privacy policy and user agreement for details .\nwe use your linkedin profile and activity data to personalize ads and to show you more relevant ads . you can change your ad preferences anytime .\naspectos cl\u00ednico quir\u00fargicos de la hidatidosis hep\u00e1tica , una zoonosis de crec . . .\nclipping is a handy way to collect important slides you want to go back to later . now customize the name of a clipboard to store your clips ."]}
{"id": 737, "summary": [{"text": "rhabdouraea bentzi is an extinct species of leptostracan crustacean which lived during the permian , which is placed in its own genus , rhabdouraea , and family , rhabdouraeidae . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "rhabdouraea", "paragraphs": ["have a fact about rhabdouraea ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for rhabdouraea ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nschram & malzahn . 1984 . the fossil leptostracan rhabdouraea bentzi ( malzahn , 1958 ) . 1984 . transactions of the san diego society of natural history , 20 , pp . 95 - 98 . [ details ]\nfull reference : f . r . schram and e . malzahn . 1984 . the fossil leptostracan rhabdouraea bentzi ( malzahn , 1958 ) . transactions of the san diego society of natural history 20 ( 6 ) : 95 - 98\nty - jour ti - the fossil leptostracan rhabdouraea bentzi ( malzahn , 1958 ) t2 - transactions of the san diego society of natural history . vl - 20 ur - urltoken pb - the society , cy - [ san diego ] : py - 1984 sp - 95 ep - 98 do - 10 . 5962 / bhl . part . 29000 sn - 0080 - 5947 er -\n@ article { bhlpart29000 , title = { the fossil leptostracan rhabdouraea bentzi ( malzahn , 1958 ) } , journal = { transactions of the san diego society of natural history . } , volume = { 20 } , copyright = { in copyright . digitized with the permission of the rights holder . } , url = urltoken publisher = { [ san diego ] : the society , 1905 - 1989 . } , author = { } , year = { 1984 } , pages = { 95 - - 98 } , }\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\nparent taxon : rhabdouraeidae according to f . r . schram and e . malzahn 1984\nbiodivlibrary july is # nationalblueberrymonth ! the w . a . cox nursery co . of mississippi ' s 1920s catalog proclaimed # blueberries to\u2026 urltoken\nbiodivlibrary @ jzed _ trees @ kew _ laa awesome ! we ' re so honored to have this treasure in # bhlib . thanks @ kew _ laa ! now we can enjoy p\u2026 urltoken\nwe don ' t know when or if this item will be back in stock .\ninstantly receive a \u00a310 urltoken gift card if you\u2019re approved for the amazon platinum mastercard with instant spend . representative 21 . 9 % apr ( variable ) .\ncredit offered by newday ltd , over 18s only , subject to status . terms apply .\nenter your mobile number or email address below and we ' ll send you a link to download the free kindle app . then you can start reading kindle books on your smartphone , tablet , or computer - no kindle device required .\nprime members enjoy fast & free shipping , unlimited streaming of movies and tv shows with prime video and many more exclusive benefits .\nafter viewing product detail pages , look here to find an easy way to navigate back to pages you are interested in .\nbiostor is built by @ rdmpage , code on github . page images from the biodiversity heritage library .\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation ."]}
{"id": 764, "summary": [{"text": "granulifusus benjamini is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family fasciolariidae , the spindle snails , the tulip snails and their allies . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "granulifusus benjamini", "paragraphs": ["hadorn r . & fraussen k . 2005 . revision of the genus granulifusus kuroda & habe 1954 with description of some new species ( gastropoda : prosobranchia : fasciolariidae ) . archiv f\u00fcr molluskenkunde 134 ( 2 ) : 129 - 171 . [ details ]\nafter more than 2 years of preparations , the diatombase portal is now officially launched . . . .\nlast week - on may 30 and 31st \u2013 8 thematic experts on talitridae came together for the first time during a lifewatch - worms sponsored workshop . the workshop took place at the hellenic centre for marine research in crete , where it was organized back - to - back with the 8th international sandy beaches symposium ( isbs ) . the group focused on identifying relevant traits for the talitridae , and adding this data through the amphipoda species database . . . .\non 23 april 2018 , a number of editors of the world register of introduced species ( wrims ) started a three day workshop in the flanders marine institute ( vliz ) . these three days were used to evaluate , complete and improve the content of this worms thematic register ( tsd ) . . . .\nthe 2nd worms early career researchers and 3rd worms achievement award were granted respectively to fran\u00e7ois le coze and geoff read . congratulations ! . . .\nin 2018 , to celebrate a decade of worms ' existence , it was decided to compile a list of our top marine species , both for 2017 and for the previous decade . . . .\nthe scleractinian corals are now accessible though their own list portal . this world list contains over 1 500 accepted names of extant species and is one of the most complete existing resources for scleractinian taxa . . .\nintergovernmental oceanographic commission ( ioc ) of unesco . the ocean biogeographic information system ( obis ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]\npoint radius ( mm ) 0 . 1 0 . 2 0 . 3 0 . 4 0 . 5 0 . 6 0 . 7 0 . 8 0 . 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the ala .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nthe ala is made possible by contributions from its partners , is supported by ncris and hosted by csiro .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nversion 43 . 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed . my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !"]}
{"id": 782, "summary": [{"text": "janua is a genus of polychaetes , containing the following subgenera and species : dexiospira caullery & mesnil , 1897 janua ainu uchida , 1971 janua bushi ( rioja , 1942 ) janua ceylonica ( pillai , 1960 ) janua corrugata ( montagu , 1803 ) janua glossoeides harris , 1968 janua karaitivensis ( pillai , 1960 ) janua marioni ( caullery & mesnil , 1897 ) janua nipponicus ( okuda , 1934 ) janua oshoroensis uchida , 1971 janua pagenstecheri ( de quatrefages , 1865 ) janua preacuta vine , 1972 janua pusilloides ( bush , 1905 ) janua quasiacuta lommerzheim , 1981 \u2020 janua semidentata ( bush , 1905 ) janua spirillum ( linnaeus , 1758 ) janua tricornigerus ( rioja , 1942 ) janua turrita vine , 1972 fauveldora knight-jones , 1972 janua anticorrugata vine , 1972 janua kayi knight-jones , 1972 pillaiospira janua natalensis knight-jones & knight-jones , 1974 janua trifuscata knight-jones , 1973 incertae sedis janua echinata ( wesenberg-lund , 1953 ) janua formosa ( bush , 1904 ) janua pseudocorrugata ( bush , 1904 ) janua steueri ( sterzinger , 1909 )", "topic": 26}], "title": "janua", "paragraphs": ["janua\u00b4s bistro table range features solid wood , square tabletops in a thickness of . .\njanua\u00b4s bistro table range features solid wood , round tabletops in a thickness of 4 cm . .\nthe sc 25 table features a metal or wood frame and continues the janua\u00ae tradition of . . .\nthe bistro table range from janua is available with a 1 , 5 cm thick hpl tabletop . .\njanua develops and produces timeless furniture for the home and office . janua waives unnecessary frills and concentrates on the essentials . the design should be simple , exciting and flashy - but not dominate and splurge . each piece of furniture from janua is individually . wood and other materials are selected and arranged as desired .\n( of spirorbis ( janua ) ) fauchald , k . ( 2007 ) . world register of polychaeta . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\ntaxonomy saint - joseph ( 1894 : 260 ) has a brief comment in a key establishing janua , and in a footnote states established for . . .\n\u00bb species janua ( pillaiospira ) natalensis knight - jones & knight - jones , 1974 accepted as pillaiospira natalensis knight jones p . & knight - jones e . w . , 1974 ( superseded original combination )\nsaint - joseph , arthur d\u2019anthoine de . ( 1894 ) . les ann\u00e9lides polych\u00e8tes des c\u00f4tes de dinard . troisi\u00e8me partie . annales des sciences naturelles , paris , s\u00e9rie 7 . 17 : 1 - 395 , plates i - xiii . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 260 ; note : brief comment in a key establishing janua for spirorbis pagenstecheri [ details ]\n( of mera saint - joseph , 1894 ) fauchald , k . ( 1977 ) . the polychaete worms , definitions and keys to the orders , families and genera . natural history museum of los angeles county : los angeles , ca ( usa ) , science series . 28 : 1 - 188 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 151 ; note : listed as referred to janua [ details ]\nread , g . ; fauchald , k . ( ed . ) ( 2018 ) . world polychaeta database .\n( of mera saint - joseph , 1894 ) saint - joseph , arthur d\u2019anthoine de . ( 1894 ) . les ann\u00e9lides polych\u00e8tes des c\u00f4tes de dinard . troisi\u00e8me partie . annales des sciences naturelles , paris , s\u00e9rie 7 . 17 : 1 - 395 , plates i - xiii . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nbellan , gerard . ( 2001 ) . polychaeta , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels . 50 : pp . 214 - 231 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nfauchald , k . ( 1977 ) . the polychaete worms , definitions and keys to the orders , families and genera . natural history museum of los angeles county : los angeles , ca ( usa ) , science series . 28 : 1 - 188 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of mera saint - joseph , 1894 ) rzhavsky , alexander v . ; kupriyanova , elena k . ; sikorski , andrei v . ; dahle , salve . ( 2014 ) . calcareous tubeworms ( polychaeta , serpulidae ) of the arctic ocean . kmk scientific press , moscow . 191 p . [ isbn 978 - 5 - 87317 - 988 - 6 ] . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 92 ; note : complexities of taxonomic history examined [ details ]\n( of mera saint - joseph , 1894 ) hartman , olga . ( 1959 ) . catalogue of the polychaetous annelids of the world . parts 1 and 2 . allan hancock foundation occasional paper . 23 : 1 - 628 . page ( s ) : 580 ; note : listed as referred to spirorbis [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nthis table requires few features to express itself : the bb 31 connect combines . . .\nthe bb 31 connect is not for everyone , but anyone who appreciates versatility and innovative . .\na modern interpretation of traditional home decor : the bc 02 table was designed for . . .\na sophisticated addition to private rooms and office spaces \u2014 with ist powder - coated . . .\nkeeping the frame to a minimum : the u - shaped table legs . . .\nwith legs of raw steel and a wooden table top , the sc 41 is yet another piece that . . .\ntaking on time and space on runners \u2014 originally designed as a facelift . . .\na powerful look : in smoked oak , the sk 04 komposit from the stefan knopp edition is available . . .\nthis page was last edited on 17 july 2017 , at 15 : 52 .\ntext is available under the creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . by using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy .\nyour browser ' s cookie functionality is turned off . please turn it on . learn more\nmonday - friday : 9 am - 6 . 30 pm by appointment also after 6 . 30 pm saturday : 10 am - 4 pm\nwith our newsletter we inform you regularly about product news and design furniture trends .\n. i can revoke my consent at any time with effect for the future by an e - mail to info @ dieter - horn . de .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken"]}
{"id": 783, "summary": [{"text": "parazacco spilurus also known as the predaceous chub , is a species of fish in the family cyprinidae distributes in the pearl river system , the hainan island and northern vietnam . ", "topic": 6}], "title": "parazacco spilurus", "paragraphs": ["( of parazacco spilurus spilurus ( g\u00fcnther , 1868 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nthe genus parazacco comprises two species viz . p . spilurus and p . fasciatus . the division of the genus into two distinct species that was maybe not warranted caused by the lack of clarity and incomplete data in previous descriptions of syntypes of p . spilurus . therefore , we re - examined , redescribed , and illustrated the external morphology of syntypes of p . spilurus , type species of the genus . the syntypes were found to be smaller in body size than that of specimens observed in the original description of p . fasciatus , the conclusions are that the two species are not distinct and recommend that they be put under one species name , p . spilurus , although further study is recommended .\n( of aspius spilurus g\u00fcnther , 1868 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of zacco spilurus ( g\u00fcnther , 1868 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\narai r . , kato k . 2003 . gross morphology and evolution of the lateral line system and infraorbital bones in bitterlings ( cyprinidae , acheilognathinae ) , with an overview of the lateral line system in the family cyprinidae . the university museum , the university of tokyo , bulletin 40 : 1 - 42 .\nb\u0103n\u0103rescu p . m . 1968 . revision of the genera zacco and opsariichthys ( pisces , cyprinidae ) . v\u0115stn\u00edk \u010deskoslovensk\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti zoologick\u00e9 32 : 305 - 311 .\nbookstein f . l . , chernoff b . , elder r . l . , humphries j . m . , smith g . r . , strauss r . e . 1985 . morphometrics in evolutionary biology . the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia . philadelphia . 277 p .\nchen y . y . 1982 . a revision of opsariichthine cyprinid fishes . oceanologia et limnologia sinica 13 : 293 - 299 .\nchen y . y . , chu x . l . 1998 . danioninae . in : y . y . chen ( ed . ) . fauna sinica . osteichthyes . cypriniformes ii . beijing , science press . pp : 19\u201361 .\nfujita t . , hosoya k . 2005 . cephalic lateral line systems in the far eastern species of the genus phoxinus ( cyprinidae ) . ichthyological research 52 : 336 - 342 .\ng\u00fcnther a . 1868 . catalogue of the fishes in the british museum . catalogue of the physostomi , containing the families heteropygii , cyprinidae , gonorhynchidae , hyodontidae , osteoglossidae , clupeidae , hirocentridae , alepocephalidae , notopteridae , halosauridae , in the collection of the british museum . volume seventh . order of the trustees . london , 512 p .\nhubbs c . l . , lagler k . f . 2004 . fishes of the great lakes region . revised edition . university of michigan press . michigan . 276 p .\nhosoya k . 1983 . geographic variation of number of vertebrae in squalidus . the freshwater fishes 9 : 43 - 48 .\nkoller o . 1927 . fische von der insel hainan . annalen des naturhistorischen museums in wien 41 : 25 - 49 .\nkottelat m . 2001 . freshwater fishes of northern vietnam . a preliminary checklist of the fishes known or expected to occur in northern vietnam with comments on systematics and nomenclature . environment and social development unit , east asia and pacific region , the world bank . washington dc . 123 p .\nkottelat m . 2013 . the fishes of the inland waters of southeast asia : a catalogue and core bibliography of the fishes known to occur in freshwaters , mangroves and estuaries . raffles bulletin of zoology 27 : 1 - 663 .\nmai d . y . 1978 . identification of the fresh - water fishes of north vietnam . scientific & technology , publisher . ha noi . 340 p .\nyue p . q . , chen y . y . 1998 . china red data book of endangered animals . pisces . science press , beijing , hong kong , new york . 247 p .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 11 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 35840 )\npale brown on back of the body ; white on belly ; tinged with red brown and irregular zones on sides of body ; red on belly of the head and a dark round spot in base of caudal fin . ( ref . 45563 ) . a row of pelvic scutes from the base of pelvic fin to the anus ; snout pointed sharply . lateral line curves downward on trunk and upward back the central axis after expanding the caudal peduncle ; dorsal fin short , without hard spine and its origin opposite behind the origin of the pelvic fin ; anal fin well developed ( ref . 45563 ) .\nye , f . and p . song , 1991 . danioninae . p . 67 - 79 . in j . - h . pan , l . zhong , c . - y . zheng , h . - l . wu and j . - h . liu ( eds ) . 1991 . the freshwater fishes of guangdong province . guangdong science and technology press , guangzhou . 589 pp . ( ref . 33345 )\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 7500 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00617 ( 0 . 00349 - 0 . 01089 ) , b = 3 . 20 ( 3 . 03 - 3 . 37 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & ( sub ) family - body ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 2 \u00b10 . 4 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low to moderate vulnerability ( 26 of 100 ) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nhas been assessed as data deficient . it has a relatively wide range , but in the second half of the last century , stocks of\nin china declined continually ( wang 1998 ) , due to overfishing and river regulations ( e . g . dams ) , however its current trend ( over the past 10 years ) is unknown . more research is needed on the species population trends to identify if this species qualifies as threatened .\nhas an east asia distribution . it is known from the pacific coastal drainages in southeastern china ( e . g . jiulongjiang , zhangjiang , hangjiang and the pearl river ) , some rivers in hainan island and the red river system in northern viet nam ( ye and song 1991 , wang 1998 , kottelat 2001 ) .\nin china have declined continually ( wang 1998 ) . the population trend in the last 10 years are unknown .\ninhabits small tributaries of rivers and little brooks with clear water and strong current velocities ( wang 1998 ) .\nare destructive fishing practices and river modification ( e . g . dam construction ) ( wang 1998 ) .\nit is not known if there are any conservation measures in place . more research and monitoring is recommended .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\npredaceous chub is one the commonest freshwater fishes found in local unpolluted streams . it has a long , streamlined and laterally compressed body and a protrusible lower jaw . its mouth is terminal without barbel . the body is generally pale pink with a distinct black mid - lateral band running from operculum to caudal peduncle and ends with a black spot on caudal fin base . the black band becomes less prominent in adult .\na widespread species occurring in most unpolluted hill streams in both upper and lower courses .\nlam , k . s . ( 2002 ) . freshwater fish in hong kong . agriculture , fisheries and conservation department , friends of the country parks and cosmos books ltd . , hong kong .\nlee , v . l . f . , lam , s . k . s . , ng , f . k . y . , chan , t . k . t . and young , m . l . c . ( 2004 ) . field guide to the freshwater fish of hong kong . agriculture , fisheries and conservation department , friends of the country parks and cosmos books ltd . , hong kong .\nman , s . h . and hodgkiss , i . j . ( 1981 ) . hong kong freshwater fishes . the urban council , hong kong .\nwang , s . , yue , p . q . and chen , y . y . ( 1998 ) . china red data book of endangered animals \u2013 pisces ( in chinese ) . science press , beijing .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nspecial publication of the center for biodiversity research and information , no . 1 , vol 1 - 3\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nthe webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 license\nfroese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of zacco asperus nichols & pope , 1927 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !"]}
{"id": 791, "summary": [{"text": "edentulina usambarensis a species of air-breathing land snail , a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family streptaxidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "this species is endemic to tanzania . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "edentulina usambarensis", "paragraphs": ["have a fact about edentulina usambarensis ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for edentulina usambarensis ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhow can i put and write and define edentulina usambarensis in a sentence and how is the word edentulina usambarensis used in a sentence and examples ? \u7528edentulina usambarensis\u9020\u53e5 , \u7528edentulina usambarensis\u9020\u53e5 , \u7528edentulina usambarensis\u9020\u53e5 , edentulina usambarensis meaning , definition , pronunciation , synonyms and example sentences are provided by ichacha . net .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\ngland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) \u2013 australia\u2019s unique reptiles \u2013 including lizards and snakes \u2013 face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .\nthe value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .\na recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; no other information is captured .\nin general , only the information that you provide , or the choices you make while visiting a web site , can be stored in a cookie . for example , the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it . allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer , and only the site that created the cookie can read it ."]}
{"id": 794, "summary": [{"text": "lycodon alcalai , also known as alcala \u2019s wolf snake , is a species of colubrid snake found on the islands of batan and sabtang in the philippines . ", "topic": 16}], "title": "lycodon alcalai", "paragraphs": ["lycodon alcalai ota & ross 1994 lycodon alcalai \u2014 wallach et al . 2014 : 391\nlycodon alcalai and l . chrysoprateros differ from all other philippine species of lycodon in lacking transverse light bands on all of the body and tail . lycodon alcalai differs from l . chrysoprateros in having more than 200 ventral scales ( less than 195 in l . chrysoprateros ) .\nlycodon lineatus reinhardt 1843 : 241 cyclocorus lineatus \u2014 dum\u00e9ril , 1853 cyclocorus lineatus \u2014 dum\u00e9ril , bibron & dum\u00e9ril 1854 : 386 cyclocorus lineatus \u2014 boulenger 1893 : 327 cyclocorus lineatus \u2014 leviton 1967 cyclocorus lineatus lineatus \u2014 mcleod et al . 2011 cyclocorus lineatus \u2014 wallach et al . 2014 : 202 cyclocorus lineatus alcalai leviton 1967 cyclocorus lineatus alcalai \u2014 gaulke 2011 : 268 cyclocorus lineatus alcalai \u2014 gaulke 2013 cyclocorus lineatus alcalai \u2014 supsup et al . 2016\nlycodon alcalai is a member of the genus lycodon , a genus of snakes commonly known as wolf snakes . [ 4 ] the genus belongs to the snake family colubridae , the largest snake family , with member species being found on every continent except antarctica . [ 5 ]\nlycodon\n. the reptile database . www . reptile - database . org .\nlycodon zawi\n. the reptile database . www . reptile - database . org .\nthe species name alcalai was chosen to honor the naturalist a . c . alcala , who made significant contributions to herpetology in the philippines . [ 3 ]\nthe international union for conservation of nature considers lycodon alcalai to be a species of least concern , based on a survey in 2007 . the islands that it inhabits are well protected , have very few inhabitants , and do not experience anthropogenic environmental disturbances such as hunting or logging . [ 1 ]\nnota bene : a binomial authority in parentheses indicates that the species was originally described in a genus other than lycodon .\nphilippines ( lubang , luzon , mindoro , polillo ) alcalai : negros , cebu , panay ; type locality : ridge on the north side of the maite river , 5 km west of valencia .\nsiler et al . ( 2013 ) concluded that dinodon species are nested within the lycodon tree and noted that dinodon ( the more recently described genus ) should therefore be treated as a junior synonym of lycodon . based on their own molecular phylogenetic studies , guo et al . ( 2013 ) also suggested that dinodon should be synonymized with lycodon . lei et al . ( 2014 ) also found that dinodon species are nested within lycodon . based on molecular phylogenetic and morphological analyses , lei et al . further concluded that oligodon multizonatum ( an endemic species known from sichuan and possibly gansu provinces in china ) actually falls within lycodon as well .\npili , arman n . ; y\u00f1igo luis c . del prado 2018 . alcala\u2019s triangle - spotted snake cyclocorus lineatus alcalai on sibuyan island , romblon province , philippines seavr 2018 : 16 - 17 - get paper here\nparatype for lycodon alcalai catalog number : usnm 266604 collection : smithsonian institution , national museum of natural history , department of vertebrate zoology , division of amphibians & reptiles sex / stage : male ; preparation : ethanol year collected : 1985 locality : batan island , 3 km ene of basco , on w slope of mt . iraya , batanes province , batan island group , philippines elevation ( m ) : 320 to 320\ngaulke , m . 2002 . a new species of lycodon from panay island , philippines ( reptilia , serpentes , colubridae ) . spixiana , 25 , 85\u201392 .\nparatype for lycodon alcalai catalog number : usnm 266603 collection : smithsonian institution , national museum of natural history , department of vertebrate zoology , division of amphibians & reptiles sex / stage : female ; preparation : ethanol year collected : 1985 locality : batan island , ca . 2 . 5 km ene of basco , west slope of mt . iraya , batanes province , batan island group , philippines elevation ( m ) : 150 to 150\nlanza , b . 1999 . a new species of lycodon from the philippines , with a key to the genus ( reptilia serpentes colubridae ) . tropical zoology , 12 , 89\u2013104 .\ngaulke , m . 2002 . a new species of lycodon from panay island , philippines ( reptilia , serpentes , colubridae ) . spixiana 25 ( 1 ) : 85 - 92 - get paper here\nota h . ross c a . 1994 . four new species of lycodon ( serpentes : colubridae ) from the northern philippines . copeia 1994 ( 1 ) : 159 - 174 . - get paper here\nlanza , b . 1999 . a new species of lycodon from the philippines , with a key to the genus ( reptilia : serpentes : colubridae ) . tropical zoology 12 : 89 - 104 - get paper here\nlei , j . , x . sun , k . jiang , et al . 2014 . multilocus phylogeny of lycodon and the taxonomic revision of oligodon multizonatum . asian herpetological research 5 ( 1 ) : 26\u201337 .\nguo , p . , l . zhang , q . liu , et al . 2013 . lycodon and dinodon : one genus or two ? evidence from molecular phylogenetics and morphological comparisons . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 68 : 144\u2013149 .\nlycodon is among the most species - rich genera of asiatic colubrids , with more than three dozen described species , including numerous small - island endemics ( phylogenetic analyses by siler et al . [ 2013 ] suggest . that some of these island endemics in the phillipines may not warrant recognition as full speciies , but also suggest the presence of substantial cryptic diversity , indicating that the true number of lycodon species may be greater than currently recognized ) . lycodon species occur throughout central to southeast asia , from regions east of the caspian sea , eastern iran and india to southern china , the indo - australian archipelago , the ryukyu islands of japan and the philippines ( lanza 1999 ; siler et al . 2013 ) .\nsiler , c . d . , c . h . oliveros , a . santanen , and r . m . brown . 2013 . multilocus phylogeny reveals unexpected diversification patterns in asian wolf snakes ( genus lycodon ) . zoologica scripta , 42 : 262\u2013277 .\nsiler , c . d . , c . h . oliveros , a . santanen , and r . m . brown . 2013 . multilocus phylogeny reveals unexpected diversification patterns in asian wolf snakes ( genus lycodon ) . zoologica scripta 42 ( 3 ) : 262 - 277 .\nregarding inferences about the historical biogeography of lycodon , siler et al . ( 2013 ) note that with few exceptions , the results observed in their study are consistent with many of the biogeographic expectations for vertebrates in asia and the philippines ( see siler et al . 2013 for details and discussion ) .\nfitzinger li . 1826 . neue classification der reptilien nach ihren nat\u00fcrlichen verwandtschaften . nebst einer verwandtschafts - tafel und einem verzeichnisse der reptilien - sammlung des k . k . zoologischen museums zu wien . vienna : j . g . heubner , five unnumbered + 67 pp . + one plate . ( lycodon , new genus , p . 57 ) . ( in german and latin ) .\nboulenger ga . 1893 . catalogue of the snakes in the british museum ( natural history ) , volume i . , containing the families . . . colubrid\u00e6 aglyph\u00e6 , part . . london : trustees of the british museum ( natural history ) . ( taylor and francis , printers ) . xiii + 448 pp . + plates i - xxviii . ( genus lycodon , p . 348 , figure 23 ) .\ntype species : lycodon lineatus reinhardt 1843 is the type species of the genus cyclocorus dum\u00e9ril et al . 1854 . type genus : cyclocorus dum\u00e9ril 1853 : 460 is the type genus of the subfamily cyclocorinae weinell & brown 2017 . phylogenetic definition ( cyclocorinae ) : cyclocorinae refers to the clade originating in the last common ancestor of oxyrhabdium leporinum ( gu\u0308nther , 1858 ) , cyclocorus lineatus ( reinhardt , 1843 ) , the unnamed lineage represented by ku 337269 , and all species that descend from that ancestor . it can also be conceived of as the largest crown - clade containing members of the genera cyclocorus , hologerrhum , myersophis , and oxyrhabdium , and members of the unnamed lineage represented by ku 337269 . distribution : see map in leviton 1967 .\ntype locality : batan island ( 20 ' 25 ' n , 121\u00b0 58\u2019 e ) , batan island group , approximately 2 . 5 km ene of basco on the w slope of mt . iraya , elevation 150 m .\nnote : tdwg regions are generated automatically from the text in the distribution field and not in every cases it works well . we are working on it .\nholotype : - pnm 990 , an adult male ; captured 30 may 1985 , by r . s . kennedy and party . paratypes . usnm 266603 , an adult female , same data as holotype . usnm 266604 and usnm 319282 , adult males from approximately 3 km ene of basco on the w slope of mt . iraya , alt . 320 m ; captured 9 june 1985 , by c . a . ross and party . usnm 291412 , an adult male from same locality as holotype ; captured 7 march 1988 by c . a . ross and a . fidel . usnm 291413 , an adult male from approximately 1 km ne of basco , alt . 130 m ; captured 12 march 1988 by a . fidel .\nnamed after dr . angel chua alcala ( b . 1929 ) , biologist and herpetologist who has studied the reptiles and amphibians of the philippines for 50 years , mostly in collaboration with walter c . brown .\nbeolens , bo ; michael watkins , and michael grayson 2011 . the eponym dictionary of reptiles . johns hopkins university press , baltimore , usa - get paper here\nwallach , van ; kenneth l . williams , jeff boundy 2014 . snakes of the world : a catalogue of living and extinct species . taylor and francis , crc press , 1237 pp .\nthis database is maintained by peter uetz ( database content ) and jakob hallermann , zoological museum hamburg ( new species and updates ) .\n, named for large teeth in both jaws . asian wolf snakes are placed in the genera\n, is a small , drab species with a metallic sheen and lives chiefly on lizards . it can grow to lengths of about 50 cm ( 20 inches ) . the\nsnake , ( suborder serpentes ) , any of more than 3 , 400 species of reptiles distinguished by their limbless condition and greatly elongated body and tail . classified with lizards in the order squamata , snakes represent a lizard that , over the course of evolution , has undergone structural reduction , \u2026\nreptile , any member of the class reptilia , the group of air - breathing vertebrates that have internal fertilization , amniotic development , and epidermal scales covering part or all of their body . the major groups of living reptiles\u2014the turtles ( order testudines ) , tuatara ( order rhynchocephalia\u2026\nvertebrate , any animal of the subphylum vertebrata , the predominant subphylum of the phylum chordata . they have backbones , from which they derive their name . the vertebrates are also characterized by a muscular system consisting pimarily of bilaterally paired masses and a central nervous system\u2026\nchordate , any member of the phylum chordata , which includes the vertebrates , the most highly evolved animals , as well as two other subphyla\u2014the tunicates and cephalochordates . some classifications also include the phylum hemichordata with the chordates . as the name implies , at some time in the life\u2026\nwe welcome suggested improvements to any of our articles . you can make it easier for us to review and , hopefully , publish your contribution by keeping a few points in mind .\nencyclop\u00e6dia britannica articles are written in a neutral objective tone for a general audience .\nyou may find it helpful to search within the site to see how similar or related subjects are covered .\nat the bottom of the article , feel free to list any sources that support your changes , so that we can fully understand their context . ( internet urls are the best . )\nyour contribution may be further edited by our staff , and its publication is subject to our final approval . unfortunately , our editorial approach may not be able to accommodate all contributions .\nour editors will review what you ' ve submitted , and if it meets our criteria , we ' ll add it to the article .\nplease note that our editors may make some formatting changes or correct spelling or grammatical errors , and may also contact you if any clarifications are needed .\nanimal , ( kingdom animalia ) , any of a group of multicellular eukaryotic organisms ( i . e . , as distinct from\u2026\nhorse , ( equus caballus ) , a hoofed , herbivorous mammal of the family equidae . it comprises a single species , \u2026\ncorrections ? updates ? omissions ? let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article ( requires login ) .\nif you prefer to suggest your own revision of the article , you can go to edit mode ( requires login ) .\nour editors will review what you\u2019ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\njustification : listed as least concern because , although its extent of occurrence is 86 km\u00b2 , it is common , somewhat adaptable , and does not appear to be in decline .\nthis species is endemic to the philippines , where it is known from batan island ( 70 km\u00b2 ) ( ota and ross 1994 ) , the neighboring sabtang island ( 16 km\u00b2 ) , with recent reports of the species from calayan island ( oliveros et al . 2004 ) . it may be found on other smaller neighboring islands . it is a lowland species found up to 320 m asl .\nanimals have been recorded from the forest floor and from bushes ( ota and ross 1994 ) , and may be found at forest edges , and in adjacent agricultural areas . it may feed on reptilian eggs ( ota and ross 1994 ) .\nthere currently seem to be no major threats to this species . it is found in areas that are well protected , with a low human population density , no logging , hunting , or other potential threats .\nthe area that it is found in is generally well protected . further studies are needed into the distribution of this species .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\n. 2004 ) . it may be found on other smaller neighboring islands . it is a lowland species found up to 320 m asl .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nthis species is endemic to the philippines , where it is known from batan island ( 70 km ) ( ota and ross 1994 ) , the neighboring sabtang island ( 16 km ) , with recent reports of the species from calayan island ( oliveros et al . 2004 ) . it may be found on other smaller neighboring islands . it is a lowland species found up to 320 m asl .\nparatype : ota , h . & ross , c . a . 1994 . copeia . 1994 ( 1 ) : 159 , figures 2 - 5 .\nlisted as least concern because , although its extent of occurrence is 86 km , it is common , somewhat adaptable , and does not appear to be in decline .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nbinaday , j . w . b . 2017 . cyclocorus lineatus ( reinhardt\u2019s lined snake ) diet . herpetological review 48 ( 3 ) : 671 .\nboulenger , g . a . 1893 . catalogue of the snakes in the british museum ( nat . hist . ) i . london ( taylor & francis ) , 448 pp . - get paper here\nbrown , rafe m . ; ferner , john w . ; sison , rogelio v . ; gonzales , pedro c . ; kennedy , robert s . 1996 . amphibians and reptiles of the zambales mountains of luzon island , republic of the philippines . herpetological natural history 4 ( 1 ) : 1 - 22\nbrown ; rafe ; cameron siler , carl oliveros , luke welton , ashley rock , john swab , merlijn van weerd , jonah van beijnen , dominic rodriguez , edmund jose , arvin diesmos 2013 . the amphibians and reptiles of luzon island , philippines , viii : the herpetofauna of cagayan and isabela provinces , northern sierra madre mountain range . zookeys 266 ( 2013 ) special issue : 1 - 120 < br / > doi : 10 . 3897 / zookeys . 266 . 3982 - get paper here\ndevan - song , anne and rafe m . brown 2012 . amphibians and reptiles of luzon island , philippines , vi : the herpetofauna of the subic bay area . asian herpetological research 3 ( 1 ) : 1\u201320 - get paper here\ndum\u00e9ril , a . m . c . , g . bibron & a . h . a . dum\u00e9ril 1854 . erp\u00e9tologie g\u00e9n\u00e9rale ou histoire naturelle compl\u00e8te des reptiles . vol . 7 ( partie 1 ) . paris , xvi + 780 s . - get paper here\ndum\u00e9ril , andr\u00e9 marie constant 1853 . prodrome de la classifcation des reptiles ophidiens . m\u00e9m . acad . sci . , paris , 23 : 399 - 536 - get paper here\ngaulke , m . 2011 . the herpetofauna of panay island , philippines . edition chimaira , 390 pp .\ngaulke , m . 2013 . abenteuerurlaub auf den philippinen . reptilia ( m\u00fcnster ) 18 ( 100 ) : 114 - 125 - get paper here\nleviton , a . e . 1967 . contributions to a review of philippine snakes , ix . the snakes of the genus cyclocorus . philippine j . sci . 94 ( 4 ) : 519 - 533 [ 1965 ] - get paper here\nmcleod , david s . ; cameron d . siler , arvin c . diesmos , mae l . diesmos , vhon s . garcia , angela o . arkonceo , kelvin l . balaquit , charlene c . uy , mariden m . villaseran , earle c . yarra , rafe m . brown 2011 . amphibians and reptiles of luzon island , v : the herpetofauna of angat dam watershed , bulacan province , luzon island , philippines . asian herpetological research 2 ( 4 ) : 177\u2013198 - get paper here\nrasmussen , j . b . & b . hughes 1996 . description of some new snake species . i . [ english translation of the original danish text of t . reinhardt 1843 ] . steenstrupia 22 : 13 - 39\nreinhardt , j . t . 1843 . beskrivelse af nogle nye slangearter . danske vidensk . selsk . afhandl . 10 : 233 - 279 . - get paper here\nsiler , c . d . ; l . j . welton ; j . m . siler ; j . brown ; a . bucol ; a . c . diesmos ; r . brown . 2011 . amphibians and reptiles , luzon island , aurora province and aurora memorial national park , northern philippines : new island distribution records . check list 7 ( 2 ) : 182 - 195 - get paper here\nthompson , j . c . 1913 . contributions to the anatomy of the ophidia . proc . zool . soc . london 1913 : 414 - 426 - get paper here\ntoledo - bruno , angela grace ; daryl g . macas , dave p . buenavista , michael arieh p . medina , ronald regan c . forten 2017 . amphibian and reptile diversity in mt . kalatungan range natural park , philippines environmental and experimental biology 15 : 127\u2013135 , doi : 10 . 22364 / eeb . 15 . 11 - get paper here\nweinell , j . l . , & brown , r . m . 2017 . discovery of an old , archipelago - wide , endemic radiation of philippine snakes . molecular phylogenetics and evolution , 119 : 144\u2013150 [ 2018 ] - get paper here\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe source code for the wiki 2 extension is being checked by specialists of the mozilla foundation , google , and apple . you could also do it yourself at any point in time .\nwould you like wikipedia to always look as professional and up - to - date ? we have created a browser extension .\nit will enhance any encyclopedic page you visit with the magic of the wiki 2 technology .\ni use wiki 2 every day and almost forgot how the original wikipedia looks like .\nof perfecting techniques ; in live mode . quite the same wikipedia . just better .\nthe species prefers lowland habitats , not being found more than 320 meters above sea level . [ 1 ] it is frequently found in shrubs or on the forest floor , as well as at the edge of the forest , and occasionally in adjacent agricultural fields . it is thought to feed on the eggs of other reptiles , by slitting them open with its blade - like teeth . [ 3 ]\nota , hidetoshi ; ross , charles a . ( 1 february 1994 ) .\nfour new species of\nbauer , aaron m . ( 1998 ) . cogger , h . g . ; zweifel , r . g . , eds .\nthis page was last edited on 8 march 2018 , at 12 : 38 .\nbasis of this page is in wikipedia . text is available under the cc by - sa 3 . 0 unported license . non - text media are available under their specified licenses . wikipedia\u00ae is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation , inc . wiki 2 is an independent company and has no affiliation with wikimedia foundation .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , world , . . . more\nsorry , preview is currently unavailable . you can download the paper by clicking the button above .\nenter the email address you signed up with and we ' ll email you a reset link .\nthe phylogenetic results of siler et al . ( 2013 ) provide evidence of deeply divergent lineages within some taxa ( l . effraensis , l . subcinctus ) that may represent cryptic species . some of the lineage diversity revealed appears to correspond to taxonomic entities previously identified ( currently recognized as subspecies or synonyms ) and some does not . on the other hand , as noted above , genetic results suggest that species diversity within several clades may be overestimated , rather than underestimated , by current taxonomic treatments . between these two extremes lie species with moderate genetic structure observed among populations ( l . muelleri , l . aulicus complex ) .\n( guo et al . 2013 and references therein ; siler et al . 2013 and references therein )\npyron , r . a . , h . k . dushantha kandambi , c . r . hendry , et al . 2013 . genus - level phylogeny of snakes reveals the origins of species richness in sri lanka . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 66 : 969\u2013978 .\nmish fc ( editor in chief ) . 2004 . merriam - webster ' s collegiate dictionary , eleventh edition . springfield , massachusetts : merriam - webster , incorporated . 40a + 1 , 623 pp . isbn 0 - 87779 - 809 - 5 . (\nlycopodium\n, p . 742 ;\nodonate\np . 860 ) .\nthe species is known only from the single juvenile type specimen collected at gyobyu , taikkyi township , pegu ( = bago ) district , myanmar ( smith 1943 ) . this area has been intensively surveyed recently but the species has not been recovered ( g . wogan pers . comm . 2011 ) ."]}
{"id": 796, "summary": [{"text": "muricopsis ( muricopsis ) marcusi is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family muricidae , the murex snails or rock snails . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "muricopsis marcusi", "paragraphs": ["muricopsis marcusi muricopsis muricoides muricopsis necocheana muricopsis necocheana cf . muricopsis necocheanus muricopsis necocheanus albis ( f ) muricopsis nothokieneri muricopsis omanensis muricopsis planilirata muricopsis roseus muricopsis schrammi muricopsis species tunesia ( from ) muricopsis tokubeii muricopsis withrowi naquetia barclayi naquetia cumingii cumingii naquetia jickelii naquetia triqueter nassa francolina nassa serta nassa situla nassa tuamotensis neorapana muricata neorapana tuberculata neothais harpa neothais marginatra cf . nipponotrophon gorgon nucella canaliculata nucella canaliculata analoga ( f ) nucella crassilabra nucella dubia nucella emarginata nucella freycineti freycineti nucella freycinetii alabaster nucella heyseana nucella lamellosa lamellosa nucella lamellosa nucella lamellosa crispata ( f ) nucella lamellosa franciscana ( f ) nucella lamellosa hormica ( f ) nucella lamellosa neptunea ( f ) nucella lapillus\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nversion 43 . 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed . my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .\n- note : several protected species are illustrated here only for identification purposes . they are not for sale . - the photos in our gallery are in most cases just a sample from our stock , except when only one specimen is offered . we try to match the original color but it can vary if your screen is not correctly adjusted ( gamma correction ) .\ncenozoic muricidae of the western atlantic region . part x - the subfamily muricopsinae tulane studies in geology and paleontology 26 49 - 160 . [ stated date : 25 may 1994 ; true date : pre 31 may . ]"]}
{"id": 797, "summary": [{"text": "starksia atlantica , the smooth-eye blenny , is a species of labrisomid blenny native to the western central atlantic ocean and the caribbean sea where it inhabits coral reefs at depths of around 8 metres ( 26 ft ) . ", "topic": 18}], "title": "starksia atlantica", "paragraphs": ["distribution of species in the starksia atlantica , starksia lepicoelia , and starksia sluiteri complexes . only locations for genetically analyzed specimens plotted . additional locations for some species discussed in text .\ndistribution of species in the starksia atlantica , starksia lepicoelia , and starksia sluiteri complexes . only locations for genetically analyzed specimens plotted . additional locations for some species discussed in text .\ntrunk pigment in the images and preserved specimen is similar to that of starksia atlantica from the bahamas and starksia springeri from curacao ( i . e . , mottled vs . barred as in starksia sangreyae ) , but the saba specimens lack the horseshoe - shaped blotch of pigment on the cheek characteristic of starksia atlantica and the distinctive dark and pale markings on the cheek of starksia springeri . the blotches of trunk pigment in the saba bank specimens are neither conspicuously block - like nor clearly organized in horizontal tiers as they are in starksia atlantica . specimens from saba bank presumably represent another new species within starksia atlantica , but additional specimens are needed for comparative purposes and description .\nrange kimura two - parameter distance summary for the starksia atlantica , starksia lepicoelia , and starksia sluiteri species complexes based on cytochrome c oxidase l ( col ) sequences of individuals represented in the neighbor - joining tree in figure 1 . within - complex ranges are shown in bold .\nstarksia langi is easily distinguished from starksia greenfieldi and starksia sluiteri based on pigmentation of the trunk , head ( females ) , and first dorsal fin ( males ) . the trunk pigment of starksia langi comprises both larger and more prominent markings than that of starksia greenfieldi and starksia sluiteri , and only in starksia langi are the markings in the second row vertically elongate ( generally round in the other species and sometimes considerably more diffuse in starksia greenfieldi ) . starksia greenfieldi lacks dark markings on the head in both sexes , and starksia sluiteri lacks them in females ; starksia langi males have a prominent dark blotch on the cheek , and females have numerous small , discrete , dark spots . males of starksia langi lack a dark blotch on the anterior portion of the dorsal fin , whereas this blotch is present in starksia greenfieldi and starksia sluiteri .\nstarksia atlantica , greenfield and johnson ( 1981 ) , fieldiana zoology 8 : fig . 3a\u2013b ( black and white drawings of male and female specimens from belize )\nseven new species within western atlantic starksia atlantica , s . lepicoelia , and s . sluiteri ( teleostei , labrisomidae ) , with comments on congruence of dna barcodes and species\nseven new species within western atlantic starksia atlantica , s . lepicoelia , and s . sluiteri ( teleostei , labrisomidae ) , with comments on congruence of dna barcodes and species\nseven new species within western atlantic starksia atlantica , s . lepicoelia , and s . sluiteri ( teleostei , labrisomidae ) , with comments on congruence of dna barcodes and species .\nseven new species within western atlantic starksia atlantica , s . lepicoelia , and s . sluiteri ( teleostei , labrisomidae ) , with comments on congruence . . . - pubmed - ncbi\narticle : seven new species within western atlantic starksia atlantica , s . lepicoelia , and s . sluiteri ( teleostei , labrisomidae ) , with comments on congruence of dna barcodes and species\nmodal differences in some counts also help separate other species : starksia lepicoelia modally has 28 total dorsal - fin elements , 33 vertebrae , and 78 total dorsal elements + anal soft rays + vertebrae ( vs . 32 , 27 , and 75 , respectively , in starksia williamsi and starksia weigti ) . starksia williamsi modally has xix dorsal - fin spines , whereas starksia lepicoelia and starksia weigti modally have xx .\ndetails - seven new species within western atlantic starksia atlantica , s . lepicoelia , and s . sluiteri ( teleostei , labrisomidae ) , with comments on congruence of dna barcodes and species - biodiversity heritage library\nstarksia lepicoelia and starksia starcki are the only previously described western atlantic starksia with the combination of an orbital cirrus , two externally obvious pelvic - fin rays , and a scaled belly ( williams and mounts 2003 ) . starksia starcki is easily distinguished from the species of the starksia lepicoelia complex by the presence of eight or nine irregular dark bars on the body and usually 19 segmented anal - fin rays .\ndescriptions of six new caribbean fish species in the genus starksia ( labrisomidae ) .\nstarksia sluiteri ( metzelaar ) is most easily distinguished from starksia langi by having the second row of trunk blotches almost perfectly round ( vs . vertically elongate ) , in lacking conspicuous dark spots on the head ( females ) , and in having a dark marking on the anterior portion of the dorsal fin ( males ) . from starksia greenfieldi , starksia sluiteri differs in lacking pale round spots on the head . although starksia sluiteri and starksia langi have very similar chromatophore patterns , starksia sluiteri appears to have more orange pigment on the second dorsal , caudal , and anal fins .\nthe purpose of this paper is to describe the systematic results of our recent genetic and morphological investigations of western atlantic starksia , work that was prompted by our discovery of incongruences between preliminary genetic data and the current species classification . we describe seven new species within starksia atlantica , starksia lepicoelia , and starksia sluiteri and provide keys to the species of each of those species complexes . we provide photographs of living and preserved pigment patterns to help in future identifications of the included species and in distinguishing them from western atlantic starksia species likely to be discovered in the future . finally , we discuss geographical distributions of starksia species and comment on congruence between dna barcoding data and morphologically recognizable species .\nall material that we examined is from belize . the range of the species also apparently includes honduras , as greenfield and johnson ( 1981 ) noted that a specimen of starksia atlantica from honduras has regular vertical bars of pigment on the body .\nshowing page 1 . found 0 sentences matching phrase\nstarksia atlantica\n. found in 0 ms . translation memories are created by human , but computer aligned , which might cause mistakes . they come from many sources and are not checked . be warned .\nin life , starksia weigti is easily distinguished from starksia lepicoelia , starksia williamsi , and starksia robertsoni by the conspicuous pale round spots on the lips . in preservative , starksia lepicoelia males are distinctive in having at least some very dark spots , streaks , or bars on the lips and lower jaw , and starksia robertsoni males have at least one ( up to three ) dark spots or bars on the ventral portion of the lower jaw ( but not on the lips ) . although the differences are subtle , preserved males of starksia williamsi typically can be separated from preserved males of starksia weigti in having the lips uniformly covered with melanophores except for the pale anterior tips . in starksia weigti males , lip pigment is variable , but there are usually one or two thin , faint , poorly formed bars of pigment following the pale anterior portions of the lips ; posteriorly , the lips may be uniformly covered with melanophores as in starksia williamsi or be quite pale .\nstarksia y - lineata , a new clinid fish from grand cayman island , british west indies .\nneighbor - joining tree derived from cytochrome c oxidase i sequences showing genetically distinct lineages of western atlantic starksia .\nneighbor - joining tree derived from cytochrome c oxidase i sequences showing genetically distinct lineages of western atlantic starksia .\nstarksia greenfieldi can be distinguished from starksia langi and starksia sluiteri by the white ( or pale ) , mostly round spots ( absence of melanophores against a darker background ) on at least portions of cheek , opercle , and gular region . this pattern is present in both sexes but is often much more prominent in males . williams and mounts ( 2003 ) noted that starksia sella , another species of starksia known only from tobago , has small pale spots on the head , but that species lacks dark blotches along the trunk , lacks a dark blotch in the anterior dorsal fin of males , and may be larger ( williams and mounts specimens of starksia sella are 13 . 7\u201327 . 7 mm sl , our specimens of starksia greenfieldi are 11 . 0\u201323 . 0 mm sl ) .\nbecause we do not know how much more investigation is required to obtain a reasonably complete picture of starksia biodiversity and biogeography , the words of winston churchill included as an epigraph in this paper seem particularly appropriate . the study of starksia must continue .\nstarksia sluiteri williams and mounts 2003 , aqua 6 ( 4 ) : fig . 9 ( male and female specimens from tobago )\nfor starksia , future investigation must include more taxonomic and geographic coverage . increased sampling will assuredly result in the recognition of new species and likely of new species complexes . the faunal breaks that separate members of the species complexes are unknown . in starksia atlantica and starksia lepicoelia , our specimens from bahamas and turks and caicos represent the same species , and in starksia sluiteri , specimens from belize , honduras , and panama appear to be the same . specimens in close proximity geographically thus tend to cluster into recognizable species . as better coverage is attained , it will be interesting to see if the same geographical boundaries characterize more than one of the species complexes or if the boundaries are different for each . likewise it will be interesting to compare geographic boundaries of starksia species with faunal breaks in other reef fishes such as elacatinus . future phylogenetic studies in which relationships among species and species complexes of starksia and other groups are hypothesized should help shed light on patterns of speciation in small reef fishes of the western atlantic .\ncomparisons among species of the starksia atlantica complex . left to right for each row - - starksia atlantica : amnh 241247 ; usnm 399621 , bah 8176 , 15 . 0 mm sl ; usnm 386971 , 19 . 0 mm sl ; usnm 386242 , 17 . 0 mm sl . starksia sangreyae : ( note : top and bottom images in first two columns represent starksia sangreyae a and starksia sangreyae b genetic sublineages , respectively . ) males \u2013 usnm 398936 ( top ) , paratype , blz 8028 , 17 . 0 mm sl and usnm 398937 ( bottom ) , paratype , blz 8029 , 17 mm sl ; females \u2013 usnm 398934 ( top ) , paratype , blz 5161 , 17 . 0 mm sl and usnm 398940 ( bottom ) , paratype , blz 8353 , 16 . 0 mm sl ; preserved \u2013 usnm 276147 , paratype , 15 . 5 mm sl ; usnm 321073 , paratype , 18 . 0 mm sl . starksia springeri : usnm 399658 , paratype , cur 8148 , 15 . 0 mm sl ; usnm 398945 , holotype , cur 08 - 10 , 19 . 0 mm sl ; starksia sp . ( saba ) : saba - 06 - 01 , 15 . 0 mm sl ( no voucher ) . photographs by carole baldwin , cristina castillo , donald griswold , julie mounts , ross robertson , james van tassell , and jeffrey williams .\ncomparisons among species of the starksia atlantica complex . left to right for each row - - starksia atlantica : amnh 241247 ; usnm 399621 , bah 8176 , 15 . 0 mm sl ; usnm 386971 , 19 . 0 mm sl ; usnm 386242 , 17 . 0 mm sl . starksia sangreyae : ( note : top and bottom images in first two columns represent starksia sangreyae a and starksia sangreyae b genetic sublineages , respectively . ) males \u2013 usnm 398936 ( top ) , paratype , blz 8028 , 17 . 0 mm sl and usnm 398937 ( bottom ) , paratype , blz 8029 , 17 mm sl ; females \u2013 usnm 398934 ( top ) , paratype , blz 5161 , 17 . 0 mm sl and usnm 398940 ( bottom ) , paratype , blz 8353 , 16 . 0 mm sl ; preserved \u2013 usnm 276147 , paratype , 15 . 5 mm sl ; usnm 321073 , paratype , 18 . 0 mm sl . starksia springeri : usnm 399658 , paratype , cur 8148 , 15 . 0 mm sl ; usnm 398945 , holotype , cur 08 - 10 , 19 . 0 mm sl ; starksia sp . ( saba ) : saba - 06 - 01 , 15 . 0 mm sl ( no voucher ) . photographs by carole baldwin , cristina castillo , donald griswold , julie mounts , ross robertson , james van tassell , and jeffrey williams .\ncomparisons among species of the starksia sluiteri complex and starksia fasciata . starksia greenfieldi , left to right : usnm 398921 , paratype , tob 9275 , 17 . 0 mm sl ; usnm 398922 , paratype , tob 9282 , 19 . 0 mm sl ; usnm , 320832 , holotype , 19 . 0 mm sl ; usnm 320829 , paratype , 22 . 0 mm sl . starksia langi : usnm 398931 , blz 8266 , 18 . 0 mm sl ; usnm 398928 , blz 8062 , 17 . 0 mm sl ; usnm 349080 , paratype , 18 . 0 mm sl ; usnm 398927 , holotype , 17 . 0 mm sl . starksia sluiteri : usnm 399626 , cur8271 , 16 . 5 mm sl ; usnm 399624 , cur8226 , 18 . 5 mm sl ; usnm 195750 , 16 . 9 mm sl . starksia fasciata : usnm 399681 , tci 9204 , 14 . 0 mm sl ; usnm 399683 , tci 9349 , 18 . 0 mm sl . juveniles / small adults : starksia greenfieldi , usnm 398925 , tob 9213 ; starksia langi , usnm 398930 , paratype , blz 8216 ; starksia sluiteri , usnm 399625 , cur 8227 . photographs by carole baldwin , cristina castillo , donald griswold , and jeffrey williams .\ncomparisons among species of the starksia sluiteri complex and starksia fasciata . starksia greenfieldi , left to right : usnm 398921 , paratype , tob 9275 , 17 . 0 mm sl ; usnm 398922 , paratype , tob 9282 , 19 . 0 mm sl ; usnm , 320832 , holotype , 19 . 0 mm sl ; usnm 320829 , paratype , 22 . 0 mm sl . starksia langi : usnm 398931 , blz 8266 , 18 . 0 mm sl ; usnm 398928 , blz 8062 , 17 . 0 mm sl ; usnm 349080 , paratype , 18 . 0 mm sl ; usnm 398927 , holotype , 17 . 0 mm sl . starksia sluiteri : usnm 399626 , cur8271 , 16 . 5 mm sl ; usnm 399624 , cur8226 , 18 . 5 mm sl ; usnm 195750 , 16 . 9 mm sl . starksia fasciata : usnm 399681 , tci 9204 , 14 . 0 mm sl ; usnm 399683 , tci 9349 , 18 . 0 mm sl . juveniles / small adults : starksia greenfieldi , usnm 398925 , tob 9213 ; starksia langi , usnm 398930 , paratype , blz 8216 ; starksia sluiteri , usnm 399625 , cur 8227 . photographs by carole baldwin , cristina castillo , donald griswold , and jeffrey williams .\nbaldwin , carole c . , cristina i . castillo , lee a . weigt & benjamin c . victor . 2011 . seven new species within western atlantic starksia atlantica , s . lepicoelia , and s . sluiteri ( teleostei , labrisomidae ) , with comments on congruence of dna barcodes and species . zookeys 79 : 21\u201372 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\ns . atlantica occurs in the bahamas . s . springeri is found in the netherlands antilles and s . sangreyae is the species in the bay of honduras . other deeply - divergent dna lineages have been identified elsewhere in the caribbean .\naverage ( and range ) kimura two - parameter distance summary for the starksia atlantica species complex based on cytochrome c oxidase l ( col ) sequences of individuals represented in the neighbor - joining tree in figure 1 . intraspecific averages are shown in bold . n / a = no average ( one specimen ) . bar \u2013 barbados , sab \u2013 saba bank , pan \u2013 panama .\na review of the western atlantic starksia ocellata - complex ( pisces : clinidae ) with the description of two new species and proposal of superspecies status .\ndiagnostic features in preserved a starksia atlantica , usnm 386242 , 17 . 0 mm sl , male\u2014note irregular horseshoe - shaped blotch of pigment on cheek and wavy margins of pale gap on pectoral - fin base ; and b starksia springeri , usnm 398945 , holotype , 19 . 0 mm sl , female\u2014note pale regions at anteroventral and posterior margins of dark cheek blotch , thin dark anteroventral - to - posterodorsal streak of pigment along distal edge of preopercle , and relatively straight margins of pale gap on pectoral - fin base . photographs by cristina castillo and donald griswold .\ndiagnostic features in preserved a starksia atlantica , usnm 386242 , 17 . 0 mm sl , male\u2014note irregular horseshoe - shaped blotch of pigment on cheek and wavy margins of pale gap on pectoral - fin base ; and b starksia springeri , usnm 398945 , holotype , 19 . 0 mm sl , female\u2014note pale regions at anteroventral and posterior margins of dark cheek blotch , thin dark anteroventral - to - posterodorsal streak of pigment along distal edge of preopercle , and relatively straight margins of pale gap on pectoral - fin base . photographs by cristina castillo and donald griswold .\nty - jour ti - seven new species within western atlantic starksia atlantica , s . lepicoelia , and s . sluiteri ( teleostei , labrisomidae ) , with comments on congruence of dna barcodes and species t2 - zookeys vl - 79 ur - urltoken pb - pensoft publishers py - 2011 sp - 21 ep - 72 do - 10 . 3897 / zookeys . 79 . 1045 au - baldwin , carole au - castillo , cristina au - weigt , lee au - victor , benjamin kw - biogeography kw - dna barcoding kw - new species kw - species complex kw - starksia er -\nthe species name is in honor of david w . greenfield , in recognition of his work on blennioid fishes , particularly his work on the starksia ocellata complex .\na comparisons of head pigment of preserved males and females among species of the starksia lepicoelia complex . starksia lepicoelia : a usnm 399921 , bah 9103 , 26 . 0 mm sl , male b usnm 399617 , bah 8079 , 19 . 0 mm sl , female ; starksia weigti : c usnm 399648 , blz 5010 , holotype , 20 . 5 mm sl , male d usnm 399651 , blz 8024 , paratype , 19 . 0 mm sl , female ; starksia williamsi : e usnm 387675 , holotype , 21 . 0 mm sl , male f usnm 387869 , paratype , 19 . 5 mm sl , female ; starksia robertsoni : g usnm 399913 , paratype , 18 . 0 mm sl , male h amnh 249667 , holotype , 22 . 0 mm sl , female . photographs by carole baldwin , cristina castillo , and donald griswold .\na comparisons of head pigment of preserved males and females among species of the starksia lepicoelia complex . starksia lepicoelia : a usnm 399921 , bah 9103 , 26 . 0 mm sl , male b usnm 399617 , bah 8079 , 19 . 0 mm sl , female ; starksia weigti : c usnm 399648 , blz 5010 , holotype , 20 . 5 mm sl , male d usnm 399651 , blz 8024 , paratype , 19 . 0 mm sl , female ; starksia williamsi : e usnm 387675 , holotype , 21 . 0 mm sl , male f usnm 387869 , paratype , 19 . 5 mm sl , female ; starksia robertsoni : g usnm 399913 , paratype , 18 . 0 mm sl , male h amnh 249667 , holotype , 22 . 0 mm sl , female . photographs by carole baldwin , cristina castillo , and donald griswold .\n@ article { bhlpart99078 , title = { seven new species within western atlantic starksia atlantica , s . lepicoelia , and s . sluiteri ( teleostei , labrisomidae ) , with comments on congruence of dna barcodes and species } , journal = { zookeys } , volume = { 79 } , url = urltoken publisher = { pensoft publishers 2011 } , author = { baldwin , carole and castillo , cristina and weigt , lee and victor , benjamin } , year = { 2011 } , pages = { 21 - 72 } , keywords = { biogeography | dna barcoding | new species | species complex | starksia | } , }\na color pattern of starksia springeri , usnm 399658 , cur 8148 , paratype , 15 . 0 mm sl , male ( ? ) b diagnostic pigment pattern on cheek and pectoral - fin base in preserved starksia springeri , usnm 398945 , holotype , 19 . 0 mm sl , female . photographs by carole baldwin , cristina castillo , and donald griswold .\na color pattern of starksia springeri , usnm 399658 , cur 8148 , paratype , 15 . 0 mm sl , male ( ? ) b diagnostic pigment pattern on cheek and pectoral - fin base in preserved starksia springeri , usnm 398945 , holotype , 19 . 0 mm sl , female . photographs by carole baldwin , cristina castillo , and donald griswold .\nmost information is from bohlke and springer ' s 1961 monograph\na review of the atlantic species of the clinid fish genus starksia\n, greenfield ' s\n. . starksia ocellata - complex . .\n( 1979 ) , greenfield & johnson ' s 1985 large survey paper on\nthe blennioid fishes of belize and honduras . . .\n, jeff williams ' 2003 review\ndescriptions of six new caribbean fish species in the genus starksia ( labrisomidae )\nby williams and mounts ( note that there are many post - publication corrections by jeff ) , and our recent 2011 review paper .\nb\u00f6hlke and springer ( 1961 ) noted that counts of dorsal - and anal - fin elements in specimens of starksia sluiteri they examined from off colombia and venezuela ( xix dorsal spines and 15\u201316 anal rays ) differ from those given by metzelaar ( xx and 17 ) . based on pigment , their colombian and venezuelan specimens appear to be starksia sluiteri . our specimens from curacao , as well as b\u00f6hlke and springer\u2019s two venezuelan specimens ( usnm 195750 ) , have xix dorsal spines and 15\u201316 anal rays . there is thus a discrepancy between counts in our material and those reported by metzelaar for the holotype . we examined a photograph of the holotype , and there appear to be xx dorsal - fin spines as noted by mezelaar ; xx is likely a non - modal count for starksia sluiteri . we note that there is more variation in dorsal - and anal - fin counts in some starksia species than suggested by metzelaar\u2019s description ; for example , starksia greenfieldi has xviii\u2013xx dorsal spines , 7\u20139 dorsal rays , and 14\u201316 anal rays .\nmetzelaar ( 1919 ) described brannerella sluiteri from two specimens from bonaire , netherland antilles . longley ( 1934 ) synonymized brannerella with starksia jordan and evermann ( type species labrisomus cremnobates gilbert , from the eastern pacific ) . b\u00f6hlke and springer ( 1961 ) concurred with longley\u2019s synonymy , noting that brannerella is distinctive in a single character , and generic recognition of one - character differences would require the erection of several new genera within caribbean starksia .\nnote : some starksia species can barely overlap the lower range of fin - ray counts for those few malacoctenus species that can have 8 or 9 dorsal - fin soft rays and 14 or fewer pectoral - fin rays .\nmale and female color patterns of starksia williamsi : a usnm 387869 , 19 . 5 mm sl , male , paratype b usnm 387767 , 20 . 2 mm sl , female , paratype . photographs by jeffrey williams .\nmale and female color patterns of starksia williamsi : a usnm 387869 , 19 . 5 mm sl , male , paratype b usnm 387767 , 20 . 2 mm sl , female , paratype . photographs by jeffrey williams .\na species of starksia distinguished by the following combination of characters : no orbital cirrus , regular vertical brown bars on trunk separated by narrow white interspaces , and a well defined horseshoe - shaped blotch of dark pigment on cheek .\nparaclinus larvae superficially look much like starksia larvae , but can be distinguished by their distinctive all or all - but - one spinous dorsal fin . they also have no preopercular spines and more melanophores , including the deep nuchal and deep pelvic and often the cheek and otic melanophores , as well as a regular anal row with more than 18 total pvm . the starksia species that share deep nuchal ( rarely ) and pelvic melanophores can be distinguished from paraclinus by having diagnostic irregular large or deep anal - row melanophores and shorter anal rows ) . starksia typically have 5 or 6 procurrent caudal - fin rays , one or two more than paraclinus larvae , and one to several fewer than the malacoctenus and labrisomus .\nthere are no taxognomonic characters uniquely identifying all starksia larvae , but the absence of a set of common markings is typical of most starksia larvae . typically , the only anterior larval melanophore is at the isthmus . notably , most larvae are missing the cranial , deep nuchal , cheek , internal otic , and pelvic melanophores ( there are exceptions for all but the cheek melanophore among the s . atlantica and s . ocellata complexes ) . on all species , the anal row spares one or more of the last rays and usually there are no ventral caudal - peduncle melanophores ( at most one on some individuals of some species ) . the absence of some of the usually consistent melanophores on a labrisomid larva should prompt a closer examination . chaenopsidae larvae share the light marking patterns but have more total pvm ( 19 or more ) and more dorsal and anal - fin soft rays .\ncomparative material . starksia atlantica . bahamas : usnm 386971 , 1 specimen ( not a dna voucher ) ; usnm 386580 , 1 ( not a dna voucher ) ; usnm 386242 , 6 ( not dna vouchers ) ; usnm 399619 , 3 ( not dna vouchers ) ; usnm 399620 , bah 8175 ; usnm 399621 , bah 8176 ; usnm 399622 , bah 8177 . turks and caicos islands : usnm 399643 , tci 9044 ; usnm 399644 , tci 9106 ; usnm 399645 , tci 9107 ; usnm 399647 , tci 9205 . navassa island : usnm 360422 , 3 ; usnm 360194 , 2 ; usnm 359543 , 2 ; usnm 360210 , 3 .\ncomparisons among species of the starksia lepicoelia complex . left to right : starksia lepicoelia ( bah ) : usnm 399928 , bah 10050 , 25 . 0 mm sl ; usnm 399617 , bah 8079 , 19 . 0 mm sl ; usnm 399921 , bah 9103 , 26 . 0 mm sl ; usnm 386972 , 14 . 0 mm sl ; starksia lepicoelia ( tci ) : usnm 399638 , tci 9291 , 23 . 5 mm sl ; usnm 399641 , tci 9294 , 25 . 5 mm sl ; usnm 399642 , 23 . 0 mm sl ; usnm 399641 , tci 9294 , 25 . 5 mm sl ; starksia weigti : blz 6120 , 24 . 0 mm sl ( no voucher ) ; usnm 399650 , blz 5193 , 24 . 0 mm sl ; usnm 399648 , blz 5010 , holotype , 20 . 5 mm sl ; usnm 274922 , paratype , 20 . 0 m sl ; starksia williamsi : usnm 387767 , 19 . 8 mm sl ; usnm 387767 , 20 . 2 mm sl ; usnm 387675 , holotype , 21 . 0 mm sl ; usnm 387869 , paratype , 19 . 5 mm sl ; starksia robertsoni : amnh 249642 , paratype , 21 . 5 mm sl ; usnm 399909 , pan 1419 , paratype , 21 . 0 mm sl ; amnh 249667 , holotype , 22 . 0 mm sl . photographs by carole baldwin , cristina castillo , donald griswold , ross robertson , james van tassell , and jeffrey williams .\ncomparisons among species of the starksia lepicoelia complex . left to right : starksia lepicoelia ( bah ) : usnm 399928 , bah 10050 , 25 . 0 mm sl ; usnm 399617 , bah 8079 , 19 . 0 mm sl ; usnm 399921 , bah 9103 , 26 . 0 mm sl ; usnm 386972 , 14 . 0 mm sl ; starksia lepicoelia ( tci ) : usnm 399638 , tci 9291 , 23 . 5 mm sl ; usnm 399641 , tci 9294 , 25 . 5 mm sl ; usnm 399642 , 23 . 0 mm sl ; usnm 399641 , tci 9294 , 25 . 5 mm sl ; starksia weigti : blz 6120 , 24 . 0 mm sl ( no voucher ) ; usnm 399650 , blz 5193 , 24 . 0 mm sl ; usnm 399648 , blz 5010 , holotype , 20 . 5 mm sl ; usnm 274922 , paratype , 20 . 0 m sl ; starksia williamsi : usnm 387767 , 19 . 8 mm sl ; usnm 387767 , 20 . 2 mm sl ; usnm 387675 , holotype , 21 . 0 mm sl ; usnm 387869 , paratype , 19 . 5 mm sl ; starksia robertsoni : amnh 249642 , paratype , 21 . 5 mm sl ; usnm 399909 , pan 1419 , paratype , 21 . 0 mm sl ; amnh 249667 , holotype , 22 . 0 mm sl . photographs by carole baldwin , cristina castillo , donald griswold , ross robertson , james van tassell , and jeffrey williams .\nmuseum specimens examined from the lesser antilles ( dominica ) and puerto rico appear to be starksia sluiteri based on trunk pigment ( round vs . elongate blotches in the second row of markings ) and no conspicuous round pale spots on the cheek . the pigment is somewhat faded in those specimens , however , and more material , including tissue samples for genetic analysis , is needed . two female specimens from navassa ( usnm 361059 ) are not starksia sluiteri , as the markings in the second row of trunk blotches are elongate , not round . however , those markings are rectangular in the navassa specimens , and the markings in the upper row are square\u2014much more so than in our material of starksia langi from the western caribbean . the larger of the two females has some dark spots on the head as in starksia langi . more material is needed . other museum material examined ( e . g . , the uf specimens from antigua and mexico ) are too faded to identify to species .\nnamed in honor of victor g . springer , senior scientist emeritus , smithsonian national museum of natural history , for his contributions to the systematics of blennioid fishes , including starksia , and for advice and friendship he has bestowed upon the first author .\naverage ( and range ) kimura two - parameter distance summary for the starksia sluiteri species complex based on cytochrome c oxidase l ( col ) sequences of individuals represented in the neighbor - joining tree in figure 1 . intraspecific averages are shown in bold .\nan additional character quickly separating paraclinus larvae from the far more abundant larvae of malacoctenus and labrisomus is the absence of cranial melanophores . paraclinus larvae also have no obvious preopercular spines , while many immature malacoctenus and labrisomus ( and starksia ) larvae have preopercular spines at the size of overlap with paraclinus larvae . a useful character , even on poorly preserved larvae , is the number of procurrent caudal - fin rays : paraclinus larvae have only 3 or 4 vs . 6 to 10 in malacoctenus and labrisomus ( and 5 to 6 in starksia ) .\ncomparison of starksia lepicoelia specimens from bahamas from genetically distinct lineages ( see fig . 1 ) : a usnm 399615 , bah 8077 , 25 . 0 mm sl , female b usnm 399617 , bah 8079 , 19 . 0 mm sl , female . photographs by carole baldwin .\nnamed in honor of jeffrey t . williams , smithsonian\u2019s national museum of natural history , in recognition of his work on blennioid fishes , including starksia . jeff\u2019s field - collecting efforts at saba bank , tobago , and turks and caicos resulted in numerous specimens utilized in this study .\ncomparative material . starksia sluiteri . curacao ( all dna vouchers ) : usnm 399623 , cur 8162 ; usnm 399624 , cur 8226 ; usnm 399625 , cur 8227 ; usnm 399626 , cur 8271 . los roques , venezuela ( not dna vouchers ) : usnm 195750 , 2 specimens . dominica ( not dna vouchers ) : usnm 198263 , 15 . puerto rico ( not a dna voucher ) : usnm 219143 , 1 . antigua ( not a dna voucher ) : uf 11344 , 1 . mexico ( not dna vouchers ) : uf 209342 , 2 . starksia fasciata , turks & caicos islands ( all dna vouchers ) : usnm 399681 , tci9204 ; usnm 399683 , tci 9349 ; usnm 399684 , tci 9350 ; usnm 399685 , tci 9714 . starksia sp . navassa island ( not dna vouchers ) : usnm 361059 , 2 .\nother than the diagnostic dorsal - fin spine complement , paraclinus larvae can be distinguished from the similar starksia larvae by the consistent presence of the deep nuchal and deep pelvic melanophores and often the cheek melanophore . deep melanophores , however , are not always visible on well - developed larvae . interestingly , transitional paraclinus larvae collected at night over the reef do not have the metamorphic melanophore patterns over the head typical for transitional starksia larvae and frequent on larvae of malacoctenus and labrisomus . nevertheless , by the morning ( in collections made by unattended crest nets ) , metamorphic melanophores have developed .\ncolor and preserved pigment patterns in starksia robertsoni : a amnh 249667 , 22 . 0 mm sl , female , holotype ( photograph by james van tassell and ross robertson ) b usnm 399911 , pan 1418 , 20 . 0 mm sl , male , paratype ( photograph by carole baldwin ) .\ncolor and preserved pigment patterns in starksia robertsoni : a amnh 249667 , 22 . 0 mm sl , female , holotype ( photograph by james van tassell and ross robertson ) b usnm 399911 , pan 1418 , 20 . 0 mm sl , male , paratype ( photograph by carole baldwin ) .\naverage ( and range ) kimura two - parameter distance summary for the starksia lepicoelia species complex based on cytochrome c oxidase l ( col ) sequences of individuals represented in the neighbor - joining tree in figure 1 . intraspecific averages are shown in bold ; n / a = no average ( one specimen ) .\nmale and female color patterns of starksia langi : a usnm 398931 , paratype , blz 8266 , 18 . 0 mm sl , male b usnm 398929 , paratype , blz 8131 , 16 . 0 mm sl , female c\u2013e diagnostic features of preserved starksia langi \u2013 ( c and d ) usnm 398931 , paratype , blz 8266 , male , 18 . 0 mm sl , note dark marking on cheek and absence of dark blotch in anterior portion of spinous dorsal fin e usnm 398928 , paratype , blz 8062 , female , 17 . 0 mm sl , note small dark spots on head . photographs by carole baldwin , cristina castillo , and donald griswold .\nmale and female color patterns of starksia langi : a usnm 398931 , paratype , blz 8266 , 18 . 0 mm sl , male b usnm 398929 , paratype , blz 8131 , 16 . 0 mm sl , female c\u2013e diagnostic features of preserved starksia langi \u2013 ( c and d ) usnm 398931 , paratype , blz 8266 , male , 18 . 0 mm sl , note dark marking on cheek and absence of dark blotch in anterior portion of spinous dorsal fin e usnm 398928 , paratype , blz 8062 , female , 17 . 0 mm sl , note small dark spots on head . photographs by carole baldwin , cristina castillo , and donald griswold .\nmale and female color patterns of starksia greenfieldi : a usnm 398920 , tob 9212 , 15 . 0 mm sl , male b usnm 398922 , tob 9282 , 19 . 0 mm sl , female c\u2013e diagnostic features of preserved starksia greenfieldi - c usnm usnm 398919 , paratype , male , 22 . 0 m sl , note pale spots on head d usnm 320832 , holotype , male , 19 . 0 mm sl , note pale spots on head and dark blotch in anterior portion of spinous dorsal fin e usnm 320829 , female , 22 . 0 mm sl , note pale spots on head . photographs by carole baldwin , cristina castillo , and donald griswold .\nmale and female color patterns of starksia greenfieldi : a usnm 398920 , tob 9212 , 15 . 0 mm sl , male b usnm 398922 , tob 9282 , 19 . 0 mm sl , female c\u2013e diagnostic features of preserved starksia greenfieldi - c usnm usnm 398919 , paratype , male , 22 . 0 m sl , note pale spots on head d usnm 320832 , holotype , male , 19 . 0 mm sl , note pale spots on head and dark blotch in anterior portion of spinous dorsal fin e usnm 320829 , female , 22 . 0 mm sl , note pale spots on head . photographs by carole baldwin , cristina castillo , and donald griswold .\nstarksia langi . a male from honduras , usnm 399917 , hon 050 , paratype , 16 . 3 mm sl ( right side , reversed ) b femalefrom panama ( atlantic ) , usnm 399918 , pan 018 , 14 . 5 mm sl c male from isla providencia , colombia , mzusp 107860 , 16 mm sl . photographs by carole baldwin .\nstarksia langi . a male from honduras , usnm 399917 , hon 050 , paratype , 16 . 3 mm sl ( right side , reversed ) b femalefrom panama ( atlantic ) , usnm 399918 , pan 018 , 14 . 5 mm sl c male from isla providencia , colombia , mzusp 107860 , 16 mm sl . photographs by carole baldwin .\nunfortunately , fin - ray counts for the entire genus are similar and broadly overlapping . furthermore , adult markings on starksia are both highly variable and patterns are often shared among species , making identifications particularly challenging . it certainly does not help that males and females often have different sets of markings . much of the variation in appearance occurs in live coloration only and the dearth of live specimens or underwater photographs makes identifications quite difficult .\nnemaclinus atelestos , a rare labrisomid found only on deep dropoffs , looks much like the starksia species . it has higher median - fin ray counts , but fewer pectoral - fin rays : d - xxi - xxiii , 7 - 9 a - ii , 18 - 19 and only 11 - 12 pectoral - fin rays . it also has notably long pelvic - fin rays , extending well beyond the origin of the anal fin .\na species of starksia distinguished by the following combination of characters : orbital cirrus present ; belly scaled ; trunk pale to tan ( dark orange / tan to bright orange in life ) , without distinct bars or other markings ; lips without conspicuous white spotting , distinct banding , or dark bars\u2014usually with lightly scattered melanophores in preserved specimens ; total dorsal elements 27 ; total vertebrae usually 32 ; dorsal spines + anal soft rays + vertebrae modally 75 .\nmale and female color patterns of starksia sangreyae : a usnm 398932 , holotype , blz 5111 , 16 . 0 mm sl , male b usnm 398933 , blz 5033 , 16 . 5 mm sl , female . c\u2013d diagnostic patterns of cheek pigment of preserved female and male \u2013 c usnm 276147 , 15 . 0 mm sl , male d usnm 321073 , 18 . 0 mm sl , female . photographs by carole baldwin , cristina castillo , donald griswold , and julie mounts .\nmale and female color patterns of starksia sangreyae : a usnm 398932 , holotype , blz 5111 , 16 . 0 mm sl , male b usnm 398933 , blz 5033 , 16 . 5 mm sl , female . c\u2013d diagnostic patterns of cheek pigment of preserved female and male \u2013 c usnm 276147 , 15 . 0 mm sl , male d usnm 321073 , 18 . 0 mm sl , female . photographs by carole baldwin , cristina castillo , donald griswold , and julie mounts .\nmale and female color patterns of starksia weigti : a usnm 399648 , holotype , blz 5010 , 25 . 0 mm sl , male b blz 6121 ( no voucher ) , 18 . 0 mm sl , female c\u2013d close - up views of diagnostic spotting on lips in life \u2013 c blz 6120 , 24 . 0 mm sl ( no voucher ) , male d usnm 399650 , blz 5193 , 24 . 0 mm sl , female . photographs by carole baldwin and julie mounts .\nmale and female color patterns of starksia weigti : a usnm 399648 , holotype , blz 5010 , 25 . 0 mm sl , male b blz 6121 ( no voucher ) , 18 . 0 mm sl , female c\u2013d close - up views of diagnostic spotting on lips in life \u2013 c blz 6120 , 24 . 0 mm sl ( no voucher ) , male d usnm 399650 , blz 5193 , 24 . 0 mm sl , female . photographs by carole baldwin and julie mounts .\na species of starksia distinguished by the following combination of characters : no orbital cirrus ; trunk with irregular dark blotches on pale background ; pectoral - fin base with relatively straight margins defining pale gap that separates two dark blotches ; cheek with distinctive dark and pale markings : anterior portion of cheek with prominent dark blotch , anteroventral and posterior margins of blotch well defined by pale regions ; posterior pale area on cheek bordered posteriorly by thin , dark , anteroventral - to - posterodorsal streak of pigment along distal edge of preopercle .\na species of starksia distinguished by the following combination of characters : orbital cirrus present ; belly scaled ; trunk pale ( pale red in life ) , without distinct bars or other markings ; lips peppered with white spots in life ; lacrimal region with single row of small white spots in life ; jaws usually with lightly scattered melanophores in preserved specimens , without distinct banding or dark bars ; entire gular region usually covered with scattered melanophores ; total dorsal elements usually 27 ; total vertebrae usually 32 ; dorsal spines + anal soft rays + vertebrae modally 75 .\nspecimens used in this study were collected from barbados , belize , bahamas , curacao ( netherland antilles ) , florida , honduras , panama ( atlantic ) , saba bank ( netherland antilles ) , st . thomas ( u . s . virgin islands ) , tobago ( trinidad and tobago ) , and turks and caicos . that material and additional museum specimens examined are listed in the appropriate species and comparisons sections . starksia specimens included in the genetic analysis but not in the species accounts are tabulated in appendix 1 . institutional abbreviations for collections follow sabaj p\u00e9rez ( 2010 ) .\na species of starksia distinguished by the following combination of characters : orbital cirrus present ; belly scaled ; trunk pale to dark tan ( dark orange / tan to bright orange in life ) , without distinct bars or other markings ; lips without conspicuous white spotting in life ; ventral surface of lower jaw of males with one to three dark blotches or bars in preserved specimens , lips without distinct banding or dark bars ; dorsal - fin elements usually xx , 7 \u2013 27 total ; vertebrae usually 10 + 22 = 32 ; dorsal spines + anal soft rays + vertebrae modally 75 .\na species of starksia distinguished by the following combination of characters : orbital cirrus present ; two rows of prominent , very dark blotches on side of body , at least some of those in lower row vertically elongate to oval , rarely round ; males with dark , fat , crescent - shaped marking on cheek and without dark blotch on anterior portion of spinous dorsal fin ; females with scattered dark spots on lower half of head and on pectoral - fin base ; first anal - fin spine in males two - thirds to three - quarters length of male genital papilla ; belly naked .\na species of starksia distinguished by the following combination of characters : orbital cirrus present ; two to three rows of dark blotches on side of body , blotches in middle row ( or ventral row if only two rows ) mostly circular , never vertically elongate or oval ; white ( or pale ) , mostly round spots ( absence of melanophores against a darker background ) on at least portions of cheek , opercle , and gular region , this spotting pattern more prominent in males ; males with dark blotch of pigment on anterior portion of spinous dorsal fin ; first anal - fin spine one - half to three - quarters length of male genital papilla ; belly naked .\nthere is a quite consistent count of 13 caudal - fin segmented rays in the blennioids , 7 dorsal and 6 ventral , with a variable number of procurrent rays . procurrent - ray counts usually vary within species by one , and usually there is one additional procurrent ray in the dorsal series than in the ventral series . among the labrisomids , paraclinus have the fewest , with only 4 or 5 , while starksia typically have 5 or 6 , and malacoctenus and labrisomus have 6 to 10 . although the numerical differences can be slight , the procurrent rays look distinctly more crowded in the latter genera . other blennioid families can also be distinguished : chaenopsids have few , from 3 to 5 , while the tripterygiid enneanectes have 6 to 8 .\nspecimens examined ranging from 12 . 0 to 19 . 0mm sl ; hl 25\u201332 % sl ( 32 % in holotype ) ; genital - papilla length in 15 . 0 - mm sl paratype 0 . 3 mm , one - fourth length of first anal spine ( broken ) ; papilla adhered to spine proximally . note : the presence of a small but measurable genital papilla on 15 . 0 - mm sl paratype suggests that it is a male : although female starksia sometimes have a small genital papilla , the 19 mm female holotype does not . as noted below , the 15 mm paratype has a pupil - size dark spot at posterior base of anal fin , which usually characterizes females . we tentatively recognize this paratype as a male .\ncomparative material . starksia lepicoelia . bahamas ( dna vouchers ) : usnm 399615 , bah 8077 ; usnm 399616 , bah 8078 ; usnm 399617 , bah 8079 . bahamas ( not dna vouchers ) : usnm 399923 , 1 specimen ; usnm 399924 , 1 ; usnm 399925 , 1 ; usnm 399926 , 1 ; usnm 399927 , 9 ; usnm 399928 , 1 ; usnm 399929 , 1 ; usnm 399930 , 1 ; usnm 399931 , 1 ; usnm 399932 , 1 ; usnm 399933 , 1 ; usnm 399934 , 1 ; usnm 399921 , 1 ; usnm 399922 , 1 ; usnm 386919 , 3 specimens ; usnm 386972 , 15 ; usnm 386383 , 1 ; usnm 386402 , 8 ; usnm 386651 , 2 ; usnm 386581 , 3 ; usnm 386500 , 4 ; usnm 387026 , 3 ; usnm 386244 , 13 ; usnm 387069 , 6 ; usnm 399618 , 1 ; usnm 399614 , 2 ; turks and caicos islands ( dna vouchers ) : usnm 399638 , tci 9291 ; usnm 399639 , tci 9292 ; usnm 399640 , tci 9293 ; usnm 399641 , tci 9294 ; usnm 399636 , tci 9112 ; turks and caicos islands ( not dna vouchers ) : usnm 399637 , 7 ; usnm 399642 , 1 . navassa island ( not dna vouchers ) : usnm 359448 , 5 ; usnm 359699 , 19 . u . s . virgin islands , st . croix ( not dna vouchers ) : uf 149809 , 11 ; uf 149815 , 33 ; uf 149814 , 10 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe unusual genus stathmonotus is still considered chaenopsid even though their dorsal fin is made up of all spines and they can have scales . some labrisomids of paraclinus also have a dorsal fin made up of all spines ; fortunately the larvae of the two genera are easily distinguished by morphology .\nlabrisomid larvae generally resemble those of the other blennioid families of reef fishes - they can be distinguished easily from larvae of the combtooth blennies ( family blenniidae ) , which have fewer dorsal - fin spines than soft rays and blunt snouts at all stages ( labrisomids have twice as many dorsal - fin spines as rays ( or more ) and pointed snouts as larvae ) . larvae of the blennioid triplefins ( family tripterygiidae ) have three separate dorsal fins and distinctive markings and the stargazers ( family dactyloscopidae ) have relatively foreshortened anterior bodies and curled - up pelvic fins .\nlarval labrisomids are superficially similar to the larvae of gobies and scarids , which also often have a similar anal - fin row of melanophores and are very common in collections and are about the same size as labrisomid larvae . however , those larvae notably have many fewer dorsal - fin spines , short and / or fused pelvic fins , and narrowed or oddly - shaped eyes , while later - stage labrisomids have long thread - like pelvic fins and large round eyes . larval gerreids ( mojarras ) are also common and can be mistaken for labrisomid larvae , however they have silvery abdominal linings . larval grunts ( haemulidae ) often have an anal - fin row of melanophores and can resemble earlier - stage labrisomids , but they develop a notably short anal fin and characteristic tail spots .\nthere is sufficient divergence in appearance among labrisomid larvae in the region to identify most later - stage larvae to species and all to the genus level . the exceptions are those species recently shown by dna sequencing to be made up of sets of closely - related species that can be hard to distinguish , even as adults ( i . e . cryptic species ) . some labrisomids , unlike most other reef fishes , have benthic eggs and short larval lives which promote reproductive isolation and genetic divergence within the region . as a result , there can be a proliferation of cryptic species and lineages and quite complex phylogeography . the larvae and juveniles of cryptic species would be expected to be almost identical and are thus pooled into a type for that species complex in the descriptions below .\nthe diagnosis paragraph under each species listed in the following sections describes the criteria that confirm the species designation for a larval type , usually the fin - ray counts , narrowing the possibilities to one or a few species and sometimes a morphological feature to distinguish among the remainder . of course , a dna - sequence match is the ultimate confirmation . a sequence match has been used for many of the taxa described below , indicated by the notation ( dna ) .\nthe analogues section briefly describes how to distinguish larvae at particular stages from other similar - appearing species , highlighting which of the characters - fin - ray counts , melanophore patterns , morphology , or various combinations thereof - are most useful for each comparison . in most cases , especially for late - stage larvae , these features can rapidly narrow down an id to the species level .\nsome diagnostic characters are more easily visible on larvae than on larger fishes . one of the more obscure characters that is useful for distinguishing among the numerous blennioid families and genera is the number of procurrent rays in the caudal fin . these accessory rays are defined as the non - segmented rays anterior to the large segmented caudal - fin rays . the transparency of fish larvae allows for an easy assessment of the number of procurrent caudal - fin rays . adjustment of the transmitted - light angle highlights bony tissues well . fortunately , the caudal - fin rays are usually preserved in otherwise - damaged larvae and they can provide diagnostic information for identifications when little else is available .\nlabrisomid larvae share , to varying degrees , a basic set of melanophores that develop progressively after hatching and are very useful for identifying larvae at least to genus and often to species . the timing of the development of each marking can be somewhat variable within a species , resulting in a variety of patterns on earlier - stage larvae that preclude a simple key to species identification . late and pre - transitional larvae typically have their full complement of larval melanophores , making identifications at these larger sizes somewhat easier . during transition , however , larval melanophores begin to disappear and metamorphic melanophore patterns develop . metamorphic melanophores consist primarily of intricate patterns of small surface melanophores , usually starting on the head and spreading over the body to form the juvenile markings . this transitional sequence is also variably timed , promoting a proliferation of intermediate melanophore complements that can easily lead to the impression of a greater number of species than are actually present .\nnote : a number of other melanophores are present at specific , and often diagnostic , locations on the larvae of particular species ( or groups of species ) and are discussed under the genus or species descriptions in the next sections .\nthese dorsal melanophores shield the brain and are near the surface , usually on the meningeal membrane or over the skull . they can best be labeled by the quadrant of the brain they overlie , i . e . the forebrain , the smaller lobes forming a triangle between the eyes , and the large midbrain ( optic ) lobes , behind the eyes ("]}
{"id": 811, "summary": [{"text": "harpa doris , common name the rose harp , is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family harpidae , the harp snails . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "harpa doris", "paragraphs": ["species harpa striata lamarck , 1816 accepted as harpa cabriti p . fischer , 1860\ntitle : harpa doris location : s tome e principe , sao tome and principe description : harpa sea snail [ harpa doris ] on a blue background . lives on te african west coats and is usually burried in sand keywords : stamp , shell , 1 . 50 db , blue , 1981 , wolfgang hartwig , lito nacional , porto , portugal , harpa doris\nspecies harpa ventricosa lamarck , 1816 accepted as harpa cabriti p . fischer , 1860 ( invalid : junior homonym of harpa ventricosa lamarck , 1801 )\nspecies harpa multicostata g . b . sowerby i , 1822 accepted as harpa costata ( linnaeus , 1758 )\nmessage please keep me informed when a similar specimen ( harpa - doris giant ! - [ senegal ] ( r\u00f6ding , 1798 ) ) is available .\nharpa doris approaching her berth at praia , cape verde april 09 2015 . former name : launched as vadero trym built by selay gemi - tuzla , turkey 2009 .\nharpa rosea lamarck , j . b . p . a . de , 1822\nharpa doris robusta ( r\u00f6ding , 1798 ) live taken , fine + + + , slightly smoothed terminal ridge ; splendid ! - extra heavy specimen close to the wrs ; 82 . 5 mm ; cape verde islands , s\u00e3o nicolau , carri\u00e7al ; scuba diving at 12 - 14m . ; november 2012 . [ har101 ]\n( of harpa robusta r\u00f6ding , 1798 ) dance , s . p . & g . t . poppe , 1999 family harpidae . in : a conchological iconography ( conchbooks , ed . ) , 69 p . [ details ]\n( of harpa robusta r\u00f6ding , 1798 ) rehder h . a . ( 1973 ) . the family harpidae of the world . indo - pacific mollusca 3 ( 16 ) : 207 - 274 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of harpa rosea lamarck , 1816 ) rehder h . a . ( 1973 ) . the family harpidae of the world . indo - pacific mollusca 3 ( 16 ) : 207 - 274 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of harpa rosea lamarck , 1816 ) gofas , s . ; afonso , j . p . ; brand\u00e0o , m . ( ed . ) . ( s . a . ) . conchas e moluscos de angola = coquillages et mollusques d ' angola . [ shells and molluscs of angola ] . universidade agostinho / elf aquitaine angola : angola . 140 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of harpa rosea lamarck , 1816 ) lamarck , j . b . p . a . de monet de ( 1798 - 1816 ) . encyclop\u00e9die m\u00e9thodique . tableau encyclop\u00e9die et m\u00e9thodique de trois r\u00e8gnes de la nature . vers , coquilles , mollusques et polypiers , livraison 64 , part 21 : pls . 287 - 390 ( 28 april 1798 ) ; livr . 84 , part 23 : 1 - 16 ( = liste des objects repr\u00e9sent\u00e9s dans les planches de cette livraison ) , pls . 391 - 488 ( 14 december 1816 ) . \u2013 paris ( v . agasse ) . page ( s ) : vol . 3 , pl . 404 , fig . 2 [ details ]\nrol\u00e1n e . , 2005 . malacological fauna from the cape verde archipelago . part 1 , polyplacophora and gastropoda . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nbernard , p . a . ( ed . ) ( 1984 ) . coquillages du gabon [ shells of gabon ] . pierre a . bernard : libreville , gabon . 140 , 75 plates pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\ndance , s . p . & g . t . poppe , 1999 family harpidae . in : a conchological iconography ( conchbooks , ed . ) , 69 p . [ details ]\nrehder h . a . ( 1973 ) . the family harpidae of the world . indo - pacific mollusca 3 ( 16 ) : 207 - 274 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nshell gallery view \u00ab shell encyclopedia , conchology , inc . \u00bb conchological megadatabase on mollusks\nthe star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :\nwe want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only , as we handle very few foreign shells in general . as time goes , the system will become more and more performant .\nenter your email address and we will send you an email with your username and password .\ne - mail jecilia sisican if you do not receive your email with your username and password .\nclick on an image to view all the information : family , species , author , date , and full locality .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 1 . 612 seconds . )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nversion 43 . 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed . my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .\nwe noticed that you ' re using an unsupported browser . the tripadvisor website may not display properly . we support the following browsers :\n* tripadvisor llc is not a booking agent and does not charge any service fees to users of our site . . . (\ntripadvisor llc is not responsible for content on external web sites . taxes , fees not included for deals content .\nthis amount includes applicable customs duties , taxes , brokerage and other fees . this amount is subject to change until you make payment . for additional information , see the global shipping program terms and conditions - opens in a new window or tab\nthis amount includes applicable customs duties , taxes , brokerage and other fees . this amount is subject to change until you make payment . if you reside in an eu member state besides uk , import vat on this purchase is not recoverable . for additional information , see the global shipping program terms and conditions - opens in a new window or tab\ndelivery time is estimated using our proprietary method which is based on the buyer ' s proximity to the item location , the shipping service selected , the seller ' s shipping history , and other factors . delivery times may vary , especially during peak periods .\ncopyright \u00a9 1995 - 2018 ebay inc . all rights reserved . accessibility , user agreement , privacy , cookies and adchoice\nwe ' ve updated our privacy policy and by continuing you ' re agreeing to the updated terms .\nwhen you visit our site , preselected companies may use cookies or other certain information on your device to serve relevant ads and for analytics purposes . learn more\n( 1973 ) . rehder presented 11 species of living harps . there have been many new taxa proposed since 1973 . all but one are now generally accepted as forms of one or the other of the 11 species addressed by rehder . only\nrehder , 1993 is mostly accepted as a valid addition to his 1973 list . whether or not all 11 of the taxa addressed by rehder ( plus\n) are truly separate species or if the many localized forms given species / subspecies names actually represent separate species will have to await a comprehensive dna analysis .\n( two or one blotch ) to be able to accept his argument . i would also note that the characters described for\n( \u201cbody whorl \u2026 more broadly ovate and rounded , \u201d \u201cribs tend to be narrower and more distant\u201d ) . my own opinion is that\nspecies addressed by rehder and the\naccepted\nspecies addressed 31 and 42 years later .\n. indo - pacific mollusca , volume 3 , no . 16 . delaware museum of natural history .\nare quite variable within populations and across geographic range . so variable that they occur readily across taxa , especially those that share common geographic distributions and influences , and most often cannot be relied upon to distinguish between species when confronted with a particular specimen . in my presentations i have limited the features discussed to those that should be relied upon to distinguish among taxa . i have presented the protoconchs for all , but did not find this feature to be helpful ( too variable , too often missing or incomplete , and too similar ) in distinguishing among taxa , except in a few cases (\n) . i did not find color to be helpful for taxa that are otherwise close and from the same locales . i did not find reliance on \u201cblotching\u201d to be more than partially helpful without linkage to other confirming features . i have addressed the distribution of parietal glazing and found it to be quite helpful and distinctive for many taxa ( especially when linked to other features ) , but not decidedly so for the most problematic taxa (\n) . i do not present a general description of each taxa , which is available many places elsewhere ( see rehder 1973 ) . rather , for some i present some background information and then start my descriptions with the parietal glazing and follow with those features that i found can best be used to distinguish among taxa .\nthe following table presents the features i found best allow identifying and distinguishing the 12 taxa . the green cells describe key features that should be identified first ( and in some taxa , alone or linked to other \u201cgreens , \u201d are sufficient to identify a taxon ) . the pink cells describe features very helpful in narrowing the possibilities for otherwise similar taxa . the yellow cells describe features that i found very consistently separate taxa within the geographic range of\n. i apologize for the tiny text in the table , but i wanted to get it all on one page .\n, and from a dozen to several dozen for the others , limited examination of shells displayed at shell shows by exhibitors and dealers , some images from the web ( usually too poor to be helpful ) , and images in literature ( also usually also too poor to be helpful ) . obviously , my sample is limited in terms of actual material for close examination , and my conclusions should be tempered accordingly . i would be happy to hear from those with specimens in any of these taxa that question or confirm my observations (\n) . however , i would also hope that you can provide good quality photos or would be willing to loan the specimens for a photo session . i will continue to add to these presentations with comments or more photos / material contributed by other fans of\n. three terms ( subsutural plateau , shoulder and t ) should be understood . normally , \u201cshoulder\u201d refers to the area from the suture to an inflection point ( a pronounced downward angle ) or , when absent , the periphery . all\n, the shoulder would normally be the area from suture to the inflection point ( where spines are located ) . i have defined the area from the suture to the inflection point as the subsutural plateau . and , when i refer to the shoulder , i am referring narrowly to the spiral line representing the inflection where the subsutural plateau turns downward ( and is where the rib spines normally occur ) . i have observed that all mature\nhas three . as a matter of shorthand i may use t1 , t2 , t3 or t4 to refer to the teleoconch whorls . so ,\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 1 / / en\nurltoken\nthis shop requires javascript to run correctly . please activate javascript in your browser .\nget a one - time position report , book satellite tracking for 14 days for this vessel , or upgrade to our unlimited sat plans to see all ships by satellite .\nshare your knowledge with the community . information will be published after a short review .\nthe history of former names is compiled automatically from ais signals and gives insight into vessel owner changes , charter name changes and reflaggings .\nthe report will be sent to your email address within 12 hours after your payment has been completed .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nthis photo has been shown 314 times since it was added to the site .\nthe photos in our gallery are in most cases just a sample from our stock , except when only one specimen is offered . we try to match the original color but it can vary if your screen is not correctly adjusted ( gamma correction ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\nfull reference : f . e . eames . 1952 . a contribution to the study of the eocene in western pakistan and western india : c . the description of the scaphopoda and gastropoda from standard sections in the rakhi nala and zindar pir areas of the western punjab and in the kohat district . philosophical transactions of the royal society of london series b 236 : 1 - 168\ntype specimen : bmnh g . 68305 , a shell . its type locality is fossil bed f . 2556 , zinda pir , which is in a lutetian marine shale in the domanda formation of pakistan .\n( of harpalis link , 1807 ) link d . h . f . ( 1807 - 1808 ) . beschreibung der naturalien - sammlung der universit\u00e4t zu rostock . rostock : adlers erben . 1 abt . [ part 1 ] , pp . 1 - 50 ; 2 abt . [ part 2 ] , pp . 51 - 100 ; 3 abt . [ part 3 ] , pp . 101 - 165 ; abt . 4 [ part 4 ] , pp . 1 - 30 ; abt . 5 [ part 5 ] , pp . 1 - 38 [ 1808 ] ; abt . 6 [ part 6 ] , pp . 1 - 38 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 114 [ details ]\npoppe g . t . , brulet t . & dance s . p . ( 1999 ) . the family harpidae . conchological iconography . conchbooks , hackenheim . 69pp . [ details ]\n( of harpalis link , 1807 ) obis indo - pacific molluscan database . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of harpalis link , 1807 ) rehder h . a . ( 1973 ) . the family harpidae of the world . indo - pacific mollusca 3 ( 16 ) : 207 - 274 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 237 [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ntulane university journal publishing is an open access , peer - reviewed journal publishing service which provides a web - based platform for scholarly and academic publishing to the tulane community .\ntulane studies in geology and paleontology was devoted primarily to the geology and paleontology of the coasts and adjacent land areas of the gulf of mexico and the caribbean sea . each number\nthe journal was published between 1962 and 1997 . this is a collection of the entire run of the journal .\nfor all scientific names see vol . 10 , no . 4 ( taxonomic index to vol . 1 - 10 ) ; vol . 20 , no . 4 ( taxonomic index to vol . 11 to 20 ) ; vol . 30 , no . 4 ( taxonomic index to vol . 21 to 30 ) .\nthe past half century has seen dramatic changes in the world of scientific publishing ; changes that will continue in the next few decades . the newest generations of ( geo ) scientists have come of age in an environment where the research literature is almost entirely accessed online and visits to physical library collections are becoming increasingly rare . on one hand , these developments have led to the proliferation of new journals , most of which only exist online , and many of the latest additions are open - access journals . on the other hand , several older publication venues have come to a close .\nit is now 20 years ago that the last issue of tulane studies in geology and paleontology ( initially known as tulane studies in geology ) appeared . coincidental or not , 1997 was right around the time that scientific publishing rapidly migrated to the internet . initiated in 1962 , tsgp has published more than 5000 pages of peer - reviewed research , in many cases by faculty members and graduate students in tulane\u2019s department of geology . series like tsgp proliferated for many years , in part based on the extensive exchange schemes that existed between academic libraries . editing was carefully done in house , constituting a major time commitment for the faculty members who served as editors . even though the series was discontinued a while ago , the research published in tsgp has had a lasting impact . it continues to be cited on a regular basis and typically accrues 20 to 30 citations annually according to the web of science .\nthe tulane undergraduate research journal is a peer - reviewed research journal publishing articles from multiple academic fields . our goal is to unite the best undergraduate research from the tulane community and represent all academic fields producing a spectrum of high - quality and diverse work .\nan online undergraduate journal featuring case studies authored by the newcomb scholars , an elite cohort of undergraduate women at tulane university .\nthe journal of community health promotion and research , sponsored by the tulane prevention research center ( prc ) , was planned to share information about public health work and disease - prevention programs focusing on the physical and social environment in the new orleans area .\nthe mission of the tulane prc is to address the physical and social environmental factors influencing the obesity epidemic and its behavioral determinants ( physical activity and diet ) through participatory research on these factors and ways to modify them ; collaboration with community partners and policy - makers ; communication about these factors with public health practitioners , policy - makers , and community partners ; and training of public health professionals , paraprofessionals , and community members .\nthe tulane journal of international affairs is a newly formed undergraduate research journal at tulane university . publishing once a year , the journal promotes outstanding undergraduate work relating to its three sections : international security , international political economy , and human rights .\nsecond line is a peer - edited journal at tulane university committed to the publication of original and intellectual undergraduate scholarship that engages in the various aspects of literary conversation .\nthe tulane review is a literary and art journal published by the tulane literary society twice a year . submissions are judged by review boards in an anonymous selection process and final choices are made by the editors . for submission information , consult the submissionguidelines here : urltoken\ntulane studies in zoology and botany is published by the tulane museum of natural history . and is issued irregularly . manuscripts dealing with all aspects of ecology , evolution , and systematics are encouraged . all manuscripts are reviewed .\n\u00a9 2012 howard - tilton memorial library , tulane university | 7001 freret st . , new orleans , la 70118 | ( 504 ) 865 - 5605 | email us\nsearch = country = / angola = africa / angola / dsc _ 9272 . jpg\ntitle : puma location : argentina description : cougar or puma [ puma concolor ] in a tree , printed in an orangeish color . with\ns . oficial\nprinte over it . keywords : stamp , mammal , cat , correos , 50 c , puma\ntitle : llama location : argentina description : llama [ lama glama ] out in the desert . s pficial printed ofer the stamp keywords : stamp , mammal , llama , 20 c , s oficial , lama glama , correos\ntitle : neon tetra location : brazil description : neon tetra [ paracheirodon innesi ] in green underwater vegitation keywords : stamp , fish , 1 . 00 , 1976 , raul pereira , casa da mondeda do brasil , hyphessobrycon innesi , paracheirodon innesi\ntitle : manduba location : brazil description : manduba [ ageneiosus inermis ] just over a sandy bottom keywords : stamp , fish , 1 . 00 , 1976 , raul pereira , casa da mondeda do brasil , palmito , ageneiosus sp , ageneiosus inermis\ntitle : reina del choco location : columbia description : reina del choco [ cattleya dowiana var . aurea ] all in oragne keywords : stamp , plant , flower , orchid , cattleya dowiana aurea , cattleya dowiana var . aurea , 1874 , 1949 , upu , 5 , centavos , waterlow and sons limited\ntitle : lawyer ' s wigs location : guyana description : lawyer ' s wigs [ coprinus comatus ] growing in the grass keywords : stamp , mushroom , 1990 , macro , $ 2 . 55 , coprinus comatus\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en\nexcept where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence .\n, select family and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in sealifebase for the family .\n, select country and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in sealifebase for the country .\n, select ecosystem and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in sealifebase for the ecosystem .\ncfm script by , 30 . 11 . 04 , , php script by , 05 / 11 / 2010 , last modified by kbanasihan , 06 / 28 / 2010"]}
{"id": 864, "summary": [{"text": "chilorhinophis gerardi , commonly known as gerard 's black and yellow burrowing snake , is a species of venomous snake in the family atractaspididae .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "the species is endemic to africa . ", "topic": 3}], "title": "chilorhinophis gerardi", "paragraphs": ["apostolepis gerardi boulenger 1913 : 103 parkerophis gerardi \u2014 barbour & amaral 1927 chilorhinophis gerardi \u2014 de witte & laurent 1947 : 54 chilorhinophis gerardi gerardi \u2014 loveridge 1958 chilorhinophis gerardi gerardi \u2014 broadley 1959 chilorhinophis gerardi \u2014 frank & ramus 1995 chilorhinophis gerardi \u2014 welch 1994 : 43 chilorhiniophis [ sic ] gerardi \u2014 broadley 1998 chilorhinophis gerardi \u2014 broadley et al . 2003 : 96 chilorhinophis gerardi \u2014 wallach et al . 2014 : 158 chilorhinophis gerardi \u2014 spawls et al . 2018 : 465 chilorhinophis gerardi tanganyikae loveridge 1951 : 195 chilorhinophis gerardi tanganyikae loveridge 1958 chilorhinophis gerardi tanganyikae \u2014 broadley & howell 1991 : 29\nchilorhinophis gerardi by lambert m . surhone , mariam t . tennoe , susan f . henssonow\nbattersby , j . c . 1950 . a new amphisbaenid lizard from tanganika territory and notes on the rare snake chilorhinophis . ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 12 ) 3 : 413 - 417\nchilorhinophis carpenteri , or the liwale two - headed snake , is a species of venomous snake in the atractaspididae family . = = geographic range = = it is endemic to africa and is found in mozambique and southeastern tanzania . = = taxonomy = = it was originally named parkerophis carpenteri . = = etymology = = the specific name , carpenteri , honors the type specime . . .\nthe number of species increased from 10 , 711 to 10 , 793 , i . e . an increase of 82 species . 66 new species have been described , 9 species have been revalidated from synonymy and 16 subspecies were elevated to full species . . .\nover the past 4 months , the number of species increased from 10 , 639 to 10 , 711 .\nthe number of species has grown from 10 , 544 in the may release to now 10 , 639 ( + 95 species ) .\noverall , 212 new taxa have been added or changed their status or name .\nthe reptile database is a taxonomic database that provides basic information about all living reptile species , such as turtles , snakes , lizards , and crocodiles , as well as tuataras and amphisbaenians , but does not include dinosaurs .\ncurrently there are more than 10 , 000 species and an additional 2 , 700 subspecies . this is making reptiles the largest vertebrate group after fish ( ~ 25 , 000 species ) and birds ( ~ 10 , 000 species ) , and significantly larger than mammals ( ~ 5 , 000 species ) or amphibians ( ~ 6 , 000 species ) .\nthe reptile database provides taxonomic information for the catalogue of life and the encyclopedia of life . our taxonomic information has also been used by genbank and many other resources and is the only comprehensive reptile database on the web .\nthe reptile database can be used to find all species within a certain geographic area ( e . g . all snakes of egypt ) . its collection of more than 2 , 500 images allow users to identify a species or at least get an idea how the species or genus may look like . more than 30 , 000 references provide a guide to further information .\nthis database is maintained by peter uetz ( database content ) and jakob hallermann , zoological museum hamburg ( new species and updates ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nsnake species of the world , vol . undetermined , manuscript ( version 2004 )\nworking manuscript of follow - up volumes to mcdiarmid et al . ( 1999 ) ,\nsnake species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , vol . 1\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nupdate 1st june , 2018 : we just set up snake _ id , a cool new page that simplifies snake identification . be sure to check it out !\nimages provided by flickr - / inaturalist - api . sporadic false assignments may occur .\n? ? ? to ? ? ? meter above sea level ( a . s . l . )\ngerard ' s black and yellow burrowing snake can be identified by its small slender body , the round pupils of its eyes , the 3 black stripes on a yellow background that are distinctive and it strictly nocturnal lifestyle . it grows to an average length of 40 cm and a maximum length of 50 cm .\neats other small snakes ( including its own species ) , amphisbaenids and other burrowing reptiles .\noviparous ( egg - laying ) , lays up to six eggs in summer .\nbroadley , d . g . 1983 . fitzsimons ' snakes of southern africa . delta books , johannesburg .\nmarais , j . 2004 . a complete guide to snakes of southern africa . struik publishing , cape town .\ntanganyikae : w tanzania , se zaire , n zambia ; type locality : nyamkolo , lake tanganyika , zambia .\nnote : tdwg regions are generated automatically from the text in the distribution field and not in every cases it works well . we are working on it .\nholotype : mrac 1205 , a 315 mm male ( g\u00e9rard ) . holotype : mcz r - 30402 [ tanganyikae ]\nvenomous ! taxonomy : broadley et al . 2003 listed this species under atractaspididae : aparallactinae . habitat : dry savannah\nnamed after dr . pol gerard ( 1886 - 1961 ) a physician , histologist , anatomist , and naturalist and professor of histology and ( 1931 - 1961 ) at the institut royal des sciences naturelles de belgique . gerard collected the holotype .\nbarbour , t . ; amaral , a . d . 1927 . studies on african ophidia . bulletin of the antivenin institute of america 1 ( 1 ) : 25 - 27\nbeolens , bo ; michael watkins , and michael grayson 2011 . the eponym dictionary of reptiles . johns hopkins university press , baltimore , usa - get paper here\nboulenger , g . a . 1913 . description de deux reptiles nouveaux provenant du katanga . revue zoologique africaine , 3 : 103 - 105 - get paper here\nbroadley , d . & blaylock 2013 . the snakes of zimbabwe and botswana . chimaira , frankfurt , 387 pp . [ book review in sauria 35 ( 2 ) : 59 and copeia 2014 : 388 ] - get paper here\nbroadley , d . g . & howell , k . m . 1991 . a check list of the reptiles of tanzania , with synoptic keys . syntarsus 1 : 1\u201470\nbroadley , d . g . 1959 . the herpetology of southern rhodesia . part i - - the snakes . bull . mus . comp . zool . harvard 120 ( 1 ) : 1 - 100 [ reprint 1972 ] - get paper here\nbroadley , d . g . ; doria , c . t . & wigge , j . 2003 . snakes of zambia . an atlas and field guide . edition chimaira , frankfurt , 280 pp . [ review in sauria 26 ( 3 ) : 21 ]\nbroadley , donald g . and f . p . d . cotterill . 2004 . the reptiles of southeast katanga , an overlooked ' hot spot ' . [ congo ] . african journal of herpetology 53 ( 1 ) : 35 - 61 . - get paper here\nchifundera , k . 1990 . snakes of zaire and their bites . afr . stud . monogr . ( kyoto ) 10 ( 3 ) : 137 - 157 .\nhaagner , g . v . ; branch , w . r . & haagner , a . j . f . 2000 . notes on a collection of reptiles from zambia and adjacent areas of the democratic republic of the congo . annals of the eastern cape museum 1 : 1 \u2013 25\nloveridge , a . 1951 . on reptiles and amphibians from tanganyika territory collected by c . j . p . ionides . bull . mus . comp . zool . harvard 106 ( 4 ) : 175 - 204 . - get paper here\nloveridge , a . 1958 . revision of five african snake genera . bull . mus . comp . zool . harvard 119 : 1 - 198 ( 141 ) - get paper here\nspawls , s . ; howell , k . ; drewes , r . c . & ashe , j . 2002 . a field guide to the reptiles of east africa . academic press , 543 pp . [ reviews in hr 34 : 396 and afr . j . herp . 51 ; 147 ] - get paper here\nspawls , steve ; kim howell , harald hinkel , michele menegon 2018 . field guide to east african reptiles . bloomsbury , 624 pp . - get paper here\nwallach , van ; kenneth l . williams , jeff boundy 2014 . snakes of the world : a catalogue of living and extinct species . taylor and francis , crc press , 1237 pp .\nwitte , g . f . de & laurent , r . f . 1947 . revision d ' un groupe de colubridae africains : genres calamelaps , miodon , aparallactus , et formes affines . m\u00e9m . mus . roy . hist . nat . belgique ( s\u00e9r . 2 ) 29 : 1 - 134\nencyclo . co . uk , online since 2007 , is a search engine for english meanings and definitions . the website aims to publish all wordlists , big and small , on the internet , making it much easier to find the word you need . follow us on facebook"]}
{"id": 875, "summary": [{"text": "the western chorus frog ( pseudacris triseriata ) , also known as striped chorus frog , or midland chorus frog is a species of frog found in canada and the united states . ", "topic": 3}], "title": "western chorus frog", "paragraphs": ["boreal chorus frog looks like the western chorus frog , but they can be differentiated by looking at the legs .\nwestern chorus frog ( great lakes / st . lawrence - canadian shield population )\ngeneral description : the western chorus frog is among minnesota ' s smallest frogs .\nthis is only about the western chorus frog found in many states around missouri .\nthe western chorus frog is one of the first species to call in the spring .\nthe boreal chorus frog is a relatively small frog , adults reaching 30mm in length .\nthe western chorus frog is minnesota ' s smallest frog . the world ' s largest frog , the giant frog of africa , can grow to be almost 12 inches long .\nmillburn , naomi .\nwestern chorus frog diet\naccessed july 09 , 2018 . urltoken\nkramer , d . 1974 . home range of the western chorus frog pseudacris - triseriata - triseriata .\nmillburn , naomi .\nwestern chorus frog diet .\nanimals - urltoken , http : / / animals . urltoken / western - chorus - frog - diet - 4090 . html . accessed 09 july 2018 .\nthe boreal chorus frog is also known as the striped chorus frog because of the three dark , sometimes broken , stripes on its back .\nmillburn , naomi . ( n . d . ) . western chorus frog diet . animals - urltoken . retrieved from http : / / animals . urltoken / western - chorus - frog - diet - 4090 . html\nthe western chorus frog and boreal chorus frog are described as two individual species in some references , and as subspecies in others . their individual ranges in the state are not clearly known .\nprotecting the western chorus frog , great lakes / st . lawrence \u2013 canadian shield population ( 2016 - 07 - 15 )\nin spring 2000 , the western chorus frog was officially designated a vulnerable species under the act respecting endangered and vulnerable species .\nthe boreal chorus frog has the widest distribution of any amphibian in the province .\nresponse statement - western chorus frog , great lakes / st . lawrence - canadian shield population ( 2008 - 11 - 26 )\nsounds : the call of the western chorus frog is a rising creeee that sounds like a fingernail being dragged across a comb .\nin ontario , aside from the 10 % of its habitat that is located in protected wildlife areas , the western chorus frog is not protected by any legislation ( cosewic , 2008 ) . protection of habitat is critical to the survival of the western chorus frog .\ndistribution map of the boreal chorus frog . image by stephen burton , \u00a91999 . .\nconfusing species : confusing species the western chorus frog is almost identical to the boreal chorus frog . it has longer hind legs but is best distinguished by its call or location . in canada their distributions do not overlap .\ndescription of residence for the western chorus frog \u2013 great lakes , st . lawrence - canadian shield population ( pseudacris triseriata ) in canada\ndescription of residence for the western chorus frog \u2013 great lakes , st . lawrence - canadian shield population ( pseudacris triseriata ) in canada\nthe ecomuseum zoo is proud to be associated with each of its partners , working actively in the protection of the western chorus frog .\ncosewic assessment - western chorus frog , carolinian & great lakes / st . lawrence \u2013 canadian shield populations ( 2008 - 08 - 28 )\nboreal chorus frog .\nwikipedia . 2006 . 3 oct 2008 < urltoken > .\nidaho distribution map of the boreal chorus frog . image by stephen burton , \u00a91999 . .\na new species of myxidium ( myxosporea : myxidiidae ) , from the western chorus frog , pseudacris triseriata triseriata , and blanchard ' s cricket frog , a . . . - pubmed - ncbi\ndiet : the western chorus frog feeds upon a number of small invertebrates , such as flies , springtails , spiders , snails , and ants .\nemergency order for the protection of the western chorus frog ( great lakes / st . lawrence - canadian shield population ) ( 2016 - 07 - 15 )\nemergency order for the protection of the western chorus frog ( great lakes / st . lawrence \u2014 canadian shield population ) ( 2016 - 07 - 13 )\nthe call of the western chorus frog , may be heard in spring or after a rainfall in many parts of minnesota . if you track it to its source you will find a small , dark frog .\noutside alberta , the boreal chorus frog is found all across the prairies and into the northwest territories .\nhtml version of\ndescription of residence for the western chorus frog \u2013 great lakes , st . lawrence - canadian shield population ( pseudacris triseriata ) in canada\nboreal chorus frog \u2014 pseudacris maculata . montana field guide . retrieved on october 3 , 2008 , from urltoken\ndescription of residence for the western chorus frog \u2013 great lakes , st . lawrence - canadian shield population ( pseudacris triseriata ) in canada - species at risk public registry\nsummary \u2013 emergency order for the protection of the western chorus frog ( great lakes / st . lawrence \u2013 canadian shield population ) ( 2016 - 07 - 05 )\ndespite being a member of the tree frog family , the boreal chorus frog is a poor climber and is rarely found higher than the branches of a low shrub .\nname recovery strategy for the western chorus frog ( pseudacris triseriata ) , great lakes / st . lawrence \u2013 canadian shield population , in canada status final posting on sar registry\nrecovery strategy for the western chorus frog ( pseudacris triseriata ) , great lakes / st . lawrence \u2013 canadian shield population , in canada ( 2015 - 12 - 01 )\ndescription of residence for the western chorus frog \u2013 great lakes , st . lawrence - canadian shield population ( pseudacris triseriata ) in canada ( 2016 - 07 - 18 )\nlandreth , h . , d . ferguson . 1966 . behavioral adaptations in the chorus frog , pseudacris triseriata .\nstatewide , except in southeastern missouri , where it hybridizes with and also is replaced by the upland chorus frog .\nplatz , j . e . 1989 . speciation within the chorus frog pseudacris triseriata : morphometric and mating call analyses of the boreal and western subspecies . copeia 1989 : 704 - 712 .\ncosewic assessment & update status report on the western chorus frog ( pseudacris triseriata ) carolinian population and great lakes / st . lawrence \u2013 canadian shield population in canada ( 2015 - 11 - 30 )\nthis document assesses the threats to the western chorus frog , great lakes / st . lawrence \u2013 canadian shield population ( western chorus frog ( glslcs ) ) , using the best available information , with the aim of informing an opinion as to whether or not this wildlife species faces imminent threats to its survival or recovery in canada , as per section 80 of the species at risk act ( sara ) .\na new species of myxidium ( myxosporea : myxidiidae ) , from the western chorus frog , pseudacris triseriata triseriata , and blanchard ' s cricket frog , acris crepitans blanchardi ( hylidae ) , from eastern nebraska : morphology , phylogeny , and critical comments on amphibian myxidium taxonomy .\nin contrast to true frogs , the boreal chorus frog lacks dorsolateral folds and has little webbing between its toes on the hind feet .\ndescription of critical habitat for the western chorus frog , great lakes / st . lawrence\u2013canadian shield population , in wellers bay national wildlife area and thousand islands national park of canada ( 2016 - 01 - 09 )\nwestern chorus frogs utilize a variety of habitats where dense thickets are available . these include marshes , swamps , open forests , and fields .\nfrogs - care sheets information about western chorus frogs aquatic / land frogs , characteristics and sexing , description of diet , diet - omnivorous , supplements , nutrition and usage - calcium and vitamins , lighting and uvb , tempatures and humidity , caging , substrate and water needs , this is only about the western chorus frog found in many states around missouri . , maintenance\nwestern chorus frogs also have an array of predatory animals to worry about , such as striped skunks , great blue herons , raccoons , snakes and shrews . since western chorus frogs are so diminutive , bigger varieties of frogs also go after them as prey - - especially when they are juveniles .\n[ westech ] western technology and engineering incorporated . 1998 . wildlife monitoring absaloka mine area 1997 . western technology and engineering , inc . , helena , mt .\ndescription of residence for the western chorus frog \u2013 great lakes , st . lawrence - canadian shield population ( pseudacris triseriata ) in canada\n( 2016 - 07 - 18 ) ( pdf format , 136 . 08 kb )\ndistributions : in canada , the western chorus frog is found only in southern ontario and along the ottawa and upper st . lawrence river valleys in quebec . it is also found through much of the eastern united states and overlaps with the boreal chorus frog in the central united states . it was introduced to corner brook newfoundland in the 1960\u2019s but apparently is now extirpated from there .\nwood frog the wood frog also has a stripe through the eye , but it is larger and has prominent dorsolateral folds ( ridges ) on its back .\nthis frog is very reclusive . it is very rarely seen outside of the breeding season . average life span for those that live to adulthood is 5 years . these frogs live and hibernate beneath logs , rocks , leaves , loose soil , and animal burrows . the western chorus frog is nocturnal and solitary .\nalberta ' s smallest amphibian , the boreal chorus frog grows to only 20 to 40 millimetres ( 0 . 8 to 1 . 6 inches ) long .\nrate this care sheet please keep all comments constructive to western chorus frogs husbandry methods and care . any degrading , sarcastic , or disrespectful comments will be removed .\nthe government of canada has made an emergency order for the protection of the western chorus frog ( great lakes / st . lawrence - canadian shield population ( glslcs ) in the bois de la commune in la prairie , quebec . the objective of the emergency order is to provide protection to the western chorus frog ( glslcs ) by addressing the imminent threat to its recovery , including by protecting the habitat identified in the order to stabilize the metapopulation and help the recovery of the species .\n\u201cthe symbiocit\u00e9 project threatens the metapopulation ( of western chorus frogs ) of la prairie and this metapopulation is necessary for the recovery of the species , \u201d dionne explained .\nalthough there are many types of reproduction in frogs , the boreal chorus frog is rather typical in that it reproduces via external fertilization through amplexus . mating usually occurs during the spring and is initiated by the males calling for females . the boreal chorus frog has a characteristic call ,\nreeeek\n( wikipedia ) . the boreal chorus frogs lay their eggs in clusters that range from 20 - 100 eggs .\nconservation concerns : there is no evidence for decline in ontario populations of the western chorus frog , however , it has declined throughout the st . lawrence valley in quebec as a result of habitat loss . a population introduced to newfoundland is apparently now extirpated .\nwestern chorus frogs thrive on a diet made up of small arthropods such as sowbugs , and also earth\u223cworms , beetles , grubs , ants , crickets , and even spiders .\nthe many names of this species can also be confusing . the common name\nstriped chorus frogs\ncomes from the characteristic 3 stripes down its back . until recently , this species was called western chorus frogs . due to the restricted range east of the mississippi , though , the proper common name is now midland chorus frogs .\npresently , boreal chorus frogs are excluded from areas where pesticides are heavily used .\nwestern chorus frog \u2013 carolinian population the species was considered a single unit and designated not at risk in may 2001 . split into two populations in april 2008 . the carolinian population was designated not at risk in april 2008 . western chorus frog \u2013 great lakes / st . lawrence \u2013 canadian shield population the species was considered a single unit and designated not at risk in may 2001 . split into two populations in april 2008 . the great lakes / st . lawrence \u2013 canadian shield population was designated threatened in april 2008 .\nrange includes portions of southeastern canada and the northeastern united states , from michigan ( lower peninsula ) , southern ontario , and western new york through indiana , ohio , and western pennsylvania to southern illinois , western kentucky , and northwestern tennessee ( lemmon et al . 2007 ) .\nencyclopedia of life , 2016 .\npseudacris triseriata , striped chorus frog\n( on - line ) . encyclopedia of life . accessed november 10 , 2017 at urltoken .\n[ wesco ] western ecological services company . 1983a . wildlife inventory of the knowlton known recoverable coal resource area , montana . western ecological services company , novato , ca . 107 p .\nthe great lakes / st . lawrence and canadian shield population of western chorus frog is present in parts of southern ontario and southwestern quebec . it breeds in temporary wetlands in the spring , and when these areas dry up in summer , it moves to nearby land .\n[ wesco ] western ecological services company . 1983b . wildlife inventory of the southwest circle known recoverable coal resource area , montana . western ecological services company , novato , ca . 131 p .\nhabitat : the western chorus frog\u2019s preferred habitat is forest openings around woodland ponds . they will breed in almost any fishless pond with at least 10 cm of water , including roadside ditches , gravel pits , flooded fields , beaver ponds , marshes , swamps or shallow lakes .\namphibian monitoring in alberta the boreal chorus frog is being monitored under the alberta volunteer amphibian monitoring program ( avamp ) and the researching amphibian numbers in alberta ( rana ) program .\nbreeding interval midland chorus frogs breed once yearly , during a narrow early spring season .\n[ westech ] western technology and engineering incorporated . 1991 . update on the wildlife resources of the little rocky mountains environmental study area . western technology and engineering , inc . , helena , mt .\nthe western chorus frog , great lakes / st . lawrence - canadian shield population , is protected under the federal species at risk act ( sara ) . more information about sara , including how it protects individual species , is available in the species at risk act : a guide .\nthey also think that a major factor in producing the frog\u2019s cryoprotectant is high hepatic glycogen stores .\nbecause this frog is a psedacris , you can find more help reading the pseudacris crucifer caresheet .\nwaage , b . c . 1998 . western energy company rosebud mine 1997 annual wildlife monitoring report december 1 , 1996 to november 30 , 1997 survey period . western energy company , colstrip , mt .\ncook , f . r . 1964a . additional records and a correction of the type locality for the boreal chorus frog in northwestern ontario . canadian field naturalist 78 : 186 - 192 .\nspencer , a . w . 1964 . the relationship of dispersal and migration to gene flow in the boreal chorus frog . phd dissertation . colorado state university , fort collins , co .\nthe purpose of this order is to address the imminent threat to the recovery of the western chorus frog ( great lakes / st . lawrence \u2013 canadian shield population ( glslcs ) ) by providing protection for the la prairie metapopulation through measures that include protection of the habitat identified in the order .\nsmith , p . w . 1956 . the status , correct name , and geographic range of the boreal chorus frog . proceedings of the biological society of washington 69 : 169 - 176 .\nsmith , d . c . 1983 . factors controlling tadpole populations of the chorus frog ( pseudacris triseriata ) on isle royale , michigan . ecology 64 ( 3 ) : 501 - 510 .\ncall : the breeding call is very similar to the boreal chorus frog but is shorter and faster in pulse rate . it resembles the sound of drawing your finger down the teeth of a comb .\nmidland chorus frog home ranges average 2116 square meters , including the breeding pond . they migrate long distances in order to breed ( kramer et al . , 1974 ; landreth and ferguson , 1966 )\nin an unprecedented move , canada\u2019s minister of environment and climate change catherine mckenna issued an emergency protection order wednesday that will shrink the size of an approved housing development already under construction in the south shore community of la prairie in order to protect the habitat of a species at risk : the western chorus frog .\nwestern chorus frog ( pseudacris triseriata ) calling in illinois beach state park . there are thousands of this small but very vocal frogs but i had to spend a lot of time to actually see one of them . to record them the secret is to just leave the camera running and move away for 10 minutes .\nfrogs find out about the common traits of frogs , and about the different frog species found in alberta .\nthe biod\u00f4me , sainte - anne - de - bellevue ecomuseum and the minist\u00e8re des ressources naturelles ( mrn ) are currently working with the western chorus frog restoration team . the aim of this collaboration is to develop expertise in keeping them in captivity , hibernation , reproduction and maintaining a captive population . such knowledge is necessary in case a survival population is needed in the event of a massive population loss in the frog\u2019s natural habitat .\nan excellent off\u223csite link to see the tadpoles and read more about the development of the boreal chorus frog would be to visit the home page of greg sievert . after clicking , scroll down to near page bottom and click on the link to development of boreal chorus frog embryos . the photography is as beautiful as the additional information you will read . he also has some . aiff sound files so you can hear him sing ! : )\nturner , f . b . 1960 . population structure and dynamics of the western spotted frog , rana pretiosa pretiosa baird & girard , in yellowstone park , wyoming . ecol . monogr . 30 ( 3 ) : 251 - 278 .\nmacarthur , d . l . and j . w . t . dandy . 1982 . physiological aspects of overwintering in the boreal chorus frog ( pseudacris triseriata maculata ) . comparative biochemistry and physiology 72a : 137 - 141 .\nwestern chorus frogs begin breeding in march and april . females attach clumps of up to 100 eggs to vegetation . the eggs hatch within 18 days , depending on water temperature . the tadpoles turn into frogs within 90 days after hatching .\nmackessy , s . p . , r . donoho , j . hobert , c . montgomery and k . waldron . 1996 . pseudacris triseriata maculata ( boreal chorus frog ) . herpetological review 27 ( 1 ) : 30 .\nwestern chorus frogs consume carnivorous diets - - with an emphasis on insects . some of these amphibians ' favorite bugs to eat are thrips , leafhoppers , beetles , flies and ants . they also frequently eat spiders , worms and tiny snails .\nplatz , j . e . and d . c . forester . 1988 . geographic variation in mating call among the four subspecies of the chorus frog : pseudacris triseriata ( wied ) . copeia 1988 ( 4 ) : 1062 - 1066 .\ndescription : the western chorus frog is a small , smooth skinned treefrog . colour varies from green - gray to brown . there is a dark stripe through the eye and a white stripe along the upper lip . it is distinguished from most other treefrogs by the three dark stripes down the back . in some individuals the stripes are broken . maximum adult size about 4 cm .\ni have had fun with this frog and raising tadpoles . always let the older frogs go just collect some eggs to raise .\non july 12 and 14 , 2016 , environment and climate change canada will host information sessions on the species at risk act emergency order for the protection of the western chorus frog ( great lakes / st . lawrence - canadian shield population ) . the order is intended to address the imminent threat to the species\u2019 recovery in the municipalities of la prairie , candiac and saint - philippe .\nboreal chorus frogs inhabit sloughs , woodlands , and even open meadows if there is sufficient vegetation to provide cover and moisture .\na 3rd grey tree frog pic shared with us . tomorrow we will be promoting # toadtuesday , maybe we should think about a\u2026 urltoken\nboreal chorus frog tadpoles are quite small when hatched , about four to seven millimetres ( 0 . 16 to 0 . 28 inches ) , but grow to about 30 millimetres ( 1 . 18 inches ) before transforming into juvenile frogs in about two months time .\ntimken , r . no date . amphibians and reptiles of the beaverhead national forest . western montana college , dillon , mt . 16 p .\nquebec\u2019s environment minister noted that the province had already identified and protected 83 per cent of the land covered by the federal order as important habitat for the western chorus frog , and had worked out a plan with the developer to conserve it . as part of that compliance plan , the developer has already built three of four planned reproduction ponds , moved a stream and built a tunnel under a road for the frogs .\nwestern chorus frogs are found throughout minnesota . they like open habitats such as wetlands and fields near trees , but they can also live in cities . these frogs breed in shallow water such as temporary wetlands and ditches . they overwinter under rocks and logs near their breeding ponds .\ngive the frog a glass or plastic bowl of water that is large enough for him to soak his entire body in , but not so deep that he can ' t easily climb out of . remember , they are terrestrial , so too deep and the frog could actually drown !\nreproduction : western chorus frogs breed very early in the spring and may begin as early as march although most calling is in april . they may chorus during the day as well as at night . a series of small egg masses are laid and attached to vegetation . eggs hatch within a few weeks and tadpoles finish transforming by early summer . they are usually mature in one year and rarely live beyond three .\nstebbins , r . c . 2003 . western reptiles and amphibians . 3rd ed . houghton mifflin co , new york , new york . 219 pp .\nwaage , bruce c . , 1993 , western energy company rosebud mine , colstrip , montana : annual wildlife monitoring report ; 1993 field season . april 1993 .\nboreal chorus frogs are at their highest densities during the breeding season . in the spring , adults will congregate at breeding ponds and begin calling .\nbergeron , d . j . 1978a . terrestrial wildlife survey divide mine area , montana 1977 - 1978 . western technology and engineering , inc . helena , mt .\nbutts , t . w . 1997 . mountain inc . wildlife monitoring bull mountains mine no . 1 , 1996 . western technology and engineering . helena , mt .\nscow , k . l . 1980 . terrestrial wildlife survey american colloid study area phillips county , montana . western technology and engineering , inc . , helena , mt .\nstebbins , r . c . 2003 . a field guide to western reptiles and amphibians . 3rd edition . houghton mifflin company , boston and new york . 533 p .\naccount compiled by : staci amburgey reviewed by : lauren livo and brad lambert last updated : 20 march . 2014 by s . amburgey suggested citation colorado partners in amphibian and reptile conservation . 2014 . species account for boreal chorus frog ( pseudacris maculata ) . compiled by staci amburgey . urltoken [ accessed date here ] .\nboreal chorus frogs are not toxic and lack defenses , instead relying on predator avoidance . adults are primarily active at night when detection is more difficult , and coloration and patterning allows for camouflaging in the boreal chorus frog\u2019s grassy habitats ( matthews , 1971 ) . males will cease calling when disturbed . tadpoles may use sudden bursts of speed in order to flee predators . both adults and tadpoles will dive to the bottom of ponds to hide under decaying vegetation and mud when startled .\nbergeron , d . j . 1978b . terrestrial wildlife survey p - m mine area , montana 1977 - 1978 . western technology and engineering , inc . helena , mt .\nbergeron , d . j . 1979 . terrestrial wildlife survey , coal creek mine area , montana 1977 - 1978 . western technology and engineering , inc . helena , mt .\nfarmer , p . 1980 . terrestrial wildlife monitoring study , pearl area , montana june , 1978 - may , 1980 . western technology and engineering , inc . helena , mt .\nwestern technology and engineering , inc . ( westech ) . , 1999 , wildlife monitoring absaloka mine area annual report , 1998 . smp 85005 . osmp montana 0007e . april 1999 .\nwestern technology and engineering , inc . ( westech ) . , 2000 , wildlife monitoring absaloka mine area annual report , 1999 . montana smp 85005 . osmp montana 0007e . february 2000 .\nwestern technology and engineering , inc . ( westech ) . , 2001 , wildlife monitoring absaloka mine area annual report , 2000 . montana smp 85005 . osmp montana 0007e . february 2001 .\nhoppe , d . m . and d . pettus . 1984 . developmental features influencing color polymorphism in chorus frogs . journal of herpetology 18 : 113 - 120 .\nthe best way to survey for boreal chorus frogs is to listen for breeding calls from adult males during the breeding season . in the spring , adults will congregate at breeding ponds and begin calling as soon as most of the snow has melted . although boreal chorus frogs on isle royale can breed and lay eggs from may through early july , the best time for conducting frog call surveys appears to be in may . call surveys can be conducted in the evening or at night but also during the day . visual encounter surveys also can be conducted for adult boreal chorus frogs and their tadpoles at breeding sites in the spring and summer from may until mid - july to mid - august .\nwestern technology and engineering , inc . ( westech ) . , 1997 , wildlife monitoring absaloka mine area annual report , 1996 . montana smp 85005 . osmp montana 0007d . mar . 1997 .\ntordoff , w . , iii . 1969 . gene frequency differences among semi - isolated proximate populations of chorus forgs ( pseudacris ) . journal of herpetology 3 : 194 .\nsmith , d . c . 1987 . adult recruitment in chorus frogs : effects of size and date at metamorphosis . ecology 68 ( 2 ) : 344 - 350 .\nsince chorus frogs are terrestrial , they require a longer than taller habitat in captivity . a vivarium that is 18 x 18 inches ( and larger ) . a height of 1 foot and up is necessary for the tank plantings . be sure to place several of the plants close enough together to create a good hiding place for your frog ( s ) .\nwaage , bruce c . , 2000 , western energy company rosebud mine , colstrip , montana : 1999 annual wildlife monitoring report ; december 1 , 1998 - november 30 , 1999 . february 2000 .\nwestern technology and engineering , inc . ( westech ) . 1994 . wildlife monitoring absaloka mine area annual report , 1993 . montana smp 85005 . osmp montana 0007c . mar . 12 , 1994 .\nwestern technology and engineering , inc . ( westech ) . , 1996 , wildlife monitoring absaloka mine area annual report , 1995 . montana smp 85005 . osmp montana 0007d . febr . 23 , 1996 .\nmcdonald , m . 1982 . terrestrial wildlife inventory , dominy project area , july , 1979 - june , 1981 . draft tech . rep . for western energy co . by westech , helena , mt .\nwaage , bruce c . , 1995 , western energy company rosebud mine , colstrip , montana : 1994 annual wildlife monitoring report ; december 1 , 1993 - november 30 , 1994 . february 27 , 1995 .\nwaage , bruce c . , 1996 , western energy company rosebud mine , colstrip , montana : 1995 annual wildlife monitoring report ; december 1 , 1994 - november 30 , 1995 . february 28 , 1996 .\nwaage , bruce c . , 2001 , western energy company rosebud mine , colstrip , montana : 2000 annual wildlife monitoring report ; december 1 , 1999 - november 30 , 2000 . march 30 , 2001 .\nmaxim technologies , inc . , 2002 , western energy company rosebud mine , colstrip , montana : 2002 annual wildlife monitoring report ; december 1 , 2001 - november 30 , 2002 . febr . 24 , 2002 .\nwaage , bruce c . , 2002 , western energy company rosebud mine , colstrip , montana . 2001 annual wildlife monitoring report ; december 1 , 2000 - november 30 , 2001 . febr . 26 , 2002 .\nplatz , j . e . and a . lathrop . 1993 . body size and age assessment among advertising male chorus frogs . journal of herpetology 27 ( 1 ) : 109 - 111 .\nwaage , bruce c . , 1998 , western energy company rosebud mine , colstrip , montana : 1997 annual wildlife monitoring report ; december 1 , 1996 - november 30 , 1997 survey period . march 23 , 1998 .\nwaage , bruce c . , 1999 , western energy company rosebud mine , colstrip , montana : 1998 annual wildlife monitoring report ; december 1 , 1997 - november 30 , 1998 survey period . february 24 , 1999 .\nthese frogs will eat insects from rolly poly\u2019s to anything small enough to fit in there mouth . no ants . they do prefer live food . dead food can get rotten and will not attract the frog .\nas with other amphibians , midland chorus frogs can act as a critical indicator of environmental health . their permeable skin makes them susceptible to many contaminants , external stimuli and toxins that they are exposed to in both aquatic and terrestrial portions of their life cycle . since their larval and adult forms occupy very different habitats , a decline in frog numbers or population health could signify problems in either environment or both .\ntordoff , w . , iii . 1980 . selective predation of gray jays ( perisoreus canadensis ) upon boreal chorus frogs ( pseudacris triseriata ) . evolution 34 ( 5 ) : 1004 - 1008 .\nthe data they found suggests that the chorus frogs store up liver glycogen to prepare for hibernation and body size and liver glycogen levels must reach a threshold for the animal to survive winter / freezing conditions .\nmidland chorus frogs serve as a food source for their predators and help keep prey populations under control . both adult and larval forms ( tadpoles ) have different but important ecological roles . in both environments these frogs and their larvae serve as predator and prey and do not compete with their parents or offspring . water - breeding amphibians such as midland chorus frogs can channel nutrients from the aquatic to the terrestrial environment .\nwestern technology and engineering , inc . ( westech ) . , 1991 , wildlife monitoring and additional baseline inventory : absaloka mine area annual report , 1991 . montana smp 85005 r1 . osmp montana 0007b . febr . 25 , 1991 .\nboreal chorus frogs can be found throughout much of the state . occurrence becomes patchier to the southeast corner of the state ( after hammerson 1999 , shipley & reading 2006 , and colorado parks & wildlife ) .\nhoppe , d . m . and d . pettus . 1974 . selection factors affcting dorsal color polymorphism in boreal chorus frogs . journal of the colorado - wyoming academy of science 12 ( 5 ) : 73 .\nlemmon , e . , a . lemmon , j . collins , j . lee - yaw , d . cannatella . 2007 . phylogeny - based delimitation of species boundaries and contact zones in the trilling chorus frogs (\nongoing losses of habitat and breeding sites for this small frog due to suburban expansion and alteration in farming practices have resulted in losses of populations and isolation of remaining habitat patches . populations in quebec are documented to have declined at a rate of 37 % over 10 years and are expected to continue to decline . despite there being some areas where chorus frogs remain evident , surveys of populations in ontario indicate a significant decline in abundance of 30 % over the past decade .\nlynch , catherine . 2000 . north american amphibian monitoring program ' s montana frog - call survey , a report on a pilot program in south - central montana started april , 2000 and completed in june 2000 . 36 pp ( unnumbered ) .\nthis frog is most abundant in prairies but also occurs on agricultural lands , in large river floodplains , and on the grassy edges of marshes . after breeding season , they take shelter in animals burrows ; under boards , logs , or rocks ; in clumps of grass ; or in loose soil . breeding sites are usually in flooded fields , ditches , woodland ponds , marshes , and river sloughs as well as farm ponds . this is often the first frog to become active in the spring .\nbehavior : migrations of adults from overwintering sites to breeding locations , and of metamorphs from breeding sites to nearby uplands have been documented , but not in arizona . the location and habitats of this frog outside of the breeding season are unknown in arizona .\nday , d . , p . j . farmer , and c . e . farmer . 1989 . montco terrestrial wildlife monitoring report december , 1987 - july , 1989 . montco , billings , mt , and western technology and engineering , inc . helena , mt .\njenkins j . l . , swanson d . l . liver glycogen , glucose mobilization and freezing survival in chorus frogs , pseudacris triseriata . ( 2005 ) journal of thermal biology , 30 ( 6 ) , pp . 485 - 494 .\nwestern technology & engineering , inc . ( westech ) . , 1991 , 1991 bull mountains mine no . 1 terrestrial wildlife monitoring study . in meridian minerals company bull mountains mine no . 1 permit application , musselshell county , montana . vol . 7 of 14 : section 26\nnatural history : chorus frogs hibernate beneath logs or underground and are freeze - tolerant . they are among the first frogs to emerge in the spring . they feed on small insects and other invertebrates and are eaten by a wide variety of predators .\nlynch , c . 2000 . north american amphibian monitoring program ' s montana frog - call survey : a report on a pilot program in south - central montana started april 2000 and completed in june 2000 . zoo montana conservation through education program , billings mt . 39 p .\nlynch , c . 2001 . north american amphibian monitoring program ' s montana frog - call survey : report on year two of a program in south - central montana started april 2001 and completed in june 2001 . zoo montana conservation through education program , billings mt . 12 p .\ndescription : the green frog is a large , true frog with large , distinct tympanum and prominent dorsolateral ridges . it may be green , bronze or brown , or a combination but is typically green on the upper lip . the belly is white with darker lines or spots . there may be some irregular spotting on the back . it is distinguished from other frogs in that the dorsolateral ridges run only partway down the back and do not reach the groin . the hind legs have dark bars . males have a bright yellow throat . maximum adult size is 10 cm .\nthe call of midland chorus frogs is a short , rising , squeaky trill which sounds like \u201ccree - ee - ee - ee - eek .\nit can be roughly imitated by strumming the teeth of a small , stiff pocket comb from middle to end with a thumbnail ( harding and holman , 1992 ) . their calls are used mainly to attract females to breeding sites during their breeding season . they create a chorus of their calls during their breeding congresses . they also use visual and auditory cues for migration and breeding and rely on their keen vision for capturing prey .\nmuths , e . , d . h . campbell , and p . s . corn . 2003 . hatching success in salamanders and chorus frogs at two sites in colordao , usa : effects of acidic deposition and climate . amphibia - reptilia 24 ( 1 ) : 27 - 36 .\nlemmon , e . m . , lemmon , a . r . , collins , j . t . , lee - yaw , j . a . , and d . c . cannatella . 2007 . phylogeny - based delimitation of species boundaries and contact zones in trilling chorus frogs (\nkeep the temperature of the vivarium comfortable , but not too hot . this frog naturally comes from a temperate climate , hibernating in winter digging into moist soil alongside the banks of water - ways . this makes him used to mild weather . usually , the temperature of your home will also be right for this species .\nlike most small frogs , the diet of midland chorus frogs includes a variety of small invertebrates , such as spiders , ants , flies , and moths . younger , smaller frogs will feed on smaller prey : mites , midges and springtails . tadpoles are herbivorous feeding mostly on algae ( harding and holman , 1992 ) .\nhabitat : this species is typically found on the ground or in low shrubs or grass at or near breeding ponds , which include often shallow and temporary ponds , cattle tanks , lake margins , wet meadows , and roadside ditches . sites without fish are preferred for breeding . the species sometimes breeds in permanent water . this frog is rarely encountered outside of the breeding season .\nmake sure to use a secure , vented lid on the top of the vivarium . if you live in a temperate zone yourself , and use heating in winter , make sure to partially cover up to 1 / 2 of the lid in winters to help hold in humidity . your frog will not hibernate in winters ( it will be too warm in the house to trigger this ) and will need humidity that the heating unit in your house may ' sap ' out of his home without the cover . a measured - cut sheet of acrylic or glass will do . if humidity in the room the frog is in goes below 40 percent , use a humidifier filled with only water in the room to raise it up to a level between 45 and 50 percent .\ntypical predators on adult midland chorus frogs would include birds ( herons , grackles , etc . ) , small mammals ( raccoons , mink , skunks ) , snakes , and larger frogs . young metamorphs and tadpoles are eaten by salamander larvae , crayfish , fish ( if present ) , turtles , and aquatic insects such as water scorpions , diving beetles , and dragonfly larvae .\nbasic frogcare ( choosing healthy frogs , species mixing , feeding , etc . ) vivariums ( to establish and maintain , lighting , substrate ideas , etc . ) vivarium disease - free , how to set up quarantine tank ) water 101 ( how to establish & maintain high quality water ) raising insects ( info about raising your own insects , including fruit flies ) frog breeding ( temperate style setup information )\nthe frog was listed as threatened under canada\u2019s species at risk act in 2010 , by which time over 90 per cent of the species\u2019 historical range in the mont\u00e9r\u00e9gie region had already been lost to development . the metapopulation in la prairie \u2014 a metapopulation is a local population of a species that is linked to other local populations through the movement of individuals \u2014 has lost 60 per cent of its habitat between 1992 and 2013 .\nadults are sexually dimorphic , with females lacking a vocal sac for calling and being generally larger ( 3 - 5 cm ) than males ( 2 . 5 - 4 cm ) in snout to vent length ( svl ) . tadpoles are 1 - 5 cm from snout to tail tip . chorus frogs metamorphose at about 1 . 5 - 2 . 5 cm svl , with no sexually distinguishing characteristics until 1 to 2 years of age ( amburgey ,\nonce a month carefully locate the frog ( s ) inside the tank , then gently place a glass container over them . this will allow you to thoroughly clean the entire tank without having to remove them . spray quat antifungal throughout now . remove any dying moss or other plants and replace . if you have used a sponge filter , then instead of daily water changes , you can change 1 / 2 the water every few days , scrubbing the pool with clean brush to remove scum . replace water with treated water only .\nbreeding begins in late february or early march and peaks in april . males chorus in temporary bodies of water and in fishless farm ponds . the male fertilizes the eggs as the female lays and attaches them to submerged grasses just below the surface , in clusters of 5\u2013300 . these hatch within a week , depending on water temperature . metamorphosis occurs in 6\u20138 weeks . this species overwinters in the ground and does not burrow very deep . a natural antifreeze in their blood keeps them from freezing .\nmidland chorus frogs breed , sometimes in small to large congresses , in shallow pools and temporary waters in or adjacent to marshes , swamps , and swales . during axillary amplexus , males externally fertilize the eggs as they are laid by the female in a pattern typical of most hylids ( halliday and adler , 2002 ) . over most of the range , amplexus and egg laying takes place from late march to early april , but breeding occasionally extends into may in the north ( harding and holman , 1992 ) .\nmale chorus frogs are between 0 . 8 inches long , and females are anywehere between 1 . 2 and 1 . 5 inches from snout to vent . the skin on the dorsum is slightly tubercular , and on the venter it is granular , which is typical of many frogs . the snout is acutely rounded . the toes are only about one - third webbed . the dorsusm is a grayish tan , with brown mid - dorsal and dorsolateral stripes or rows of spots . there is a broad dark brown to black colored stripe from the snout through the eye and the ear ( tympanum ) to the groin . the venter is white .\nrecovery planning environment and climate change canada 15th floor , place vincent massey 351 st . joseph blvd . gatineau , qc k1a 0h3 send e - mail\nto know if this species is protected by provincial or territorial laws , consult the provinces ' and territories ' websites .\nplease note : not all cosewic reports are currently available on the sara public registry . most of the reports not yet available are status reports for species assessed by cosewic prior to may 2002 . other cosewic reports not yet available may include those species assessed as extinct , data deficient or not at risk . in the meantime , they are available on request from the cosewic secretariat .\ncritical habitat descriptions in the canada gazette ( 1 record ( s ) found . )\nher excellency the governor general in council , on the recommendation of the minister of the environment , acknowledges receipt , on the making of this order , of the assessments conducted pursuant to subsection 23 ( 1 ) of the species at risk act by the committee on the status of endangered wildlife in canada ( cosewic ) with respect to the species set out in the annexed schedule .\nher excellency the governor general in council , on the recommendation of the minister of the environment , pursuant to section 27 of the species at risk act , hereby makes the annexed order amending schedules 1 to 3 to the species at risk act .\n2008 annual report to the the minister of the environment and the canadian endangered species conservation council ( cescc ) from the committee on the status of endangered wildlife in canada .\nas part of its strategy for protecting wildlife species at risk , the government of canada proclaimed the species at risk act ( sara ) on june 5 , 2003 . attached to the act is schedule 1 , the list of the species that receive protection under sara , also called the list of wildlife species at risk . please submit your comments by march 20 , 2009 for species undergoing normal consultations and by march 19 , 2010 for species undergoing extended consultations .\npublic registry notice for s . 83 exceptions - former camp ipperwash ( 2015 - 03 - 06 )\nas per the memorandum of understanding between dnd , environment canada , and the parks canada agency : 6 . 1 c ) activities occurring on defence establishments that are considered necessary for public safety in accordance with paragraph a ) and authorized under the national defence act and the explosives act are : remediation of contaminated sites ; and securing , handling , destruction or disposal of unsafe munitions , including unexploded explosive ordnance .\nenvironment and climate change canada\u2019s three - year recovery document posting plan identifies the species for which recovery documents will be posted each fiscal year starting in 2014 - 2015 . posting this three year plan on the species at risk public registry is intended to provide transparency to partners , stakeholders , and the public about environment and climate change canada\u2019s plan to develop and post these proposed recovery strategies and management plans . however , both the number of documents and the particular species that are posted in a given year may change slightly due to a variety of circumstances . last update april 18 , 2018\nif you are already a registered naturewatch user , you will be prompted to create a new password for the new website . your existing data / observations are still on file .\nis a community that engages \u0003all canadians in collecting scientific information \u0003on nature to understand our changing environment .\nlost your password ? get a new one . not registered ? create an account now .\nbiokids is sponsored in part by the interagency education research initiative . it is a partnership of the university of michigan school of education , university of michigan museum of zoology , and the detroit public schools . this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation under grant drl - 0628151 . copyright \u00a9 2002 - 2018 , the regents of the university of michigan . all rights reserved .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 3 . 2 / / en\nreproduction and calls : breeding begins in the spring , often when ice and snow are still present . probably breeds primarily from march to early june in arizona . the male has a surprisingly loud call that sounds like\npprreeep\nor someone running a finger down the teeth of a comb . during peak breeding periods , males call during the day as well as at night . each female lays up to 1 , 500 eggs , which are deposited in small packets of 20 - 100 , and are attached to submerged sticks , leaves , or grass . tadpoles hatch in a few days to a week or more , and metamorphosis occurs in 6 - 13 weeks .\nwe request that if you make use of the textual contents of this site in reports , publications , etc . that you cite and credit the author ( s ) and photographer ( s ) . all photos on this website are copyrighted . however , those found in the species account and habitat sections may be used for any noncommercial scientific , educational , or conservation purposes provided that photographs are not altered and continue to bear the copyright symbol and name of the photographer . please contact the photographer regarding commercial use of copyrighted photographs .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nfrost , d . r . 2015 . amphibian species of the world : an online reference . version 6 . 0 . new york , usa . available at : urltoken .\njustification : listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , tolerance of some forms of habitat alteration and presumed large population size , despite potential population declines .\nthese frogs are tolerant of some forms of habitat alteration ( e . g . clearing of forest ) , but loss of wetlands , and unknown factors ( possibly including agricultural chemicals , drought , and chytrid fungus ) have caused declines in some areas ( gibbs\nconservation actions many occurrences are in protected areas . research needed in view of reported declines and taxonomic changes affecting the scope of the species , determination of current taxonomic and population status is appropriate .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\n( green , et al . , 2013 ; lemmon , et al . , 2007 ; powell , et al . , 2016 )\n( green , et al . , 2013 ; harding and holman , 1992 ; powell , et al . , 2016 )\n( encyclopedia of life , 2016 ; harding and holman , 1992 ; powell , et al . , 2016 )\nbreeding season egg laying occurs mostly in april , but can extend into may .\ntypical for frogs that lay a large number of eggs , most of the offspring will die before reaching adulthood , though the exact numbers are unknown . however , once these frogs reach maturity , they may live for 2 to 5 years .\n( harding and holman , 1992 ; kramer , 1974 ; pough , et al . , 2004 )\n( encyclopedia of life , 2016 ; harding and holman , 1992 ; pough , et al . , 2004 )\n( encyclopedia of life , 2016 ; pough , et al . , 2004 )\nthis species is considered to be mostly stable . although listed as\nvulnerable\nin quebec ( green et al . , 2013 ) , it has no special status in the united states . it is common in much of its large range . the iucn indicates there has been a decline but the degree is uncertain . like other frogs , they are very susceptible to agricultural chemicals and to baitfish and gamefish introduction into breeding wetlands . their breeding habitat is also vulnerable to destruction due to urban and suburban development ( green et al . , 2013 ) ."]}
{"id": 883, "summary": [{"text": "jansenia is a genus of beetles in the family carabidae ( cicindelinae or sometimes cicindelidae ) , containing the following species many of which are sometimes placed in the genus cicindela : jansenia applanata ( acciavatti & pearson , 1989 ) jansenia azureocincta ( bates , 1878 ) jansenia bangalorensis cassola & werner , 2003 jansenia chlorida ( chaudoir , 1865 ) jansenia chloropleura ( chaudoir , 1865 ) jansenia choriodista ( acciavatti & pearson , 1989 ) jansenia cirrhidia ( acciavatti & pearson , 1989 ) jansenia corrugatosa ( acciavatti & pearson , 1989 ) jansenia corticata ( putzeys , 1875 ) jansenia crassipalpis ( w.horn , 1908 ) jansenia cratera ( acciavatti & pearson , 1989 ) jansenia dasiodes ( acciavatti & pearson , 1989 ) jansenia fusissima ( acciavatti & pearson , 1989 ) jansenia grossula ( w.horn , 1925 ) jansenia indica ( fleutiaux , 1893 ) jansenia laeticolor ( w.horn , 1904 ) jansenia legnotia ( acciavatti & pearson , 1989 ) jansenia motschulskyana ( w.horn , 1915 ) jansenia myanmarensis wiesner , 2004 jansenia nathanorum cassola & werner , 2003 jansenia ostrina ( acciavatti & pearson , 1989 ) jansenia plagatima ( acciavatti & pearson , 1989 ) jansenia prothymoides ( w.horn , 1908 ) jansenia psarodea ( acciavatti & pearson , 1989 ) jansenia pseudodromica ( w.horn , 1932 ) jansenia reticulella ( acciavatti & pearson , 1989 ) jansenia rostrulla ( acciavatti & pearson , 1989 ) jansenia rugosiceps ( chaudoir , 1865 ) jansenia sandurica ( acciavatti & pearson , 1989 ) jansenia semisetigerosa ( acciavatti & pearson , 1989 ) jansenia stellata ( acciavatti & pearson , 1989 ) jansenia stuprata ( w.horn , 1909 ) jansenia tetragrammica ( chaudoir , 1865 ) jansenia tetrastacta ( wiedemann , 1823 ) jansenia venus ( w.horn , 1907 ) jansenia vestiplicatica ( acciavatti & pearson , 1989 ) jansenia viridicincta ( w.horn , 1894 ) jansenia westermanni ( schaum , 1861 )", "topic": 18}], "title": "jansenia", "paragraphs": ["to connect with maria do socorro jansenia do nascimento , sign up for facebook today .\nthis snapshot of jansenia papasergi ' s life was captured by the 1940 u . s . census .\nwhen jansenia papasergi was born about 1916 , her father , sam , was 30 , and her mother , nancy , was 20 . in 1940 , she was 24 years old and lived in fargo , north dakota , with her father , mother , 3 brothers , and 4 sisters .\njansenia\njan\n( papasergia ) rosendahl 1915 - 2010 jansenia was born september 1 , 1915 , in fargo , north dakota . the oldest of nine children of her parents , salvatore and nancy papasergia . she attended st . anthony ' s grade school and graduated from sacred heart academy high school . she was active in her school choir and sang for the local radio station in fargo . she came to bakersfield , ca in 1941 . she did clerical work while employed at lockheed aircraft and standard oil co . she later married george rosendahl and assisted him in his plastering contracting business . she was predeceased by her parents , salvatore and nancy papasergia ; brothers , james and joseph papasergia ; and her husband , george rosendahl . she is survived by two brothers and their wives , anthony and june papasergia , and john and mildred papasergia ; four sisters , rosena todahl , maria parks , yolanda griffiths , joan wallace and husband arthur wallace ; her stepson , joe rosendahl ; many nieces and nephews . she was a member of st . joseph ' s catholic church , italian catholic federation branch # 281 , and italian heritage association . she will be remembered for her great baked goods and christmas candy . she loved her dogs , muffin and pepe . her family wishes to thank her good friends and neighbors , bertha and richard sotello for the wonderful care given her . pallbearers will be her nephews : brian griffiths , mark papasergia , patrick papasergia , james griffiths , david todahl , and archie parks . visitation is tuesday , february 9 , from 4 - 8 p . m . , at hillcrest mortuary . services will be held on wednesday , february 10 , 10 : 00 a . m . , at st . joseph ' s church , 1515 baker street . donations may be made to spca ( bakersfield ) , st . vincent de paul , or garces memorial high school .\nmaintaining and updating the site requires a lot of time and effort . therefore , we are forced to introduce a partially paid access . we expect that the costs will not be too burdensome for you , and your money will help us in the development of interactive keys , and more dynamic updates of the site .\nyour subscription will be activated when payment clears . view the status of your subscription in your account .\nthis project help increase the availability of scientific knowledge worldwide . contributions at any level help sustain our work . thank you for your support .\n\u00a9 carabidae of the world , 2007 - 2018 \u00a9 a team of authors , in in : anichtchenko a . et al . , ( editors ) 2007 - 2018\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ncopyright \u00a9 andre gorodinski . the insects from the palaearctic region . web design by mrs . l . gorodinski .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nadd the email addresses of friends or family members you ' d like to notify about this obituary .\nemails will be sent directly from legacy . com . we respect your privacy and will not sell your information to a third party . you may opt out at any time . see privacy policy for details .\nthe website you are about to visit is progenealogists \u00ae , operated by tgn services , llc , a subsidiary of ancestry .\nlet ' s play the ps1 port of the snes tactical rpg\nogre battle : the march of the black queen\n! the leader of this region has a lakeside castle , and we begin to surround it .\nreference unep wcmc . 2003 . checkl . cites sp . 1\u2013339 . unep world conservation monitoring centre , cambridge .\nconservation system unep wcmc . 2003 . checkl . cites sp . 1\u2013339 . unep world conservation monitoring centre , cambridge .\ncite this page : tropicos . org . missouri botanical garden . 09 jul 2018 < urltoken >"]}
{"id": 894, "summary": [{"text": "diodon holocanthus , known commonly as the longspined porcupinefish or freckled porcupinefish among other vernacular names , is a species of marine fish in the family diodontidae . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "long - spine porcupinefish", "paragraphs": ["my dvd features long - spine porcupinefish and video from the king cruiser wreck .\nthe long - spine porcupinefish is a small species of porcupinefish that can be found in both endless ocean games .\nlong - spine porcupinefish dried 5 - 7 inches taxidermy real - $ 9 . 95 | picclick\nlong - spine porcupinefish populate coral reefs in warm waters throughout the indo - pacific region and the caribbean sea .\nthe long - spine porcupinefish has dark patches on its sides and back . it has long spines that protrude from all over its body , except for the fins and face .\ncommon names for this fish include balloonfish , balloon porcupinefish , blotched porcupinefish , brown porcupinefish , freckled porcupinefish , hedgehog fish , and spiny puffer .\ndeadly long - spine porcupinefish . . looks like he ' s smiling ! | nature ' s beauty | pinterest | fish , aquariums and creatures\nthe long - spine porcupinefish has an elastic stomach , flexible skeletal structure , and stretchy skin , all which allow it to inflate like a balloon .\nhuman interaction : long - spine porcupinefish is used in chinese medicine , and is captured at the surface with a hand net . it is poisonous if not prepared correctly .\nthe long - spine porcupinefish has powerful jaws with teeth joined together to form a beak . it uses that beak to crush the shells of the sea urchins and shellfish that it eats .\nthis long - spine porcupinefish ( diodon holocanthus ) or\nballoonfish\non the seabed next to the king cruiser was missing its tail , but still able to swim around very fast .\nthe short spine porcupinefish are nocturnal feeders , feeding mainly on crustaceans , gastropods and sea urchins . hermit crabs are included in their diet .\nround and covered with countless long spines , this fish has an endearing face with a small mouth and big eyes . its distinctive long spines evolved from scales .\na single long - spine porcupinefish can often be found under a zoom - mode glow near where the player has parked the gabbiano . sometimes , a glow with one of these fish in it will appear on the underside of the boat directly .\nit has long spines that protrude from all over its body , except for the fins and face .\nwhen frightened , the long - spine porcupinefish swallows a large amount of water and inflates a pouch by its stomach . by doubling in size and raising the spines all over its body , it attempts to intimidate its predators . some pieces of its skeleton are missing so as not to hinder its expanding .\na set of 4 long spines with their bases near dorsal - and anal - fin bases and their pointed ends extending over caudal peduncle . two very long spines ( longer than rays of pectoral fins ) in pectoral - fin axil ( ref 9680 ) .\nthe blackblotched porcupinefish occurs in tropical waters and is found on coral reefs , rocky reefs and inshore waters .\nhe longspined porcupinefish diodon holocanthus , is also known as the spiny ballonfish . they can be easily confused with the\nthis species has a very wide distribution and a genetic analysis is warranted . leis ( 1978 ) noted some differences in spine morphology between pacific and north atlantic specimens .\nwhen it spawns , the female porcupinefish deposits thousands of eggs close to the ocean floor , which the male immediately fertilizes .\n\u00ab a large number of species of porcupinefish are inedible : their viscera or skin often contains a toxin that is particularly dangerous to humans . \u00bb\nlight grey body with pale belly , immovable spines , short on head grading to long at rear , 2 - 4 round black blotches on side , pale pectoral fin base , and unspotted fins .\nthe unique features of this fish give it protection against predators . when threatened , the long - spine porcupinefish will fill its body with air or water , which makes its body swell like a balloon . this makes it too large to fit into the predator\u2019s mouth . also when \u201cinflated , \u201d the spines all over its body are fully extended , making it even less of a desirable meal to the predator . such a defense mechanism requires a flexible stomach , vertebrae , and sides . this structure could not have happened by chance , random processes , but was designed by the creator .\nbreeding : the longspine porcupinefish is not likely to spawn in the home aquarium . reproduction in this species is quite violent , with males biting females during spawning .\naquarium conditions : the aquarium of the longspine porcupinefish should be large \u2014 a 75 - gallon aquarium or larger is best . make sure to provide your longspine porcupinefish with some good hiding places , although they spend little time under cover once they acclimate . instead , they regularly have their snouts plastered against the glass looking for their food providers .\n, also known as the porcupinefish . however , an easy way to tell these two apart ( without getting too close ) is by checking for spots on the fins :\nthe body of the balloonfish is covered in long , sharp spines that extend when the fish inflates by taking in water . all members of the family diodontidae are capable of inflation , and may also change in color when threatened .\ncare considerations : one thing to keep in mind is that longspine porcupinefish are very prone to diseases , often breaking out with cryptocaryon at the drop of a hat . apparently , the longspine porcupinefish can even harbor the cysts of this parasite , in a dormant state , in their internal organs . but if you drop the specific gravity for several weeks ( to around 1 . 012 ) , they should recover . one thing you should never do is to encourage your longspine porcupinefish to inflate . this causes the fish stress , and if it should ingest air it may have a difficult time belching it out . hopefully , the longspine porcupinefish will work it all , but there\u2019s nothing the hobbyist can do in such circumstances .\nphysical description : the longspine porcupinefish has a bulbous head and a short tail . the body is covered with sharp spines that lay backwards until it inflates with water . the longspine porcupinefish inflates in this manner when threatened by predators . ( on occasion , you may see this fish inflate for no apparent reason as if practicing for those times when inflating might save its life ! )\nthe blackblotched porcupinefish has erectile spines on the head and body . like all members of the family , it can inflate its body with water , and turn itself into a very spiny ball .\ndifficulty : the longspine porcupinefish can be an easy fish to keep once you convince it to eat aquarium fare . most individuals , in time , will greedily accept chopped seafood , frozen krill and frozen preparations for marine carnivores . if you feed the longspine porcupinefish a varied diet , at least once a day , it will stay happy and healthy and could live more than a decade in your aquarium .\ndiodon holocanthus has large spots scattered about its light brown body and darker saddles . the longspine porcupinefish reaches a length of about 15 inches . its larger cousin d . hystrix ( known simply as the porcupinefish ) reaches a massive 28 inches in length . it is a more elongate diodon sp . that has numerous small spots ( much smaller than the size of the eye ) all over its body and tail .\nleis , j . m . 2006 . nomenclature and distribution of the species of the porcupinefish family diodontidae ( pisces , teleostei ) . memoirs of museum victoria . 63 ( 1 ) : 77 - 90 .\nwith fun facts about more than 100 animals , this long - awaited aquarium guide includes beautiful pictures and reveals the incredible facts and design features that point to our amazing creator . this handy size guide is excellent for school field trips and family trips to your favorite aquarium !\nit is similar to the freckled porcupinefish , diodon holocanthus , but the latter has much longer spines , particularly on the head , and the blotch on the top of the head is continuous between the eyes . ,\nadult longspine porcupinefish are usually solitary and are only seen in pairs or groups during mating . they are often seen wedged into small crevices on the reef during the day and will sometimes inflate wedging themselves into the crevice . they are slow swimmers usually propelling themselves with their pectoral , dorsal and anal fins but they are capable of a faster burst of speed when they use their caudal fins . porcupinefish are more agile than they look and can change direction quickly .\n\u201cet phone home . \u201d that famous movie phrase comes to mind every time i come to face - to - face with a longspine porcupinefish , also known as the balloonfish . its large head and big eyes give it an alienlike appearance . the longspine porcupinefish is also a fish full of personality . in fact , it has more charm than a lot of the people i have met during my travels through life ! but this ocean - bound et is not suitable for everyone .\nleis , j . m . 2006 ,\nnomenclature and distribution of the species of the porcupinefish family diodontidae ( pisces , teleostei ) .\n, memoirs of museum victoria , vol . 63 , no . 1 , pp . 77 - 90\nif you have an acrylic aquarium , be aware that some longspine porcupinefish have been known to bite and cause scratches on the acrylic with their hard beaklike teeth . for a fish with teeth that can crush sea urchins and mollusk shells , scratching plastic is not that great a feat . acceptable water parameters for the longspine porcupinefish are a ph of 8 . 1 to 8 . 4 , specific gravity of 1 . 019 to 1 . 025 and a water temperature of 74 to 82 degrees fahrenheit .\nbegins to develop spines . the larvae metamorphosize after about 3 weeks ( flmnh ) . after this metamorphosis , fins and fin rays are present , the teeth are formed , and adult olive and brown coloring develops ( flmnh ) . dark spots appear on the belly , which may help camouflage the juveniles in floating sargassum from underwater predators such as the mahi mahi ( flmnh ) . the juvenile loses this underside spotting when it reaches the adult stage . at this point in development , spine elongation and body growth occur . the larval stage of\nlongspine porcupinefish have a light olive brown background color with brown or black dots across the body . light brown blotches are spread across the body . the eyes are prominent as with most nocturnal feeders and are covered with a blotch which runs across the head from eye to eye . the anal and dorsal fins are set back close to the caudal peduncle . usually the fins are a transparent yellow colour . when not inflated the spines lie flat on the body pointing backwards towards the tail .\n, also known as the balloonfish or spiny puffer , can reach lengths from about 30 . 5 to 61 cm . it has dark patches along its sides and back , but perhaps its most telling feature is the long spines that protrude from all over its body , excluding the fins and face . the spines are actually modified scales , which lay flat against its body most of the time ( waikiki aquarium 1999 ) . in some relatives of the balloonfish , a toxic chemical , tetrodotoxin , is found in the skin and spines . however , only trace amounts of tetrodotoxin have been found in balloonfish , mainly concentrated in the ovaries ( chen and chou 1998 ) . in appearance ,\nthe longspined porcupinefish grow quite large and are messy eaters and therefore require a large aquarium . even with good filtration frequent water changes are necessary and any excess food should be vacuumed out . as saltwater fish go they are very hardy and easy to feed . because they are easy to catch they are also quite cheap . they have been kept in captivity for up to 15 years . as fish go they are intelligent and soon learn who feeds them and will swim up and down the side of the aquarium when they spot their feeder .\nbody a robust oval , inflatable ; head wide and blunt ; a pair of small barbels on chin ; eyes large ; nasal organ a flat short tentacle with 2 openings ; teeth fused into a strong , parrot - like beak with two plates that lack a front groove , large , opens widely at front ; gill opening a vertical slit before pectoral base ; pectorals large ; fins without spines ; no pelvic fins ; dorsal fin 13 - 14 ; anal fin rays 13 - 14 ; pectoral rays 22 - 25 ; body and head covered with numerous long ( > eye ) , erectible , 2 - rooted , slender , round spines ; 12 - 16 spines in an approximate row from top of snout to dorsal fin ; 12 - 15 spines between lower jaw and anus ; anterior middle spines on top of head longer than longest spines posterior to pectoral fins ; no spines on tail base .\ngreek , di = two + greek , odous = teeth ( ref . 45335 )\nmarine ; reef - associated ; depth range 2 - 200 m ( ref . 5951 ) , usually 2 - 35 m ( ref . 40849 ) . subtropical ; 37\u00b0n - 39\u00b0s , 8\u00b0e - 55\u00b0w ( ref . 55210 )\ncircumtropical in distribution . western atlantic : canada ( ref . 5951 ) , florida , usa and the bahamas to brazil ( ref . 7251 ) . eastern atlantic : 30\u00b0n to 23\u00b0s ( ref . 6951 ) ; also south africa ( ref . 4423 ) . western indian ocean : southern red sea to madagascar , reunion and mauritius ( ref . 53568 ) . pacific ocean : southern japan south to lord howe island and east to the hawaiian and easter islands ( ref . 37816 ) . also from southern california , usa to colombia ( ref . 11482 ) and the galapagos islands ( ref . 5227 ) .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 50 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 7251 ) ; common length : 15 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 55763 )\ndorsal spines ( total ) : 0 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 13 - 15 ; anal spines : 0 ; anal soft rays : 13 - 15 . pelagic juveniles with spots , particularly prominent on belly ; adults with dark blotches across back and spots between the blotches ; fins without spots ( ref . 4423 ) . 14 to 16 spines in an approximate row between snout and origin of dorsal fin ; with a large brown bar above and below each eye ; a broad transverse brown bar on occipital region of head ( ref . 13442 ) .\ninhabit shallow reefs to open , soft bottoms . also in areas with rocky substrata . sometimes form groups ( ref . 9710 , 48637 ) . occur on open muddy substrates as well as on rich soft - bottom and coral reefs . juveniles often with floating sargassum rafts . young and sub - adults may form small groups ( ref . 48637 ) . benthopelagic ( ref . 58302 ) . juveniles pelagic to about 6 - 9 cm . solitary . feed on mollusks , sea urchins , hermit crabs , and crabs at night ( ref . 9680 ) . relatively poor swimmers ( ref . 9710 ) . used in chinese medicine ( ref . 12166 ) . captured at the surface using a hand net ( ref . 26165 ) .\nleis , j . m . , 1984 . diodontidae . in w . fischer and g . bianchi ( eds . ) fao species identification sheets for fishery purposes . western indian ocean fishing area 51 . vol . 2 . ( ref . 3393 )\n) : 21 . 5 - 29 , mean 27 . 3 ( based on 2666 cells ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5313 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 04467 ( 0 . 02239 - 0 . 08910 ) , b = 2 . 87 ( 2 . 68 - 3 . 06 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & ( sub ) family - body ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 9 \u00b10 . 2 se ; based on diet studies .\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low to moderate vulnerability ( 27 of 100 ) .\nporcupinefishes are slow - swimming , medium - sized fishes that are found mostly in shallow temperate and tropical marine waters . the teeth in both jaws are fused into a parrot - like\nbeak\n. the family name diodontidae literally means ' two teeth ' . diodontids use these fused teeth and plates on the roof of the mouth to crush hard - bodied prey such as molluscs and sea urchins .\nporcupinefishes are covered in spines . they can inflate their bodies into a ball - shape by swallowing water . the inflation of porcupinefishes is a defence mechanism , and as such there is no limit to the number of times an individual can inflate ( and deflate ) . if the fish inflates at the surface it is likely to ingest air , which can be difficult to expel . this can lead to death of the fish because it floats and cannot leave the surface . however , if the fish inflates under water , it ingests only water and has no problem deflating once the danger has passed .\nthe body is brown to grey above shading to white below . there are white - margined dark blotches on the back and sides , and the fins are normally unspotted .\nthe species is occurs in tropical waters of the indo - west and central pacific , from south africa , north to japan , south to australia and east to the marshall and society islands .\nin australia it is known from the central coast of western australia , around the tropical north and south on the east coast to southern new south wales .\nthe map below shows the australian distribution of the species based on public sightings and specimens in australian museums . click on the map for detailed information . source : atlas of living australia .\nallen , g . r . 1997 . marine fishes of tropical australia and south - east asia . western australian museum . pp . 292 .\nhoese , d . f . , bray , d . j . , paxton , j . r . & g . r . allen . 2006 . fishes . in beesley , p . l . & a . wells . ( eds ) zoological catalogue of australia . volume 35 . abrs & csiro publishing : australia . parts 1 - 3 , pages 1 - 2178 .\nrandall , j . e . , allen , g . r . & r . c . steene . 1997 . fishes of the great barrier reef and coral sea . crawford house press . pp . 557 .\nkids mode hides stuff that\u2019s just for parents and adds some fun . enjoy !\nthe teeth of both the upper and lower jaws of this fish are fused , forming a solid , heavy beak . this beak makes cracking the shells of snails , sea urchins , and hermit crabs easy .\nby continuing browsing this site , you accept the use of cookies for statistical purposes .\nremplissez le formulaire ci - dessous pour vous inscrire aux newsletters de l ' aquarium .\ntry watching this video on urltoken , or enable javascript if it is disabled in your browser .\nthese fish have large eyes , small mouths , and round bodies covered in spines . they are generally light - brown on the back and white on the belly . they can be seen year - round when they approach your boat .\nalthough it is not poisonous like other blowfish , it has a distinctive means of self - defence . it swallows a large quantity of water , swelling its body and causing the spines that normally lie flat on its body to stick up . once it has gone into this defensive posture , a predator cannot attack without being pierced by the spines .\nit has 400 - 600 spines , so it ' s probably a waste of time trying to count them .\nthese small fish appear in ciceros strait , around coordinates c - 2 and f - 5 .\nthese small creatures float around slowly and seemingly aimlessly . they puff up their bodies with poked or prodded , but they respond well to being fed .\nin endless ocean 2 , the creatures under the zoom - mode glow at coordinates c - 2 are risky to attempt to find , as great white sharks patrol that area during the daytime . however , at night , the sharks move , leaving that space open to safely explore .\ncan ' t find a community you love ? create your own and start something epic .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\neschmeyer , w . n . and fricke , r . ( eds ) . 2015 . catalog of fishes : genera , species , references . updated 1 october 2015 . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 1 october 2015 ) .\ncarpenter , k . e . , comeros - raynal , m . , harwell , h . & sanciango , j .\njustification : this species is widely distributed and occurs over soft bottom and reef . there are no known major threats , therefore it is assessed as least concern .\ndiodon holocanthus is of minor commercial importance to the fisheries industry and aquarium trade ( miyasaka 1993 , fujita et al . 1997 ) . it is eaten in the ryukyu ' s and taiwan ( leis pers . comm . 2011 ) . it is also dried and sold as curios in parts of its range . there are reports that this species is toxic to humans , however this needs to be substantiated .\nthis errata assessment has been created because the map was accidentally left out of the version published previously .\n( errata version published in 2017 ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2015 : e . t193817a115332473 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nwe noticed that you ' re using an unsupported browser . the tripadvisor website may not display properly . we support the following browsers :\nwe spent 2 1 / 2 weeks scouring the wailea and makena beaches for snorkeling opportunities . the weather and sea conditions were variable and much more so than we have experienced in west maui . . . but we persisted , played it safe when the visibility was poor , and ended up seeing a lot of beautiful sealife . the beauty of snorkeling in maui is the . . .\n* tripadvisor llc is not a booking agent and does not charge any service fees to users of our site . . . (\ntripadvisor llc is not responsible for content on external web sites . taxes , fees not included for deals content .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nyour igfa account is your personal portal to member benefits , including world records , videos , photos , and the latest in game fish conservation .\nthe international game fish association is a not - for - profit organization committed to the conservation of game fish and the promotion of responsible , ethical angling practices through science , education , rule making and record keeping .\n\u00a9 2015 international game fish association , 300 gulf stream way , dania beach , fl 33004 .\nwhich is similar in looks but has much shorter spines and slightly different markings on the face . as with all pufferfish or blowfish , they have the ability to swallow water or air and inflate themselves . this enlarges them making it more difficult for predators to swallow them and furthermore raises the spines presenting an unpalatable looking meal .\nas further protection they have a symbiotic relationship with types of bacteria such as pseudoalteromonas tetraodonis , which produces tetradotoxin which is a powerful neurotoxin .\nthey can grow up to 29 cm in length . the mouth is proportionally fairly large and if one observes them closely , the skin around the mouth is slightly wrinkled .\nlongspine porcupine fish are prolific spawners , the male pushes the female to the surface and large numbers of eggs are released and fertilized . after several days of floating near the surface the eggs hatch and the larvae are well formed . after three or so weeks the fins and teeth develop and the juveniles migrate to inshore areas when they have reached six to seven cm in length .\nthey are eaten in japan as sashimi and chirinabe in the notorious dish known as fugu . the tetradotoxin found in the fish is around 1200 times more poisonous than cyanide and the attraction is to put ones life in the hands of the chef who cuts the meat , hopefully leaving out the more poisonous parts which would certainly kill . if the chef gets it right a mild tingling and a feeling of euphoria will be felt .\nin some areas the fish are blown up and sold as ornaments or as lamp shades . due to the increased controls on transporting such goods this practice is hopefully dying out .\nwhile they do not eat other fishes in the wild , any crustacean and some corals are fair game for them . because their teeth continue growing throughout their life , they require hard foods to keep their teeth worn down . because of their solitary nature only one fish may be kept in a tank . if you have one you should not stress them to watch them puff up .\nkingdom : animalia phylum : chordata class : actinopterygii order : tetraodontiformes family : diodontidae genus : diodon species : d . liturosus\ncurrently you have javascript disabled . in order to post comments , please make sure javascript and cookies are enabled , and reload the page . click here for instructions on how to enable javascript in your browser .\n; the people , places and creatures underwater which are normally too hidden , too fast , or too inaccessible , for most to ever see or experience . seaunseen invites you to see this unseen sea through underwater videography and photography , and experience the world underwater .\nthe species is exploited in the following sector ( s ) : - aquarium enthusiasts . - chemistry / pharmacy . used in the clothing , footwear or crafts industries for the manufacture of articles ( jewellery , etc . ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nproject noah is a tool to explore and document wildlife and a platform to harness the power of citizen scientists everywhere .\nwow , in our own dialect in e . samar , philippines we call it\notit\n. thanks jellis !\noops . a firewall is blocking access to prezi content . check out this article to learn more or contact your system administrator .\nstand out and be remembered with prezi , the secret weapon of great presenters .\nneither you , nor the coeditors you shared it with will be able to recover it again .\nreset share links resets both viewing and editing links ( coeditors shown below are not affected ) .\nlight olive to pale brown , shading to white ventrally ; small black spots on upper two - thirds of head and body ; a brown bar from above to below eye ; a broad brown bar across occipital region through eye , and another across middle of back ; a large oval brown blotch above each pectoral fin and another around dorsal - fin base ; fins pale , without spots .\ncircumtropical distribution ; southern california to the gulf of california to northern peru and all the offshore islands .\nballoonfishes are circumtropical in distribution . these fish are found in the western atlantic from florida , usa to the bahamas and brazil , in the eastern atlantic around 30\u00b0n - 23\u00b0s , and in south africa . in the eastern pacific from hawaii to pitcairn and the easter islands , and from southern california , us to colombia and the galapagos islands . they are reef fish with a depth range of 2 - 100 m .\nballoonfish are nocturnal predators , generally hiding in crevices in the reef during the day . the teeth are fused forming a strong , beak - like mouth for consuming snails , sea urchins , and hermit crabs . these fish are relatively poor swimmers .\njuveniles are consumed by pelagic predatory fishes such as tuna and marine mammals such as dolphins . adults fall prey to sharks .\nthey reproduce via dioecism ( sexes are separate ) and fertilization is external with a spawning frequency of one clear seasonal peak per year .\nresilience to fishing pressure : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years extinction vulnerability to fishing : low to moderate vulnerability ( 28 of 100 )\nresearch diodon holocanthus \u00bb barcode of life ~ bioone ~ biodiversity heritage library ~ cites ~ cornell macaulay library [ audio / video ] ~ encyclopedia of life ( eol ) ~ esa online journals ~ fishbase ~ florida museum of natural history ichthyology department ~ gbif ~ google scholar ~ itis ~ iucn redlist ( threatened status ) ~ marine species identification portal ~ ncbi ( pubmed , genbank , etc . ) ~ ocean biogeographic information system ~ plos ~ siris ~ tree of life web project ~ unep - wcmc species database ~ worms\nstart or join a discussion about this species below or send us an email to report any errors or submit suggestions for this page . we greatly appreciate all feedback !\ncitation :\nballoonfishes , diodon holocanthus ~ marinebio . org .\nmarinebio conservation society . web . accessed monday , july 9 , 2018 . < urltoken > . last update : 1 / 14 / 2013 2 : 22 : 00 pm ~ contributor ( s ) : marinebio\nhelp us protect and restore marine life by supporting our various online community - centered marine conservation projects that are effectively sharing the wonders of the ocean with millions each year around the world , raising a balanced awareness of the increasingly troubling and often very complex marine conservation issues that affect marine life and ourselves directly , providing support to marine conservation groups on the frontlines that are making real differences today , and the scientists , teachers and students involved in the marine life sciences .\nwith your support , most marine life and their ocean habitats can be protected , if not restored to their former natural levels of biodiversity . we sincerely thank our thousands of members , donors and sponsors , who have decided to get involved and support the marinebio conservation society .\ndeep music digitally imported urltoken proton radio * radio paradise radiotunes somafm wers 88 . 9 fm\n~ sharing the wonders of the ocean to inspire conservation , education , research , and a sea ethic ~ marinebio . org , inc . is a u . s . 501 ( c ) 3 charitable , nonprofit organization . contact : info @ urltoken all marinebio conservation society memberships and donations are tax deductible in the united states . > < ( ( ( ( \u00b0 > \u00a9 1998 - 2017 marinebio copyright & terms of use . privacy policy . > - < \u00b0\u00b0 > - <\nfor all at last returns to the sea \u2014 to oceanus , the ocean river , like the everflowing stream of time , the beginning and the end .\n- rachel carson\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\npaulin , c . , stewart , a . , roberts , c . & mcmillan , p . 1989 ,\nnew zealand fish : a complete guide\n, national museum of new zealand miscellaneous series , vol . 19 , pp . 1 - 279\nogilby , j . d . 1910 ,\non new or insufficiently described fishes\n, proceedings of the royal society of queensland , vol . 23 , no . 1 , pp . 1 - 55\ncuvier , g . l . 1818 ,\nsur les diodons , vulgairement orbes \u00e9pineux\n, m\u00e9moires du mus\u00e9um national d ' histoire naturelle , paris , vol . 4 , pp . 121 - 138 2 pls\ncompiled by roberts , c . d . ; paulin , c . d . ; stewart , a . l . ; mcphee , r . p . ; mcdowall , r . m . , king , c . m . ; roberts , c . d . ; bell , b . d . ; fordyce , r . e . ; nicol , r . s . ; worthy , t . h . ; paulin , c . d . ; hitchmough , r . a . ; keyes , i . w . ; baker , a . n . ; stewart , a . l . ; hiller , n . ; mcdowall , r . m . ; holdaway , r . n . ; mcphee , r . p . ; schwarzhans , w . w . ; tennyson , a . j . d . ; rust , r . ; macadie , i . 24 : phylum chordata : lancelets , fishes , amphibians , reptiles , birds , mammals , checklist of new zealand chordata . living lancelets , jawless fishes , cartilaginous fishes , and bony fishes . in : new zealand inventory of biodiversity volume 1 .\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : f4c58bc8 - 1c3d - 4332 - b767 - 6ccedea9d3d1\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 8bf9220b - f30f - 4978 - abe9 - f63f4880bb35\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 444561\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nhabitat : lagoons , muddy bottoms , rocky bottoms , rocky reefs , soft bottom and shallow reefs .\nwe\u2019ve partnered with invision to make it easier to search and download our images in sketch and adobe\u00ae photoshop\u00ae .\n{ { t ( ' more _ than _ one _ credit ' , { zero : calc . totalcreditcost } ) } }\nonce this video clip is done converting , you ' ll be able to download it from your video conversion queue or download history .\neditorial use only photos don ' t have any model or property releases , which means they can ' t be used for commercial , promotional , advertorial or endorsement purposes . this type of content is intended to be used in connection with events that are newsworthy or of general interest ( for example , in a blog , textbook , newspaper or magazine article ) .\nthis format requires a quick conversion ( usually under 5 mins ) before download begins , or you can get the largest and smallest formats immediately .\nby clicking\nconfirm download\nyou agree that you ' ve read and agree to all applicable license agreements for this download .\n$ 9 . 95 buy it now 22d 4h , $ 16 . 50 shipping\n- 3 , 413 + items sold . 0 % negative feedback . great seller with very good positive feedback and over 50 ratings .\n3 , 413 + items sold . 0 % negative feedback . great seller with very good positive feedback and over 50 ratings .\ncopyright \u00a9 2008 - 2018 picclick \u00ae llc . all rights reserved . . . . with a mighty hand and outstretched arm ; his love endures forever .\noccurrence describes how often the species is found on surveys within its distribution . it is calculated as the % of reef sites surveyed by rls divers across all the ecoregions in which the species has been observed\nabundance is calculated as the average number of individuals recorded per rls transect , where present .\nplease use this form only for a single type of error . if you see multiple errors on the page for this species , please report these in separate forms by clicking on this button again after submitting this form\nthank you for highlighting this error . we appreciate your assistance in maintaining high quality control standards\nis distributed circumtropically throughout the world ( hobson 1974 ; flmnh ) . in the u . s . it is found along the pacific coast , the florida keys and hawaii ( hobson 1974 ; waikiki aquarium 1999 ) . it is widespread in the caribbean and eastern asia ( hobson 1974 ; flmnh ) .\nadult balloonfish are found in relatively shallow areas of the ocean . they prefer grassy flats , coral reefs , and mangrove areas ( randall 1967 ; flmnh ; nagelkerken et . al 2000 ) . the larvae however , are found in the pelagic ( open water ) zone ( flmnh ) . they bob around in their shells for about 4 days before hatching ( flmnh ) .\nballoonfish expand by swallowing mouthfuls of air or water when attacked by a predator . the balloonfish swallows air , when attacked by avian predators , or water , when attacked by piscine predators ( brainerd 1994 ) . after ingestion through the mouth , the air or water reaches the highly elastic stomach , which has been described as a\nlarge dilatable sac with robust esophageal and pyloric sphincters\n( rosen , 1912 ) . the stomach , which has lost its digestive function , plays a key role in the inflation process ( brainerd 1994 ) . in diodontidae , the stomach is a simple sac , whereas in tetraodontidae the stomach is divided into two parts by a pyloric sphincter . as the stomach expands , it pushes the peritoneal lining into the ample peritoneal space . the peritoneal cavity expands towards the head to the mandible and towards the tail to enclose the unpaired fins ( brainerd 1994 ) .\nalso facilitates inflation . because the balloonfish lacks pleural ribs and a pelvic girdle , expansion is not as strictly inhibited as in most fish . the vertebral column is also highly flexible . it bends in an arc towards the dorsal side of the fish , allowing\nin addition to the elastic stomach , generous peritoneal space and skeletal structure , balloonfish skin is also specialized for inflation ( brainerd 1994 ) . the skin of\nis highly elastic because of microfolds in the epidermis and collagen fibers of the dermis . these allow\nto extend through 40 % of its initial length before it begins to stiffen ( brainerd 1994 ) .\nreproduces through sexual processes , just like most other fish . sexual reproduction maintains genetic diversity within the species , which is important for preventing disease and adapting to changes in the environment over time . during spawning season , a male pushes a female to the surface and they immediately spawn ( flmnh ) . the round eggs float in the water . until they are 10 days old ,\nlarvae retain a thin shell covering , which is then lost ( flmnh ) . at this time ,\nis yellow with red spots and well - developed functional mouth , eyes and gas bladder ( flmnh ) .\nis threatened , it sucks water or air into its body , causing the dangerous spines to stick out at right angles from its body ( brainerd 1994 ) . the entire body swells two to three times in diameter as the stomach expands ( brainerd 1994 ) . it is not surprising that very few predators consume balloonfish .\nthe process of inflation is called an\nanti - predatory defense mechanism\n. this means that\ndemonstrates the most pronounced spherical shape of all pufferfish when inflated ( brainerd 1994 ) . the extremely inflated body shape also helps\navoid\ngape - limited predators\n. these are predators that can ' t open their mouths wide enough to swallow\nwhen it is inflated . in hawaii , the only known predator of adult balloonfish is the tiger shark ( waikiki aquarium 1999 ) .\nare fused , forming a solid , heavy beak ( hobson 1974 ; waikiki aquarium 1999 ) . this beak makes cracking the shells of snails , sea urchins and hermit crabs a breeze . with the help of its relatively large eyes ,\nfeeds at night on these delicacies of the coastal zone ( waikiki aquarium 1999 ) . as for catching its prey ,\ncertainly does not rely on speed . it is actually a slow - swimming predator ( waikiki aquarium 1999 ) . what\ncan do is maneuver into tricky positions using its pectoral , pelvic and anal fins . this is especially helpful in complex habitat such as coral reefs .\nuses its tail primarily for steering and for occasional bursts of speed ( waikiki aquarium 1999 ) .\nis a nocturnal predator and remains hidden during the day ( hobson 1974 ; waikiki aquarium 1999 ; flmnh ) . individuals have been observed resting near ledges and shallow caves of the rocky sea floor in the gulf of california and ledges or holes in the florida keys in the daytime ( hobson 1974 ) . in coral reefs around hawaii and the west indies ,\n' main food source is pagurid crabs ( hermit crabs ) and prosobranch gastropods , which include familiar marine organisms such as abalones , limpets , top shells , periwinkles , boat shells , conchs , moon snails , and whelks ( hobson 1974 ; flmnh ; randall 1967 ; waikiki aquarium 1999 ) .\nare however , a relatively common novelty for tourists on vacation in tropical areas ( flmnh ) .\nthe body of water between africa , europe , the southern ocean ( above 60 degrees south latitude ) , and the western hemisphere . it is the second largest ocean in the world after the pacific ocean .\nbody of water between the southern ocean ( above 60 degrees south latitude ) , australia , asia , and the western hemisphere . this is the world ' s largest ocean , covering about 28 % of the world ' s surface .\nhaving body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves . animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides , as well as anterior and posterior ends . synapomorphy of the bilateria .\nthe area in which the animal is naturally found , the region in which it is endemic .\nstructure produced by the calcium carbonate skeletons of coral polyps ( class anthozoa ) . coral reefs are found in warm , shallow oceans with low nutrient availability . they form the basis for rich communities of other invertebrates , plants , fish , and protists . the polyps live only on the reef surface . because they depend on symbiotic photosynthetic algae , zooxanthellae , they cannot live where light does not penetrate .\nbrainerd , e . l . , 1994 . pufferfish inflation : functional morphology of postcranial structure in diodon holocanthus ( tetraodontiformes ) .\nchen , c . - y . and h . - n chou , 1998 . detection of tetrodotoxin by high performance liquid chromatography in lined - moon shell and puffer fish .\nflorida museum of natural history ( flmnh ) ,\nballoonfish\n( on - line ) . accessed october 18 , 2000 at urltoken .\nhobson , e . s . , 1974 . feeding relationships of teleostean fishes on coral reefs in kona , hawaii .\nnagelkerken , i . , m . dorenbosch , et al , 2000 . day - night shifts of fishes between shallow - water biotopes of a caribbean bay , with emphasis on the nocturnal feeding of haemulidae and lutjanidae .\nrandall , j . e . , 1967 . food habits of reef fishes of the west indies .\nrosen , n . , 1912 . studies on the plectognaths . 2 . the air sac with notes on other parts of the intestines .\nwaikiki aquarium , january 1999 .\nmarine life profile : pufferfish\n( on - line ) . accessed october 18 , 2000 at urltoken .\nto cite this page : kenzie , j . 2000 .\ndiodon holocanthus\n( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nwe parsed the following live from the web into this page . such content is managed by its original site and not cached on discover life . please send feedback and corrections directly to the source . see original regarding copyrights and terms of use .\ngreek , tragos = goat + greek , ichthys = fish ( ref . 45335 )\nmarine ; reef - associated ; depth range 26 - 137 m ( ref . 58489 ) . tropical\nindo - west pacific : northern australia and arafura sea . does not occur in southern australia or new zealand ( ref . 9680 ) .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 30 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 3132 )\nfound on soft bottoms to at least 30 m ( ref . 9680 ) . presumably feeds on hard - shelled invertebrates ( ref . 9680 ) . frequently trawled but not marketed ( ref . 9680 ) .\nallen , g . r . and r . swainston , 1988 . the marine fishes of north - western australia : a field guide for anglers and divers . western australian museum , perth . 201 p . ( ref . 3132 )\n) : 23 . 2 - 28 . 2 , mean 26 . 9 ( based on 295 cells ) . phylogenetic diversity index ( ref .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 03090 ( 0 . 01311 - 0 . 07285 ) , b = 2 . 89 ( 2 . 68 - 3 . 10 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref .\n) : 3 . 5 \u00b10 . 37 se ; based on food items .\nunderwater photography size : 14 . 2 mpixels ( 40 . 5 mb uncompressed ) - 4607x3072 pixels ( 15 . 3x10 . 2 in / 39 . 0x26 . 0 cm at 300 ppi )\nlife on white | urltoken - 38468 images of animals on a white background ( isolated on white ) for around 1175 different animal species .\n38468 royalty free images online and around 1175 different animal species , for as low as : 9818 images not yet online ( raw pictures can be viewed upon request ) . 1526 images available in rights managed exclusively here ."]}
{"id": 904, "summary": [{"text": "ingenia is a genus of marine nematode worms .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it belongs to a group that are mostly free-living and which feed on diatoms and other algaes . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "ingenia", "paragraphs": ["if you would like to be placed on the mailing list ( subscription to ingenia is free ! ) email the ingenia team .\nrecent graduates excited about starting their career are always welcome at ingenia . fresh talent assists us in our ongoing process to develop ingenia\u2019s future leaders . professionals starting their career will find ingenia has a wealth of institutional knowledge stemming from . . .\n\u00a9 2015 ingenia motion control . legal | privacy | terms of sale | web design\nat ingenia lifestyle , we are committed to providing a superior quality of life to australian retirees .\ningenia provides engineering and design services which support small to medium - sized plant modifications and improvement projects .\ningenia offers high - performance , cost - effective and easy - to - use products for motion control . ingenia products portfolio includes servo drives and control software compatible with latest industrial protocols such as canopen , ethercat or ethernet / ip .\nvisit ingenia polymers at this year\u2019s npe event . we\u2019ll have technical service and sales experts on hand to welcome you . . .\nrecent graduates excited about starting their career are always welcome at ingenia . fresh talent assists us in our ongoing process . . .\ningenia is a \u201cworld class\u201d company looking for people that have the passion to lead , desire to grow , and ability . . .\n\u200b ingenia is a customer focused consulting company which provides a range of services aimed at helping you get the most from your physical assets .\ningenia can assist you to improve performance and reliability with a competitive advantage . we can ensure that your assets are always at their optimal condition .\ndetails of the placement and the entitlement offer are contained in the announcement dated 24 september 2014 issued by ingenia which may be downloaded from this website .\ningenia has extensive and wide - spread experience in specialist risk management and incident investigation services , including risk assessments , hazops , root cause analysis and fault tree analysis .\ningenia provides practical and experienced project support capabilities to initiatives that have the ability to provide significant value to an organisation . we value sound project management practices and utilise best practice methodologies and processes .\nvisit ingenia polymers at this year\u2019s npe event . we\u2019ll have technical service and sales experts on hand to welcome you to our booth ( south hall level 1 , space s28195 ) and . . .\ningenia lifestyle has celebrated the official start of its second star collection community , plantations , located in the seaside town of woolgoolga on the nsw mid - north coast . the momentous occasion was marked with a breaking ground event\u2026\nmen at ingenia lifestyle the grange have rallied together in a bid to break down the stigma surrounding mental and physical health for men , which also coincided with men\u2019s health week in june . the australia wide campaign encourages communities\u2026\ningenia is a company dedicated to the science of motion control since 2006 . we design and produce off - the - shelf and customized solutions to answer the industry need for increasingly complex , high - tech motion control applications .\ningenia polymers is the premier integrated solutions provider for the global polymers industry . our talented people , culture of operational excellence , relentless drive to advance technology and breadth of capabilities make us the preferred supplier to our customers worldwide .\ningenia is a \u201cworld class\u201d company looking for people that have the passion to lead , desire to grow , and ability to create and deliver solutions for our customers . we offer an environment that is innovative , diverse , intellectually stimulating , and unique . . . .\ningenia publishes stimulating and informative articles about all aspects of engineering and technology , from robotics and data to the latest in renewable energy and medical technologies . it produces authoritative yet accessible content , aimed at engineering enthusiasts from 10 to 110 , a broad audience that includes students , engineering undergraduates , engineers at all levels , and academics .\ningenia ' s offering includes high performance - high power density servo drives and powerful control software for most motor technologies including servo motors ( dc brush and brushless ) , microstepping , and step motors . advanced features include field buses ( canopen , ethercat , ethernet / ip ) , sinusoidal commutation , field oriented control , advanced pid filters and much more .\ntailored motion solutions that deliver maximum value ingenia\u2019s strength lies in its customization capabilities . we do what it takes to meet your requirements and create a product that is perfect for its desired use . our modular design approach is based on electronic building blocks that have been tried and tested for specific industry requirements , thus reducing development time and guarantee an outstanding quality .\nthe entitlement offer will be made by ingenia in a manner consistent with an accelerated undocumented rights issue to eligible retail security holders in a short form disclosure and instructions letter ( \u201coffer letter\u201d ) . a copy of the offer letter will be mailed to eligible retail security holders at their registered address in australia or new zealand . eligible retail security holders should read the offer letter carefully and in its entirety before deciding whether or not to apply for new stapled securities under the entitlement offer . the offer letter will be accompanied by a personalized acceptance form for each eligible retail security holder . applications will need to be made pursuant to the acceptance form accompanying the offer letter , in accordance with the instructions in the offer letter and on the form .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nblaxter , m . l . , de ley , p . , garey , j . r . , liu , l . x . , scheldeman , p . , vierstraete , a . , vanfleteren , j . r . , mackey , l . y . , dorris , m . , frisse , l . m . , vida , j . t . & thomas , w . k . ( 1998 ) . a molecular evolutionary framework for the phylum nematoda . nature , 392 : 71 - 75 .\nde ley , p . & blaxter , m . l . ( 2002 ) . systematic position and phylogeny . in : d . l . lee ( ed . ) the biology of nematodes . london , taylor and francis , pp . 1 - 30 .\nde ley , p . & blaxter , m . l . ( in press ) . a new system for nematoda : combining morphological characters with molecular trees , and translating clades into ranks and taxa . nematology , - .\nto access this part of the website , please select your country of primary residence from the following list .\nunfortunately , legal restrictions prevent us from allowing you access to this part of the website . if you have any questions , please contact us by e - mail by clicking on the link below .\nyou are not acting as a nominee for , or otherwise for the account or benefit of , any ineligible persons .\nare for use and distribution only by residents of australia or new zealand from within australia or new zealand .\nthey must not be released or distributed in the united states , or in any jurisdiction outside of australia or new zealand where distribution may be restricted by law .\nthe documents on this website do not constitute an offer of securities in the united states or to any person outside australia or new zealand to whom such offer would not be lawful . the securities referred to herein have not been and will not be registered under the u . s . securities act of 1933 , as amended ( the \u201cu . s . securities act\u201d ) or under the securities laws of any state or other jurisdiction of the united states . any securities described in , or sold pursuant to , these documents may not be offered or sold in the united states absent registration under the u . s . securities act or pursuant to an applicable exemption from registration , or to any person outside australia or new zealand to whom such offer or sale would not be lawful .\nyou will not release or distribute a copy of these documents in the united states or in any other place in which , or to any other person to whom , it is unlawful to do so .\nmotion control solutions innovative and user - friendly high - performance , cost - effective and easy - to - use products for motion control . products portfolio includes servo drives and control software compatible with latest industrial protocols such as canopen , ethercat or ethernet / ip .\nour unique building blocks approach combined with our extensive experience in motion control allows us to offer tailored solutions in no time . different production options are possible based on your manufacturing capabilities .\ncookies are very small text files that are stored on your computer when you visit some websites . we use cookies to help identify your computer so we can tailor your user experience . you can disable any cookies already stored on your computer , but these may stop our website from functioning properly .\ncookies are very small text files that are stored on your computer when you visit some websites .\nwe use cookies to help identify your computer so we can tailor your user experience .\nyou can disable any cookies already stored on your computer , but these may stop our website from functioning properly .\nallow you to share pages via add this ( if available ) to view the \u2018add this\u2019 privacy policy or to opt out of any online behavioural advertising , please visit add this and click on the \u2018opt out\u2019 button .\naims to provide stimulating and informative articles across the whole range of engineering disciplines . the magazine is aimed at all those with an interest in engineering , whether they work in business and industry , government , academia or the financial community . complex or technical engineering issues are explained for the non - specialist and confusing jargon is kept to a minimum .\nlearn about how 3d printing is changing dentistry , the evolution of landmine detection , recycling plastic , and research into graphene , a material that is one atom thick but stronger than a diamond .\nthe experience is excellent . \u0003on time delivery has been great . technical support and sales support has been stellar\u2026\nspecifically engineered to enhance your operational efficiency \u2013 improving the handling , quality and eh & s ; 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{"id": 909, "summary": [{"text": "the strabomantidae are a family of frogs native to south america .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "these frogs lack a free-living larval stage and hatch directly into miniature \" froglets \" . ", "topic": 3}], "title": "strabomantidae", "paragraphs": ["amphibia ; strabomantidae ; systematics ; < i > pristimantis < / i > < i > yuruaniensis < / i > < b > sp . < / b > < b > nov . , < / b > venezuela\nwhat little is known of the biology of this family suggests they do not have larval forms and instead are direct developers ; thus they lack a free - living larval stage ( tadpoles ) and hatch as miniature froglets .\nhedges , s . b . , duellman , w . e . , and m . p heinicke . 2008 . new world direct - developing frogs ( anura : terrarana ) : molecular phylogeny , classification , biogeography , and conservation . zootaxa 1737 : 1 - 182 .\nblackburn , d . c . , and d . b . wake . 2011 . class amphibia gray , 1825 . zhang , z . - q . ed . , animal biodiversity : an outline of higher - level classification and survey of taxonomic richness . zootaxa 3148 : 39\u201355 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; no other information is captured .\nin general , only the information that you provide , or the choices you make while visiting a web site , can be stored in a cookie . for example , the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it . allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer , and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\njavascript is disabled for your browser . some features of this site may not work without it .\nstri staff publications [ 3666 ] a collection of scientific publications by stri staff .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nthis work is licensed under the creative commons attribution license ( cc by 4 . 0 )\nnew records of diplomys labilis ( bangs , 1901 ) ( mammalia , rodentia , . . .\nfirst record of boana maculateralis ( caminer & ron , 2014 ) . . .\nfirst record of the bignose unicornfish , naso vlamingii ( perciformes , . . .\nambidexter symmetricus manning & chace , 1971 ( decapoda , processidae ) : . . .\ncheck list is a peer - reviewed , open access , on - line journal devoted to publishing annotated list of species , notes on geographic distribution of one or a few species , and distribution summary of a taxonomic group . these data are essential for studies on biogeography and provide a baseline for the conservation of biodiversity as a whole . the first step to undertaking effective conservation action is to understand species\u2019 geographic distribution . check list was established to cater to this need by publishing papers on the geographic distribution of species and higher taxonomic groups .\ndoaj , scopus , zoological abstracts , ebsco host , and index copernicus . member journal of the brazilian association of science editors ( abec ) and of the committee on publication ethics ( cope ) .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\ndeniz martinez set\nadult pristimantis moro\nas an exemplar on\npristimantis\n.\nc . michael hogan changed the thumbnail image of\npristimantis taeniatus ( banded robber frog )\n.\nc . michael hogan set\npristimantis taeniatus ( banded robber frog )\nas an exemplar on\npristimantis taeniatus ( boulenger , 1912 )\n.\nc . michael hogan marked the classification from\nspecies 2000 & itis catalogue of life : april 2013\nas preferred for\npristimantis taeniatus ( boulenger , 1912 )\n.\ndana campbell added text to\nbrief summary\non\npristimantis danae ( duellman , 1978 )\n.\non a collecting trip to the peruvian andes in february , 1975 , . . .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\ncopyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved\nenter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user\npristimantis yuruaniensis sp . nov . is described from the summit of yuruan\u00ed - tepui , estado bol\u00edvar , eastern venezuela . the new species is easily distinguished from other guianan pristimantis by its rather uniform dorsal coloration , absence of lip , forearm and shank bars , its small tympanum , and its advertisement call . the new species appears to occur on neighboring kuken\u00e1n - tepui as well .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe dorsal surface is generally bright green with some darker brown markings , including vertical bars along the sides of the body and the lip and a dark bar between the eyes . the legs are also barred . the upper portion of the snout is a paler green than the rest of the body .\nthe ventral surface is white . a few dark flecks or blotches may be present on the throat .\na purple spot is present in the groin . the rear surfaces of the thighs are pale brown .\nthe eye is large . the iris is golden , with some black venation in the lower portion .\nspecies description based on boulenger ' s ( 1912 ) description printed in cochran and goin ( 1970 ) . a small frog ( to 27 mm ) .\ndorsal coloration is brown with two dark stripes on either side that extend from the eye to the groin , as well as a second , shorter dark stripe extending from the eye above the longer stripe . individuals also have thin , light middorsal stripe within a broader , dark middorsal stripe . some additional dark vertical bars are present below the eye , and the thighs are barred . the sides are darker brown than the upper surface of the dorsum . the skin of the dorsum is smooth .\npristimantis pardalis especie que se encuentra\ncasi amenazada\n. r\u00edo estrellita - bocas del toro . es una especie nocturna que habita en una vegetaci\u00f3n baja dentro de un denso bosque h\u00famedo premontano y montano . tambi\u00e9n se puede encontrar en h\u00e1bitats de borde del bosque .\nabstract : fieldwork in the cloud forest of venezuela\u2019s remote pen\u00ednsula de paria in 2001 resulted in the collection of several specimens that could unquestionably be classified as members of the genus pristimantis . subsequent analysis of comparative material in museum collections brought the total number of specimens to 44 , and these collectively represent five new species . two of these species , p . geminus sp . nov . and p . nubisilva sp . nov . , have phenotypes remarkably similar to the trinidadian p . urichi , supporting a prediction that pristimantis from easternmost venezuela may have given rise to trinidadian forms . pristimantis hoogmoedi sp . nov . is easily identified by its large size and red eyes . . . . the unexpectedly high\nkaiser , h . , c . l . barrio - amor\u00f3s , et al . 2015 ."]}
{"id": 917, "summary": [{"text": "draco guentheri , commonly known as g\u00fcnther 's flying lizard or guenther 's flying lizard , is a species of agamid \" flying dragon \" endemic to the philippines . ", "topic": 25}], "title": "draco guentheri", "paragraphs": ["draco guentheri boulenger 1885 : 257 draco rizali wandolleck 1900 : 15 draco rizali \u2014 taylor 1922 : 115 draco volans reticulatus \u2014 hennig 1936 ( part . ) draco volans \u2014 inger 1983 : 2 ( part . ) draco reticulatus \u2014 gaulke 1993 draco guentheri \u2014 mcguire & alcala 2000 : 100 draco guentheri \u2014 mcguire & kiew 2001\ndraco lizards , draco lizard pictures , draco lizard facts - - national . . .\nthis species was originally described in 1885 by the belgian - british zoologist george albert boulenger , who named it draco guentheri .\nmcguire ja , alcala ac . 2000 . a taxonomic revision of the flying lizards ( iguania : agamidae : draco ) of the philippine islands , with a description of a new species . herpetological monographs 14 : 81 - 138 . ( draco guentheri , p . 100 ) .\nlittle is known about the natural history of draco guentheri . mcguire and alcala ( 2000 ) found this species in secondary - growth forest and on coconut trees adjacent to forest near the malagos eagle station , mindanao island .\nin 1936 hennig considered this lizard to be part of what he called a subspecies , draco volans reticulatus . in 1993 gaulke raised it to full species status . and most recently , in 2000 , mcguire and alcala once again recognized boulenger ' s original draco guentheri as a valid species .\ndraco rizali and other lesser known facts about rizal | nation , news . . .\ndraco guentheri is known from the islands of basilan , bongao , jolo , mindanao , sanga sanga , siasi , and siminul ( taylor , 1918 , 1922 ; gaulke , 1993 , 1995 ) . the species is known primarily from the zamboanga region of mindanao and from the sulu archipelago .\ndraco guentheri has been observed in sympatry with d . bimaculatus , d . cyanopterus , and d . mindanensis , but is often considered uncommon relative to d . bimaculatus and d . cyanopterus ( mcguire and alcala , 2000 ) . at san roque and cabala , widely spaced localities in the eastern half of mindanao characterized by open coconut groves , d . guentheri was not found ( mcguire and alcala , 2000 ) . taylor ( 1918 , 1922 ) indicated that d . guentheri is the common species of the sulu archipelago and because it has been collected within the confines of the city of zamboanga , it seems likely that the species does occur in open habitats such as coconut groves in the western portion of its range ( text take from mcguire and alcala , 2000 ) .\nherre , albert w . ( 1958 ) .\non the gliding of flying lizards , genus draco\n.\nhennig , w . 1936 . revision der gattung draco ( agamidae ) . temminckia , leiden 1 : 153 - 220\nnota bene : a binomial authority in parentheses indicates that the species was originally described in a genus other than draco .\nhennig , w . ( 1936 ) revision der gattung draco ( agamidae ) . : temminckia , leiden 1 : 153 - 220\nboulenger g . 1885 . catalogue of the lizards in the british museum ( natural history ) . second edition . volume i . geckonid\u00e6 , eublepharid\u00e6 , uroplatid\u00e6 , pygopodid\u00e6 , agamid\u00e6 . london : trustees of the british museum ( natural history ) . ( taylor and francis , printers ) . xii + 436 pp . + plates i - xxxii . ( draco guentheri , pp . 257 - 258 + plate xx , figure 2 ) .\nherre , albert w . ( 1958 ) .\non the gliding of flying lizards , genus draco\n. copeia 1958 ( 4 ) : 338\u2013339 . jstor 1439979 .\nwandolleck , b . ( 1900 ) zur kenntnis der gattung draco l . : abhandlungen und berichte des k\u00f6niglichen zoologischen und anthropologischn - ethnologischen museums zu dresden 9 : 1 - 16\nwandolleck , b . 1900 . zur kenntnis der gattung draco l . abhandlungen und berichte des k\u00f6niglichen zoologischen und anthropologischn - ethnologischen museums zu dresden 9 : 1 - 16 - get paper here\ninger , r . f . ( 1983 ) morphological and ecological variation in the flying lizards ( genus draco ) . : fieldiana : zoology , new ser . 18 : vi , 1 - 35\ninger , r . f . 1983 . morphological and ecological variation in the flying lizards ( genus draco ) . fieldiana : zoology , new ser . 18 : vi , 1 - 35 - get paper here\ninger , robert f . ( 1983 ) . morphological and ecological variation in the flying lizards ( genus draco ) . chicago : field museum of natural history . ( fieldiana zoology , new series , no . 18 ) .\nmcguire , jimmy a . & heang , kiew bong ( 2001 ) phylogenetic systematics of southeast asian flying lizards ( iguania : agamidae : draco ) as inferred from mitochondrial dna sequence data . : biological journal of the linnean society 72 : 203\u2013229\nmcguire , jimmy a . & heang , kiew bong 2001 . phylogenetic systematics of southeast asian flying lizards ( iguania : agamidae : draco ) as inferred from mitochondrial dna sequence data . biological journal of the linnean society 72 : 203\u2013229 - get paper here\nmcguire , j . a . and heang , k . b . 2001 . phylogenetic systematics of southeast asian flying lizards ( iguania : agamidae : draco ) as inferred from mitochondrial dna sequence data . biological journal of the linnean society 72 : 203\u2013229 .\nmcguire , jimmy a . and angel c . alcala ( 2000 ) a taxonomic revision of the flying lizards ( iguania : agamidae : draco ) of the philippine islands , with a description of a new species . : herpetological monographs 14 : 81 - 138\nmcguire , j . a . and alcala , a . c . 2000 . a taxonomic revision of the flying lizards ( iguania : agamidae : draco ) of the philippine islands , with a description of a new species . herpetological monographs : 81 - 138 .\nmcguire , jimmy a . and angel c . alcala 2000 . a taxonomic revision of the flying lizards ( iguania : agamidae : draco ) of the philippine islands , with a description of a new species . herpetological monographs 14 : 81 - 138 - get paper here\nbeolens b , watkins m , grayson m . ( 2011 ) . the eponym dictionary of reptiles . baltimore : johns hopkins university press . xiii + 296 pp . isbn 978 - 1 - 4214 - 0135 - 5 . ( draco beccarii , p . 21 ) .\nbeolens b , watkins m , grayson m . ( 2011 ) . the eponym dictionary of reptiles . baltimore : johns hopkins university press . xiii + 296 pp . isbn 978 - 1 - 4214 - 0135 - 5 . ( draco beccarii , p . 21 ) .\nlinnaeus , c . ( 1758 ) . systema natur\u00e6 per regna tria natur\u00e6 , secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , diferentiis , synonymis , locis . tomus i . editio decima , reformata . stockholm : l . salvius . 824 pp . ( genus draco , p . 199 ) .\nmcguire , j . a . ; dudley , r . ( 2011 ) .\nthe biology of gliding in flying lizards ( genus draco ) and their fossil and extant analogs\n. integrative and comparative biology 51 ( 6 ) : 983\u201390 . doi : 10 . 1093 / icb / icr090 . pmid 21798987 .\ngoin cj , goin ob , zug gr . 1978 . introduction to herpetology , third edition . san francisco : w . h . freeman & company . xi + 378 pp . isbn 0 - 7167 - 0020 - 4 . ( genus draco , pp . 41 , 86 , 112 , 279 , 288 ) .\na phylogenetic framework of relationships among species was generated in 2001 . ongoing research includes biogeographical studies of the radiation , as well as flight mechanics and evolution , and prediction of gliding performance and capabilities of now extinct permian and triassic reptiles that share similar morphological adaptations for flight with the draco lizards ( mcguire and dudley 2011 ; mcguire and heang 2001 ; mcguire and dudley 2005 ) .\nnamed after albert g\u00fcnther ( 1830 - 1914 ) , german - born zoologist at the british museum .\nbeolens , bo ; michael watkins , and michael grayson 2011 . the eponym dictionary of reptiles . johns hopkins university press , baltimore , usa - get paper here\nbeukema , w . 2011 . herpetofauna of disturbed forest fragments on the lower mt . kitanglad rnage , mindanao isand , philippines . salamandra 47 ( 2 ) : 90 - 98 - get paper here\nboulenger , g . a . 1885 . catalogue of the lizards in the british museum ( nat . hist . ) i . geckonidae , eublepharidae , uroplatidae , pygopodidae , agamidae . london : 450 pp . - get paper here\ngaulke m . 1995 . der sulu - archipel - besiedlungsgeschichte , geologie und herpetofauna . natur und museum 125 : 217 - 226\nobst , f . j . 1977 . die herpetologische sammlung des staatlichen museums f\u00fcr tierkunde dresden und ihre typusexemplare . zool . abh . mus . tierk . dresden 34 : 171 - 186 .\ntaylor , e . h . 1922 . the lizards of the philippine islands . department of agriculture and natural resources , bureau of science , government of the philippine islands , manila , publication no . 17 : 269 pp . - get paper here\nthis database is maintained by peter uetz ( database content ) and jakob hallermann , zoological museum hamburg ( new species and updates ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\njustification : listed as least concern since , although its extent of occurrence is possibly less than 20 , 000 km\u00b2 , it is common and adaptable with a presumed large population , and it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category .\nthis species is endemic to the philippines , where it has been recorded from the islands of basilan , bongao , jolo , mindanao ( including atypical specimens from malagos and mount apo ) , sanga - sanga , siasi and simunul ; and is possibly present on the island of tawi - tawi . it ranges from sea level to about 1 , 500 m asl .\nmcguire and alcala ( 2000 ) , report that this species has previously been found to be common in the sulu archipelago , and note that it is likely to remain common in view of its adaptability to modified habitats . it is a very common inhabitant of coconut groves and trees in cultivated areas of the zamboanga peninsula ( m . gaulke pers . obs . 2006 / 2007 ) , and was very common on several visited islands of the sulu - archipeligo at the beginning of 1990s ( m . gaulke pers . comm . 2008 ) . the population of this species may be increasing with the conversion of closed forest to more suitable open habitats .\npopulations of this species have been found in second growth forest and in coconut groves adjacent to secondary forest . it is an oviparous species .\nthere appear to be no major threats to this species . it is possible that some local declines have occurred through the use of pesticides , however , this requires verification .\nthis species has been recorded from the malagos watershed protected area , and may be present in additional protected areas . further taxonomic studies are needed into this species as a whole .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nlisted as least concern since , although its extent of occurrence is possibly less than 20 , 000 km , it is common and adaptable with a presumed large population , and it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category .\nit is found on the islands of basilan , bongao , jolo , mindanao , sanga - sanga , siasi , and simunul .\n, thereby creating a synonym . rizal ' s specimens , subsequently , were destroyed during the\nfadul , jos\u00e9 a . , ed . ( 2007 ) . encyclopedia rizaliana : student edition . lulu . p . 32 . isbn 1430311428 .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nboulenger , g . a . , 1885 : null . catalogue of the lizards in the british museum ( natural history ) , vol . 1 . 436 .\nbeukema , w . ( 2011 ) herpetofauna of disturbed forest fragments on the lower mt . kitanglad rnage , mindanao isand , philippines . : salamandra 47 ( 2 ) : 90 - 98\nboulenger , g . a . ( 1885 ) catalogue of the lizards in the british museum ( nat . hist . ) i . geckonidae , eublepharidae , uroplatidae , pygopodidae , agamidae . : london : 450 pp .\ngaulke m . ( 1993 ) beobachtungen an flugdrachen auf dem sulu - archipel . : salamandra 28 : 251 - 257\ngaulke m . ( 1995 ) der sulu - archipel - besiedlungsgeschichte , geologie und herpetofauna . : natur und museum 125 : 217 - 226\nobst , f . j . ( 1977 ) die herpetologische sammlung des staatlichen museums f\u00fcr tierkunde dresden und ihre typusexemplare . : zool . abh . mus . tierk . dresden 34 : 171 - 186 .\ntaylor , e . h . ( 1922 ) the lizards of the philippine islands . : department of agriculture and natural resources , bureau of science , government of the philippine islands , manila , publication no . 17 : 269 pp .\n- and - other - lesser - known - facts - ab . . .\napogonia rizali ) had been named in honor of him ? that he also held . . .\njose rizal ' s huge correspondence\u2014954 letters to and from him\u2014were published chronologically in six volumes by t . m . kalaw before world . . .\nlizards with pictures , videos , photos , facts , and news from national geographic .\napogania rizali \u2014 it ' s a rare species of beetle with five horns . ri\nwandolleck on the left , rhacophorus rizalli boettger on the right , . . .\ndon ' t be shy . leave a comment below and tell the world what you think .\nif you have an interesting topic that you would like to share with the world go ahead and forward it to submit ( @ ) mycrazyemail . com . and don ' t worry your privacy will always be protected .\nmy crazy email 2018 - ( born on date : march 5 , 2012 ) . simple theme . powered by blogger .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\nflying dragon\nredirects here . for other uses , see flying dragon ( disambiguation ) .\n. the ribs and their connecting membrane may be extended to create a wing , the hindlimbs are flattened and wing - like in cross - section , and a small set of flaps on the neck serve as a horizontal stabilizers .\n. while not capable of powered flight they often obtain lift in the course of their gliding flights . glides as long as\n. she descends the tree she is on and makes a nest hole by forcing her head into the soil . she then lays 2\u20135 eggs before filling the hole . she guards the eggs for approximately 24 hours , but then leaves and has nothing more to do with her offspring .\nlinnaeus derived the name of this genus from the latin term for mythological dragons .\npiper , ross ( 2007 ) , extraordinary animals : an encyclopedia of curious and unusual animals , greenwood press .\n. san francisco : w . h . freeman & company . xi + 378 pp . isbn 0 - 7167 - 0020 - 4 . ( genus\nsystema natur\u00e6 per regna tria natur\u00e6 , secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , diferentiis , synonymis , locis . tomus i . editio decima , reformata .\nthis article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 11 / 23 / 2016 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .\n. while not capable of powered flight they often obtain lift in the course of their gliding flights . glides as long as 60 m ( 200 ft ) have been recorded , over which the animal loses only 10 m ( 33 ft ) in height , which is quite some distance , considering that one of these lizards is only around 20 cm ( 7 . 9 in ) in total length ( tail included ) .\n1 . forest - > 1 . 6 . forest - subtropical / tropical moist lowland suitability : suitable 1 . forest - > 1 . 9 . forest - subtropical / tropical moist montane suitability : suitable 14 . artificial / terrestrial - > 14 . 3 . artificial / terrestrial - plantations suitability : suitable 14 . artificial / terrestrial - > 14 . 4 . artificial / terrestrial - rural gardens suitability : unknown\n2 . land / water management - > 2 . 1 . site / area management\n1 . research - > 1 . 1 . taxonomy 1 . research - > 1 . 2 . population size , distribution & trends 1 . research - > 1 . 5 . threats\ngaulke , m . 1993 . beobachtungen an flugdrachen auf dem sulu - archipel . salamandra 28 ( 3 / 4 ) : 251 - 257 .\ngaulke , m . 1995 . der sulu - archipel - besiedlungsgeschichte , geologie und herpetofauna . natur and museum 125 ( 7 ) : 217 - 226 .\niucn . 2009 . iucn red list of threatened species ( ver . 2009 . 2 ) . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 3 november 2009 ) .\ntaylor , e . h . 1922 . the lizards of the philippine islands . philippines bureau of science publication 17 : 1 - 269 ."]}
{"id": 941, "summary": [{"text": "tutufa bufo , common name the red-mouth frog shell , is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family bursidae , the frog shells . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "tutufa bufo", "paragraphs": ["tutufa ( tutufa ) tenuigranosa ( e . a . smith , 1914 ) - overview\ntutufa ( tutufa ) lissostoma smith , e . a . , 1914 : indo - pacific\n( of tutufa ( tutufa ) bufo ( r\u00f6ding , 1798 ) ) beu , a . ( 2010 ) . catalogue of tonnoidea . pers . comm . [ details ]\nawesome free customizable tutufa bufo templates for your websites & social media . it is dynamic , yet organized with new templates added regularly .\n( of tutufa ( tutufa ) bufo ( r\u00f6ding , 1798 ) ) liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nbursa ( tutufa ) rubeta var . lissostoma e . a . smith , 1914 ( synonym )\n( of tritonium bufo r\u00f6ding , 1798 ) beu , a . ( 2010 ) . catalogue of tonnoidea . pers . comm . [ details ]\n( of tutufa robusta cossignani , 2009 ) cossignani ( 2009 ) . malacologia mostra mondiale 63 ( 2 ) : 27 [ details ]\n( of tutufa ( tutufa ) bufo ( r\u00f6ding , 1798 ) ) spencer , h . g . , marshall , b . a . & willan , r . c . ( 2009 ) . checklist of new zealand living mollusca . pp 196 - 219 . in : gordon , d . p . ( ed . ) new zealand inventory of biodiversity . volume one . kingdom animalia : radiata , lophotrochozoa , deuterostomia . canterbury university press , christchurch . [ details ]\n( of tutufa robusta cossignani , 2009 ) beu , a . ( 2010 ) . catalogue of tonnoidea . pers . comm . [ details ]\n( of bursa ( tutufa ) rubeta var . lissostoma e . a . smith , 1914 ) beu , a . ( 2010 ) . catalogue of tonnoidea . pers . comm . [ details ]\nbeu , a . g . 1980 : australian gastropods of the family bursidae : part 1 - the families of tonnacea , the genera of bursidae , and revision of species previously assigned to tutufa jousseaume , 1881 , records of the australian museum , 33 ( 1 ) ( p . 272 )\nbeu , a . ( 2010 ) . catalogue of tonnoidea . pers . comm . [ details ]\nliu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nspencer , h . g . , marshall , b . a . & willan , r . c . ( 2009 ) . checklist of new zealand living mollusca . pp 196 - 219 . in : gordon , d . p . ( ed . ) new zealand inventory of biodiversity . volume one . kingdom animalia : radiata , lophotrochozoa , deuterostomia . canterbury university press , christchurch . [ details ]\n( of bursa lissostoma e . a . smith , 1914 ) lee , s . - c . & chao , s . - m . 2003 . shallow - water marine shells from northeastern taiwan . collection and research 16 : 29 - 59 . [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nversion 43 . 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed . my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .\ndescription : shell solid and heavy , with varices every two - thirds of whorl . single spiral row of large , pointed nodules at centre of spire whorls ; up to three weaker rows below on body whorl , expanding into coarse ribs on the outer lip . columella smooth , sometimes with a few weak plicae anteriorly . columellar shield expanded , thin , smooth . outer lip of aperture flaring , with 10 denticles internally , sometimes extending as lirae to outer edge . anterior and posterior canals well developed , posterior the shorter . exterior colour white or fawn ; columellar shield and outer lip white or pink , deep interior white , columella and interior of outer lip orange .\ndistribution : indo - west pacific ; in australia , cape naturaliste , wa , to bermagui , nsw .\nhabitat : subtidal , down to about 150 m . specimens have been taken by scuba diver off cronulla in 25 - 27 m . uncommon in nsw .\nfigs . 1 , 2 : off port macquarie , nsw ( c . 106119 )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nshells for sale , shells online \u00ab shells for sale , conchology , inc .\nthe star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :\nwe want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only , as we handle very few foreign shells in general . as time goes , the system will become more and more performant .\nenter your email address and we will send you an email with your username and password .\ne - mail jecilia sisican if you do not receive your email with your username and password .\nclick on an image to view all the information : family , species , author , date , and full locality .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 0 . 324 seconds . )\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : e53a838b - 017c - 44be - 863c - 405ef27be5cc\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : b3886f0a - 399e - 4906 - 9298 - f62184fb6688\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 536917\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nthe symbols k . a . c . f . m . an . are used to indicate the geographical range of the species . they have been adopted to give an approxomation of the range of each species within new zealand .\nbrook , f . j . , marshall , b . a . 1998 : the coastal molluscan fauna of the northern kermadec islands , southwest pacific ocean , journal of the royal society of new zealand , 28 ( p . 221 )\nbeu , a . g . 1998 : indo - west pacific ranellidae , bursidae and personidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) : a monograph of the new caledonian fauna and revisions of related taxa , m\u00e9moires du mus\u00e9um national d ' histoire naturelle , 178 ( p . 174 )\npowell , a . w . b . 1979 : new zealand mollusca : marine , land and freshwater shells , collins , auckland ( p . 168 )\nnote : localities are approximate , and represent only some of the known localities for the species .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\n[ r\u00f6ding , p . f . ] [ 1798 ] . museum boltenianum sive catalogus cimeliorum e tribus regnis natur\u00e6 qu\u00e6 olim collegerat joa . fried bolten , m . d . p . d . per xl . annos proto physicus hamburgensis . pars secunda continens conchylia sive testacea univalvia , bivalvia & multivalvia . - pp . [ 1 - 3 ] , [ 1 - 8 ] , 1 - 199 . hamburgi . ( trapp ) .\nyou will be directed to the entry page of the digitized work . go to the page you need in the navigation system there .\nerroneously listed for j . f . bolten in sherborn , 1902 but the reference was an\nanonymously published\nwork that is to be attributed to r\u00f6ding , 1798 .\nthe basic data of this taxon were not entered consulting the original description , but from secondary sources .\nthis amount includes applicable customs duties , taxes , brokerage and other fees . this amount is subject to change until you make payment . for additional information , see the global shipping program terms and conditions - opens in a new window or tab\nthis amount includes applicable customs duties , taxes , brokerage and other fees . this amount is subject to change until you make payment . if you reside in an eu member state besides uk , import vat on this purchase is not recoverable . for additional information , see the global shipping program terms and conditions - opens in a new window or tab\ndelivery time is estimated using our proprietary method which is based on the buyer ' s proximity to the item location , the shipping service selected , the seller ' s shipping history , and other factors . delivery times may vary , especially during peak periods .\nany international shipping and import charges are paid in part to pitney bowes inc . learn more - opens in a new window or tab\ninternational shipping and import charges paid to pitney bowes inc . learn more - opens in a new window or tab\ninternational shipping paid to pitney bowes inc . learn more - opens in a new window or tab\nany international shipping is paid in part to pitney bowes inc . learn more - opens in a new window or tab\nan item that has been used previously . see the seller\u2019s listing for full details and description of\nthis item will be shipped through the global shipping program and includes international tracking . learn more - opens in a new window or tab\nthere are 9 items available . please enter a number less than or equal to 9 .\n* estimated delivery dates - opens in a new window or tab include seller ' s handling time , origin zip code , destination zip code and time of acceptance and will depend on shipping service selected and receipt of cleared payment - opens in a new window or tab . delivery times may vary , especially during peak periods .\nqualifying purchases could enjoy no interest if paid in full in 6 months on purchases of $ 99 or more . other offers may also be available .\ninterest will be charged to your account from the purchase date if the balance is not paid in full within 6 months . minimum monthly payments are required . subject to credit approval . see terms - opens in a new window or tab\ncopyright \u00a9 1995 - 2018 ebay inc . all rights reserved . accessibility , user agreement , privacy , cookies and adchoice\n, select family and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in sealifebase for the family .\n, select country and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in sealifebase for the country .\n, select ecosystem and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in sealifebase for the ecosystem .\ncfm script by , 30 . 11 . 04 , , php script by , 05 / 11 / 2010 , last modified by kbanasihan , 06 / 28 / 2010\nin continuing your browsing of this site , you accept the use of cookies to offer you suitable content and services and realize visits statistics . learn more about cookies .\nwarning : the data available reflects the progression status of knowledge or the availability of the inventories . it should never be considered as comprehensive .\nnational inventory of natural heritage , website : https : / / inpn . mnhn . fr ."]}
{"id": 942, "summary": [{"text": "sugitaniella is a genus of moths belonging to the subfamily thyatirinae .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it contains only one species , sugitaniella kuramana , which is found in japan ( honshu ) . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "sugitaniella", "paragraphs": ["this is the place for sugitaniella definition . you find here sugitaniella meaning , synonyms of sugitaniella and images for sugitaniella copyright 2017 \u00a9 urltoken\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word sugitaniella . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word sugitaniella and , of course , sugitaniella synonyms and on the right images related to the word sugitaniella .\nhave a fact about sugitaniella kuramana ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for sugitaniella kuramana ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnb : the taxon name search is for single names only . for example , to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren , 1904 you should enter flammata only .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nnomenclator zoologicus . a list of the names of genera and subgenera in zoology from the tenth edition of linnaeus , 1758 to the end of 2004 . digitised by ubio from vols . 1 - 9 of neave ( ed . ) , 1939 - 1996 plus supplementary digital - only volume . urltoken ( as at 2006 ) .\nthe source code for the wiki 2 extension is being checked by specialists of the mozilla foundation , google , and apple . you could also do it yourself at any point in time .\nwould you like wikipedia to always look as professional and up - to - date ? we have created a browser extension .\nit will enhance any encyclopedic page you visit with the magic of the wiki 2 technology .\ni use wiki 2 every day and almost forgot how the original wikipedia looks like .\nof perfecting techniques ; in live mode . quite the same wikipedia . just better .\nbasis of this page is in wikipedia . text is available under the cc by - sa 3 . 0 unported license . non - text media are available under their specified licenses . wikipedia\u00ae is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation , inc . wiki 2 is an independent company and has no affiliation with wikimedia foundation .\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\ncopyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved\nenter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user"]}
{"id": 945, "summary": [{"text": "tonalist ( foaled february 11 , 2011 ) is an american thoroughbred racehorse best known for winning the 2014 belmont stakes , beating the favored california chrome , who was attempting to win the triple crown .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "tonalist won the peter pan stakes in may 2014 .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "he is the first horse since a.p. indy in 1992 to win the peter pan/belmont double .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "later in the year he defeated older horses to win the jockey club gold cup . ", "topic": 14}], "title": "tonalist", "paragraphs": ["commissioner finished a head behind tonalist in second , while medal count finished a length away in third . tonalist\u2019s winning time was 2 minutes , 28 . 52 seconds\ncalifornia chrome falls short in bid for triple crown , finishing fourth behind winner tonalist .\ntonalist worked five furlongs the same day , getting five furlongs in 1 : 00 1 / 5 .\ntonalist will stand his debut season for $ 40 , 000 at lane ' s end in kentucky .\ntonalist , left , riddent by joel rosario , edges out commissioner with javier castellano at the finish line .\ntonalist ( left ) gets up to win the belmont over commissioner with medal count ( background ) third .\nhe certainly wasn\u2019t ignored because of looks . tonalist is a majestic animal on a track full of them .\n\u201ctonalist is a beast , \u201d said gary stevens , the jockey who has won with bayern , another intriguing classic pick . \u201cif tonalist runs the way he did that day at belmont , nobody will beat him . \u201d\nwe love the new picture at belmont park of @ tonalist . he ' s keeping an eye on us urltoken\ntonalist , who came in at 12 / 1 , upset california chrome ' s quest for history on saturday .\nfour - time grade 1 winner tonalist has been retired and will stand the 2016 season at lane\u2019s end farm .\ninitially , there were a number of reasons why tonalist would win , as i pointed out in a column last friday where i picked tonalist to win . with an excellent win at belmont in the peter pan , tactical speed and top jockey joel rosario in the irons , tonalist certainly was a horse who figured to have a good chance .\nplenty of @ tonalist options for # favoritephotosof15 but rather like simplicity of following rest of set into am sun . urltoken\nso important that certain winners \u2014 shared belief , california chrome and tonalist \u2014 would be horse of the year frontrunners .\n@ tonalist look at those legs ! ! next yr will be exciting when his foals arrive . # tonalisttuesday # lanesend urltoken\ntonalist was among the horses considered to be california chrome ' s biggest threats , along with ride on curlin and commanding curve .\ntonalist , whose broodmare sire is pleasant colony , was the first starter in a triple crown race owned by evans , 70 .\ncampaigned by owner evans and trainer clement , tonalist recorded seven wins in 16 starts and earned $ 3 , 647 , 000 .\ncalifornia chrome , center , is flanked by wicked strong , left , and tonalist , right , as they run down the backstretch .\n\u201ctapit is the most important stallion in america and tonalist is his best son\u201d said will farish . \u201ctonalist is his only g1 winning son at a mile and a quarter , from a tremendous female family . he\u2019s exactly the kind of stallion we want to stand . \u201d\nrobert\nshel\nevans leads tonalist into the winner ' s circle after the colt , who he purchased privately as a yearling , won the belmont stakes on june 7 . tonalist is a grandson of pleasant colony , who was bred and raced by evans ' father .\nthe time for the 12 furlongs in the $ 1 . 5 million event was 2 : 28 . 52 . tonalist , a son of\nowner of tonalist , robert s . evans , is presented with the trophy from new york gov . andrew cuomo after winning the race .\nno . 3 most accomplished colt of all time from the preeminent a . p . indy sire line , behind only california chrome & tonalist\ntonalist is hardly a true underdog , but the belmont winner may once again upset the favorite at santa anita . starting wide from the no . 11 post , tonalist will be able to play to his strengths and trail the field before kicking up for a strong closing finish .\nthe photo finish for tonalist was a thriller . coming out of the first turn in last , tonalist burst through with a brilliant effort , clocking a 1 : 37 : 14 time as he stretched out ahead of stable mate , red vine . with odds of 2 / 1 , tonalist was the second - favourite behind private zone , who entered the race as the defending champion and the preferred choice of the oddsmakers .\ntonalist\u2019s dam is by pleasant colony , who came up short to finish third in the belmont in 1981 on his way to eclipse champion 3yo colt honors . pleasant colony was bred and raced by buckland farm , helmed by thomas mellon evans , whose son robert \u201cshel\u201d evans owns tonalist .\nit was a warm 50 degrees yesterday , & new addition tonalist ( tapit ) seemed to enjoy the sun as much as we did . urltoken\nwhat made you want to look up tonalist ? please tell us where you read or heard it ( including the quote , if possible ) .\ntonalist won the 146th belmont stakes saturday , denying the heavily favored california chrome his chance to become the first triple crown winner in 36 years .\ntonalist covered the mile and a half in 2 : 28 . 52 and returned $ 20 . 40 to win on a $ 2 bet .\n\u201cwe\u2019re in the business of classic thoroughbreds , and [ tonalist ] certainly fits our program , \u201d lane\u2019s end\u2019s bill farish said . \u201ca . p . indy , lemon drop kid , union rags won races like the belmont and gold cup , and we are confident tonalist will continue that success . \u201d\nneither tonalist nor commissioner ran in the derby or preakness . medal count , the third - place finisher , didn ' t run in the preakness .\ncalifornia chrome ' s bid to win the triple crown came up short , with tonalist winning the belmont stakes . re - live the race now .\nhe didn\u2019t exactly smoke the competition , but an astounding burst down the home stretch allowed tonalist to submit a wild climax in a strangely paced race .\ntonalist , a strapping bay colt , spent much of the first 14 months of his life at woodslane farm in fauquier county , va . , where owners rene and lauren woolcott bred their mare settling mist to the sire tapit . tonalist was sold as a yearling to robert evans , the owner of courtland farm in easton , md . , who kept tonalist in maryland for about a month before sending him to new york - based trainer cristophe clement .\nfor the 37th consecutive year , there will be no triple crown winner . for bettors that put their money on tonalist , that ' s good news .\nrichard mellon evans owned pleasant colony , and richard s . evans , his son , bought tonalist after nobody else did at the fasig - tipton sales .\nin the peter pan , tonalist will have the opportunity june 7 to capture the triple crown race that eluded his maternal grandsire while carrying robert evans ' colors .\ntonalist ' s most recent work was sat at belmont . simon -\nlooks in great order , really developing the 2nd half of the year\n# tvgworks\ncalifornia chrome ' s bid to complete racing ' s elusive triple crown ended in disappointment when he finished fourth behind tonalist in the belmont stakes saturday . ( reuters )\nwith an impressive end to his 2015 campaign , the four - year old tonalist is a strong candidate to return for a season as a five - year old .\ntonalist becomes the third belmont stakes winner on the active lane\u2019s end roster , joining lemon drop kid ( 1999 ) and union rags ( 2012 ) . the farm\u2019s flagship sire is the pensioned horse of the year and two - time leading general sire a . p . indy , winner of the 1992 belmont and tonalist\u2019s paternal great - grandsire .\njoel rosario poses for photos atop tonalist after winning the 146th running of the belmont stakes horse race , saturday , june 7 , 2014 , in elmont , new york .\nfrom the pleasant colony mare , settling mist , tonalist descends from the immediate female family of multiple grade 1 winner riskaverse and horse of the year , havre de grace .\ntonalist \u2013 after two second - place finishes , tonalist will be trying to get back to his winning ways at saratoga , away from his home base of belmont park at which all but one of his wins have come . the son of tapit is focusing on the whitney as a rematch with honor code , the horse who denied him in the met mile .\none of three thoroughbreds to beat california chrome in a triple crown race this year was tonalist , who won the belmont stakes ahead of second - place commissioner and third - place medal count . tonalist also won the grade 2 peter pan stakes and the grade 1 gold cup stakes on the way to qualifying for the breeders ' cup classic , where he finished fifth .\n\u201che\u2019s just kind of a big horse , \u201d rosario said of tonalist , \u201cand he has one long stride . he just grinds it , and he keeps on going and going . \u201d\npresumably , coburn has some understanding of the horse business . tonalist was on the kentucky derby trail and was going to race in the wood memorial , the new york prep for the derby .\ntonalist improved his record to 5 - 2 - 1 from 10 career starts and pushed his earnings to just more than $ 2 million with the $ 90 , 000 winner ' s share .\nit would be the win pleasant colony didn ' t get ,\nsaid evans . the veteran horseman admitted that if tonalist didn ' t win , however , he would be rooting for\npiloted by junior alvarado , effinex defeated some staunch competition , including a winner of multiple grade 1 races in tonalist , mylute , neck ' n neck and the big brown colt coach inge .\nindeed , for a second or two at the top of the stretch when california chrome looked like he might join the fray , tonalist seemed to hang just a touch , but then he came on again to nail a dead game commissioner at the wire . i think with a better trip tonalist would have been an easy winner , but he got there first and that\u2019s all that matters .\nout of settling mist , tonalist had stamped himself as one of the most impressive individuals raised at the sweezeys ' timber town stable near lexington but had hit a major growth spurt before the sale .\ntonalist , who entered the 146th running of the belmont stakes with 12 - 1 odds , upset race favorite california chrome , demolishing any chance for the first triple crown winner since affirmed in 1978 .\ntonalist was wearing blinkers until the gold cup . \u201cmy mistake , \u201d clement said . \u201cwhen we took them off , he was less aggressive and he was able to stay out of trouble . \u201d\nsince the belmont victory , tonalist has finished in the top three in each of his three starts , including a win at the grade 1 jockey club gold cup stakes in his last start . tonalist will close strong , and if the pace set ( by bayern and / or moreno ) is too strong to start , he stands an excellent chance of usurping the field at the finish line .\nin response , robert evans , tonalist\u2019s owner , chose diplomacy over confrontation . when asked what his thoughts on coburn\u2019s comments were , he replied : \u2018i don\u2019t think i have a comment on that . \u201d\ntonalist also won the grade 2 peter pan stakes and grade 3 westchester , and placed in five other graded stakes , three of those grade 1 events . he bankrolled $ 3 , 647 , 000 .\ntonalist , ridden by joel rosario , races to the finish line en route to winning the 146th running of the belmont stakes at belmont park on june 7 , 2014 , in elmont , new york .\ntonalist paid out $ 6 . 40 , $ 3 . 70 and $ 2 . 70 while clement earned his 100th victory of the 2015 season as well thanks to a remarkable 2015 cigar mile win .\nhis most recent showing was a third - place finish behind tonalist and wicked strong in the gold cup , but his first - place effort in the grade 2 suburban shows the potential this horse possesses .\nwith the win , tonalist will now enjoy a rest though there are no set plans for the graded stakes winner who claimed the peter pan stakes , jockey club gold cup and belmont stakes in 2014 . he repeated at the jockey club gold cup this season , while also crossing first at the westchester handicap . tonalist has undoubtedly earned a long rest , but there are no stud plans for the well known runner .\n( the eventual winner of the grade i besilu stables florida derby ) in an allowance optional claiming contest at the south florida oval . an illness prevented tonalist from competing in the april 5 urltoken wood memorial ( gr . i ) , which in turn kept him from earning a slot in the kentucky derby starting gate . when tonalist ' s health improved , the peter pan was targeted with an eye toward the belmont .\ntonalist , a bay colt by tapit , was making his fifth career start and was coming off a four - length victory in the may 10 peter pan stakes . he was bred in kentucky by woodslane farm .\ntonalist returned victorious to belmont in the fall , capturing the jockey club gold cup ( g1 ) by 1 \u00be lengths over a packed field featuring current or future grade 1 winners and v . e . day .\ncarrying 8 - 1 odds , tonalist paid $ 20 . 40 , $ 9 . 60 and $ 7 . commissioner paid $ 23 . 20 and $ 3 . 20 and medal count paid $ 13 . 20 .\n, tonalist , and california chrome , who took a position inside behind the leaders . the early fractions were mild ; : 24 . 06 for the opening quarter - mile and : 48 . 52 for the half .\ntonalist will stand for $ 40 , 000 lfsn and will be available for inspection at lane\u2019s end by appointment . please call chance timm , jill mccully or levana capria for more information at 859 - 873 - 7300 .\nsomebody ( or a few people ) bet something in the neighborhood of a few hundred thousand to win on tonalist just before post time . that\u2019s the only way a horse could drop that much right before the bell rings .\nhe also took aim at the connections of horses that skip the kentucky derby and preakness stakes in order to arrive at belmont with a full tank of gas \u2013 as was the case with tonalist , trained by christophe clement .\ncoming from off the lead , as was his wont , tonalist surged to win the belmont by a head , once again over commissioner , to end eventual two - time horse of the year california chrome\u2019s triple crown bid .\nbut he was monstrous in this long race . three , four and even five horses wide throughout the first turn , tonalist never got near the rail to save ground the entire race . three and even four wide around that long , sweeping second turn ( remember , belmont is the only track in the country that is one lap for a mile - and - a - half ) , tonalist had every reason to quit when he turned for home .\ntonalist was 9 - to - 1 at the belmont and edged commissioner at the wire . he was 5 - to - 1 on friday for saturday\u2019s breeders\u2019 cup classic , the third choice behind undefeated shared belief and california chrome .\ninstead , tonalist , who didn ' t compete in the kentucky derby or preakness stakes , held off commissioner at the finish to win by a head . medal count finished third , and california chrome and wicked strong tied for fourth .\nrosario then snapped california chrome ' s bid for the 2014 triple crown with a triumph at the preakness stakes aboard tonalist . with a similar horse name , he will get the mount for tourist amid a highly competitive field of 10 .\ncommissioner maintained the lead through six furlongs in 1 : 12 . 84 as tonalist and general a rod swapped positions just behind . jockey victor espinoza then was forced to go around the leaders through one mile in 1 : 37 . 13 .\n. the piece is a classic zwara gouache \u2013 the white river , a bridge , reflections on the water , tonalist background . all to good effect and the bonus of semi - prominent indianapolis subject matter . \u2013curt churchman , fine estate art\nbut clement was not surprised . tonalist is the grandson of pleasant colony , which won the first two legs of the crown in 1981 . that horse was trained by johnny campo , who was approached by abc\u2019s jim mckay after the derby .\nrenowned trainer thomas clement doubled down by running tonalist and red vine in the 2015 cigar mile . the gamble paid off big time . the victory bags clement his first win at the cigar mile , held at the aquaduct in new york .\ninstead of a historic win by their favorite , the huge crowd at belmont park in elmont , new york , witnessed a dramatic finish in which tonalist , ridden by joel rosario , overtook commissioner in his last strides to win by a head .\nevans and trainer christophe clement both declined comment on coburn\u2019s declaration following the belmont that fresh horses , such as tonalist , should not be allowed to start in the final two legs of the triple crown if they did not start in the derby .\nlargely because of the pleasant colony tie , evans decided to purchase tonalist privately from his breeders , rene and lauren woolcott of woodslane farm , after the colt failed to meet his reserve and was bought back for $ 195 , 000 at saratoga .\ntonalist , no . 11 ridden by joel rosario , races to the finish line en route to winning the 146th running of the belmont stakes at belmont park on june 7 in elmont , n . y . ( al bello / getty images )\nbut tonalist got sick with a lung infection and was unable to make the wood , and his intelligent trainer , christophe clement , instead decided to back off and get him healthy and into a good prep race , the peter pan , at belmont .\nin november , tonalist now holds a perfect 4 - for - 4 record in races at belmont , including the belmont stakes , the jockey club gold cup stakes ( gr . i ) , and the peter pan stakes ( gr . ii ) .\ntonalist crosses the finish line to win the belmont stakes on june 7 in elmont , new york . california chrome , far left , was bidding to become the first triple crown winner since 1978 , but instead finished in a dead heat for fourth .\nthe woolcotts were left scratching their heads when he failed to meet his reserve , but luckily tonalist had caught the eye of evans . after his private purchase the colt was sent to be broken by bill harrigan at miacomet farm near georgetown , ky .\nalthough evans will make the call , clement seems to think tonalist will run next year . a win for california chrome probably will keep him running , too . that\u2019s welcome in a sport plagued by early retirements , thanks to the lucrative breeding business .\nthe younger evans spoke with daily racing form shortly after tonalist\u2019s belmont victory . \u201cit was quiet after he didn\u2019t win , \u201d he remarked about pleasant colony\u2019s placing in the belmont . of tonalist , he added , \u201che\u2019s 17 hands , a great big boy , sort of like his grandfather\u2026 i\u2019ve been in the game a long time , and i know you have to be patient , take care of the horse , and that\u2019s what we [ evans and trainer christophe clement ] did\u2026 christophe had him just right . \u201d\nthe long - bodied tonalist was slow to develop , making just one start as a juvenile . he was briefly considered for the kentucky derby trail before a lung infection and a foot issue caused him to miss the wood memorial in april . the colt subsequently earned his place in the belmont with a four - length victory may 10 over commissioner in the grade 2 peter pan stakes at belmont . evans praised the patience of clement \u2013 who also was winning his first classic \u2013 in getting tonalist to the starting gate .\nbill farish continued , \u201cwe\u2019re in the business of classic thoroughbreds and he certainly fits our program . a . p . indy , lemon drop kid , union rags won races like the belmont and gold cup and we are confident tonalist will continue that success . \u201d\neffinex settled a bit around the 3 / 4 - mile mark and kicked out two wide to get away from the fading street babe . from there , effinex was able to reel in coach inge while also managing to hold off a hard - charging tonalist .\ntonalist was bred by rene and lauren woolcott , whose 240 - acre woodslane farm near the plains , va . originally into steeplechasing , they got involved with thoroughbreds in 2006 and they purchased settling mist at the 2007 keeneland november sale through agent patrick lawley - wakelin .\na lung infection kept tonalist out of the kentucky derby and preakness . that was pointed out , angrily , by steve coburn , co - owner of california chrome , who said it was the \u201ccoward\u2019s way out\u201d to ambush the favorites at the end of the trail .\nwhile the focus saturday evening at belmont was correctly on california chrome as he attempted to become the first triple crown winner since affirmed in 1978 , it was tonalist who ran an unbelievable mile - and - a - half race to just beat out a dead game commissioner .\ntonalist , who broke from the outside 11 post , came into the belmont off an impressive four - length victory over the track in the peter pan stakes ( gr . ii ) may 10 in just his fourth career start . the belmont winner is trained by christophe clement .\ncongratulations to the connections of all of fasig - tipton\u2019s 2015 eclipse award - winning sales graduates and nominees , including : american pharoah , stellar wind , tepin , nyquist , songbird , tonalist , stopchargingmaria , airoforce , dortmund , rock fall , wavell avenue , and stephanie\u2019s kitten .\na newcomer to the triple crown series , tonalist broke his maiden in january of his three - year - old season and captured the peter pan s . ( g2 ) by 4 lengths over future graded stakes winner commissioner on may 10 prior to his start in the belmont .\nand there several runners with a chance as they turned for home through 10 furlongs in 2 : 02 . 43 . commissioner , after opening a clear advantage , held resolute along the rail and was caught in the final few jumps by tonalist , who was ridden by joel rosario .\ntonalist , whose four grade 1 victories were highlighted by the 2014 belmont stakes , has been retired and will stand the 2016 season at lane ' s end in versailles , ky . the son of reigning leading sire tapit will stand for $ 40 , 000 in his initial season .\ntonalist was a kentucky derby candidate but had to miss the may 3 classic at churchill downs because of a brief illness . the victory was the first in a triple crown event for clement , a new york - based frenchman heretofore best known for his prowess with older turf horses .\nit\u2019s the biggest question facing handicappers heading into the breeders\u2019 cup classic , as none of three - year - olds\u2014triple crown champion american pharoah , his travers foil keen ice , and familiar foe frosted\u2014have faced older horses . last year , wins by then - three - year - olds shared belief in the pacific classic and tonalist in the jockey club gold cup portended a strong hand from that age group , and they delivered on that promise by sweeping the superfecta with bayern winning , toast of new york second , california chrome third , shared belief fourth , and tonalist fifth .\ntonalist ' s owner , robert s . evans , had indicated immediately after the cigar mile that the son of tapit would stay in training at age 5 , but a deal was worked out with lane ' s end to bring him to stud immediately rather than having him race next year .\nbeholder\u2019s scratch threw me for a little bit of a loop , but part of the reason i liked her was that i preferred the elders to the three - year - olds , and i thought she was the best of that group , and now i feel that tonalist is the best .\njockey victor espinoza settled california chrome , the 5 / 4 favorite , behind the heels of the initial leader , commissioner , as the field trundled along at a moderate pace . along the backstretch , tonalist and general a rod joined commissioner to form a wall of horses in front of california chome .\ncarrying evans\u2019s colors , the lightly raced tonalist edged commissioner by a head to win the belmont stakes as california chrome finished in a dead heat for fourth , joining pleasant colony among the 13 horses since affirmed in 1978 to win the kentucky derby and preakness stakes but fall short of the triple crown .\nhe was going easy ,\nrosario said of tonalist .\ni didn ' t want to be too far behind . when i got to the three - eighths pole i was a little confident . i was worried a little bit turning for home , but he started picking them up .\ntwo horses that should not get the benefit of the doubt for their breeders ' cup classic losses are tonalist , whose championship aspirations ended with his fifth - place finish , and california chrome , who was a no - excuse third to bayern and lost for a second time in three meetings against that rival .\ntonalist ( usa ) b . c , 2011 { 3 - l } dp = 5 - 17 - 18 - 1 - 1 ( 42 ) di = 2 . 82 cd = 0 . 57 - 16 starts , 7 wins , 4 places , 2 shows career earnings : $ 3 , 697 , 000\nby the way , tonalist took an incredible amount of \u201clate\u201d money at the belmont . while his morning line was 8 - 1 , when he was 15 - 1 earlier on belmont day , some \u201cexperts\u201d actually suggested that he couldn\u2019t win because he wasn\u2019t being bet . if you understand the game , you know that\u2019s an absurdity on belmont day . in fact , he held at 11 - 1 for about an hour before post . but when the race was over , tonalist had been hit from 11 - 1 to a low 9 - 1 ( $ 20 . 40 ) , an astounding drop given the handle on the belmont .\ntonalist is out of the winning pleasant colony mare settling mist , whose four stakes - producing half - sisters include the dams of horse of the year havre de grace and grade 1 winner riskaverse . it is the family of leading sire raja baba , champion plugged nickle , and grade 1 winners sauce boat and christiecat .\nthose words were gentler than those of steve coburn , who co - owns the colt with perry martin . coburn assailed tonalist for not competing in the triple crown ' s first two legs . instead of facing fresh horses in the belmont , coburn believes only those who start the kentucky derby should be eligible for the belmont .\n2015 cigar mile results 1 . tonalist ( 2 / 1 ) 2 . red vine ( 8 / 1 ) 3 . matrooh ( 6 / 1 ) 4 . mshawish ( 10 / 1 ) 5 . private zone ( 6 / 5 ) 6 . full of mine ( 99 / 1 ) - marking ( scratched )\ncalifornia chrome , the kentucky derby and preakness champion , was valiant in the role of history , but in the end he was no match for the spoiler , portrayed to perfection on saturday by tonalist , who ran the flawless sort of the race , with the same finishing kick , that chrome had run in louisville and baltimore .\ncathy sweezey ( of consignor sweezey and partners ) kept dragging me over to see tonalist ( at the sale ) ,\nevans said .\nshe took him out of the stall and told me he was the best horse she ' d ever been around ; she loved him , and i had to buy him .\ntonalist # 11 , ridden by joel rosario , races to the finish line en route to winning the 146th running of the belmont stakes at belmont park on june 7 , 2014 in elmont , new york . california chrome # 2 tied for fourth in his bid for the triple crown . ( photo by al bello / getty images ) tonalist # 11 , ridden by joel rosario , races to the finish line en route to winning the 146th running of the belmont stakes at belmont park on june 7 , 2014 in elmont , new york . california chrome # 2 tied for fourth in his bid for the triple crown . ( photo by al bello / getty images )\nin stark contrast , tonalist , with jockey joel rosario on board , showed zest aplenty up front . after a thrilling duel with commissioner , he passed the wire a head to the good . medal count ran on for third , while california chrome and wicked strong were a further length - and - three - quarters away in fourth .\nthe triple crown went unclaimed for a 36th year as tonalist captured the 146th running of the grade 1 , $ 1 . 5 million belmont stakes on saturday at belmont park by a head over commissioner , with kentucky derby and preakness winner california chrome finishing in a dead - heat for fourth in the\ntest of the champion .\nonly tonalist is back this year , and much has been made of his inability to win outside of new york , but his classic last year wasn\u2019t bad . he was running at the end , and finishing behind california chrome and shared belief is not that bad considering either horse would have had a big chance in this year\u2019s race .\namid the 120 , 000 gathered to witness the first triple crown winner for 36 years , the sharp pain of disappointment was more palpable than a sucker punch to the gut as california chrome trailed home only fourth\u2014in a dead - heat with wicked strong\u2014behind tonalist in the 146 th running of the $ 1 . 5m belmont stakes at belmont park .\non saturday , jockey joel rosario , who had also guided the colt\u2019s win in the peter pan stakes , took tonalist on a flawless ride , sitting comfortably in third place for much of the race , about a length off pacesetter commissioner\u2019s lead . he started to close at the homestretch , catching then passing commissioner to win by a head .\ncalifornia chrome , the 4 - 5 favorite under victor espinoza , made a menacing outside move in upper stretch but had no final punch . near the early lead while saving ground , he was angled out on the final turn and had every chance to go past commissioner , but it was tonalist who closed best while california chrome labored home .\ntonalist burst into national prominence with his victory in the belmont stakes , in which eventual horse of the year california chrome finished fourth in a triple crown bid . the victor went on to pick up two editions of the jockey club gold cup , and concluded his career with a final grade 1 tally in the cigar mile on nov . 28 .\ntonalist shattered , once again , the notion that a horse today can win three races in five weeks at three different distances in an era where horses are bred and trained for speed , not stamina and , generally speaking , rarely race ( six or seven times a year for today\u2019s top horses ) . california chrome finished in a dead heat for fourth .\ncigar mile h . ( g1 ) : robert evans\u2019 tonalist ( tapit ) had just one beat in midstretch but powered home dramatically on the outside to post a neck tally . the standout four - year - old colt finished off one mile on the fast main surface in 1 : 37 with john velazquez in the silks and is expected back in 2016 for trainer christophe clement .\nthe three horses who beat california chrome on saturday \u2014 tonalist , commissioner and medal count \u2014 combined to make just one start in either the derby or preakness . in fact , only two of california chrome\u2019s 10 rivals saturday \u2014 ride on curlin and general a rod \u2014 had also competed in both the derby and preakness . most trainers these days seek a tactical advantage by resting their horses .\ntonalist , with joel rosario riding , posted a narrow victory over commissioner in the 146th belmont stakes before a packed house saturday at belmont park as california chrome faded in the final furlong to finish in a dead heat for fourth , becoming the 12th kentucky derby and preakness winner to fail in the test of the champion since affirmed became the last horse to sweep the triple crown in 1978 .\none of the top older horses this year , tonalist has won six graded stakes from a mile to a mile and a half with earnings over $ 3 . 6m . he has run triple digit beyers in all of his seven starts this year , including the cigar mile ( g1 ) and a repeat win in the jockey club gold cup ( g1 ) . through sixteen lifetime starts , nine of which came in g1 company , he\u2019s been off the board only twice . his career best 111 beyer is the 4th highest up to a mile this year . a leading three year old in 2014 , tonalist won three graded stakes including the belmont ( g1 ) and the jockey club gold cup ( g1 ) becoming the second three year old to accomplish that feat since easy goer in 1989 .\ninfluences are too many to list but i\u2019m interested in masters of light ; particularly spanish artist joaquin sorolla y bastida , the australian impressionists of the heidelberg school and the lesser known australian tonalist painters . also contemporary artists henry hensche , stuart shils , tibor nagy , kim cogan , jeremy mann ( the list goes on and on\u2026 ) stimulate my fascination with the different moods created by ever changing light .\nthe new york - bred colt has experienced tremendous success at belmont , his home park , with two other wins at the track apart from his triple crown triumph last june . unlike most horses , tonalist ' s final tune - up did not come at santa anita , as he has only had some casual gallops at the california track . nevertheless , he has received excellent reviews for his recent form :\ntonalist\u2019s ties to racing success run deep , as his pedigree is littered with belmont winners . the tapit colt was bred by rene and lauren woolcott\u2019s woodslane farm in the plains , va . the couple , with a steeplechase background but relative newcomers to thoroughbred flat racing at the time , purchased the winning pleasant colony mare settling mist for $ 800 , 000 out of the 2007 keeneland november breeding stock sale . she is a half - sister to four stakes producers , including easter bunnette , dam of 2011 horse of the year havre de grace , and the bink , dam of multiple grade 1 winner riskaverse . tonalist\u2019s pedigree also includes champion sprinter plugged nickle , 1992 belmont winner and breed - shaping sire a . p . indy , 1999 belmont winner and champion lemon drop kid , and 1990 preakness winner summer squall .\nalong with the win , tonalist will pick up a the bulk of the $ 1 . 5 million total race purse , receiving $ 800 , 000 . for second and third place , commissioner and medal count will take home $ 280 , 000 and $ 150 , 000 , respectively . the purse is higher than ever before in 2014 . it ' s up from $ 1 million , where it had been since 1998 .\nalthough tonalist was an outside purchase , evans has found success with his own breeding program . his other top runners have included shared interest , a homebred daughter of pleasant colony who won the grade 1 ruffian handicap in 1993 . she went on to earn broodmare of the year honors , producing 1999 breeders\u2019 cup juvenile fillies winner cash run and grade 1 king\u2019s bishop stakes winner forestry , both of whom evans sold for seven figures as young horses .\nthe big bay continued to show his affinity for \u201cbig sandy\u201d with a win in the westchester s . ( g3 ) in his four - year - old debut . he then successfully defended his jockey club gold cup title by 4 \u00be lengths over grade 1 winners wicked strong , effinex , and constitution . in the final win of his exceptional career , tonalist gamely outfinished his rivals for a neck victory in the cigar mile ( g1 ) .\nhonor code \u2013 after a breakthrough win in the grade i metropolitan handicap ( the met mile ) over tonalist at belmont park , honor code is stretching back out to 1 - 1 / 8 miles as he targets the grade i whitney for trainer shug mcgaughey . the four - year - old son of a . p . indy is among the last and looks to be a promising older horse as he continues to train well and look good in his races .\n\u201ci want to thank christophe clement and his team for their great work . this horse retired sound and only ran on lasix . what he\u2019s been able to accomplish is a great testament to the horsemanship of christophe , \u201d said owner r . s . evans . \u201ci\u2019m very excited to partner with lane\u2019s end on the next stage of this horse\u2019s career . tonalist will be a great fit there . they have an excellent reputation of making racehorses like him into prolific stallions . \u201d\nprivate zone just couldn\u2019t get anything going in this race despite coming out of the gates in the lead . it simply seemed like private zone wasn\u2019t ready to put forth his best effort as he faded down the mile stretch and watched helplessly as tonalist thundered ahead . he would fade to fifth , beating out 99 / 1 longshot full of mine . the highly touted mshawish , who debuted on dirt for the first time , checked while matrooh was able to slip in with a show .\ntonalist , a 9 - 1 shot coming out of the outside ( no . 11 ) gate , skipped both the kentucky derby and preakness and was the least experienced horse in the field , having raced only four times previous to the belmont . but one of those races was an impressive , four - length win may 10 in the peter pan stakes on the same belmont track where he prevailed saturday . his dazzling workouts in the days leading up to this race were the talk of the track .\ntonalist was sent to wayne and cathy sweezey\u2019s timber town stable in lexington , ky . , to prep for the 2012 fasig - tipton saratoga selected yearling sale . but despite his loaded catalog page , the colt , who was going through a growth spurt at the time , failed to meet his reserve with a high bid of $ 195 , 000 . robert evans had yearlings in the sweezeys\u2019 consignment who also failed to sell but was urged to take a closer look at the colt sharing the barn .\ntonalist was awesome in the peter pan , winning by four lengths in the slop and making him a prime candidate for the belmont . under the coburn theory , you should have to race in all three triple crown races . but what if a horse gets sick before a prep race , gets injured walking out of his stall a day or a week before the derby , or gets a fever the day before or the day of the derby , he should then be not allowed to participate in any triple crown race ?\nin what can only be described as a bizarre turn of events , one of california chrome\u2019s owners , steven coburn , lost his mind and took the low road after the defeat . with kenny rice of nbc letting him rant on on national television , coburn , one of the sorest losers ever , went on an incredible rant , saying that racing in one leg of the triple crown \u201cwas a coward\u2019s way out . \u201d he later told yahoo ! sports that the connections of tonalist were \u201ccheaters\u201d by only racing in one leg of the triple crown .\ntonalist , owned by robert s . evans and trained by christophe clement , returned $ 20 . 40 after finishing the 1 1 / 2 - mile distance in 2 : 28 . 52 over a fast track . commissioner , on the lead throughout under javier castellano at 28 - 1 , only gave way in the final yards when losing by a head . medal count , a 24 - 1 shot , was third , another length back , while california chrome dead - heated for fourth with wicked strong , another three - quarters of a length back .\nwhile the chase for the first winner of all three triple crown races in 36 years was evidently newsworthy , the hoopla did overshadow amazing performances by a variety of thoroughbreds during the 2014 season . two - time horse of the year wise dan continued his dominance , bayern ripped through the competition and tonalist denied california chrome of an historic glory . perhaps the biggest surprise of the year was take charge brandi , who ascended from practically nowhere to take home a breeders ' cup event against significant odds , establishing herself as a favorite for 2014 juvenile filly of the year .\n2015 saratoga season seasoned with superstars : july 24 , 2015 , marks another summer start at saratoga race course in saratoga springs , new york . saratoga is over 150 years deep in history surrounding the great sport of horse racing , and its meet has always given horse racing some of its greatest moments . the travers , woodward , and whitney are only a few races that draw superstar horses each year . this year promises to be no different . some horses that the horseman and fan need to watch out for upon their visits to saratoga this year include carpe diem , frosted , tonalist , and honor code . here\u2019s a look at some small profiles of prominent and likely saratoga visitors .\nso much of an approach to your question depends on whether one is a tonalist ( and emphasizes values ) or a colorist ( and emphasizes hues / temperatures ) . tonalists and colorists may use very different approaches to the issue you raise . sling paint ! virgil ah , virgil , you hit the nail on the head in my case . i just started landscape painting last year , and have such a hard time with it , much more so than figure painting or still life . i recently figured out through looking in many landscape art books ( not just watercolor ) , that part of my problem is trying to prioritize which approach to use for a painting , i think i want to be a colorist , but in reality , think i ' m more of a tonalist painter . mitchel albala ' s\nlandscape painting\nbook ( not watercolor ) explores this with some examples , like the dutch painters of the 17th century focusing on value contrast ( tonalists with little colors in their paintings ) , versus impressionists , who used a color priority approach and less value contrast . zoodlemaker and anyone else interested in landscape paintings , i ' d recommend checking out mitchel albala ' s book even though he focuses on oil painting . another book i ' ve found helpful is ian roberts '\nmastering composition\n, which deals not only with landscaping , but still life and even some figure work . i ' m still struggling , but feel i ' m on a better path after reading those two books . barbara\nz , you ' ve asked a good question for which there is no single answer . char has given you a good explanation of atmospheric perspective , which is used to give a three - dimensional appearance to landscape paintings on two - dimensional surfaces . so much of an approach to your question depends on whether one is a tonalist ( and emphasizes values ) or a colorist ( and emphasizes hues / temperatures ) . tonalists and colorists may use very different approaches to the issue you raise . yet another approach might found in how painters handle shape and form . for example , are forms flat / two - dimensional , or are the forms modeled / three - dimensional ? probably the best answer is for you to search lots of landscape paintings , see what works , what doesn ' t and what you like / dislike . in the end , it ' s your painting ! sling paint ! virgil\n\u201che\u2019s 17 hands , a great big boy , sort of like his grandfather , pleasant colony , \u201d evans said . \u201cchristophe doesn\u2019t push horses . he takes great care of his horses , and i\u2019m patient . i\u2019ve been in the game a long time , and i know you have to be patient , take care of the horse , and that\u2019s what we did . \u2026 he was sick before the wood memorial , and we couldn\u2019t run him in it , so we couldn\u2019t run in the derby , [ and ] we aimed for the peter pan . christophe clement did a good job of getting him ready , and he surprised me . it wasn\u2019t a very nice day \u2013 there were thunderstorms , lots of rain , and a muddy track . and [ tonalist ] just galloped , and that\u2019s the clue he was a good horse because he was only three - quarters fit . so we had four weeks to get ready for [ the belmont ] , and christophe had him just right . \u201d\nstarbucks to eliminate plastic straws by 2020 instead , starbucks said it will use a strawless lid that it designed , developed , and manufactured .\nboris johnson quits as uk ' s may faces mounting brexit crisis the british foreign secretary quits , accusing the prime minister of flying\nwhite flags\nof surrender in brexit negotiations with the eu .\nworld cup 2018 : fans around the globe unite see the sights as fans from around the world gather to watch the 2018 world cup .\nthe baseball report : all - star rosters announced , machado trade talks heat up the lineups for the midsummer classic have been released , and one a . l . starter could be on the move soon .\nthis week in golf : kevin na dominates sunday at the greenbrier kevin na won a military tribute at the greenbrier going away , with a 6 - under sunday that included five birdies in his first 10 holes .\nbest farmers markets in new york whether you\u2019re making an afternoon grocery run or searching for the perfect premade picnic basket , these markets are sure to help you find whatever it is that you need .\nbest places for fresh fish in new york new york has some of the best fish markets where you can find a variety of fresh fish at . check out these five markets for any of your fish cravings .\nfurry friend finder : jilly bean & june bug in this edition of \u201cfurry friend finder , \u201d cbs2\u2019s cindy hsu and vanessa murdock introduce jilly bean and june bug .\nbest ways to celebrate fourth of july in ny from barbecues and baseball to contests and fireworks , check out some of the best ways to celebrate the fourth of july in new york .\nbonus extra : coney island part 2 , a deeper dig go behind the scenes with cbs2 ' s elle mclogan .\ndrivers endure high gas prices , dangerous weather on so - called ' terrible tuesday ' with 40 million americans on the road and gas prices up 62 cents per gallon , travelers are warned to expect the worst .\ndelta bans pit bulls from flying as service animals the updated policy comes after two incidents where employees were bitten by a customer ' s emotional support animal .\nwhile one of california chrome\u2019s owners turned himself into a national fool in a matter of minutes , the focus should be on the race , not the self - proclaimed \u201cdumb - ass\u201d owner ."]}
{"id": 952, "summary": [{"text": "pterocaesio is a genus of fusiliers found in the indian and pacific oceans , with these currently recognized species : pterocaesio capricornis j. l. b. smith & m. m. smith , 1963 ( capricorn fusilier ) pterocaesio chrysozona ( g. cuvier , 1830 ) ( goldband fusilier ) pterocaesio digramma ( bleeker , 1864 ) ( double-lined fusilier ) pterocaesio flavifasciata g. r. allen & erdmann , 2006 ( yellowstripe fusilier ) pterocaesio lativittata k. e. carpenter , 1987 ( wide-band fusilier ) pterocaesio marri l. p. schultz , 1953 ( marr 's fusilier ) pterocaesio monikae g. r. allen & erdmann , 2008 pterocaesio pisang ( bleeker , 1853 ) ( banana fusilier ) pterocaesio randalli k. e. carpenter , 1987 ( randall 's fusilier ) pterocaesio tessellata k. e. carpenter , 1987 ( one-stripe fusilier ) pterocaesio tile ( g. cuvier , 1830 ) ( dark-banded fusilier ) pterocaesio trilineata k. e. carpenter , 1987 ( three-stripe fusilier )", "topic": 14}], "title": "pterocaesio", "paragraphs": ["pterocaesio digramma is heavily exploited throughout parts of its range ( carpenter 2001 ) .\njustification : pterocaesio digramma is widely distributed in the indo - west pacific to depths of up to 50 m . it is a coastal species that primarily occurs around reefs . pterocaesio digramma is a popular food fish and is heavily exploited in parts of its range . however , it is inferred that where fishing pressure is low , stable populations remain . therefore , p . digramma is listed least concern .\npterocaesio digramma ranges from indonesia , western australia and new caledonia to southern japan ( carpenter 1987 ) . it has also been reported from norfolk island ( francis 1991 ) and tonga ( randall et al . 2003 ) . the occurrence reported from r\u00e9union ( hureau 1991 ) is most likely a mis - identification pterocaesio marriof . the depth range for this species is zero to 50 m ( carpenter 1987 ) .\ndouble - lined fusiliers , pterocaesio digramma , being attended by a common cleanerfish , labroides dimidiatus , near vlaming head , north west cape , western australia , december 2017 . source : kristin anderson / inaturalist . org . license : cc by attribution - noncommercial\nwestern pacific : indonesia and western australia to new caledonia , north to southern japan . recently reported from norfolk island ( ref . 8881 ) and tonga ( ref . 53797 ) . report from r\u00e9union ( ref . 4517 ) is probably a misidentification of pterocaesio marri .\nranges widely around coral reefs ( ref . 58652 ) , sometimes forming schools with other pterocaesio species . feeds on zooplankton in midwater aggregations . oviparous , with numerous , small pelagic eggs ( ref . 402 ) . also caught mostly by drive - in nets . important tuna baitfish .\npterocaesio digramma is a coastal species and primarily occurs around coral reefs ( carpenter 1988 ) . this species is a group spawner ( yokoyama et al . 1994 ) and feeds on zooplankton in large midwater aggregations . the maximum recorded length of this species is 30 cm tl ( carpenter 1988 ) .\npterocaesio digramma is a moderately important food fish and has traditionally been one of the most popular caesionids in philippines food markets . it is caught by drive - in nets , gill nets , and traps ( carpenter 1988 ) and is sold fresh or dried salted ( carpenter 2001 ) . this species is also caught during blast fishing .\npterocaesio digramma was one of the most abundant species in surveys conducted off papua new guinea with this species comprising ~ 18 - 27 % of the total fish count at five of the 50 sites surveyed ( allen et al . 2000 ) . pterocaesio digramma was also one of the most abundant species in a survey conducted off northern taiwan at various artificial reef sites with 400 individuals recorded from three sites ( jan et al . 2003 ) . pterocaesio digramma comprised 0 . 94 % of the catch composition of multiple hook and line in lagonoy gulf ( july 1997 - june 2002 ) ( ola\u00f1o et al . 2009 ) . in the philippines , this species was previously encountered regularly , both underwater and in fish markets . pterocaesio digramma , and other caesionids , have been heavily over - exploited in the philippines and presently are rarely encountered ( k . carpenter pers . comm . 2015 ) . local populations of caesionids are easily reduced significantly due to fishing pressure ( alcala and russ 1990 ) . however , localities of relatively high abundance remain in some areas . in the solomon islands , this species is rarely seen but it is common ( allen 2006 ) . surveys around the populous islands of the solomons showed a mean density of 165 . 9 / ha and surveys around the remote islands showed a mean density of 15 . 2 / ha ( a . green unpublished data ) . mean density from raja ampat was shown to be 267 . 7 / ha ( a . green unpublished data ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nfao species catalogue . vol . 8 . fusilier fishes of the world . an annotated and illustrated catalogue of caesionid species known to date\nprepared by kent e . carpenter mariculture and fisheries department kuwait institute for scientific research p . o . box 1638 salmiya 22017 kuwait\nthe designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the food and agriculture organization of the united nations concerning the legal status of any country , territory , city or area or of its authorities , or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries .\nall rights reserved . reproduction and dissemination of material in this information product for educational or other non - commercial purposes are authorized without any prior written permission from the copyright holders provided the source is fully acknowledged . reproduction of material in this information product for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibited without written permission of the copyright holders . applications for such permission should be addressed to the chief , publishing and multimedia service , information division , fao , viale delle terme di caracalla , 00100 rome , italy or by email to copyright @ urltoken\nthis is the eighth in the fao series of worldwide annotated and illustrated catalogues of major groups of organisms that enter marine fisheries . the present volume includes 20 caesionid species belonging to 4 genera . it provides comprehensive , illustrated keys and a glossary of technical terms and measurements . individual accounts of species include drawings , scientific and vernacular names , information on habitat , biology and fisheries , and a distribution map . lists of nominal species in the family and of valid species by major marine fishing areas follow the species accounts . the work is fully indexed and there is ample reference to pertinent literature .\ngreek , pteron = wing , fin + latin , caesius = blue grey ( ref . 45335 )\nmarine ; reef - associated ; non - migratory ; depth range 0 - 50 m ( ref . 402 ) . tropical ; 30\u00b0n - 24\u00b0s , 97\u00b0e - 171\u00b0e ( ref . 402 )\nmaturity : l m 21 . 3 range ? - ? cm max length : 30 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 402 )\ndorsal spines ( total ) : 10 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 14 - 16 ; anal spines : 3 ; anal soft rays : 11 - 12 . body blue to greenish dorsally , white ventrally . with two thin yellow to orange lines ; lower line mostly just below lateral line . black tips on caudal fin ( ref . 48636 ) . 4 - 5 scales on cheek ; 24 - 31 predorsal scales ; scaled dorsal and anal fins . upper peduncular scale rows usually 12 or 13 ( 11 - 14 ) ; lower peduncular scale rows usually 16 or 17 ( 16 - 18 ) . a broad process on ventrolateral surface of basioccipital for attachment of baudelot ' s ligament , extending ventrally beyond a horizontal with condyle ' s rim , adjacent to condyle . post maxillary with 2 processes ; posterior end of maxilla tapered ( ref . 1723 ) . head length 3 . 0 - 3 . 5 in sl ; body depth 3 . 5 - 4 . 1 in sl ( ref . 90102 ) .\nfound in coastal areas , primarily around coral reefs ( ref . 402 ) , turning bright red ( ref . 48636 ) . feed on zooplankton in midwater aggregations ( ref . 402 ) . oviparous , with numerous , small pelagic eggs ( ref . 402 ) .\nmating behavior observed from an aquarium include six distinguishable patterns : 1 ) up and down swimming ; 2 ) courtship ; 3 ) rushing ; 4 ) pair spawning ; 5 ) sperm release by sneakers ; and 6 ) post spawning ( ref . 37529 ) . at nearly sunset , the usual quiet pack of fish give way to spawners swimming at the surface . a male selects a female and initiates pecking and pushing of the female ' s abdomen with his snout . at the rushing stage , the male pushed the female forward , and the couple began to swim in a semicircle in short bursts while other 10 - 15 sneakers within the school joined in . the initial couple then released eggs and sperm at the surface with their abdomens facing one another . some of the leading sneakers may also release sperm at the same spot where the initial couple spawned . after spawning , the pair with the sneakers return to the school ( ref . 37529 ) .\ncarpenter , k . e . , 1987 . revision of the indo - pacific fish family caesionidae ( lutjanoidea ) , with descriptions of five new species . indo - pac . fish . ( 15 ) : 56 p . ( ref . 1723 )\n) : 24 . 7 - 29 , mean 28 ( based on 702 cells ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5002 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01148 ( 0 . 00624 - 0 . 02112 ) , b = 3 . 16 ( 3 . 00 - 3 . 32 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & genus - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 4 \u00b10 . 48 se ; based on food items .\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( tm = 2 - 3 ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low to moderate vulnerability ( 31 of 100 ) .\nmarine ; reef - associated ; non - migratory ; depth range 0 - 50 m ( ref . 90102 ) . tropical ; 0\u00b0s - 15\u00b0s , 68\u00b0e - 154\u00b0e ( ref . 402 )\nindian ocean : chagos archipelago to christmas and cocos - keeling islands . western central pacific : papua new guinea , philippines ( ref . 43437 , 53416 , 57038 , 59110 ) . reports from the comoros in western indian ocean ( ref . 4517 ) is being confirmed .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 23 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 90102 ) ; common length : 11 . 4 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 37816 )\ndorsal spines ( total ) : 10 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 14 - 16 ; anal spines : 3 ; anal soft rays : 12 - 13 . body bluish or reddish dorsally , lighter ventrally . 4 - 5 cheek scales ; 23 - 30 predorsal scales ; scaled dorsal and anal fins ; confluent supra - temporal band of scales at dorsal midline . upper peduncular scale rows 12 - 14 ; lower peduncular scale rows usually 16 - 17 ( 15 - 17 ) . post maxillary processes 2 ; posterior end of maxilla tapered . a small flat process on either side of ventrolateral surface of basioccipital , projection not ventrally far from ventral rim of condyle ( ref . 1723 ) . caudal fin lobes with dark tips . head length 3 . 1 - 3 . 7 in sl ; body depth 4 . 1 - 5 . 3 in sl ( ref . 90102 ) .\ninhabits coastal , lagoon , and seaward areas around coral reefs ( ref . 90102 ) . feeds on zooplankton in midwater aggregations . oviparous , with numerous , small pelagic eggs ( ref . 402 ) . maximum length observed in the field estimated at about 20 - 25 cm tl ( ref . 74965 ) .\n) : 27 . 2 - 29 , mean 27 . 9 ( based on 128 cells ) .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01072 ( 0 . 00465 - 0 . 02469 ) , b = 3 . 12 ( 2 . 94 - 3 . 30 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this genus - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 4 \u00b10 . 45 se ; based on food items .\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 19 of 100 ) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\nmarine ; reef - associated ; non - migratory ; depth range 1 - 30 m ( ref . 90102 ) . tropical ; 23\u00b0n - 20\u00b0s , 72\u00b0e - 171\u00b0e ( ref . 402 )\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 25 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 402 ) ; common length : 18 . 5 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 37816 )\ndorsal spines ( total ) : 10 - 11 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 14 - 16 ; anal spines : 3 ; anal soft rays : 11 - 13 .\ninhabits clear coastal to outer reef slopes or drop - offs ( ref . 48636 ) . feeds on zooplankton in midwater aggregations . oviparous , with numerous , small pelagic eggs ( ref . 402 ) . caught mainly by drive - in - nets .\n) : 27 . 7 - 29 . 3 , mean 28 . 8 ( based on 2058 cells ) .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01318 ( 0 . 00704 - 0 . 02469 ) , b = 3 . 16 ( 3 . 00 - 3 . 32 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & genus - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 20 of 100 ) .\nmarine ; reef - associated ; non - migratory ; depth range 1 - 100 m ( ref . 37816 ) . tropical ; 30\u00b0n - 32\u00b0s , 32\u00b0e - 178\u00b0w ( ref . 402 )\nindo - west pacific : east africa ( excluding the red sea and arabian ( persian ) gulf ) eastward to fiji . reported from the ryukyu islands ( ref . 559 ) .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 21 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 402 ) ; common length : 13 . 8 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 37816 )\ndorsal spines ( total ) : 10 - 11 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 14 - 16 ; anal spines : 3 ; anal soft rays : 11 - 13 . variable body coloration , dark red to silvery , paler ventrally with lateral line darker ; often yellowish snout and eyes . caudal fin tips distinctly black or reddish black ( ref . 48636 ) . 4 - 5 scales on cheek ; 21 - 29 predorsal scales ; scaled dorsal and anal fins . upper peduncular scale rows usually 11 ( 10 - 12 ) ; lower peduncular scale rows usually 15 ( 13 - 17 ) . ventrolateral surface of basioccipital with a broad process for attachment of baudelot ' s ligament . post maxillary with 2 processes ; posterior end of maxilla tapered ( ref . 1723 ) . head length 3 . 0 - 3 . 5 in sl ; body depth 3 . 6 - 4 . 8 in sl ( ref . 90102 ) .\n) : 25 . 9 - 28 . 4 , mean 27 . 5 ( based on 310 cells ) .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01000 ( 0 . 00546 - 0 . 01831 ) , b = 3 . 11 ( 2 . 95 - 3 . 27 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & genus - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( k = 1 . 05 ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 14 of 100 ) .\ndescription ranges widely around coral reefs . feeds on zooplankton in midwater aggregations . also caught by drive - in nets . forms large . . .\ndescription ranges widely around coral reefs . feeds on zooplankton in midwater aggregations . also caught by drive - in nets . forms large schools . [ details ]\nthe webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 license\nfroese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nliu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of caesio cylindricus g\u00fcnther , 1859 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of caesio multiradiatus steindachner , 1861 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of caesio tile cuvier , 1830 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of caesio tile cuvier , 1830 ) liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of caesio tricolor cuvier , 1830 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of clupeolabrus dubius nichols , 1923 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nhong kong marine fish database . afcd . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nbleeker , p . 1864 . atlas ichtyologique des indes orientales n\u00e9\u00earlandaises . publie sous les auspices du gouvernement colonial n\u00e9\u00e8landaises . amsterdam .\nrussell , b . , myers , r . , smith - vaniz , w . f . , carpenter , k . e . & lawrence , a .\naustralia ; brunei darussalam ; cambodia ; china ; disputed territory ( paracel is . , spratly is . ) ; indonesia ; japan ; korea , republic of ; malaysia ; new caledonia ; norfolk island ; papua new guinea ; philippines ; singapore ; solomon islands ; taiwan , province of china ; thailand ; timor - leste ; tonga ; vanuatu ; viet nam\nthere are no species - specific conservation efforts in place for p . digramma ; however , the range for this species overlaps with marine protected areas ( iucn and unep 2014 ) such as the great barrier reef marine park and the togian islands marine protected areas in indonesia .\nrussell , b . , myers , r . , smith - vaniz , w . f . , carpenter , k . e . & lawrence , a . 2016 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nthe doubleline fusilier is a slender species that is usually seen swimming in schools well above the bottom .\nthe doubleline fusilier can usually be recognised by its colouration . during the day it is blue to green dorsally , white ventrally and has black caudal fin tips . at night the colouration changes to that seen in the lower image .\nthere are always two yellow stripes running along the sides of the body . the upper stripe runs from the nape to the caudal peduncle , following the dorsal body profile . the lower stripe follows the lateral line from the eye to the caudal fin base .\nit is often listed in publications as p . diagramma ( with an ' a ' as the third letter ) . this spelling is incorrect .\nthe species is recorded from indonesia to new caledonia and north to southern japan . in australia it occurs off central to north - western western australia and from northern queensland to the central coast of new south wales .\nthe map below shows the australian distribution of the species based on public sightings and specimens in australian museums . source : atlas of living australia .\nallen , g . r . 1997 . marine fishes of tropical australia and south - east asia . western australian museum . pp . 292 .\nallen , g . r . & r . swainston . 1988 . the marine fishes of north - western australia . a field guide for anglers and divers . western australian museum . pp . 201 .\ncarpenter , k . e . 1988 . fao species catalog . vol . 8 . fusilier fishes of the world . an annotated and illustrated catalogue of caesionid species known to date . fao fish . synop . no . 125 : i - iv + 1 - 75 .\nranges widely around coral reefs . juveniles occasionally appear in large numbers in shallow lagoons and on reef flats ( ref . 9710 ) . feeds on zooplankton in midwater aggregations . oviparous , with numerous , small pelagic eggs ( ref . 402 ) . also caught by drive - in nets . tuna baitfish .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nfound in coastal areas , primarily around coral reefs ( ref . 402 ) , turning bright red ( ref . 48636 ) . feed on zooplankton in midwater aggregations ( ref . 402 ) . oviparous , with numerous , small pelagic eggs ( ref . 402 ) ."]}
{"id": 953, "summary": [{"text": "the ussuri brown bear ( ursus arctos lasiotus ) , also known as the black grizzly is a population of the brown bear .", "topic": 21}, {"text": "one of the largest brown bears , ussuri brown bears approach the kodiak brown bear in size . ", "topic": 21}], "title": "ussuri brown bear", "paragraphs": ["an alaskan brown bear , a relative of the ussuri brown bears of japan .\nursus arctos lasiotus \u2014amur brown bear ( or\nussuri brown bear ,\nblack grizzly ,\nor\nhorse bear\n) , russia : southern kuril islands , sakhalin , maritime territory , and the ussuri / amur river region south of the stanovoy range . china : northeastern heilongjiang . japan : hokkaid\u014d\na statue of kesagake , the brown bear responsible for the worst bear attacks in japanese history .\nimage caption : ussuri brown bear ( ursus arctos lasiotus ) in the beijing zoo . credit : jz85 / wikipedia ( cc by - sa 3 . 0 )\ngiant panda cubs have also been reportedly eaten by brown bears ( brown 1993 ) .\nshadow of the bear ( sotb ) . n . d . brown bear reproduction . shadow of the bear . retrieved december 28 , 2008 .\nthere is only one brown bear species , but there are many subspecies . depending on where they live brown bears are also known as the alaskan , grizzly , european , syrian , and kodiak brown bear .\nthe ussuri brown bear , sometimes called the black grizzly , can be found in many regions including the korean peninsula , kunashiri islands , northeastern china , sakhalin , and the shantar islands , among other places . it is a subspecies of the brown bear . the usurri brown bear is thought to be an ancestor of the north american brown bear , and may have traveled to its current locations from alaska 13 , 000 years ago .\nthe brown bear ( ursus arctos ) is a large bear distributed across much of northern eurasia and north america and is the largest terrestrial carnivoran . there are several recognized subspecies within the brown bear species .\nreconstruction of a brown bear confronting a wolf pack by adolph murie ( 1944 ) .\nthe brown bear is a european protected species , given protection throughout the european union .\nfigure 33 . the den of a large male brown bear (\nsidun\n) .\nwho was zergthe replying to ? snow leopard ? nice thread . i want to learn about evolution of brown bear and cave bear .\na memorial for the sankebetsu brown bear incident . author : \u3055\u3048\u307c\u30fc . cc by 4 . 0\nthere has been a recent increase in interactions between brown bears and polar bears . brown bears have been seen moving increasingly northward into territories formerly claimed by polar bears . brown bears tend to dominate polar bears in disputes over carcasses , and dead polar bear cubs have been found in brown bear dens ( dye 2005 ) .\na brown bear cub\u2019s life is dangerous . there are many animals that don\u2019t mind eating bear cubs and male adult bears are one of them !\nin north america , two ecotypes of the single species ursus arctos horribilis are generally recognized\u2014the coastal brown bear and the inland grizzly ; these two types broadly define the range of sizes of all brown bear subspecies .\nthe ussuri brown bear has attacked humans before , and the attacks are well documented . in the sankebetsu brown bear incident , occurring in sankei in the sankebetsu district in december of 1915 , seven people were killed . the eight hundred and thirty - seven pound bear attacked twice , killing the second set of victims during the prefuneral vigil being held for the first victims . this incident is thought to be the cause of the bear\u2019s man eating image . during the first fifty - seven years of the 20th century , the ussuri bear injured three hundred people , and one hundred and forty - one were killed .\nand on another a brown bear boldy slept in the same den with a male tiger . your point ?\nbrown , g . 1996 . great bear almanac . new york : lyons & burford . isbn 1558212108 .\nthe incident began when kesagake , a huge ussuri brown bear , appeared near the ikeda homestead , in mid november , and spooked the family horse . when the bear reappeared , the ikeda men went after it and managed to wound it with gunfire . thinking the bear would now fear humans , they decided not to track it further .\nless than one year before a shark terrorized america , a bear brought down a reign of terror on northern japan . it was december of 1915 , and bear sightings among the rural villages were common at the time . the ussuri brown bear , cousin of the grizzly , typically left humans alone , only occasionally breaking into village food stores .\nthe brown bear is one of the largest bear species . it ranges in color from dark to reddish brown to cream toned . they resemble but are generally larger than the black bear . they have longer claws for their different feeding habits and a stronger body mass .\nbrown bears have fur in shades of brown , black , tan or blond , or a combination of those colors . the longer outer guard hairs of the brown bear are often tipped with white or silver , giving a\ngrizzled\nappearance .\nwhen you see a bear , talk to it . let the bear know you are human .\nin europe , the brown bear shared its habitat with other predators such as the cave lion , cave hyena , and the larger , closely related cave bear , which the brown bear ultimately outlasted . the cave bear was hunted by neanderthals who may have had a religion relating to this bear , the cave bear cult . however , the neanderthal population was too small for their consumption of cave bear to result in the species ' extinction , and the cave bear outlasted the neanderthals by 18 , 000 years , becoming extinct about 10 , 000 years ago . the cave bear and brown bear diets were similar , and the two species probably lived in the same area at the same time . why the cave bear died out is not known .\ni believe that tiger vs brown bear at parity is 50 / 50 , maybe a slight edge to the feline due its jaws . i ' m merely correcting your false assumptions on the historical data of tiger vs brown bear conflicts .\nursus arctos collaris \u2014siberian brown bear ; siberia ( except for the habitat of the kamchatka and amur brown bears . ) also in northern mongolia , far northern xinjiang , and extreme eastern kazakhstan .\nthere are several recognized subspecies within the brown bear species . in north america , two types of the subspecies ursus arctos horribilis are generally recognized\u2014the coastal brown bear and the inland grizzly bear ; these two types broadly define the range of sizes of all brown bear subspecies . an adult grizzly living inland in yukon may weigh as little as 80 kg ( 180 lb ) , while an adult coastal brown bear in nearby coastal alaska living on a steady , nutritious diet of spawning salmon may weigh as much as 680 kg ( 1 , 500 lb ) . the exact number of overall brown subspecies remains in debate .\non one occasion a brown bear was even observed running from tiger tracks ( which isn ' t even the tiger itself ) .\nthe brown bear has existed in north america since at least the most recent ice age , though it is thought that the larger , taller , and stronger giant short - faced bear , or bulldog bear , was the dominant carnivore at the time . the giant short - faced bear was a tall , thin animal adapted to eating large mammals , whereas the grizzly or brown bear has teeth appropriate for its omnivorous diet .\nbrown bears usually dominate other bear species in areas where they coexist . due to their smaller size , american black bears are at a competitive disadvantage over brown bears in open , non - forested areas . although displacement of black bears by brown bears has been documented , actual interspecific killing of black bears by brown bears has only occasionally been reported . the black bear ' s habit of living in heavily forested areas as opposed to the brown bear ' s preference for open spaces usually ensures that the two species avoid confrontations in areas where they are sympatric .\nrussian hunting agency ( rha ) . 2007 . brown bear hunting in russia . russian hunting agency . retrieved december 28 , 2008 .\nas winter approaches the mother brown bear ( a sow ) will prepare her den . she will enter the den while pregnant and begin hibernation . while hibernating she will give birth to brown bear cubs between winter and early spring . in some warmer habitats hibernation may not occur .\nthere are very few reports of brown bears killing adult male tigers . still , usually brown bears are larger than tigers . hence , brown bears killing tigers isn ' t anywhere near as impressive as the reverse , where the feline is usually smaller .\ndescription : smaller than kamchatka brown bears ( u . a . beringianus ) but larger than eurasian brown bears ( u . a . arctos ) with long and dense fur , usually dark but varies from pale brown through cinnamon to dark brown . some bears ( the upper yenisei river population ) have white collars , hence their latin name .\nbrown bears can be recognized by their most distinctive feature , their shoulder hump . super strong shoulder muscles help this bear to dig up roots and tear apart logs to find food . these muscles are located in the \u2018hump\u2019 of the brown bear . brown bears can move rocks and logs and dig through hard soil and rocky ground using their long sharp claws when making their dens .\nreports of ussuri brown bears hunting siberian tigers have been reported . these incidents occur because of disputes over prey or territory . some bears will change their course if they smell a tiger has passed , while others will follow the tiger\u2019s trail and even sleep in its den . it has even been reported that some ussuri bears have followed tigers in order to eat the leftovers from its kills . scientists have dubbed these bears \u201csatellite bears\u201d because of this frequent behavior .\nin canada , the brown bear is listed as vulnerable in alberta , british columbia , northwest territories , and yukon territory . prairie populations of grizzly bear are listed as extirpated in alberta , manitoba , and saskatchewan .\ntheir fur can be brown or black , but also yellowish . they are extremely powerful .\nthe forearms of brown bears end in massive paws with claws up to 15 centimeters ( 6 inches ) in length , which are mainly used for digging . brown bear claws are not retractable , and have relatively blunt points . like all bears , brown bears are plantigrades and can stand up on their hind legs for extended periods of time .\na re - creation of a pioneer cottage in hokkaido , located at the sankebetsu brown bear incident reconstruction location . author : \u30bf\u30af\u30ca\u30ef\u30f3 . cc by 3 . 0\nthis bear has many similarities to the kamchatka brown bear , but its differences include a slightly darker color , a longer skull , cheekbones that are not as separated , and a lower forehead . the skulls of adult males can reach a width of 9 . 2 inches and a length of up to 15 . 2 inches . the ussuri brown bear can differ in size depending on its location ; bears in the southern regions of injeba\u2019k mountain can weigh up to five hundred and fifty - one pounds , while the bears found north of the mountain can weigh up to 1 , 322 pounds .\nthere are many methods used by scientists to define bear species and subspecies as no one method is always effective . genetic testing is now perhaps the most important way to scientifically define brown bear relationships and names . generally genetic testing uses the word clade rather than species because a genetic test alone cannot define a biological species . most genetic studies report on how closely related the bears are ( or their genetic distance ) . there are hundreds of obsolete brown bear subspecies , each with its own name , and this can become confusing ; hall ( 1981 ) lists 86 different types . the exact number of overall brown subspecies and its precise relationship to the polar bear remains in debate . the polar bear is a recent offshoot of the brown bear , having diverged approximately 400 , 000 years ago .\nbear facts ( bf ) . n . d . types of bears in the yukon . bear facts . retrieved december 28 , 2008 .\nwhen attempting to steal a kill , one tigress was able to severely injure an adult brown bear ( who was probably close to twice her weight ) before going down .\nit all began on a mid - november morning when the brown bear appeared on the doorstep of the ikeda family . this first encounter with the bear was scary but essentially harmless , as the bear took some corn and left shortly afterward . although it was too early for a bear to wake up , meetings with wild animals weren\u2019t uncommon in the area since it was a freshly settled community .\nrange : eastern siberia from the river yenisei to the altai mountains . also found in northern mongolia , far northern xinjiang in china , and in extreme eastern kazakhstan . not present in the habitat areas of the kamchatka ( u . a . beringianus ) and ussuri or amur ( u . a . lasiotus ) brown bears .\nthe recent killings have revived memories of japan\u2019s deadliest bear attacks \u2013 known collectively as the sankebetsu incident - in which an 8 . 85 ft brown bear weighing 749 lb killed seven villagers and injured three others on the northern island of hokkaido in 1915 .\nthe brown bear ' s principal range includes parts of russia , india , china , canada , the united states ( mostly alaska ) , scandinavia and the carpathian region ( especially romania ) , anatolia , and caucasus . the brown bear is recognized as a national and state animal in several european countries . it is the most widely distributed of all bears .\ngrizzly bear has brown fur , but hairs on the shoulders and back have white tops which give them\ngrizzled\nlook . that is why they are known as grizzly bears .\nbrown bears live in north america , asia , and europe . in north america their appearance and fur color varies depending on facts such as habitat , diet , season , etc . the state of alaska contains 70 percent of the brown bear population in north america according to conservation records .\nhibernation : duration depends on habitat . generally october through march . hibernating brown bears can awaken if necessary .\nthe brown bear is a massive animal , weighing between 100 and 700 kilograms ( 220 - 1 , 500 pounds ) and its larger populations , such as the kodiak bear , match the polar bear as the largest extant land carnivores . while the brown bear ' s range has shrunk , and it has faced local extinctions , it remains listed as a least concern species with a total population of approximately 200 , 000 . its principal range countries are russia , the united states ( especially alaska ) , canada , and finland .\nrelocation has been used to separate the bear from the human environment , but it does not address the problem bear ' s newly learned humans - as - food - source behavior . nor does it address the environmental situations which created the human habituated bear . and attracting multiple bears to an area can lead to competition , social conflict , and bear - on - bear injuries and death .\nblack ice , ursus never disproved my argument in regards to the tigress vs large brown bear , the fact remains the bear got severe wounds as a result of the tussle with the tigress , what was being shown by ursus is that felines can defend themselves quite well , even when faced with larger opponents ; the leopard vs lionesses being his counter example . the fight that the tigress put up against the large brown bear was quite impressive , nonetheless .\nbrown bears generally avoid alpha siberian tigers at all costs . even when in conflict with females , bears need to be careful . when attempting to steal a kill , one tigress was able to severely injure an adult brown bear ( who was probably close to twice her weight ) before going down .\nbrown bears engage in infanticide ( bellemain et al . 2006 ) . an adult male bear may kill the cubs of another bear either to make the female sexually receptive or simply for consumption . cubs will flee up a tree when they sight a strange male bear and the mother will defend them even though the male may be twice her size .\none such event occurred in sankebetsu , japan , between december 9 and 14 , 1915 , when a brown bear awoke early from hibernation and proceeded to terrorize the local population for five days .\neven if bicep strength is the same . the bear is still stronger .\nthe videos are split into bear species to further encourage independent reading and learning .\nabout 130 species of land mammal occur in japan . the largest are the ussuri brown bear of hokkaid\u014d and the asian black bear in the mountainous areas of honsh\u016b , ky\u016bsh\u016b and shikoku . smaller carnivores include the red fox , raccoon dog and japanese marten . the leopard cat occurs on tsushima island while the iriomote cat is unique to the eponymous island . grazing mammals include the sika deer , japanese serow and wild boar . among japan ' s most famous mammals is the japanese macaque , the world ' s most northerly monkey .\nyet on the shiretoko peninsula of hokkaido , japan \u2013 an area recognised for having one of the planet\u2019s most densely packed brown bear populations \u2013 bears are no longer feared by the people living there .\nbrown bears have powerful arms and legs with sharp claws . they will fight any animal that tries to attack them .\nthere is little agreement on the classification of brown bears because there are so many ways to name and group them .\nboth the cave bear and the brown bear are thought to be descended from the plio - pleistocene etruscan bear ( ursus etruscus ) that lived about 5 . 3 mya to 10 , 000 years ago . the last common ancestor of cave bears and brown bears lived between 1 . 2 and 1 . 4 mya . the immediate precursor of the cave bear was probably ursus deningeri ( deninger ' s bear ) , a species restricted to pleistocene europe about 1 . 8 mya to 100 , 000 years ago . the transition between deninger ' s bear and the cave bear is given as the last interglacial , although the boundary between these forms is arbitrary , and intermediate or transitional taxa have been proposed , e . g . ursus spelaeus deningeroides , while other authorities consider both taxa to be chronological variants of the same species .\nthe topic is\nussuri brown bear vs siberian tiger\n, right ? so , evidence , real evidence from the siberian tiger project ( monograph of 2005 , in russian ) prove that tigers win most of the fights , so 2 + 2 = 4 , no ? the tiger will normally win in those encounters , even better , the only fight recorded among two full grow adult males resulted in the victory of the tiger ( maz\u00e1k , 1983 ) .\nthere is not a single case of a bear killing a full grow male tiger .\nbut few people have heard the unsettling tale of the sankebetsu bear attack of japan .\nwhile the black bear is found only throughout north and central america , the brown bear family is spread all over the world . they live in dense forests in mountains , valleys and meadows and can be found in canada , in central regions of the u . s . and throughout europe and asia .\nplease cut the childish crap . i ncan read . your source didn ' t prove anything except tigers kill brown bears through hunts , even then 2 lone accounts don ' t help your general case . i posted a couple accounts of brown bear killing male tigers on cf and i ' ll post them again soon as i find them .\nfigure 31 . an above - ground den of a female himalayan bear with her cub .\nthe mexican grizzly bear is listed as an endangered species , but it may be extinct .\nthis bear book for kids mixes facts , photos and even includes a video clip section .\nthe cave bear ( ursus spelaeus ) was a species of bear that lived in europe during the pleistocene and became extinct about 24 , 000 years ago during the last glacial maximum .\nit was a cold winter in sankebetsu rokusen sawa , which is some 18 miles inland from the west coast of hokkaido island . the year was 1915 , and the world was at war . but in japan , besides fighting imperial germany , the inhabitants of sankebetsu rokusen sawa had a different kind of enemy : a huge ussuri brown bear . the bear had woken early from its hibernation . hungry and looking for food , it began a killing spree that would devastate many lives . due to the meticulous japanese records kept since that time , almost all the details of the events are known today .\noriginal file name : ours _ brun _ parcanimalierpyrenees _ 1 european brown bear ( ursus arctos arctos ) . jpg resolution : 800x600 file size : 325663 bytes upload time : 2007 : 08 : 20 16 : 07 : 50\nnorth american brown bears seem to prefer open landscapes , whereas in eurasia they inhabit mostly dense forests . it is thought that the eurasian bears that colonized america were tundra adapted , something indicated by brown bears in the chukotka peninsula on the asian side of bering strait , which are the only asian brown bears to live year - round in lowland tundra like their american cousins ( rha 2007 ) .\nif the bear makes contact , surrender ! now you know what that white piece of cloth is for . take it out , wave it , and hope that the bear acknowledges your surrender .\nsource on bear attacks in japan : the associated press tokyo dated 21 . 10 . 2010 .\npeople in northern japan have been warned to stay away from mountain forests after four people were killed in a spate of bear attacks , amid a dramatic rise in the number of bear sightings .\nbut in the end , hunting threatens to have its way with the population of ussuri bears . russian authorities estimate that there are between 15 , 000 and 30 , 000 specimens left . note the precision of the number . cruel practices are often used by hunters . wealthy people looking for thrills pay others to take them near a bear ' s winter lair . the trackers force the bear out of its lethargy by filling its lair with smoke . furious and disoriented , the bear leaves its den to escape , and then it is shot with bullets usually used to kill elephants !\nthe brown bear\u2019s diet is quite similar to all other bears . they eat grass , fruit , insects , roots and bulbs of plants along with carrion and , when hungry enough , they will hunt small animals . brown bears that live near the coast feed on fish , particularly salmon . these bears will grow much larger than others because of their protein rich diet .\nthere are about 200 , 000 brown bears in the world . the largest populations are in russia , with 120 , 000 , the united states with 32 , 500 , and canada with 21 , 750 . ninety - five percent of the brown bear population in the united states is in alaska , though in the western united states they are repopulating slowly but steadily along the rockies and plains . in europe , there are 14 , 000 brown bears in ten separate fragmented populations , from spain in the west , to russia in the east , and from scandinavia in the north to romania , bulgaria , and greece ( with about 200 animals ) in the south . they are extinct in the british isles , extremely threatened in france and spain , and in trouble over most of central europe . the brown bear is finland ' s national animal . the carpathian brown bear population is the largest in europe outside russia , estimated at 4 , 500 to 5 , 000 bears .\n2013 ) . nearly all european countries have some form of bear management plan , action plan or bear management strategy . however , in a number of countries these documents have not been adequately implemented .\nin arctic areas , the potential habitat of the brown bear is increasing . the seeming warming of that region has allowed the species to move farther and farther north into what was once exclusively the domain of the polar bear . in non - arctic areas , habitat loss is blamed as the leading cause of endangerment , followed by hunting .\nonce during tracking we also noted the following fact : a tiger retreated , not attempting to hunt a large male brown bear in its den . the bear had set himself up for the winter in a small depression that he had dug near a fallen , broken - off shrub ( fig . 33 ) , and the bear was quite visible . the tiger , having encountered the bear by chance , abruptly turned around at a distance of more than 25 m from this place and walked in the opposite direction by following his own old tracks .\nthe grizzly bear , sometimes called the silvertip bear , is listed as threatened in the continental united states . it is slowly repopulating in areas where it was previously extirpated , though it is still vulnerable .\ntheir teeth were very large . cave bear teeth show greater wear than most modern bear species , suggesting a diet of tough materials . however , tubers and other gritty food , which cause distinctive tooth wear in modern brown bears , do not appear to have constituted a major part of cave bears ' diets on the basis of dental microwear analysis .\nbrown bears love fish and are fond of salmon . they are excellent at fishing . in fact each bear has its favorite spot and will try to \u201creserve\u201d it from other bears . mother bears bring their cubs to give them a teaching lesson .\ncameron , w . 2005 . learn to identify black bears and grizzly ( brown ) bears . mountain nature . retrieved december 28 , 2008 .\ns have furry coats in shades of blonde , brown , black , or a combination of those colors . the longer outer guard hairs of the\nthere are an average of two fatal bear attacks a year in north america ( herrero 2002 ) . in scandinavia , there are only four known cases since 1902 of bear encounters that have resulted in death . the two most common causes for bear attack are surprise and curiosity ( smith and herrero 2007 ) .\nthe entrance of a brown bear ' s den is a tunnel that goes down to a small \u2018bedroom\u2019 . the female bear will hibernate all winter long , not even waking up to give birth ! the baby cubs will find their way to their mother\u2019s chest and nurse and sleep until the mother bear wakes up . by the time she does wake up her teeny little cubs are much larger and quite playful ! the den will probably be used only once .\nbellemain , e . , j . e . swenson , and p . taberlet . 2006 . mating strategies in relation to sexually selected infanticide in a non - social carnivore : the brown bear . ethology 112 ( 3 ) : 238 - 246 .\nhowever , some evidence points toward the occasional inclusion of animal protein in cave bear diets . for example , toothmarks on cave bear remains in areas where cave bears are the only recorded potential carnivores suggests occasional cannibalistic scavenging , possibly on individuals that died during hibernation , and dental microwear analysis indicates the cave bear may have fed on a greater quantity of bone than its contemporary , the smaller eurasian brown bear additionally , cave bear remains from pe\u0219tera cu oase in the southwestern tip of the romanian part of the carpathian mountains had elevated levels of nitrogen - 15 in their bones , indicative of omnivorous diets , although the values are within the range of those found for the strictly herbivorous mammoth .\nand biceps\nwhen the bear has a large hump on its . these bears have more impressive biceps .\ndye , l . 2005 . grizzlies encroaching on polar bear country . abc news march 16 , 2005 .\nskull of ursus spelaeus : cave bears lacked the usual two or three premolars present in other bear species .\nif you haven\u2019t been able to attract a bear yet , invite him to dinner . set up a bear - feeding station as mentioned above and install a sidewalk with footlights to guide the bear at night . it seems to me that it would be a whole lot safer to not even take any food into the forest .\ngrizzly bear is subspecies of the brown bear . these huge animals originate from europe and asia , but today they can be found only in north america and canada . they live in woodlands , forests and valleys near rivers . during 1970s number of grizzly bears dropped significantly because of the mass hunt . since that time , hunting of bears is prevented by law , and their number gradually increased in time . today , grizzly bear is\nthreatened\nspecies which means almost endangered .\nas the largest living land predators in the world and capable of running at speeds of around 30mph ( 48kmph ) , brown bears can be extremely dangerous .\nthe size of a bear somewhat flatters their actual physique , felines of equal size are at least equally impressive .\nhave you ever seen the shoulders and loose fur of a bear ? there ' s no way a tiger could kill a bear with one throat bite . most hunts , even if including ambush , eventually turn into fights .\nthe time of the arctodus extinction is about the same as the extinction of the long - horned bison and other megafauna . both of these animals were replaced by eurasian immigrants , specifically the brown bear and american bison . since this was also about the same time as the clovis tool kit hunting culture appeared in north america , with culturally advanced humans entering the americas from asia , the implication is that the brown bear was better adapted to human competition than the megafauna , presumably due to a long term coexistence in the old world with people .\nthis bear is solitary , crepuscular and nocturnal . it spends its days roaming the taiga and looking for food . the siberian summer is short and the bear only has a few months to reproduce and build up its fat reserves .\nthe morphological features of the cave bear chewing apparatus , including loss of premolars , have long been suggested to indicate their diets displayed a higher degree of herbivory than the eurasian brown bear . indeed , a solely vegetarian diet has been inferred on the basis of tooth morphology . results obtained on the stable isotopes of cave bear bones also point to a largely vegetarian diet in having low levels of nitrogen - 15 and carbon - 13 , which are accumulated at a faster rate by carnivores as opposed to herbivores .\nbrown bears have a bulky muscle mass located above the shoulders . this hump is designed to power the forelimbs and makes them exceptionally powerful diggers . this is one of the features that distinguishes them from the more common north american black bear which lacks such a shoulder hump\nstay calm and do not run . c\u2019mon , it\u2019s just a bear attack , what are you worried about ? !\ndon\u2019t try to outrun the bear . bears can run up to 50 kph , which is much faster than you .\nthe brown bear also shared north america with the american lion and smilodon , carnivorous competitors . the modern grizzly can eat plants , insects , carrion , and small and large animals . the american lion , smilodon , and giant short - faced bear had a more limited range of food , making them vulnerable to starvation as the supply of available large mammals decreased , possibly due to hunting by humans .\nfirst , you\u2019ll need three things to be safe from bears : a bell , a white piece of cloth and a ferrari . these correspond to the three stages of a bear attack : the bear sighting , the attack and the escape .\nfun fact : brown bears can climb trees to eat or escape predators , but only when they are cubs ! as they become adults they become too heavy for climbing .\nthe genetic diversity of present - day brown bears ( ursus arctos ) has been extensively studied over the years and appears to be geographically structured into five main clades .\ntoday , in rokusen sawa , there is a forest shrine called the sankebetsu brown bear incident reconstruction location . here , in memory of those who died , the story is presented authentically , with an original house from that period having been reconstructed and full explanations given of the events that occurred .\nthere is no shortage of safety tips telling what to do if you do see a bear when hiking in the mountains .\nevery single time any bear has ever stolen the kill off a tiger , the tiger was either a female or juvenile .\nthe caledonian bear was said to be so fierce that it was favored by the romans who used them in their amphitheatres .\nbear books for children - a fun and fascinating way for young readers to find out more about these highly intelligent creatures .\nthere is little agreement on classification of brown bears . some systems have proposed as many as 90 subspecies , while recent dna analysis has identified as few as five clades ( fws 2005 ) . dna analysis has recently revealed that the identified subspecies of brown bears , both eurasian and north american , are genetically quite homogeneous , and that their genetic phylogeography does not correspond to their traditional taxonomy ( waits et al . 1998 ) . the subspecies of brown bears have been listed as follows ( one of which , called clade i by waits et al . ( 1998 ) , part of the subspecies identified as u . a . sitkensis , by hall and u . a . dalli by kurt\u00e9n , appears to be more closely related to the polar bear than to other brown bears ( waits et al . 1998 ) ) :\nbrown bears are one of the more familiar bears since they are widely distributed compared to other species . their preferred living areas vary from meadows and valleys to forests and mountains .\nnearby , news of the attack reached the miyouke family . there , the women and children of the miyouke and saito families had gathered , while the men hunted for the bear . though the bear returned to the \u014dta home in search of more prey , it was chased off by several of the hunting party . the bear turned it\u2019s sights on the now unprotected miyouke farm .\nbears become attracted to human created food sources such as garbage dumps , litter bins , and dumpsters ; and venture into human dwellings or barns in search of food as humans encroach into bear habitat . in the united states , bears sometimes kill and eat farm animals . when bears come to associate human activity with a\nfood reward ,\na bear is likely to continue to become emboldened and the likeliness of human - bear encounters increases , as they may return to the same location despite relocation . the saying ,\na fed bear is a dead bear ,\nhas come into use to popularize the idea that allowing bears to scavenge human garbage , such as trash cans and campers ' backpacks , pet food , or other food sources that draw the bear into contact with humans can result in a bear being put into a situation where it has to be killed for safety reasons .\nin spite of being classified as carnivores , about 75 % to 85 % of a bear\u2019s diet is made up of plants .\nseveral men from the village found expert bear hunter yamamoto heikichi , who told them the bear\u2019s name was \u201ckesagake\u201d and that it had killed at least three other women in it\u2019s life . yamamoto refused to help them however , having sold his gun for alcohol .\nnow , i have not seen any such detailed info on the muscles of pantherines or ursids , however , joints suggest that overall brown bears have a significant flexibility advantage over pantherines .\nwith a local guide , yamamoto managed to track the bear and killed it with two shots , one to the heart and one to the head . the bear weighed in at 340 kg ( 749lbs ) and measured 2 . 7 meters ( almost 9 feet ) in length . a necropsy performed later found human remains in the bear\u2019s stomach , confirming that this was indeed the infamous kesagake .\nwaits , l . p . , s . l . talbot , r . h . ward , and g . f . shields . 1998 . mitochondrial dna phylogeography of the north american brown bear and implications for conservation . conservation biology 12 ( 2 ) : 408 - 417 . retrieved december 28 , 2008 .\nfor a bear , there is too much risk is involved in trying to challenge a tiger of near equal size for a carcass .\nattacks on humans can be fatal and are more likely if bears are surprised or someone comes between a mother bear and her cubs .\ngrizzly bear is huge animal . most bears weigh between 300 and 800 pounds , but some captured animals weighed up to 1400 pounds .\ntakeshi komatsu , a local vet , said it was possible that the four were killed by the same bear . \u201cafter tasting human flesh ( for the first time ) , the bear may have realised that it can eat them , \u201d komatsu told kyodo news agency .\nsize of tigers and bears in the sikhote alin region : this is an actualization of the morphological data on the ussuri bears captured in the sikhote alin mountains by dr kucherenko ( 2003 ) ; the data on tigers is from my last document on them sizes , actualized at 2013 , which include all available scientific data about amur tigers captured by scientists . amur tigers : amur bears : greetings to all .\nif available brown bears will hunt for animal prey . they will eat rodents , squirrels , foxes , and other small animals . they have also been known to attack young deer and sheep .\noften it ' s not easy to distinguish which animal is more flexible or stronger going by visuals alone . for instance , you might think that a brown bear is exponentially more robust than any tiger of equal weight , when in reality , they there is very little to split the two animals in chest girth and bicep girth .\nsoon after these tragic events , rokusen sawa became a ghost town , as many of the villagers left in fear of more bear attacks .\ni remember 221extra bringing that same argument up against ursus on cf . ursus disproved the whole thing . i ' ll find it and post it probably in an hour . then again , a female brown bear once killed a 500lb male tiger and a emaciated and severely underweight and heat exhausted polar bear managed to wreck a healthy male lion before finally dying . says a lot doesn ' t it ? now i know these are circus accounts but the general point still stands .\nthe chest girth of a lion and grizzly bear was measured as being only 1 . 8 inches apart , and the lion population was a few kg lighter than the bear population . there is no sufficient evidence to suggest that bears have more powerful upper bodies than lions or tigers .\nsources on bear hunting in siberia : vsd no . 1647 - 18 dated 24 march 2009 andre\u00ef rudakov ( warning , some photos are violent )\ni never denied it . it ' s usually bear fans who try to deny the fact that brownies avoid adult male tigers at all costs .\nherrero , s . 2002 . bear attacks : their causes and avoidance , revised edition . guilford , ct : lyons press . isbn 158574557x .\n101 facts . . . bears ! bear books for kids - amazing facts , photos & video links . ( 101 animal facts book 3 )\nthe bear , whose rampage inspired novels , radio and stage productions , and a film , was tracked down and shot dead by a hunter .\nyayo meanwhile had escaped into the night and ran to find help . the men made it back to the village and hurried to the home , where the bear was still on a rampage inside . though they tried to corner and shoot it , once again the bear managed to escape .\nfood : more carnivorous than european brown bears , will take mammals ranging in size from hares up to caribou ( reindeer ) and elk . known to raid hunters\u2019 food stores and huts for food . data on diet is sparse but , in common with other brown bears , will eat a wide variety of vegetation , seeds , nuts , fruit , roots and tubers , small mammals , carrion and fish .\na search party mobilized to find and kill the bear , and recover any of mayu\u2019s remains . they soon found the massive animal , and though they shot it the bear managed to escape . mayu\u2019s remains with found cached in the snow nearby ; all that remained was her head and legs .\nhaving once again successfully shot the bear without killing it , the party followed the animals bloody tracks into the woods the following morning . this time they were accompanied by no - longer - retired - yamamoto , who found the bear and finally shot it to death , once in the heart , once in the head . the bear was nearly 9 feet tall and 750 pounds , and the remains of its victims were found in its stomach .\nstatus : russia has the largest black bear population in the world . the brown bears of east siberia are populous but , nonetheless , are considered to be endangered as they are still largely treated as a game animal . around 5 , 000 bears in the altai mountains and over 16 , 000 in the east siberian taiga . other population figures not known .\nbrown bears are omnivores and feed on a variety of plant products , including berries , roots , and sprouts , as well as fungi and meat products such as fish , insects , and small mammals . despite their reputation , most brown bears are not particularly carnivorous as they typically derive up to 90 percent of their dietary food energy from vegetable matter ( dced ) . their jaw structure has evolved to fit their dietary habits .\nthe animal is found in the siberian ussuri taiga , as its name indicates , on sakhalin island , along the banks of the amour river , on the korean peninsula , and in northeast china and in japan . in fact , five sub - populations have been identified on hokkaido island . it inhabits mixed forests in mountainous areas , where asian black bears also live . but encounters between the species are rare , as they do not live at the same altitudes .\nboth the name\ncave\nand the scientific name spelaeus are because fossils of this species were mostly found in caves , showing that cave bears may have spent more time in caves than the brown bear , which uses caves only for hibernation . consequently , in the course of time , whole layers of bones , almost entire skeletons , were found in many caves .\nthe bear reappeared on the morning of december 9 , this time at the home of the ota family . inside the house , abe mayu , the wife of the head of the ota household , was babysitting a baby ( which was not related to her ) called hasumi mikio . the bear entered the house , attacked the baby , and killed it . a few seconds later , the bear took mayu and dragged her out of the house . the scene was terrible ; mayu was later found by a search party and her remains were buried under a tree in the snow . the search party finally located the bear 150 meters into the forest . five of the men shot at it , but only one bullet hit and the wounded bear managed to escape again .\nthe giant short - faced bear existed up until 11 , 000 years ago . it is believed to be the largest carnivorous mammal to have ever lived .\naside from akita , there have been sightings of mother with their cubs in several other prefectures , as well as reports of injuries due to bear attacks .\nbrown bears have heads that are large and round with a concave facial profile , a characteristic used to distinguish them from other bears . their snout protrudes from this concave or\nhollow\nface ( grzimek et al . 2004 ) . they also have a large hump of muscle over their shoulders ( grzimek et al . 2004 ) , which helps to distinguish them from such species as the black bear ( ursus americanus ) , which lacks this characteristic hump ( cameron 2005 ) . their tail is short , 10 to 13 centimeters ( 4 to 5 inches ) long ( brown 1993 ) .\nthe brown bear is primarily solitary animals , although they may gather in large numbers at major food sources and form social hierarchies based on age and size ( dewey and ballenger 2002 ; grzimek et al . 2004 ) . they may be active at any time , but primarily forage in the morning and at dusk , and rest during the day ( dewey and ballenger 2002 ) .\nthe cave bear had a very broad , domed skull with a steep forehead . its stout body had long thighs , massive shins and in - turning feet , making it similar in skeletal structure to the brown bear . cave bears were comparable in size to the largest modern - day bears . the average weight for males was 400 to 500 kilograms ( 880 to 1 , 100 lb ) , while females weighed 225 to 250 kg ( 495 to 550 lb ) . of cave bear skeletons in museums , 90 % are male due to a misconception that the female skeletons were merely\ndwarfs\n. cave bears grew larger during glaciations and smaller during interglacials , probably to adjust heat loss rate .\nbrown bears were once native to the atlas mountains in africa , and may have existed as late as the mid - 1800s in algeria and morocco and as late as 1500s in the sinai of egypt , but are not extinct in these areas ( mclellan et al . 2008 ) . they also were once in mexico , but were extirpated there and in a large portion of the southwestern united states during the twentieth century ( mclellan et al . 2008 ) . although many hold on to the belief that some brown bears still may be present in mexico and the atlas mountains of morocco , both are almost certainly extinct . the last known mexican brown bear was shot in 1960 . very small numbers remain in iraq and nepal , but they have apparently been eliminated from syria and possibly bhutan ( mclellan et al . 2008 ) .\nsimilar books to 101 facts . . . bears ! bear books for kids - amazing facts , photos & video links . ( 101 animal facts book 3 )"]}
{"id": 976, "summary": [{"text": "humboldt 's hog-nosed skunk , also known as the patagonian hog-nosed skunk ( conepatus humboldtii ) is a type of hog-nosed skunk indigenous to the open grassy areas in the patagonian regions of argentina and chile . ", "topic": 10}], "title": "humboldt ' s hog - nosed skunk", "paragraphs": ["hog - nosed skunks are found in southern north america , central america and portions of south america . there are several distinct species : molina ' s hog - nosed skunk , the striped hog - nosed skunk , humboldt ' s hog - nosed skunk and the american hog - nosed skunk ( which includes eastern hog - nosed and western hog - nosed skunks ) .\nhumboldt ' s hog - nosed skunk - conepatus humboldtii humboldt ' s hog - nose skunk is found in argentina and chile . source : animal diversity web intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\npicture of the striped hog - nosed skunk by washington l . s . vieira , licensed under\nweylan shaw ( author ) , humboldt state university , brian arbogast ( editor ) , humboldt state university .\nthe hog - nosed skunk has an interesting evolutionary history among skunk species . according to natural history magazine :\nall hog - nosed skunks live in the americas . the north american species ranges farther north than any other member of the genus , living in mexico and the united states as far north as colorado . the other species reside in central and south america . striped hog - nosed skunks live as far north as southern mexico and as far south as northern peru and eastern brazil . the range of molina ' s and humboldt ' s hog - nosed skunks overlaps . molina ' s hog - nosed skunks live throughout central south america , while humboldt ' s skunks live exclusively in chile and argentina .\nmolina ' s hog - nosed skunk - conepatus chinga molina ' s hog - nosed skunk is found in argentina , bolivia , brazil , chile , paraguay , peru , and uruguay . source : animal diversity web intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nthe humboldt ' s hog - nosed skunk , patagonian hog - nosed skink is listed as least concern ( lr / lc ) , lowest risk . does not qualify for a more at risk category . widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category , on the iucn red list of threatened species\na young / baby of a humboldt is called a ' kit ' . a humboldt group is called a ' surfeit or stink ' .\nthe pelts of hog - nosed skunk were exported a great deal between 1960 and 1980 . the pelts of\nin the wild . however , similar species of hog - nosed skunk have lived up to 7 years in captivity .\nhog - nosed skunks eat primarily insects and small mammals , particularly rodents . for this reason , farmers find their presence beneficial as they prey on pests that destroy crops . some have a more specialized diet - - striped hog - nosed skunks prefer to hunt and eat termites , while molina ' s skunks favor spiders and beetles . these skunks are solitary , nocturnal creatures , foraging at night and returning to dens or burrows during the day . molina ' s hog - nosed skunks are more territorial , while humboldt ' s hog - nosed skunks tend to roam more and never return to the same den twice .\nhog - nosed skunks generally prefer open grasslands , scrublands and forests . striped hog - nosed skunks ' habitat depends on the season . during the rainy season when food is more plentiful , they tend to stay in deciduous forests , but during the dry season , they expand into more open territory in search of food . molina ' s hog - nosed skunks prefer foraging in open canyon and steppe areas , though they retreat to forests to rest . while humboldt ' s hog - nosed skunks also prefer open grasslands , they often forage near the barns and sheds of human dwellings .\nthe amazonian hog - nosed skunk , striped hog - nosed skunk is listed as least concern ( lr / lc ) , lowest risk . does not qualify for a more at risk category . widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category , on the iucn red list of threatened species\namerican hog - nosed skunk - conepatus leuconotus [ in ] the american hog - nosed skunk is found from southeastern texas , southern arizona and southern new mexico south through central america to northern nicaragua . source : audubon guides intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : no\nhog - nosed skunks have a broad , bald snout much like that of a pig . like their namesake , the hog - nosed skunk uses its strong sniffer to root around in the ground for food , which includes grubs , beetles and insect larvae . combined with long , sharp claws and a powerful upper body , hog - nosed skunks are powerful diggers .\nhog - nosed skunks grow to about 2 feet long on average , and weigh between 5 and 10 pounds . in addition to their distinctive noses , skunks in this genus have coarser fur than skunk species . the fur is mostly black , with white stripes that differ in pattern depending on the species . humboldt ' s hog - nosed skunks have one or two white stripes down their sides . the same two white stripes are present for molina ' s hog - nosed skunks , but their tails are almost completely white . striped and north american hog - nosed skunks have a single white stripe running down their backs , but striped skunks ' single stripe splits into two , with their tails covered with short black and white hairs .\nnever returned to the same den during the day . patagonian hog - nosed skunks forage exclusively in green grassy areas .\nstriped hog - nosed skunk - conepatus semistriatus the striped hog - nosed skunk is found in belize , brazil , colombia , costa rica , ecuador , honduras , mexico , nicaragua , panama , peru , and venezuela . source : animal diversity web intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\npatagonian hog - nosed skunks are found in chile and argentina from 38 to 42 degrees south to the strait of magellan .\npatagonian hog - nosed skunks primarily eat insects . they may however feed on small mammals , shrubs , and fruit in addition to insects .\nan ancestor of hog - nosed skunks and a spotted skunk - like form appeared in the early pliocene records of mexico . shortly after that , the hog - nosed skunks managed to migrate into south america , taking advantage of a newly formed land bridge connecting north and south america . this is part of a major geologic event called the great american biotic interchange , or gabi , and hog - nosed skunks were among the earliest carnivores to expand to the south .\nlike many skunk species , hooded skunks have more than just one name . this species is sometimes called the long - tailed mexican skunk , southern skunk , white - sided skunk or zorillo .\nthe eastern spotted skunk is the only skunk that can climb trees , according to the adw .\nhumans carry their babies for 9 months , but that\u2019s nothing compared to these amazing creatures .\nhooded skunk - mephitis macroura most of the hooded skunk ' s diet is made up of insects . source : audubon guides intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : no\npygmy spotted skunk - spilogale pygmaea the pygmy spotted skunk is found along the pacific coast of mexico .\nhog - nosed skunks have bare noses from all the rooting around they do when hunting for food to eat . ( photo : patagonian stock ae / shutterstock )\nthey all stink , but there ' s much more to the skunk world than just the black - and - white stripes of pep\u00e9 le pew .\nthe american hog - nosed skunk is not only among the largest skunk species at more than 2 feet long and weighing up to 10 pounds , it is also the only species that lacks the familiar white medial bar between the eyes . the all - black face and distinctive nose make this type of skunk easy to identify .\nhog - nosed skunks primarily eat insects and prey that are considered crop pests , so they can be particularly beneficial to have on a farm or in a garden .\nvery little is known about this particular species of hog - nosed skunk ( e . g . population density , mating system , etc . ) . more research into the natural history of this species is required for complete understanding .\nthe eastern hog - nosed skunk is the largest of all the skunk species , according to the animal diversity web ( adw ) . it typically grows to 27 . 56 to 31 . 50 inches ( 70 to 80 cm ) and weighs 4 . 41 to 9 . 91 lbs . ( 2 to 4 . 5 kg ) .\nthe striped hog - nosed skunk is quite the solitary little mammal . being both loners and nocturnal , their mating habits and reproduction cycles are not widely documented . it is assumed that these are similar to that of other skunk species , which means that mating generally occurs in the spring and results in one litter of 2 - 5 offspring per year . they most likely retreat underground or into some type of den or burrow to give birth . the lifespan of this animal is not known for longevity , and at this time the striped hog - nosed skunk does not appear on any endangered species or conservation lists .\npatagonian hog - nosed skunks are solitary creatures that are active mainly at night . home ranges of individual skunks may overlap and range from 9 . 7 ha to 16 . 4 ha . during the daylight hours\nmueller , jennifer .\nfacts about the hog nose skunks\naccessed july 09 , 2018 . urltoken\n) , also referred to as the amazonian hog - nosed skunk , is a neotropical mammal . this means that they are generally found in central and south america , from southern mexico continuing south eastwards into peru and eastern brazil . the striped hog - nosed skunk is similar in size to an average domestic house cat , perhaps slightly smaller . their size is about 57 cm ( 22 inches ) in length with an average weight of 1 . 6 kg ( 3 . 5 lbs ) , and the male of the species is generally larger than the female .\nmueller , jennifer .\nfacts about the hog nose skunks .\nanimals - urltoken , http : / / animals . urltoken / hog - nose - skunks - 7452 . html . accessed 09 july 2018 .\nthere are four species of spotted skunk , all of which are found from central america north into canada . two species , the eastern spotted skunk and the pygmy spotted skunk , are considered to be vulnerable to extinction .\nmueller , jennifer . ( n . d . ) . facts about the hog nose skunks . animals - urltoken . retrieved from http : / / animals . urltoken / hog - nose - skunks - 7452 . html\nlasts approximately 9 weeks . patagonian hog - nosed skunks bear 3 to 7 altricial young . the reason for such a small litter is believed to be the relatively small number of mammae possessed by the females . female patagonian hog - nosed skunks have 3 pair of mammae , as opposed to other species of skunks , which may have more . young are not \u201cweaned\u201d in the traditional sense , but simply stop nursing when able to take in a regular diet .\na young / baby of a striped hognosed skunk is called a ' kit ' . a striped hognosed skunk group is called a ' surfeit or stink ' .\nthere are reports that hog - nosed skunks in the andes are immune to the venum of pit vipers . this might indicate an historic case of predation on these skunks by snakes which is no longer of importance , or it may indicate that the skunks prey on pit vipers .\nstriped skunk - mephitis mephitis the striped skunk is black with two broad white stripes on back . source : audubon guides intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : no\nwestern spotted skunk - spilogale gracilis the western spotted skunk is found in the western united states . source : animal diversity web intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nthis type of skunk is probably the most commonly known . found throughout north america from central mexico into canada , the striped skunk is content living anywhere from the most pristine wilderness to the heart of urban centers . it ' s black - and - white markings are familiar and even fear - inducing to those who have had an unfortunate run - in with its spray .\nno skunk species is currently endangered , according to the international union for conservation of nature . except for one , all are listed on the union ' s red list of threatened species as\nleast concern .\nthe pygmy spotted skunk is listed as vulnerable due to and ongoing population loss estimated to be more than 30 percent over the past three generations of the species .\nhas no real natural predators , although certain species of skunks have been preyed upon by raptors such as great - horned owls . the lack of natural predators may be in fact due to the skunk\u2019s ability to emit a powerful smelling musk out of anal glands on its rear end .\nbefore spraying , a skunk will often charge at an attacker , stomp its front legs or hiss .\nstink badgers were only recently classified as part of the skunk family . ( photo : nicoolay / istockphoto )\nwestern spotted skunk - spilogale gracilis the western spotted skunk is black , with horizontal white stripes on its neck and and shoulders . source : audubon guides intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : no\nthe striped skunk is found across most of southern canada , all over the united states and in northern mexico .\nstriped skunk - mephitis mephitis the striped skunk is found throughout most of the united states . it is also found in canada and mexico . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nskunk are one of four wild animals considered to be primary carriers of the rabies virus , according to the humane society .\nin appearance , the striped hog - nosed skunk is similar to the common skunk found in north america with some slight differences . their coat is predominately black in color with the white stripe forming at the back of their necks and extending down their back where it divides into two stripes . the tail is black and white but not as bushy as that of other species and their coat is very coarse , lacking the qualities for which the north american skunk is valued . the nose is long and extends into a pig - like\nsnout\nwhich is used to root in the earth , and the front feet have strong sharp claws for digging . like all skunks , they have anal glands which are capable of spraying a foul - smelling musk when threatened .\nthe skunk\u2019s most memorable trait is its smell . when frightened , skunks will shoot a smelly , oily substance from a gland underneath their tails with a range of up to 10 feet ( 3 meters ) , according to national geographic . the scent from this gland can last for days , but isn\u2019t harmful . most animals leave skunks alone unless they can\u2019t find other prey . before spraying , a spotted skunk will do a handstand on its front paws and aim its tail without taking its eyes off its attacker .\nhabitat use for patagonian hog - nose skunks ranges from grass and shrub land to rocky outcroppings . they may also be found around human dwellings ( e . g . houses , sheds , etc . ) .\nthe spray is an oily liquid that the skunk can shoot up to 10 feet . it ' s so powerful that it can induce vomiting and can temporarily blind anyone unfortunate enough to get spritzed in the eyes . the stink lasts for days and is next to impossible to get out . ask a dog owner whose pet got sprayed , and they ' ll confirm how tough it is to wash away .\nalina bradford is a contributing writer for live science . over the past 16 years , alina has covered everything from ebola to androids while writing health , science and tech articles for major publications . she has multiple health , safety and lifesaving certifications from oklahoma state university . alina ' s goal in life is to try as many experiences as possible . to date , she has been a volunteer firefighter , a dispatcher , substitute teacher , artist , janitor , children ' s book author , pizza maker , event coordinator and much more .\ndespite the \u201cbadger\u201d label , these smelly critters fall squarely in the skunk family . their appearance is part of the misnomer , since they lack a long bushy tail like other skunk species . instead , they have a similar look to badgers with their robust , stocky body shape and stumpy tails .\nhooded skunk - mephitis macroura the hooded skunk is found in el salvador , guatemala , honduras , mexico , nicaragua , and in the united states in southwestern texas , southwestern new mexico , and southeastern arizona . source : animal diversity web intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\na terrestrial biome found in temperate latitudes ( > 23 . 5\u00b0 n or s latitude ) . vegetation is made up mostly of grasses , the height and species diversity of which depend largely on the amount of moisture available . fire and grazing are important in the long - term maintenance of grasslands .\nenglish - german online dictionary developed to help you share your knowledge with others . more information ! contains translations by tu chemnitz and mr honey ' s business dictionary ( german - english ) . thanks on that account ! links to this dictionary or to single translations are very welcome ! questions and answers\neastern spotted skunk - spilogale putorius eastern spotted skunks are good climbers . source : audubon guides intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : no\nhas a bare , broad , projecting face that lacks the thin white line down the middle . this allows it to be easily distinguished from similar species of skunk .\nnot all skunks come with stripes . this adorable species sports a black - and - white dappled coat that , while technically isn ' t spotted , is the source of this variety ' s name . rather than the ventral stripes of other species , spotted skunks have stripe - like patches of white in patterns distinct to each individual .\njennifer mueller began writing and editing professionally in 1995 , when she became sports editor of her university ' s newspaper while also writing a bi - monthly general interest column for an independent tourist publication . mueller holds a bachelor of arts in political science from the university of north carolina at asheville and a juris doctor from indiana university maurer school of law .\nstriped skunk - mephitis mephitis striped skunks are nocturnal . they spend the day sleeping in underground burrows . source : animal diversity web intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nthere is more variety in the skunk family than you may have suspected . going far beyond the familiar waddling , black - and - white striped critter roaming many suburban backyards , there are a wide variety of lesser - known skunk species \u2014 including two found in the malay islands of southeast asia . but they all have two things in common : an infamously unmistakable aroma and a single ancestry source .\nthese small stinkers are found in the united states , canada , south america and mexico . stink badgers , which were recently considered part of the skunk family , are found in indonesia and the philippines .\nthe markings of the coat are used to warn predators . if they ignore this warning the skunk will lift up his tail and raising the hairs making it look bigger . he grinds his teeth and stomps his front paws on the floor . most predators leave it at that , but the persistent one is in for a nasty surprise . the skunk aims his anal glands towards the attacker and sprays quite accurately a yellow , oily foul smelling fluid onto his goal . a skunk can spray 10 up to 16 . 4 feet . the coat pattern serves as a warning to predators . should they ignore the warning , the skunk flares his tail , spreads out the tail hair , grinds his teeth and will stomp on the ground with his front legs . most predators will leave it at this , but the single enemy that remains gets a nasty surprise . the skunk points the anal glands on the attacker and sprays a yellow , oily , smelly liquid . it can spray nine to sixteen feet , but the vapor that is released can carry up to thirty three feet away . the smell will hang around for a long time and can be smelled from afar . however , the skunk is very sparse with his fluid , since he has only enough for five or six attacks and it takes a few weeks before the liquid is replaced . only the american eagle owl , which has a poor sense of smell , is a formidable natural enemy of the skunk . the vast majority ends up becoming the victims of automobiles though .\nhooded skunks get their name from the cap of long fur on the top of their heads and the backs of their necks , which can look almost like a furry cape . they have color pattern variations , including a single wide , white dorsal stripe ( pictured here ) , or they may be entirely black except for the white hood and some white on the tail . this skunk has a longer tail and softer fur than its striped skunk cousins .\nthe striped skunk ( mephitis mephitis ) is the best known skunk and also the most common skunk kept as a pet . this species natural range is almost completely in north america . they inhabit a variety of ecological niches ; deserts , forests , prairies , agricultural landscapes and suburban sites . the striped skunks head to vent length is between 13 to 23 . 5 inches and weighs 4 . 4 to 13 . 3 lbs . the tail length is between 7 to 15 . 7 inches . in general males are a heavier build than females . the striped skunk has black fur with two wide white stripes running along the sides of the back . the shoulders and nape of the neck are also white . the amount of white varies per individual ; some are almost entirely black but there are also near white animals . on the face there is a narrow white stripe . the tail is long haired and fluffy .\neastern spotted skunk - spilogale putorius eastern spotted skunks are found throughout much of the eastern united state south through central america to el salvador . source : animal diversity web intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\naccording to pbs ,\ndna and evidence from the fossil record suggest that the mephitidae family derived from a single common ancestor about 30 to 40 million years ago . the descendants of this ancient skunk have evolved into 12 of the stinkiest and most intriguing species on the planet .\ndespite the smelly trouble they can sometimes cause , striped skunks \u2014 and all skunk species \u2014 are quite beneficial . they have an omnivorous diet and help with everything from keeping insects like grasshoppers , beetles , crickets and wasps in check to spreading seeds of fruits and berries and cleaning up fallen fruit .\nthe hooded skunk is found from the southwestern united states all the way down to costa rica . this species can be found in a variety of habitats , according to the university of michigan .\nhooded skunks can live in several habitats , from dry lowlands to boreal forests or plateaus , and many habitats in between . these skunks may be found in high - elevation ponderosa pine forests , deciduous forests , forest edges , riparian zones , rocky canyons , grasslands , pastures , and arid desert lowlands . in oaxaca , mexico , where they are the most common skunk species , they prefer grasslands and marshes over scrublands .\nit is not permitted in most european countries to descent skunks ( or any other mammal ) and is not necessary . a skunk will , if well socialized , not use his anal glands . only very young skunks lack full control over their anal glands and may\nleak\n. well cared for skunks have a neutral smell and often take on the smell of their surroundings . this is because the coat can absorb odors due to a special hair structure . a skunk that sleeps in straw will smell like straw and when they sit a while in the lap of someone wearing perfume it will , after a few minutes , smell like that perfume . a well cared for skunk doesn ' t smell as unpleasant as you might think . . . descented skunks , however , may be imported and sold . note that if the descenting procedure isn ' t followed out correctly they might loose control of the small remainders of their anal glands and have a slight\nskunkie\nodor .\nuntil recently , skunks were considered part of the mustelid family , related to weasels , otters and badgers . molecular analysis has shown that skunks should be recognized as a single family , mephitidae , according to the adw . also , stink badgers , which occur in indonesia and the philippines , have just recently been considered part of the skunk family .\nexplorers reported as early as the 16th century that native americans kept skunks in and around their villages . the first western settlers also welcomed skunks around their farms to kill off pests such as mice and rats . by breeding skunks on fur farms since the mid - 19th century quite a lot of colors and markings have been bred . there are brown , gray , apricot and white skunks . when the fur market collapsed after the american civil war ( 1861 - 1865 ) , the fur breeders have focused on the pet industry . artis was the first dutch zoo in 1939 that had skunks in their collection . since the 70 ' s they have also been kept as pets in the netherlands .\nthe oldest known fossil remains of a skunk is found in germany ( europe ) and has been dates back to 12 million years ago . up to 1997 the skunks were considered as members of the weaselfamily ( mustelidae ) . but recent dna research has put them in their own family , the skunks ( mephitidae ) . the family has 12 members devided in 4 genera .\na skunk is an omnivore . the natural diet consists of rodents , insects , lizards , eggs of ground - nesting birds , amphibians , vegetables , fruits and berries . the striped skunk is a solitary nocturnal animal , is largely crepuscular and nocturnal , and they sleep during the day in a quiet corner . it does not hibernate , but he goes into winter rest in cold regions . in the fall they grow a thick fat layer , to come through the food - poor winter months to come . often several skunks spend their winter rest together in a den . sometimes they use an existing shelter such as a tree or a hollow space between the rocks . occasionally they dig their own den . striped skunks sometimes use hollow walls and crawl spaces as an accommodation . in general , winter dens and maternity dens are underground , others are above ground .\nthe mating season is from february to april . gestation lasts 62 to 66 days , including the prolonged gestation of 19 days . the skunk gets 3 - 9 young per litter and they are born in may . at birth the kits are blind and covered with peach - like fuzz . the characteristic striped markings are already clearly recognizable . after six to seven weeks the young are weaned and go with the mother on the hunt . they live up to 3 to 6 years in the wild and 6 to 10 years in captivity .\nlike its skunk relatives , and true to its name , the stink badger can spray a foul - smelling secretion as a form of self - defense . for the sunda stink badger , this is the second tack it takes when threatened . its first strategy is to play dead like an opossum . when it is forced to squirt a predator , it can spray the secretion only about 6 inches . the palawan stink badger , on the other hand , has a far more noxious smelling secretion which it can spray up to a meter away and will do so as the first line of defense . in other words , they\u2019re not to be trifled with .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nwhile many authors have traditionally considered skunks a subfamily ( mephitinae ) within mustelidae , recent molecular evidence indicates that skunks do not lie within the mustelid group and should be recognised as a single family , mephitidae ( wozencraft 2005 ) .\njustification : this species is listed as least concern because it is widespread in an area of relatively little - encroached habitat and it is common , sometimes occurring at high densities ( cofr\u00e9 and marquet 1999 ) .\nthe species is found in southern argentina and adjacent parts of chile ( redford and eisenberg 1989 ) .\nolrog and lucero ( 1981 ) state that it is locally common in argentina . there is some indication that the numbers of c . humboldtii have decreased ( broad et al . 1988 ) , but the numbers killed each year in patagonia are not known and unpublished data show that population levels have been stable from 1989 to 1993 . population density value estimated for chile is 89 individuals / km\u00b2 ( cofr\u00e9 and marquet 1999 ) .\nthe pelts of c . humboldtii were exported a great deal between 1960 and 1980 although of lesser value than other conepatus species . in 1983 , c . humboldtii was protected against export in argentina and chile . these animals are apparently still used in the pet trade ( chapman and feldhamer 1982 ) .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nis approximately 50 to 60 cm in length counting the tail which is 15 to 18 centimeters in length . these animals weigh between 1100 to 4500 g . both males and females are black and may have 1 or 2 stripes down the side of their bodies . they are sexually dimorphic with the males being slightly larger .\nundergoes similar development as other mustelidae . at birth young weigh approximately one ounce . growth to adulthood usually takes up to 3 months ( chapman and feldhammer 1982 ) .\n( chapman and feldhamer , 1982 ; fuller , et al . , 1987 )\nthe parental care of this species has not been described . however , other skunks give birth to altricial young , which are kept in a den or nest until they are able to walk about . the mother provides the young with food in the form of milk , and protection .\ncommunicates by bodily gestures to ward off potential danger . this may be stamping its feet or raising its rear in the air . like other skunks , it is known to eject a foul smelling secretion from its anal glands if threatened . little is known of mating behavior of\nprobably affects populations of insects and other small mammals it preys upon . to the extent that it digs in the soil for burrowing or to locate its insect prey , this species probably also helps to aerate the soil .\nwas protected against export in argentina and chile . these animals are apparently still used in the pet trade .\nliving in the southern part of the new world . in other words , central and south america .\nyoung are born in a relatively underdeveloped state ; they are unable to feed or care for themselves or locomote independently for a period of time after birth / hatching . in birds , naked and helpless after hatching .\nhaving body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves . animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides , as well as anterior and posterior ends . synapomorphy of the bilateria .\nfound in coastal areas between 30 and 40 degrees latitude , in areas with a mediterranean climate . vegetation is dominated by stands of dense , spiny shrubs with tough ( hard or waxy ) evergreen leaves . may be maintained by periodic fire . in south america it includes the scrub ecotone between forest and paramo .\nin mammals , a condition in which a fertilized egg reaches the uterus but delays its implantation in the uterine lining , sometimes for several months .\nanimals that use metabolically generated heat to regulate body temperature independently of ambient temperature . endothermy is a synapomorphy of the mammalia , although it may have arisen in a ( now extinct ) synapsid ancestor ; the fossil record does not distinguish these possibilities . convergent in birds .\noffspring are produced in more than one group ( litters , clutches , etc . ) and across multiple seasons ( or other periods hospitable to reproduction ) . iteroparous animals must , by definition , survive over multiple seasons ( or periodic condition changes ) .\nthis terrestrial biome includes summits of high mountains , either without vegetation or covered by low , tundra - like vegetation .\nthe area in which the animal is naturally found , the region in which it is endemic .\nthe business of buying and selling animals for people to keep in their homes as pets .\na terrestrial biome . savannas are grasslands with scattered individual trees that do not form a closed canopy . extensive savannas are found in parts of subtropical and tropical africa and south america , and in australia .\na grassland with scattered trees or scattered clumps of trees , a type of community intermediate between grassland and forest . see also tropical savanna and grassland biome .\nto cite this page : shaw , w . 2002 .\nconepatus humboldtii\n( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nclassification from integrated taxonomic information system ( itis ) selected by c . michael hogan - see more .\nkari pihlaviita added the finnish common name\npatagonianskunkki\nto\nconepatus humboldtii gray , 1837\n.\nc . michael hogan marked\nrange description\nas visible on the\nconepatus humboldtii gray , 1837\npage .\nc . michael hogan marked\nrange description\nas trusted on the\nconepatus humboldtii gray , 1837\npage .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndouble - check spelling , grammar , punctuation . translators work best when there are no errors or typos .\nif words are different , search our dictionary to understand why and pick the right word .\nif phrases are different , try searching our examples to help pick the right phrase .\nwe ' ve combined the most accurate english to spanish translations , dictionary , verb conjugations , and spanish to english translators into one very powerful search box .\nspanishdict is devoted to improving our site based on user feedback and introducing new and innovative features that will continue to help people learn and love the spanish language . have a suggestion , idea , or comment ? send us your feedback .\nor conepatus humboldtii is listed on the iucn red list ( 1996 ) as lower risk / least concern .\nif is associated with an alamy account you ' ll receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password .\nenter your log in email address and we\u0092ll send you a link to reset your password .\nthis image can ' t be licensed for personal use ( e . g . personal prints ) .\nsorry , this image isn ' t available for this licence . please refer to the license restrictions for more information .\non the alamy prints site ( powered by art . com ) choose your frame , the size and finish of your photo .\nby clicking ok , you ' re confirming your use isn\u2019t personal ( e . g . personal prints ) .\nthe species is found in southern argentina and adjacent parts of chile ( redford and eisenberg , 1989 ) .\nenter your log in email address and we ' ll send you a link to reset your password .\none dancer wears a black and white zebra body suit with a painted face . women enter in animal print with skulls as hair pieces\nchanges to represent habitats e . g . warm wash in the caf\u00e9 to cool wash in the penguin section\ncan ' t find a community you love ? create your own and start something epic .\nduring dry seasons they can be predominately found in deciduous forests , shrub woodlands , and occasionally grasslands . they tend to avoid desert areas and thickly wooded forests , preferring more sparsely wooded areas . during the wet season , the skunks tend to be more selective , sticking to higher levels of elevation where food is plentiful . the omnivorous creatures feed on insects , fruit and eggs , invertebrates , and small vertebrates such as lizards and small mammals .\nblack - and - white striped skunks are the most well - known , but they have some adorable stinky cousins . ( photo : globalp / istockphoto )\nthose 12 species fall into five distinct types of skunks . here they are , each beneficial to their ecosystems and surprisingly cute in their own smelly way .\nstriped skunks are perhaps the most familiar species in north america . ( photo : bildagentur zoonar gmbh / shutterstock )\nspotted skunks have a particularly beautiful coat pattern . ( photo : action sports photography / shutterstock )\nspotted skunks grow to be one to two feet in length and are agile climbers , often taking to the trees and walking along branches , which is why they ' re sometimes called tree skunks . taking advantage of a diverse diet , spotted skunks will happily feast on fruits and other easy foods , but also will go after tougher prey such as snakes .\nwhile forests and shrub - covered areas offer a great habitat , spotted skunks are content setting up dens around homes , farms and other places where it might be easy to have a run - in with this cute but stinky creature . luckily they give plenty of warning , including stomping and rising up to walk on their front feet .\nhooded skunks have a ' hood ' of white fur on their heads and down their necks . ( photo : dmitrij rodionov , dr / wikimedia commons )\nthere are two species of stink badger \u2014 the palawan stink badger , or pantot , and the sunda stink badger , or teledu . they\u2019re found on the western islands of the malay archipelago where they root around for invertebrates , eggs , worms and other goodies under the cover of night .\ncheck out a stink badger in action as it moves around looking for grub ( literally ! ) in the middle of the night .\njaymi heimbuch ( @ jaymiheimbuch ) focuses on wildlife conservation and animal news from her home base in san francisco .\nthe black - footed cat may be tiny , but it will walk 20 miles in pursuit of prey .\nhumpback whales have been witnessed foiling killer whale hunts from antarctica to the north pacific .\ntry our newsletter for optimistic innovations , seasonal recipes , strong communities and the smartest ways to lead a sustainable lifestyle .\natacama desert . cactus and other rare plants show their best appearance during the blooming season after the occasional winter rain . | pinterest | desert cact\u2026\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\naverage measurements ( in mm ) : femur length 56 . 8 , humerus length 46 . 7 , radius length 39 . 1 , skull length 63 . 3 , tibia length 57 . 0\nestimated body mass : 666 . 4 g based on femur length , humerus length , and tibia length\nskunks are small , furry animals with black and white stripes . some skunks are striped , and some are spotted or have swirl patterns on their fur . no matter the pattern , the black - and - white coloring is a warning sign to anyone who may harm this small creature . they pack a wallop of a defense mechanism \u2014 noxious odors produced from their well - developed scent glands .\nskunks are typically around the size of house cats . they grow to 8 to 19 inches ( 20 to 48 centimeters ) long and weigh around 7 ounces to 14 lbs . ( 198 grams to 6 kilograms ) . their tail adds another 5 to 15 inches ( 13 to 38 cm ) to their length .\nskunks live in forest edges , woodlands , grasslands and deserts . they typically make their homes in abandoned burrows , but will also live in abandoned buildings , under large rocks and in hollow logs .\nit is important to remember that most skunks are not aggressive and won\u2019t harm humans unless they are threatened , according to the humane society .\nskunks are nocturnal and forage for food while most animals and humans sleep . though you typically see skunks by themselves , they gather to mate . a group of skunks are called a surfeit .\nskunks are omnivores , which means they eat both meat and vegetation . their diet consists of plants , insects , larvae , worms , fruit , eggs , reptiles , small mammals and fish .\nlittle is known about the biology of stink badgers , according to the adw .\nfemale skunks give birth every year . their gestation period often lasts around two months and they give birth to two to 10 offspring at a time .\nbaby skunks are called kits . kits are blind when born , since their eyes are sealed shut until around the age of 3 weeks , according to the san diego zoo . they are weaned at 2 months old . after they are weaned , they leave the den and at to 10 to 12 months old they are ready to have their own kits .\nskunks have very short lives and often live only around three years . in captivity they can live a little longer , usually seven to eight years .\nthere are four species of spotted skunks . western spotted skunks ( pictured ) extend from central mexico through the western united states to british columbia ; southern spotted skunks occur from central mexico south to central costa rica ; eastern spotted skunks are found from eastern canada , down the appalachians to northeast mexico .\npoachers tried to kill rhinos in south african reserve . instead , a pride of lions killed them .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nhome | wild files | n . h . animals | animals a - z | watch online\nthere are 12 species of in this family . skunks are found in north , central , and south america . stink badgers are found in indonesia and the philippines .\nmembers of this family are black , brown , or gray and have white stripes or spots . skunks and stink badgers are about the size of a domestic cat and have squat bodies ; bushy tails ; and powerful , stubby legs . they have a gland under their tails that emits a spray with strong odor . this spray is used to warn away predators . in addition to smelling bad , this spay also causes a stinging sensation .\nskunks and stink badgers are nocturnal and spend the day in a burrow or den or hidden under rocks or a log . they have strong front claws that help them dig into the soil for food . they are omnivores and eat vegetation , insects , larvae , worms , small birds , eggs , small mammals , and reptiles . skunks and stink badgers are solitary , although some species may gather together in a den in cold weather .\nleast concern near threatened vulnerable endangered critically endangered extinct in wild extinct status and range is taken from icun redlist . if no status is listed , there is not enough data to establish status .\npalawan stink - badger - mydaus marchei the palawan stink - badger is found in the philippines . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\npalawan stink - badger - mydaus marchei unlike most species in this family , the palawan stink - badger is diurnal . that means it is active during the day . source : animal diversity web intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nsunda stink - badger - mydaus javanensis the sunda stink - badger is found on the indonesian islands of sumatra , java , borneo , and north natuna islands . source : animal diversity web intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nthe legislation governing the keeping of skunks varies from country to country . please refer to your local laws .\nour privacy / cookie policy contains detailed information about the types of cookies & related technology on our site , and some ways to opt out . by using the site , you agree to the uses of cookies and other technology as outlined in our policy , and to our terms of use .\nnote : depending on which text editor you ' re pasting into , you might have to add the italics to the site name ."]}
{"id": 1011, "summary": [{"text": "intha umbilicalis is a species of air-breathing freshwater snail , an aquatic pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family planorbidae , the ram 's horn snails , or planorbids . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "intha umbilicalis", "paragraphs": ["budha p . b . ( 2010 ) .\nintha umbilicalis\n. the iucn red list of threatened species . version 2014 . 2 . < www . iucnredlist . org > . downloaded on 27 august 2014 .\nrelated genera are hippeutis agassiz , 1837 and intha annandale , 1922 and the relationships of these genera and helicorbis require re - examination . some species in these genera are hosts of signifant animal and human parasites . hippeutis ( or intha ) umbilicalis ( benson , 1836 ) , an asian species that is also known from new guinea , has been intercepted by australian biosecurity .\n{ author1 , author2 . . . } , ( n . d . ) . intha umbilicalis ( benson , 1836 ) . [ online ] india biodiversity portal , species page : { name of species field } available at : urltoken [ accessed date jul 10 , 2018 ] .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nbrandt , r . a . m . 1974 . the non - marine aquatic mollusca of thailand . archiv f\u00fcr molluskenkunde 105 ( 1 - 4 ) : 1 - 423 .\nis a widespread species occurring in the indomalayan and australasian realms with no known threats , and is therefore assessed as least concern .\nit is distributed in south and southeast asia ; widespread in india , nepal , bangladesh , sri lanka , myanmar , thailand , laos , cambodia , vietnam , southern china , malaysia , indonesia , and eastwards to new guinea and japan .\nalthough there is no information on population status and trends , however , this is a very common species .\nit is found in swamps , lakes , ponds along with rich macrophytes . this species acts as intermediate hosts of many trematode parasites such as\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\n| | best supported on google chrome , firefox 3 . 0 + , internet explorer 8 . 0 + , safari 4 . 0 + , opera 10 + . powered by the open source biodiversity informatics platform . technology partner strand life sciences\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , world , . . . more\nbenson w . b . ( 1836 ) .\ndescriptive catagogue of a collection of land and fresh - water shells , chiefly contained in the museum of the asiatic society\n. journal of asiatic society of bengal : 741 - 750 .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\niucn 2014 . the iucn red list of threatened species . version 2014 . 2 .\ncopyright ( c ) 2018 invasive species specialist group . all rights reserved . web site by acronym ltd .\nthis publication has been produced with support from the 10th european development fund . the contents of this publication are the sole responsibility of the issg ( invasive species specialist group ) and can in no way be taken to reflect the views of the european union nor of the acp secretariat\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 / / en\nurltoken\nthis species differs from members of the genus gyraulus by its strongly overlapping whorls and peripheral keel that is not centrally placed . the shell is smooth , shiny , and dark red - brown to pale amber when alive . it is small and flat , with a small to medium sunken spire and narrow to medium umbilicus . some individuals have small internal lamellae .\noriginal name : segmentina australiensis smith , 1882 . smith , e . a . ( 1882 ) . on the freshwater shells of australia . journal of the linnean society of london , zoology 16 : 255 - 316 .\nsynonyms : planorbis meniscoides tate , 1882 ; segmentina victoriae smith , 1882 ; segnitila alphena iredale , 1943 ; segnitila idonea iredale , 1944 ; segnitila redita iredale , 1944 ; segnitila brisbanensis iredale , 1944 .\nwe follow brown ( 1981 ) while noting that the taxonomy of this group requires revision ( see notes ) .\nthis species lives on aquatic vegetation in ponds , billabongs , swamps and sluggish streams and rivers . feeds on detritus . egg mass presumably a jelly strip containing small eggs . development direct . brown ( 1981 ) described the anatomy of this species .\nadditional information on the biology and ecology of members of this family can be found in fauna of australia , vol . 5b , p . 1072 - 1074 .\nthis species differs from species of gyraulus in having the whorls strongly overlapping and the peripheral keel is not centrally placed . the shell is smooth , shining and dark red - brown when alive .\nthis genus occurs in china , india , philippines , islands of the western pacific , as well as in eastern and northern australia .\nbeesley , p . l . , ross , g . j . b . & wells , a . , eds . ( 1998 ) . mollusca : the southern synthesis . parts a & b . melbourne , csiro publishing .\nbrown , d . s . ( 1981 ) . observations on the planorbidae from australia and new guinea . journal of the malacological society of australia 5 : 67 - 80 .\nbrown , d . s . ( 1998 ) . freshwater snails of the genus gyraulus ( gastropoda : planorbidae ) in australia : the taxa of tasmania . molluscan research 19 : 105 - 154 .\nbrown , d . s . ( 2001 ) . freshwater snails of the genus gyraulus ( planorbidae ) in australia : taxa of the mainland . molluscan research 21 : 17 - 107 .\nhubendick , b . ( 1955 ) . phylogeny of the planorbidae . transactions of the zoological society of london 28 : 453 - 542 .\nponder , w . f . , clark , s . a . & dallwitz , m . j . ( 2000 ) . freshwater and estuarine molluscs : an interactive , illustrated key for new south wales . melbourne , csiro publishing .\nsmith , b . j . ( 1992 ) . non - marine mollusca . pp . i - xii , 1 - 408 in w . w . k . houston . zoological catalogue of australia , 8 . canberra , australian government publishing service .\nsmith , b . j . and kershaw , r . c . ( 1979 ) . field guide to the non - marine molluscs of south eastern australia . australian national university press , canberra , australia .\nsmith , b . j . & kershaw , r . c . ( 1981 ) . tasmanian land and freshwater molluscs . hobart , university of tasmania .\nsmith , e . a . ( 1887 ) . notes on australian species of bithinia , segmentina , and fusus and description of a new melania . journal of conchology 5 : 235 - 238 .\nto cite this resource : ponder , w . f . , hallan , a . , shea , m . and clark , s . a . 2016 . australian freshwater molluscs . urltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ncopyright \u00a9 2014 - 2017 babylon software ltd . all rights reserved to babylon translation software\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more"]}
{"id": 1029, "summary": [{"text": "scurria zebrina is a species of sea snail , a true limpet , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family lottiidae , one of the families of true limpets . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "scurria zebrina", "paragraphs": ["cite this article as : aguilera ma , valdivia n , broitman br ( 2013 ) spatial niche differentiation and coexistence at the edge : co - occurrence distribution patterns in scurria limpets . mar ecol prog ser 483 : 185 - 198 . urltoken\n( of patella zebrina lesson , 1831 ) espoz , c . , lindberg , d . r . , castilla , j . c . , simison , w . b . ( 2004 ) . intertidal limpets of chile and per\u00fa . revista chilena de historia natural . 77 : 257 - 283 . [ details ]\n( of collisella zebrina ( lesson , 1831 ) ) espoz , c . , lindberg , d . r . , castilla , j . c . , simison , w . b . ( 2004 ) . intertidal limpets of chile and per\u00fa . revista chilena de historia natural . 77 : 257 - 283 . [ details ]\nnakano t . & ozawa t . ( 2007 ) . worldwide phylogeography of limpets of the order patellogastropoda : molecular , morphological and paleontological evidence . journal of molluscan studies 73 ( 1 ) : 79\u201399 . [ details ]\nespoz , c . , lindberg , d . r . , castilla , j . c . , simison , w . b . ( 2004 ) . intertidal limpets of chile and per\u00fa . revista chilena de historia natural . 77 : 257 - 283 . [ details ]\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nformat summary genbank genbank ( full ) fasta asn . 1 xml insdseq xml tinyseq xml feature table accession list gi list gff3\nfinds sub - sequences or patterns in the sequence and highlights the matching regions . the tool works with standard single letter nucleotide or protein codes including ambiguities and can match prosite patterns in protein sequences . more . . .\nfinds sub - sequence or patterns in the sequence and highlights the matching region . the tool works with standard single letter nucleotide or protein codes including ambiguities and can match prosite patterns in protein sequences . more . . .\nmois\u00e9s a . aguilera 1 , * , nelson valdivia 2 , bernardo r . broitman 1\npublished in meps vol . 483 . online publication date : may 30 , 2013 print issn : 0171 - 8630 ; online issn : 1616 - 1599 copyright \u00a9 2013 inter - research ."]}
{"id": 1062, "summary": [{"text": "calliostoma aculeatum , common name the prickly japanese top shell , is a species of medium-sized deepwater sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family calliostomatidae . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "calliostoma aculeatum", "paragraphs": ["worms - world register of marine species - calliostoma aculeatum aculeatum g . b . sowerby iii , 1912\ncalliostoma aculeatum 22mm beautiful specimen leg . teram . . . calliostoma aculeatum 22mm beautiful specimen leg . teram . . .\ncalliostoma aculeatum 22mm beautiful specimen leg . teramachi w / o kii , japan | ebay\nworms - world register of marine species - calliostoma aculeatum g . b . sowerby iii , 1912\nsubspecies calliostoma aculeatum aculeatum g . b . sowerby iii , 1912 accepted as tristichotrochus aculeatus aculeatus ( g . b . sowerby iii , 1912 ) represented as tristichotrochus aculeatus ( g . b . sowerby iii , 1912 )\ncalliostoma aculeatum g . b . sowerby iii , 1912 accepted as tristichotrochus aculeatus ( g . b . sowerby iii , 1912 )\nspecies calliostoma aculeatum g . b . sowerby iii , 1912 accepted as tristichotrochus aculeatus ( g . b . sowerby iii , 1912 )\nspecimen shell : calliostoma aculeatum aliguayensis each seashell we have have been carefully picked to ensure the highest seashells quality . these shells come from all over the philippines , provided by fishermen ( philippines - aliguay island ) , divers , calliostomatidae specimen shell : calliostoma aculeatum aliguayensis poppe , tagaro & dekker 2006\nspecies : calliostoma aculeatum aliguayensis . size : 12 . 2 mm . found : taken with lumon lumon net at about 35 m depth . | ebay ! | seashells & land snails | pinterest\nsea shell information on : ts139370 - calliostomatidae calliostoma - > aculeatum aliguayensis . this specimen is of calliostomatidae . the specimen shell of groupe : calliostoma . shell found on the philippines . shell is of exceptional quality . more sea shell information\ncalliostoma adamsi brazier , 1895 : synonym of calliostoma comptum a . adams , 1855\ncalliostoma purpureocinctum hedley , 1894 : synonym of calliostoma comptum a . adams , 1855\nspecies calliostoma convexum w . h . turton , 1932 accepted as calliostoma africanum bartsch , 1915\nspecies calliostoma capense thiele , 1925 accepted as calliostoma perfragile g . b . sowerby iii , 1903\nspecies calliostoma albolineatum w . h . turton , 1932 accepted as calliostoma ornatum ( lamarck , 1822 )\ncalliostoma formosensis e . a . smith , 1907 : synonym of calliostoma formosense e . a . smith , 1907\ncalliostoma poupineli ( montrouzier in souverbie & montrouzier , 1875 ) : synonym of calliostoma comptum a . adams , 1855\nspecies calliostoma formosensis [ sic ] accepted as calliostoma formosense e . a . smith , 1907 ( incorrect original spelling )\nspecies calliostoma fernandesi boyer , 2006 accepted as calliostoma angolense boyer , 2007 ( invalid : junior homonym of calliostoma fernandesi rol\u00e1n & monteiro , 2006 ; c . angolense is a replacement name )\ncalliostoma formosum ( mcandrew & forbes , 1847 ) : synonym of calliostoma occidentale ( mighels & c . b . adams , 1842 )\nspecies calliostoma adamsi brazier , 1895 accepted as calliostoma comptum ( a . adams , 1855 ) accepted as fautor comptus ( a . adams , 1855 ) ( invalid : junior homonym of calliostoma adamsi pilsbry , 1889 )\n\u00bb species calliostoma ( calliostoma ) burnupi e . a . smith , 1899 accepted as dactylastele burnupi ( e . a . smith , 1899 )\nspecies calliostoma echinatum dall , 1881 accepted as calliostoma caribbechinatum landau , van dingenen & ceulemans , 2017 ( invalid : junior secondary homonym of calliostoma echinatum ( millet , 1865 ) ; c . caribbechinatum is a replacement name )\n\u00bb species calliostoma ( ampullotrochus ) alisi b . a . marshall , 1995 represented as calliostoma alisi b . a . marshall , 1995 ( basionym )\n\u00bb species calliostoma ( ampullotrochus ) heros b . a . marshall , 1995 represented as calliostoma xanthos b . a . marshall , 1995 ( basionym )\n\u00bb species calliostoma ( ampullotrochus ) peregrinum b . a . marshall , 1995 represented as calliostoma peregrinum b . a . marshall , 1995 ( original combination )\n\u00bb species calliostoma ( ampullotrochus ) xanthos b . a . marshall , 1995 represented as calliostoma xanthos b . a . marshall , 1995 ( original combination )\nspecies calliostoma formosum ( mcandrew & forbes , 1847 ) accepted as calliostoma occidentale ( mighels & c . b . adams , 1842 ) ( junior synonym )\ncalliostoma expansum schepman , 1908 : synonym of enida japonica a . adams , 1860\nspecies calliostoma expansum schepman , 1908 accepted as enida japonica a . adams , 1860\nspecies calliostoma rubroscalptum y . c . lee & w . l . wu , 1998\nsubgenus calliostoma ( kombologion ) clench & r . d . turner , 1960 represented as kombologion clench & r . d . turner , 1960 accepted as calliostoma swainson , 1840\nsubgenus calliostoma ( eutrochus ) a . adams , 1864 accepted as astele swainson , 1855\ncalliostoma bisculptum e . a . smith : synonym of cantharidus bisculptus e . a . smith\ncalliostoma limatulum marshall , 1995 : synonym of selastele limatulum b . a . marshall , 1995\ncalliostoma onustum odhner , 1924 : synonym of selastele onustum b . a . marshall , 1995\n\u00bb species calliostoma ( calliotropis ) waikanae w . r . b . oliver , 1926 accepted as calliostoma waikanae oliver , 1926 accepted as maurea waikanae ( oliver , 1926 ) ( basionym )\ncalliostoma ( kombologion ) clench & r . d . turner , 1960 \u00b7 accepted , alternate representation\ncalliostoma swainson , 1840 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 30 october 2010 .\n\u00bb species calliostoma ( calliotropis ) pagoda w . r . b . oliver , 1926 accepted as calliostoma ( maurea ) selectum ( dillwyn , 1817 ) accepted as maurea selecta ( dillwyn , 1817 )\ncalliostoma trepidum hedley , 1907 : synonym of laetifautor deceptus ( e . a . smith , 1899 )\n\u00bb species calliostoma ( mauriella ) wanganuicum w . r . b . oliver , 1926 accepted as calliostoma ( maurea ) punctulatum ( martyn , 1784 ) accepted as maurea punctulata ( martyn , 1784 ) ( synonym )\ncalliostoma polychroma ( a . adams , 1851 ) : synonym of cantharidus polychroma ( a . adams , 1851 )\ncalliostoma rubropunctatum ( a . adams , 1851 ) : synonym of laetifautor rubropunctatus ( a . adams , 1851 )\n\u00bb species calliostoma ( tristichotrochus ) gendalli b . a . marshall , 1979 represented as calliostoma gendalli b . a . marshall , 1979 accepted as tristichotrochus gendalli ( b . a . marshall , 1979 ) ( original combination )\nspecies calliostoma bisculptum e . a . smith , 1906 accepted as jujubinus suarezensis ( p . fischer , 1878 )\nspecies calliostoma comptum ( a . adams , 1855 ) accepted as fautor comptus ( a . adams , 1855 )\nspecies calliostoma aucklandicum e . a . smith , 1902 accepted as coelotrochus chathamensis ( hutton , 1873 ) ( synonym )\nspecies calliostoma farquhari g . b . sowerby iii , 1892 accepted as jujubinus suarezensis ( p . fischer , 1878 )\ncalliostoma is a genus of small to medium - sized sea snails with gills and an operculum , marine gastropod molluscs within the family calliostomatidae , the calliostoma top snails ( according to the taxonomy of gastropoda by bouchet & rocroi ( 2005 ) ) . previously this genus was placed within the family trochidae . calliostoma is the type genus of the family calliostomatidae .\ncalliostoma is a genus of small to medium - sized sea snails with gills and an operculum , marine gastropod molluscs within the family calliostomatidae , the calliostoma top snails ( according to the taxonomy of gastropoda by bouchet & rocroi ( 2005 ) ) . previously this genus was placed within the family trochidae . calliostoma is the type genus of the family calliostomatidae .\nspecies calliostoma coronatum b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as calliostoma kanakorum b . a . marshall , 2001 accepted as benthastelena coronata ( b . a . marshall , 1995 ) accepted as benthastelena kanakorum ( b . a . marshall , 2001 ) ( invalid : junior homonym of calliostoma coronatum quinn , 1992 ; c . kanakorum is a replacement name )\ncalliostoma is a genus of small to medium - sized sea snails with gills and an operculum , marine gastropod molluscs within the family calliostomatidae , the calliostoma top snails ( according to the taxonomy of taxonomy of gastropoda by bouchet & rocroi ( 2005 ) ) . previously this genus was placed within the family trochidae . calliostoma is the type genus of the family calliostomatidae .\ncalliostoma burnupi e . a . smith , 1899 : synonym of dactylastele burnupi ( e . a . smith , 1899 )\ncalliostoma deceptum e . a . smith , 1899 : synonym of laetifautor deceptus ( e . a . smith , 1899 )\ncalliostoma regalis ( verrill & s . smith , 1880 ) : synonym of calliotropis regalis ( verrill & smith , 1880 )\nsubgenus calliostoma ( mauriella ) w . r . b . oliver , 1926 accepted as maurea oliver , 1926 ( synonym )\nspecies calliostoma antipodense b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as maurea antipodensis ( b . a . marshall , 1995 )\nspecies calliostoma aupourianum b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as maurea aupouriana ( b . a . marshall , 1995 )\nspecies calliostoma boucheti b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as fautor boucheti ( b . a . marshall , 1995 )\nspecies calliostoma chesterfieldense b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as fautor chesterfieldensis ( b . a . marshall , 1995 )\nspecies calliostoma cristatum b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as benthastelena cristata ( b . a . marshall , 1995 )\nspecies calliostoma crossleyae e . a . smith , 1910 accepted as tristichotrochus crossleyae ( e . a . smith , 1910 )\nspecies calliostoma diadematum b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as benthastelena diademata ( b . a . marshall , 1995 )\nspecies calliostoma eminens b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as maurea eminens ( b . a . marshall , 1995 )\nspecies calliostoma gendalli b . a . marshall , 1979 accepted as tristichotrochus gendalli ( b . a . marshall , 1979 )\nspecies calliostoma gibbsorum b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as maurea gibbsorum ( b . a . marshall , 1995 )\nspecies calliostoma alertae b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as maurea ( alertalex ) alertae ( b . a . marshall , 1995 ) ( replacement name for calliostoma blacki ( dell , 1956 ) not c . blacki ( powell , 1950 ) )\n\u00bb species calliostoma ( fautor ) comptum ( a . adams , 1855 ) accepted as fautor comptus ( a . adams , 1855 )\n\u00bb species calliostoma ( maurea ) gracile p . marshall , 1918 \u2020 accepted as maurea gracilis ( p . marshall , 1918 ) \u2020\n\u00bb species calliostoma ( maurea ) spectabile ( a . adams , 1855 ) accepted as maurea spectabilis ( a . adams , 1855 )\n\u00bb species calliostoma ( maurea ) waikanae w . r . b . oliver , 1926 accepted as maurea waikanae ( oliver , 1926 )\nspecies calliostoma correlatum ( c . a . fleming , 1943 ) \u2020 accepted as maurea correlata c . a . fleming , 1943 \u2020\nspecies calliostoma dnopherum ( r . b . watson , 1879 ) accepted as margarites dnopherus ( r . b . watson , 1879 )\n( lightfoot , 1786 ) - california , 26 - 30mm - inhabitants kelp beds . one of the more showy and desirable calliostoma .\nspecies calliostoma deceptum e . a . smith , 1899 accepted as laetifautor deceptus ( e . a . smith , 1899 ) ( basionym )\n\u00bb species calliostoma ( benthastelena ) coronatum b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as benthastelena kanakorum ( b . a . marshall , 2001 )\n\u00bb species calliostoma ( benthastelena ) kanakorum b . a . marshall , 2001 accepted as benthastelena kanakorum ( b . a . marshall , 2001 )\n\u00bb species calliostoma ( maurea ) antipodense b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as maurea antipodensis ( b . a . marshall , 1995 )\n\u00bb species calliostoma ( maurea ) aupourianum b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as maurea aupouriana ( b . a . marshall , 1995 )\n\u00bb species calliostoma ( maurea ) eminens b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as maurea eminens ( b . a . marshall , 1995 )\n\u00bb species calliostoma ( maurea ) gibbsorum b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as maurea gibbsorum ( b . a . marshall , 1995 )\n\u00bb species calliostoma ( maurea ) jamiesoni b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as maurea jamiesoni ( b . a . marshall , 1995 )\n\u00bb species calliostoma ( maurea ) maui b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as maurea maui ( b . a . marshall , 1995 )\n\u00bb species calliostoma ( maurea ) penniketi b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as maurea penniketi ( b . a . marshall , 1995 )\n\u00bb species calliostoma ( maurea ) regale b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as maurea regalis ( b . a . marshall , 1995 )\n\u00bb species calliostoma ( maurea ) simulans b . a . marshall , 1994 accepted as maurea simulans ( b . a . marshall , 1994 )\nspecies calliostoma arruense r . b . watson , 1880 accepted as calthalotia arruensis ( r . b . watson , 1880 ) ( original combination )\nspecies calliostoma burnupi e . a . smith , 1899 accepted as dactylastele burnupi ( e . a . smith , 1899 ) ( original combination )\ndrawing of a dorsal view of a living animal of calliostoma bairdii dredged in the atlantic ocean at a depth of from 100 m to 1170 m .\nperron , f . e . ( 1975 ) .\ncarnivorous calliostoma ( prosobranchia : trochidae ) from the northeastern pacific\n. veliger 18 : 52\u201354 .\nmarshall , b . a . ( 1995 ) .\na revision of the recent calliostoma species of new zealand\n. the nautilus 108 : 83\u2013127 .\n\u00bb species calliostoma ( maurea ) correlatum ( c . a . fleming , 1943 ) \u2020 accepted as maurea correlata c . a . fleming , 1943 \u2020\n\u00bb species calliostoma ( fautor ) boucheti b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as fautor boucheti ( b . a . marshall , 1995 ) ( basionym )\n\u00bb species calliostoma ( fautor ) chesterfieldense b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as fautor chesterfieldensis ( b . a . marshall , 1995 ) ( basionym )\n\u00bb species calliostoma ( fautor ) houbricki b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as fautor houbricki ( b . a . marshall , 1995 ) ( basionym )\n\u00bb species calliostoma ( fautor ) metivieri b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as fautor metivieri ( b . a . marshall , 1995 ) ( basionym )\n\u00bb species calliostoma ( fautor ) necopinatum b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as fautor necopinatus ( b . a . marshall , 1995 ) ( basionym )\n\u00bb species calliostoma ( fautor ) paradigmatum b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as fautor paradigmatus ( b . a . marshall , 1995 ) ( basionym )\n\u00bb species calliostoma ( fautor ) periglyptum b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as fautor periglyptus ( b . a . marshall , 1995 ) ( basionym )\n\u00bb species calliostoma ( fautor ) richeri b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as fautor richeri ( b . a . marshall , 1995 ) ( basionym )\n\u00bb species calliostoma ( fautor ) vaubani b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as fautor vaubani ( b . a . marshall , 1995 ) ( basionym )\nperron , f . e . ( 1975 ) .\ncarnivorous calliostoma ( prosobranchia : trochidae ) from the northeastern pacific\n. veliger . 18 : 52\u201354 .\nmarshall , b . a . ( 1995 ) .\na revision of the recent calliostoma species of new zealand\n. the nautilus . 108 : 83\u2013127 .\nclench w . & turner r . ( 1960 ) .\nthe genus calliostoma in the western atlantic\n. johnsonia 4 ( 40 ) : 1 - 80 .\nremarks . calliostoma delli tends to be broader than high ; one of the figured paratypes ( fig . 14 ) is unusually narrow , compared to most specimens on the type lot .\nthe trochidae include all of the shells generally referred to as top shells . among the most beautiful of this family are the calliostoma with their iridescent sheen and beaded sculpture . literature :\nquinn , j . f . jr . ( 1992 ) .\nnew species of calliostoma and notes on some poorly known species from the western atlantic\n. the nautilus 106 : 77\u2013114 .\nmarshall , b . a . 1995 . a revision of the recent calliostoma species of new zealand ( mollusca : gastropoda : trochoidea ) . the nautilus 108 : 83 - 127 . [ details ]\nquinn , j . f . jr . ( 1992 ) .\nnew species of calliostoma and notes on some poorly known species from the western atlantic\n. the nautilus . 106 : 77\u2013114 .\n\u00bb species calliostoma ( otukaia ) alertae b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as otukaia blacki ( dell , 1956 ) accepted as maurea ( alertalex ) alertae ( b . a . marshall , 1995 )\ndell , 1950 - new zealand , 41 - 47mm - trawled in deep water off the south island and stewart island . maurea are endemic to new zealand , and related to the calliostoma . an uncommon species .\nthe name of this genus is derived from the greek words kallos ( beautiful ) and stoma ( mouth ) , referring to the pearly aperture of the shell . the genus calliostoma is known in fossil records from the upper cretaceous onwards .\nthe name of this genus is derived from the greek words kallos ( beautiful ) and stoma ( mouth ) , referring to the pearly aperture of the shell . the genus calliostoma is known in fossil records from the upper cretaceous onwards . [ 3 ]\ncontrary to what is the case in most other top shells , calliostoma deposits its eggs in gelatinous ribbons that are only fertilized after being deposited . the young emerge as small snails ( lebour , 1936 ) without passing through a free - living planktonic stage as a veliger larva .\n( of trochus ( calliostoma ) swainson , 1840 ) swainson w . ( 1840 ) a treatise on malacology or shells and shell - fish . london , longman . viii + 419 pp . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 218 , 351 [ details ]\ncurrently , calliostoma is being treated in worms as a broad genus . it is expected to be broken up and ( some ) subgenera will be elevated to the status of genus . at this moment ( 2013 ) , information is too fragmentary to assign all species in a revised genus .\nholotype for calliostoma atlantoides quinn , 1992 catalog number : usnm 860261 collection : smithsonian institution , national museum of natural history , department of invertebrate zoology preparation : dry locality : st . lucia , caribbean sea , north atlantic ocean depth ( m ) : 417 to 589 vessel : pillsbury r / v\n: kosuge , s . , studies of the collection of mr . victor dan ( 7 ) descriptions of new species of the genera calliostoma and lyria , bull . inst . malac . tokyo 2 ( 1 ) : 3 - 4 ( 1984 ) , pl . 2 ( orig . desc . ) .\n: abbott , r . t . , 1974 , american seashells , p . 46 , f . 335 / clench , w . j . & turner , r . d . , the genus calliostoma in the western atlantic , johnsonia , vol . 4 no . 40 ( 1960 ) p . 54 pl . 35 .\nthe species in this genus are mainly herbivorous or feed on detritus , although a few have been observed to be omnivorous ( keen , 1975 ) or even carnivorous , feeding on a wide range of algae and on animals belonging to various other invertebrate phyla . the north atlantic topshell calliostoma occidentale has been reported to feed on coelenterates .\n: kilburn , r . n . , notes on some benthic mollusca from natal and mocambique , with descriptions of new species and subspecies of calliostoma , solariella , latiaxis , babylonia , fusinus , bathytoma and conus , ann . natal mus . vol . 21 ( 3 ) , 1973 , p . 558 , f . 1a - c ( orig . desc . ) .\nthe species in this genus are mainly herbivorous or feed on detritus , [ 4 ] although a few have been observed to be omnivorous ( keen , 1975 ) or even carnivorous , feeding on a wide range of algae and on animals belonging to various other invertebrate phyla . [ 5 ] the north atlantic topshell calliostoma occidentale has been reported to feed on coelenterates . [ 6 ]\npetit , r . e . ( 2009 ) . george brettingham sowerby , i , ii & iii : their conchological publications and molluscan taxa . zootaxa . 2189 : 1\u2013218 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nsasaki t . ( 2017 ) . family calliostomatidae . pp . 756 - 759 , in : t . okutani ( ed . ) , marine mollusks in japan , ed . 2 . 2 vols . tokai university press . 1375 pp . [ details ]\nliu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\npoppe g . t . , tagaro s . p . & dekker h . ( 2006 ) the seguenziidae , chilodontidae , trochidae , calliostomatidae and solariellidae of the philippine islands . visaya supplement 2 : 1 - 228 . [ details ]\ntristichotrochus aculeatus aculeatus ( g . b . sowerby iii , 1912 ) represented as tristichotrochus aculeatus ( g . b . sowerby iii , 1912 )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthe star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :\nwe want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only , as we handle very few foreign shells in general . as time goes , the system will become more and more performant .\nenter your email address and we will send you an email with your username and password .\ne - mail jecilia sisican if you do not receive your email with your username and password .\nchina . east china sea . trawled . 150 m . gravel and sand bottom . 2010 .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 0 . 001 seconds . )\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nliu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . < em > china science press . < / em > 1267 pp .\npetit , r . e . ( 2009 ) . george brettingham sowerby , i , ii & iii : their conchological publications and molluscan taxa . < em > zootaxa . < / em > 2189 : 1\u2013218 .\nsasaki t . ( 2017 ) . family calliostomatidae . pp . 756 - 759 , in : t . okutani ( ed . ) , marine mollusks in japan , ed . 2 . 2 vols . tokai university press . 1375 pp .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\ndimensions : height 29 . 6 mm . diameter 30 . 9 min ( holotype , fig . 13 ) : height 24 . 3 mm , diameter 23 . 2 mm ( paratype , fig . 14 ) ; height 29 . 0 mm , diameter 26 . 0 ( paratype . fig . 15 ) .\nmaterial . chile : los vilos ( lacm , type lot , figs . 13 - 15 ) , papudo , zapallar , algarrobo , punta penablanca ( lacm ) , pichilemu , constituci\u00f3n . specimens examined : 114 .\ntype material . thirty - three specimens from the type lo\u00adcality , collected 29 may 1977 , by andrade , shrimp trawler goden wind , holotype , lacm 1980 ; paratypes , lacm 1981 ; paratypes , mnhn 200489 ; paratypes , mzicb 15 . 528 ; paratypes , usnm 784738 .\ntype locality . 400 m off los vilos , chile ( 31\u00b056 ' s : 71\u00b054 ' w ) .\ndistribution . los vilos ( 31\u00b056 ' s ) to constituci\u00f3n , chile ( 35\u00b020 ' s ) . depth range 200 - 450 m .\ndiagnosis . a species of the subgenus otukaia characterized by having three spiral cords prominent at all growth stages . it differs from the similarly sculptured c . blacki ( dell , 1956 ) from new zealand ( see dell , 1956 : 46 , pl . 7 , fig . 6 ) in being lower spired , and in having a weaker subsutural ( first ) cord and a stronger second cord .\netymology . we are pleased to name this species in honor of dr . richard k . dell of the national museum of new zealand , wellington . \u201d\nmclean , j . h . and h . andrade . 1982 . large archibenthal gastropods of central chile : collections from an expedition of the r / v anton bruun and the chilean shrimp industry . los angeles county museum , contributions in sciences , 342 : 1 - 20 . urltoken ; = 2316\nunconfirmed _ type : mclean , j . & andrade , h . 1982 . contributions in science ( natural history museum of los angeles county ) . 342 : 1 - 20 , figs . 1 - 56 .\nholotype : quinn , j . f . 1992 . the nautilus . 106 ( 3 ) : 102 .\nunconfirmed type : mclean , j . & andrade , h . 1982 . contributions in science ( natural history museum of los angeles county ) . 342 : 1 - 20 , figs . 1 - 56 .\ndepth range based on 1 specimen in 1 taxon . water temperature and chemistry ranges based on 1 sample . environmental ranges depth range ( m ) : 274 - 274 temperature range ( \u00b0c ) : 12 . 462 - 12 . 462 nitrate ( umol / l ) : 16 . 704 - 16 . 704 salinity ( pps ) : 35 . 456 - 35 . 456 oxygen ( ml / l ) : 3 . 043 - 3 . 043 phosphate ( umol / l ) : 1 . 235 - 1 . 235 silicate ( umol / l ) : 5 . 700 - 5 . 700 note : this information has not been validated . check this * note * . your feedback is most welcome .\nstocks , k . 2009 . seamounts online : an online information system for seamount biology . version 2009 - 1 . world wide web electronic publication .\nthe distribution of this genus is worldwide , found mainly on hard substrata , although japanese species have been found on sandy bottoms . these snails occur from shallow waters to bathyal depths .\nthe rather thin , acute , coeloconoid ( = approaching conical shape but with concave sides ) shell is imperforate or rarely umbilicate . the whorls are smooth , often polished and spirally ridged or granular . the\nperron , frank e . ; turner r . d . ( 1978 ) .\ndall w . h . 1889 . reports on the results of dredging , under the supervision of alexander agassiz , in the gulf of mexico ( 1877 - 78 ) and in the caribbean sea ( 1879 - 80 ) , by the u . s . coast survey steamer\nblake\n, lieut . - commander c . d . sigsbee , u . s . n . , and commander j . r . bartlett , u . s . n . , commanding . xxix . report on the mollusca . part 2 , gastropoda and scaphopoda . bulletin of the museum of comparative zo\u00f6logy at harvard college 18 : 1 - 492 , pls . 10 - 40\nvilvens c . ( 2012 ) new species and new records of seguenzioidea and trochoidea ( gastropoda ) from french polynesia . novapex 13 ( 1 ) : 1 - 23 . [ 10 march 2012 ] page ( s ) : 18\nwilliams , s . t . ; k . m . donald , h . g . spencer and t . nakano ( march 2010 ) .\nvilvens c . ( 2009 ) . new species and new records of calliostomatidae ( gastropoda : trochoidea ) from new caledonia and solomon islands . novapex 10 ( 4 ) : 125 - 163\nusing cookies on urltoken shellauction uses cookies only for technical reasons and to facilitate and speed up your site navigation . by continuing to browse , you accept the use of cookies ; if you do not wish to receive them please disable them or not navigate this website further . more info cookies on urltoken\nutilizzo dei cookies su urltoken shellauction utilizza i cookies esclusivamente per ragioni tecniche e per facilitare e velocizzare la navigazione del sito . continuando a navigare accetti l ' utilizzo dei cookies , se non desideri riceverli ti invitiamo a disabilitarli oppure a non navigare questo sito ulteriormente . altre informazioni sui cookies di urltoken\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with nbn atlas , please upload using the upload tools .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nhow to buy ? if you want to buy an item , click the\nbuy now\nbutton on this page . once you ' ve pressed the\nbuy now\nitem , you will be forwarded to a fill - 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opens in a new window or tab . import charges previously quoted are subject to change if you increase your maximum bid amount .\nyou ' ve been outbid . don ' t let it get away - place another bid .\nyou ' ve been outbid by an automatic bid placed earlier by another bidder .\nalthough you ' re the highest bidder on this item , you ' re close to being outbid .\nalthough you ' re the high bidder on this item , the reserve price hasn ' t been met yet .\nsorry , you can ' t lower your maximum bid once it ' s placed .\nthis seller requires the buyer to have a paypal account to purchase this item . get a paypal account here .\nyour bid is the same as or more than the buy it now price . you can save time and money by buying it now .\n, you are agreeing to buy this item from the seller if you ' re the winning bidder .\nyou ' re the highest bidder , but the reserve price has not been met .\ncopyright \u00a9 1995 - 2018 ebay inc . all rights reserved . user agreement , privacy , cookies and adchoice\n( of fluxina dall , 1881 ) dall w . h . 1881 . reports on the results of dredging , under the supervision of alexander agassiz , in the gulf of mexico and in the caribbean sea ( 1877 - 78 ) , by the united states coast survey steamer\nblake\n, lieutenant - commander c . d . sigsbee , u . s . n . , and commander j . r . bartlett , u . s . n . , commanding . xv . preliminary report on the mollusca . bulletin of the museum of comparative zo\u00f6logy at harvard college , 9 ( 2 ) : 33 - 144 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 51 [ details ]\nvilvens c . ( 2009 ) . new species and new records of calliostomatidae ( gastropoda : trochoidea ) from new caledonia and solomon islands . novapex 10 ( 4 ) : 125 - 163 [ details ]\nwilliams s . t . , donald k . m . , spencer h . g . & nakano t . ( 2010 ) molecular systematics of the marine gastropod families trochidae and calliostomatidae ( mollusca : superfamily trochoidea ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 54 : 783 - 809 . [ details ]\nmarshall , b . a . ( 1995 ) . calliostomatidae ( gastropoda : trochoidea ) from new caledonia , the loyalty islands , and the northern lord howe rise . in : bouchet , p . ( ed . ) r\u00e9sultats des campagnes musorstom 14 . m\u00e9moires du mus\u00e9um national d ' histoire naturelle . s\u00e9rie a , zoologie . 167 : 381 - 458 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nmarshall , b . a . ( 2016 ) . new species of venustatrochus powell , 1951 from new zealand , and new species of falsimargarita powell , 1951 and a new genus of the calliostomatidae from the southwest pacific , with comments on some other calliostomatid genera ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . molluscan research . 36 : 119 - 141 . [ details ]\n( of elmerlinia clench & r . d . turner , 1960 ) williams s . t . , donald k . m . , spencer h . g . & nakano t . ( 2010 ) molecular systematics of the marine gastropod families trochidae and calliostomatidae ( mollusca : superfamily trochoidea ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 54 : 783 - 809 . [ details ]\n( of elmerlinia clench & r . d . turner , 1960 ) marshall , b . a . ( 2016 ) . new species of venustatrochus powell , 1951 from new zealand , and new species of falsimargarita powell , 1951 and a new genus of the calliostomatidae from the southwest pacific , with comments on some other calliostomatid genera ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . molluscan research . 36 : 119 - 141 . [ details ]\ndoctype html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nsearch urltoken search urltoken - enter search word . avoid using the word\nshell\n- e . g . , use cone instead of cone shell . * * * google trochidae on the internet\nclick on the thumbnail images for an enlarged view . images will open up in a separate , resizeable window .\n( dall , 1889 ) - oregon , 40mm - dredged in deep water ; ranges from the bering sea south to chile . shell thin , white , covered with a yellowish - greenish periostracum .\n: abbott , r . t . , 1974 , american seashells , p . 39 , f . 263 .\n( watson , 1886 ) - australia , 25mm - commonly trawled in in 300 to 700 meters of water off new south wales .\n: jansen , p . , notes on the australia species of calliotropis ( gastropoda : trochidae ) with descriptions of four new species , moll . res . 15 : 43 - 53 ( 1994 ) .\n( e . a . smith , 1899 ) ] - alaska , 7mm - circumpolar from the arctic seas to alaska and massachusetts . commonly found in a range of depths from as little as 1 meter to over 70 meters of water .\n: abbott , r . t . , 1974 , american seashells , p . 35 , f . 208 .\n, but cidaris has a more impressed suture and flatter spire whorls . type of the subgenus\n: abbott , r . t . , 1974 , american seashells , p . 39 , f . 264 .\n( lamarck , 1822 ) - mediterranean sea , 25mm - lives in relatively shallow water and intertidally . a variable species with many form names .\n: poppe , g . t . & yoshihiro , g . , european seashells , vol . i , ( 1991 ) p . 85 , pl . 9 , fig . 1 .\n( sowerby , 1912 ) - japan , 15mm - endemic to south and central japan . similar to c . soyoae , but is larger and lack the umbilicus of c . soyoae .\n: kira , t . , shells of the western pacific in color , vol . i , ( 1975 ) p . 11 , pl . 8 , fig . 12 .\n: abbott , r . t . , 1974 , american seashells , p . 47 , f . 355 .\ndall , 1889 - florida ; gulf of mexico , 20 - 25mm - trawled in deep water . one of the more uncommon caribbean calliostomas . small specimens were referred to as c . springeri .\n: abbott , r . t . , 1974 , american seashells , p . 45 , f . 321 .\ndall , 1881 - colombia , 12mm - this small specimen represents a southward range extension for the species . typically , but rarely found in the northern caribbean down to barbados . c . tejedori aguayo , 1949 is a synonym .\n: abbott , r . t . , 1974 , american seashells , p . 46 , f . 350 .\n( lightfoot , 1786 ) - california , 23 - 30mm - another kelp bed inhabitant . covered with raised spiral cords . the species ranges north to alaska .\n: abbott , r . t . , 1974 , american seashells , p . 47 , f . 356 .\n( a . adams , 1855 ) - florida , 19mm - ranges from north carolina to mexico , but considered uncommon in florida . inhabits intertidal zones down to 30 + fathoms of water . this species has no umbilicus .\n: abbott , r . t . , 1974 , american seashells , p . 45 , f . 322 .\n( philippi , 1860 ) - chile , 16mm - known from peru , chile and galapagos . has three main spiral cords , the upper two are beaded .\n: keen , a . m . , 1971 , sea shells of tropical west america , p . 334 , f . 79 .\nquinn , 1992 - bermuda , 25mm - taken in deep water traps . a rare , endemic species .\ndall , 1906 - florida , 17mm - dredged in deep water . the shell is sculptured with fine encircling incised lines .\n: abbott , r . t . , 1974 , american seashells , p . 45 , f . 323 .\nihering , 1907 - brazil , 24mm - ranges from rio de janeiro southward to rio negro , argentina . taken by fishing boats in 30 - 60 meters of water . the species is quite rare .\n: rios , e . c . , 1975 , brazilian marine mollusks iconography , p . 24 , pl . 6 f . 65 .\ndall , 1889 - bahamas , 8mm - the holotype was taken off havana , cuba . reaches a size of about 12mm .\n( lamarck , 1822 ) - south africa , 21 - 22mm - a common reef dweller , taken from intertidal zones down to scuba diving depths .\n: kilburn , r . n . , taxonomic notes on south african marine mollusca ( 3 ) * : gastropoda : prosobranchia , with descriptions of new taxa of naticidae , fasciolariidae , magilidae , volutomitridae and turridae , ann . natal mus . vol . 22 ( 1 ) , p . 187 , f . 1 / kilburn , r . & rippey , e . , ( 1982 ) sea shells of southern africa , p . 39 , pl . 8 , fig . 4 .\ndall , 1871 - mexico , 26mm - limited to gulf of california southward to guaymas , mexico . lives intertidally down to 40 + meters of water . note the purple umbilical region .\n: keen , a . m . , 1971 , sea shells of tropical west america , p . 335 , f . 88\nkosuge , 1984 - philippines , 12mm - an uncommon deep water trochid from the central philippines characterized by its rows of short spiny encircling the body whorrl .\ndall , 1889 - california , 28 - 35mm - pearly greenish - white . similar to c . titanium , but lacks the shell sculpture . two beaded cords encirle the shell around the suture and keel . dredged from deep water . a very rare species .\n: abbott , r . t . , 1974 , american seashells , p . 48 , f . 362 / mclean & gosliner , taxonomic atlas of the benthic fauna of the santa maria basin and western santa barbara channel , vol . 9 ( 2 ) the gastropoda , 1996 , p . 34 , fig . 1 . 6a .\n( broderip , 1835 ) - australia , 28mm - typically taken from south australia and new south wales , this illustrated specimen was collected near broome , north territory .\nkilburn , 1973 - mozambique , 35mm - golden color , with beaded sculpture . trawled in 150 - 200 meters of water .\nkilburn , 1973 - south africa , 37mm - an interesting specimen with a well - defined white zone on the base . this was the only specimen in the lot that exhibited this coloring , though probably not too unusual .\nmclean , 1984 - california , 31 - 33mm - beautiful pale pearly greenish / white ; one of the great rarities from the west coast . this specimen was taken in prawn traps set in deep water .\nmclean , 1984 - california , 26 - 27mm - shell sculpture can be variable . a typically beaded specimen with sculptured and an unusual shell with reduced sculpture is illustrated .\ngabb , 1865 - california , 14 . 5mm - this species has been recorded from san francisco southward to cabo san lucas , mexico . this specimen was dredged off redondo beach in 25 fathoms of water on a gravel bottom by tom & john q . burch in august 1941 .\n: abbott , r . t . , 1974 , american seashells , p . 47 , f . 352 .\ncarpenter , 1864 - alaska , 23mm - uncommonly found from alaska to southern california . this specimen was found on rocks in 20 - 25 meters of water while scuba diving .\n: abbott , r . t . , 1974 , american seashells , p . 47 , f . 357 .\nkosuge , 1984 - philippines , 29mm - covered with rows of closely set beads ; a small ridge is found inside the base of the aperture close to the columellar . this is an exceptional example of the species . collected from deepwater tangle nets .\ndall , 1881 - south carolina , usa , 11mm - a more northerly species ranging from north carolina to mexico . note the deep , smooth umbilicus , which is characteristic for the species .\n: abbott , r . t . , 1974 , american seashells , p . 43 , f . 309 .\n: powell , a . w . b . , 1979 , new zealand mollusca , marine , land and freshwater shells , p . 63 , pl . 10 , f . 7 .\n( gould , 1849 ) - kwajalein , 7 - 8mm - sculpture of beaded cords . the red - tipped spire is characteristic of the species .\n: cernohorsky , w . o . , 1987 , tropical pacific marine shells , p . 32 , pl . 8 f . 3 .\n( wood , 1828 ) - kwajalein , 10 - 11mm - the third and seventh row of beaded sculpture , with every fourth bead a deep rose color is characteristic of the species . this uncommon species is found in the central and western pacific .\n: cernohorsky , w . o . , 1972 , marine shells of the pacific , vol . ii , p . 40 , pl . 8 f . 8 .\n( payraudeau , 1826 ) - italy , 10mm - dark specimens with variegated pattern around umbilical area . the upper whorls are covered with fine spiral lines .\n: rubio , f . & rol\u00e1n , e . , ( 2002 ) revision of the genus clanculus ( gastropoda : trochidae ) in the eastern atlantic , evolver publications , roma , pp . 40 - 41 , fig . 63 - 75 , 135 - 136 , 151 - 152 , 159 .\n( gmelin , 1791 ) - japan , 41mm - a common western pacific species that grows to over 75mm . specimens tend to become encrusted with coralline encrustations , obscuring the color and pattern . the species lives on rocks in intertidal zones , yet is also found at deeper depths . this specimen was taken in 20 - 40 fathoms of water off wakayama prefecture , japan .\n: habe , t . , 1975 , shells of the western pacific in color vol . ii , p . 12 , f . 27 .\nreeve , 1842 - australia , 31mm - this species has a western pacific distribution , but is more often found around the northern , eastern and western coasts of australia . it is considered uncommon . the illustrated shell is unusual in that the whorls are somewhat concave , whereas the species typically exhibits slightly more convex whorls .\n: cernohorsky , w . o . , 1987 , tropical pacific marine shells , p . 32 , pl . 6 f . 6 .\n( linn\u00e9 , 1758 ) - kuwait , 11mm - two of a seemingly endless number of color - patterns that this species exhibits . found from the northern persian gulf south to masirah id . , gulf of oman . the species lives intertidally in sand .\n: bosch , dance , moolenbeek & oliver , 1995 , seashells of eastern arabia , p . 36 , f . 50 .\n( gmelin , 1791 ) - philippines , 34mm - western pacific distribution . the large size and arrow - shaped lines on the spiral cords separate it from similar species . this specimen was taken in 25 feet of water off siasi id . , sulu sea .\n: cernohorsky , w . o . , 1972 , marine shells of the pacific , vol . ii , p . 43 , pl . 9 f . 3 .\n( dall , 1890 ) - uruguay , 3mm + - small , cylindrical , and very un - trochoid - like shells . h . columna is the type species of the genus . it ' s found from brazil to uruguay , infrequently dredged in 10 - 40 meters of water .\n: abbott , r . t . , 1974 , american seashells , p . 52 , f . 400 .\ntrochidae on this page click name to view image - click \u00bb to view caption below .\nthe distribution of this genus is worldwide , found mainly on hard substrates , although japanese species have been found on sandy bottoms . these snails occur from shallow waters to bathyal depths .\nthe rather thin , acute , coeloconoid ( = approaching conical shape but with concave sides ) shell is imperforate or rarely umbilicate . the whorls are smooth , often polished and spirally ridged or granular . the body whorl is angulated at the periphery . the aperture is quadrangular , sinuated at the base and slightly oblique . the columella is simple , usually ending anteriorly in a slight tooth . the nucleus appears to be either dextral or sinistral indifferently .\nthe rather thin , acute , coeloconoid ( = approaching conical shape but with concave sides ) shell is imperforate or rarely umbilicate . the whorls are smooth , often polished and spirally ridged or granular . the body whorl is angulated at the periphery . the aperture is quadrangular , sinuated at the base and slightly oblique . the columella is simple , usually ending anteriorly in a slight tooth . [ 7 ] the nucleus appears to be either dextral or sinistral indifferently . [ 8 ] [ 9 ]\nthis page is based on a wikipedia article written by authors ( here ) . text is available under the cc by - sa 3 . 0 license ; additional terms may apply . images , videos and audio are available under their respective licenses ."]}
{"id": 1084, "summary": [{"text": "pseudocuma is a genus of cumaceans , including the following species : pseudocuma cercarioides sars , 1894 pseudocuma chevreuxi fage , 1928 pseudocuma ciliatum sars , 1879 pseudocuma diastyloides sars , 1897 pseudocuma gracile sars , 1894 pseudocuma graciloides sars , 1894 pseudocuma laeve sars , 1914 pseudocuma lagunae baker , 1912 pseudocuma longicorne ( bate , 1858 ) pseudocuma simile g. o. sars , 1900 pseudocuma tenuicauda sars , 1894", "topic": 20}], "title": "pseudocuma", "paragraphs": ["worms - world register of marine species - pseudocuma ( pseudocuma ) simile g . o . sars , 1900\nworms - world register of marine species - pseudocuma g . o . sars , 1865\n( of pseudocuma longicornis ( bate ) ) zimmer , c . ( 1933 ) . cumacea . the fauna of the north sea and baltic , 23 ( 10 . g4 ) . akademische verlagsgesellschaft : leipzig , germany . 70 - 120 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\ngilson , g . ( 1906 ) . recherches sur les deux pseudocuma de la mer flamande : p . longicornis spencerbate et p . similis g . o . sars . m\u00e9m . soc . ent . belgique 12 : 77 - 96 , 15 fig . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nmccarthy , a . m . ; gerken , s . ; mcgrath , d . ; mccormack , g . p . ( 2006 ) . monopseudocuma a new genus from the north east atlantic and redescription of pseudocuma gilsoni ba\u010descu , 1950 ( cumacea : pseudocumatidae ) . zootaxa . 1203 , 39 - 56 . [ details ]\nwatling , l . ; gerken , s . ( 2018 ) . world cumacea database .\nwatling , l . ( 2001 ) . cumacea , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 308 - 310 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nzimmer , c . ( 1933 ) . cumacea . the fauna of the north sea and baltic , 23 ( 10 . g4 ) . akademische verlagsgesellschaft : leipzig , germany . 70 - 120 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nsars , g . o . ( 1900 ) . an account of the crustacea of norway . vol . iii . cumacea . ( planches ) . , 1 - 72 . [ details ]\nmuller , y . ( 2004 ) . faune et flore du littoral du nord , du pas - de - calais et de la belgique : inventaire . [ coastal fauna and flora of the nord , pas - de - calais and belgium : inventory ] . commission r\u00e9gionale de biologie r\u00e9gion nord pas - de - calais : france . 307 pp . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\ndyntaxa . ( 2013 ) . swedish taxonomic database . accessed at urltoken [ 15 - 01 - 2013 ] . , available online at http : / / urltoken [ details ]\ncensus of marine life ( 2012 ) . syndeep : towards a first global synthesis of biodiversity , biogeography and ecosystem function in the deep sea . unpublished data ( datasetid : 38 ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nvanosmael , c . ( 1977 ) . studie van het macrobenthos ter hoogte van de monding van de westerschelde en de belgische kust . msc thesis . rijksuniversiteit gent , faculteit der wetenschappen : gent . 70 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\npetrescu , iorgu ( 2006 ) . crustacea malacostraca cumacea , in : revisione della checklist della fauna marina italiana . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\ntaxonomy no subgenus stenocuma is mentioned in the erms checklist book . [ details ]\nhayward , p . j . ; ryland , j . s . ( ed . ) . ( 1990 ) . the marine fauna of the british isles and north - west europe : 1 . introduction and protozoans to arthropods . clarendon press : oxford , uk . isbn 0 - 19 - 857356 - 1 . 627 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( bate , 1858 ) description : pereion somites without carinae or protuberances . telson semicircular or bluntly semiovate . eyes well developed . second antenna of female very small , one - segmented . peduncle of uropods not very short . carapace with three oblique folds on either side . anterolateral angle unarmed . pseudorostrum prominent and acute in female , less so in male . telson nearly semicircular in female , rather longer in male . antenna 2 of male with flagellum reaching at least to pleonite 5 . peduncle of uropod equal in length to exopod in female , shortest in male , endopod much longer , with about 12 spines . size : up to 4 mm . habitat : found in shallow water . depth range : depth 0 - 130 metres . distribution in the north sea : a widespread species in the southern and northern north sea , including the skagerrak . world distribution : from northern norway to the mediterranean and black sea , also recorded from south africa and from south vietnam . bacescu , 1950 has described three subspecies but foxon , 1936 regarded males with short antennae found at millport as sexually mature but not yet fully grown and the systematics of the group would repay further investigation .\nfoxon , g . e . h . , 1936 . notes on the natural history of certain sand - dwelling cumacea . ann . mag . nat . hist . , 17 : 377 - 393 .\nhayward , p . j . and j . s . ryland , 1990 . handbook of the marine fauna of north - west europe . oxford university press , oxford .\njones , n . s . , 1957a . cumacea . key to families and references . fiches d ' identification du zooplancton , 71 ( 1957 ) . conseil international pour l ' exploration de la mer , kopenhagen .\njones , n . s . , 1957b . cumacea . figures ( covering sheets 71 and 73 - 76 ) . fiches d ' identification du zooplancton , 72 ( 1957 ) . conseil international pour l ' exploration de la mer , kopenhagen .\njones , n . s . , 1957e . cumacea . families : nannastacidae , lamprpidae , pseudocumidae . fiches d ' identification du zooplancton , 75 ( 1957 ) . conseil international pour l ' exploration de la mer , kopenhagen .\njones , n . s . , 1976 . british cumaceans . synopses of the british fauna ( new series ) , no . 7 . the linnean society / academic press , london .\nsorry , there are no other images or audio / video clips available for this species .\nrecorded from the coast of belgium and from liverpool bay in shallow water . it seems possible that this is a neotenous form of the male of\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nbacescu , mihai / gruner , h . - e . , and l . b . holthuis , eds .\ncumacea ii ( fam . nannastacidae , diastylidae , pseudocumatidae , gynodiastylidae and ceratocumatidae ) , pars 8\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service ."]}
{"id": 1096, "summary": [{"text": "alticus sertatus is a species of combtooth blenny found in coral reefs in the western central pacific ocean around the nations of fiji and tonga . ", "topic": 3}], "title": "alticus sertatus", "paragraphs": ["which taxonomic groups does the genus alticus belong to and what are the different alticus species ? below , you will find the taxonomic groups the genus alticus belongs to and the taxonomic tree with all the different species .\nalticus saliens ( j . r . forster , 1788 ) ( leaping blenny )\nalticus simplicirrus smith - vaniz & v . g . springer , 1971 ( marquesan rockstripper )\nalticus sertatus ( garman , 1903 ) : fricke et al . ( 2011 ) [ statut pour la nouvelle - cal\u00e9donie ] fricke , r . , kulbicki , m . & wantiez , l . 2011 . checklist of the fishes of new caledonia , and their distribution in the southwest pacific ocean ( pisces ) . stuttgarter beitr\u00e4ge zur naturkunde a , neue serie , 4 : 341 - 463 .\nwhich are the most common photographed alticus species ? below , you will find the list of species commonly photographed by underwater photographers .\nalticus is a genus of combtooth blennies found in the pacific and indian oceans . it is one of 57 genera in the family blenniidae .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nin continuing your browsing of this site , you accept the use of cookies to offer you suitable content and services and realize visits statistics . learn more about cookies .\nnational inventory of natural heritage , website : https : / / inpn . mnhn . fr .\nmarine species occasionally found in the mouths of rivers . the actual occurrence of this euryhaline species in freshwater is uncertain ( ref . 4342 ) . oviparous ( ref . 205 ) . eggs are demersal and adhesive ( ref . 205 ) , and are attached to the substrate via a filamentous , adhesive pad or pedestal ( ref . 94114 ) . larvae are planktonic , often found in shallow , coastal waters ( ref . 94114 ) .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nencyclo . co . uk , online since 2007 , is a search engine for english meanings and definitions . the website aims to publish all wordlists , big and small , on the internet , making it much easier to find the word you need . follow us on facebook"]}
{"id": 1097, "summary": [{"text": "colonel john ( foaled march 4 , 2005 in kentucky ) is an american thoroughbred racehorse best known as the winner of the 2008 santa anita derby and travers stakes . ", "topic": 22}], "title": "colonel john", "paragraphs": ["visit john mccrae timeline , a chronology page with more john mccrae facts and information .\nairoforce , a son of colonel john , won his dirt debut in the grade 2 kentucky jockey club stakes at churchill downs .\nthis entry was posted in bloodstock and tagged colonel john , well armed , winstar farm by paulick report staff . bookmark the permalink .\ngrade i winner colonel john , seen here winning the 2009 wickerr stakes , has been sold and will stand stud in korea for 2017 .\ncolonel john w . henderson became the commander of the omaha district , u . s . army corps of engineers , july 31 , 2015 .\nso , what can we expect from colonel john ' s progeny ? s colonel john was adept over dirt , turf and cushion track . he placed on polytrack , but that wasn ' t his best surface . so far , colonel john is represented by winners over tapeta and turf . his babies should also handle mud . some may be capable over polytrack , but may not be able to offer a top level performance over the surface .\nwinstar farm sire colonel john has been sold to the korea thoroughbred breeders association ( ktba ) to stand in jeju - do , korea in 2017 .\ncolonel john had defeated maidens at seven furlongs oct . 7 at santa anita after finishing second in his career debut aug . 19 at del mar .\n25 of colonel john ' s two year olds went through the sales ring . 17 sold between $ 19k - $ 300k , eight were rna .\nrunner - up in the 2007 gi cashcall futurity , colonel john added the gi santa anita derby and a thrilling success in that year\u2019s gi travers s . he was a stakes winner and grade i - placed at four . during his tenure at winstar , colonel john sired 10 black - type winners , five at the graded level .\nlieutenant colonel graham parker , obe , founder of the poppy umbrella in ypres on 11 th november 2008 .\ncolonel john\u2019s 2008 debut was a success when garrett gomez , subbing for the injured nakatani , beat el gato malo by a half - length in the sham stakes at santa anita on march 1 . now that nakatani\u2019s broken collarbone is healed and gomez opted to ride court vision in saturday\u2019s wood memorial stakes at aqueduct , nakatani is reunited with colonel john .\nmultiple grade 1 winner and freshman sire colonel john was represented by his first winner on sunday when his son cash conversion captured a maiden special weight event at presque isle downs .\ncolonel john , who has 86 2 - year - olds in his first crop , stands alongside his sire tiznow at winstar for an advertised fee of $ 15 , 000 .\ncolonel john was a good horse right from the get - go as a juvenile , running second at del mar in his first start , followed by an easy maiden win at seven furlongs at the oak tree meeting at santa anita in october for trainer eoin harty . victory in the listed real quiet stakes at hollywood park was just as easy , and colonel john started favorite for the grade 1 cashcall futurity but found one too good for him . into mischief won by 1 1 / 4 lengths as colonel john rallied from well behind but could never catch him .\ncolonel john , bred and raced by winstar farm \u2013 then owned by bill casner and kenny troutt in partnership \u2013 was from the third crop of his sire , 2000 horse of the year tiznow , but is a very different physical type from both his sire and broodmare sire . both tiznow and turkoman , sire of colonel john\u2019s dam , sweet damsel , stand over 17 hands , and tiznow in particular is a rather coarse , plain individual . colonel john is tall but not overly big , and he is a far more elegant horse than tiznow , with a lovely head .\nkieran lalor , winstar ' s broodmare manager , described colonel john as a\ntall , very athletic horse , with a very strong body type . ' ' his foals take after him .\ncanadian physician , soldier , teacher and poet john mccrae was born in guelph ontario on november 30 , 1872 , the second son of scottish immigrants lieutenant colonel david mccrae and janet simpson eckford mccrae .\nairoforce\u2019s obvious talent will not be enough alone to revive the stud career of colonel john , but it proves that , given the right mare , the son of tiznow can sire a good horse .\ncolonel john will do a period of quarantine before shipping to korea at the end of october . he will join former us - based sires any given saturday and chapel royal ) at jeju stud farm .\n\u201cthe big reason we sent him to california was so he could run and train on the artificial surfaces , \u201d casner said saturday after colonel john won the $ 200 , 000 sham stakes on saturday .\ncolonel john is the most accomplished of his dam ' s offspring . proving that breeding is still a genetic roll of the dice , colonel john ' s full brother mr . hot stuff placed in the sham and santa anita derby , but found his calling as a steeplechase horse . their full sister kayce ace is stakes placed . another half sister , caroline ' s gold is grade 3 stakes placed .\nwinstar farms ' colonel john and jockey garrett gomez win the wickerr stakes race at del mar thoroughbred club in del mar , calif . ( july 31 , 2009 ) photo credit : ap / benoit photo\n\u201cthe ktba is very excited to stand colonel john , \u201d said bloodstock agent jun park , a longtime advisor to the ktba who brokered the deal . \u201che will be a wonderful addition to their growing breeding program . \u201d\nmaking his first start around two turns and only the third of his career , colonel john won the $ 100 , 000 real quiet stakes like a colt who could make a lot of noise in the coming months .\none of tiznow\u2019s top runners is the winstar homebred colonel john ( truenicks , sro ) who returns home to stand alongside his sire for the 2010 season . out of a mare by turkoman , colonel john won the santa anita derby ( gr . i ) and the travers s . ( gr . i ) as a three - year - old . he retires as tiznow\u2019s second leading money earner having bankrolled over $ 1 . 7 million .\nthe ktba is very excited to stand colonel john ,\nsaid bloodstock agent jun park , a longtime advisor to the ktba who brokered the deal .\nhe will be a wonderful addition to their growing breeding program .\nborn in guelph , ontario , on november 30 , 1872 , john mccrae was the second son of lieutenant - colonel david mccrae and janet simpson eckford mccrae . he had a sister , geills , and a brother , tom .\nlieutenant colonel john mccrae md was buried with full military honors in the cemetery in wimereux , france ( plot 4 , row h , grave 3 ) . john mccrae\u2019s funeral was one of the best attended funerals of the entire war . in attendance were his many friends , military dignitaries , nursing sisters and colleagues .\njohn mccrae attended sunday morning services regularly at st . paul ' s presbyterian church in\na three - quarter brother to grade 1 multimillionaire well armed was born at winstar farm on april 14th . the bay colt is from the first crop of multiple grade 1 winner colonel john \u2013 tiznow ' s top performer at stud .\ncolonel john stood for $ 7 , 500 this year at winstar farm , near versailles , ky . with more than $ 4 million in 2016 earnings , he ranks 33rd on this year ' s general sire list through sept . 27 .\njohn glenn - military leader , u . s . senator , astronaut , pilot - biography\njohn murtha was appointed to the u . s . house of representatives in a special election to fill a vacancy caused by the death of gop rep . john p . saylor .\ncolonel john ' s damsire turkoman was champion older male in 1986 . he ' s an excellent broodmare sire and claims over 30 stakes winners as a damsire , including king ' s bishop ( g - 1 ) winner and sire hard spun .\noverall , colonel john ' s distaff family is light on blacktype . his dam owns no stakes earnings , but she was a solid race mare , earning a 33 - 5 - 5 - 4 ( $ 66 , 469 ) record at the allowance level . sweet damsel was a miler who won over dirt and turf . colonel john ' s second dam grande dame won a restricted race and his third dam fia placed in the cca oaks ( g - 1 ) and three other graded stakes .\ncolonel john ' s most important wins as a racehorse came in the santa anita derby ( gr . i ) and travers stakes ( gr . i ) . he is out of the winning turkoman mare sweet damsel , who also has produced grade i - placed\nwell dressed is booked back to tiznow , who stands the 2011 season for $ 75 , 000 stands and nurses . colonel john stands his second season in 2011 for a fee of $ 15 , 000 stands and nurses . both stallions have been booked full .\ncolonel john was racing for the first time since dec . 22 , when he ran second in the hollywood futurity . trainer eoin harty next will run the colt in the $ 750 , 000 santa anita derby , also at 11 / 8 miles , on april 5 .\ntrained by eoin harty , colonel john won the grade iii sham stakes and grade i santa anita derby in 2008 prior to finishing sixth in that year\u2019s kentucky derby . he would return that summer to capture the grade i travers stakes , his final career graded stakes win .\njohn mccrae was deeply affected by the fighting and losses in france . he became bitter and disillusioned .\nwinstar farm homebred colonel john ( tiznow\u2013sweet damsel , by turkoman ) , sire of the current graded - stakes horses airoforce and dalmore , has been sold to the korea thoroughbred breeders association ( ktba ) and will stand his first year at stud in jeju - do in 2017 .\nwinstar homebred colonel john , a multiple grade i - winner on the track and sire of graded stakes winners airoforce , cocked and loaded , and dalmore , has been purchased by the korea thoroughbred breeders association ( ktba ) and will stand stud in jeju - do , korea in 2017 .\nnothing travels faster in bluegrass country than news about a hot young sire .\nthat ' s exactly right , ' ' walden said .\ncolonel john was the leader at the july sale , and that ' s what has people excited . it ' s a repeatable thing . ' '\nfasig - tipton ' s saratoga yearling sale began monday night at the humphrey s . finney pavilion , two blocks from where colonel john enjoyed his career highlight in the 2008 travers . his first crop of yearlings led keeneland ' s fasig - tipton july sale with a $ 141 , 250 average , and there ' s a serious buzz about his five offspring in the spa ' s two - evening bidding frenzy . colonel john made $ 1 . 77 million racing for his owner - breeder , winstar farm of versailles , ky . , but he could be worth exponentially more as a stallion .\n2008 marked the 40 anniversary of opening of mccrae house in guelph ontario , the stone cottage birthplace of john mccrae . built in 1857 mccrae house remained a private residence for over a century until it was threatened with demolition in the mid - 1960\u2019s . local residents ( including cyril allinson , the young soldier who witnessed john mccrae writing the poem in 1915 ) formed the john mccrae birthplace society , purchased the home and opened john mccrae house as a museum in 1968 . mccrae house also includes john mccrae\u2019s war medals plus a garden of remembrance with a memorial cenotaph .\ncolonel john , covering 11 / 8 miles in 1 : 50 . 15 under garrett gomez , took the lead in the stretch and held on to defeat 7 - 10 favorite el gato malo by one - half length in the field of five . el gato malo suffered his first defeat in four career starts .\nfor walden , a third - generation kentucky horseman , owning an up - and - coming stallion his farm bred is glorious .\nit ' s very exciting , ' ' he said .\ntiznow has been a great sire for us , and we hope colonel john will be one , too . ' '\nboth john and thomas mccrae were major contributor ' s to osler ' s modern medicine , a 10 - volume textbook published in 1909 . in addition , john mccrae co - authored a textbook on pathology which was published in 1912 .\nlibrary of congress , american memory :\ndr . john s . pemberton ( inventor of coca - cola )\ncolonel john ( usa ) b . h , 2005 { 5 - i } dp = 4 - 1 - 9 - 0 - 0 ( 14 ) di = 2 . 11 cd = 0 . 64 - 15 starts , 6 wins , 3 places , 1 shows career earnings : $ 1 , 779 , 012\ncolonel john\u2019s comeback race after a two - month break resulted in a fair third in the grade 2 swaps , but he was fitter for the grade 1 travers stakes at saratoga and held on grimly in a stretch battle with mambo in seattle to win by a nose . with big brown retired , colonel john was the best american - trained 3 - year - old available for the breeders\u2019 cup classic , and probably ran right up to his best form , finishing fifth , beaten about five lengths , to the british - trained sophomore raven\u2019s pass . he ran once more at 3 , finishing fourth over the inadequate distance of seven furlongs in the malibu .\nenter colonel john , a 3 - year - old son of two - time breeders\u2019 cup classic winner tiznow . nakatani will be aboard the eoin harty - trained colt in saturday\u2019s 71st running of the santa anita derby , and he hopes the 2 - 1 morning - line favorite will help him end those string of goose eggs .\nas a stallion , colonel john is led by airoforce , winner of the grade 2 kentucky jockey club stakes and grade 3 bourbon stakes and runner - up in the breeders ' cup juvenile turf last year . he is represented by 12 other stakes winners , including graded winners cocked and loaded , dalmore , southern honey , and concave .\nthus it is always instructive to see a horse like colonel john come up with a genuinely good horse from one of the better - credentialed mares in his book . that horse is airoforce , out of the stakes - placed cuvee mare chocolate pop . airoforce won the grade 2 kentucky jockey club stakes on nov . 28 at churchill downs .\nwe ' re very pleased with colonel john ' s yearlings overall , ' ' said elliott walden , winstar ' s president , ceo and racing manager .\nhe was a good racehorse , and he gets you a nice , big , scopey , very athletic horse , and that ' s what people are looking for . ' '\ncolonel john retired after the 2009 season with six wins from 15 starts and $ 1 , 779 , 012 in earnings . as a sire , he ranks no . 1 on the latest north american fourth - crop sires list for 2016 , and is no . 2 on the cumulative fourth - crop sires list in north america behind pioneerof the nile .\nlate in september 1826 by arrived at the mouth of the rideau river to begin initial preparations . in april 1827 , accompanied by john\n( 1 ) photograph of lieutenant alexis helmer . featured in a crown of life : the world of john mccrae , by dianne graves\ncolonel john , by winstar stallion tiznow , was bred and raced by the farm . he was a multiple grade 1 - winning 3 - year - old in 2008 , taking the santa anita derby and travers stakes . he won or placed in six other stakes over his three seasons of racing , and retired with $ 1 , 779 , 012 in earnings .\non february 20 , 1962 , astronaut john glenn entered the spacecraft friendship 7 to begin the first american - manned mission to orbit earth .\ni really liked col . john , so it ' s nice to see that his babies are already entering the winner ' s circle .\ncolonel john will enter quarantine before shipping to south korea at the end of october to take up residence at his new home jeju stud farm , which also currently stands former american stallions any given saturday and chapel royal . because its racing takes place on dirt , korea has invested heavily in american stock as it has built its thoroughbred industry ; the country also stands champion juvenile hansen .\njust like on the racetrack , there are no sure things at an auction . the colonel john colt went for $ 250 , 000 to phase ii thoroughbreds , but the filly was not sold . the final bid of $ 190 , 000 did not meet her reserve , the minimum price agreed upon by her owner , spruce lane farm , and sales agent , hidden brook farm .\njohn mccrae had a remarkable affinity for people and animals . his many friends and colleagues described him as warm and compassionate with very high principles .\nlooks like col . john is off to a great early start with his runners and that should make him popular with today ' s breeders .\nbred to improve with more distance - - his dam ( sweet damsel ) is a daughter of multiple stakes - winning router turkoman - - colonel john didn ' t disappoint sunday . he will be favored , if he runs , in the $ 750 , 000 hollywood futurity , now sponsored by cashcall , on dec . 22 . the promising juvenile will have to be supplemented to the race .\nas the brigade doctor , john mccrae was asked to conduct the burial service for alexis because the chaplain had been called away somewhere else on duty that evening . it is believed that later that evening , after the burial , john began the draft for his now famous poem \u201cin flanders fields\u201d .\nwhen america\u2019s most famous race is run for the 134th time on may 3 , churchill downs will have its usual dirt track in place . but if colonel john , a 3 - year - old tiznow colt bred and owned by casner and his wife susan , is in the starting gate for the run for the roses , he believes a major reason will be the synthetic surface at santa anita .\nthe poem was written by a canadian\u2014john mccrae , a doctor and teacher , who served in both the south african war and the first world war .\ncolonel john is a large bodied horse reminiscent of his sire tiznow . he was a late - season two year old , yet showed obvious talent demolishing a group of maidens by over four lengths . the winstar homebred won the real quiet stakes before checking in a late - running second to into mischief in the cash call futurity ( g - 1 ) , to finish out his two year old season .\nno well - authenticated portrait of john by is known to exist . two silhouettes have been used in recent publications , but they have not been positively identified\nin the summer of 1910 john mccrae accompanied governor general earl grey as expedition doctor on a month - long canoe trip from lake winnipeg to hudson\u2019s bay .\njohn hancock was an 18th century u . s . merchant who was president of the continental congress and the first person to sign the declaration of independence .\ncolonel john has a stamina oriented pedigree . his sire , two - time horse of the year champ tiznow , is a young stallion whose only son at stud with babies on the track is tiz wonderful ( by hennessy ) . tiz wonderful ' s first crop are now three year olds . he wound up at # 8 on the freshman sire list last year and is currently # 7 on the second crop sire list .\nthe symbolic poppy and john mccrae ' s poems are still linked and the voices of those who have died in war continue to be heard each remembrance day .\nking , monroe m .\njohn stith pemberton ( 1831 - 1888 ) .\nnew georgia encyclopedia . 13 june 2017 . web . 09 july 2018 .\njohn mccrae resigned from the 1st brigade of artillery in 1904 after being promoted to captain and then major . he was not involved with the military again until 1914 .\nsaratoga springs - - he has everything you want in a sire - - grade i victories , tactical speed , stamina , versatility and durability . besides his santa anita derby and travers trophies , colonel john won on turf and synthetic and competed until late in his 4 - year - old season . his pedigree is impeccable , by two - time breeders ' cup classic hero tiznow out of a mare by turkoman , the 1986 champion older male .\nbecause winstar owns none of the five mares , it won ' t profit from the foals ' prices .\nwe won ' t make anything directly , ' ' walden said ,\nbut colonel john ' s reputation and value as a stallion would be enhanced . ' ' his stud fee is $ 15 , 000 , but if enough of his yearlings excel as runners , his price could approach tiznow ' s ( $ 75 , 000 ) .\njohn glenn was the first u . s . astronaut to orbit earth , completing three orbits in 1962 . he also served as a u . s senator from ohio .\non april 17th , 1915 john mccrae earned the rank of lieutenant colonel . on june 1st , 1915 mccrae left the battlefront and transferred to number 3 general hospital at boulogne where he treated wounded soldiers from the battles of somme , vimy ridge , arras , and passchendaele . on january 5 , 1918 mccrae became the first canadian ever to be appointed as consultant physician to the british armies in the field . unfortunately , mccrae died before he could he could take up his new position .\nas well as expressing himself in words , john mccrae also did small , detailed pencil sketches of scenes on his trips , mostly in south africa , the united states and scotland .\non 11 th november 1995 lieutenant colonel graham parker , obe was in ypres ( ieper ) to take part in the annual armistice day ceremonies . as he led the poppy parade to the menin gate memorial to the missing , there was a heavy rainstorm and the crowds lining the route began putting up umbrellas .\na full - length biography of by is available in r . [ f . ] legget , john by , lieutenant colonel , royal engineers , 1779\u20131836 : builder of the rideau canal , founder of ottawa ( [ ottawa ] , 1982 ) . a summary biography and a description of his work in building the canal is given in the same author\u2019s rideau waterway ( toronto , 1955 ; rev . ed . , toronto and buffalo , n . y . , 1972 ; 2nd ed . , toronto , 1986 ) . much of the information about by\u2019s life comes from h . p . hill , \u201clieutenant - colonel john by \u2013 a biography , \u201d royal engineers journal ( chatham , eng . ) , [ new ser . ] , 46 ( 1932 ) : 522\u201325 , and this was supplemented by minor pieces of information such as his baptismal record in the register of st - mary - at - lambeth ( london ) , 10 aug . 1779 , at the greater london record office .\njohn bell was elected tennessee senator in 1847 , serving in the senate until 1859 . he was also a u . s . presidential nominee on the eve of the american civil war .\ncolonel john retired to his birthplace in 2010 at a fee of $ 15 , 000 with a consistent record of six wins , three seconds , and a third in 15 starts for earnings of $ 1 , 779 , 012 . as the winner of the santa anita derby and travers , he was arguably the second - best american - trained 3 - year - old of his crop behind big brown , but in retrospect , the american 3 - year - olds of 2008 were not an outstanding group .\nthe wacker estate sold chocolate pop for only $ 25 , 000 to greathouse bloodstock at the 2010 keeneland november sale , and the mare was re - offered , in foal to colonel john , but failed to meet her reserve at $ 35 , 000 in 2012 . airoforce , who was bred by stewart m . madison , is her first foal . she has since produced a yearling full sister to airoforce , and a weanling filly by first samurai . chocolate pop was bred to sidney\u2019s candy this year .\nprecocious doesn ' t come to mind when one thinks of colonel john ' s offspring . yet they ' ve started to make their appearance on the track . within the last couple of weeks , two of his sons have entered the winner ' s circle . the winstar farm home - bred cash conversion galloped to a 2 \u00be length victory over the presque isle downs oval to kick off the month of june . a week later , here ' s johnny subdued his rivals by 2 \u00bd lengths at churchill .\nburrows , john ( vol . 7 ) drummond , robert ( vol . 6 ) duberger , jean - baptiste ( vol . 6 ) duvernet , henry abraham ( vol . 7 ) jebb , sir joshua ( vol . 9 ) kempt , sir james ( vol . 8 ) macdonell , george richard john ( vol . 9 ) mann , gother ( vol . 6 ) more\njohn lindsay was a u . s . congressman and was the mayor of new york city during the 1960s . he is known for his\nghetto walks\nand clashes with labor groups .\nthe family were scottish presbyterians and john mccrae was a man of high principles and strong spiritual values . he has been described as warm and sensitive with a remarkable compassion for both people and animals .\nhe took with him a horse named bonfire , a gift from a friend . later , john mccrae sent his young nieces and nephews letters supposedly written by bonfire and signed with a hoof print .\nfor respite , he took long rides on bonfire through the french countryside . another animal companion was a casualty of the war , the dog bonneau , who adopted john mccrae as his special friend .\nin 1898 , john mccrae received a bachelor of medicine degree and the gold medal from the university of toronto medical school . he worked as resident house officer at toronto general hospital from 1898 to 1899 .\nan avid outdoorsman , john mccrae was invited in 1910 to serve as expedition physician when the governor general , lord grey , journeyed by canoe from norway house on lake winnipeg to hudson ' s bay .\nin the trenches , john mccrae tended hundreds of wounded soldiers every day . he was surrounded by the dead and the dying . in a letter to his mother , he wrote of the battle of ypres .\nwhen mccrae went to europe he took with him his horse bonfire , a gift given to him by his friend john l . todd . mccrae was very fond of animals and often wrote home to his niece and nephew as if the letters were from bonfire and signed with bonfire\u2019s hoof print . while at ypres , john mccrae also befriended a dog he named bonneau which accompanied mccrae on his rounds through the medical wards .\nthe right horse might be colonel john , who began his career with a runner - up effort in a maiden special weight on aug . 19 at del mar . he broke his maiden by 4 < md + , % 30 , % 55 , % 70 > 1 / < md - , % 0 , % 55 , % 70 > 2 lengths with nakatani aboard next time out on oct . 7 at oak tree and , following his victory in the real quiet , finished second to into mischief in the cashcall futurity at hollywood park on dec . 22 .\ngeoffrey serle , ' monash , sir john ( 1865\u20131931 ) ' , australian dictionary of biography , national centre of biography , australian national university , urltoken published first in hardcopy 1986 , accessed online 10 july 2018 .\njohn mccain is a vietnam war veteran and a six - term u . s . senator from the state of arizona . he was the republican nominee for the 2008 presidential election , before his loss to barack obama .\nafter this ground - breaking mission , glenn became an american hero . he was feted with parades and received numerous accolades . president john f . kennedy presented him with the nasa distinguished service medal , and the two eventually became friends . it was president kennedy & apos ; s brother robert who encouraged glenn to consider a life in public service . glenn , who had risen in the ranks to colonel , continued to serve as an advisor to nasa until 1964 , and the following year he retired from the marines corps . with a longtime interest in politics he decided to run for office .\nas an author , john mccrae wrote numerous articles for medical journals , co - authored \u201ca text - book of pathology for students of medicine\u201d with j . g . adami and published a number of poems , letters , articles and short stories in national magazines including saturday night and godey\u2019s plus the university of toronto student newspaper , the varsity . john mccrae was also a contributing writer to osler\u2019s book of modern medicine , a 10 - volume textbook by william osler .\nafter graduating with honors from medical school in toronto in 1898 , john mccrae served in the artillery during the second boer war in south africa ( 1899 \u2013 1901 ) . mccrae was shocked by the poor treatment of the sick and injured soldiers .\nin april 1915 , john mccrae was in the trenches near ypres , belgium , in the area traditionally called flanders . some of the heaviest fighting of the first world war took place there during what was known as the second battle of ypres .\nmckay , thomas ( vol . 8 ) ramsay , george , 9th earl of dalhousie ( vol . 7 ) smyth , sir james carmichael ( vol . 7 ) white , andrew ( vol . 6 ) lennox , charles , 4th duke of richmond and lennox ( vol . 5 ) redpath , john ( vol . 9 ) ansley , amos ( vol . 7 ) baird , nicol hugh ( vol . 7 ) barrie , sir robert ( vol . 7 ) bonnycastle , sir richard henry ( vol . 7 ) bradford , richard ( vol . 5 ) chaffey , samuel ( vol . 6 ) christie , alexander james ( vol . 7 ) degaugreben , friedrich ( vol . 6 ) durnford , elias walker ( vol . 7 ) le breton , john ( vol . 7 ) mactaggart , john ( vol . 6 ) mcmartin , alexander ( vol . 8 ) rose , sir john ( vol . 11 ) sparks , nicholas ( vol . 9 ) stewart , william ( vol . 8 )\ntiznow ' s offspring look remarkably like their sire and colonel john is no exception . he is a large , muscular horse who covers a distance of ground . typically , he was a mid / late season two year old . like many with his physical build and pedigree , he improved with age and racing . the majority of his progeny will make their debuts from mid - season ( late july , early august ) onward and improve greatly as three year olds . some may be quick enough to win at six furlongs , however , seven furlongs through 1 1 / 4 miles will be more suitable . they should be proficient over every surface , although bet his offspring on polytrack with caution .\njohn mccrae began writing poetry while a student at the guelph collegiate institute . as a young boy , he was also interested in the military . he joined the highfield cadet corps at 14 and at 17 enlisted in the militia field battery commanded by his father .\nwriting letters and poetry also allowed john mccrae to escape temporarily from the pressures of his administrative duties at the hospital . his last poem ,\nthe anxious dead\n, echoed the theme of\nin flanders fields\nbut was never as popular as the earlier poem .\nin 1899 , he went to baltimore and interned at the johns hopkins hospital where his brother thomas had worked as assistant resident since 1895 . there , both john and thomas mccrae became close associates of dr . william osler , the pre - eminent medical educator of his time .\nduring the summer of 1917 , john mccrae was troubled by severe asthma attacks and occasional bouts of bronchitis . he became very ill in january 1918 and diagnosed his condition as pneumonia . he was moved to number 14 british general hospital for officers where he continued to grow weak .\njohn mccrae graduated from guelph collegiate at 16 and was the first guelph student to win a scholarship to the university of toronto . after attending university for three years , however , he was forced to take a year off due to severe asthma . this illness recurred throughout his life .\nalthough he had been a doctor for years and had served in the south african war , it was impossible to get used to the suffering , the screams , and the blood here , and major john mccrae had seen and heard enough in his dressing station to last him a lifetime .\nthe story of john mccrae ' s world war i poem interweaves the poet ' s words with information about the war , details of daily life in the trenches , accounts of mccrae ' s experience in his field hospital , and the circumstances that contributed to the poem ' s creation .\nthe words of john mccrae , a soldier , doctor and poet , are called to mind every year on 11 november . it was his poem , in flanders fields , that was the inspiration for the poppy as a symbol of remembrance . this book charts the story of his life .\nafter his retirement , glenn and his wife founded the john glenn college for public service at the ohio state university with the mission to improve the quality of public service and to encourage young people to pursue careers in government . the glenns also serve as trustees of their alma mater , muskingum college .\njohn mccrae sailed to africa in december and spent a year there with his unit . when he left south africa , it was with mixed feelings about war . he was still convinced of the need to fight for one ' s country but shocked by the poor treatment of the sick and injured soldiers .\nsir john monash ( 1865 - 1931 ) , soldier , engineer and administrator , was born on 27 june 1865 in west melbourne , eldest of three children and only son of louis monash ( 1831 - 1894 ) and his wife bertha , n\u00e9e manasse . several generations of john ' s paternal ancestors had lived at krotoschin ( krotoszyn ) , posen province ( poznan , poland ) , prussia , near breslau ( wroclaw ) . almost one - third of the town ' s population was jewish . john ' s grandfather baer - loebel monasch was a learned publisher and printer . his uncle by marriage heinrich graetz was the eminent historian of the jewish people . his father louis migrated to melbourne in 1854 , prospered as a merchant , was naturalized in 1856 and was secretary of the deutscher verein . he returned to europe in 1863 , married bertha ( of dramburg , near stettin ( szczecin ) ) , and next year took her back to melbourne .\njohn mccrae was buried with full military honours in wimereux cemetery , just north of boulogne , not far from the fields of flanders . bonfire led the procession , mccrae ' s riding boots reversed in the stirrups . his death was met with great grief among his friends and contemporaries . a friend wrote of the funeral :\nglenn met his wife annie when they were children growing up in new concord , ohio . glenn wrote in his autobiography john glenn , a memoir : \u201cshe was part of my life from the time of my first memory . \u201d they were married on april 6 , 1943 at the college drive presbyterian church in new concord .\njohn mccrae\u2019s flanders fields poem was first published anonymously in the december 8th 1915 issue of the british punch magazine and is credited with the inspiration for adopting the \u201cpoppy\u201d as canada\u2019s official flower of remembrance , which is also recognized in canada , the u . s . , france , britain and other commonwealth countries including australia and new zealand .\nin 1901 , john mccrae picked up the thread of his life , resuming his studies in pathology . the years after the war were busy ones for the young doctor . as governor ' s fellow in pathology and resident assistant pathologist , he had the dual function of research work in the medical faculty laboratories at mcgill and autopsy duties at\nit is a terrible state of affairs , and i am going because i think every bachelor , especially if he has experience of war , ought to go . i am really rather afraid , but more afraid to stay at home with my conscience . ( prescott . in flanders fields : the story of john mccrae , p . 77 )\nfamed american astronaut and politician john glenn jr . , who made history in 1962 as the first american to orbit earth , was born in cambridge , ohio on july 18 , 1921 to john and clara glenn . when he was two years old , his family moved to the small town of new concord , ohio , where his father ran a plumbing business . glenn developed an early interest in science , particularly aeronautics , and a sense of patriotism that would lead him to serve his country later in life . according to glenn & apos ; s official website , he had a very happy childhood . \u201ca boy could not have had a more idyllic early childhood than i did , \u201d he wrote .\nwhile still at the battlefront during the second battle of ypres , john mccrae performed a burial service for his good friend and former student alexis helmer . the next day on may 3 , 1915 mccrae reportedly sat on the step of an ambulance wagon and composed what is now considered to be the world\u2019s most famous and recognized war memorial poem , in flanders fields .\nmccrae suffered from asthma since childhood and by december of 1917 his health had dramatically declined . john mccrae succumbed to pneumonia and meningitis on january 28th , 1918 at number 14 british general hospital for officers in boulogne , france . his funeral procession was led by his horse bonfire and in the tradition of mounted officers ; mccrae\u2019s boots were placed backwards in the stirrups .\nduring the early days of the second battle of ypres a young canadian artillery officer , lieutenant alexis helmer , was killed on 2 nd may , 1915 in the gun positions near ypres . an exploding german artillery shell landed near him . he was serving in the same canadian artillery unit as a friend of his , the canadian military doctor and artillery commander major john mccrae .\nwhen the south african war started in october 1899 , john mccrae felt it was his duty to fight . in order to serve in south africa , he requested postponement of a fellowship in pathology that he had been awarded at mcgill university in montr\u00e9al . he was subsequently commissioned to lead an artillery battery from his home town . this guelph contingent became part of d battery , canadian field artillery .\npemberton served with distinction as a lieutenant colonel in the third georgia cavalry battalion during the civil war and was almost killed in the fighting at columbus in april 1865 . in 1869 he became a principal partner in the firm of pemberton , wilson , taylor and company , which was based in atlanta , where he moved in 1870 . two years later he became a trustee of the atlanta medical college ( later emory university school of medicine ) and established a business in philadelphia , pennsylvania , where his own brands of pharmaceuticals were manufactured on a large scale . he also served for six years ( 1881 - 87 ) on the first state examining board that licensed pharmacists in georgia .\nthe war of 1812 had clearly demonstrated the vulnerability of the military supply line along the st lawrence between montreal and kingston , upper canada . british commanders in lower and upper canada had seen the need for an alternative route even before the end of the war , and late in 1814 lieutenant - colonel george richard john macdonell * had roughly surveyed the rideau - cataraqui line . to render the route between montreal and kingston by the ottawa , rideau , and cataraqui rivers navigable for small naval vessels , it was necessary to build a lock at the mouth of the ottawa river , three small canals to circumvent rapids on the ottawa , and a canal system along the stretch from the mouth of the rideau river to kingston . although representations were made to london about the necessity of these works , it was only late in 1815 that orders were given for a study of the route to be made . lieutenant joshua jebb * surveyed the rideau - cataraqui route in the spring of 1816 but nothing further transpired . however , the entrance lock to the ottawa was built by private interests that year .\nthe day of the funeral was a beautiful spring day ; none of us wore overcoats . you know the haze that comes over the hills at wimereux . i felt so thankful that the poet of ' in flanders fields ' was lying out there in the bright sunshine in the open space he loved so well . . . . ( prescott . in flanders fields : the story of john mccrae , p . 129 )\nbefore he died , john mccrae had the satisfaction of knowing that his poem had been a success . soon after its publication , it became the most popular poem on the first world war . it was translated into many languages and used on billboards advertising the sale of the first victory loan bonds in canada in 1917 . designed to raise $ 150 , 000 , 000 , the campaign raised $ 400 , 000 , 000 .\nduring this year off , he was assistant resident master at the ontario agricultural college in guelph , teaching english and mathematics . it is reported that he also fell in love with a friend ' s eighteen year - old sister , but he was dealt a bitter blow when the young woman died shortly after they met . john mccrae expressed the pain of this loss through his poetry which even then dwelt on the theme of death .\nthe day before he wrote his famous poem , one of mccrae ' s closest friends was killed in the fighting and buried in a makeshift grave with a simple wooden cross . wild poppies were already beginning to bloom between the crosses marking the many graves . unable to help his friend or any of the others who had died , john mccrae gave them a voice through his poem . it was the second last poem he was to write .\nthe farm at tully was purchased from the fay family in 1900 by colonel william hall walker . hall walker became the most successful breeder of the age , enjoying his finest hour when king edward vii led minoru , born and raised at tully , into epsom\u2019s winners\u2019 enclosure following a famous victory in the 1909 derby . in 1915 the farm and all its stock was gifted to the crown and became the national stud under the leadership of sir henry greer . the success continued with the farm producing the winners of all five classics . in 1942 sun chariot , born and bred at tully , earned herself an indelible place in racing history when landing the fillies\u2019 triple crown \u2013 the 1 , 000 guineas , oaks and st . leger \u2013 for king george vi .\non august 4 , 1914 , britain declared war on germany . canada , as a member of the british empire , was automatically at war , and its citizens from all across the land responded quickly . within three weeks , 45 , 000 canadians had rushed to join up . john mccrae was among them . he was appointed a medical officer with the first brigade of the canadian field artillery with the rank of major and second - in - command .\na kitten has taken up with a poor ( child ) dying of muscular atrophy who cannot move . it stays with him all the time , and sleeps most of the day in his straw hat . tonight i saw the kitten curled up under the bedclothes . it seems as it were a gift of providence that the little creature should attach itself to the child who needs is most . ( prescott , in flanders fields : the story of john mccrae , p . 18 )\njohn glenn , the last of nasa & apos ; s first class of astronauts , died on december 8 , 2016 at the age of 95 , at ohio state university wexner medical center in columbus , ohio . he is survived by his wife of 73 years , annie , their two children and grandchildren . the legendary astronaut and senator was laid to rest at arlington national cemetery on april 6 , 2017 , which would have been his 74th wedding anniversary with his wife annie .\nalthough mccrae worked hard at his university teaching and at his increasingly busy practice , the advantage of working in a university was that he could take time off . he holidayed at various times in england , france and europe . . . at times he worked his passage to europe as ship ' s surgeon ; he enjoyed ships and the sea . these were the compensations of a bachelor ' s life . ( prescott , in flanders fields : the story of john mccrae , p . 70 )\nin 1914 at the start of the first world war , mccrae followed his sense of duty to god , his country and his fellow man and enlisted . in a letter to his mother john mccrae wrote , \u201c i am really rather afraid , but more afraid to stay at home with my conscience . \u201d at 42 years of age , mccrae was older than most wwi volunteers when he enlisted . in 1915 he was given the rank of major and appointed brigade - surgeon to the first brigade of the canadian forces artillery stationed at ypres , belgium .\nairoforce sold for only $ 20 , 000 at the 2014 fasig - tipton kentucky october yearling sale to michael neatherlin , but worked so well at the 2015 obs april sale that east west stable paid $ 350 , 000 for him . the kentucky jockey club was airoforce\u2019s third win in four starts , all for owner john c . oxley and trainer mark casse , and his first on dirt . his only loss came in the grade 1 breeders\u2019 cup juvenile turf when he failed by only a neck to hold off the closing surge of hit it a bomb .\nhe felt he should have made greater sacrifices , and insisted on living in a tent through the year , like his comrades at the front , rather than in the officers ' huts . when this affected his health in mid - winter he had to be ordered into warmer surroundings . to many he gave the impression that he felt he should still be with his old artillery brigade . after the battle of ypres he was never again the optimistic man with the infectious smile . ( prescott . in flanders fields : the story of john mccrae , p . 110 )\nthe general impression in my mind is of a nightmare . we have been in the most bitter of fights . for seventeen days and seventeen nights none of us have had our clothes off , nor our boots even , except occasionally . in all that time while i was awake , gunfire and rifle fire never ceased for sixty seconds . . . . . and behind it all was the constant background of the sights of the dead , the wounded , the maimed , and a terrible anxiety lest the line should give way . ( prescott . in flanders fields : the story of john mccrae , p . 98 )\njohn glenn jr . was born on july 18 , 1921 in cambridge , ohio . a marine pilot , he was selected in 1959 for project mercury astronaut training . he became a backup pilot for alan b . shepard jr . and virgil\ngus\ngrissom , who made the first two u . s . suborbital flights into space . glenn was selected for the first orbital flight , and in 1962 , aboard friendship 7 , he made three orbits around earth . after his decorated service in the u . s . marine corps and nasa , glenn went on to serve as u . s . senator from his home state . he died on december 8 , 2016 at the age of 95 ."]}
{"id": 1108, "summary": [{"text": "latridius is a genus of beetles in the family latridiidae , containing the following species : latridius amplus johnson , 1977 latridius assimilis ( mannerheim , 1844 ) latridius brevicollis ( thomson , 1868 ) latridius canariensis ( palm , 1972 ) latridius consimilis ( mannerheim , 1844 ) latridius crenatus ( le conte , 1855 ) latridius desertus ( fall , 1899 ) latridius gemellatus ( mannerheim , 1844 ) latridius hirtus gyllenhal , 1827 latridius minutus ( linnaeus , 1767 ) latridius mongolicus r\u00fccker , 1983 latridius nigritus ( fall , 1899 ) latridius peacockae ( sen gupta , 1976 ) latridius perminutus johnson , 1977 latridius reflexus ( leconte , 1855 ) latridius porcatus ( herbst , 1793 ) latridius protensicollis mannerheim , 1843", "topic": 29}], "title": "latridius", "paragraphs": ["\u0438\u0437 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0434\u043d\u0435\u044d\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u044f\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0440\u044f \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d latridius usovae sergi et perkovsky , sp . n . \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u0432\u0438\u0434 \u043e\u0442\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0442 latridius alexeevi bukejs , kirejtshuk et rucker , 2011 \u0438 l . jantaricus borowiec , 1985 \u0438\u0437 \u0431\u0430\u043b\u0442\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u044f\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0440\u044f \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0438\u043d\u043a\u0438 , \u043d\u0430\u0434\u043a\u0440\u044b\u043b\u044c\u0435\u0432 , \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0433\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0439 .\njohnson , c . , rucker , w . h . latridius regalis spec . nov . , eine neue art der gattung latridius ( coleoptera ) aus osterreich / / latridiidae - mitteilungsblatt fur systematik und taxonomie der latridiidae - 2011 . - 8 . - s . 21 - 23 .\nbased on a fossil specimen from late eocene rovno amber , latridius usovae sergi et perkovsky , sp . n . is described . it differs from latridius alexeevi bukejs , kirejtshuk et rucker , 2011 and l . jantaricus borowiec , 1985 ( both described from baltic amber ) by the shape of pronotum , elytra , mid and hind tibiae .\nbukejs , a . , kirejtshuk , a . g . , rucker , w . h . new species of latridius ( coleoptera : latridiidae ) from baltic amber / / baltic journal of coleopterology . - 2011 . - 11 , n 2 . - p . 203 - 207 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nnative to palaearctic , adventive in the new world ; in our area , across so . canada and the us ( nf - ak to md - la - tx & co - ca )\nthe most common latridiid associated with stored products ( incl . grains ) ; especially frequent in putrid , mouldy vegetables and decaying hay / grass ; in buildings , hymenoptera nests , bird nests , manure heaps , decomposing fungi , wood stacks , on various mouldy objects ; native habitats ( e . g . , coniferous forests ) ; has been reared from dead conifer wood\nbeetles associated with stored products in canada : an identification guide bousquet y . 1990 . research branch agriculture canada , publication 1837 .\nlatridiidae ( coleoptera ) of atlantic canada : new records , keys to identification , new synonyms , distribution , and zoogeography majka c . g . , langor d . , r\u00fccker w . h . 2009 . the canadian entomologist 141 : 317 - 370 .\nherbst in jablonsky , 1793 . accessed at : urltoken ; = 989870 on 2018 - 07 - 09\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\nfull reference : j . f . w . herbst . 1793 . natursystem aller bekannten in - und ausl\u00e4ndischen insekten als eine fortsezzung der von b\u00fcffonschen naturgeschichte . der k\u00e4fer f\u00fcnfter theil 1 - 392\nparent taxon : latridiinae according to h . p . reike et al . 2017\nsee also bouchard et al . 2011 , hawkeswood et al . 2009 , herbst 1793 , lesne 1920 , reike et al . 2013 and sergi and perkovsky 2014\nurltoken uses cookies to store information that enables us to optimize our website and make browsing more comfortable for you . to learn more about the use of cookies , please read our privacy policy .\n2 schmalhausen institute of zoology , nas of ukraine , vul . b . khmelnytskogo , 15 , kyiv , 01601 ukraine\nborowiec , l . two new species of lathridius sensu lato ( coleoptera : lathridiidae ) from baltic amber / / polskie pismo entomologiczne . - 1985 . - 55 . - p . 251 - 254 .\ndudka , i . o . , trikchleb , t . a . , romanenko , k . o . associations of myxomycetes with coleoptera ( latridiidae ) / / ecology and noospherology . - 2002 . - 12 , n 3 - 4 . - p . 54 - 64 . - ukrainian : \u0434\u0443\u0434\u043a\u0430 \u0456 . \u043e . , \u0442\u0440\u0438\u0445\u043b\u0456\u0431 \u0442 . \u0430 . , \u0440\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043a\u043e \u043a . \u043e . \u0430\u0441\u043e\u0446\u0456\u0430\u0446\u0456\u0457 \u043c\u0456\u043a\u0441\u043e\u043c\u0456\u0446\u0435\u0442\u0456\u0432 \u0437 \u0436\u0443\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438 - \u0441\u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438 ( coleoptera , latridiidae ) .\nfall , h . c . revision of the lathridiidae of boreal america / / transactions of the american entomological society . - 1899 . - 26 . - p . 101 - 190 + pls . 3 - 5 .\njohnson , c . latridiidae / / catalogue of palaearctic coleoptera / eds . i . lobl , a . smetana . - stenstrup : apollo books , 2007 . - vol . 4 . elateroidea , derodontoidea , bostrichoidea , lymexyloidea , cleroidea , cucujoidea . - p . 635 - 648 . `\nhatch , m . h . th e beetles of the pacifi c northwest . part iii . pselaphidae and diversicornia i . - seattle : university of washington press , 1962 . - 503 p .\nhinton , h . e . th e lathridiidae of economic importance / / bulletin of entomological research . - 1941 . - 32 . - p . 191 - 247 .\nkrasutsky , b . v . mycetophilous beetles of ural and trans - ural . vol . 2 . fungus - insect system . - chelyabinsk : ural section of the russian entomological society , 2005 . - 213 p . - russian : \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0443\u0446\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0431 . \u0432 .\nperkovsky , e . e . , zosimovich , v . yu . , vlaskin , a . p . a rovno amber fauna : a preliminary report / / acta zool . cracov . - 2003 . - 46 ( suppl . - fossil insects ) . - p . 423 - 430 .\nperkovsky , e . e . , zosimovich , v . yu . , vlaskin , a . p . rovno amber in biodiversity of fossils in amber from the major world deposits / ed . d . penney . - manchester : siri scientifi c press , 2010 . - \u0440 . 116 - 136 .\nrucker , w . h . kulonboz\u0151 csapu bogarak vi ( diversicornia vi ) . bunkoscsapu bogarak vii ( clavicornia vii ) : merophysiidae , latridiidae , dasyceridae / / magyarorszag allatvilaga ( fauna hungariae ; n 158 ) . - budapest : akademiai kiado , 1983 . - 68 p .\nrucker , w . h . checklist latridiidae & merophysiinae of the world / / latridiidae & merophysiinae . - 2010 . - 9 . - s . 1 - 16 .\ncite score 2016 : 0 . 35 scimago journal rank ( sjr ) 2016 : 0 . 300 source normalized impact per paper ( snip ) 2016 : 0 . 496\nenter the name or part of a name you wish to search for . the asterisk character * can be used as wildcard . e . g . ' papilio * ' . keep in mind that the search is only based on the full taxon name .\nwe are still having problems with the search feature . unfortunately we cannot give a timeline when the advanced search will be fixed .\nmuseum f\u00fcr naturkunde leibniz - institut f\u00fcr evolutions - und biodiversit\u00e4tsforschung invalidenstr . 43 10115 berlin germany e - mail : fauna - eu ( at ) mfn - berlin . de website : urltoken\nsorry , we just need to make sure you ' re not a robot . for best results , please make sure your browser is accepting cookies .\nwe parsed the following live from the web into this page . such content is managed by its original site and not cached on discover life . please send feedback and corrections directly to the source . see original regarding copyrights and terms of use .\n80x5 - 240x3 - 240x4 - 320x1 - 320x2 - 320x3 - 640x1 - 640x2 set display option above . click on images to enlarge .\ndouble - check spelling , grammar , punctuation . translators work best when there are no errors or typos .\nif words are different , search our dictionary to understand why and pick the right word .\nif phrases are different , try searching our examples to help pick the right phrase .\nwe ' ve combined the most accurate english to spanish translations , dictionary , verb conjugations , and spanish to english translators into one very powerful search box .\nspanishdict is devoted to improving our site based on user feedback and introducing new and innovative features that will continue to help people learn and love the spanish language . have a suggestion , idea , or comment ? send us your feedback ."]}
{"id": 1110, "summary": [{"text": "apostichopus japonicus is a species of sea cucumber in the family stichopodidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in shallow temperate waters along the coasts of south east asia and is commonly known as the japanese spiky sea cucumber or the japanese sea cucumber . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "apostichopus japonicus", "paragraphs": ["fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric ducarme marked\nfile : japan sea animal , apostichopus japonicus . jpg\nas trusted on the\napostichopus japonicus\npage .\ndraft genome of the sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus and genetic polymorphism among color variants .\nfigure 5 : related data from apostichopus japonicus individual levels after each gene silencing .\nprint version : sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus . ( 9780127999531 / 0127999531 / 900827492 )\nfigure 4 : related data from apostichopus japonicus primary cultured coelomocytes after each gene silencing .\ndraft genome of the sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus and genetic polymorphism among color variants . - pubmed - ncbi\nexpression analysis of immune related genes identified from the coelomocytes of sea cucumber ( apostichopus japonicus ) in response to lps challenge .\nexpression analysis of immune related genes identified from the coelomocytes of sea cucumber ( apostichopus japonicus ) in response to lps challenge . - pubmed - ncbi\ngigadb dataset - doi 10 . 5524 / 100257 - supporting data for\ndraft genome of the sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus and genetic polymorphis . . .\ndistribution of the japanese sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus in the intertidal zone of hirao bay , eastern yamaguchi pref . , japan : suitable environmental factors for juvenile habitats\ndistribution of the japanese sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus in the intertidal zone of hirao bay , eastern yamaguchi pref . , japan : suitable environmental factors for juvenile habitats\ndistribution of the japanese sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus in the intertidal zone of hirao bay , eastern yamaguchi pref . , japan : suitable environmental factors for juvenile habitats [ 2006 ]\nzhang b l , sun d y , wu y q . 1995 . preliminary analysis on the feeding habit of apostichopus japonicus in the rocky coast waters of lingshan island .\nbogatyrenko , e . a . , buzoleva , l . s . , and chi , z . , potential probiotics of the far eastern trepang apostichopus japonicus producing digestive enzymes ,\nzhang w j , hou h m , zhang g l , li q y , du c m . 2011 . study on diversity of intestine cultivable microorganisms from apostichopus japonicus .\nlebedev , a . m . 2000 . fisheries and reserves of the far eastern sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus . russina journal of marine biology 26 ( 4 ) : 296 - 302 .\n22 . 6 . problems and prospects in sustainable a . japonicus production in japan\napostichopus japonicus appears to be more tolerant to environmental fluctuations than many other species of sea cucumbers . however , the larval stages remain rather sensitive and less tolerant to variations in their environment .\nthree color variants of a . japonicus ( green , red , and black ) .\n12 . 5 . differences in mitf gene expressions in albino and normal a . japonicus\n12 . 6 . differences in astacin gene expressions in albino and normal a . japonicus\ngao f , sun h l , xu q , tan j , yan j p , wang q y . 2010 . pcrdgge analysis of bacterial community composition in the gut contents of apostichopus japonicus .\nzhang x c , nakahara t , murase s , nakata h , inoue t , kudo t . 2013 . physiological characterization of aerobic culturable bacteria in the intestine of the sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus .\ntoday , in northern china , the sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus is commonly farmed in earth ponds either in an extensive or semi - intensive system . sea rafts are sometimes used , but are not very popular .\nselin , n . i . 2001 . vertical distribution of the far east trepang apostichopus japonicus in vostok bay , sea of japan . russian journal of marine biology 27 ( 4 ) : 256 - 258 .\n12 . 3 . differences in nutrient and melanin contents between albino and normal a . japonicus\n12 . 4 . differences in histological and ultrastructural characteristics between albino and normal a . japonicus\nyang z p , sun f x , liu z m , zhang l , cao w , ma y x . 2013 . screening and identification of potential enzyme producing probiotics from gut of sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus .\n17 . 3 . bioremediation capability of a . japonicus when combined with bivalve and / or macroalgae\ngao f , li f h , tan j , yan j p , sun h l . 2014 . bacterial community composition in the gut content and ambient sediment of sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus revealed by 16s rrna gene pyrosequencing .\nli b , rong x j , liao m j , chen g p , zhang z , wang y g , xue t s . 2010 . bacteria community in the intestine and culture environment of apostichopus japonicus in winter .\n\u2212 1 d \u2212 1 ) of apostichopus japonicus during the experimental period . means ( n = 4 ) with different letters denoting significant differences ( p < 0 . 05 ) , and bars representing standard deviations of the means .\nchen , l . , li , q . and yang , j . 2008 . microsatellite genetic variation in wild and hatchery populations of the sea cucumber ( apostichopus japonicus selenka ) from northern china . aquaculture research 2008 : 1 - 9 .\ndubrovskii , s . v . and sergeenko , v . a . 2002 . distribution pattern of far eastern sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus in busse lagoon ( southern sakhalin ) . russian journal of marine biology 28 ( 2 ) : 87 - 93 .\nin northern inshore areas of china , many other animals inhabit the eelgrass ecosystems in which a . japonicus is abundant . this study showed that decaying eelgrass debris could act as an important food resource for a . japonicus .\nkanno , m . , suyama , y . , li , q . & kijima , a . 2006 . microsatellite analysis of japanese sea cucumber , stichopus ( apostichopus ) japonicus , supports reproductive isolation in color variants . marine biotechnology , 8 : 672 - 685 .\nzhao y c , zhang w b , xu w , mai k s , zhang y j , liufu z g . 2012 . effects of potential probiotic bacillus subtilis t13 on growth , immunity and disease resistance against vibrio splendidus infection in juvenile sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus .\ncitation : du h , bao z , hou r , wang s , su h , yan j , et al . ( 2012 ) transcriptome sequencing and characterization for the sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus ( selenka , 1867 ) . plos one 7 ( 3 ) : e33311 . urltoken\nwang , p . , chang , y . , yu , j . , li , c . & xu g . 2007 . acute peristome edema disease in juvenile and adult sea cucumbers apostichopus japonicus ( selenka ) reared in north china . journal of invertebrate pathology 96 : 11 - 17 .\ndong , y . , dong , s . , tian , x . , wang , f . & zhang , m . 2006 . effects of diel temperature fluctuations on growth , oxygen consumption and proximate body composition in the sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus selenka . aquaculture , 255 : 514 - 521 .\ndong , s . , liang , m . , gao , q . , wang , f . , dong , y . & tian , x . 2010 . intra - specific effects of sea cucumber ( apostichopus japonicus ) with reference to stocking density and body size . aquaculture research , 41 : 1170 - 1178\ncheon s ; cho sj ; hong hh ; jin s ; jo j ; kern ema ; lee hg ; lee sg ; oh j ; park c ; park jk ( 2016 ) : supporting data for\ndraft genome of the sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus and genetic polymorphism among color variants\ngigascience database . urltoken\nlysenko , v . n . , zharikov , v . v . , and lebedev , a . m . , the abundance and distribution of the japanese sea cucumber , apostichopus japonicus ( selenka , 1867 ) ( echinodermata : stichopodidae ) , in nearshore waters of the southern part of the far eastern state marine reserve ,\ncitation : liu x , zhou y , yang h , ru s ( 2013 ) eelgrass detritus as a food source for the sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus selenka ( echinidermata : holothuroidea ) in coastal waters of north china : an experimental study in flow - through systems . plos one 8 ( 3 ) : e58293 . urltoken\nthere are over 1 000 species of sea cucumbers known worldwide . more than 100 species can be found in china , amongst which more than 20 species are considered edible . most of them , e . g . thelenota ananas , stichopus chloronotus , s . variegatus and apostichopus japonicus , are distributed in the southern sea of china .\nyuan , x . , yang , h . , wang , l . , zhou , y . , zhang , t . and liu , y . 2007 . effects of aestivation on the energy budget of sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus ( selenka ) ( echinodermata : holothuroidea ) . acta ecologica sinica 27 ( 8 ) : 3155 - 3161 .\nzzd is one of the main aquaculture and fishery companies in china , and it is the biggest base for aquaculture and sea ranching of high - valued seafood in north yellow sea . it operates a 2000 km 2 ocean farm , producing about 60 thousand t of scallop patinopecten yessoensis , sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus and abalone haliotis discus hannai annually .\nsang , c . 1963 . biology of japanese common sea cucumber , stichopus japonicus selenka . kaibundo , tokyo , japan ( in japanese with english summary )\nthe yield and growth condition of albino juveniles and thermal resistant juveniles was checked by experts . after the project leader reported the work statement , the experts inquired the key technology and the progress of the project and finally confirmed the achievement on artificial breeding of thermal resistant a . japonicus and albino a . japonicus . according to the results of the project , the thermal resistant strain could terminate the stage of estivation 17 days earlier than normal a . japonicus . furthermore , the thermal resistant strain could endure 1 degree higher temperature than normal a . japonicus . the results of gene expression of heat shock proteins and lethal high temperature test indicated that the thermal resistant strain had better thermostability . at present , the yield of thermal resistant a . japonicus was one million eight hundred thousand , which included eight hundred thousand f1 offspring and one million f2 offspring . in addition , 18 a . japonicus pedigrees were established and each pedigree had 5000 - 30000 individuals . in march 2010 , the artificial breeding of albino a . japonicus was carried out . up to october 2010 , the yield of albino offspring was one million three hundres thousand .\npyrosequencing was proven to be efficient in rapidly identifying a large set of genes for the sea cucumber a . japonicus . through the large - scale transcriptome sequencing as well as public est data integration , we performed a comprehensive characterization of the a . japonicus transcriptome and identified candidate aestivation - related genes . a large number of potential genetic markers were also identified from the a . japonicus transcriptome . this transcriptome resource would lay an important foundation for future genetic or genomic studies on this species .\nsome researchers pointed out that the appropriate temperature for the growth of a . japonicus is 5\u201320\u00b0c , while the optimum is 10\u201316\u00b0c [ 40 ] \u2013 [ 42 ] . during the experiment , the water temperature ranged from 13 . 5\u201320 . 8\u00b0c ( fig . 2 ) . with an increase in water temperature to 18\u00b0c , a . japonicus gradually went into an aestivation state , and the fpr of a . japonicus reduced rapidly ( fig . 2 ) . before entering into aestivation , the fpr of a . japonicus was higher , which were 0 . 33 g\u00b7ind . \u22121 d \u22121 , 1 . 31 g\u00b7ind . \u22121 d \u22121 , 1 . 31 g\u00b7ind . \u22121 d \u22121 , 0 . 63 g\u00b7ind . \u22121 d \u22121 for treatments es10 , es20 , es40 , and es100 , respectively ( fig . 3 ) . according to the experiment the water temperature had an effect on the sgr and fpr of a . japonicus which fed on the mixed food containing eelgrass detritus and seafloor surface sediment . when the water temperature was between 13 and 17\u00b0c , a . japonicus grew faster .\nyaqing , c . , changging y . & songxin . 2004 . pond culture of sea cucumbers , apostichopus japonicus , in dalian . in : a lovatelli , c . conand , s . purcell , s . uthicke , j - f . hamel & a . mercier ( eds ) , advances in sea cucumber aquaculture and management , pp . 269 - 272 . fao fisheries technical paper no 463 . fao , rome .\njo , j . , oh , j . , lee , h . - g . , hong , h . - h . , lee , s . - g . , cheon , s . , \u2026 park , c . ( 2017 ) . draft genome of the sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus and genetic polymorphism among color variants . gigascience , 6 ( 1 ) , 1\u20136 . doi : 10 . 1093 / gigascience / giw006\npublication date 2015 series developments in aquaculture and fisheries science ; volume 39 note includes index . available in another form print version : sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus : history , biology and aquaculture . london , england : academic press , \u00a92015 xxiii , 454 pages developments in aquaculture and fisheries science ; volume 39 ( 9780127999531 ) isbn 0127999531 ( trade cloth ) 9780127999531 ( trade cloth ) 9780128004678 ( e - book ) 0128004673 ( e - book ) 9780127999531\nin order to verify which factors affect habitat selection for aestivating and in the active adult apostichopus japonicus , animals were tested for their selection of attachment site in an experimental device ( 1 - m pipes ) in which the perceived environmental stimuli ( light intensity , degree of contact with a hard surface , geotaxis ) varied depending on the attachment site . during the aestivating season , the animals showed a strong selection for attachment sites during the daytime and nighttime ; they also showed positive stereotaxis ( thigmotaxis ) , negative phototaxis , and negative geotaxis . the results suggest that ( 1 ) habitats are not suitable for the aestivating adult a . japonicus unless these three environmental requirements are satisfied .\nto identify genomic repeat elements in the a . japonicus genome assembly , we ran repeatmasker ( version 4 . 0 . 6 ) [ 19 ] using the repbase transposable element library ( release 20150807 ) [ 20 ] and the de novo repeat library constructed by repeatmodeler ( version 1 . 0 . 8 ) [ 21 ] . approximately 27 . 2 % of the a . japonicus genome was identified as interspersed repeats .\ngenerally , a . japonicus feeds on sediments containing organic matter , which includes microorganisms and the detritus of plants or animals . results in this experiment showed that a . japonicus could use eelgrass detritus as a food resource . according to the present study , a mixture of z . marina debris and seafloor muddy sediments with an organic content of 19 . 6 % ( es40 ) , could lead to a better growth effect .\nthe collecting of the decaying eelgrass leaves and the invertebrate apostichopus japonicus from swan lake of weihai was permitted by peiliang wang , manager of mashan group co . ltd . no specific permit was required for the collecting of the sediment from jiaozhou bay , qingdao , where is not privately owned or protected . ethical approval was not required for this study because no endangered animals were involved . however , specimen collection and maintenance were performed in strict accordance with the recommendations of animal care quality assurance in china .\nrecently the institute of oceanology , chinese academy of sciences and shandong oriental ocean sci - tech co . , ltd collaborated on the establishment of sea products breeding and healthy aquaculture lab . these affiliations carried out the research on the breeding of thermal resistant a . japonicus and albino a . japonicus jointly , and finally achieved a series of innovative outcome , which laid the groundwork for popularization and industrialization of thermal resistant strain and albino strain .\naccording to several sources of information , the output of apostichopus japonicus in dalian was 906 tonnes in 1955 . with the improvement of breeding technology , the quantity of farmed sea cucumbers has increased significantly . in 1999 , the farming area was estimated at around 32 000 hectares and the output at 2 000 tonnes ; the following year , in 2000 , the farming area covered 48 000 hectares , while the output was 3 000 tonnes valued at 200 million yuan . in 2002 , the production reached 8 000 tonnes .\nyin - geng , w . , chun - yun , z . , xiao - jun , r . , jie - jun , c . & cheng - yin , s . 2004 . diseases of cultured sea cucumber , apostichopus japonicus , in china in : a lovatelli , c . conand , s . purcell , s . uthicke , j - f . hamel & a . mercier ( eds ) , advances in sea cucumber aquaculture and management , pp . 297 - 310 . fao fisheries technical paper no 463 . fao , rome .\nschematic workflow of a . japonicus genome assembly and annotation . the left side represents the genome assembly and the right side represents the transcriptome assembly that was performed in previous publications . to achieve suitable gene prediction , we integrated these two assembly results .\n( of stichopus japonicus selenka , 1867 ) selenka , e . ( 1867 ) . beitrage zur anatomie und systematik der holothurien . der philosophischen facultat zu gottingen in december 1866 , als dissertation vorgelegt . : pp . 291 - 374 . [ details ]\nthe spatial and size - frequency distribution of the japanese sea cucumber , apostichopus japonicus , in the far eastern state marine reserve and unprotected parts of peter the great bay , sea of japan was studied using both scuba diving equipment and a remotely operated underwater sub - fighter 3000 vehicle . the abundance of the japanese sea cucumber and the pattern of its distribution over the southern part of the reserve were determined . it was found that the density of sea cucumber aggregations in the studied unprotected parts of peter the great bay is not lower than that over the major portion of the reserve .\nat present , artificial breeding and culture of sea cucumbers is still a work in progress , but the scale of the production is increasing and a number of questions related to the culture techniques are being raised , calling for further studies on the commercial aspects of a . japonicus aquaculture .\nfigure 1 . the development of a . japonicus . 1 . gastrula ; 2 . early auricularia ; 3 . mid auricularia ; 4 . late auricularia ; 5 . early doliolaria ; 6 . doliolaria ; 7 . early pentactula ; 8 . pentactula ( bar = 100 mm ) .\nsgr of a . japonicus in treatment es0 with a negative value was significantly lower than that in other treatments ( all p < 0 . 05 ) ( fig . 1 ) . and sgr of a . japonicus in treatment es40 was significantly higher than those in treatments es10 and es20 ( f = 24 . 08 , df = 7 , p = 0 . 003 ; f = 16 . 57 , df = 7 , p = 0 . 007 , respectively ) . no significant differences were found between the other treatments es10 , es20 and es100 ( all p > 0 . 05 ) .\ngut microorganisms play an important role in the digestion of their host animals . the purpose of this research was to isolate and assess the enzyme - producing microbes from the apostichopus japonicus gut . thirty - nine strains that can produce at least one of the three digestive enzymes ( protease , amylase , and cellulase ) were qualitatively screened based on their extracellular enzyme - producing abilities . the enzyme - producing strains clustered into eight groups at the genetic similarity level of 100 % by analyzing the restriction patterns of 16s rdna amplified with mbo i . phylogenetic analysis revealed that 37 strains belonged to the genus bacillus and two were members of the genus virgibacillus . enzyme - producing capability results indicate that the main enzyme - producing microflora in the a . japonicus gut was bacillus , which can produce protease , amylase , and cellulase . virgibacillus , however , can only produce protease . the high enzyme - producing capability of the isolates suggests that the gut microbiota play an important role in the sea cucumber digestive process .\n( of stichopus japonicus var . typicus th\u00e9el , 1886 ) th\u00e9el , h . ( 1886 ) . report on the holothurioidea dredged by h . m . s . ' challenger ' during the years 1873 - 76 . chall . rep . zool . no . xxxix : 290 pp . [ details ]\nat the beginning of the experiment , there were no significant differences in wet body weights of a . japonicus between the five treatments ( f = 1 . 20 , df = 39 , p = 0 . 33 ) ( table 2 ) . by contrast , at the end of the experiment , final wet body weight of a . japonicus in treatment es0 was significantly lower than that in other treatments containing eelgrass debris ( all p < 0 . 05 ) . and final wet body weight in treatment es40 was significantly higher that that in treatments es10 and es20 ( both p < 0 . 05 ) .\nthe development of a . japonicus includes six major phases : fertilized oocytes , early development ( including cleavage , blastula and gastrula ) , auricularia ( including early auricularia , middle auricularia and late auricularia ) , metamorphosis ( including doliolaria and pentactula ) , juvenile , young sea cucumber and adult ( figure 1 ) .\nmixtures of z . marina debris and sediment were used to feed a . japonicus . according to the proportion of z . marina debris , 5 diet treatments in quadruplicate were designed , i . e . , es0 , es10 , es20 , es40 , and es100 , with eelgrass debris accounting for 0 % , 10 % , 20 % , 40 % , and 100 % in dry weight , respectively . the chemical composition of each diet was analyzed in 3 replicates . each diet treatment involved 4 aforementioned pvc boxes , and each box contained 2 individuals of a . japonicus with initial wet body weights of 25 . 12\u00b15 . 79 g\u00b7ind . \u22121 . the experiment was conducted from april 22nd to june 8th , 2009 in the laboratory at the institute of oceanology , chinese academy of sciences , qingdao , p . r . china . during the experiment , specific growth rates and fecal production rates of a . japonicus were measured .\nassimilation efficiency ( ae ) of organic matter by a . japonicus had no significant difference in four experimental treatments ( fig . 4 ) , with mean ae being 14 . 2 % , 14 . 3 % , 24 . 2 % , and 21 . 8 % , respectively ( all p > 0 . 05 ) .\nalthough a . japonicus always occurs abundantly in eelgrass - rich meadows in temperate northern coastal areas of china ; yet it has never been reported whether eelgrass detritus can act as a food source for sea cucumbers or not . in this study , decaying eelgrass debris and muddy sediment were mixed as food to feed a . japonicas . the ingestion and growth of the animals were then determined , in order to understand the importance of eelgrass meadows for a . japonicus , and thus clarify the importance of eelgrass - meadow restoration . it is suggested that eelgrass - meadow restoration is imperative and could not only be of huge ecological benefit , but also of potential economic value .\nthe initial and final wet body weight of a . japonicus was measured . animal feces were collected by siphon every 1\u20133 days , depending on the amount of produced feces . for estimation of assimilation efficiency ( ae ) of a . japonicus , fresh feces produced within 6 h were collected . fecal samples were dried at 60\u00b0c to constant weight and preserved for further analysis . subsamples of the dried food and feces were used to estimate organic material ( om ) by combusting ( 500\u00b0c for 3 h ) dried and pre - weighed samples . subsamples were treated with hcl vapor for 6 h to remove carbonates for analyzing organic carbon ( oc ) and nitrogen ( on ) with a perkin elmer model 240c chn analyzer standardized with acetanilide .\nin this experiment , the organic contents of food in the five diet treatments were 5 . 6 % , 7 . 6 % , 10 . 9 % , 19 . 6 % , 39 . 9 % , respectively ; and organic matter in the feces of a . japonicus was lower than that in the food ; and organic carbon and nitrogen were the same ( table 1 ) .\nin conclusion , a comprehensive collection of ests has been achieved for the sea cucumber a . japonicus using the 454 gs flx platform , permitting gene discovery and characterization across a broad range of functional categories . in addition , our study identified a large number of ssrs and snps , from which genetic markers can be rapidly developed to serve as tools for further genetic or genomic studies on this species .\nin comparison with the 454 sequencing data obtained from sun et al . [ 15 ] , 53 % of the hq reads obtained in our study did not find significant matches ( blastn , e < 10 \u22124 ) with their data . for gene annotation , 94 % of gene annotations obtained in this study were not found in their data . these above results possibly suggest more representative collections of a . japonicus genes in this study .\nin this experiment , sgr of a . japonicus in the five treatments were significantly different . sgr was only \u22120 . 65 % d \u22121 in the pure sediment diet ( treatment es0 ) , which was significantly lower than that in the mixed diets of z . marina debris and sediment . in contrast , the mean sgr in treatments es10 , es20 , es40 and es100 were 0 . 70 % \u00b7d \u22121 , 0 . 61 % \u00b7d \u22121 , 1 . 54 % \u00b7d \u22121 , and 1 . 20 % \u00b7d \u22121 , respectively ( fig . 1 ) . the occurrence of negative growth of a . japonicus fed with pure sediment might be due to the lower organic matter content ( 5 . 6 % ) of the diet , which might not satisfy the need for growth . the highest sgr of a . japonicus occurred in treatment es40 with organic matter content being 19 . 6 % and higher than that in es0 , es10 , and es20 ; while in the pure eelgrass - debris diet ( es100 ) with organic matter content as high as 39 . 9 % , the sgr was not significantly higher than that in treatment es40 ( p > 0 . 05 ) . sea cucumbers are deposit feeders , and clay sediment is an important component of ingested material , which is supposed to be helpful for the digestion of food [ 37 ] .\nfig . 2 shows variation in fecal production rates ( fpr ; g\u00b7ind . \u22121 d \u22121 ) of a . japonicus during the experimental period . sea cucumbers in treatment es0 had hardly ingested food during the experiment period , thus only fecal production rates in other treatments were considered comparable with each other . generally , fprs in treatments es20 and es40 were significantly higher than those in treatments es10 and es100 ( all p < 0 . 05 ; fig . 3 ) .\nin natural eelgrass ecosystems , deposit feeders feed on organic detritus after eelgrass decomposition , which not only accelerates the cycling of matter but also promotes the health and stability of the ecosystem structure . until now eelgrass meadows in shandong coastal waters with water depth 2\u20136 m have deteriorated badly , and some eelgrass meadows have even disappeared [ 43 ] . for the restoration of the declining natural resource of a . japonicus , it is suggested that the degraded eelgrass meadows should be restored in the northern inshore areas of china .\nwith a . japonicus , spawning often occurs between 2100 h and 0200 h . it is important to maintain a quiet environment and keep the tanks in the dark . male sea cucumbers usually are the first to spawn , which in turn induce the females to start releasing the eggs . at this point the number of spawning males should be reduced , only retaining a few strong spawners . following the spawning activity the tanks are drained and all the sea cucumbers removed . the eggs are gently washed and the tanks refilled with clean seawater at a temperature of 22 \u00b0c .\nto maximize the transcript representation in a broad range of biological processes , eight a . japonicus cdna libraries representing different developmental stages and adult tissues were constructed and used for 454 sequencing ( table 1 ) . after a single - run of 454 sequencing , a total of 1 , 061 , 078 raw reads with an average length of 344 bases were obtained . the size distribution of raw reads is shown in figure 1a . of all these reads , 92 % ( 974 , 004 reads ) passed through our quality filters and represented high - quality ( hq ) reads .\nthe hq reads combined with the public ests were assembled into 33 , 835 contigs and 199 , 011 singletons . approximately 80 % ( 774 , 993 ) of the hq reads were incorporated into contigs . the size of contigs ranged from 101 to 6 , 323 bp , with an average length of 630 bp . the size distribution of contigs is shown in figure 1b . the sequencing coverage of contigs ranged from 2 to 7 , 429 with a mean of 23 . as expected for a randomly fragmented transcriptome , there was a positive relationship between the length of a given contig and the number of reads assembled into it ( figure 1c ) . contigs were then assembled into 29 , 666 isotigs ranging from 104 to 7 , 697 bp with an average length of 1 , 042 bp ( n50 = 1 , 294 bp ) . the size distribution of isotigs is shown in figure 1d . the average contig coverage for each isotig was 2 . 1 . the isotigs were further grouped into 21 , 071 isogroups , which possibly represents the total number of genes in the a . japonicus transcriptome . the summary statistics for the a . japonicus est assembly are shown in table 2 .\nvalidation of rna - seq results using qrt - pcr . the relative fold changes of 10 genes expressed in a . japonicus coelemocytes at 4 h ( a ) ; 24 h ( b ) and 72 h ( c ) after lps challenge . gene abbreviations are : bf , complement factor b ; c3 - 2 , complement component 3 - 2 ; cat b , cathepsin b ; cd36 , cluster of differentiation 36 ; hsp90 , heat shock protein 90 ; lbp , lipopolysaccharide binding protein ; myd88 , myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 ; mys , myosin ; rel , nf - \u03bab transcription factor rel ; thy , thymosin \u03b2 .\neelgrass debris used in this study was from decaying eelgrass leaves . the decaying dark colored eelgrass leaves were collected from swan lake of weihai . muddy sediment was obtained from the non - vegetated seafloor surface in the inshore area of jiaozhou bay , qingdao . both decaying eelgrass leaves and sediment were dried at 65\u00b0c , ground and sieved using 0 . 18 mm mesh . the specimens of a . japonicus used in this study were also collected from the cove of swan lake . sea cucumbers were transported to the laboratory where they were acclimatized for a week , after which an experiment was carried out using 20 pvc boxes , with each box measuring 30\u00d740\u00d730 cm in size .\nin addition , 52 , 102 high - quality snps and 2 , 083 indels were identified from 10 , 333 contigs ( table 5 ) . the predicted snps included 30 , 366 transitions , 21 , 736 transversions . the overall frequency of all types of snps including indels was one per 393 bp . we randomly chose 32 contigs containing 201 snps to evaluate the preference of snp position in the coding regions . the result showed that 70 % of snps resided in the third codon position , while 18 % and 12 % in the first and second codon position , respectively . experimental validation was also carried out to evaluate the reliability of the predicted snps . fifteen of randomly chosen snps were subject to experimental validation in 48 a . japonicus adults using the high - resolution melting ( hrm ) genotyping method [ 42 ] . it turned out that 80 % of these snps could be validated , suggesting the majority of our predicted snps are likely to be true snps .\nthe history of sea cucumber fishery dates back for more than 1 000 years . over the last century , and especially the past 20 years , chinese research projects have focused on the breeding , artificial culture and processing of sea cucumber .\nafter the oocytes have been fertilized , they slowly sink and start their development . when the water temperature ranges from 21 to 24 \u00b0c the fertilized eggs require about 45 minutes to begin to divide themselves and finally develop into a blastula ( table 1 ) . the blastula is ciliated and rotates actively . after about 2 to 3 h , the hatched embryo gradually elongates and moves to the surface of the water column . during this ascent the embryo begins to invaginate and gradually develops into gastrula . a fully developed gastrula appears at the surface of the culture tanks 24 to 28 h after fertilization . twelve to twenty hours later the gastrula gradually elongates and begins to fold into the auricularia stage .\n1 . water temperature maintained between 21 . 5 and 23 \u00b0c . 2 . results obtained in research facilities in yantai and changdao ( china ) and japan .\nthe auricularia stage lasts from day 7 to day 10 at a water temperature ranging from 18 to 26 \u00b0c . early auricularia larvae have a symmetrical bilateral and a length varying from 320 to 600 mm . as the larva grows , the stomach increases in size . when the auricularia reaches 600 to 750 mm , its left cavity , which adjoins the stomach and gullet , begins to grow and gradually takes on a semi circular shape . at this point , the auricularia has reached the middle phase of its development . later , the cilia develop into five pairs of symmetrical circles . at the same time , the primary tentacles begin to develop as the larva reaches the late auricularia stage . typically , the ball shaped body of the larva at this stage is the early sign of the upcoming doliolaria stage .\nin the late auricularia phase , the larvae begin to shrink ; the five lipid spheres finally connect while the tentacles enlarge and move to the centre of the body . at this stage the auriculariae are still swimming in the water column ; they move from the surface to the bottom . the settlement plates should be placed in the tanks at this time .\nthe doliolaria phase usually lasts for 1 or 2 days at the end of which five tentacles reach out of the body . at this moment , the larvae begin to creep along the bottom for an additional 1 or 2 days . the number of cilia on the body surface of the larvae progressively decreases and x - shaped ossicles gradually begin to appear . the body becomes rounder and the first tube - like foot emerges on the left posterior section of the body . the presence of podia is a significant precursor to the juvenile stage .\nthe primary change in the juvenile stage is the appearance of tube - like feet ( which enables the organism to attach to a substrate ) and the ability to ingest food . the gut , mouth and papillae become clearly visible . in the next couple of months the juvenile sea cucumbers grow to about 1 cm in length assuming the appearance of an adult individual . the body pigmentation changes gradually from a transparent whitish appearance to a red , grey or light green colouration ( figure 2 ) . at this point the individual has reached the young sea cucumber stage .\nthere is almost no morphological difference between a young and an adult sea cucumber . in a hatchery facility the movement and feeding activity of young sea cucumbers sharply decreases when the seawater temperature exceeds 23 \u00b0c . the young specimens move from the surface of the water to the bottom of the tank . for this reason it is important to maintain an optimal temperature level in the culture tanks to ensure adequate growth and reduce the length of this relatively fragile developmental stage .\na large sea cucumber hatchery in northern china typically has the following facilities : a larvae culture volume of 2 600 m 3 divided into tanks of 10 to 20 m 3 with a depth of 1 . 4 m ; a juvenile culture volume of 4 000 m 3 divided into tanks of 30 m 3 with a depth of 1 . 7 m ( figure 3 ) ; a phytoplankton production unit with a total tank volume of 500 m 3 ; 4 filter tanks of 200 m 3 / h filtering capacity ; and 5 overhead troughs of 200 m 3 each . the facility is also fitted with a high quality water supply and drainage system as well as a heater to raise the water temperature when necessary .\nthe devices used for larval settlement include metal frames each fitted with 5 - 10 polyethylene screens measuring 50 x 50 cm and used as the settlement substrate ( figure 4 ) .\nfigure 3 . sea cucumber settlement device ( photo : a . lovatelli ) .\nfigure 4 . sea cucumber hatchery in the vicinity of dalian , liaoning province . juvenile culture tanks ( photo : a . lovatelli ) .\nthe optimum water temperature in a hatchery is between 23 and 25 \u00b0c , even though sea cucumbers can adapt to a range between 10 and 26 \u00b0c . the best salinity level is 31 . 6 , but individuals can tolerate salinities from 26 to 33 . the optimal ph is 7 . 8 , but it can range from 7 . 5 to 8 . 2 . the dissolved oxygen should be maintained at > 5 mg / litre .\nbroodstock harvesting . individuals are generally collected from the 20 th june to the 20 th july in the dalian area . at that time , the seawater temperature varies from 15 to 17 \u00b0c . a few individuals are usually sacrificed and dissected in order to adequately determine the maturation stage of the gonads . specimens weighing around 300 g and measuring around 20 cm in length are generally preferred .\nconsiderable care is required during the collection and transportation of the sea cucumber broodstock . it is important to : 1 ) select each specimen individually ; 2 ) keep the selected sea cucumber away from any source of pollution ( e . g . oil spills from the boat engine ) ; 3 ) avoid exposing the sea cucumbers to high temperatures or violent movements during transport ; and 4 ) avoid simultaneous collection of the sea cucumbers and other marine organisms ( e . g . bivalves ) in order to avoid damaging the broodstock .\nmaintaining broodstock . following collection , the sea cucumbers should be placed in a tank filled with seawater at ambient temperature . the tanks should be clean and the individuals kept at a density of 30 individuals / m 3 for 2 - 3 days . no feed is supplied . at this point the water temperature is gradually raised to 19 \u00b0c at a rate of 1 \u00b0c per day . after 7 to 10 days the broodstock can be induced to spawn . during this phase it is necessary to maintain the quality of the water in the culture tanks . water exchange should be carried out rapidly , when required .\nwhen the seawater temperature has been raised to 19 \u00b0c , the sea cucumber activity should be carefully monitored particularly during the night hours . the bottom of the tanks should be examined for the presence of oocytes as this is an indication that the sea cucumbers are likely to start mass release of gametes . there are two ways to induce spawning : the first method consists of drying the sea cucumber in the shade followed by a jet of violent water ; the second method uses a temperature shock by raising and lowering the water temperature by several degrees .\nthe clean seawater in the tanks should be stirred gently every 30 minutes ensuring that whirlpools do not form . edta is added at a concentration of 3 - 4 ppm while the larval density is kept at about 5 larvae / ml . the hatching success may exceed 90 % .\nselection of the larvae begins before the auricularia\u0092s tube - like foot is formed , or shortly after . an hour prior to the selection process , stirring is stopped in order to allow the auriculariae to gather at the surface of the tanks . malformed larvae are unable to swim and will sink to the bottom of the tanks . the larvae gathered at the surface are collected from the uppermost 0 . 5 m of the water column with the use of a fine mesh . these are then transferred to a new tank at a density of 300 larvae / litre .\nafter the appearance of the mouth in the auricularia larvae , feeding should commence immediately . early in the growth of the auricularia , the feeding regime should be in the range of 5 000 to 10 000 microalgae cells / ml . at the intermediate stage , feeding needs to be increased to about 20 000 cells / ml . monitoring the presence of algae in the stomach of the larvae helps the adjustment of the feeding regime . dunaliella is the primary algal species used and is generally mixed with diatoms and chaetoceros sp . the three micro - organisms are added in a proportion of 4 : 1 : 1 . the food mixture should be supplied in small quantities in order to maintain optimal water quality .\nrearing during the auricularia stage should be carried out in still water . water should be added to the rearing tank at a rate of 20 cm per day until the tank is filled . this usually takes approximately 3 days . once the tank is filled , one third to a half of the water should be exchanged daily using a siphon . as the larvae grow the water exchange rate should gradually increased . water exchange should be carried out gently in order to avoid injuries or loss of larvae .\nthe culture of auricularia larvae requires the proper control of all major chemical and physical factors . generally speaking , the ph and salinity values should remain within the range tolerated by the larvae . stirring the water or adding new seawater will control dissolved oxygen levels . it is important to maintain the temperature at around 23 \u00b0c . if the larvae are reared in natural seawater , the temperature will rise gradually with the seasonal fluctuations . appropriate measures must be taken to maintain it within the acceptable range .\nduring the larval culture , the primary harmful organisms are copepods ; however their presence can be contained through a proper water exchange protocol and the use of edta ( 3 to 4 ppm ) , if necessary .\nthe primary symptoms of disease are a slow development rate of the larvae and the \u0093rotten stomach\u0094 phenomenon observed in late auriculariae . this can be caused by food deficiency or sub - optimal larval densities . the use of quality feeds and maintaining low larvae densities can minimise the outbreak of diseases .\nafter the larvae have developed for 7 to 10 days , the five lipid spheres on each side of the larvae appear and the hydrocoel begins to develop . the larvae are now transforming into doliolaria . at this stage , the settlement substrates ( see figure 4 ) should be placed in the rearing tanks . the density of the larvae settled on substrate should be maintained between 1 to 2 individuals / cm 2 .\nthe rearing techniques at this point of the development of the sea cucumber juveniles are very important and should be carefully applied in order to ensure a high rate of survival .\nthe rearing tanks are fitted with a water flow through system . the presence of food particles and the relatively high water temperature are responsible for the proliferation of undesirable and harmful organisms , such as copepods and bacteria . the water in the tanks should be clean with a daily exchange rate of up to 200 % .\njuvenile sea cucumbers grow at different rates and it is therefore important to sort them according to their size . this is done using sieves fitted with different mesh sizes . while sorting , care should be taken not to damage or kill the juvenile sea cucumbers .\nraft culture . wooden rafts are usually located in sea areas not exposed to strong winds and tidal action . the sea cucumber cages are usually hung under the rafts or placed directly on the sea floor . during the rearing period , sea cucumbers are fed with sargassum sp . and other macroalgae . this farming method is not very popular due to the high costs involved .\nintensive farming : intensive sea cucumber aquaculture has only recently developed . large quantities of rocks or other suitable substrates ( e . g . roof tiles ) are placed in the culture ponds to increase the surface area for the juvenile sea cucumbers and to provide shelter from predators . a refrigeration system or underground water supply is used to lower the water temperature in the ponds in the summer months when high temperatures can reduce growth and feeding rates . these pond facilities are expensive and therefore intensive farming is only carried out by large and financially strong companies .\nthe most suitable sea locations are rocky sites with an abundance of macrophytes and with muddy and sandy bottoms . areas protected from strong winds and tidal actions are usually favoured .\njuveniles over 1 cm in length are used when stocking directly in the sea . the larger the initial size of the juveniles , the higher the survival rate . when stocking , the juveniles are placed in bags with a mesh size of 0 . 25 - 0 . 5 cm . a diver then places the bags on the sea bottom in the vicinity of existing rocks or artificially prepared rock piles . subsequently the mesh bags are opened and the juveniles are simply left to crawl away . larger juveniles ( > 5 cm ) can be released into the sea directly .\ngenerally , two years after stocking , the sea cucumbers have reached a marketable size and can be collected . harvesting is often done in the spring ( mid - april to early june ) and autumn ( october to december ) ( figure 5 ) .\nfigure 5 . sea cucumber harvested off the coast of dalian , china ( photo : a . lovatelli ) .\nsea ranching takes full advantage of the natural environment and this method is considered to be ecologically acceptable and therefore worth developing . however , due to a number of seasonal limitations and resource use conflict ( presence of industrial activities ) , this growout method can only be carried out in locations which have the right conditions .\nliao , y . l . 1997 . fauna sinica , phylum echinodermata , class holothuroidea . science press , beijing . 334pp .\nsui , x . l . & liao , y . l . 1988 . sea cucumber culture and its enhancement . agriculture publishing house , beijing . 288pp .\nzhang , f . y . 1958 . the preliminary report of aquaculture and sea ranching of sea cucumber ( apostichopusjaponicus ) . journal of zoology , 2 ( 2 ) : 65 - 73 .\nzhang , q . l . & liu , y . h . 1998 . the techniques of sea cucumber culture and its enhancement . qingdao ocean university publishing house , qingdao . 157pp .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndiscover a faster , simpler path to publishing in a high - quality journal . plos one promises fair , rigorous peer review , broad scope , and wide readership \u2013 a perfect fit for your research every time .\ncopyright : \u00a9 2012 du et al . this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .\nfunding : financial support for this work was provided by the national key technology r & d program of china ( 2011bad13b05 and 2011bad13b06 ) , and the national high technology research and development program of china ( 2012aa10a412 ) . the funders had no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .\n( a ) size distribution of raw reads . ( b ) size distribution of contigs . ( c ) log - log plot showing the dependence of contig lengths on the number of reads assembled into each . ( d ) size distribution of isotigs .\nregarding gene annotation , all isogroups were searched against the swiss - prot database with an e - value threshold of 1e - 6 . of 21 , 071 isogroups , 8 , 229 ( 39 % ) had at least one hit , which corresponded to 6 , 963 unigene names . the sequences and annotation information of all isogroups are provided in dataset s1 and table s1 . more than half of the isogroups did not match to known genes most likely due to the fact that insufficient sequences are available in public databases from phylogenetically closely related species . the annotation rate in our study is also comparable to those ( 20\u223c40 % ) reported in the previous de novo transcriptome sequencing studies for non - model organisms [ 26 ] , [ 27 ] , [ 33 ] , [ 34 ] , [ 35 ] .\naestivation is possibly a protection strategy for sea cucumbers to survive from high temperatures [ 10 ] , [ 11 ] . studies on sea cucumber aestivation from different perspectives such as morphology [ 10 ] , [ 11 ] , [ 37 ] , physiology [ 10 ] , [ 11 ] , [ 37 ] , [ 38 ] , and immunology [ 39 ] have been performed . nonetheless , the molecular mechanism of this process is still far from fully understood . identification and characterization of candidate genes involved in aestivation would represent the first step to understand the genetic basis of aestivation in sea cucumbers .\ntwelve candidate dges were selected for q - pcr validation . q - pcr results verified the differential expression of these genes between the active and aestivating sea cucumbers ( figure 3 ) . however , it should be noted that many genes in the two libraries were lowly expressed and therefore were not included in the comparison . more dges would be determined from these lowly expressed genes by performing deep transcriptome sequencing in future studies ."]}
{"id": 1128, "summary": [{"text": "trioceros melleri , with the common names meller 's chameleon and giant one-horned chameleon , is the largest species of chameleon from the african mainland ( i.e. the largest of the chameleons not native to madagascar ) . ", "topic": 18}], "title": "meller ' s chameleon", "paragraphs": ["meller ' s chameleon for sale - free shipping orders 25 . 00 or more\nblack spots developing on a meller ' s is symptomatic of the chameleon feeling threatened .\nthe tongue of a meller\u2019s chameleon can extend almost the entire length of the chameleon , sometimes being longer than 2 feet .\nwith proper planning , meller\u2019s chameleons can be kept in groups . pictured are some of the author\u2019s animals .\nfischer ' s chameleon ( kinyongia fischeri ) is a species of chameleon endemic to tanzania .\nkaren venaas and her husband jeremy work with several other chameleon species in addition to meller\u2019s , including veiled , panther , oustalet\u2019s and jackson\u2019s chameleons . they participate in many educational events to educate new and potential chameleon owners . follow the adventures of the chameleon farm at urltoken\nhow to keep a meller ' s chamaleon ( t . melleri ) | much ado about chameleons\nnearly half of all chameleons live in madagascar . the meller\u2019s chameleon is the largest chameleon not native to the island nation , and the largest chameleon living in mainland africa . meller\u2019s chameleons inhabit the east african savannas of malawi , mozambique and tanzania . these lizards are also found in bushland trees and throughout tropical grasslands .\ngenera & species : within the two subfamilies are nine genera and 171 species . a few examples \u2014 calumma parsonii ( parson\u2019s chameleon ) , furcifer oustaleti ( oustalet ' s chameleon ) , brookesia minima ( pygmy leaf chameleon ) , chameleo jacksonii ( jackson\u2019s chameleon )\nmueller , jennifer .\nfacts about meller ' s chameleons\naccessed july 09 , 2018 . urltoken\nmeller\u2019s chameleon the meller\u2019s chameleon can be found naturally in east africa . they can be over 24 inches in length and can live up to 12 years . they require a daytime temperature around 80 * f and a 70 % humidity level . they are aggressive and are not a good choice if it is your first chameleon .\nmeller\u2019s chameleon \u2013 a large animal family of lizards . it lives mainly on the east african territories . meller\u2019s chameleon is famous for the largest size among the other members of his clan . length of body may exceed fifty centimeters . males are slightly larger for females . in the wild chameleon meller can be found in small colonies . these social animals usually hide in the branches of tall trees .\naccording to international union for conservation of nature ' s red list of threatened species , many species of chameleon are endangered . some species that are considered in danger of extinction are the tiger chameleon , elandsberg dwarf chameleon , namoroka leaf chameleon and the decary ' s leaf chameleon .\nthe carnivorous meller\u2019s chameleon is solitary by nature and a fairly slow - moving lizard , so it doesn\u2019t chase after its prey . rather , the chameleon hides itself in the foliage , waiting to ambush its prey . when an unsuspecting insect or small bird moves within the meller\u2019s chameleon ' s target range , it shoots out its tongue , which can be up to 20 inches long , captures the animal and eats it . other smaller lizards may also be targeted by meller\u2019s chameleons .\nmeller\u2019s chameleons often arrive to their final destination dehydrated and stressed , but with proper care they can thrive for years .\nthe meller ' s cham is just spectacular - - thanks guys ! arrived right on time and packed really well .\n) and i realized i ' d never really done a caresheet about them ! so here it is , my version of how to keep a meller ' s chameleon .\ni saw several beautiful adult meller\u2019s chameleons at a recent herp show , but experienced herpers talked me out of buying one . why ?\nthe meller ' s chameleon is the largest of the chameleons not native to madagascar . their stout bodies can grow to be up to two feet long and weigh more than a pound .\nwhen you buy a meller ' s chameleon from us , you receive our 100 % ironclad live arrival guarantee . please read the details of our guarantee before ordering . we also encourage you to read our popular\nif a female meller\u2019s chameleon has indicated she is receptive to the male\u2019s advances , they may mate several times over a period of days . females can store sperm from a mating for several months , enabling them to lay several clutches of eggs during the year from a single encounter . most clutches have between 50 and 90 eggs . the female buries the eggs in a hole in the ground , covers them and leaves . after four or five months the young meller\u2019s chameleons hatch from their eggs to fend for themselves . adult meller\u2019s chameleons neither guide nor protect the hatchlings .\navoiding veterinary care and medical treatment may cost the chameleon it ' s life , which will certainly cost the owner their original investment in purchasing the chameleon . here are some suggestions for safeguarding the health and longevity of a newly imported chameleon :\nthe largest chameleon is the parson\u2019s chameleon , according to encyclopedia britannica . it can grow up to 27 inches ( 69 . 5 centimeters ) long . the madagascan , also known as the oustalet ' s chameleon , is also very large and grows up to 23 inches ( 60 cm ) long .\nmeller ' s distinguish themselves from their universally bizarre - looking cousins with a single small horn protruding from the front of their snouts . this and their size earn them the common name\ngiant one - horned chameleon .\nmost chameleons have casques or crests on their heads , the size and shape of which varies by species . the meller\u2019s chameleon has a pair of \u201coccipital lobes , \u201d or ear flaps , that can flare up like an elephant\u2019s ears . they raise these flaps during courtship and threat displays .\nmeller ' s chameleons are also called\ngiant one - horned chameleons\nbecause of their large size and the small horn protruding from the front of their snouts .\ntell your members of congress to save america ' s vulnerable wildlife by supporting the recovering america ' s wildlife act .\neventually , a couple of the females began to lay eggs . they were infertile , but we believed that we might soon be among the lucky few to get viable meller\u2019s chameleon eggs , resulting in some captive - bred babies . then one morning the unthinkable happened . a seemingly healthy chameleon died suddenly , without warning . it was one that we had for a couple years , long past the 90 - day curse that is sometimes unfortunately associated with meller\u2019s chameleons .\nincredible chameleon facts for kids including chameleon diet , habitat , reproduction , and its behavior . chameleons belong to the family of chamaeleo\u2026 | pinteres\u2026\nthe island of madagascar is home to around 50 percent of the world\u2019s chameleons . one hundred fifty species of chameleon inhabit the island , which has a diverse range of habitats , including desert and rainforest . most of the island\u2019s chameleons are forest floor dwellers , as opposed to arboreal . since the chameleon is incapable of flight , madagascar\u2019s native chameleons are physically isolated from the rest of the world\u2019s chameleon population . this means that they have evolved independently from other species .\nwhile adult meller\u2019s chameleons ( chamaeleo melleri ) are beautiful , they are more difficult to maintain than some of the other species of chameleons that are more hardy and easier to keep .\nmeller\u2019s chameleons should be kept in a quality screened cage like the reptibreeze aluminum - framed one pictured below . please do not keep your chameleon in a glass - sided cage , as they do not provide enough ventilation , which can lead to respiratory issues .\nother types of chameleon will usually not decline if not provided with proper humidity and fresh water continually for a few days ( not that this is ever recommended ) , but it doesn\u2019t take long for a meller\u2019s to go downhill if the owner doesn\u2019t stay on top of this all the time . this is probably the main reason why your herper friends tried to dissuade you from purchasing a meller\u2019s . i\u2019m glad you listened , as there are many other types of chameleon that don\u2019t have such specific and difficult to maintain requirements .\n10 . the american chameleon is not actually a chameleon . the american chameleon , or anole ( anolis carolinensis ) , is not a true chameleon , but a small lizard of the iguana family . it is found in the se united states and is noted for its colour changes . [ source ]\ndue to this amount of water , meller ' s require pretty heavy - duty drainage . so a little free - range in one corner of your bedroom isn ' t going to be enough ! you might be looking at gallons of water daily that you ' ll need to account for . so make sure that you invest in drainage when you are setting up a meller ' s cage .\nmueller , jennifer .\nfacts about meller ' s chameleons .\nanimals - urltoken , http : / / animals . urltoken / mellers - chameleons - 4461 . html . accessed 09 july 2018 .\nthe chameleon stops eating ( anorexia ) for more than 2 - 3 days .\nfischer\u2019s chameleon the fischer\u2019s chameleon can be found in kenya and tanzania . these moderately sized lizards can grow to be 15 inches long and live up to 3 years . a daytime temperature about 75 * f and a relative humidity around 75 to 85 % . with experienced care these chameleons can do well .\nmueller , jennifer . ( n . d . ) . facts about meller ' s chameleons . animals - urltoken . retrieved from http : / / animals . urltoken / mellers - chameleons - 4461 . html\nquarantine the new chameleon until diagnostic tests are completed and any health problems are treated and cured . do not allow contact between the new chameleon and any other chameleons in your collection during quarantine , including mating . disinfect your hands , food bowls and any utensils that come in contact with the quarantined chameleon . do not recycle uneaten food from the quarantined chameleon ' s enclosure to another chameleon . do not house more than one chameleon in a cage during quarantine . ( for information on quarantine and infection control , review the article in cin issue no . 16 . )\noustalet\u2019s chameleon the oustalet\u2019s chameleons can be found naturally in madagascar . they are large reptiles that can grow up to 30 inches long and can live up to 12 years . provide a daytime temperature around 80 * f and a relative humidity of 70 % . these lizards can be good pets if you want a larger chameleon .\nthis very interesting creatures resembles a parson\u2019s chameleon and is believed to be the largest chameleon in madagascar . they require a humidity of 70 % and temperature of 75 * f . these aren\u2019t as common as pets but they can do fine in captivity .\nnamed after \u201ddr . meller\u201d who is mentioned by gray in the section about the \u201chabitat\u201d ( = locality ) of this species without further comment .\n( c ) 1999 , ardi abate , chameleon information network . copies of this article may be reprinted from this website by permission of the author and the chameleon information network .\n: because meller\u2019s newborns are big , relative to other chameleon species , they progress to eating large prey quickly . hatchlings begin with small insects , flies , bugs , and worms . as adults they consume locusts , cockroaches , spiders , small lizards , and hatchling birds : anything that moves and is the right size . this lizard is also known as \u201cthe bird eating chameleon\u201d . they are carnivorous .\noustalet\u2019s start at about 3 inches long but can reach 27 inches or larger .\ncrickets and dubia roaches are the most commonly available prey items that are appropriate for meller\u2019s chameleons , and most keepers will feed these . the insects should be gut loaded , meaning they should be fed healthy greens , fruits and grains prior to being offered to your chameleon , so those nutrients can be passed on to your pet .\nthe indian chameleon ( chamaeleo zeylanicus ) , despite its name , lives in sri lanka , parts of southern asia and india . it is typical of most lizards , in that it prefers to live in trees , rather than on the forest floor . europe\u2019s only chameleon is the mediterranean chameleon ( chamaeleo chamaeleon ) . he lives in greece , spain , malta and italy .\nthe dead chameleon pictured above was one of several dead animals observed at exporters ' holding facilities .\nas with all chameleons , meller ' s will change colors in response to stress and to communicate with other chameleons . their normal appearance is deep green with yellow stripes and random black spots . females are slightly smaller , but are otherwise indistinguishable from males .\nobservation is critical in the daily assessment of the health of wild - caught chameleons , but keep physical handling and traffic in the chameleon ' s visual range to a minimum . provide ample drinking water and ensure the chameleon is drinking . keep records of food and water consumption on a daily basis .\nexotic pet enthusiasts often attempt to keep meller ' s chameleons as pets . however , they are highly susceptible to even the slightest level of stress and are very difficult to care for in captivity . in the wild , they can live as long as 12 years .\nstress is always a concern . a wild - caught meller\u2019s chameleon is already dealing with the stress of capture and importation , and continued stress will impair its immune system and lead to illness and death . many things can cause stress , including improper temperatures and lighting , inadequate housing , being able to see people or other animals , and being handled or bothered too frequently .\nother chameleon species lay eggs that have an incubation period of four to 24 months , depending on species , according to the san diego zoo . the size of the chameleon predicts how many eggs she will lay . small chameleon species lay two to four eggs while larger chameleons lay 80 to 100 eggs at one time .\nthe adult size of the meller\u2019s chameleon is approximately 28 inches in length , and because of their extremely large size , they require a very large habitat or perhaps an entire room . their potz is 77 to 80 degrees fahrenheit , which should be easy for a herper to provide . the biggest problem with maintaining these chameleons is that they require an ambient humidity of 95 to 100 percent , which is almost impossible to maintain without humidifiers , misters and specialized enclosures to hold the humidity . meller\u2019s chameleons also require a constant source of fresh water from a drip system or mister and will quickly fail to thrive unless kept well hydrated on a daily basis .\n: meller\u2019s chameleon has adapted to a very specific environmental niche and cannot respond to change or move away quickly . human activity is encroaching upon its habitat , altering and degrading it . because of its large size and handsome appearance , although it is illegal to do so , the pet trade seeks out this species . however , it is extremely susceptible to stress and many do not survive being transported .\nthe smallest chameleon has a special distinction . it is also one of the smallest vertebrates ever discovered . the leaf chameleon grows to just 0 . 5 inches ( 16 millimeters ) and can sit comfortably on the head of a match .\nshe named\nnosey\n. this chameleon had been rescued from being euthanized in a pet store due to declining health by bianca and her friend mary ellen mcloughlin , a veterinarian . nosey ' s initial health problems were serious :\nwhen first getting a chameleon try not to handle it too much when it is young . as it gets older , be very patient and cautious when your chameleon starts getting used to you . chameleons are very trust - oriented , so if you grab them off their branch or make surprising sudden movements while handling your chameleon you may lose his or her trust .\nwater is very important to chameleon growth and health . they either slurp water up using their tongues or the inhale it .\nguarantee that someone very experienced with reptiles will attempt to select the specific lizard ( s ) you are requesting .\nchanging skin color is an important part of communication among chameleons . according to the san diego zoo , a chameleon ' s skin changes colors in response to its emotions , such as anger or fear , changes in light , temperature or humidity .\nmeller\u2019s are large chameleons that can eat a great deal , and it is important to provide them with a healthy and varied diet . in the wild , they consume a variety of insects , including grasshoppers , flies , moths and beetles . some have even been known to consume small lizards and birds . you can feed pet meller\u2019s crickets , dubia roaches , silkworms , and praying mantises , to name just a few options . these large chameleons will also enjoy larger prey items and flying insects , too\u2014favorites of mine include mantids , dragonflies and butterflies . of course , care must be taken to ensure any prey items are not toxic and have not been in contact with pesticides .\n2 . colour changing . most chameleons change from brown to green and back , but some can turn almost any colour . a change can occur in as little as 20 seconds . chameleons are born with special cells that have a colour or pigment in them . these cells lie in layers under the chameleon\u2019s outer skin . they are called chromatophores . the top layers of chromatophores have red or yellow pigment . the lower layers have blue or white pigment . when these pigment cells change , the chameleon\u2019s skin colour changes .\nadditionally , until the gender of your meller ' s is confirmed i would recommend having a laying bin available just in case , especially with fresh wc females who may be coming into the country gravid . i use a large plastic storage tote ( like in the photo above ) filled more than 12\ndeep with organic topsoil mixed with sand .\nwater is the most critical element to keeping meller\u2019s chameleons successfully , whether your chameleons are fresh imports or long - term captives . they should be provided with at least three 20 - minute misting sessions daily , but i provide an even longer one in the morning of about 45 minutes , as this seems to be when my chameleons drink the most .\nwild - caught imported chameleons usually carry a much lower price tag than captive - raised chameleons . however , if the imported chameleon you purchase requires several courses of treatment for medical problems , the veterinarian costs may well run two to three times the original price of the chameleon .\nthe buyer , unaware of what may have recently transpired in the life of the brilliantly colored chameleon pacing nervously in the pet store , buys what they may believe to be a healthy animal . as proof of health , sellers routinely assure buyers that a chameleon has been deparasitized and is eating . the new owner takes their chameleon home with high expectations that it will thrive and even reproduce . under the best of conditions , a veterinarian examines the chameleon and minor health problems are treated successfully . unfortunately , even these chameleons may fail to thrive due to maladaptation .\n1 . almost half of the world\u2019s chameleon species live on the island of madagascar , with 59 different species existing nowhere outside of the island . there are approximately 160 species of chameleon . they range from africa to southern europe , and across south asia to sri lanka . they have also been introduced into the united states in places such as hawaii , california and florida . [ source 1 , source 2 ]\nthanks for writing this olimpia , there isn ' t much info about meller ' s chameleons out there . do you free range your mellers , or do you keep them in an enclosure ? what size is your enclosure ( if you use one ) ? have you figured out the sex of your mellers ? i love your blog , thank you for sharing !\njackson\u2019s chameleon in the wild , jackson\u2019s chameleons can be found in east africa . they were also introduced to hawaii where wild specimens can now be found . they can grow to be around 13 inches long and can live up to 8 years . a daytime temperature of 75 to 80 * f and a humidity level around 65 % is required . these three horned chameleons are readily available as pets .\n\u200bkeeping your pet and it ' s environment clean and hygienic is important for it ' s overall health . there are some important cleaning supplies that you should always have on hand and some important factors to pay attention to when it comes to their overall grooming .\nmeller ' s need uvb and a basking bulb , like other chameleons . i use a reptisun 10 . 0 bulb as my uvb bulb and a 60w halogen spotlight as a heat light . this leaves my basking spot no higher than about 85f while the rest of the enclosure stays at room temperature ( 75f ) . and at night i let the temperature drop as it will , so they can cool off overnight . like all chameleon species , they thrive with a nighttime temperature drop of about 10 degrees or more .\nthey should not be considered lightly as a pet chameleon . they are very sensitive to stress , are usually wc , and need copious amounts of room , water , and food . so anyone who cannot meet these needs should consider a different or smaller species of chameleon to start off with first .\npurchase imported chameleons from reputable sellers who offer a guarantee if you are dissatisfied with the chameleon , it is diagnosed by a veterinarian with serious health problems , or dies . ask the seller how many days you have to make a determination before the guarantee expires . remember that it may take several days to receive the results of some diagnostic tests . understanding the seller ' s guarantee is especially important if you are purchasing a chameleon by mail order .\nwe have hard to find meller ' s chameleons for sale . these fascinating lizards are absolutely mesmerizing , and can live for over a decade with proper care . this is one of the largest chameleons in the world , reaching lengths of around two feet long . a wonderful species that is highly sought after in the reptile world , also known as the\nbird - eating chameleon .\ntruly a crowd - pleasing reptile that can reach monstrous sizes . when you buy a lizard from us , you automatically receive our 100 % live arrival guarantee .\nwhether your meller\u2019s chameleon is in a free - range setup or in a large enclosure , uvb light is a must . exposure to uvb from either direct sunlight or a proper uvb light allows the chameleon to properly metabolize calcium in its system to keep its bones strong . there are a variety of quality uvb lights of different strengths available in pet stores and other places that sell reptile supplies . commonly used bulbs include reptisun and reptiglo 5 . 0 bulbs , though in a large and / or heavily planted free - range setup it can be beneficial to use bulbs with a higher uvb output . twelve hours on and 12 hours off is the usual light cycle , though this can be adjusted to mimic seasonal daylight hours .\nbelow is the single clutch of panther chameleon ( f . pardalis ) eggs that i currently have incubating . this is a special clutch ( ba . . .\npage before ordering . sorry , we do not ship internationally ( u . s . only ) . our delivery schedule can be found below :\nmany t . melleri are wild - caught specimens , meaning they can be difficult to acclimate and which has led to the nickname \u201cthe 90 - day chameleon . \u201d\nas a hatchling , a veiled chameleon is approximately 4 inches . although an adult female can grow up to 18 inches , a male may only reach 2 feet .\nthese are all common questions when it comes to owning and caring for these friendly color changing reptiles . that\u2019s why we put together this comprehensive guide !\ni toured three exporter ' s facilities in madagascar in 1996 and 1997 . the conditions varied in each one , and my observations were as follows :\nthese are 5 - 12 months . you need to feed them on 6 - 10 crickets the size of the gap between their eyes . proper cricket sizes for a juvenile chameleon are at the low end \u00bd inch , 5 / 8 inch , then \u00be inch a day . if you feed your chameleon crickets that are much too large such as adult crickets , your chameleon may choke . since overfeeding can lead to the development of mbd , as the chameleon grows older you need to keep an eye on how much they eat . when offering large quantities of food , it\u2019s very hard to manage your supplementation . by feeding them consistently and with good quantities , you are likely to help them develop strong , dense bones that can support them well . you can only do this if you regulate the quantity of food .\nin 2008 i bought my first chameleon . nine years later , i still can\u2019t stop talking about them and helping people become confident , capable chameleon owners . i ' m olimpia martinotti - follow along to learn about the care , breeding , and rehabilitation of chameleons in captivity through a biologist with almost two decades of exotic animal experience .\ncarpet chameleon the carpet chameleon is found in madagascar . they are a smaller species and males grow to around 9 inches long . they have a short lifespan and only live for 2 to 3 years . daytime temperatures should be around 75 * f with 65 % humidity . they are active and hardy chameleons that do well as pets .\nif you want your pet to stay healthy and enjoy a long life , it\u2019s very important to provide them with appropriate lighting . this not only makes them a lot more comfortable , but is necessary for their survival , since they don\u2019t produce heat internally . lighting supplies that you need to have for your chameleon include :\nwe accept visa , mastercard , american express , discover , and paypal . we do not accept checks , money orders , or cashier ' s checks .\npeople who don\u2019t have the space to provide a free - range situation , or who have cats , dogs or housemates that would make free ranging impossible , may need to provide a cage for their chameleons . i always suggest they buy or build the largest cage they can . it will likely have to be custom built , as there really aren\u2019t any suitable ones on the market that i think would make proper enclosures for meller\u2019s chameleons as is .\ndespite this loss , our love of t . melleri did not die . i did more research , learned about the benefits of free - range setups , and set out to create such an environment . once it was ready , we brought home another pair of meller\u2019s chameleons , and a few months later , we got a couple more . we continued adding to our colony , and eventually we had a group of 14 beautiful t . melleri .\ni feed each of mine a different amount of food daily . but fewer items is usually better with most chameleons , as we don ' t want them to get overweight . since most meller ' s available are adults , the amount you feed them ( usually every other day or every two days ) will depend on what they need to maintain a healthy weight . typically a small handful of feeder items every other day or every two days .\nwhen basking , the side facing the sun will turn dark green to almost solid black . the shaded side will stay the individual ' s normal resting color .\nwhether you would like a female chameleon as part of a breeding project , as a pet , or both , how you take care of them will vary a litt . . .\nwhile it does not occur in every case , the next stage seems to determine whether or not the chameleon survives . food intake often ceases and the chameleon appears depressed or nervous , and may pace the perimeter of the cage . it is at this crossroad where the chameleon either seems to accept captivity and continues life , or begins a downward spiral to death . i believe this to be the essence of maladaptation . those chameleons that simply cannot tolerate their loss of freedom coupled with human interaction , or whose health has been irreparably damaged by the rigors of being transferred into captivity simply waste away . probably the single most critical factor in maladaptation is the level of prolonged stress the chameleon has endured from the point of capture .\nthere is little information on this species , and nothing is known of population trends . it is widespread , but because it is a large bodied chameleon , it is probably not locally abundant .\nfour - horned chameleon the four - horned chameleon can be found naturally in cameroon . they live for around 5 years and can grow to be 14 inches long . they require daytime temperatures around 75 * f and a relative humidity of at least 85 % . they are attractive chameleons that tend to do well in captivity if you can provide a suitable habitat with very high humidity .\nthere is visible weight loss , sunken eyes , swollen eye ( s ) , general weakness , inability to perch , or eyes are closed ( sleeping ) during daylight hours .\nveiled chameleon in the wild , veiled chameleons are found in yemen and saudi arabia . males can grow to be 24 inches long and they can live up to 5 years . they need daytime cage temperatures around 80 * f and a relative humidity of 70 % . veiled chameleons will eat some plant matter in addition to insects . they are popular pets and can make a good first chameleon .\na couple weeks later , it happened again , and the next three months became a nightmare . even with vet visits , tests , and various medications , our chameleons kept dying . eventually , we lost them all . after this tragedy , we didn\u2019t know if we should try again . we were scared , but our love of t . melleri won out . we eventually brought home another pair and , slowly , we added a few more . we now have five healthy , well - acclimated meller\u2019s chameleons .\nif you will only be away for a day , your pet will not be without regular misting and food since it may be on an every other day feeding schedule . however , if you will be gone for several days or if you are keeping a baby , you need someone to come and feed your pet . this person needs to be trustworthy and not afraid of insects ! when you are going out of town , the more automated your system the better . it\u2019s also very important to educate your secondary caretaker well about your specific chameleon ' s personality .\n5 . ballistic tongues that are 1 . 5 - 2 times the length of their body . chameleons feed by ballistically projecting their long tongue from their mouth to capture prey located some distance away . while the chameleon\u2019s tongue is typically thought to be 1 . 5 to 2 times the length of their body ( their length excluding the tail ) , it has been recently discovered that smaller chameleons have proportionately larger tongue apparatuses than their larger counterparts . tongue projection occurs at extremely high performance , reaching the prey in as little as 0 . 07 seconds , having been launched at accelerations exceeding 41 g . the chameleon tongue\u2019s tip is a bulbous ball of muscle , and as it hits its prey it rapidly forms a small suction cup . [ source 1 , source 2 ]\nthey are fairly common in the savanna of east africa , including malawi , northern mozambique , and tanzania . almost one - half of the world\u2019s chameleons live on the island of madagascar .\na number of other species ( k . matschiei , k . multituberculata , k . tavetana , k . uluguruensis , and k . vosseleri ) have been mistakenly called by this species ' name or classified as subspecies . in 2008 , it was shown that they actually are their own distinct , different species . the true fischer ' s chameleon is rare with a more restricted distribution than previously believed .\nstress coloration : excitement or mild stress begins to show with dark green spotting overlaying the chameleon ' s normal coloration , as above . dark green spots turn to black . as stress builds , the spotting expands to black mottling in all stripes . low - level stress , such as a mild parasitic infection , left unalleviated over long periods , will turn the chameleon brown , pink , gray , and white mottled . as stress becomes severe , the chameleon starts to turn charcoal gray , eventually turning pure white with yellow stripes . at this point , the animal is near death from extreme stress . never buy a melleri that is gray or white . a gravid melleri is cream , gray , and black colored , with a bloated torso , and should be considered\nat risk\n, not a good candidate for purchase .\nfemales are usually ready to mate when they are 1 year old . the first sign that a female chameleon is ready for breeding is her color . she will have begin to take on a dull orange hue .\nwhen these criteria are met , you can perch a male chameleon on your hand and move it towards the female . if the female is ready you will witness a complete change of demeanor . the male chameleon will then head - bob while moving towards the female . once copulation starts , breeding can go on for several hours . you might keep them together for up to two days until the female starts rejecting the male .\nyour pet ' s main method of communication is through color change . this can indicate good health , stress or even reproductive condition . understanding this can greatly assist you when caring for them .\nno matter what species , chameleons become mature at 1 to 2 years of age . the exception is the madagascan chameleon . it has been labeled as the vertebrate with the world ' s shortest life span , according to encyclopedia britannica . their eggs hatch in november , the young become adults in january , they lay eggs in february , and then the entire adult population perishes after a lifespan of just three months .\nalthough it\u2019s recommended to have live plants , if you cannot , fake plants will do the trick . live plants will not only provide better cover but will also provide good surfaces for drinking water . make sure to have enough foliage to provide a basking spot , but also have a lower portion of the cage that is shaded and much cooler . this will allow your chameleon to escape the heat and remain comfortable .\nwhile living in the wild , chameleons have a lot to worry about . this includes getting attacked , eaten , and not getting enough of their daily necessities . that ' s why it ' s your job to ensure that your pet doesn ' t have to deal with any of these issues in your home . when chameleons are in bad shape or look hurt it often means they are suffering from psychological stress .\nchameleons are different from many reptiles because some of the species , like the jackson\u2019s chameleon , have live births . these species can give birth to eight to 30 young at one time after a gestation of four to six months . while the young are born live instead of in an egg , they started as an egg . these mothers incubate the eggs , minus a shell , inside of her body instead of laying them in a nest .\nchameleons are very sensitive animals that need specialized care . without proper care , your pet chameleon can quickly become ill . the most important thing for your designated caretaker to know is what can make it ill and how to keep it comfortable .\nwith all but one inch of his tail amputated . this animal ' s tail had been run over by a passing car , according to a man who lived in the area where i found this chameleon . it appeared to have healed without incidence as the wound was quite old , and he was in otherwise robust condition . i also encountered two chameleons with wounds near the mouth , one of which was badly infected ; however both appeared to be in otherwise good condition .\nwe now had two free - range setups : one that was used as a quarantine area for new arrivals , and an expanded , room - sized living area for our existing chameleons . we even had a free - range nursery area for a couple small juveniles that we acquired . over the next couple years , we watched our gentle giants blossom . they were a friendly and inquisitive group . they welcomed visitors , as they knew we would offer them treats to show their long tongues in action . a couple of our meller\u2019s were even calm to the point that we could bring them to educational events where we introduced the public to chameleons .\nif your chameleon experiences a minor wound , keep it clean and treat it with a topical agent such as silvadene cream or my favorite , vetericyn hydrogel , which is an excellent all - purpose ointment for wounds . of course , severe injuries and infections should be looked at by a veterinarian to determine a course of treatment . parasites are the biggest concern , as a heavy parasite load can lead to decreased appetite , increased dehydration and , eventually , death . a fecal examination should be done to determine the specific parasites and the level of infestation . i prefer to wait until the chameleon is stabilized before treating parasites to avoid further stress caused by administering the medication and the effect the medication may have on an already stressed animal\u2019s system .\nweizel , d . & s . hoffmann 2004 . eigene erfahrungen bei der haltung und zucht von chamaeleo ( trioceros ) melleri ( gray , 1864 ) . chamaeleo 14 ( 1 ) : 26 - 29 . - get paper here\nthis can be any bulb that generates heat . since chameleons are cold blooded , they must absorb heat from their environment to regulate their body temperature . in order to digest their food well , they need a warm place to bask . basking bulbs will provide them with warmer temperatures but should not produce so much heat that your pet ' s health is interfered with . depending on your reptile ' s metabolic needs , it will utilize different temperatures throughout the day\nthere are many different ways to set up a free - range environment for meller\u2019s chameleons , whether you have an entire room available or just part of a room . i use wire shelving units that are available at home improvement stores . i remove any middle shelves , leaving just a top and bottom shelf . trees ( ficus , for instance ) and other sturdy plants for the chameleons to climb upon can be placed on the bottom shelf and lights can be either on the top shelf or suspended from the ceiling above the unit . the misting nozzles can be attached to the top shelf as well , with pans positioned below to catch the water .\ndifferent species all have different standard temperaments . this is further compounded by the fact that each individual reptile will have it ' s own personality as well ! fortunately , there are some basic guidelines to follow to help keep your pet comfortable .\nwhen it comes to keeping a chameleon as a pet , hydration is very important . it\u2019s actually the primary factor that causes deaths when chameleons are in captivity . as compared to other pets , hydrating chameleons is rather involving . for instance , most can not take water from stagnant points . this means putting a bowl of water inside the cage is not sufficient to keep your pet hydrated . chameleons , whether pets or wild , drink water that falls from branches or leaves . this is why getting your pet chameleon to drink water is a hard task . some of these pets may slow down their daily misting consumption and this can leave them dehydrated . this can be hard to understand especially if you are misting the enclosure 3 times a day . some common hydration requirements and supplies include :\nalthough you can feed them up to 12 crickets per day , avoid over - feeding your chameleon . some of these guys are very gluttonous and will keep eating until they are over weight and unhealthy . find out how many crickets your chameleon will eat in one sitting . use that number to either feed half that in the morning and half in the afternoon , or all in the morning . most babies between 2 - 4 months eat about 10 - 15 small crickets daily , though some can eat up to 30 . chameleons are very adaptable to their environment , so if you do not feed your pet enough when he or she is young , it will have a stunted growth . on the other hand , if you over - feed your chameleon it will mature too quickly and likely have health problems as it gets older .\ngiving this supplement depends on the pet\u2019s exposure to light . if you expose it regularly , then giving the supplement is not important . however , if kept indoors then vitamin d3 is necessary . however , this should only be done once per week .\nwhen it comes to indoor chameleons , this is one of the most important forms of lighting . although uvb cannot be seen it\u2019s important in the manufacture of vitamin d3 . this enables your pet to absorb calcium . lack of this can lead to severe deformation , metabolic bone disease and even death . the uvb bulbs available for purchase usually only last for 6 months before they need to be replaced . you only need to have one bulb for your pet\u2019s habitat . some of the most popular brands are :\nwhen frightened , chameleons will puff up and hiss loudly . they will often change colors into a dark shade of grey / black . handling them too much might also increase their chances of getting sick . in case you have to handle your pet , do not pick it up , but rather place your hand and allow it to climb on it ' s own . also , you should avoid holding its back , neck , tail or feet unless it\u2019s very important to restrain it from hurting itself further .\nthis is also another method of providing water especially when you have a dehydrated chameleon . just place a large plant at the top and direct the shower towards the wall so that only fine mist reaches the pet . while using this method , ensure that you carry on close supervision .\nmany people think chameleons change colour to blend in with their surroundings . scientists disagree . their studies show that light , temperature and mood cause chameleons to change colour . sometimes changing colour can make the chameleon more comfortabl . sometimes it helps the animal communicate with other chameleons . [ source ]\nnecas , petr 1999 . chameleons - nature ' s hidden jewels . edition chimaira , frankfurt ; 348 pp . ; isbn 3 - 930612 - 04 - 6 ( europe ) < br / > isbn 1 - 57524 - 137 - 4 ( usa , canada )\nalina bradford is a contributing writer for live science . over the past 16 years , alina has covered everything from ebola to androids while writing health , science and tech articles for major publications . she has multiple health , safety and lifesaving certifications from oklahoma state university . alina ' s goal in life is to try as many experiences as possible . to date , she has been a volunteer firefighter , a dispatcher , substitute teacher , artist , janitor , children ' s book author , pizza maker , event coordinator and much more .\nalthough animals can handle short term stressor , chronic situations can make them sick . if you are keeping a chameleon as a pet , too much stress will not only cause illness but will also make them less social and dampen their spirits . stress can also greatly decrease your chances of breeding them .\nthis all - inclusive chameleon kit is exactly what we use and contains a zoo med screen cage , reptisun 5 . 0 uvb bulb & lamp , basking bulb & lamp , plastic plant , vine , digital thermometer and hygrometer , hand - pump mister , and calcium supplement , everything you need !\nneedless to say , meller ' s eat very large prey items ! in the wild they wouldn ' t be above catching small birds , even ! so offering appropriately sized feeder insects is a job in and of itself . i breed a couple species of large roaches on top of the discoid roaches i breed for my other chameleons , in order to have nymphs of a decent size . i also offer hornworms and the manduca moths that they turn into , as these are favorite treats . grasshoppers , katydids , and anything else that is big is going to be a hit with this species . however , mine do still love crickets and superworms so they will still eat smaller items , they just need to eat more of them to compensate for their size .\nthis means it ' s important to provide your chameleon with a good temperature gradient to allow it to warm and cool itself when it needs to . while the basking spot should be at the top of the enclosure of up to 90 degrees , you should also have the coolest temperature at the bottom . this should come as low as 70 degrees . believe it or not , chameleons can withstand temperatures as low as 50 degrees at night ! while they can handle these low temperatures , they ' re the most comfortable in 60 - 70 degree weather while they sleep .\nany animal that can change colours and look in two directions at once is worth learning more about . armed with a tongue you have to see to believe , the chameleon may be one of the coolest reptiles on the planet . here are ten things you may not have known about our lizard friend .\nwhile keeping a chameleon as a pet , avoid handling it as much as possible . chameleons are not only shy animals , they also move very slowly . before reading the rest of this though , keep in mind there are cases of extremely friendly chameleons that do not mind getting touched or picked up .\n4 . chameleons vary greatly in size and body structure , with maximum total length varying from 15 millimetres ( 0 . 6 in ) in male brookesia micra ( one of the world\u2019s smallest reptiles ) to 68 . 5 centimetres ( 30 in ) in the male furcifer oustaleti .\nsuper sale : colorado river toads ( adults ) 199 . 99 \u2022 red sliders turtles 4 . 99 \u2022 bearded dragon\u0092s 49 . 99 \u2022 ball pythons ( babies ) 29 . 99 \u2022 savannah monitors ( c . b . babies ) 19 . 99 \u2022 customer reviews / testimonials\nlike most lizards , chameleons favor a warm habitat . for this reason , the geographical distribution of the chameleon is limited only to regions that enjoy a warm climate . however , this does not mean that all hot regions are natural homes to chameleons . australia , north and south america have no native chameleons ."]}
{"id": 1132, "summary": [{"text": "odontocarus is a genus of beetles in the family carabidae , containing the following species : odontocarus asiaticus chaudoir , 1852 odontocarus cephalotes dejean , 1826 odontocarus holofernes semenov & znojko , 1929 odontocarus iranicus jedlicka , 1968 odontocarus parilis dvorak , 1993 odontocarus robustus ( dejean , 1831 ) odontocarus samson reiche & saulcy , 1855 odontocarus silvestrii gridelli , 1930 odontocarus zarudnianus semenov & znojko , 1929", "topic": 26}], "title": "odontocarus", "paragraphs": ["on the basis of the morphological study of an extensive material odontocarus iranicus ( jedli\u010dka , 1968 ) syn . nov . , is synonymized with odontocarus zarudnianus ( semenov & znojko , 1929 ) .\nazadbakhsh s . 2016 . odontocarus iranicus ( jedli\u010dka , 1968 ) , a new synonym of odontocarus zarudnianus ( semenov & znojko , 1929 ) ( coleoptera ; carabidae ; harpalini ) . baltic j . coleopterol . , 16 ( 2 ) : 59 - 62 .\nmaintaining and updating the site requires a lot of time and effort . therefore , we are forced to introduce a partially paid access . we expect that the costs will not be too burdensome for you , and your money will help us in the development of interactive keys , and more dynamic updates of the site .\nyour subscription will be activated when payment clears . view the status of your subscription in your account .\nthis project help increase the availability of scientific knowledge worldwide . contributions at any level help sustain our work . thank you for your support .\n\u00a9 carabidae of the world , 2007 - 2018 \u00a9 a team of authors , in in : anichtchenko a . et al . , ( editors ) 2007 - 2018\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nfauna europaea 2 . 4 [ 380183 ] de jong , y . s . d . m . ( ed . ) : fauna europaea [ urltoken ] [ as odotoncarus robustus ( dejean , 1831 ) ] data retrieved on : 9 march 2012\nhelp us to expand this encyclopedia ! if you are logged in , you can add new subtaxa , vernacular and scientific names , texts , images or intertaxon relationships for this taxon .\nxv th symposium of polish carabidologists tatra national park 04 - 07 . 06 . 2017\narchive : volume 17 , no . 2 ( 2017 ) volume 17 , no . 1 ( 2017 )\nto provide you with additional information about how we collect and use your personal data , we ' ve recently updated our privacy policy and terms of service . please review these pages now , as they apply to your continued use of our website ."]}
{"id": 1133, "summary": [{"text": "doxander campbelli , common name the campbell 's stromb , is a species of medium-sized sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family strombidae , the true conchs . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "doxander campbelli", "paragraphs": ["belongs to doxander according to a . j . w . hendy et al . 2008\n- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - species : doxander campbelli ( e . griffith & e . pidgeon , 1834 ) - id : 1450000025\n( of strombus campbelli gray in griffith & pidgeon , 1833 ) griffith , e . & pidgeon , e . ( 1833 - 1834 ) . the mollusca and radiata . vol . 12 , in : e . griffith , [ 1824 ] \u22121835 , the animal kingdom arranged in conformity with its organization , by the baron cuvier , [ . . . ] . london : whittaker and co . , viii + 601 pp . , 61 pls . [ 1\u2212138 ( date of publication according to petit & coan , 2008 : pp 1 - 192 , mollusca pls . 1\u221239 - 1833 ; pp 193 - 601 , pls . zoophytes 2\u221220 , mollusca corrected pls . 28 * , 36 * , 37 * , pls . 40 - 41 - 1834 ] . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : pl . 25 , fig . 6 [ legend ] [ details ]\n( gray in griffith & pidgeon , 1833 ) . accessed through : world register of marine species at : urltoken ; = 564523 on 2018 - 07 - 09\nliverani v . ( 2014 ) the superfamily stromboidea . addenda and corrigenda . in : g . t . poppe , k . groh & c . renker ( eds ) , a conchological iconography . pp . 1 - 54 , pls 131 - 164 . harxheim : conchbooks . [ details ]\n( of alaba sulcata r . b . watson , 1886 ) liverani v . ( 2014 ) the superfamily stromboidea . addenda and corrigenda . in : g . t . poppe , k . groh & c . renker ( eds ) , a conchological iconography . pp . 1 - 54 , pls 131 - 164 . harxheim : conchbooks . [ details ]\ngriffith , e . & pidgeon , e . ( 1833 - 1834 ) . the mollusca and radiata . vol . 12 , in : e . griffith , [ 1824 ] \u22121835 , the animal kingdom arranged in conformity with its organization , by the baron cuvier , [ . . . ] . london : whittaker and co . , viii + 601 pp . , 61 pls . [ 1\u2212138 ( date of publication according to petit & coan , 2008 : pp 1 - 192 , mollusca pls . 1\u221239 - 1833 ; pp 193 - 601 , pls . zoophytes 2\u221220 , mollusca corrected pls . 28 * , 36 * , 37 * , pls . 40 - 41 - 1834 ] . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : pl . 25 , fig . 6 [ legend ] [ details ]\ngray in griffith & pidgeon , 1833 . accessed through : world register of marine species at : urltoken ; = 564525 on 2018 - 07 - 09\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nabbott , r . t . 1960 ,\nthe genus strombus in the indo - pacific\n, indo - pacific mollusca , vol . 1 , no . 2 , pp . 33 - 146\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 86c7085f - e871 - 4f3e - a3e8 - 166943b365f4\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : c31adcae - 2ead - 45f9 - a508 - ad27b7fa3f6f\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 1d01fdf3 - c2ed - 4546 - 9d3d - dcb6db2fa8a2\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 639077\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nversion 43 . 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed . my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nusing cookies on urltoken shellauction uses cookies only for technical reasons and to facilitate and speed up your site navigation . by continuing to browse , you accept the use of cookies ; if you do not wish to receive them please disable them or not navigate this website further . more info cookies on urltoken\nutilizzo dei cookies su urltoken shellauction utilizza i cookies esclusivamente per ragioni tecniche e per facilitare e velocizzare la navigazione del sito . continuando a navigare accetti l ' utilizzo dei cookies , se non desideri riceverli ti invitiamo a disabilitarli oppure a non navigare questo sito ulteriormente . altre informazioni sui cookies di urltoken\ndingo beach . in sand low tide . tiny nick on lip . with opec ! nice pattern variation !"]}
{"id": 1137, "summary": [{"text": "sphyraena sphyraena , the european barracuda or mediterranean barracuda , is a ray-finned predatory fish of the mediterranean basin and the warmer waters of the atlantic ocean . ", "topic": 15}], "title": "sphyraena sphyraena", "paragraphs": ["jennifer hammock split the classifications by inventaire national du patrimoine naturel from sphyraena sphyraena ( linnaeus , 1758 ) to their own page .\nthere are no species - specific conservation measures in place for sphyraena sphyraena , however , the range for this species overlaps with a number of marine protected areas .\nsphyraena sphyraena is normally a pelagic species found high in the water column , but smaller fish are often found near the bottom of the water column . the main food is other fish but sometimes includes cephalopods and crustaceans . they are a social species and large groups of sphyraena sphyraena could number between ten and a few hundred .\nthe genus sphyraena belongs to the family sphyraenidae , the order perciformes , class actinopterygii , phylum chordata and kingdom animalia . the genus sphyraena is the only genus in the family sphyraenidae .\njustification : sphyraena sphyraena is widespread and relatively common throughout the mediterranean . it is a commercial species but there are no serious threats at present . therefore , it is listed as least concern .\n( of sphyraena sphyraena bocagei os\u00f3rio , 1891 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nits habits are probably similar to those of the phylogenetically closely related sphyraena sphyraena ( ref . 6949 ) . feeds on cephalopods , crustaceans and fishes . caught in trammel nets and beach seines ( ref . 11101 ) .\neastern central atlantic : cape verde and the canary islands . also reported from lebanon in the eastern mediterranean . its exact distribution and abundance are unknown because most published records do not separate it from sphyraena sphyraena . also in azores islands ( ref . 44330 ) .\nindo - west pacific : red sea and east africa to new caledonia and vanuatu , north to southern japan . reported from fiji and tuvalu ( ref . 12596 ) . the exact range is uncertain because of confusion of this species with sphyraena jello and sphyraena qenie ( ref . 9768 ) .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - pickhandle barracuda ( sphyraena jello )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - pickhandle barracuda ( sphyraena jello )\ntitle =\narkive species - pickhandle barracuda ( sphyraena jello )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\njohann julius walbaum first described sphyraena barracuda in 1792 . the genus sphyraena is latin meaning a pike - like fish . synonyms include s . picuda bloch and schneider 1801 , s . picuda picuda bloch and schneider 1801 , s . becuna cuvier 1829 , s . commersonii cuvier 1829 , and s . dussumieri valenciennes 1831 .\nto cite this page : fuller , b . 2000 .\nsphyraena barracuda\n( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken\n( of esox sphyraena linnaeus , 1758 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of sphyraena bocagei os\u00f3rio , 1891 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of sphyraena vulgaris cuvier , 1829 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of sphyraena brachygnathos bleeker , 1855 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of sphyraena brachygnathus bleeker , 1855 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of sphyraena chinensis lacep\u00e8de , 1803 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of sphyraena obtusa cuvier , 1829 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nsupino , f . 1920 . la sphyraena spet lac . note morfologiche e comparative . rc . ist . iomb . sci . lett . , ( 2 ) 53 : pp . 353 - 358 , 1 fig .\n( of sphyraena spet ( lacep\u00e8de , 1803 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nsphyraena sphyraena has a long , fairly compressed body which is covered with small , smooth scales . it has a large mouth with a projecting lower jaw . the jaws are lined with prominent sharp teeth . it is dark above and silvery below with a yellow band running parallel to the lateral line . they are normally around 30 to 60 cm in length and weigh 6 kg but there are records of fish 165 cm long and reaching weights of 12 kg or more .\ndorsal spines ( total ) : 6 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 9 ; anal spines : 2 ; anal soft rays : 8 . diagnosis : 102 - 119 scales in lateral line ; no chevrons on the flanks or , if present , not so well marked as in sphyraena afra ( ref . 57401 ) .\n( of esox sphyraena linnaeus , 1758 ) linnaeus , c . ( 1758 ) . systema naturae per regna tria naturae , secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis . editio decima , reformata . laurentius salvius : holmiae . ii , 824 pp . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nde morais , l . , smith - vaniz , w . f . , kara , m . , yokes , b . , pollard , d . , carpenter , k . e . & de bruyne , g .\nare declared from the eastern central atlantic ( eca ) fishing zone . the overall trend in declared landings is one of increase from the late 1980s onwards . landings from the mediterranean and black sea represent five to 10 % of total recent landings . the overall trend in declared landings of\nbarracuda\nin the mediterranean and black sea is one of increase to a peak of roughly 5 , 602 tonnes in 1994 , followed by a period of decline and stabilization around 2 , 000 tonnes from the late 1990s to 1 , 000 tonnes in 2010 to 2011 ( fao 2011 ) . global catch production for\n. the catch peaked in 2006 at 398 tonnes and fluctuated through 2010 ( fao 2011 ) . however , this may be due to increasing recording from different countries and also increases in other species ( including in the catch figures for\nthe global aggregate catch production for barracuda species in the eca increased from 1950 to the 1970s , peaking in 1974 at 25 , 686 tonnes . the catch fluctuated in the late 1970s and early 1980s and decreased by 60 % from 1982 to 1985 . global catch production in the area subsequently fluctuated from 1985 to 1995 and continued to increase in 1996 into the 2000s . it peaked in 2010 at 33 , 340 tonnes , a 23 % increase from the peak in 1974 . the majority of landings are declared by nigeria . nigerian catches alone increased 75 % from 1982 to 1985 ( fao 2011 ) .\nis a commercially important species . it is a component of both artisanal fisheries and recreational fisheries . in turkey , israel and tunisia ( fao region 37 ) , up to 1 , 000 tons are landed per year .\nis captured by artisanal fishing practices with purse seines , gillnets , handlines and trolling lines . in turkey , israel and tunisia ( fao area 37 ) , up to 1 , 000 tons are landed per year . it appears regularly in the markets of algeria and morocco , where it is highly regarded , and occasionally in other markets in the area . this species is marketed fresh ( fischer\nfeeds almost exclusively on small pelagic fishes . the primary components of the diet include commercially - important clupeids and the commercially important\nde morais , l . , smith - vaniz , w . f . , kara , m . , yokes , b . , pollard , d . , carpenter , k . e . & de bruyne , g . 2015 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nbrian , a . ( 1902 ) . note su alcuni crostacei parassiti dei pesci del mediterraneo . atti della societ\u00e0 ligustica di scienze naturali e geografiche 13 : 30 - 45 , pl . 1 ( sep . : 3 - 18 , pl . 1 ) . ( also in : boll . musei lab . zool . anat . comp . r . univ . genova , 115 : 1 - 16 , pl . 1 ) . [ details ]\nho , j . s . & j . rokicki . ( 1987 ) . poecilostomatoid copepods parasitic on fishes off the west coast of africa . journal of natural history , london 21 : 1025 - 1034 . [ details ]\n. raffaele , 1888 : 64 | lo bianco , 1909 : 753 | vialli , 1937 , pl . 35 ( fig . 10 - 20 ) ; 1956 : 457 | marinaro , 1971 : 22 , pl . 4 ( fig . 1 ) .\n* lacep\u00e8de , b . 1798 - 1803 . histoire naturelle des poissons , 5 vol . in - 4 , paris . i : 1798 , 8 + cxlvii + 532 pp . , 25 pl . , 1 tabl . ( inset ) ; ii : 1800 , ixiv + 632 pp . , 20 pl . ; iii : 1801 , 558 pp . , 34 pl . ; iv : 1802 , xliv + 728 pp . , 16 pl . ; v : 1803 , xlviii + 803 pp . , 21 pl .\nancona , u . d ' ; sanzo , l . ; sparta , a . ; bertolini , f . ; ranzi , s . ; montalenti , g . ; vialli , m . ; padoa , e . ; tortonese , e . 1931 - 1956 . uova , larve e stadi giovanili di teleostei ; monografia eborata con l ' uso del materiale raccolto e seriato da salvatore lo bianco . fauna flora golfo napoli , 38 monografia . 1 , 1931 : 1 - 177 , fig . 1 - 166 , pl . i - xi ; 2 , 1933 : 178 - 384 , fig . 167 - 263 , pl . xii - xxx ; 3 ( 1 ) , 1937 : 385 - 456 , fig . 264286 , pl . xxxi - xxxv ; 3 ( 2 ) , 1956 : 457 - 1064 , fig . 287 - 831 , pl . xxxvi - li .\nbauz\u00e1 - rull\u00e1n , j . 1960a . contribuci\u00f3n al conocimiento de otolitos de peces . boln r . soc . esp . hist . nat . ( biol . ) , 57 , 1959 : 89 - 118 , pl . i - viii .\nbini , g . 1967 - 1972 . atlante dei pesci delle coste italiane . mondo sommerso , milano , 9 vol : i , 1967 , leptocardi , ciclostomi , selaci , 206 pp . , 66 fig . + 64 col . fig . ii , 1971 , osteitti ( acipenseriformi , clupeiformi , mictofiformi , anguilliformi ) , 300 pp . , 73 col . fig . iii , 1970 , notacantiformi . . . zeiformi , 229 pp . , 34 fig . + 63 col . fig . iv , 1968 , perciformi ( mugiloidei , percoidei ) , 163 pp . , 34 fig . + 49 col . fig . v , 1968 , perciformi ( percoidei ) , 175 pp . , 22 fig . + 56 col . fig . vi , 1968 , perciformi ( trichiuroidei . . . blennioidei ) , 177 pp . , 48 fig + 57 col . fig . vii , 1969 , perciformi ( ofidioidei . . . dactilopteroidei ) , 196 pp . , 57 fig . + 59 col . fig . viii , 1968 , pleuronettiformi , echeniformi , gobioesociformi , tetraodontiformi , lofiformi , 164 pp . , 34 + 63 fig . ix , 1972 , introduzione . parte generale . aggiornamenti . indici . 176 p .\ncadenat , j . 1964a . les sphyraenidae de la c\u00f4te occidentale d ' afrique . bull . inst . fr . afr . noire , ( a ) 26 ( 2 ) : 659 - 685 , 5 pl .\ndieuzeide , r . ; novella , m . ( collab . j . roland ) , 1953 - 1955 . catalogue des poissons des c\u00f4tes alg\u00e9riennes . bull . stn aquic . p\u00each . castiglione , i ( n . s . ) , ( 4 ) , 1952 [ 1953 ] : pp . 1 - 135 , 73 fig . n . num . ; ii ( n . s . ) , ( 5 ) , 1953 [ 1954 ] : pp . 1 - 258 , 135 fig . n . num . ; iii ( n . s . ) , ( 6 ) , 1954 [ 1955 ] : pp . 1 - 384 , 202 fig . n . num .\nfowler , h . w . 1936 . the marine fishes of west africa , based on the collection of the american museum congo expedition 1909 - 1915 . bull . am . mus . nat . hist . , 70 ( 1 ) , jan . 21 , 1936 : pp . vii + 1 - 606 , fig . 1 - 275 ; ( 2 ) , nov . 18 , 1936 : pp . 607 - 1493 , fig . 276 - 567 .\njordan , d . s . ; evermann , b . w . 1896 - 1900 . the fishes of north and middle america , a descriptive catalogue of the species of fish - like vertebrates found in the waters of north america , north of the isthmus of panama . bull . u . s . natn . mus . , ( 47 ) , part i , 1896 : ix + 1 - 1240 ; part ii , 1898 : xxx + 1241 - 2183 ; part iii , 1898 : xxiv + 2184 - 3136 ; part iv , 1900 : ci + 3137 - 3313 , 391 pl . ( 958 fig . ) .\nlinnaeus , c . 1758 . systema naturae , ed . x , vol . 1 , 824 pp . nantes & pisces : pp . 230 - 338 . ( reprint , 1956 , london . )\nlo bianco , s . 1909 . notizie biologiche riguardanti specialmente il periodo di maturita sessuale degli animali del golfo di napoli . mitt . zool stn neapel , 19 : pp . 513 - 761 .\nmarinaro , j . y . 1971 . contribution \u00e0 l ' \u00e9tude des \u00efufs et larves p\u00e9lagiques de poissons m\u00e9diterran\u00e9ens . v . ( \u00eeufs p\u00e9lagiques de la baie d ' alger . pelagos , bull . inst . oc\u00e9anogr . alger , 3 ( 1 ) : pp . 1 - 115 , 18 fig . , 27 pl .\nmoreau , e . 1881 - 1891 . histoire naturelle des poissons de la france , paris , i , 1881 : pp . i - vii + 1 - 480 , fig . 1 - 82 ; ii , 1881 : pp . 1 - 572 , fig . 83 - 145 ; iii , 1881 : pp . 1 - 697 , fig . 146 - 220 ; suppl . , 1891 : pp . 1 - 144 , fig . 221 - 227 .\nraffaele , f . 1888 . le uova galleggianti e le larve dei teleostei nel golfo di napoli . mitt . zool . stn neapel , 8 : 84 p . , 5 pl .\nsanz echeverria , j . 1926 . datos sobre el otolito , sagitta de los peces de espa\u00f1a . boln r . soc . esp . hist . nat . , 26 ( 1 ) : pp . 145 - 160 , 71 fig .\nsoljan , t . 1963 . fishes of the adriatic ( ribe jadrana ) . fauna et flora adriatica 1 ( revised and enlarged for the english edition ) , 428 pp . , many unnumbered fig .\nsvetovidov , a . n . 1964 . r\u00eeb\u00ee chernogo morya . [ the fishes of the black sea ] . opred faune sssr , 86 : pp . 1 - 552 , fig . 1 - 191 ( in russian ) .\nvialli , m . 1937 . percesoces ( atherinidae , mugilidae , sphyraenidae in uova , larve e stadi giovanili di teleostei . fauna flora golfo napoli , 38 : 412 - 460 , fig . 278 - 286 , pl . xxxiv - xxxv .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nthe barracuda ( sphyraenus , family sphyraenidae ) is a ray - finned fish notable for its large size ( up to 1 . 8 m or 5 ft ) and fearsome appearance . the one genus of the family includes about 25 known species .\nthe barracuda body is elongated , with the lower jaw of the large mouth jutting out , and displaying prominent fang - shaped teeth . the two dorsal fins are widely separated , with the first having five spines and the second one spine and nine soft rays . the lateral line is prominent .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nazul fit offers wellbeing experiences including : ashtanga & hatha yoga , pilates , meditation , circuits , massage & spa treatments , personal training and more ! check them out on our sports page .\nthe google earth option requires a plug - in and ie has some problems with it - if you have firefox you ' ll find it works fine .\nthe sea around fuerteventura is much cooler than many people expect due to the cold canary current , which brings cool water down from northern europe . it is this temperate water that gives the island its world famous climate , for without it , temperatures would be much higher and the archipelago much dryer than it is .\nwhales , dolphins and turtles are frequent visitors and big game fishermen have set world records off its coasts . close to the shore , colourful shoals of parrotfish graze on rocks that harbour moray eels and brightly coloured wrasse and damsel fish . seahorses live in the seagrass and huge rays patrol the bottom . octopus and cuttlefish are abundant , along with an almost infinite variety of smaller organisms , such as brightly coloured sea urchins , crabs and sponges .\nspaisoma ( euscarus ) cretense this is the single most famous fish species around fuerteventura . a sexually dimorphic species , the female being brightly decorated with red , yellow and blue and the male a drab greyish brown . while juveniles are often seen alone , larger viejas group together , sometimes in schools of several hundred , to feed over rocky bottoms down to 50m . feeds on invertebrates and especially crabs , relying on its prominent beak - like teeth .\nthe most characteristic canarian fish much sought after by divers and fishermen alike the vieja remains an important commercial species despite heavy overfishing . a reduction in the use of nasa fish traps has seen an increase in the population around gran canaria . traditionally fished for from small craft using salted crabs on large hooks and a rod tipped with a stingray tail .\nliza aurata the most common of several mullet species around the island , the golden mullet is often seen in harbours and close to the shore . large shoals are often encountered and large specimens are found grazing in very shallow water . an algae and debris feeder , it can be attracted with bread and , while not often consumed in the canaries , is a challenging fish to catch .\nabudefduf luridus small but spectacular , the black damsel fish is found almost everywhere but especially over rocky and weedy bottoms in shallow water . its bright blue colour and trusting nature make it a diving favourite . it can sometimes be tempted to feed from the hand and is often seen along harbour walls and in rockpools . males develop orange patches during the breeding season .\nthalassoma pavo one of the commonest and most beautiful fish in canarian waters the peacock wrasse is often found in mixed shoals along with the black damsel fish and band - tail chromis . found everywhere except over pure sand bottoms from the inter - tidal zone down to depths of 200m . males are larger with more distinctive coloration and , like many wrasse , this species can change sex .\nat night , giant manta rays sometimes come into harbours to feed around lights . a torch shone down the walls will reveal goldfish - like cardinal fish and the larger red and white glasseyes , which have large eyes that glow in torchlight . black and silver bream or \u2018sargos\u2019 are much more active at night and large , mixed groups can often be located with a torch .\nheteropriacanthus cruentatus common but nocturnal , the glasseye is found hiding in caves during the day and allows divers to approach closely . common in the cracks and crevices of harbour walls and manmade structures . like the vieja , the glasseye is susceptible to crustacean parasites . an attractive species with limited interest as a sport fish .\npolyprion americanus a deep sea species found from gibraltar to southern angola the wreckfish is an important commercial and food fish in the canary islands . found between 200m and 800m most wreckfish caught around the canaries are much smaller than the maximum .\npseudolepidaplois scrofa found on rocky and mixed bottoms down to 150m the hogfish is an important species for traditional fishermen , even though it is listed as threatened . an attractive species , it is rarely seen by snorkelers as it prefers deeper waters . often seen in the mixed catch of small fishing vessels arriving back in port on fuerteventura .\na trip on an inter - island ferry or a water - taxi can often be a rewarding experience for those looking for wildlife . a variety of shearwaters and petrels will be seen , flying close to the water\u2019s surface . some , such as the white - faced storm petrel are very rare and breed only on one or two of the canary islands . graceful terns are often seen around the coast , and a group of them plunging into the sea to catch small fish is a beautiful sight .\ndolphins and porpoises are common in our waters and often ride the bow waves of ferries . among the larger cetaceans , pilot whales are common and sperm and killer whales are often seen off the fuerteventura coast along with risso\u2019s dolphin . several species of turtle visit and are occasionally washed up after becoming trapped in fishing nets or fouled with oil .\nother creatures that are sighted from boats include blue and hammerhead sharks , portuguese man of war jellyfish , flying fish and manta rays .\nbelone belone gracilis small shoals of this curious fish appear close to the shore around fuerteventura in the summer months . rarely seen more than a few centimetres from the surface the greenbone garfish is often missed by divers and snorkelers . good eating despite its slender build and green bones .\nkatsuwonus pelamis a small , schooling tunnid that runs in canary waters through the summer and autumn . an important commercial and sporting species the skipjack is traditionally caught with rod and line from small offshore craft . a voracious fish eater that is particularly fond of bogues .\nthunnus alalunga one of several large pelagic and epipelagic tunnid species common in canarian waters at certain times of year along with the yellowfin , big - eye and bluefin tuna . all are important commercial and sport fish and can be caught from chartered sport fishing craft in the south of gran canaria .\npseudocaranx dentex an epibenthic to pelagic species found down to depths of 100m , the guelly jack is a powerful predatory fish at the top of the coastal food chain . once a common species , it has been overfished to the point where it is rarely seen . juveniles are sometimes still found around mooring buoys and sometimes \u201cadopt\u201d divers and snorkelers , as well as large fish such as saddled bream\nscomber japonicus one of two mackerel species present in canarian waters at certain times of year along with the frigate tuna . both are fished commercially and are good fishing from small craft . large schools of small chub mackerel are sometimes found close to the shore often in the company of bogues .\nmakaira nigricans an oceanic species reaching 650kg that is quite common around the canary islands and an important sport fish . several blue marlin world records have been broken around the archipelago and the waters of the canaries are famous for their large specimens . chartered fishing boats operating from the harbours of the island seek out this species . the physically similar swordfish is also occasionally caught although it prefers warmer waters .\nexocetus volitans a curious species found in small groups close to the surface . capable of leaping clear of the water and \u201cflying\u201d up to 100m using its elongated pectoral fins . a plankton feeder that is hunted by tuna , the flying fish is often seen flying away from boats and ferries around fuerteventura .\na wide selection of shells and other objects can be collected from fuerteventura\u2019s beaches , especially after storms . among the most common are cuttlefish bones , well known due to their use as a source of calcium for canaries . they often wash up on beaches and are more often seen that the living creature . delicate spiral ramshorns also come from a seldom seen squid and are very common along the strand line . also common are the very delicate lilac shells of the janthinidae , which live under a raft of bubbles , only washing up on the shore after stormy weather .\nstranded jellyfish also wash up , sometimes in large numbers , and should not be handled as they are still capable of stinging . common shells to be found empty along the coastline of the canaries include sea urchins carapaces without the spines . these can be green , purple or brown and are as beautiful as they are fragile .\nvenus ear shells are easily recognisable , with one side covered in mother of pearl . the living venus ear lives stuck under rocks , emerging after dark to graze on algae . limpets , winkles and dog whelks are common all around the canaries , while cowries , mussels , cockles and scallops also turn up . goose barnacles can be found attached to almost any piece of floating debris that has been in the water for a decent length of time .\nrockpools are perhaps the best place to see a wide selection of sealife without the need to get too wet . low tide leaves large areas of rock exposed around the coast , trapping animals that cannot normally be seen without a mask and snorkel . in general , the less time rocks are exposed to the air , the more life is found on and among them . especially low spring and neap tides expose areas that are usually underwater and these can yield very rich pickings for the naturalist . some caution is needed when exploring rockpools , as the tide comes in fast and exposed rocks can be very slippery .\na few of the animals that are found can also cause damage . sea urchin spines snap off under the skin and cause painful injuries , while the red and white bristleworms to be found under rocks are best avoided , as their bristles irritate the skin . brown sea cucumbers exude a white fluid when handled , which is very hard t o remove from skin or clothing .\nsmall scorpionfish , often trapped in rockpools , have poisonous spines and large crabs can deliver nasty nips with their powerful claws . it is always best merely to observe any creatures found , as much for the observer\u2019s benefit as their own . do not forget to replace any rocks that you turn over and make sure any shells you take home do not already have a rightful owner , as hermit crabs are plentiful around fuerteventura .\neven the smallest and shallowest rockpool is likely to have fish living in it . gobies and blennies are small specialists in this particular habitat and , with patience , can be tempted to take bread or squid from the hand . baby mullet and sucker fish are also often found in the smallest pool . in deeper pools closer to the low tide mark , the number of fish species to be found increases . fulas and pejeverdes are common , while small sargos , mullet , grouper , wrasse and scorpionfish are also evident . in deep pools with caves , moray eels lurk , along with larger grouper and a wide variety of other fish .\nother organisms to be found in rockpools include small , transparent shrimps which will often come and nibble on a foot left in the water , a variety of crabs , including the hairy \u2018jaca\u2019 , which is very tasty and much sought after . grey sea hares , with black circular marks , and sea cucumbers are often found in cracks and caves , along with a wide variety of urchins , sponges and anemones . a careful search among the seaweed will often reveal small but brightly coloured sea slugs and starfish .\nbright red sally lightfoot crabs are easily spotted on exposed rocks , but are very shy . they are caught in the canaries with bait wrapped in a ball of rough thread , which tangles up their claws . at night , tubeworms extend their delicate fans and pluck small morsels from the water and crabs come out to feed , safe from the sleeping seabirds . perhaps the best way to find rockpool inhabitants is to turn over rocks and stones . this should be done very sparingly and the rocks carefully replaced as many of the creatures found under them are killed by sunlight . many rocks also have sea urchins underneath them .\nlook out for brightly coloured orange and yellow sponges , shy peacrabs and the highly mobile bristlestars , which will wriggle off as soon as they detect light .\nwhile a wide selection of marine life can be seen from above the surface , taking the plunge and joining it underwater opens up an entirely new world . snorkel kits are widely available in most shopping centres and are very reasonably priced although , for the sake of comfort , it is often best to spend a little more than the minimum . there are dive centres in most resorts and they cater for a wide range of abilities , from absolute novices to experienced divers . in some areas , there are commercial glass - bottomed boats and even submarines , which allow you to experience the underwater world without getting wet and with the added bonus of an experienced guide .\ndiplodus sargus cadenati the most common of a number of sea breams around fuerteventura , the white sea bream is present almost everywhere . it forms small shoals of different sized individuals which will often follow divers . once heavily fished , especially by speargunners , it remains an important commercial and sport fish , best sought after at night . the similar annular sea bream is smaller and closely linked to sandy bottoms and seagrass beds .\ndiplodus cervinus cervinus the largest commonly encountered canarian sea bream , the zebra sea bream is a spectacular if retiring species , especially when adult . small shoals and pairs are often found over rocky and mixed bottoms down to 100m . smaller specimens are more brightly coloured and are found closer to the shore . a good , if hard to catch sport fish that has suffered at the hands of speargunners .\ndiplodus vulgaris a common and easily recognised species , the 2 - banded sea bream is found over all bottoms . usually seen alone or in pairs , the juveniles group together in mixed shoals along with other sea breams . rarely larger than 20cm in fuerteventuran waters , it is of limited commercial and sport fishing interest .\nsarpa salpa one of the most frequently encountered fish in fuerteventuran waters , the salema forms large uniform schools close to the shore . in bright light , they appear blue with fine yellow stripes . a grazing species its abundance may be due to the unpleasant muddy flavour of its flesh . a good sport fish that is attracted to bread and is not afraid of divers bearing food .\nboops boops a very common species that has benefited from the overfishing of its predators . bogue populations can assumes almost plague proportions in some areas . rarely eaten as it is traditionally considered a dirty fish that feeds on the corpses of fishermen . found in open water down to 250m . an important bait fish for tunny fishing .\ngobius paganellus one of several goby species common in shallow water and the intertidal zone . best observed at low tide when they hunt fearlessly in rockpools gobies will happily eat almost anything offered to them . of no interest to fishermen due to their small size , gobies are occasionally caught accidentally .\ncoryphoblennius galerita several similar blenny species are found in shallow waters and rockpools around fueeteventura . more sinuous than the gobies , blennies are also more wary . extremely common in some areas blennies are of no interest to fishermen due to their small size .\ntrypterygion tripteronotus a tiny but spectacular species this blenny is found in pairs in shallow water over rocky bottoms . the brightly coloured male is instantly recognisable due to its black head and orange body . pugnacious despite its size it sometimes attacks divers\u2019 fingers , especially during the breeding season .\nophioblennius atlanticus atlanticus the largest of the gobies and blennies around the canaries the rubber eye is recognised by its cream head and almost black body . populations can be quite dense on exposed rocky bottoms covered with diadema sea urchins and on harbour walls . aggressive with its own kind , the rubber eye is unafraid of divers . it is very seldom caught , even by accident , by fishermen .\neven areas of completely bare sand support specialist animals . small flatfish rise from the bottom if the swimmer gets too close and are well worth observing for their curious form of locomotion . they are often seen in pairs and are surprisingly curious and unafraid of divers . they have a habit of settling on the bottom and disappearing in a puff of sand , leaving only their protruding eyes above the sand .\nxyrichthys novacula the cleaver wrasse is an attractive species linked to sandy bottoms and sea grass beds , where it can be quite frequent . if disturbed it has the ability to burrow into the sand faster than the eye can follow . a favourite food of dolphins which have been observed burrowing into the sand to capture them . a good food fish with firm , white flesh .\nlithognathus mormyrus found strictly close to sandy bottoms , the herrera can form large schools of similar sized individuals . fond of bare sand bottoms exposed to breaking waves it is recognised by its elongated body , numerous pale bands and large white lips . large specimens are often encountered close to the shore . the herrera is an excellent sport and eating fish aught with rod and line from the shore or from small craft .\nsynodus saurus found on rocky and sandy bottoms down to 100m the lizard fish is a voracious predator that will consume anything that fits into its considerable mouth . cannibalism is not uncommon and they have been known to swallow small fish hooked by fishermen , releasing them when pulled out of the water . easily recognised due to their shape , lizard fish are most often observed lying motionless and half buried on the bottom . a similar species is found in deeper waters .\ntrachinus draco the fish species most likely to injure swimmers in the canary islands the greater weever lives on sandy bottoms down to 50m . small specimens are found buried in the sand in shallow water and have venomous dorsal spines that deliver a powerful sting to anyone unwary enough to tread on them . an attractive species with blue markings and a black dorsal fin that is understandably unafraid of divers .\nbothus podas maderensis common on sandy bottoms down to 90m , this is a subspecies endemic to the canaries and madeira . small specimens are often seen in shallow water close to beaches . instantly recognisable , the flounder is unafraid of divers and a charismatic fish . often caught from small craft by rod and line fishermen fishing on the bottom large examples make for good eating . the flounder\u2019s local name of \u201ctapaculo\u201d translates as \u201cbuttock cover\u201d .\namong the most remarkable seagrass specialist is the seahorse , very common in some areas but hard to spot and very shy . patches of floating seagrass uprooted during storms often harbour its relative the pipefish , just as shy and very well camouflaged . another notable inhabitant in the culebre , a type of eel that looks exactly like a sea snake . it often shelters in sunken car tyres and is a harmless , retiring fish . another eel lives in colonies of several hundred and spends its life half buried in the sand . if a diver approaches too closely , the eels will disappear , emerging when the coast is clear .\nstephanolepsis hispidus a common and trusting fish the yellow trigger fish is unmistakeable when encountered . while seemingly slow moving it is capable of speed if threatened . a popular food fish that must have its leathery skin removed before cooking . difficult to catch with rod and line due to its powerful teeth and patient nature it is a famous baitstealer .\nmullus surmuletus closely linked to sandy bottoms and seagrass beds , the red mullet is often found digging in the sand for invertebrates . indifferent to divers it is recognised by its prominent white barbells and elongated body . an important food fish wherever it is found the red mullet is rarely caught by rod and line fishermen in the canaries .\nhippocampus hippocampus a small and rarely seen species , the seahorse is found in seagrass beds and on weedy bottoms between 8cm and 12cm . considered rare , it is so seldom observed due to its excellent camouflage and slow movements that its exact status is unknown . the closely related pipefish also occurs around fuerteventura and can be observed around floating mats of seagrass .\ncaves are also the best place to see sea urchins , in a variety of colours , sea anemones , sea cucumbers , sea hares and sponges . long - spined black sea urchins are common and have assumed plague proportions in some areas , grazing so intensively that algae has no chance to grow . areas of white rock covered in urchins are called urchin bights and tend to support fewer fish than areas without urchins . part of the problem is the overfishing of predators such as triggerfish and triton shells , which keep urchin numbers under control . some divers crush these urchins whenever they can in a bid to control them but this is not advisable , as the spines are poisonous . the urchin\u2019s long spines also provide a home for a variety of juvenile animals and small creatures , such as shrimps and spider crabs .\nepinephelus marginatus one of the stars of the diving world in the canary islands , the dusky grouper is easily tamed and will feed from divers\u2019 hands . groups of different sized individuals are often found sharing the same cave . an important commercial fish that has is now listed as threatened as it is an easy and attractive target for spear gun fishermen and has been severely overfished .\nmycteroperca fusca a benthic species that found down to 150m and quite common in places . juveniles are often seen by divers and snorkelers and a spectacular , bright yellow morph is sometimes found . threatened by over fishing and indiscriminate spear gun fishing , the comb grouper is an important sporting and commercial species .\nchromis limbatus similar to the previous species but usually found at greater depths the band - tail chromis can form large schools in open water above rocky bottoms . males develop purple backs during the breeding season . a common species seen on most dives , often in large numbers . one of the few species to thrive over rocks infested with diadema sea urchins .\npomadasys incisus a common species known locally as the snorer due to the audible noises it makes when caught . large banks of bastard grunts are often found close to the shore and are unafraid of divers . a good sport and eating fish that is abundant partly because it rarely enters fish traps . the related striped grunt is found in small colonies between 20m and 150m . it is used by fishermen as a marker species as it lives closely linked to underwater reefs .\ncanthigaster rostrata a common shallow water species that is not afraid of divers , the sharpnose pufferfish can inflate its body with water if threatened . considered poisonous by some , it is sometimes eaten after careful cleaning . a major baitstealer and linebreaker due to its powerful front teeth , it is considered a pest by fishermen .\nscorpaena scrofa one of two similar scorpionfish fund in shallow water over rocky and weedy bottoms but also down to 200m . both rely on their excellent camouflage for defence and hunting and have poisonous spines . scorpion fish are often caught by rod and line fishermen and are good eating , especially in fish soups .\nfish farming is becoming an important industry around the archipelago and will eventually be widespread enough to cope with the demand for fresh fish . it has had unforeseen consequences , as several of the species farmed are not naturally found around the islands and have escaped . the impact of these alien species is not yet understood and could seriously affect populations of native species .\noverfishing is , however , still a threat to some species and those that feed off them . whitebait netting has been banned for several years after these fish were almost driven to extinction and the jurel , a kind of jack , has almost completely disappeared from some islands due to its affinity for fish traps .\nrubbish generated by the 10m tourists passing through the islands every year also has a detrimental effect on sealife . turtles mistake plastic bags for jellyfish and swallow them and along with birds , get tangled in fishing line and plastic rings from drinks cans . the deforestation of mountain areas and continued hotel development mean rainwater erodes the soil and washes it into the sea , where it clouds the water and prevents light - dependent organisms from growing , as well as reducing visibility for the diver .\nfuerteventura hotels for the cheapest prices search our database to find the best hotels and prices for the times you can take your holiday www . fuerteventura - hotels\ngreek , sphyraina , - es = the name of a fish ( ref . 45335 )\nmarine ; pelagic - neritic ; depth range 0 - 100 m ( ref . 27000 ) , usually ? - 50 m ( ref . 6949 ) . subtropical ; 48\u00b0n - 18\u00b0s , 31\u00b0w - 37\u00b0e\neastern atlantic : bay of biscay to mossamedes , angola , including the mediterranean and black sea , canary islands , and azores . western atlantic : bermuda and brazil .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 165 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 3397 ) ; common length : 60 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 11101 ) ; max . published weight : 3 . 6 kg ( ref . 40637 )\nfound in coastal and offshore waters ( ref . 2683 ) . feeds mostly on fish , less often on cephalopods and crustaceans ( ref . 11101 ) .\nde sylva , d . p . , 1990 . sphyraenidae . p . 860 - 864 . in j . c . quero , j . c . hureau , c . karrer , a . post and l . saldanha ( eds . ) check - list of the fishes of the eastern tropical atlantic ( clofeta ) . jnict , lisbon ; sei , paris ; and unesco , paris . vol . 2 . ( ref . 6949 )\n) : 14 . 3 - 21 . 9 , mean 18 . 3 ( based on 126 cells ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00776 ( 0 . 00622 - 0 . 00968 ) , b = 2 . 93 ( 2 . 88 - 2 . 98 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 4 . 0 \u00b10 . 51 se ; based on food items .\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( k = 0 . 123 ; tmax > 8 yrs ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : moderate to high vulnerability ( 49 of 100 ) .\nthis species is relatively common throughout most of the mediterranean , but there is likely to have been a confusion between this species and s . viridensis ( p . francour pers . comm . 2007 ) . it is rare in the black sea , common in the sea of marmara , and more common in the aegean ( b . yokes pers . comm . 2007 ) . food and agriculture organization ( fao ) landings figures are available from ten countries , but not specifically for this species ( all barracuda are lumped into the statistics ) . overall there is an increasing trend to these figures . however , this may be due to increasing recording from different countries and also increases in other species ( including in the catch figures for s . chrysotaenia and s . flavicauda , both immigrant species from the red sea ) .\nthis is an epipelagic species , found in coastal and offshore waters ( schneider 1990 ) . it feeds mostly on fish , less often on cephalopods and crustaceans ( ben - tuvia 1986 ) . this species may be found to 100 m depth . in the mediterranean , it is recorded to 50 m depth ( louisy 2005 ) , and grows to perhaps up to 70 to 80 cm length .\nit is commercially fished . in turkey , israel and tunisia ( fao 37 ) , up to 1 , 000 tons are landed per year .\nin turkey , israel and tunisia ( fao area 37 ) , up to 1 , 000 tons are landed per year . there are no known major threats for this species , although it is commercially fished .\nno conservation measures are in place for this species . however , it is likely to occur in some marine protected areas ( it is a mobile species ) .\n5 . biological resource use - > 5 . 4 . fishing & harvesting aquatic resources - > 5 . 4 . 1 . intentional use : ( subsistence / small scale ) [ harvest ]\nben - tuvia , a . 1986 . sphyraenidae . fishes of the north - eastern atlantic and the mediterranean , pp . 1194 - 1196 .\nfischer , w . , bauchot , m . - l . and schneider , m . 1987 . fiches fao d ' identification des esp\u00e8ces pour les besoins de la p\u00eache . ( r\u00e9vision 1 ) . m\u00e9diterran\u00e9e et mer noire . zone de p\u00eache 37 . fao , rome .\niucn . 2011 . iucn red list of threatened species ( ver . 2011 . 2 ) . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 10 november 2011 ) .\nlouisy , p . 2005 . guide d ' identification des poissons marins . europe et m\u00e9diterran\u00e9e . ulmer editions , paris .\nschneider , w . 1990 . fao species identification sheets for fishery purposes . field guide to the commercial marine resources of the gulf of guinea . fao , rome .\nthe webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 license\nvan der land , j . ; costello , m . j . ; zavodnik , d . ; santos , r . s . ; porteiro , f . m . ; bailly , n . ; eschmeyer , w . n . ; froese , r . ( 2001 ) . pisces , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 357 - 374 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nfroese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of esox spet ha\u00fcy , 1787 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nthe photo of this shoal of barracuda was taken at a depth of 8 m near crocodile rock , a natural offshore reef at dwejra , not far from the famous azure window , on gozo \u2019s west coast .\nelysia timida , the green elysia , is a species of sacoglossan sea slug , a marine opisthobranch gastropod mollusk endemic to the . . .\nbothus podas , the wide - eyed flounder , is a type of flatfish and is native to the mediterranean sea and the eastern . . .\nastropecten aranciacus , the red comb starfish , is a type of sea star and is native to the mediterranean sea and . . .\ndie gruppe um stephania und brian ist echt super . wir hatten eine woche mit h\u00f6hen und tiefen aber waren hier echt super gut aufgehoben und betreut . ich komme gerne wieder . super gutes team und echt sch\u00f6ne tauchpl\u00e4tze .\nprofessional , attention to every detail , friendly , helpful where needed . thank you for the 2 amazing dives guys at the blue hole and the reqqa point . special thanks to dennis , dennis - dennis , georgia & stephania !\ni was there a couple of years ago . diving with brian was just like diving with a good friend .\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 atlantis diving center . all rights reserved . privacy policy | terms & conditions | refund policy\naegean sea : 18300 - 371 ( 4 spc . ) , 13 . 08 . 1989 , goekova bay , ring net , n . meri\u00e7 . mediterranean sea : 18300 - 363 ( 1 spc . ) , 01 . 08 . 1968 , m . demir ; 18300 - 372 ( 2 spc . ) , 01 . 08 . 1968 , m . demir .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmarine ; brackish ; reef - associated ; depth range 1 - 100 m ( ref . 6949 ) , usually 3 - 30 m ( ref . 40849 ) . subtropical ; 42\u00b0n - 35\u00b0s , 180\u00b0w - 180\u00b0e ( ref . 55300 )\nindo - pacific : red sea and east coast of africa to hawaii and the marquesas and tuamoto islands . western atlantic : massachusetts ( usa ) , bermuda , and throughout the caribbean sea to brazil ( ref . 9626 ) . eastern atlantic : sierra leone , c\u00f4te d ' ivoire , togo , nigeria , senegal ( ref . 6949 ) , mauritania ( ref . 5377 ) , st . paul ' s rocks ( ref . 13121 ) , and s\u00e3o tom\u00e9 island ( ref . 34088 ) ."]}
{"id": 1145, "summary": [{"text": "the rainbow ameiva , barred whiptail , or metallic ameiva ( ameiva undulata ) is a species of whiptail lizard found in costa rica , nicaragua , honduras , el salvador , guatemala , belize , and southern mexico . ", "topic": 25}], "title": "ameiva undulata", "paragraphs": ["jennifer hammock split the classifications by herpetology resource from ameiva undulata wiegmann 1834 to their own page .\nthis species was recently moved into the genus holcosus ; it was formerly known as ameiva undulata .\nmaggie whitson set\nimage of holcosus undulatus\nas an exemplar on\nameiva undulata wiegmann 1834\n.\nmccrystal , h . , j . behler . 2007 . husbandry and reproduction of captive giant ameiva i lizards ameiva ameiva at the new york zoological park .\nbiazquez , m . 1996 . activity and habitat use in a population of ameiva ameiva in southeastern columbia .\nmaggie whitson marked the classification from\nspecies 2000 & itis catalogue of life : april 2013\nas preferred for\nameiva undulata wiegmann 1834\n.\ncolli , g . 1991 . reproductive ecology of ameiva ameiva ( sauria , teiidae ) in the cerrado of central brazil .\nvitt , l . 1982 . reproductive tactics of ameiva ameiva ( lacertilia : teiidae ) in a seasonally fluctuating tropical habitat .\ngarc\u00eda , ulises padilla ; mendoza - quijano , fernando 1996 . geographic distribution . ameiva undulata . herpetological review 27 ( 4 ) : 210 - get paper here\nlainson , r . , i . paperna . 1999 . some coccida from the gall - bladder and intestine of the teiid lizard ameiva ameiva ameiva and the gecko hemidactylus mabouia in north brazil .\nstuart , l . c . 1942 . comments on the undulata group of ameiva ( sauria ) . proc . biol . soc . washington 55 : 143 - 150 - get paper here\nboyden , t . 1976 . butterfly palatability and mimicry : experiment with ameiva lizards .\nsartorius , s . , l . vitt , g . colli . 1999 . use of naturally and anthropogenically disturbed habitats in amazonian rainforest by the teiid lizard ameiva ameiva .\nto cite this page : siders , r . 2014 .\nameiva ameiva\n( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken\ncensky , e . 1995 . mating strategy and reproduction success in the teiid lizard , ameiva .\nthis ameiva was at the roadside near the palenque garabito restaurant where we stopped briefly for a final pit stop before leaving the pan - american highway for the long and bumpy dirt road up to the monteverde cloud forest . i believe this is a young female ameiva undulata ; the males are much more colorful ( as in the next picture ) .\ngiugliano , l . , r . teixeira , g . colli , s . bao . 2002 . ultrastructure of spermatozoa of the lizard ameiva ameiva , with considerations on polymorphism within the family teiidae ( squamata ) .\nimparato , b . , m . antoniazzi , m . rodrigues , c . jared . 2007 . morphology of the femoral glands in the lizard ameiva ameiva ( teiidae ) and their possible role in semiochemical dispersion .\nmaffei , f . , g . rodrigues do nascimento , d . neto . 2009 . predation on the lizard ameiva ameiva ( sauria : teiidae ) by a coral snake micrurus frontalis ( serpentes : elapidae ) in brazil .\nundulata : pacific slopes of the isthmus of tehuantepec as far west as puerto \u00e1ngel , and eastward to niltepec . oaxaca . type locality : mexico ( by inference ) . restricted to tehuantepec by smith 1940 .\nlewis , a . , j . saliva . 1987 . effects of sex and size on home range , dominance , and activity budgets in ameiva exsul ( lacertilia : teiida ) .\nechternacht , arthur c . 1970 . taxonomic and ecological notes on some middle and south american lizards of the genus ameiva ( teiidae ) . breviora ( 354 ) : 1 - 9 - get paper here\nechternacht , a . c . 1971 . middle american lizards of the genus ameiva . misc . publ . univ . kans . mus . nat . hist . 55 : 1 - 86 - get paper here\nbarbour , t . and g . k . noble . 1915 . a revision of the lizards of the genus ameiva . bull . mus . comp . zool . harvard 59 : 417 - 479 . - get paper here\nsmith , hobart m . & laufe , leonard e . 1946 . a summary of mexican lizards of the genus ameiva . univ . kansas sci . bull . 31 ( 2 ) : 7 - 73 - get paper here\nhower , lindsey m . , and s . blair hedges 2003 . molecular phylogeny and biogeography of west indian teiid lizards of the genus ameiva . carib . j . sci . 39 ( 3 ) : 298 - 306 . - get paper here\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nharvey , m . b . , ugueto , g . n . and gutberlet jr . , r . l . 2012 . review of teiid morphology with a revised taxonomy and phylogeny of the teiidae ( lepidosauria : squamata ) . zootaxa 3459 : 1 - 156 .\nacosta chaves , v . , batista , a . , chaves , g . , flores - villela , o . , ib\u00e1\u00f1ez , r . , jaramillo , c . , k\u00f6hler , g . & sol\u00f3rzano , a .\njustification : listed as least concern because it is relatively widespread , numerous , and not declining fast enough for listing in a more threatened category .\nspecies . it occurs at low and moderate elevations from tamaulipas ( mexico ) on the atlantic versant , and nayarit ( mexico ) on the pacific slope , southward to northwestern costa rica . it is found throughout the yucatan peninsula . elevational range extends from sea level to 1 , 500 meters ( k\u00f6hler 2008 ) .\nbelize ; costa rica ; el salvador ; guatemala ; honduras ; mexico ; nicaragua ( nicaragua ( mainland ) , nicaraguan caribbean is . )\nthis terrestrial and diurnal lizard inhabits tropical and subtropical wet , moist , and dry forest . it prefers open situations such as plantations , pasture lands , house gardens , and forest edges ; avoiding the deep shade of tall humid forests . it is frequently seen darting across roads or encountered as it forages noisily through the leaf litter .\ncurrently , this species is of relatively low conservation concern and does not require significant additional protection or major management , monitoring , or research action . it is present in several protected areas .\nacosta chaves , v . , batista , a . , chaves , g . , flores - villela , o . , ib\u00e1\u00f1ez , r . , jaramillo , c . , k\u00f6hler , g . & sol\u00f3rzano , a . 2013 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nthe number of species increased from 10 , 711 to 10 , 793 , i . e . an increase of 82 species . 66 new species have been described , 9 species have been revalidated from synonymy and 16 subspecies were elevated to full species . . .\nover the past 4 months , the number of species increased from 10 , 639 to 10 , 711 .\nthe number of species has grown from 10 , 544 in the may release to now 10 , 639 ( + 95 species ) .\noverall , 212 new taxa have been added or changed their status or name .\nthe reptile database is a taxonomic database that provides basic information about all living reptile species , such as turtles , snakes , lizards , and crocodiles , as well as tuataras and amphisbaenians , but does not include dinosaurs .\ncurrently there are more than 10 , 000 species and an additional 2 , 700 subspecies . this is making reptiles the largest vertebrate group after fish ( ~ 25 , 000 species ) and birds ( ~ 10 , 000 species ) , and significantly larger than mammals ( ~ 5 , 000 species ) or amphibians ( ~ 6 , 000 species ) .\nthe reptile database provides taxonomic information for the catalogue of life and the encyclopedia of life . our taxonomic information has also been used by genbank and many other resources and is the only comprehensive reptile database on the web .\nthe reptile database can be used to find all species within a certain geographic area ( e . g . all snakes of egypt ) . its collection of more than 2 , 500 images allow users to identify a species or at least get an idea how the species or genus may look like . more than 30 , 000 references provide a guide to further information .\nthis database is maintained by peter uetz ( database content ) and jakob hallermann , zoological museum hamburg ( new species and updates ) .\namphigramma : mexico ( n veracruz southward at low elevations to the isthmus of tehuantepec , westward into valleys extending into extreme e oaxaca , ne puebla ; tabasco , tamaulipas , nuevo le\u00f3n ) . type locality : san andr\u00e9s tuxtla , veracruz .\ndextra : southern slope of the sierra madre del sur . oaxaca , guerrero . type locality : near rinc\u00f3n , guerrero .\ngaigeae : northern half of the yucat\u00e1n peninsula and southward to the island carmen along the extreme eastern coast ; yucat\u00e1n , campeche , quintana roo . type locality : progreso , yucat\u00e1n .\nhartwegi : atlantic slopes of mexico ( chiapas ) and guatemala from the vicinity of the southeastern end of laguna de t\u00e9rminos south and eastward across the base of the yucat\u00e1n peninsula to nw honduras . campeche , quintana roo , yucatan . type locality : \u201cacross the r\u00edo usumacinta from piedras negras , guatemala , in chiapas , mexico\u201d .\nmiadis : isla del ma\u00edz grande . type locality : \u201cgreat corn island\u201d [ = isla del maiz grande\u201d ] , depto . zelaya , nicaragua .\nparva : guatemala , pacific slopes from the isthmus of tehuantepec in oaxaca to costa rica . chiapas . type locality : guatemala . restricted to mazatenango by smith & laufe 1946 .\npodarga : s tamaulipas , e san luis potos\u00ed , probably veracruz and hidalgo . type locality : 7 miles west of ciudad victoria , tamaulipas .\npulchra : caribbean slope of honduras south to costa rica ; type locality : nicaragua .\nsinistra : mexico ( colima , jalisco , michoac\u00e1n , puebla , morelos , nayarit ; pacific slopes from jalisco to the arid balsas basin in michoac\u00e1n , thence inland along the northern drainage of the r\u00edo balsas to puebla ) . type locality : manzanillo , colima .\nstuarti : atlantic slopes of mexico from the middle of the isthmus of tehuantepec eastward in the lowlands to the southern border of laguna de t\u00e9rminos and to tenosique , tabasco . southward up the valley of the r\u00edo rrijalva at least as far as tuxtla guti\u00e9rrez , chiapas . campeche , oaxaca . type locality : palenque , chiapas .\nthomasi : upper tributaries of r\u00edo grijalva in the interior of chiapas and adjacent guatemala . type locality : la libertad , chiapas , near r\u00edo cuilco where it crosses the gutemalan border .\nnote : tdwg regions are generated automatically from the text in the distribution field and not in every cases it works well . we are working on it .\nthe specific name undulatus is a latin word meaning wavy or undulating , in reference to the dorsolateral pattern .\nbarbour , t . & loveridge , a . 1929 . amphibians and reptiles [ of the corn islands , nicaragua ] . bull . mus . comp . zool . harvard 69 : 138 - 146 - get paper here\nboulenger , g . a . 1885 . catalogue of the lizards in the british museum ( natural history ) . vol . 2 , second edition . london , xiii + 497 pp . - get paper here\nbrattstrom , baynard h . ; adis , nelly b . 1952 . notes on a collection of reptiles and amphibians from oaxaca , mexico . herpetologica 8 : 59 - 60 - get paper here\ncampbell , j . a . 1998 . amphibians and reptiles of northern guatemala , the yucat\u00e1n , and belize . norman : university of oklahoma press , xiii + 380 pp . - get paper here\ncasas - andreu , g . , f . r . m\u00e9ndez - de la cruz and x . aguilar - miguel . 2004 . anfibios y reptiles ; pp . 375\u2013390 , in a . j . m . garc\u00eda - mendoza , j . ordo\u00f1ez and m . briones - salas ( ed . ) . biodiversidad de oaxaca . instituto de biolog\u00eda , unam - fondo oaxaque\u00f1o para la conservaci\u00f3n de la naturaleza - world wildlife fund , m\u00e9xico , d . f .\ncope , e . d . 1894 . third addition to a knowledge of the batrachia and reptilia of costa rica . proc . acad . nat . sci . philadelphia 1894 : 194 - 206 - get paper here\ndixon , james r . and julio a . lemos - espinal 2010 . amphibians and reptiles of the state of queretaro , mexico . tlalnepantla unam , 428 pp .\ndunn , e . r . 1940 . new and noteworthy herpetological material from panam\u00e1 . proc . acad . nat . sci . philadelphia . 92 : 105 - 122 . - get paper here\ngaige , h . 1936 . some reptiles and amphibians from yucatan and campeche , mexico . carnegie inst . wash . publ . , ( 457 ) : 289 - 304 .\ngarc\u00eda , a . & ceballos , g . 1994 . guia de campo de los reptiles y anfibios de la costa de jalisco , mexico . fundacion ecologica de cuixmala , a . c . instituto de biologia , unam\ngehlbach , frederick r . ; collette , bruce b . 1957 . a contribution to the herpetofauna of the highlands of oaxaca , mexico . herpetologica 13 : 227 - 232 - get paper here\ngray , j . e . 1845 . catalogue of the specimens of lizards in the collection of the british museum . trustees of die british museum / edward newman , london : xxvii + 289 pp . - get paper here\ng\u00fcnther , a . c . l . g . 1885 . reptilia and batrachia . biologia centrali - am\u00e9ricana . taylor , & francis , london , 326 pp . [ published in parts from 1885 - 1902 ; reprint by the ssar 1987 ] - get paper here\ngutie\u0301rrez maye\u0301n , ma . guadalupe y jorge salazar arenas 2007 . herpetofauna de los municipios de camocuautla , zapotitla\u0301n de me\u0301ndez y huitzilan de serda\u0301n , de la sierra norte de puebla . herpetofauna de tres municipios de la sierra norte de puebla , pp . 197 - 223\ngutsche , alexander 2015 . die insel der verschollenen salamander : zur herpetofauna der honduranischen isla del tigre . terraria - elaphe 2015 ( 3 ) : 38 - 43 - get paper here\nhallowell , e . 1861 . report upon the reptilia of the north pacific exploring expedition , under command of capt . john rogers , u . s . n . proc . acad . nat . sci . philadelphia 12 [ 1860 ] : 480 - 510 - get paper here\nharvey , michael b . ; gabriel n . ugueto & ronald l . gutberlet , jr . 2012 . review of teiid morphology with a revised taxonomy and phylogeny of the teiidae ( lepidosauria : squamata ) . zootaxa 3459 : 1\u2013156 - get paper here\njohnson , j . d . , l . d . wilson , v . mata - silva , e . garci\u0301a - padilla , and d . l . desantis . 2017 . the endemic herpetofauna of mexico : organisms of global significance in severe peril . mesoamerican herpetology 4 ( 3 ) : 544\u2013620\njohnson , jerry d . ; vicente mata - silva , el\u00ed garc\u00eda padilla , and larry david wilson 2015 . the herpetofauna of chiapas , mexico : composition , distribution , and conservation . mesoamerican herpetology 2 ( 3 ) : 272\u2013329 . - get paper here\nk\u00f6hler , g . 2008 . reptiles of central america . 2nd ed . herpeton - verlag , 400 pp .\nkoller , rene 2005 . herpetologoische waarnemingen in belize , deel 2 : reptielen . lacerta 63 ( 1 ) : 4 - 19 - get paper here\nlee , j . c . 2000 . a field guide to the amphibians and reptiles of the maya world . cornell university press , ithaca ,\nlee , j . c . 1996 . the amphibians and reptiles of the yucat\u00e1n peninsula . comstock , cornell university press , ithaca , 500 pp .\nleenders , t . 2004 . der nationalpark \u201cel imposible\u201d in el salvador . reptilia ( m\u00fcnster ) 9 ( 48 ) : 45 - 49 - get paper here\nlemos - espinal , julio a . and james r . dixon 2013 . amphibians and reptiles of san luis potos\u00ed . eagle mountain publishing , xii + 300 pp .\nlemos - espinal , julio a . , geoffrey r . smith 2015 . amphibians and reptiles of the state of hidalgo , mexico . check list 11 ( 3 ) : 1642 - get paper here\nlemos - espinal , julio ; daniel wylie , geoffrey smith 2017 . new distributional records for reptiles from nuevo le\u00f3n , mexico herpetology notes 10 : 639 - 614 - get paper here\nliner , ernest a . , and gustavo casas - andreu . 2008 . standard spanish , english and scientific names of the amphibians and reptiles of mexico . herpetological circular 38 : 167 p .\nluja vh , l\u00f3pez ja , cruz - elizalde r , ram\u00edrez - bautista a 2017 . herpetofauna inside and outside from a natural protected area : the case of reserva estatal de la bi\u00f3sfera sierra san juan , nayarit , mexico . nature conservation 21 : 15 - 38 - get paper here\nmartin , plul s . 1958 . a biogeography of reptiles and amphibians in the gomez farias region , tamaulipas , mexico . miscellaneous publications , museum of zoology , university of michigan ( 101 ) : 1 - 102 + 7 plates - get paper here\nmata - silva , vicente , jerry d . johnson , larry david wilson and el\u00ed garc\u00eda - padilla . 2015 . the herpetofauna of oaxaca , mexico : composition , physiographic distribution , and conservation status . mesoamerican herpetology 2 ( 1 ) : 6\u201362 - get paper here\nmccranie , j . & casta\u00f1eda , f . e . 2005 . the herpetofauna of parque nacional pico bonito , honduras . phyllomedusa 4 ( 1 ) : 3 - 16 - get paper here\nmccranie , james r . 2015 . a checklist of the amphibians and reptiles of honduras , with additions , comments on taxonomy , some recent taxonomic decisions , and areas of further studies needed . zootaxa 3931 ( 3 ) : 352\u2013386 - get paper here\nmccranie , james r . , leonardo vald\u00e9s orellana and alexander gutsche . 2013 . new departmental records for amphibians and reptiles in honduras . herpetological review 44 ( 2 ) : 288 - 289\nmeza - l\u00e1zaro , r . n . and nieto - montes de oca , a . 2015 . long forsaken species diversity in the middle american lizard holcosus undulatus ( teiidae ) . zoological journal of the linnean society 175 ( 1 ) : 189 - 210 ; doi : 10 . 1111 / zoj . 12264 - get paper here\nneill , wilfred t . and e . ross allen . 1959 . studies on the amphibians and reptiles of british honduras . publications of the research division ross allen ' s reptiles institute . 2 ( 1 ) : 1 - 76\npalacios - aguilar , ricardo & oscar flores - villela 2018 . an updated checklist of the herpetofauna from guerrero , mexico . zootaxa 4422 ( 1 ) : 1 - 24 - get paper here\nsavage , j . m . 2002 . the amphibians and reptiles of costa rica : a herpetofauna between two continents , between two seas . university of chicago press , 934 pp . [ review in copeia 2003 ( 1 ) : 205 ]\nschl\u00fcter , u . 2006 . die ern\u00e4hrung von ameiven und warantejus in der natur und bei terrarienhaltung . reptilia ( m\u00fcnster ) 11 ( 62 ) : 56 - 62 - get paper here\nschmidt , karl p . ; shannon , frederick a . 1947 . notes on amphibians and reptiles of michoacan , mexico . zoological series of field museum of natural history 31 ( 9 ) : 63 - 85\nsmith , h . m . 1935 . miscellaneous notes on mexican lizards . univ . kansas sci . bull . 22 : 119 - 156 - get paper here\nsmith , hobart m . & laufe , leonard e . 1945 . mexican amphibians and reptiles in the texas cooperative wildlife collections . trans . kansas acad . sci . 48 : 325 - 354 - get paper here\nsmith , h . m . 1940 . descriptions of new lizards and snakes from m\u00e9xico and guatemala . proc . biol . soc . washington 53 : 55 - 64 . - get paper here\nsoli\u0301s , j . m . , l . d . wilson , and j . h . townsend . 2014 . an updated list of the amphibians and reptiles of honduras , with comments on their nomenclature . mesoamerican herpetology 1 : 123\u2013144 - get paper here\nstuart , l . c . 1935 . a contribution to a knowledge of the herpetology of a portion of the savanna region of central peten , guatemala . university of michigan museum of zoology miscellaneous publications 29 : 1 - 56 - get paper here\nstuart , l . c . 1948 . the amphibians and reptiles of alta verapaz guatamala . miscellaneous publications , museum of zoology , university of michigan 69 : 1 - 109 - get paper here\nsunyer , javier 2014 . an updated checklist of the amphibians and reptiles of nicaragua . mesoamerican herpetology 1 ( 2 ) : 186\u2013202 . - get paper here\ntaylor , e . h . 1956 . a review of the lizards of costa rica . univ . kansas sci . bull . 38 ( part 1 ) : 3 - 322 - get paper here\nurbina - cardona , j . nicol\u00e1s ; mario olivares - p\u00e9rez , v\u00edctor hugo reynoso 2006 . herpetofauna diversity and microenvironment correlates across a pasture\u2013edge\u2013interior ecotone in tropical rainforest fragments in the los tuxtlas biosphere reserve of veracruz , mexico . biological conservation 132 : 61\u201375\nvences m . , franzen m . , flaschendr\u00e4ger a . , schmitt r . & reg\u00f6s j . 1998 . beobachtungen zur herpetofauna von nicaragua : kommentierte artenliste der reptilien . salamandra 34 ( 1 ) : 17 - 42 - get paper here\nwiegmann , a . f . a . 1834 . herpetologia mexicana , seu descriptio amphibiorum novae hispaniae , quae itineribus comitis de sack , ferdinandi deppe et chr . guil . schiede im museum zoologicum berolinense pervenerunt . pars prima , saurorum species . berlin , l\u00fcderitz , iv + 54 pp . - get paper here\nwoolrich - pi\u00f1a , g . a . , e . garc\u00eda - padilla , d . l . desantis , j . d . johnson , v . mata - silva , and l . d . wilson . 2017 . the herpetofauna of puebla , mexico : composition , distribution , and conservation status . mesoamerican herpetology 4 ( 4 ) : 791\u2013884\nzweifel , richard g . 1959 . additions to the herpetofauna of nayarit , mexico . american museum novitates ( 1953 ) : 1 - 13 - get paper here\nclassification from species 2000 & itis catalogue of life : april 2013 selected by maggie whitson - see more .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\ni first noticed this large and colorful male rustling through the leaf litter on the shaded forest floor . i thought it was some sort of medium - sized rodent until it popped up its head and moved on to the next promising - looking leaf pile . after some more poking and prodding through the leaves , it finally decided to bask briefly in a sun patch , where i got this overly high - contrast photo .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nflores - villela , oscar / mccoy , c . j . , ed .\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322c1faa - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322cf308 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322cf46e - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322fd36a - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 336d8ed8 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nuetz p . & ho\u0161ek j . ( 2018 ) . the reptile database ( version dec 2015 ) . in : roskov y . , abucay l . , orrell t . , nicolson d . , bailly n . , kirk p . m . , bourgoin t . , dewalt r . e . , decock w . , de wever a . , nieukerken e . van , zarucchi j . , penev l . , eds . ( 2018 ) . species 2000 & itis catalogue of life , 30th june 2018 . digital resource at urltoken species 2000 : naturalis , leiden , the netherlands . issn 2405 - 8858 .\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 5383828d - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\n. if you continue to use the site we will assume that you agree with this .\nterms & conditions | privacy policy | copyright viamerica s . a . | webdesign : penguin protocols\ngiant ameivas are found in central and south america . they are found from the eastern coast of brazil through the interior portions of central south america , to the west coasts of columbia , ecuador , and peru . they are found as far south as the northern portions of argentina , through bolivia and paraguay and as far north as french guiana , suriname , guyana , trinidad , tobago , and panama . recently they have been introduced to areas of florida .\n(\nscientific and standard english names\n, 2001 ; biazquez , 1996 ; sartorius , et al . , 1999 )\ngiant ameivas are found in varied habitats , such as cerrado and northeastern caatinga in brazil and amazonian savannah and forests . they seem to prefer disturbed rain forests that have recently been harvested .\n( biazquez , 1996 ; colli , 1991 ; imparato , et al . , 2007 ; sartorius , et al . , 1999 ; vitt , 1991 )\nfemales carry their eggs for a short period of time and tend to stay in their burrows during this time . once eggs are laid , incubation time is about 5 months , with offspring usually hatching at the beginning of the rainy season . juvenile males tend to grow faster than their female counterparts . maturity is acheived when snout - vent length reaches 100 mm , occurring at about 8 months after hatching for both males and females .\nin size and the environments in which they live , so their reproductive biology may be similar .\nmales tend to guard females during sexual encounters . however , males that did not guard females did not mate . males in this species that were larger tended to mate more as they won over the most females .\ngiant ameivas reproduce by laying eggs in clutches , which vary in size regionally . although little data exist from most regions , data have been collected from caatinga and cerrado habitats of brazil . clutch size can range from 3 to 11 . clutch sizes tend to be larger in cerrado , averaging 6 . 4 + / - 0 . 2 ( colli , 1991 ) . clutch sizes in caatinga average 5 . 7 + / - 0 . 164 ( vitt , 1982 ) . clutch size is directly related to snout - vent length of the female - larger females produce more eggs per clutch . in cerrado , females can lay up to 3 clutches per reproductive season . however , in caatinga giant ameivas may reproduce throughout the year . the reproductive habits of\nare based on rainfall . in areas where rainfall is constant or unpredictable throughout the year , reproduction is year - round . in areas where there is a distinct dry season , reproduction only occurs during the rainy seasons . this is thought to be the result of lack of food for both adults and juveniles during dry seasons .\nbreeding interval breeding interval is based on location however females may lay up to 3 clutches per cycle in the cerrado of brazil .\nthere is little information on parental investment in this species . however , females invest heavily in supplying their eggs with nutrients before they are laid and males invest energy in mate guarding during mating .\nin the wild . however , based on small sample sizes , individuals are known survive up to 4 . 6 years . the index of scientific binomials indicate their observed specimen lived up to 2 . 8 years in captivity .\ngiant ameivas are solitary and diurnal . not much is known about their behavior .\ngiant ameivas are not territorial . however , they do have a home range which overlaps with other individuals . data are not available for home range size of\nis based on size and sex of the lizard . average male home range size was 376 . 8 square meters , and female home range was on average 173 . 7 square meters based on a data set from 13 males and females . home range size may be similar in\n( lewis and saliva , 1987 ; simmons , et al . , 2005 )\nplay a role in establishing territory size . femoral glands also play a role in various sexual behaviors . these femoral glands produce semiochemicals which influence inter - and intra - specific communication . although these semiochemicals are not well understood in\n, they affect defense of territory and self , predation , territorial markings , and parental care .\n( imparato , et al . , 2007 ; imparato , et al . , 2007 )\ngiant ameivas are active foragers . their diet varies regionally and seasonally and consists mainly of insects . the most common animals found in their diet are grasshoppers , butterflies , beetles , roaches , larvae , spiders , and termites . they have also been known to eat other species of lizards . what they eat is proportional to their snout - vent length ; as they grow their prey becomes larger .\npredators of giant ameivas consist of a wide variety of birds and snakes . unlike other species of lizards found throughout south america , they do not sit and wait for their prey . their main method of avoiding predation is escape and their body shape is designed for rapid speed , allowing them to avoid predators in the open areas where they forage . common predators of\n( colli , 1991 ; maffei , et al . , 2009 ; shepard , 2007 )\n. often these invasive parasites will damage organs such as the gall bladder , liver , kidneys , lungs , and spleen . parasites also have been found in saliva and feces of this lizard . many of the parasites found in the feces originate in the gut . additionally , parasites invade epithelial cells .\n( kaplan , 1995 ; lainson and paperna , 1999 ; lainson , et al . , 2003 )\nalthough these species can carry disease and can be aggressive , people keep them as pets . furthermore , giant ameivas tend to prefer cleared environments such as crop fields . because their diet consists mainly of\n( everard , et al . , 1979 ; kaplan , 1995 ; sartorius , et al . , 1999 )\n, including strains that can infect humans . in grenada , according to everard et al . ( 1979 ) , half of all specimens collected carried\n( everard , et al . , 1979 ; kourany and telford , 1981 )\ncurrently giant ameivas are not considered threatened . there are no efforts at this time to actively conserve this species .\nryan siders ( author ) , radford university , karen powers ( editor ) , radford university , tanya dewey ( editor ) , university of michigan - ann arbor .\nliving in the nearctic biogeographic province , the northern part of the new world . this includes greenland , the canadian arctic islands , and all of the north american as far south as the highlands of central mexico .\nliving in the southern part of the new world . in other words , central and south america .\nhaving markings , coloration , shapes , or other features that cause an animal to be camouflaged in its natural environment ; being difficult to see or otherwise detect .\nhaving a body temperature that fluctuates with that of the immediate environment ; having no mechanism or a poorly developed mechanism for regulating internal body temperature .\nreferring to animal species that have been transported to and established populations in regions outside of their natural range , usually through human action .\noffspring are produced in more than one group ( litters , clutches , etc . ) and across multiple seasons ( or other periods hospitable to reproduction ) . iteroparous animals must , by definition , survive over multiple seasons ( or periodic condition changes ) .\nthe area in which the animal is naturally found , the region in which it is endemic .\nreproduction in which eggs are released by the female ; development of offspring occurs outside the mother ' s body .\nthe business of buying and selling animals for people to keep in their homes as pets .\nrainforests , both temperate and tropical , are dominated by trees often forming a closed canopy with little light reaching the ground . epiphytes and climbing plants are also abundant . precipitation is typically not limiting , but may be somewhat seasonal .\nthe region of the earth that surrounds the equator , from 23 . 5 degrees north to 23 . 5 degrees south .\na terrestrial biome . savannas are grasslands with scattered individual trees that do not form a closed canopy . extensive savannas are found in parts of subtropical and tropical africa and south america , and in australia .\na grassland with scattered trees or scattered clumps of trees , a type of community intermediate between grassland and forest . see also tropical savanna and grassland biome .\na terrestrial biome found in temperate latitudes ( > 23 . 5\u00b0 n or s latitude ) . vegetation is made up mostly of grasses , the height and species diversity of which depend largely on the amount of moisture available . fire and grazing are important in the long - term maintenance of grasslands .\n2002 .\nindex of scientific binominals\n( on - line ) . accessed april 09 , 2010 at urltoken .\noccurrence overview\n( on - line ) . global biodiversity information facility . accessed february 19 , 2010 at urltoken .\ncommittee on standard english and scientific names . scientific and standard english names . society for the study of amphibians and reptiles . 2001 . accessed february 19 , 2010 at urltoken .\nbowler , j . 1975 . longevity of reptiles and amphibians in n . american collections as of 1 november , 1975 . .\neverard , c . , b . tota , d . bassett , c . ali . 1979 . salmonella in wildlife from trinidad and grenada , w . i . .\nkaplan , m . 1995 .\nameivas\n( on - line ) . accessed april 09 , 2010 at urltoken .\nkourany , m . , s . telford . 1981 . lizards in the ecology of salmonellosis in panama .\nmagnusson , w . 1987 . reproductive cycles of teiid lizards in amazonian savanna .\nmagnusson , w . , l . junqueira de paiva , r . moreira da rocha , c . franke , l . kasper , a . lima . 1985 . the correlates of foraging mode in a community of brazilian lizards .\nmagnusson , w . , l . junqueira de paiva , r . moreira da rocha , c . franke , l . kasper , a . lima . 1985 . the correlates of foraging mode in a community of brazilian lizards .\nsevenster , j . , j . ellers , g . driessen . 1998 . an evolutionary argument for limitation .\nshepard , d . 2007 . habitat but not body shape affects predator attack frequency on lizard models in the brazilian cerrado .\nsimmons , p . , b . greene , k . williamson , r . powell , j . parmerlee . 2005 . ecological interactions within a lizard community on grenada .\ntinkle , d . 1969 . the concept of reproduction effort and its relation to the evolution of life histories of lizards .\nvitt , l . 1991 . an introduction to the ecology of cerrado lizards ."]}
{"id": 1148, "summary": [{"text": "eatoniopsis is a genus of minute sea snails , marine gastropod mollusks or micromollusks in the family cingulopsidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "this species has been declared a synonym of the genus skenella in the family cingulopsidae . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "eatoniopsis", "paragraphs": ["worms - world register of marine species - eatoniopsis paludinoides ( e . a . smith , 1902 )\neatoniopsis thiele , j . , 1912 type species : skenella paludinoides smith , e . a . , 1902\nspecies eatoniopsis edwardiensis ( r . b . watson , 1886 ) accepted as skenella edwardiensis ( r . b . watson , 1886 )\nspecies eatoniopsis paludinoides ( e . a . smith , 1902 ) accepted as skenella paludinoides ( e . a . smith , 1902 )\n( of eatoniopsis ( pilitonia ) ponder & yoo , 1981 ) ponder w . f . & yoo e . k . ( 1981 [\n1980\n] ) . a review of the genera of cingulopsidae with a revision of the australian and tropical indo - pacific species ( mollusca : gastropoda : prosobranchia ) . records of the australian museum . 33 : 1 - 88 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n\u00bb species skenella ( skenella ) edwardiensis ( r . b . watson , 1886 ) represented as skenella edwardiensis ( r . b . watson , 1886 )\n\u00bb species skenella ( skenella ) paludinoides ( e . a . smith , 1902 ) represented as skenella paludinoides ( e . a . smith , 1902 )\n\u00bb species skenella ( skenella ) sinapi ( r . b . watson , 1886 ) represented as skenella sinapi ( r . b . watson , 1886 )\nponder w . f . ( 1983 ) rissoaform gastropods from the antarctic and sub - antarctic . the eatoniellidae , rissoidae , barleeidae , cingulopsidae , orbitestellidae and rissoellidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) of signy island , south orkney islands , with a review of the antarctic and sub - antarctic ( excluding southern south america and the new zealand sub - antarctic islands ) species . british antarctic survey , scientific reports 108 : 1 - 96 . [ details ]\nponder w . f . & yoo e . k . ( 1981 [\n1980\n] ) . a review of the genera of cingulopsidae with a revision of the australian and tropical indo - pacific species ( mollusca : gastropoda : prosobranchia ) . records of the australian museum . 33 : 1 - 88 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nthiele , j . 1913 . die antarktischen schnecken und muscheln . deutsche s\u00fcdpolar expedition 1901 - 1903 13 : 183 - 285 . [ details ]\ndescription : shell minute , moderately tall spired , spire outline straight . protoconch of 1\u00bd whorls , teleoconch up to about 2\u00be weakly convex whorls . surface glossy , smooth apart from weak growth lines and spiral scratches . aperture elongate - ovate , outer lip prosocline . inner lip thin over parietal wall , thicker below . columella with weak , broad bulge deep within aperture ( fig . 2 ) . umbilicus closed , umbilical chink present . colour brown .\ndistribution : endemic to australia . north stradbroke island , queensland , southwards to eastern victoria and tasmania .\nhabitat : on algae , stones and debris in the mid - to lower littoral and sublittoral ( ponder & yoo , 1980 ) . common , often abundant .\ncomparison : this is similar to e . voorwindei in having a bulge on the columella , but differs in having a umbilicus closed .\nfigs . 1 , 2 : green cape , nsw ( c . 354174 )\ndescription : shell minute , moderately short spired , spire outline almost straight . protoconch of 1\u00bd whorls , teleoconch of about 3 convex whorls . surface smooth apart from weak growth lines and spiral scratches . aperture elongate - ovate , outer lip orthocline ( broken in figure ) . inner lip thin over parietal wall , thicker below . columella with distinct bulge deep within aperture ( fig . 2 ) . umbilicus narrow , partly hidden by inner lip of aperture . colour brown .\ndistribution : endemic to australia . port stephens , nsw , southwards to bass strait .\nhabitat : lives on algae in the lower littoral and sublittoral ( ponder & yoo , 1980 ) . uncommon .\ncomparison : this species is distinguished within the group in nsw by having the umbilicus narrowly open accompanied by a bulge on the columella .\nfigs . 1 , 2 : green cape , nsw ( c . 106215 )\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 02c37e04 - 9489 - 4ce6 - ab86 - 7b60200287ce\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 31d90fa7 - 1a33 - 46a3 - a603 - e4c1eca2dd77\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 522694\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nversion 43 . 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed . my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .\neatonina thiele , j . , 1912 type species : eatonina ( eatonina ) pusilla thiele , j . , 1912\neatonina ( eatonina ) thiele , j . , 1912 type species : eatonina ( eatonina ) atomaria powell , a . w . b . , 1933\neatonina ( captitonia ) ponder , w . f . & e . k . yoo , 1980 type species : antimitra lirata adams , a . , 1865\neatonina ( otatara ) ponder , w . f . , 1965 type species : eatonina ( otatara ) subflavescens iredale , t . , 1915\npseudopisinna ponder , w . f . & e . k . yoo , 1980 type species : pseudopisinna gregaria gregaria laseron , c . f . , 1950\nskenella pfeffer , g . in martens , e . c . von & g . pfeffer , 1886 type species : skenella georgiana pfeffer , g . in martens , e . c . von & g . pfeffer , 1886\nskenella ( skenella ) pfeffer , g . in martens , e . c . von & g . pfeffer , 1886 type species : skenella georgiana pfeffer , g . in martens , e . c . von & g . pfeffer , 1886\nskenella ( pilitonia ) ponder , w . f . & e . k . yoo , 1980 type species : skenella ( pilitonia ) westralis ponder , w . f . & e . k . yoo , 1980\nskenella ( rufodardanula ) ponder , w . f . , 1965 type species : paracuneus spadix watson , r . b . , 1886\ncoriandria tomlin , j . r . le b . , 1917 type species : eatonina cossurae calcara , p . , 1841\nmicrosetia monterosato , t . a . de m . di , 1884 type species : eatonina cossurae calcara , p . , 1841\ntubbreva ponder , w . f . , 1965 type species : tubbreva exigua ponder , w . f . , 1965"]}
{"id": 1149, "summary": [{"text": "amphorella iridescens is a species of air-breathing land snail , a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family ferussaciidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "this species is endemic to madeira , portugal . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "amphorella iridescens", "paragraphs": ["information on amphorella iridescens is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .\namphorella ( amphorella ) r . t . lowe , 1852 represented as amphorella r . t . lowe , 1852\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - amphorella ( amphorella iridescens )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - amphorella ( amphorella iridescens )\ntitle =\narkive species - amphorella ( amphorella iridescens )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\namphorella is a genus of air - breathing land snails , terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family ferussaciidae .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ngland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) \u2013 australia\u2019s unique reptiles \u2013 including lizards and snakes \u2013 face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .\nthe value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .\na recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .\nthis species is classified as vulnerable ( vu ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken\nnatural history museum , london & national museum of wales biodiversity & systematic biology national museum & galleries of wales cathays park cardiff cf10 3np united kingdom tel : 029 20573244 fax : 029 20239829 harriet . wood @ urltoken\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s species and habitats from destruction .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa\nbank , r . a . ; neubert , e . ( 2017 ) . checklist of the land and freshwater gastropoda of europe . last update : july 16th , 2017 . [ details ]\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nencyclo . co . uk , online since 2007 , is a search engine for english meanings and definitions . the website aims to publish all wordlists , big and small , on the internet , making it much easier to find the word you need . follow us on facebook\nthis article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 12 / 9 / 2014 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser ."]}
{"id": 1155, "summary": [{"text": "harpa gracilis , common name the polynesian harp , is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family harpidae , the harp snails . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "harpa gracilis", "paragraphs": ["harpa striata lamarck , 1816 : synonym of harpa cabriti p . fischer , 1860\nharpa ventricosa lamarck 1816 - ventral harp : synonym of harpa cabriti p . fischer , 1860\nharpidae \u00bb harpa gracilis , id : 228421 , shell detail \u00ab shell encyclopedia , conchology , inc .\nworms - world register of marine species - harpa gracilis broderip & g . b . sowerby i , 1829\npolynesian harp - harpa gracilis broderip & g . b . sowerby i , 1829 - literature - encyclopedia of life\nberkhout ( 1992 ) writes : \u201ch . gracilis is the only harpa shell that has a white protoconch . \u201d\nbelongs to harpa according to b . landau and c . marques da silva 2010\ndescribed in malacologia . the h . kolaceki has the purple protoconch in common with the tuamotou\u2019s endemic harpa gracilis , but the shape is completely different . rare .\nrehder ( 1973 ) writes on harpa gracilis broderip & sowerby , 1829 : \u201cnuclear whorls 3 1 / 2 to 4 , smooth , white . . . \u201d\nhowever , on the conchology inc . auction i read thus : \u201cthe h . kolaceki has the purple protoconch in common with the tuamotou\u2019s endemic harpa gracilis . . . \u201d\nso , can anyone verify for me that there are indeed harpa gracilis ( from the tuamotos or elsewhere ) with a purple protoconch ? perhaps a subspecies ? this would certainly shed some light on this complex of smaller harpa . an image would be most appreciated .\nbouchet , p . ( 2015 ) . harpa gracilis broderip & g . b . sowerby i , 1829 . in : molluscabase ( 2015 ) . accessed through : world register of marine species at urltoken ; = 403835\nharpa gracilis is the only harp with a white protoconch , clearly distinguishing it from all other harps , whose protoconchs are pink to brown . other differentiating characteristics are the shallow umbilicus , slender form and no shoulder on the body whorl . the harps in the links you sent are , therefore , clearly not gracilis . they are amouretta , as stated by others .\npoppe , brulet & dance ( 1999 ) also write : \u201ch . gracilis . . . protoconch is white instead of purple . \u201d\ndealers sometimes use the name gracilis for ( or in relation to ) non - gracilis shells for obvious reasons . regarding h . kolaceki , even poppe , on his auction site selling it , mentioned that it is a\ndoubtful\nspecies . may very well be a form of amouretta .\nabout h . gracilis i also wrote in 1990 ( let ' s tune our harps ! xenophora no . 50 pp . 10 - 21 ) :\nprotococh white .\non the conchology inc . auction what is read : \u201cthe h . kolaceki has the purple protoconch in common with the tuamotou\u2019s endemic harpa gracilis . . . \u201d is an error as it does not match the description of h . kolaceki where the colour of its protoconch is not even mentioned and on the colour photos included in the description it is obvious that the protoconch of h . kolaceki is purple .\ni agree with rick . while the shells he illustrated may not be h . gracilis , they are certainly unlike any of the h . amouretta i have ( another 30 specimens to that 50 ) .\nbroderip w . j . & sowerby i g . b . ( 1829 ) . observations on new or intersting mollusca contained , for the most part , in the museum of the zoological society . zoological journal . 4 : 359 - 379 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 373 [ details ]\ndance , s . p . & g . t . poppe , 1999 family harpidae . in : a conchological iconography ( conchbooks , ed . ) , 69 p . [ details ]\nrehder h . a . ( 1973 ) . the family harpidae of the world . indo - pacific mollusca 3 ( 16 ) : 207 - 274 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nliu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\npetit , r . e . ( 2009 ) . george brettingham sowerby , i , ii & iii : their conchological publications and molluscan taxa . zootaxa . 2189 : 1\u2013218 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthe star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :\nwe want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only , as we handle very few foreign shells in general . as time goes , the system will become more and more performant .\nenter your email address and we will send you an email with your username and password .\ne - mail jecilia sisican if you do not receive your email with your username and password .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 0 . 001 seconds . )\nshell gallery view \u00ab shell encyclopedia , conchology , inc . \u00bb conchological megadatabase on mollusks\nclick on an image to view all the information : family , species , author , date , and full locality .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 3 . 118 seconds . )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nversion 43 . 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed . my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .\nthe following bibliography has been generated by bringing together all references provided by our content partners . there may be duplication .\nbouchet p . , gofas s . & rosenberg g . ( 2015 ) . worms mollusca : world marine mollusca database ( version feb 2013 ) . in : species 2000 & itis catalogue of life , 26th august 2015 ( roskov y . , abucay l . , orrell t . , nicolson d . , kunze t . , flann c . , bailly n . , kirk p . , bourgoin t . , dewalt r . e . , decock w . , de wever a . , eds ) . digital resource at urltoken . species 2000 : naturalis , leiden , the netherlands . issn 2405 - 8858 .\nbroderip w . j . & sowerby g . b . ( 1829 ) . observations on new or intersting mollusca contained , for the most part , in the museum of the zoological society . zoological journal , 4 : 359 - 379 , pl . 9\ndance , s . p . & g . t . poppe , . 1999 . amily harpidae . in : a conchological iconography ( conchbooks , ed . ) , 69 p .\npetit r . e . 2009 . george brettingham sowerby , i , ii & iii : their conchological publications and molluscan taxa . zootaxa 2189 : 1\u2013218 .\nrehder h . a . 1973 . the family harpidae of the world . indo - pacific mollusca 3 ( 16 ) : 207 - 274 .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nusing cookies on urltoken shellauction uses cookies only for technical reasons and to facilitate and speed up your site navigation . by continuing to browse , you accept the use of cookies ; if you do not wish to receive them please disable them or not navigate this website further . more info cookies on urltoken\nutilizzo dei cookies su urltoken shellauction utilizza i cookies esclusivamente per ragioni tecniche e per facilitare e velocizzare la navigazione del sito . continuando a navigare accetti l ' utilizzo dei cookies , se non desideri riceverli ti invitiamo a disabilitarli oppure a non navigare questo sito ulteriormente . altre informazioni sui cookies di urltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nbroderip w . j . & sowerby g . b . ( 1829 ) . observations on new or intersting mollusca contained , for the most part , in the museum of the zoological society . < i > zoological journal < / i > , 4 : 359 - 379 , pl . 9\nbroderip , w . j . & sowerby , g . b . ( 1829 ) . observations on new or intersting mollusca contained , for the most part , in the . < em > museum of the zoological society . zoological journal < / i . < / em > 4 : 359 - 379 .\ndance , s . p . & g . t . poppe , 1999 family harpidae . in : a conchological iconography ( conchbooks , ed . ) , 69 p .\nliu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . < em > china science press . < / em > 1267 pp .\npetit , r . e . ( 2009 ) . george brettingham sowerby , i , ii & iii : their conchological publications and molluscan taxa . < em > zootaxa . < / em > 2189 : 1\u2013218 .\nrehder h . a . ( 1973 ) the family harpidae of the world . indo - pacific mollusca 3 ( 16 ) : 207 - 274 .\nrehder h . a . ( 1973 ) . the family harpidae of the world . indo - pacific mollusca 3 ( 16 ) : 207 - 274 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en\nexcept where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence .\nwe ' ve updated our privacy policy and by continuing you ' re agreeing to the updated terms .\nwhen you visit our site , preselected companies may use cookies or other certain information on your device to serve relevant ads and for analytics purposes . learn more\ninteresting , i have over 50 specimens of amouretta from around the world and none of them are like these two shells . can someone post images of similar shells ?\nby the way , in the description of h . kolaceki the colour of the protoconch is not even mentioned .\nfor rick ' s shells . i ' ve documented this conversation on lts with rick ' s photos ( and permission ) and added photos of a\nfrom the solomons in my collection . while there are are some overall shape differences , with my shell more closely resembling forma\nkrauss , 1848 , i cannot see how rick ' s shells can be distinguished as other than a normal , local , regional variation for the species .\ni fully agree with your comment \u201c i cannot see how rick ' s shells can be distinguished as other than a normal , local , regional variation for the species .\n( 1973 ) . rehder presented 11 species of living harps . there have been many new taxa proposed since 1973 . all but one are now generally accepted as forms of one or the other of the 11 species addressed by rehder . only\nrehder , 1993 is mostly accepted as a valid addition to his 1973 list . whether or not all 11 of the taxa addressed by rehder ( plus\n) are truly separate species or if the many localized forms given species / subspecies names actually represent separate species will have to await a comprehensive dna analysis .\n( two or one blotch ) to be able to accept his argument . i would also note that the characters described for\n( \u201cbody whorl \u2026 more broadly ovate and rounded , \u201d \u201cribs tend to be narrower and more distant\u201d ) . my own opinion is that\nspecies addressed by rehder and the\naccepted\nspecies addressed 31 and 42 years later .\n. indo - pacific mollusca , volume 3 , no . 16 . delaware museum of natural history .\nare quite variable within populations and across geographic range . so variable that they occur readily across taxa , especially those that share common geographic distributions and influences , and most often cannot be relied upon to distinguish between species when confronted with a particular specimen . in my presentations i have limited the features discussed to those that should be relied upon to distinguish among taxa . i have presented the protoconchs for all , but did not find this feature to be helpful ( too variable , too often missing or incomplete , and too similar ) in distinguishing among taxa , except in a few cases (\n) . i did not find color to be helpful for taxa that are otherwise close and from the same locales . i did not find reliance on \u201cblotching\u201d to be more than partially helpful without linkage to other confirming features . i have addressed the distribution of parietal glazing and found it to be quite helpful and distinctive for many taxa ( especially when linked to other features ) , but not decidedly so for the most problematic taxa (\n) . i do not present a general description of each taxa , which is available many places elsewhere ( see rehder 1973 ) . rather , for some i present some background information and then start my descriptions with the parietal glazing and follow with those features that i found can best be used to distinguish among taxa .\nthe following table presents the features i found best allow identifying and distinguishing the 12 taxa . the green cells describe key features that should be identified first ( and in some taxa , alone or linked to other \u201cgreens , \u201d are sufficient to identify a taxon ) . the pink cells describe features very helpful in narrowing the possibilities for otherwise similar taxa . the yellow cells describe features that i found very consistently separate taxa within the geographic range of\n. i apologize for the tiny text in the table , but i wanted to get it all on one page .\n, and from a dozen to several dozen for the others , limited examination of shells displayed at shell shows by exhibitors and dealers , some images from the web ( usually too poor to be helpful ) , and images in literature ( also usually also too poor to be helpful ) . obviously , my sample is limited in terms of actual material for close examination , and my conclusions should be tempered accordingly . i would be happy to hear from those with specimens in any of these taxa that question or confirm my observations (\n) . however , i would also hope that you can provide good quality photos or would be willing to loan the specimens for a photo session . i will continue to add to these presentations with comments or more photos / material contributed by other fans of\n. three terms ( subsutural plateau , shoulder and t ) should be understood . normally , \u201cshoulder\u201d refers to the area from the suture to an inflection point ( a pronounced downward angle ) or , when absent , the periphery . all\n, the shoulder would normally be the area from suture to the inflection point ( where spines are located ) . i have defined the area from the suture to the inflection point as the subsutural plateau . and , when i refer to the shoulder , i am referring narrowly to the spiral line representing the inflection where the subsutural plateau turns downward ( and is where the rib spines normally occur ) . i have observed that all mature\nhas three . as a matter of shorthand i may use t1 , t2 , t3 or t4 to refer to the teleoconch whorls . so ,\nin continuing your browsing of this site , you accept the use of cookies to offer you suitable content and services and realize visits statistics . learn more about cookies .\ndo not be surprised to find cod or mackerel in paris in the late middle ages ( 14th - 15th c . ) . . . the sea did not come that far , but trade did .\nin compliance with laws and intellectual property practices in the scientific world , unpublished data under five years ( from excavation reports , analyses , but also academia ) is never communicated .\nthe dots represent the sites for which a study ( or a simple recording ) of fauna and / or flora was performed ; these sites were recorded in the database zooarchaeological and archaeobotanical inventories of france ( i2af ) . the lack of dots can mean both a lack of data and / or lack of recording .\nthe dots remain gray when the selected species is absent from the site . symbols of different colour mark the presence of the species in different periods .\nto select / deselect one or more periods or to remove the dots corresponding to the listed sites , check / uncheck in the right side .\nhovering a dot reveals in the left corner at the bottom of the map , the name of the department or municipality . one click enables the list of sites present on the municipality .\nthe selection of a site opens a new page that displays general information relating thereto ( other name ( s ) known , location . . . ) , the bibliographical reference ( s ) connected to the species , and a summary of plant and animal species identified per large time period .\na timeline summarizes all known information on the species . the relevant periods or sub - periods when the detail is known , are highlighted in red . tool tip : passing over a period ( palaeolithic for example ) displays the date range of the period .\naccess to more detailed information is accessible only by convention , after login , for scientists affiliated to groups or institutional programs ( national center of scientific research , national institute of preventive archaeological research , for example ) or associations ( international council for archaeozoology , for example ) .\nwarning : the data available reflects the progression status of knowledge or the availability of the inventories . it should never be considered as comprehensive .\nnational inventory of natural heritage , website : https : / / inpn . mnhn . fr .\nfull reference : f . e . eames . 1952 . a contribution to the study of the eocene in western pakistan and western india : c . the description of the scaphopoda and gastropoda from standard sections in the rakhi nala and zindar pir areas of the western punjab and in the kohat district . philosophical transactions of the royal society of london series b 236 : 1 - 168\ntype specimen : bmnh g . 68305 , a shell . its type locality is fossil bed f . 2556 , zinda pir , which is in a lutetian marine shale in the domanda formation of pakistan .\nholotype nhmw 2009z0076 / 0001 . upper miocene . lopez section , rio yaque del norte , upstream of the mouth of angostura gorge , dominican republic .\nbuccinum testa costis aequilibus longitudinalibus , distinctis mucronatis , columella laevigata .\n. recent . benghala . refers to buonanni , 1681 : plate 185 ( a ) ; lister , 1688 : pl . 992 [ fig . 55 ] ( b ) ; petiver , 1702 : pl . 48 fig . 13 ( c ) ; rumphius , 1705 : pl . 32 figs . k , l , m ( d ) ; gualtieri , 1742 : pl . 29 figs . c . d , e , g ( e ) ; argenville , 1742 : pl . 20 fig . d ( f ) ; regenfuss , 1758 : pl . 2 fig . 14 ( g ) .\nrv 5167 . philippines , cebu province , olango island ; by diver , depth 20 m ; june 2012 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis work is licensed under the creative commons attribution license ( cc by 4 . 0 )\nnew records of diplomys labilis ( bangs , 1901 ) ( mammalia , rodentia , . . .\nfirst record of boana maculateralis ( caminer & ron , 2014 ) . . .\nfirst record of the bignose unicornfish , naso vlamingii ( perciformes , . . .\nambidexter symmetricus manning & chace , 1971 ( decapoda , processidae ) : . . .\ncheck list is a peer - reviewed , open access , on - line journal devoted to publishing annotated list of species , notes on geographic distribution of one or a few species , and distribution summary of a taxonomic group . these data are essential for studies on biogeography and provide a baseline for the conservation of biodiversity as a whole . the first step to undertaking effective conservation action is to understand species\u2019 geographic distribution . check list was established to cater to this need by publishing papers on the geographic distribution of species and higher taxonomic groups .\ndoaj , scopus , zoological abstracts , ebsco host , and index copernicus . member journal of the brazilian association of science editors ( abec ) and of the committee on publication ethics ( cope ) .\nthe shell has an ovate - oblong shape . it is more or less inflated , generally pretty thin , enamelled , and provided with parallel , longitudinal , inclined and acute ribs . ; the body whorl is much larger than all the others together . the spire is slightly elevated . the aperture is large , oval , dilated , strongly emarginated inferiorly , and without siphonal canal . the outer lip is bordered by the last rib . the columella is smooth , simple , nearly straight and pointed at the base .\nthe animal has a flattened head , which supports a pair of pretty long , thick , and conical tentacles , with a small protuberance at their base , internally , where the eyes are situated . the mouth is simple , surrounded by a muscular margin , and furnished with a small , slender and pointed trunk . the organ of excitement is elongated , cylindrical , situated on the right side . the locomotive organ is very large , very broad at the anterior part , which is ear - shaped , and distinguished by a deep emargination upon each side . the posterior extremity is caducous , and destitute of an operculum .\nthe fleshy part of this mollusk is very strong , and very large . its foot is enormous , thick , and extended considerably out of the shell . it cannot be wholly contained within the aperture , before which , by contracting itself , it forms a margin .\nthe foot is as if divided into two portions . the anterior broader , arcuated , ear - shaped , with a marginal furrow , and joined to the posterior part by a kind of neck . this latter , more extended , is somewhat oval , pointed , and slightly inflated above , without any appearance of operculum . when the animal is violently disturbed , it breaks off the posterior extremity of its foot , in order to withdraw itself more completely within its shell . in consequence of this an operculum would be useless to it , for it would be liable to be carried away by the rupture of the foot . therefore , it is not possessed .\nall the external parts of the animal are strongly colored with spots and plates of a brownish red , intermingled with other yellowish spots . the middle portion is frequently crossed by a brown band .\nthis marine species is circumtropical , except the western atlantic ocean . it also occurs off australia ( northern territory , queensland , western australia ) ."]}
{"id": 1157, "summary": [{"text": "procaris is a genus of shrimp in the family procarididae .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it contains the following species : procaris ascensionis chace & manning , 1972 procaris chacei hart & manning , 1986 procaris hawaiana holthuis , 1973 procaris mexicana von sternberg & schotte , 2004 procaris noelensis bruce & davie , 2006", "topic": 26}], "title": "procaris", "paragraphs": ["phylum arthropoda subphylum crustacea class eumalacostraca order decapoda family procarididae procaris sp . kensley , 1988\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - procarid shrimp ( procaris chacei )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - procarid shrimp ( procaris chacei )\ntitle =\narkive species - procarid shrimp ( procaris chacei )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nu . s . fish and wildlife service . 2003 . candidate assessment and listing priority assignment form - procaris hawaiana . u . s . fish and wildlife service , pacific islands office . 6 pp .\nbruce , a . j . ; davie , p . j . f . ( 2006 ) . a new anchialine shrimp of the genus procaris from christmas island : the first occurrence of the procarididae in the indian ocean ( crustacea : decapoda : caridea ) . zootaxa . 1238 : 223 - 252 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\ntwo of the known pools containing procaris hawaiana lie within a state natural area reserve . the rarity of this shrimp contributed to the current protection received by the maui anchialine pools ( holthuis 1973 ) . no conservation agreements between federal , state , or private landowners have been drafted or initiated and , aside from placement of some pools / pool systems within reserves , virtually no conservation activities have been conducted .\nty - jour ti - a new anchialine shrimp of the genus procaris ( crustacea : decapoda : procarididae ) from the yucatan peninsula t2 - proceedings of the biological society of washington . vl - 117 ur - urltoken pb - biological society of washington cy - washington , py - 2004 sp - 514 ep - 522 sn - 0006 - 324x au - sternberg , richard v au - schotte , marilyn er -\n@ article { bhlpart49127 , title = { a new anchialine shrimp of the genus procaris ( crustacea : decapoda : procarididae ) from the yucatan peninsula } , journal = { proceedings of the biological society of washington . } , volume = { 117 } , copyright = { in copyright . digitized with the permission of the rights holder . } , url = urltoken publisher = { washington , biological society of washington } , author = { sternberg , richard v and schotte , marilyn } , year = { 2004 } , pages = { 514 - - 522 } , }\nmain threat = alien species . greatest potential threat is cited as the introduction of non - native fish into the pools ( u . s . fish and wildlife service 1998 ; 2003 ) . anchialine pools have been used to discard or hold bait - fish and / or aquarium fish . these fish either directly consume the native shrimp or , as with introduced tilapia ( oreochromis mossambica ) , out - compete the native herbivorous species of shrimp which typically serve as the prey - base for the rarer , predatory species of shrimp . habitat modification is also a threat ; up to 90 % of the anchialine pools on the island of hawaii have been either destroyed or altered . on the island of hawaii , dr . r . brock ( pers . comm . , 1998 ) estimates that up to 90 percent of the anchialine pools have been destroyed or altered by human activities . although the two known maui pools , which are contain procaris hawaiana , occur within a protected state reserve , habitat modifications by early hawaiians and later inhabitants have occurred in the area .\nchace , f . a . jr . & r . b . manning , 1972 . two new caridean shrimps , one representing a new family , from marine pools on ascension island ( crustacea : decapoda : natantia ) . \u2014 smithsonian contributions to zoology 131 : 1 - 18 . [ details ]\nde grave , s . & c . h . j . m . fransen . ( 2011 ) . carideorum catalogus : the recent species of the dendrobranchiate , stenopodidean , procarididean and caridean shrimps ( crustacea : decapoda ) . zool . med . leiden . 85 ( 9 ) : 30 . ix . 2011 : 195 - 589 figs 1 - 59 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nbouchet , p . ; fontaine , b . ( 2009 ) . list of new marine species described between 2002 - 2006 . census of marine life . [ details ]\ndoctype html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 3 . 2 / / en\nphyllobranchiate gills ; maxillipeds and pereiopods with strong exopods ; none of pereiopods chelate or subchelate ; rostrum small and unarmed ( kensley , 1988 ) .\nare quite similar , showing few differentiating characters ( hart & manning , 1986 ) .\nabele and felgenhauer ( 1985 ) have studied the ecology of the ascension species . they report that smaller individuals spend most of their time in crevices , while larger individuals are observed swimming in open water . examination of gut contents reveals that they feed on both plant matter and crustaceans including amphipods and atyid shrimp .\n( felgenhauer et al . , 1988 ) . although more than 1 , 000 specimens of\nwere observed in the field , no ovigerous females were seen . a single female maintained in the laboratory bore approximately 60 bright orange eggs on the endopods of pleopods . the large size of these eggs ( 0 . 83 - 0 . 93 mm ) suggests the existence of a zoeal larval stage ( felgenhauer et al . , 1988 ) .\nhart and manning ( 1986 : 416 ) note that the similarities between species and their highly anomalous distribution in marine caves indicate an extremely slow rate of evolution . they suggest that ,\n, or its predecessors , may , at one time , have been widely distributed throughout the oceans , surviving today only in cryptic habitats removed from some of the environmental pressures necessitating change .\nfelgenhauer , b . e . , l . g . abele and w . kim . 1988 . reproductive morphology of the anchialine shrimp\nhart , c . w . and r . b . manning . 1986 . two new shrimps ( procaridae and agostocarididae , new family ) from marine caves of the western north atlantic .\nkensley , b . 1988 . new species and records of cave shrimps from the yucatan peninsula ( decapoda : agostocarididae and hippolytidae ) .\nschram , f . r . 1986 . crustacea . oxford university press , oxford , xii + 606 pp .\nthis shrimp was discovered in february 1972 by j . a . maciolek in anchialine lava pools at cape kinau , maui and also in anchialine pools at lua o palehemo , south point on the big island of hawaii . only three populations of this rare shrimp are known .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nu . s . fish and wildlife service ( usfws ) . 1989a . endangered and threatened wildlife and plants ; animal notice of review . federal register , department of the interior 54 ( 4 ) : 554 - 579 .\napparently endemic to the hawaiian islands where it has only been recorded from three anchialine pools .\ndue to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to\nknown from the hawaiian islands of hawaii ( 1 site ) and maui ( 2 sites ) ( holthuis , 1973 ; maciolek 1983 ; u . s . fish and wildlife service 1998 ; 2003 ) . current range considered to be relictual of an early global distribution .\nknown from two sites on maui and one site on hawaii ( usfws , 1998 ) .\nknown from one site on hawaii and two sites on maui ( holthuis , 1973 ; u . s . fish and wildlife service 1998 ; 2003 ) .\nit was estimated to occur in the thousands at the hawaii site ( kensely and williams 1986 ) . due to their rarity within these locations since the previous estimate , population estimates have not been attempted .\nit was estimated to occur in the thousands at the hawaii site ( kensely and williams 1986 ) .\nin hawaii , there are estimated to be over 650 anchialine pools , with an estimated 90 % of these occurring on hawaii . approximately 90 % of the pools on that island have been destroyed or otherwise impacted by development or other human uses ( richard brock , university of hawaii , personal communication , 1998 in usfws , 1998 ) .\nin the state of hawaii , there are estimated to be over 650 anchialine pools , with an estimated 90 % of these occurring on the island of hawaii . unfortunately , approximately 90 percent of the pools on that island have been destroyed or otherwise impacted by development or other human uses ( usfws , 2003 ) .\n( 250 - 1000 square km ( about 100 - 400 square miles ) ) known from the hawaiian islands of hawaii ( 1 site ) and maui ( 2 sites ) ( holthuis , 1973 ; maciolek 1983 ; u . s . fish and wildlife service 1998 ; 2003 ) . current range considered to be relictual of an early global distribution .\nhas pink to light - red pigmentation that is darkest along the midline with the dorsal thorax being white to yellow . black pigments are associated with the eyss . conspicuous chelapeds ( claws ) are lacking . locomotion is accomplished by swimming with the swimmerets ( pareopods and uropods ) and occurs just above the substate to mid - water ( usfws , 1998 ; 2003 ) .\nfound in anchialine pools with salinities generally ranging from 19 - 25 ppt . anchialine pools are tidally influenced saline pools that occur along the coast but are not openly connected to the ocean . this includes water in natural depressions , fissures , quarries , and craters . the site on hawaii is an anchialine pool that is connected to deeper waters leading to a submerged lava tube ( kensley and williams 1986 ) .\nuse the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .\nzoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .\nholthuis , l . b . 1973 . caridean shrimps found in land - locked saltwater pools at four indo - west pacific localities ( sinai peninsula , funafuti atoll , maui and hawaii islands ) , with the description of one new genus and four new species . zoollogische verhandelingen 128 : 3 - 55 .\nkensley , b . and d . williams . 1986 . new shrimps ( families procarididae and atyidae ) from a submerged lave tube on hawaii . journal of crustacean biology 6 ( 3 ) : 417 - 437 .\nmaciolek , j . a . 1983 . distribution and biology of indo - pacific insular hypogeal shrimps . bulletin of marine science 33 : 606 - 618 .\nmaciolek , j . a . 1986 . environmental features and biota of anchialine pools on cape kinau , maui , hawaii . stygologia 2 ( 1 / 2 ) : 119 - 129 .\nu . s . fish and wildlife service ( usfws ) . 1998 . category and listing priority forms .\nthe small print : trademark , copyright , citation guidelines , restrictions on use , and information disclaimer .\nnote : all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve ' s central databases as of november 2016 . note : this report was printed on\ntrademark notice :\nnatureserve\n, natureserve explorer , the natureserve logo , and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve . any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .\ncopyright notice : copyright \u00a9 2017 natureserve , 4600 n . fairfax dr . , 7th floor , arlington virginia 22203 , u . s . a . all rights reserved . each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document . the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .\nnatureserve . 2017 . natureserve explorer : an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ] . version 7 . 1 . natureserve , arlington , virginia . available http : / / explorer . natureserve . org . ( accessed :\nridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely , james zook , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\npatterson , b . d . , g . ceballos , w . sechrest , m . f . tognelli , t . brooks , l . luna , p . ortega , i . salazar , and b . e . young . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson , wes sechrest , marcelo tognelli , gerardo ceballos , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\niucn , conservation international , and natureserve . 2004 . global amphibian assessment . iucn , conservation international , and natureserve , washington , dc and arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union , conservation international and natureserve .\nno graphics available from this server can be used , copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text . any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve . nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication , estoppel , or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve . no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve . except as expressly provided above , nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .\nall documents and related graphics provided by this server and any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server are provided\nas is\nwithout warranty as to the currentness , completeness , or accuracy of any specific data . natureserve hereby disclaims all warranties and conditions with regard to any documents provided by this server or any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server , including but not limited to all implied warranties and conditions of merchantibility , fitness for a particular purpose , and non - infringement . natureserve makes no representations about the suitability of the information delivered from this server or any other documents that are referenced to or linked to this server . in no event shall natureserve be liable for any special , indirect , incidental , consequential damages , or for damages of any kind arising out of or in connection with the use or performance of information contained in any documents provided by this server or in any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server , under any theory of liability used . natureserve may update or make changes to the documents provided by this server at any time without notice ; however , natureserve makes no commitment to update the information contained herein . since the data in the central databases are continually being updated , it is advisable to refresh data retrieved at least once a year after its receipt . the data provided is for planning , assessment , and informational purposes . site specific projects or activities should be reviewed for potential environmental impacts with appropriate regulatory agencies . if ground - disturbing activities are proposed on a site , the appropriate state natural heritage program ( s ) or conservation data center can be contacted for a site - specific review of the project area ( see visit local programs ) .\n) . your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users .\nthis procarid shrimp has a thin , fragile integument ( hard outer covering of the body ) . the carapace and short , triangular rostrum are unarmed , and the eyestalks split into two blunt lobes . all five pairs of walking limbs ( pereiopods ) are similar , each with large , bristle - like structures ( 2 ) .\nrecorded only from green bay cave in hamilton parish , bermuda ( 2 ) .\nclassified as critically endangered ( cr ) on the iucn red list 2006 ( 1 ) .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken\nanchialine coastal bodies of standing waters that have no surface connections to the ocean but display both tidal fluctuations and salinity ranges characteristic of fresh and brackish waters , indicating the presence of subsurface connections to the watertable and ocean . carapace the hard shell covering the upper surface of part of the body of a crustacean . rostrum central , forward - projecting and occasionally long spine between the eyes of crustaceans .\ndr . thomas m . iliffe department of marine biology texas a & m ; university at galveston 5007 ave . u galveston tx 77551 united states of america iliffe @ urltoken http : / / www . urltoken\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u2019s species and habitats from destruction .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmclaughlin et al . 2005 . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : crustaceans . american fisheries society special publication 31\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service ."]}
{"id": 1158, "summary": [{"text": "stictea is a genus of moths belonging to the subfamily olethreutinae of the family tortricidae .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "delimitation of this genus versus strepsicrates is not fully resolved , and some species now listed here were formerly placed there . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "stictea", "paragraphs": ["stictea mygindiana ( = olethreutes mygindiana ) cowberry marble - norfolk micro moths - the micro moths of norfolk .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nby t . m . gilligan 1 , j . baixeras 2 , j . w . brown 3 , and k . r . tuck 4\nurltoken is pleased to offer the complete world catalogue of the tortricidae ( t @ rts ) ! this is a complete list of all world species , utilizing the world catalogue published in 2005 as the foundation for the database . version 3 . 0 of the online catalogue contains 15 , 099 records representing 10 , 883 species . more than 1 , 600 records have been updated from ver 2 . 0 ( jul , 2012 ) , and more than 3 , 000 records have been updated from the original catalogue . the database is completely searchable and contains photos of over 1 , 200 type specimens .\nt @ rts will be updated regularly both with corrections from the original world catalogue and with additions since its publication . as such , these pages will serve as the most up to date information on current tortricid nomenclature . if you find any errors in the data presented here or have any questions / comments , please use the contact form to send the authors an email .\nwe are indebted to all of the original authors of the world catalogue ( j . w . brown , j . baixeras , r . brown , m . horak , f . komai , e . metzler , j . razowski , and k . tuck ) for providing the basis for this project . we would also like to thank the dozens of individuals who have provided corrections or updates to the database since it was first placed online in 2007 .\ngilligan , t . m . , j . baixeras , j . w . brown & k . r . tuck . 2014 . t @ rts : online world catalogue of the tortricidae ( ver . 3 . 0 ) . urltoken\n1 colorado state university , bioagricultural sciences and pest management , 1177 campus delivery , fort collins , co 80523 , usa 2 institut cavanilles de biodiversitat i biologia evolutiva , universitat de valencia , apartat oficial 2085 , 46071 valencia , spain 3 systematic entomology laboratory - usda [ retired ] , smithsonian institution , p . o . box 37012 , national museum of natural history , washington , dc 20013 , usa 4 curator - microlepidoptera [ retired ] , entomology department ( dc2 - 2n ) , natural history museum , cromwell road , london sw7 5bd , uk\nunless noted , all images on these pages are copyright \u00a9 2003 - 14 by todd gilligan . please do not download , copy , print , or otherwise distribute any images from these pages without the permission of the author . contact form .\na species of heathland and moorland , this attractive moth flies during the afternoon and early evening .\nit can be found on the wing during may and june . it is a species of northern britain , occurring from staffordshire northwards to scotland and into ireland .\nukmoths is built , run and maintained by ian kimber , with thanks to the many kind contributors who provide photos and information .\nthe ukmoths facebook page is a great place to post your identification queries . more often than not you ' ll get a positive id on most photos fairly quickly .\nlooking for a specific moth species ? enter just part of the name below .\nprocache : v317 render date : 2018 - 06 - 16 11 : 01 : 25 page render time : 0 . 2581s total w / procache : 0 . 3006s\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nat cawston ? in barrett ' s 1873 norfolk list . barrett notes\ni have had no opportunity of identifying this species\n.\nrecorded in 1 ( 1 % ) of 69 10k squares . first recorded in 1874 . last recorded in 1874 .\nunderlying maps using digital map data \u00a9 norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola\u2122 2018 . \u00a9 james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018 . data \u00a9 nola\u2122 2018\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nenter the name or part of a name you wish to search for . the asterisk character * can be used as wildcard . e . g . ' papilio * ' . keep in mind that the search is only based on the full taxon name .\nwe are still having problems with the search feature . unfortunately we cannot give a timeline when the advanced search will be fixed .\nmuseum f\u00fcr naturkunde leibniz - institut f\u00fcr evolutions - und biodiversit\u00e4tsforschung invalidenstr . 43 10115 berlin germany e - mail : fauna - eu ( at ) mfn - berlin . de website : urltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 1 / / en\nurltoken\nnotes : nationally scarce ( nb ) on heathland and moorland throughout much of northern england , scotland and western ireland . not recorded in hampshire or on the isle of wight to date . wingspan 15 - 20 mm . differs from o . arbutella by its larger size and the characteristic purplish brown coloration of the forewing , which in o . arbutella is purplish red , and by the generally more broadly fasciate markings ; in o . mygindiana the head is dark grey but in o . arbutella it is purplish red or ferruginous ; the male may be readily distinguished from both sexes of o . arbutella by its light grey hindwing [ bradley ] . larva feeds on cowberry , bearberry and bog - myrtle , living between shoots spun together with silk .\nplease note that the nbn gateway map service has been terminated as of 1 april 2017 .\nas soon as a replacement map service is available , distribution maps will hopefully appear here again .\nin the meantime , you can get some idea of distribution from the nbn atlas website .\nprocache : v317 render date : 2018 - 06 - 22 14 : 41 : 12 page render time : 0 . 3244s total w / procache : 0 . 3800s\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 / / en\nurltoken"]}
{"id": 1165, "summary": [{"text": "gogoselachus ( \" shark from the gogo formation \" ) is an extinct genus of cartilaginous fish known from the late devonian of australia .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "it is one of the earliest well-preserved devonian chondrichthyans ( 20 million years older than cladoselache ) , as much more of the fish than just teeth and scales were preserved .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "this rare preservation reveals some unique discoveries about the evolution of the cartilage that was inside later cartilaginous fish such as sharks , rays , and chimaeras . ", "topic": 15}], "title": "gogoselachus", "paragraphs": ["what gogoselachus might have looked like , as restored from the scant fossil remains .\ngogoselachus lynnbeazleyae : the first recorded shark from the late devonian gogo formation of western australia .\nthe fossil , named gogoselachus lynnbeazleyae , is the first shark to be found in this area .\nright scapulocoracoid wam 09 . 6 . 145\u2013007 of gogoselachus lynbeazleyae , . . . | download scientific diagram\nsciency thoughts : gogoselachus lynnbeazleyae : the first recorded shark from the late devonian gogo formation of western australia .\nteeth of gogoselachus are distinctive with many small cusps . the image far right is a ct - scanned tooth showing internal structure .\ngogoselachus was clearly a fast - swimming predator that hunted other fishes using its jagged teeth to snare prey . gogoselachus lived on an ancient reef that teemed with many kinds of large predatory placoderm fishes , so had to hold its own in this piscine rat race .\ngogoselachus lynnbeazleyae discovered by professor john long at the gogo fossil site , australia . testing shows that the three - dimensional remnant s\u2026 | pinteres\u2026\nhowever , when the authors recently examined the microstructure of the cartilage of gogoselachus using micro ct scanning , they discovered the matrix holding the cartilage together in the jaw contained bone cells .\nstructure of gogoselachus lynbeazleyae endoskeleton . ( a\u2013c ) gogoselachus calcified cartilage ( a ) sem showing tessellate layout ( b , c ) horizontal section through tissue ( d ) transverse ct scan of right meckel ' s cartilage . scale bar is 0 . 1 mm in ( c ) . abbreviations : cp , cell processes ; l , lacunae . long et al . ( 2015 ) .\npublishing their findings in the journal plos one , scientists said the fossil of gogoselachus lynbeazleyae dates to the late devonian period , around 380 million years ago , and shows the evolutionary transition from bones to cartilage .\nconcluding , the authors said the shark is an\nexceptionally preserved\nfossil that\nsuggests gogoselachus represents a transitional step toward the tessellated prismatic calcified cartilage which is today recognised as the main diagnostic character of the chondrichthyes\n.\nbut this idea has just been challenged due to the discovery , announced today in the journal plos one , of a 380 - million - year - old fossil shark from western australia named gogoselachus lynbeazleyae that shows remnant bone cells present in its cartilaginous skeleton .\nthe specimen described by long et al . comprises a set of disarticulated but clearly associated remains comprising both left and right meckel ' s cartilages , nasal cartilage , ceratohyal , hyomandibula , basibranchial cartilage , both scapulocoracoids , and associated teeth and scales . this is described as gogoselachus lynbeazleyae , where \u2018 gogoselachus \u2019 means gogo - shark and \u2018 lynbeazleyae \u2019 honours lyn beazley of the university of western australia for her \u2018contribution to scientific progress in western australia\u2019 . the specimen is thought to be the first known acid - prepared mineralized devonian shark remains .\ngogoselachus lynbeazleyae is an exceptionally preserved acid - prepared fossil chondrichthyan from the late gogo formation devonian of australia . its lower jaws have an expanded cotylus and small mandibular knob , and the slender scapulocoracoid has just 2 facets for radial articulations . the teeth have well - developed labial cusplets and their structure is intermediate between the ctenacanthiform and symmoriiform condition . the distinctive calcified cartilage forming the endoskeleton has multiple layers of nonprismatic subpolygonal tesserae separated by a cellular matrix . this suggests gogoselachus represents a transitional step toward the tessellated prismatic calcified cartilage which is today recognized as the main diagnostic character of the chondrichthyes .\ngogoselachus cartilage showing the separate units called tesserae making the up the lower jaw ( left ) , and a thin section showing bone cells ( red line ) inside the matrix which binds the tesserae together ( right ) . image on the left is 0 . 5mm across , image on right is about 0 . 1mm across .\ngogoselachus lynbeazelyae gen . et sp . nov . long , burrow , ginter , maisey , trinajstic , coates , young , senden urn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : ef04ad3e - 865d - 4fa5 - a6ff - f4ed6359fd26 ; urn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : 2ed167f8 - 9506 - 4d43 - b08e - 237291937b11\npreparation of gogoselachus lynbeazleyae from the gogo formation , western australia . ( a ) meckel ' s cartilage as exposed on collection , before acetic acid etching . ( b ) specimen during early acid preparation . ( c ) meckel ' s cartilages after full preparation , shown articulated in dorsal view . long et al . ( 2015 ) .\n( a\u2013c ) gogoselachus calcified cartilage ( a ) sem wam 09 . 6 . 145\u2013031 showing tessellate layout ( b , c ) horizontal section through tissue wam 09 . 6 . 145\u2013032 ( d ) transverse ct scan of right meckel ' s cartilage . scale bar = 0 . 1 mm in ( c ) . abbreviations : cp , cell processes ; l , lacunae .\nfig 4 . right scapulocoracoid wam 09 . 6 . 145\u2013007 of gogoselachus lynbeazleyae , gogo formation , western australia . ( a ) lateral ( b ) posterior and ( c ) medial views , with close up of articulatory area for pectoral fin in e , f . d , articulation area for pectoral fin articulation on left scapulocoracoid for comparison . abbreviations as for fig 3 .\nthe picture above shows the specimen ( b ) during early acid bath preparation , whilst ( c ) shows the meckelian cartilage once it has been removed from the surrounding rock . the species has been named gogoselachus lynbeazleyae . the genus nomenclature comes from the name of the geological formation and the greek \u201cselachos\u201d which means shark . the trivial name honours neuroscientist professor lyn beazley ( university of western australia ) , in acknowledgement of her role as an ambassador for science .\nhere we present new data from the first well - preserved chondrichthyan fossil from the early late devonian ( ca . 380\u2013384 mya ) gogo formation l\u00e4gerstatte of western australia . the specimen is the first devonian shark body fossil to be acid - prepared , revealing the endoskeletal elements as three - dimensional undistorted units : meckel\u2019s cartilages , nasal , ceratohyal , basibranchial and possible epibranchial cartilages , plus left and right scapulocoracoids , as well as teeth and scales . this unique specimen is assigned to gogoselachus lynnbeazleyae n . gen . n . sp .\ngogoselachus lynbeazleyae is represented by a set of associated elements which were probably held together by ligaments and muscular tissue when the concretion formed around them . they include both left and right meckel ' s cartilages , nasal cartilage , ceratohyal , hyomandibula , basibranchial cartilage , both scapulocoracoids , as well as associated teeth and scales . fig 1 shows the specimen as it was found in the field ( fig 1a ) , after a week in acetic acid ( fig 1b ) , and after the lower jaws had been freed and reassembled into life position ( fig 1c ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nyour web browser is not enabled for javascript . some features of worldcat will not be available .\nyour list has reached the maximum number of items . please create a new list with a new name ; move some items to a new or existing list ; or delete some items .\nnote : citations are based on reference standards . however , formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study . the specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher , classroom teacher , institution or organization should be applied .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) field is required . please enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) you entered is ( are ) not in a valid format . please re - enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\ni thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : plos one publisher : san francisco , ca : public library of science . isbn / issn : 1932 - 6203 oclc : 969745500\npublic library of science . ; national institutes of health ( u . s . ) . pubmed central .\nplease choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours .\nyou may have already requested this item . please select ok if you would like to proceed with this request anyway .\n# national institutes of health ( u . s . ) . pubmed central .\nworldcat is the world ' s largest library catalog , helping you find library materials online . learn more \u203a\u203a\ndon ' t have an account ? you can easily create a free account .\ndiscover a faster , simpler path to publishing in a high - quality journal . plos one promises fair , rigorous peer review , broad scope , and wide readership \u2013 a perfect fit for your research every time .\nlong ja , burrow cj , ginter m , maisey jg , trinajstic km , et al . ( 2015 )\ncorrection : first shark from the late devonian ( frasnian ) gogo formation , western australia sheds new light on the development of tessellated calcified cartilage . plos one 10 ( 6 ) : e0131502 .\nthe meckel\u2019s cartilages show a jaw articulation surface dominated by an expansive cotylus , and a small mandibular knob , an unusual condition for chondrichthyans . the scapulocoracoid of the new specimen shows evidence of two pectoral fin basal articulation facets , differing from the standard condition for early gnathostomes which have either one or three articulations . the tooth structure is intermediate between the \u2018primitive\u2019 ctenacanthiform and symmoriiform condition , and more derived forms with a euselachian - type base . of special interest is the highly distinctive type of calcified cartilage forming the endoskeleton , comprising multiple layers of nonprismatic subpolygonal tesserae separated by a cellular matrix , interpreted as a transitional step toward the tessellated prismatic calcified cartilage that is recognized as the main diagnostic character of the chondrichthyans .\ncitation : long ja , burrow cj , ginter m , maisey jg , trinajstic km , coates mi , et al . ( 2015 ) first shark from the late devonian ( frasnian ) gogo formation , western australia sheds new light on the development of tessellated calcified cartilage . plos one 10 ( 5 ) : e0126066 . urltoken\nacademic editor : andrew a . farke , raymond m . alf museum of paleontology , united states\ncopyright : \u00a9 2015 long et al . this is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited\nfunding : this work was supported by grants from the australian research council dp 0772138 awarded to gcy and jal for travel and scanning of specimens at the anu ; and dp1092870 awarded to kmt for travel to collaborate . the funders had no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .\nthe fossils occur inside limestone concretions which formed around whole fish or parts of carcasses that fell into the deep inter - reef basins between the reef fronts . rapid calcitic concretion formation prevented compaction or distortion from tectonic or gravity - induced sedimentary loading , thus retaining the original shape of the bones and delicate perichondrally calcified cartilages [ 34 ] . geochemical studies indicate that carcasses fell through a euxinic layer within the basin , enabling rare rapid preservation of soft tissue in anoxic benthic conditions [ 43 ] .\n( a ) meckel ' s cartilage as exposed on collection , before acetic acid etching . ( b ) specimen during early acid preparation . ( c ) meckel ' s cartilages wam 09 . 6 . 145\u2013001 ( left ) , wam 09 . 6 . 145\u2013002 ( right ) after full preparation , shown articulated in dorsal view .\nthe field work was done in australia with permission of the land owners and leaseholders . there are no regulations pertaining to collecting of fossils in this region of australia apart from land owner permission as stated under the lands administration act , as relevant to pastoral leaseholders : see urltoken .\nthe specimen is registered in the collections of the western australian museum as wam 09 . 6 . 145 , repository at 69 kew st , welshpool , western australia .\nthe specimen was acid prepared at museum victoria , melbourne by jal using 10 % acetic acid , with cartilage elements strengthened by mowital b30 in ethanol . the specimen and residues were washed in water to neutralize the acidity , then picked under a binocular microscope to retrieve isolated scales and teeth .\nscanning electron micrographs of teeth , scales and cartilage structure were taken using a jeol - 6400 at the centre for microscopy , university of queensland ( scales ) , and using other sems at university of warsaw , poland ( teeth images ) , and the los angeles county museum of natural history , california ( cartilage ) . thin section images were taken using an olympus bx - 50 microscope with dp12 imaging system .\ndigital transverse sections of the cartilages were studied through composite serial reconstruction from 10\u03bc slices by the ultrafine ct scanner in the dept of applied mathematics , anu , and studied using drishti 2 . 4 software developed by that department ( and now publically available as freeware ) .\nthe electronic edition of this article conforms to the requirements of the amended international code of zoological nomenclature , and hence the new names contained herein are available under that code from the electronic edition of this article . this published work and the nomenclatural acts it contains have been registered in zoobank , the online registration system for the iczn . the zoobank lsids ( life science identifiers ) can be resolved and the associated information viewed through any standard web browser by appending the lsid to the prefix\nurltoken\n. the lsid for this publication is : urn : lsid : zoobank . org : pub : 3563562e - 41e0 - 4579 - 8645 - 9c13f7880019 . the electronic edition of this work was published in a journal with an issn , and has been archived and is available from the following digital repositories : pubmed central , lockss .\nqm , queensland museum , po box 3300 , south brisbane bc , queensland 4101 .\nwam , western australian museum fossil collection ; 49 kew st , welshpool , wa , 6106 .\ngeneric name for the gogo formation and greek \u2018 selachos \u2019 , shark . species name acknowledging professor lyn beazley , of the university of western australia , for her contribution to scientific progress in western australia .\n? deihim mansureae\ndubious specimen aeu 236\nginter et al . ( 2002 ; plate 4 , figures j\u2013k ) [ 45 ] .\nshark\nlong & trinajstic ( 2010 ; p . 263 , figure 2 ) [ 34 ]\ncirca 60 km se of fitzroy crossing , north western australia , near the stromatoporoid camp locality , collected by jal , july 7th , 2005 .\na chondrichthyan with cladodont type teeth characterised by the following combination of features : a crown with a prominent median cusp rounded in cross - section , two smaller lateral cusps , and , in asymmetrical forms , a single intermediate lateral cusplet situated between the median cusp and the mesial lateral cusp ; a row of slender accessory labial cusplets at the crown - base interface ; a euselachian type base with a deep aboral depression and a vague orolingual hump . meckel\u2019s cartilage with wide , transverse articular cotylus and small mandibular knob ; ceratohyal with a deep anterior - facing pit towards the posterior of the outer surface ; elongate basibranchial with straight edges ; scapulocoracoid with two diazonal nerve foramina and two pectoral fin basal articulation facets .\nthe meckel\u2019s cartilages ( figs 1a\u20131c ; 2a , 2b and 2g ) are c . 5 cm long , deep posteriorly , with a well - developed continuous dental sulcus for the tooth rows ( sul ) , bordered laterally by a raised straight rim . the outer face of the cartilage has a ventral ridge ( fig 1a , vr ) defining a depressed lateral surface for the insertion of the adductor mandibulae musculature . the lower jaw articulatory surface has a broad transverse cotylus ( fig 2g , cot ) flanked medially by a small mandibular knob ( m . kb ) . both the cotylus and the mandibular process are on the same transverse plane . posterior to the cotylus is a thin vertical lamina ( fig 2a and 2c , re . fl ) , the sustentaculum sensu gegenbaur [ 46 ] a structure that has been recently referred to as the retroarticular flange [ 22 ] . the anterior region of the meckel\u2019s cartilage has a well - defined oval symphysial attachment area ( fig 2b , sym ) with a separate subrectangular muscle attachment area posteroventral to the symphysis ( ma ) .\n( a\u2013c ) left meckel\u2019s cartilage wam 09 . 6 . 145\u2013001 , medial , lateral and dorsal views . ( d , e ) ceratohyal wam 09 . 6 . 145\u2013005 , lateral and dorsal views . ( f ) nasal cartilage wam 09 . 6 . 145\u2013006 , anterior vie w ? . ( g ) ? epibranchial cartilage wam 09 . 6 . 145\u2013004 . ( h ) basibranchial cartilage wam 09 . 6 . 145\u2013003 . abbreviations : cot , cotylus ; fl . ch , flange on ceratohyal ; fo . ch , fossa on ceratohyal ; ma , muscle attachment area ; m . kb , mandibular knob ; re . fl , retroarticular flange ; sul , sulcus ; sym , symphyseal pit ; vr , ventral ridge .\nthe ceratohyal ( fig 2c and 2d ) conforms to the generalized chondrichthyan shape [ 44 , 46 ] , having an expanded posterior blade and narrow , slightly rotated anterior region . it is about three - quarters the length of the meckel\u2019s cartilage , and has a large fossa ( fo . ch ) facing anteriorly at its posterior extremity , rimmed by an elevated flange ( fl . ch ) . the anterior end of the ceratohyal is slightly expanded , with two separate , slightly rugose areas on the medial surface . it bears no distinctive grooves or foramina .\na delicate , triangular double - lamina of twisted cartilage resembles a nasal cartilage ( fig 2f ) . it correlates closely to the size and shape of other primitive chondrichthyan nasal cartilages or parts of the nasal capsule [ 14 ] . a shorter , tubular cartilage preserved above the meckel\u2019s cartilages is one of the gill arches ( fig 2e ) , most likely epibranchial 1 by comparison with ozarcus [ 21 ] . a single elongate and transversely concave cartilage plate probably represents the mineralized surface of a basibranchial cartilage ( fig 2h ) . it has a straight posterior margin with dorsally projecting corners ; the anterior end of the unit is m - shaped . midway along , its convex surface is rough with numerous small pores .\nthe scapulocoracoid ( figs 3 and 4 ) is 8 . 0 cm high , with an elongate , flat , dorsally tapering scapular region and a deeply concave coracoid region ventral to a thickened posterior ridge at the lateral inflection . the scapular blade has a weak posterolateral process ( pla ) . muscle attachment scars are interpreted as follows : the supinator muscle anteriorly on the lateral surface of the scapula ( sup ) ; the mediolateral pectoral retractor muscles near the anterolateral inflection ( flr ) ; the coracobranchialis muscles ( cobr ) above the inflection ridge ; the coracohyoideus muscles ( cohy ) ventrally ; and the pectoral depressor muscle sheet ( pdm ) on the posterolateral surface of the coracoid ( fig 3a and 3b ) . a ridge ( ri ) along the posterior angle of the ventrolateral inflection shows remnants of areas with raised borders enclosing surfaces presumed to be articulation facets for the pectoral fin basal cartilages . the small central facet is completely preserved on the left side ( fig 3b and 3d , pf . ar2 ) , but the lateral and medial surfaces of the ridge have broken off . the medial area shows remnants of a rim shared with the central area , but the lateral area is missing .\nthe left scapulocoracoid is slightly damaged in the area of the fin articulation but clearly shows two facets for fin radial articulations ( fig 3d and 3e ) . this interpretation is supported by features preserved in the right scapulocoracoid which has a broad triangular facet for the mesial pectoral fin radial attachment ( fig 4b and 4e , pf . ar1 ) clearly visible , as well as a slightly smaller lateral pectoral fin radial facet ( pf . ar2 ) . restorations combining data from both sides show that there was only two fin radial articulations ( fig 3e , fig 4f ) .\n( a ) posterior ( b ) medial and ( c ) lateral views . d , close up of posterior face showing articulation area for pectoral fin , e . , interpretation of same area . f , close up of central lateral surface showing diazonal foramen ( df ) . abbreviations : af , articulation facets ; artc , articular crest ; br , break in bone ; cobr , coracobrachialis muscle attachment area ; cohy , coracohyoideus muscle attachment area ; cp , coracoid plate ; df , diazonal foramina ; muscle attachment areas ; flr , mediolateral pectoral retractor muscle attachment area ; pdm , pectoral depressor muscle attachment area ; pla , posterolateral process ; pf . ar1 , 2 , pectoral fin articulation areas 1 and 2 ; pla , posterolateral angle ; pva , posteroventral angle ; ri , ridge ; sup , supinator attachment area .\n( a ) lateral ( b ) posterior and ( c ) medial views , with close up of articulatory area for pectoral fin in e , f . d , articulation area for pectoral fin articulation on left scapulocoracoid for comparison . abbreviations as for fig 3 .\nthe dentition is represented by some 82 individual cladodont - type teeth which show limited morphological variation ; more than half are relatively large ( width at the base\u2013crown junction 1 . 5\u20132 mm ; figs 5a\u20135e ; 6a\u20136f and 6j\u20136t ) with the others smaller ( all about 1 mm wide ; fig 6g\u20136i ) . two types of crowns , symmetrical and asymmetrical , were observed among the larger teeth . symmetrical crowns ( fig 6d\u20136f and 6n\u20136t ) have a prominent median cusp , standing upright ( in labial view ) or with a slight distal inclination , and only two divergent lateral cusps whose height usually exceeds one - third of the height of the median cusp . no intermediate cusplets are present . in asymmetrical crowns ( figs 5a\u20135d ; 6a\u20136c , 6j\u20136m ) the median cusp is considerably inclined distally ( up to 20 degrees ) , the distal lateral cusp is inclined distally at 45 degrees and the mesial lateral cusp is only slightly inclined mesially . between the median and mesial cusps there is a small intermediate cusplet . the asymmetrical teeth are wider ( mesio - distally ) than the symmetrical ones . the median cusp is up to 2 . 5 mm in height in symmetrical teeth ; in asymmetrical teeth it is relatively shorter and thicker . in all types of teeth it is rounded in cross section , gently curved lingually , but non - sigmoidal . the labial face is ornamented with two to three coarse cristae almost reaching the tip ; the cristae may bifurcate at the basal part . the lingual face is almost smooth , only one or two indistinct cristae extend along the lateral margins . in asymmetrical specimens they are visible near the mesial margin ( fig 6c and 6j ) . the lingual and labial faces are separated with a lateral carina . the shape and ornamentation of the lateral cusps is similar to that of the median cusp .\nlarge tooth wam 09 . 6 . 145\u2013009 in ( a ) lingual , ( b ) labial , ( c ) oral ( d ) aboral views , in natural light . ( e ) sem of tooth wam 09 . 6 . 145\u2013010 , naturally broken near the median surface . ( f , g ) ct - scans of tooth wam 09 . 6 . 145\u2013011 , showing layout of vascular canals , in basal and lingual - lateral views . abbreviations : l - lcl , labio - lingual canals ; ctcl , central canal ; blcl , basolabial canals ; ccl , coronal canals .\n( a\u2013c ) wam 09 . 6 . 145\u2013012 in oral , labial , and lingual views . ( d\u2013f ) wam 09 . 6 . 145\u2013013 in labial , basal , and oblique lateral views . ( g\u2013h ) small tooth , wam 09 . 6 . 145\u2013014 , in lingual , and oral views . ( i ) tooth of intermediate size , wam 09 . 6 . 145\u2013015 , in labial view . ( j\u2013m ) wam 09 . 6 . 145\u2013016 in lingual , labial , oral and distal views . ( n\u2013p ) wam 09 . 6 . 145\u2013017 in oral , labial , and lingual views . ( q\u2013t ) wam 09 . 6 . 145\u2013018 in labial , lingual , oral , and lateral views .\nat the crown\u2013base interface , on the labial side of all the teeth , is a row of several accessory cusplets . they display various sizes and directions , but generally are slender , sharp and directed orally . in the asymmetrical specimens the largest may exceed the size of the intermediate cusplet . the labial accessory cusplets are vulnerable to abrasion and in most cases they are broken , leaving only the basal parts preserved .\ntooth bases of larger teeth are deep , elongated mesio - distally , from elliptical to broadly hexagonal , to trapezoidal in outline , with a lingual extension . a deep depression in the central / labial area of the aboral side is framed by the well developed , labially convex basolabial rim . no clear interlocking devices ( buttons or basolabial projections ) are present , save for a slight orolingual hump , observed in certain , especially small , specimens . the aboral depression and the basolabial rim might have helped in strengthening the connection between the teeth in a tooth file . the base surface , save for the immediate vicinity of the crown on the oral side and the aboral - lingual area , is perforated by numerous canal openings . the largest foramina occur on the orolingual rim and in the aboral depression .\nthe ct - scans and broken surfaces reveal a network of basal nutritive canals ( fig 5e\u20135g ) . in the lingual extension of the base there are mainly labio - lingual canals which , in most cases , extend from the orolingual rim to the lingual wall of the aboral depression . these major canals are interconnected by narrower tubes . in the area of the depression ( i . e . below the crown ; called here central canals ) , the directions change to mainly mesio - distal and vertical . and finally , the canals in the basolabial rim are mainly vertical . from the network of central canals , single vascular canals ( coronal canals ) extend into the basal parts of the median and lateral cusps .\nthe smaller teeth ( fig 6g\u20136i ) differ from the larger ones not only by the overall size , but also in proportions between the base and crown\u2014in the smaller teeth , in most cases , the base is relatively broader ( see especially fig 6i ) . in contrast to the excellent preservation of many of the larger teeth , most of the recovered smaller teeth have broken cusps . as the teeth were not found in situ , but dispersed around the jaw cartilages , we can only speculate in reconstructing the dentition . it is most probable that the narrow , symmetrical teeth were on the anterior part of the jaw , and the broader , asymmetrical forms were in the lateral tooth families . the smaller teeth are probably juvenile ones , replaced by larger forms , but preserved on the outer side of jaw , as is common among the ctenacanthiforms [ 47 \u2013 49 ] . the occurrence of both symmetrical and asymmetrical forms among the smaller teeth , as well as their broken ( possibly some worn ) cusps , support this view .\ntooth bases resemble the \u201ceuselachian - type\u201d ( sensu ginter 2005 ) [ 50 ] in having a spongiose structure and numerous labio - lingual canals . the absence of buttons and basolabial projections is a potential synapomorphy with chondrichthyans possessing\neuselachian - type\nteeth , although the presence of an orolingual hump and basolabial depression suggests that the bases of successive teeth overlapped in similar fashion to those of cladodont chondrichthyans in which buttons and projections are present [ 47 , 49 \u2013 52 ] . the presence of one or two medially situated larger canals in bases of symmetrical teeth ( fig 6p and 6r ) , instead of evenly distributed canals of virtually the same size , possibly represents a stage between the layout in ctenacanthiforms and symmoriiforms , which have median basal canal openings ( lingual and aboral ) which are usually much larger than any other foramina , and\neuselachian - type\nteeth with evenly distributed canals .\n( a ) presumed flank scale wam 09 . 6 . 145\u2013019 , anterocrown view . ( b , c ) presumed flank scale wam 09 . 6 . 145\u2013020 , anterocrown and posterior views . ( d ) presumed flank scale wam 09 . 6 . 145\u2013021 , posterobasal view . ( e , f ) presumed flank scale wam 09 . 6 . 145\u2013022 , posterobasal view and magnification of undersurface of crown denticulation . ( g , h ) very small scale wam 09 . 6 . 145\u2013023 , broken , showing crown view of one half and basal view of the other half . ( i ) abraded umbellate scale wam 09 . 6 . 145\u2013024 , crown view . ( j , k ) pultschuppe or squamae proniae scale wam 09 . 6 . 145\u2013025 , crown and posterior views . ( l ) stellate tessera wam 09 . 6 . 145\u2013026 , crown view . ( m ) probable branchial denticle plate wam 09 . 6 . 145\u2013027 , lateral view . ( n ) vertical transverse section through presumed flank scale wam 09 . 6 . 145\u2013028 . ( o ) oblique vertical section through umbellate scale wam 09 . 6 . 145\u2013029 . ( p , q ) horizontal section through the crown of ? head tessera wam 09 . 6 . 145\u2013030 , whole section and magnification to show spiralfasern structure . scale bars = 0 . 1 mm in all figures except ( p ) , where scale bar = 1 mm .\nthin sections show that the scales grew by appositional addition of odontodes laterally and posteriorly ( fig 7n and 7o ) ; shorter , more upright odontodes are added anteriorly . the thin bone bases show several inner growth zones having separate bases , with bases underlying the whole scale formed only in the later growth periods ( fig 7n and 7o ) . each odontode has a relatively wide pulp canal , surrounded and partly infilled by \u2018spiralfasern\u2019 , and interconnected by radial and circular canals . the \u2018spiralfasern\u2019 structure ( sensu gross ) [ 54 ] , rather than being fibrous , appears to be formed by spiralling rings of atubular dentine which developed centrifugally to partly fill the wide pulp canals . fine branching dentine tubules permeate the outer solid areas of the odontodes . innermost ( oldest ) odontodes have separate ? acellular bone bases , but the youngest growth zones have bases which underlie new and old growth zones . sharpey\u2019s fibres extended through the full - width zones , but not the individual odontode bases . horizontal section of a pultschuppe scale shows centrifugal growth zones ( fig 7p and 7q ) .\nthe endoskeletal elements are formed of mineralized tessellated cartilage ( fig 8 ) that varies in thickness , corresponding to the number of layers of tesserae . the meckel\u2019s cartilages , scapulocoracoids and the median ventral section of the basibranchial unit have two layers , whereas the gill - arch cartilages and the articulatory block on the scapulocoracoid are finer , with mostly one but rarely two layers . thin sections of loose cartilage fragments ( fig 8b and 8c ) show a structure similar to typical shark tessellated calcified cartilage , with subpolygonal tesserae showing rings and waves of liesegang [ 55 ] . however , rather than having fibrous connections between the tesserae as found in modern sharks [ 56 ] , the tesserae are mostly surrounded by a matrix incorporating elongate lacunae , some with fine processes extending from them ( fig 8c ) . ct scans ( fig 9h ) show the varying thickness of the cartilage in different areas of the endoskeletal elements ( fig 8d ) .\nthe morphology of the teeth is unique among the devonian chondrichthyes , showing a mix of features found in several shark groups . the crown is somewhat similar , mostly in the proportions of the cusps , to that of ctenacanthus concinnus [ 64 ] and cladodoides wildungensis [ 65 , 66 ] , but the median cusps of the latter two are labially flattened whereas in gogoselache lynbeazleyae they are biconvex . the asymmetry in devonian ctenacanthids , albeit common , is never advanced to a point of occurrence of an intermediate cusplet only on one side . moreover , the tooth base in ctenacanthids is provided with a distinct orolingual button and a straight , shelf - like basolabial projection , which are missing in g . lynbeazleyae teeth .\n( a\u2013c ) arduodens flammeus hairapetian & ginter , 2009 , from chahriseh , aeu 610 , in lingual , aboral , and lateral views . ( d\u2013g ) deihim mansureae ginter , hairapetian and klug , 2002 . ( d , e ) holotype , igpuw / ps / 5 / 1 , from hutk , in oral and lateral views . ( f , g ) putative anterior tooth , aeu 239 , from hodjedk , in labial and oral views . scale bar = 0 . 5 mm .\nbased on isolated teeth from the famennian of iran , ginter et al . [ 45 ] proposed a strong heterodonty within the dentition of d . mansureae . most of the specimens attributed to that species are various forms of crushing teeth . only two specimens can be considered as clutching teeth , and these were tentatively included in d . mansureae because of the structure of the base and the presence of labial accessory cusplets . it was suggested [ 45 ] that the teeth were from the anterior tooth families and the whole dentition functioned in a way similar to modern heterodontus , with a few minute anterior clutching teeth and a large lateral and posterolateral crushing apparatus ( [ 68 ] fig24c ) . however , the reconstructed whole dentitions of g . lynbeazleyae and d . mansureae were completely different , with a total absence of crushing teeth associated with wam 09 . 6 . 145 . therefore , we consider g . lynbeazleyae and d . mansureae to belong to separate , albeit probably related , genera .\na single tooth from the upper devonian of the canning basin , western australia , emerikodus ektrapelus [ 69 ] bears some similarity to the new form . the preservation of the tooth is not very good , but the form of the main parts of the crown and base are quite similar to those of g . lynbeazleyae . however emerikodus displays one very unusual feature : the row of accessory cusplets is apparently situated on the lingual , and not labial , side of the crown .\nthe presumed normal body scales of gogoselache lynbeazleyae appear intermediate between the \u2018cladodont\u2019 type sensu gross [ 53 ] and the ctenacanthid type sensu reif [ 70 ] . the \u2018cladodont\u2019 scale category was based on isolated scales from the middle devonian ohio bonebeds [ 54 , 71 ] and the upper devonian of iowa , rhineland and harz [ 54 ] . the scales are characterized by having a base formed of lamellar bone layers penetrated by sharpey ' s fibres , and a crown plate comprising circular or semicircular zones of odontodes ; growth was by addition to the margin of the scale crown and a new ( cellular or acellular ) bone layer under the whole base .\nseveral occurrences of ctenacanthid and cladodont type scales have been reported from eastern and western australian middle to late devonian microvertebrate assemblages [ 72 \u2013 74 ] . other rich assemblages from the ? upper givetian aztec siltstone at mt crean , antarctica include ctenacanthid - type scales similar to those of gogoselache , that are most likely from antarctilamna prisca [ 75 ] . the acanthodian and chondrichthyan microremains in the mt crean assemblage [ 76 ] show a marked similarity to early frasnian faunas from iran [ 77 ] .\ncomparing gogoselache scales with those of older taxa , the flank scales with their concave bases and polyodontode crowns resemble those of leonodus mader from the lochkovian of northern spain [ 78 ] . doliodus problematicus from the early emsian of new brunswick , canada [ 15 ] , and antarctilamna prisca young from the givetian of antarctica [ 75 ] . unlike gogoselache , all of these taxa have diplodont teeth , indicating that the scale form is probably ancestral to both shark lineages determined by tooth morphology .\nthe structure of the calcified cartilage in the endoskeleton of gogoselache is of interest as an apparent transitional form between gcc and pcc . ct scans and thin sections show a calcified tissue forming the outer shell of endoskeletal elements , more derived than the simple calcified cartilage comprising separate globules found in osteostracan agnathans [ 55 ] , acanthodians [ 79 ] and some stem chondrichthyans ( fig 9a and 9b ) . placoderms differ from other gnathostomes in having perichondral bone plus globular ( gcc ) and / or uncalcified cartilage forming their endoskeleton ( fig 9c and 9d ) in instances where such elements are preserved at all [ 53 , 73 , 80 ] .\nwe would like to thank field team members of the 2005 gogo expedition , l . hatcher , m . nossal , b . choo and m . karkeek ; and r . f . miller ( nbmg ) for image of doliodus calcified cartilage . we thank giar - ann hung for assistance with the sem photography at la county museum of natural history . dr adam summers , university of washington , provided helpful discussion on the cartilage histology . this work is a contribution to igcp 596 .\nconceived and designed the experiments : jal cjb jgm mic mg kmt gcy tjs . performed the experiments : jal mic tjs gcy jgm . analyzed the data : jal kmt cjb tjs gcy jgm mic mg . wrote the paper : jal cjb mg jgm mic . collection and preparation of the specimen : jal .\nschaeffer b ( 1975 ) comments on the origin and basic radiation of the gnathostome fishes with particular reference to the feeding mechanism . in : lehman j - p , editor . probl\u00e8mes actuels de pal\u00e9ontologie : evolution des vert\u00e9br\u00e9s . paris : colloques internationaux du centre national de la recherche scientifique . pp . 101\u2013109 .\njanvier p ( 1996 ) early vertebrates . oxford : oxford university press . 393 p .\nbrazeau m ( 2009 ) the braincase and jaws of a devonian \u2018acanthodian\u2019 and modern gnathostome origins . nature 457 : 305\u2013308 . pmid : 19148098\nand shark - like conditions in the last common ancestor of modern gnathostomes . nature 486 : 247\u2013250 . pmid : 22699617\nzhu m , yu xb , ahlberg pe , choo b , lu j , et al . 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p\u00e9rez c , dupret v , manzanares e , botella h ( 2010 ) new data on the lower devonian chondrichthyan fauna from celtiberia ( spain ) . journal of vertebrate paleontology 30 : 1622\u20131627 .\n, based on material from western queensland , australia . acta geologica polonica 58 : 151\u2013159 .\nmaisey jg ( 2013 ) the diversity of tessellated calcification in modern and extinct chondrichthyans . revue de pal\u00e9obiologie 32 : 355\u2013371 .\ndo these subject areas make sense for this article ? click the target next to the incorrect subject area and let us know . thanks for your help !\nrepublish our articles for free , online or in print , under creative commons license .\nsharks are one of the oldest and least changed of all the living back - boned jawed creatures . but because their skeletons are made of cartilage much of their early fossil record is poor .\ncartilage is a rubbery tissue that forms the framework for bones to ossify ( harden ) upon . it\u2019s why babies have rubbery legs when they begin to walk , as the bones haven\u2019t fully ossified around the cartilage cores . our ears and noses have cartilage frameworks too , which lack bone , but still support the soft structures we hear and smell with ."]}
{"id": 1173, "summary": [{"text": "kitten 's joy ( foaled may 8 , 2001 in kentucky ) is a thoroughbred racehorse who was a multiple graded stakes winner and the american champion turf horse of 2004 .", "topic": 7}, {"text": "since retiring to stud , he has become one of the leading sires in north america . ", "topic": 7}], "title": "kitten ' s joy", "paragraphs": ["running third was kitten ' s joy daughter fancy kitten owned by juan centeno .\n\u201cthat\u2019s all pretty much from one stallion \u2013 kitten\u2019s joy , \u201d he said .\nkitten ' s joy ' s big year was highlighted by an historic feat aug . 17 when\nfootage of kitten ' s joy , who led the general sire list for 2013 .\noscar nominated by kitten ' s joy takes the l . mcknight handicap ( g3t )\nktdf turf male : big blue kitten ( kitten ' s joy ) breeder : kenneth l . & sarah k . ramsey\n2 yo gendarme by kitten ' s joy 2 for 2 winning the g2 daily hai nisai s . at kyoto\nin 2016 , yearlings by kitten ' s joy sold for up to $ 500 , 000 .\nkitten ' s joy has his own personal spa at ramsey farm , which includes an underwater treadmill .\nyou got my attention with catonabalancebeam . first because he is out of zeny ' s half balance by kitten ' s joy and secondly because i suggested the name balancebeam kitten for the ramsey ' s two - year - old by kitten ' s joy out of agility . my name wasn ' t picked . maybe because they knew there was going to be a kitten ' s joy with the name catonabalancebeam ?\nthe trick , it appears , to producing a successful kitten\u2019s joy runner is to cross him with a mare who looks very much like him on the page . of kitten\u2019s joy\u2019s five north american grade 1 winners in 2013 , four of them \u2013 admiral kitten , big blue kitten , real solution , and stephanie\u2019s kitten \u2013 are inbred to northern dancer and roberto in the fourth or fifth generations . kitten\u2019s dumplings is inbred to northern dancer .\nreachfortheheavens was bred back to kitten\u2019s joy for 2014 , marking her fifth trip to the sire in six seasons .\nthat colt was kitten ' s joy , who has become the franchise stallion for nicholasville - based ramsey farm .\nan old saying goes , \u201cbehind every great man , there\u2019s a great woman . \u201d for kitten\u2019s joy , there have been several .\nit was a \u201cjoy\u201d - ful weekend for ken and sarah ramsey and their star stallion kitten\u2019s joy , who stands at their farm on harrodsburg road south of lexington , ky . already established as a leading american sire , kitten\u2019s joy had a career - making day on saturday .\nin addition there were 3 more winners for kitten ' s joy today : silver magnolia at arlington , wandering kitten at thistledown and royal blessing at churchill .\nwith his victory in saturday\u2019s grade 3 lexington stakes at keeneland , derby kitten emphasized the point that his sire , the el prado stallion kitten\u2019s joy , is one of the more underrated sires in the bluegrass . on the same keeneland card , kitten\u2019s joy had the winner of the listed giant\u2019s causeway stakes ( holiday for kitten ) and the second - place finisher in the g3 ben ali stakes ( dean\u2019s kitten ) .\niteration was bred to kitten\u2019s joy again for 2014 , making it her sixth pairing with the stallion in eight seasons .\nit was a \u201cjoy\u201d - ful weekend for ken and sarah ramsey and their star stallion kitten ' s joy , who stands at their farm on harrodsburg road south of lexington , ky . already established as a leading american sire , kitten ' s joy had a career - making day on saturday .\nclaimed primarily for the ramsey farm broodmare band , granny franny has been married to farm stallion kitten\u2019s joy , and kitten\u2019s dumplings is the mare\u2019s second foal by that stallion . all of granny franny\u2019s three foals to race by kitten\u2019s joy are winners , and in addition to the queen elizabeth winner , the mare\u2019s 2 - year - old , a full sister named granny mc\u2019s kitten , is the winner of the p . g . johnson stakes .\nthat c - section resulted in the birth of kitten ' s joy in 2001 . ( kitten ' s first had two more that followed before she foundered and was euthanized in 2006 . )\nmany of kitten ' s joy ' s offspring resemble their old man physically , and the best of his runners share his hickory - tough attitude .\nramsey farm announced today that champion sire kitten ' s joy ' s fee will remain unchanged at $ 100 , 000 for the 2017 breeding season .\nstill owned by the ramseys , granny franny was bred to kitten\u2019s joy again for 2014 , her fifth time in six matings .\nkitten ' s joy also ranks fourth on the general sire list with more than $ 10 . 5 million in progeny earnings .\nramsey said kitten\u2019s joy is too valuable to him to sell or shuttle , and he eschewed the idea of partners in ownership .\none of the central factors in the stallion success of kitten\u2019s joy is that he has towered over most of his mates in class . while generally well - pedigreed , the mares sent to kitten\u2019s joy have tended to be only fair performers on the racecourse .\nonce on the track , the progeny of kitten\u2019s joy created their own luck , to the tune of 24 stakes winners in 2013 .\nhe is a son of kitten ' s joy , one of america ' s most sought - after stallions and whose son bobby ' s kitten is to be the foundation sire at olly and amber tait ' s twin hills stud at cootamundra this year .\nbecause his dam , kitten ' s first , suffered a pelvic injury as a juvenile that restricted the size of her birth canal , kitten ' s joy and his subsequent siblings were born by caesarian section .\nkitten ' s joy and other leading sires of 2013 will be profiled in the jan . 11 issue of the blood - horse magazine .\n\u201ci had plenty of competition for bobby\u2019s kitten , particularly from ireland , \u201d admits rausing . \u201che is the first son of kitten\u2019s joy to stand in europe and it\u2019s exciting to have him here . he is certainly creating some interest . \u201d\nthe ramseys own 100 percent of kitten\u2019s joy , who stands this year for $ 50 , 000 at ramsey farm near nicholasville , ky . ramsey homebreds have accounted for most of kitten\u2019s joy\u2019s laurels this year . his leading earner , stephanie\u2019s kitten , won the alcibiades and breeders\u2019 cup juvenile fillies turf for the ramseys . holiday for kitten and derby kitten were graded winners last season , and dean\u2019s kitten took the dallas turf cup before placing in a pair of grade 1\u2019s on the grass , the joe hirsch turf classic and the arlington million . a few other ramsey - breds campaigned by other owners also were among kitten\u2019s joy\u2019s best runners last season , most notably banned , a multiple graded winner in 2011 who was euthanized after an injury last fall .\nrausing , a staunch supporter of her stallions , will no doubt have admired from afar the approach of the ramseys in their support of kitten\u2019s joy . their rewards have been reaped on the track via such top - class gallopers as big blue kitten , admiral kitten and gi breeders\u2019 cup filly & mare turf winner stephanie\u2019s kitten . kitten\u2019s joy\u2019s record at the breeders\u2019 cup thoroughbred world championships was further enhanced this year by amerman racing stables\u2019 gi breeders\u2019 cup juvenile turf winner oscar performance and , while bobby\u2019s kitten\u2019s brother , the dual grade ii winner camelot kitten , missed his intended appearance at santa anita , he remains in training for next season .\nit was an extremely close race , but it appears ramsey farm ' s kitten ' s joy has secured the title of leading north american sire by earnings for 2013 .\nkitten\u2019s joy is undoubtedly the driving force behind the rise of owners ken and sarah ramsey\u2019s breeding program , based in nicholasville , ky . in 2013 , an army of racehorses by kitten\u2019s joy carried the ramseys to a pair of eclipse awards , as the couple won both outstanding owner and outstanding breeder by landslide margins .\nkitten\u2019s joy goes to the spa - here is a talk of the track exclusive video of one of the premier stallions in the world and known around the world , kitten\u2019s joy . in 2013 he produced 24 stake winners and in 2014 he has had 25 through november . his pedigree goes very deep . the resounding success of kitten\u2019s joy as a sire follows an eclipse award - winning racing career in which kitten\u2019s joy himself won nine of 14 starts and earned $ 2 , 075 , 791 which helped elevate ken and sarah ramsey\u2019s racing and breeding operation to the highest levels of the sport . visit urltoken\nbut ramsey isn\u2019t the typical owner who simply bought his way into prominence ; he deserves much of the credit for his success . he is responsible for a phenomenon that defies most of the precepts of the horse breeding business : the success of kitten\u2019s joy . the stallion\u2019s progeny are as ubiquitous as ramsey himself , and even fans oblivious to pedigrees can hardly fail to notice what breeders\u2019 cup entrants such as bobby\u2019s kitten , big blue kitten , granny mc\u2019s kitten , kitten\u2019s dumplings and kitten kaboodle have in common .\nramsey estimated that he and his wife , sarah \u2212 whose nickname , kitten , gives kitten\u2019s joy his name \u2212 owned about 80 percent of the mares in the stallion\u2019s first few books . but this year , he said , that\u2019s likely to change .\ncamelot kitten takes the g2 national museum of racing and hall of fame s .\n\u201ckitten\u2019s joy has exceeded all expectations , \u201d ramsey said . \u201che\u2019s got five grade 1 winners this year and he\u2019s on top of the general sire list . it\u2019s something i never expected , so we\u2019re over the moon with it . \u201d\n2013 breeders ' cup entrants : big blue kitten ( turf ) , real solution ( turf ) , kitten ' s dumplings ( filly & mare turf ) , kitten kaboodle ( juvenile fillies turf ) , granny mc ' s kitten ( juvenile fillies turf ) , bobby ' s kitten ( juvenile turf ) , we miss artie ( juvenile ) .\nrated fourth by bailey around the first turn and down the backstretch , kitten ' s joy was in a bit tight around the final turn when pacesetter gold shield began tiring . but bailey guided kitten ' s joy outside that one and inside west virginia before cruising to a clear lead down the stretch .\nchampion turf horse in 2004 , kitten\u2019s joy won the secretariat during his 3 - year - old campaign , and it was one of two g1s among his nine victories . a winner of more than $ 2 million , kitten\u2019s joy also ran second in the g1 breeders\u2019 cup turf and the arlington million .\nthis entry was posted in bloodlines archive , bloodstock and tagged admiral kitten , arlington million , arlington park , big blue kitten , el prado , horse racing , ken ramsey , kitten ' s joy , lane ' s end weekender pedigree , real solution , secretariat stakes , stephanie ' s kitten , sword dancer invitational , thoroughbred by frank mitchell . bookmark the permalink .\nkitten\u2019s joy , with just five crops racing , captured the north american title , as mentioned by a margin of just $ 15 , 000 . kitten\u2019s joy had 24 bt winners last year , speightstown 23 . each had 10 gsw , while kitten\u2019s joy had five gisw , speightstown four . unlike other versions of the general sire list , we do not count jumps earnings in north america , which is why kitten\u2019s joy\u2019s margin of victory over speightstown is smaller on our list than on the other guys\u2019 . moreover , there is a case that speightstown - who was also second on our list in 2012 - really should be called the winner .\nramsey and partridge discussed six of the mares who helped establish kitten\u2019s joy as an upper - echelon sire in 2013 . they are presented in alphabetical order .\nkitten ' s joy ' s first 2 - year - old winner is in seoul , korea . munhak joy ( c , 2 , kittens joy - crimson ore , by exchange rate ) . won his first start and in doing so , he defeated older rivals . he was bred by the ramsey ' s and is trained by jung ho ik .\nthe leading turf sire in america for four years running , kitten ' s joy is the sire of 3 g1 winners in 2016 including recent grade 1 breeders ' cup juvenile turf winner oscar performance , who marked the fourth time that a son or daughter of kitten ' s joy entered the winner ' s circle after a breeders ' cup race .\nthe dams of the best runners by leading sire kitten\u2019s joy largely include horses claimed by owners ken and sarah ramsey , or purchased privately for a modest fee .\nit proved to be the right strategy , with kitten ' s joy developing into a dominant force . running exclusively on grass , the colt captured six of his eight 2004 races . in the secretariat stakes ( gr . it ) , kitten ' s joy rallied four wide entering the stretch while cruising to a 3 1z\nluck of the kitten was second in the prairie bayou s at turfway , kitten ' s roar was second in the blushing k d s at the fair grounds and granny ' s kitten was third in the buddy diliberto memorial s also at the fair grounds . all have significant earnings with granny ' s kitten in the lead with earnings of $ 385 , 851 , luck of the kitten , who was second in the breeders ' cup juvenile in 2014 , has earned $ 366 , 960 and kitten ' s roar has earned $ 271 , 958 .\ncommercial acceptance after kitten ' s joy ' s retirement in 2005 was a different matter . precocity and dirt form have long been the desired traits sought by north american breeders , so trying to lure the market toward an unproven turf sire resulted in kitten ' s joy getting only about 14 non - ramsey mares from the 127 he bred his initial season .\nsarah named their now - prized stallion kitten\u2019s joy , despite her husband\u2019s objections , because she sensed that the horse would bring them great happiness . her faith in kitten\u2019s joy remained after his racing career , even though potential buyers dismissed him as a long - distance turf specialist whose offspring would be ill equipped for american racing , which emphasizes shorter dirt races .\nkitten ' s joy has two entries in small - purse races at turfway this evening , and both runners are favorites . the combined winner ' s share of those races equals $ 9 , 000 , meaning the battle between kitten ' s joy and speightstown could have come down to literally hundreds of dollars in the final hours . alas , it ' s all hypothetical at this point .\n\u201cgranny franny is a little bit lighter in bone than what i\u2019d like to breed to [ kitten\u2019s joy ] , and if you look at kitten\u2019s dumplings , she\u2019s the same way . she\u2019s a little light - boned , not a real big filly , but when they\u2019re grade 1 winners , it doesn\u2019t matter . \u201d\nchampion turf horse in 2004 , kitten ' s joy won the secretariat during his 3 - year - old campaign , and it was one of two g1s among his nine victories . a winner of more than $ 2 million , kitten ' s joy also ran second in the g1 breeders ' cup turf and the arlington million .\nkitten ' s joy , a homebred son of el prado out of kitten ' s first , the first mare ramsey ' s wife sarah purchased , covered a firm 11 / 8 - mile turf course in 1 : 48 . 76 to remain undefeated in four starts across the weeds .\nkitten\u2019s cat ran second in the g3 palm beach at gulfstream . earlier this year , he provided a fitting tribute to his sire when scoring his second stakes victory in the kitten\u2019s joy at gulfstream . graduating at second asking at kentucky downs sept . 15 , kitten\u2019s cat checked in third behind subsequent gi breeders\u2019 cup juvenile turf winner oscar performance ( kitten\u2019s joy ) in belmont\u2019s giii pilgrim s . over a yielding course oct . 1 . he was victorious in the juvenile turf sprint s . on gi breeders\u2019 cup classic day at santa anita . he is closing on a quarter of a million dollars in earnings .\nwilliam\u2019s kitten , dk b / c , by kitten\u2019s joy . raced 3 yrs in na , 11 sts , 2 wins , $ 170 , 280 ( ssi = 4 . 2 ) . won sunday silence breeders\u2019 cup s . ; 2nd kentucky jockey club s . ( gr . 2 ) ; 3rd holy bull s . ( gr . 3 ) .\nkitten ' s joy ended his 2004 campaign in the john deere breeders ' cup turf ( gr . it ) . the heaviest favorite on the world thoroughbred championships card , the colt got caught in traffic during the roughly run race and finished second . john velazquez , his rider , also reported that kitten ' s joy had trouble handling lone star park ' s yielding course .\nthis entry was posted in bloodstock and tagged horse racing , ken & sarah ramsey , kitten ' s joy , ramsey farm , thoroughbred by press release . bookmark the permalink .\nchampion sire kitten\u2019s joy will stand the 2015 breeding season for a fee of $ 100 , 000 stands and nurses independent of the outcome of his runners in the breeders\u2019 cup . the # 1 sire of stakes winners in 2013 with 24 , kitten\u2019s joy is once again the leading sire of stakes winners in 2014 , already with 23 . [ \u2026 ]\none of the central factors in the stallion success of kitten ' s joy is that he has towered over most of his mates in class . while generally well - pedigreed , the mares sent to kitten ' s joy have tended to be only fair performers on the racecourse . real solution and admiral kitten , for example , are the first foals of their dams , who are winners by pulpit and grand slam .\nkitten ' s joy will stand at ramsey farm in 2014 for $ 100 , 000 , twice what he stood for this year . winstar farm has set speightstown ' s 2014 fee at $ 80 , 000 .\non friday , kitten kaboodle and granny mc\u2019s kitten will race in the $ 1 million juvenile fillies turf , and bobby\u2019s kitten is set for the $ 1 million juvenile turf . on saturday , we miss artie will race in the $ 2 million juvenile , kitten\u2019s dumplings is set for the $ 2 million filly and mare turf , and real solution and big blue kitten are entered in the $ 3 million turf .\nthe eclipse award winner as champion turf horse in 2004 , kitten\u2019s joy won nine of 14 starts , including seven stakes . his most important victories came in the g1 turf classic at belmont and the secretariat at arlington . the winner of slightly more than $ 2 million , kitten\u2019s joy went to stud at the ramsey farm of owners and breeders ken and sarah ramsey .\n\u201ci can\u2019t use a turf horse\u201d is probably the most perplexing and commonplace remark from stallion managers , who took another tumble over that directive , as turf champion kitten\u2019s joy rang up yet another grade 1 winner with kitten\u2019s dumplings in the queen elizabeth ii challenge cup at keeneland on saturday .\nthose are qualities frequently associated with the sire of kitten\u2019s joy , the outstanding sadler\u2019s wells stallion el prado , who began his stud career at airdrie stud , then spent the remainder as a leading sire for adena springs .\nin complete contrast to his own racing and breeding career , double form\u2019s full sister belle \u00e9poque became the third dam of kitten\u2019s dumplings .\nthe kitten ' s joy stakes is a listed turf race for 3 - year - olds . inaugurated in 2013 , it is carded over one mile at gulfstream park as of 2016 .\nfrom daughters of the sadler\u2019s wells horse , el prado , tapit has sired grade one winner laragh and graded winner white rose . this would suggest trying mares by el prado sons medaglia d\u2019oro , kitten\u2019s joy and artie schiller .\nbut other stats for the two stallions are neck - and - neck as well . going into today , each sire had 257 runners . speightstown produced 153 winners to 133 for kitten ' s joy , but kitten ' s joy held a slight edge ( 24 - 23 ) in the number of stakes winners and graded stakes winners ( 11 - 10 ) . the top bread - winner for kitten ' s joy was big blue kitten , who won a pair of grade 1 races and racked up $ 902 , 800 in earnings . for speightstown , it was reynaldothewizard , winner of the $ 2 million g1 dubai golden shaheen .\nsaturday\u2019s g1 coral - eclipse at sandown threw up a barnstormer as qatar racing\u2019s roaring lion ( kitten\u2019s joy ) edged out old rival saxon warrior ( jpn ) ( deep impact { jpn } ) to prevail by a neck and survive a subsequent lengthy stewards\u2019 inquiry .\ncourtesy of the tdn celestial woods ( forestry ) has already produced a pair of talented turf colts for ken and sarah ramsey and the breeders hope they have a third on their handsin first timer starstruck kitten ( kitten ' s joy ) . he is conditioned by chad brown , who also trained the juvenile ' s full - brothers , gi breeders ' cup turf sprint winner bobby ' s kitten and mgsw camelot kitten , who is entered in the giii saranac s . later on the card .\nangst : stephanie ' s kitten claims filly & mare turf a son of el prado bred by owners ken and sarah ramsey , kitten ' s joy had a 9 - 4 - 0 record from 13 starts with grade i wins in the joe hirsch and secretariat stakes , both in 2004 .\nat laurel generous kitten ran second in the laurel turf cup s for the ramseys and gaining black - type and raising his earnings over $ 160 , 000 . at louisiana downs , g3 sw coalport , another kitten ' s joy ran second in unbridled s also for the ramseys . his earnings stand at $ 578 , 283 .\nthe progeny of kitten\u2019s joy will seemingly be everywhere as the ramseys send a loaded seven - horse lineup into the breeders\u2019 cup on friday and saturday at santa anita park in arcadia , calif .\nstephanie\u2019s kitten was unfold the rose\u2019s second foal , after the mare produced winner lady kitten in 2008 . stephanie\u2019s kitten became one of the 2 - year - old filly division\u2019s most imposing figures in 2011 , winning the grade 1 alcibiades stakes and the grade 2 breeders\u2019 cup juvenile fillies turf . stephanie\u2019s kitten has continued to excel , scoring multiple stakes wins at 3 and 4 , including the grade 1 just a game stakes at belmont park last year .\nramsey and his wife , sarah , bred kitten ' s joy and knew he had a pedigree that strongly suggested success on grass . the colt ' s dam , kitten ' s first , had been a winner on the turf , and she is by european group i winner lear fan . el prado was a champion in ireland .\nhe employs several top trainers \u2014 the current roster includes chad brown , michael maker and dale romans ( who trained kitten\u2019s joy ) \u2014 but he takes an active involvement in decisions about his horses .\nkitten\u2019s joy was an outstanding racehorse , to be sure ; in 12 starts on grass he scored nine wins and finished second in the other three . he was at his best in races at 1\nthe progeny of kitten\u2019s joy rewarded her faith , and the ramseys reveled in their success on the racetrack . then , during what began as a carefree morning in florida , their storybook lives changed .\nrausing confirms that ken and sarah ramsey have already placed 10 mares , all in foal to kitten\u2019s joy , in quarantine in america in order to travel to england to visit their homebred next year .\nin analyzing only north american earnings , kitten ' s joy still ranks number one with $ 10 , 930 , 824 , about $ 900 , 000 clear of spendthrift farm ' s malibu moon , sire of kentucky derby winner orb .\na case of strangles , an upper - respiratory disease , afflicted nearly every ramsey farm - born foal in kitten ' s joy ' s first crop . but from that initial crop came grade ii winner dean ' s kitten , who came within a nose of defeating eventual champion cape blanco in the 2011 grade i joe hirsch turf classic .\nhowever , the mare\u2019s biggest success has come with her fourth foal , the grade 1 - placed stakes winner charming kitten . the colt is the most recent offspring of kitten\u2019s joy to run in the kentucky derby , and the most successful , finishing ninth in 2013 . charming kitten has won three races and placed in five graded stakes for earnings of $ 521 , 850 .\nwith 13 members of sea the moon\u2019s first crop selling this week at tattersalls for an average of 44 , 231gns and top price of 160 , 000gns , and with the imposing bobby\u2019s kitten becoming an appealing addition to the team , there\u2019s plenty of cause for joy at lanwades .\nafter a decade , the ramseys reached the zenith of the business . they were honored with the eclipse award as the nation\u2019s leading owners in 2004 , largely because kitten\u2019s joy had been the country\u2019s champion turf runner and roses in may the second - best dirt runner . ramsey sold roses in may to japan and kept kitten\u2019s joy , planning to manage his career as a stallion . people who understand the breeding industry had reason to think he was making a na\u00efve and expensive mistake .\ngroom flavio bueno led a blanketed kitten ' s joy across the grounds last week at ramsey farm in nicholasville .\nhe is treated like the king that he is ,\nowner ken ramsey said of the farm ' s signature stallion .\nthose are qualities frequently associated with the sire of kitten ' s joy , the outstanding sadler ' s wells stallion el prado , who began his stud career at airdrie stud , then spent the remainder as a leading sire for adena springs .\nin a single afternoon , the stallion had three grade 1 winners : big blue kitten ( sword dancer invitational ) at saratoga , then real solution ( arlington million ) and admiral kitten ( secretariat stakes ) at arlington . so far this year , kitten\u2019s joy has 15 stakes winners and racers with total earnings of nearly $ 7 . 5 million .\nit looked like he was going to be strictly a grass horse , and i ' m looking for dirt horses , so i decided to sell him ,\nsaid ramsey of kitten ' s joy .\nbobby ' s kitten will have a covering fee at twin hills of $ 16 , 500 , including gst .\nwhile big blue kitten was still an unraced 2 - year - old , ramsey farm parted with spent gold at the 2010 keeneland november breeding stock sale for $ 1 , 000 . however , the mare remains a frequent visitor to kitten\u2019s joy and was bred to him for 2014 .\nbobby ' s kitten is possibly one of kitten ' s joy ' s most notable performers , winning the group 1 breeders ' cup turf sprint as well as having a european success in ireland by 8 . 5 lengths . the family is proven on turf tracks , a great plus for the sire especially with 99 per cent of australian races conducted on grass .\nramsey credits pedigree adviser john frato for planning the mating that produced kitten\u2019s joy . kitten\u2019s joy\u2019s dam is the lear fan mare kitten\u2019s first , who won her first start by a nose before a broken hip ended her career . the ramseys\u2019s decision to breed her has paid off for several breeders . her first foal , the stakes - winning broad brush mare justenuffheart , went on to produce champion dreaming of anna and graded winner lewis michael for frank calabrese and graded winner justenuffhumor for mt . brilliant . in 2000 , frato recommended a short list of stallions from which ramsey and farm manager mark partridge chose el prado .\nin a single afternoon , the stallion had three grade 1 winners : big blue kitten ( sword dancer invitational ) at saratoga , then real solution ( arlington million ) and admiral kitten ( secretariat stakes ) at arlington . so far this year , kitten ' s joy has 15 stakes winners and racers with total earnings of nearly $ 7 . 5 million .\nwhatever the explanation , once - skeptical people in the breeding industry can no longer be dismissive of kitten\u2019s joy . even with his stud fee likely to rise to $ 100 , 000 next year , breeders will be mating high - class mares to him , which will almost insure the stallion of even greater success . the demand will be further proof that ramsey was right about kitten\u2019s joy and the conventional wisdom was wrong .\nmultiple graded stakes - placed and msw kitten ' s cat , scored his second stakes victory in the kitten\u2019s joy at gulfstream this spring , at two he was victorious in the juvenile turf sprint s . on gi breeders\u2019 cup classic day at santa anita . today the ramsey homebred trained by mike maker finished third in the woodchopper s , at the fair grounds . he has earned $ 328 , 576 .\ninstead of looking back , the man with the widest smile and some of the biggest ambitions in thoroughbred racing spends all of his time making sure kitten ' s joy and his homegrown operation reign above all others .\nfor the second consecutive winter , bailey has ridden a ramsey - owned colt into the winner ' s circle in both the tropical park derby at calder and the palm beach stakes at gulfstream . last year it was with nothing to lose . this year it ' s with kitten ' s joy .\nat 3 : won coolmore lexington s . ( gr . 3 ) ; 2nd overnight s . , alligator alley s .\nwe broke dubai sheikh off five or six lengths in front of kitten ' s joy , and kitten ' s joy ran him down and beat him about a length and a half or maybe two lengths going away ,\nramsey said .\nbut jerry said , ' ken , he changed gears like he always changes gears , but he struggled over the dirt and he ' s exhausted . i think he ' s better on grass , and i wouldn ' t try him on the dirt again . ' i took jerry ' s advice .\nall due credit aside , kitten\u2019s joy represents only one - third of the equation that produces a prominent runner , much less a stable full of them \u2013 the other pieces being the broodmare and a lot of luck .\n\u201cthe secret to kitten\u2019s joy isn\u2019t like trying to decipher the secret to coca - cola or the recipe for kentucky fried chicken , \u201d ramsey said . \u201cyou take the pedigrees and see what the common thread is . \u201d\nwith 16 current graded stakes winners from five crops of racing age , the commercial bandwagon has filled up as well . of the 184 mares kitten ' s joy covered in 2013 , 93 were non - ramsey mares .\nwere the additional grade i winners for their sire last year . in addition to his stakes winners in the upper echelon of racing , kitten ' s joy had five 2 - year - old stakes winners of 2013 .\nken ramsey wants to win the kentucky derby ( gr . i ) more than any other race , and he tried to make kitten ' s joy a derby horse . he didn ' t achieve his goal with the son of\nhome run kitten takes the off the turf the american h . at santa anita\nfoaled in kentucky , kitten ' s joy raced as a homebred for ken and sarah ramsey . he was trained by dale romans . he entered stud in kentucky in 2006 at ramsey farm and has stood there throughout his stud career .\nfrom kitten joy ' s\nkitten spa ,\nfeaturing an underwater treadmill on which he walks for 15 minutes a day five days a week , to the two paddocks at the horse ' s disposal , to the scrutiny of mares in his book , it ' s hard to find a segment of the ramsey operation not devoted to protecting the interest of a stallion with a history of trumping odds .\nas has been well - documented , kitten ' s joy ' s success has been directly linked to the confidence his owners had in him when he retired to their farm in 2006 after he earned more than $ 2 million on the track . to support their new stallion , the ramseys bred from 90 to 122 mares to kitten ' s joy , and as the number of other breeders have sought a piece of his success , his book has continued to expand , with 190 mares bred to him this year .\nreachinforthestars was claimed by the ramseys in her debut start for a $ 25 , 000 tag in september 2007 at calder . after winning two of 11 starts over two seasons of racing , she was sent to kitten\u2019s joy for a mating that produced admiral kitten , the winner of the grade 1 secretariat stakes in 2013 .\nthere were a pair of starters in the keeneland race by freshman sires , and the best effort came from cater to kitten ( by champion turf horse kitten\u2019s joy ) . he was seventh at the start , seventh at the quarter , then rolled past the remaining competition to finish second by 5 1 / 2 lengths .\none of the appeals of el prado was that , as a son of sadler\u2019s wells and a grandson of northern dancer , he brought a five - deep line of male champions to the mating , ramsey said . kitten\u2019s joy added another generation of champions with his 2004 eclipse award .\nkitten ' s joy enjoys the best of both nature and technological advances . along with his daily jaunts on the underwater treadmill , he spends time beneath a heat lamp while on an equine vibration plate designed to increase bone density and circulation .\nwinx ' s staying power as one of the world ' s top rac . . .\ntdnhighlighted by an almighty duel which saw ramsey farm\u2019s kitten\u2019s joy ( el prado ) nip winstar\u2019s speightstown ( gone west ) by no more than $ 15 , 000 for the title of leading north american sire for 2013 , according to calculations for tdn sire lists , these two were still outdistanced by two european sires , coolmore\u2019s galileo ( sadler\u2019s wells ) and juddmonte\u2019s dansili ( danehill ) , on the final tdn 2013 general sire list , combining european and north american sires .\nranked among the top 5 sires on the general sire list in 2016 , world class sire kitten ' s joy is also represented by multiple graded / group winners in the us , france and england in 2016 including sheikh mohammed ' s group 1 coral - eclipse stakes winner hawkbill and sheikh hamdan ' s multiple french group winner taareef .\noperations such as claiborne , phipps stables and juddmonte have long enjoyed top - level racing success with homebreds . however , in recent times , no single stallion has so thoroughly powered a farm the way kitten ' s joy has the ramseys ' .\nwhile there\u2019s no shortage of sadler\u2019s wells\u2019 sons and grandsons at stud in this part of the world , an intriguing recent addition to the stallion ranks in newmarket represents a diversification of the line which is thriving in america . the gi breeders\u2019 cup turf sprint winner bobby\u2019s kitten , a son of the champion turf horse and five - time us champion turf sire kitten\u2019s joy , arrived at lanwades stud earlier this autumn and has received a stream of visitors ahead of his covering debut next february . while his retirement was not announced until september , lanwades principal kirsten rausing had been in negotiation with bobby\u2019s kitten\u2019s owner - breeders ken and sarah ramsey since the spring .\nthis entry was posted in ray ' s paddock and tagged claiborne farm , gainesway , giant ' s causeway , horse racing , kitten ' s joy , leading sires , malibu moon , ramsey farm , sires , speightstown , stallions , tapit , thoroughbred breeding , thoroughbred racing , war front , winstar by scott jagow . bookmark the permalink .\ncalumet farm\u2019s real solution , a multiple ( g1 ) winner and millionaire by kitten\u2019s joy out of reachfortheheavens by pulpit , will stand at dex comardelle\u2019s blue star racing stallion facility in scott , louisiana . on lease from calumet , comardelle and calumet hope to offer louisiana a premium product and provide real solution a competitive book of mares that [ \u2026 ]\nfor all the honors ken and sarah ramsey ' s racing and breeding operation has earned during the past two decades , the two have never held their current position \u2014 the nation ' s leading owners in earnings , stakes wins and graded stakes victories \u2014 while also standing the leader on the general sire list \u2014 their homebred stallion kitten ' s joy .\nkitten\u2019s joy stood for $ 50 , 000 this year , but \u201ci\u2019m sure we\u2019ll raise his stud fee to $ 75 , 000 , maybe more , \u201d he said , adding that no decision will be made until after the breeders\u2019 cup in early november .\nwith medaglia d\u2019oro siring a champion in his first crop , there was no doubt the dark brown son of el prado was a major new force in the stallion corps , and kitten\u2019s joy confirmed el prado as a sire of sires to be reckoned with .\ngrade 1 winners real solution and big blue kitten will join their sire , kitten\u2019s joy , on the stallion roster at ramsey farm in 2015 , the daily racing form reports . both horses , which race as homebreds for ken and sarah ramsey , are scheduled to remain in training for the remainder of the year . chad brown trains [ \u2026 ]\nthe proposition was not an easy one , but ramsey rose to the challenge and put money into making kitten\u2019s joy a success as a sire . he did not get much outside help early on . ramsey said , \u201cin his first book , we got 16 outside mares , i believe , and we bought some mares , claimed some more , and used a lot of the money we got from roses in may to buy up a broodmare band that we could breed to kitten\u2019s joy . we currently have 128 . \u201d\nkitten ' s joy was busy . mr luck won the kranji stakes in singapore . closer to home 3 - year - old filly really proud ran thid in the cedar key s . at gulfstream sprinting 5 furlongs on the turf . she is a homebred for brereton jones and trained by christophe clement . additionally , both fro the ramseys , sniper kitten won an allowance race at keeneland - his 2nd win in 3 starts and sippin kitten broke her maiden in a msw also at keeneland .\nso he decided to build a large breeding operation on the cheap . he studied the form of fillies in claiming races and tried to identify ones who \u2014 though they may have been mediocre runners \u2014 had ancestors who would mesh with the pedigree of kitten\u2019s joy .\na horse who showed brilliant ability as a turf runner , kitten ' s joy was nonetheless considered a longshot to make a top sire in kentucky due to a long - standing bias against staying turf horses . owners ken and sarah ramsey supported him strongly with their own mares , however , and were well rewarded as kitten ' s joy rose to the top of the american general sire list in 2013 . to the surprise of many , the horse also became an american champion juvenile sire , leading that list in 2011 .\ngranny franny has a yearling colt by kitten\u2019s joy and has shown her value as a producer already . by doing that , granny franny took the measure of the breeding prescription \u201cnot to breed to mares with a blank dam . \u201d another one bites the dust .\nunfold the rose was sold at the 2011 keeneland january sale of horses of all ages for $ 7 , 000 , just months before stephanie\u2019s kitten began her breakout 2 - year - old campaign . the mare was consigned by ramsey farm , as agent , at the 2013 keeneland november sale in foal to kitten\u2019s joy but did not meet her reserve , with a final bid of $ 325 , 000 .\nreachfortheheavens\u2019s first foal , a kitten\u2019s joy colt , was in the field when ramsey farm sold the mare for $ 11 , 000 at the 2010 ocala breeders\u2019 sales co . fall mixed sale . one breeding season later , reachfortheheavens was back under the ramsey colors and that foal had become italian stakes winner real solution .\n\u201ci owe it to kitten\u2019s joy , \u201d ken ramsey said when explaining his success . \u201cwithout kitten\u2019s joy , i\u2019m certainly not going to be standing on that stage at the eclipse awards two times . i was actually overwhelmed when i found out what the actual vote was [ 235 - 4 for owner , 221 - 21 for breeder , among the finalists ] . i was astonished at how lopsided the voting was . we did have a truly good year , the best year we\u2019ve ever had since we\u2019ve been in horse racing . \u201d\niteration was purchased privately in 2006 for $ 10 , 000 and was part of the first book for kitten\u2019s joy . her first big hit came with her second foal , queen\u2019splatekitten , who was a multiple grade 3 - placed stakes winner of $ 387 , 313 .\nowner ken ramsey will be a prominent presence at the breeders\u2019 cup on friday and saturday , with seven starters in turf races , six of them offspring of his stallion kitten\u2019s joy . this will be no surprise to racing fans because ramsey has seemed ubiquitous all year .\nmaking his 29th start , 7 year old msw coalport ( kitten ' s joy ) ran a good third in the g3 - tropical turf h at gulfstream park west . he has earned over $ 621 , 000 for his owner / breeders ken and sarah ramsey .\ncalumet farm announced today that three - time grade 1 winner big blue kitten , the morning line favorite for saturday\u2019s arlington million ( g1 ) , will take up stud duty at the famed lexington , ky . , farm at the end of his racing career . he will join another son of kitten\u2019s joy , 2013 arlington million ( g1 ) winner real solution , who was recently acquired from his [ \u2026 ]\nmore than 56 % of his stakes performers are graded stakes horses : oscar performance , 2016 winner breeders\u2019 cup juvenile turf - g1 , etc . stephanie\u2019s kitten , 2015 winner breeders\u2019 cup f & m turf - g1 , 2011 breeders\u2019 cup juvenile fillies turf , etc . big blue kitten , 2015 ncr winner joe hirsch turf classic - g1 , etc . bobby\u2019s kitten , 2014 winner breeders\u2019 cup turf sprint - g1 , etc . divisidero , 2016 , woodford reserve turf classic - g1 , etc . h awkbill , 2016 coral - eclipse s . - g1 , etc . real solution ( g1 ) , kitten\u2019s dumplings ( g1 ) , admiral kitten ( g1 ) , etc\na fearless gambler at the windows , ken ramsey went deep into the pool of risk with his stallion . he continued to buy mares that fit the profile of being good crosses with kitten ' s joy , keeping the stallion heavily booked in those crucial first few years .\ntait , a former lieutenant of godolphin ' s founder , sheikh mohammed bin rashid al maktoum , gained the southern hemisphere breeding rights to bobby ' s kitten in setting up his own breeding farm .\nin electing to stand a stallion , ken ramsey said that \u201ci had a big decision to make . i wanted to keep only one stallion . the japanese wanted to buy kitten\u2019s joy to take to japan , and they also wanted to buy roses in may . i did the pedigree research and decided that , of the two , kitten\u2019s joy had the best chance to become a leading sire . the first five stallions in his male line were all champions , and we decided that he had all the genetics required to be a leading sire . \u201d\nthat the ramseys ended up being the primary supporter of kitten ' s joy meant they had control over how a majority of those foals were raised . and being at the helm of the decision - making process is a spot in which ken ramsey thrives as few others do .\nkitten\u2019s joy had a remarkable year in 2011 with his third crop of runners . he edged out smart strike by $ 906 to become leading juvenile sire , finished the season in second to smart strike on the turf sire rankings , and was 10th on the general sire list .\nwith medaglia d ' oro siring a champion in his first crop , there was no doubt the dark brown son of el prado was a major new force in the stallion corps , and kitten ' s joy confirmed el prado as a sire of sires to be reckoned with .\n\u201cbased on this horse\u2019s race record and his pedigree , his performance was all predictable , \u201d ramsey said of kitten\u2019s joy , who is a son of el prado . \u201cthere\u2019s nothing fluky about it . the secret to our success is very simple . what\u2019s really helped kitten\u2019s joy is that myself and my team have been able to define and shape the destiny of this world - class sire . we have carefully selected every single mare that\u2019s been bred to him , and we own most of them . we\u2019ve raised most of his offspring , and we\u2019ve placed them where they can perform their best . we have orchestrated the thing ourselves by keeping the best ones , racing them , giving them to top - notch trainers . we flat put these horses where they can win . \u201d\nheading into today ' s cards , according to the widely - recognized general sire list at bloodhorse . com , kitten ' s joy runners had collected $ 11 , 320 , 523 in earnings , giving him a slim $ 89 , 342 advantage over speightstown , who sat in second with earnings of $ 11 , 231 , 181 .\ngraded stakes placed , granny ` s kitten held down the racing fort , adding more black type running third in the robellino s at penn national for the ramseys . he has earned $ 282 , 371 .\nas if the two graded stakes wins by sons of kitten ' s joy were not enough , his 3 year old filly noble beauty ran second in the honey ryder s in her second start lifetime ! she was bred by the ramseys and is now owned by great point stables llc and trained by chad brown . watch for this one .\nin addition to his top ranking on the general sire list , kitten ' s joy was the overwhelming leading sire of turf runners last year , with progeny earnings of $ 8 . 2 million on grass , far outpacing the $ 3 . 7 million in turf earnings by runner - up\ndepending on how their runners perform this weekend , ken ramsey said he could raise kitten ' s joy ' s stud fee from the $ 50 , 000 he commanded this year to at least $ 100 , 000 in 2014 . in lieu of birthday presents , ramsey wants more evidence that his horses and his stallion can rule the world championships .\n\u201ci try to cater to a range of mare - owners and indeed mares , \u201d explains rausing of her decision to secure bobby\u2019s kitten . \u201cbeing a relatively small operation standing four or five stallions i have to offer breeders something they can\u2019t find elsewhere . i was very fortunate to have hernando and selkirk , and leroidesanoimaux is sadly missed . nowadays when i look through the stallion register in europe it is so permeated with galileo and danehill , and as great a combination as it seems to be , you can\u2019t keep going forever . although bobby\u2019s kitten of course comes from the sadler\u2019s wells sireline it is , one would hope , sufficiently distant and it\u2019s another branch through el prado and kitten\u2019s joy . i think it\u2019s rather complementary rather than just being the same thing again . \u201d\nhis plan seemed fanciful \u2014 until the progeny of kitten\u2019s joys started winning everywhere . this year the stallion\u2019s offspring have won 22 stakes and earned in the vicinity of $ 10 million . on aug . 17 , ramsey won the arlington million with real solution ( a son of kitten\u2019s joy and a mare who had been claimed for $ 25 , 000 ) ; the $ 500 , 000 secretariat stakes at arlington ; and , within the same hour , the $ 600 , 000 sword dancer handicap at saratoga ."]}
{"id": 1185, "summary": [{"text": "the indochinese spitting cobra ( naja siamensis ) also called the thai spitting cobra , siamese spitting cobra or black-and-white spitting cobra , is a species of spitting cobra found in southeast asia . ", "topic": 7}], "title": "indochinese spitting cobra", "paragraphs": ["also known as : black spitting cobra , malayan spitting cobra , golden spitting cobra , sumatran spitting cobra ; naja ( naja ) sputatrix ( malaysia ) , naja naja miolepis ( borneo ) .\nthe indochinese spitting cobra is a species of spitting cobra snakes belonging to southeastern asia . with a decline in population , this snake has been grouped under \u2018vulnerable\u2019 species .\nashe\u2019s spitting cobra is closely related to the mozambique spitting cobra in terms of certain morphological and behavioral characteristics .\nindochinese spitting cobra \u2014 the indochinese spitting cobra has white spots or stripes . it is nocturnal and aggressive at night , but during the day , it is timid and quickly runs away . talk about a snake with dual personality !\nseven species of african spitting cobras exist today . they are ashe\u2019s spitting cobra ( n . ashei ) , the mali cobra ( n . katiensis ) , mozambique spitting cobra ( n . mossambica ) , zebra spitting cobra ( n . nigricincta ) , black - necked spitting cobra ( n . nigricollis ) , nubian spitting cobra ( n . nubiae ) , and the red spitting cobra ( n . pallida ) .\nthe smallest species of spitting cobras is the mozambique while the largest being the ashe\u2019s spitting cobra .\nthe indochinese spitting cobra ( naja siamensis ) eat mouse ( feeding ) in feeding terarium . this empty terarium is great for feeding : )\nalso known as : black and white spitting cobra , isan spitting cobra ; naja ( naja ) isanensis , naja ( naja ) sputatrix .\nwhenever a indochinese spitting cobra gets the chance , it will try to flee and spare its venom . the \u2018hood\u2019 is only visible in defensive posture .\nindochinese rat snakes are silver , black , grey , brown , or orange in color .\nequatorial spitting cobra ( naja sumatrana ) with spread hood . by angusticeps cc4 . 0\njavan spitting cobra ( naja sputatrix ) . by department of sustainability & environment cc2 . 0\nashe\u2019s spitting cobra \u2014 this is the largest spitting cobra , normally growing about 6 . 5 feet ( 2 meters ) long , and so it is also known as the giant spitting cobra . the largest specimen to date was almost 9 feet ( 2 . 7 meters ) long !\nzebra spitting cobra \u2014 once thought to be a subspecies of the black - necked spitting cobra but now considered a species of its own , the zebra spitting cobra is light brown , pink or yellow , with ( of course ) black stripes . that\u2019s how it got its name .\ncaptive care and reproduction of the red spitting cobra\n, erik attmarson , reptilia 33 .\nindonesian spitting cobra \u2014 also known as the javan spitting cobra , this snake is nocturnal and spends most of its time on the ground . it is a common prey for the komodo dragon , the largest monitor lizard .\nsnake getting a quick snack \u2013 think this is a mozambique spitting cobra . by i love trees cc2 . 0\nthe head can be elliptical or depressed like in the case of the equatorial and the mandalay spitting cobra . while few show distinct hood marks like the javan spitting cobra there are others that don\u2019t show any mark like the equatorial spitting cobra . however , many african spitting cobras portray dark cross bands located around the neck like the nubian spitting cobra . they do possess an inflatable neck hood which is the flap of the skin located behind the head of the cobra . when spitting cobras feel threatened they can expand their movable ribs by drawing in air from its lungs , a defense mechanism often used to frighten or warn predators .\nalso known as : black pakistan cobra , sri lankan cobra ; naja naja karachiensis , naja naja polyocellata .\nnow , you might wonder , how does spitting protect the cobra ? sure , it\u2019s disgusting . but is it dangerous ?\nmozambique spitting cobra ( naja mossambica ) dysmorodrepanis 01 : 09 , 29 may 2008 ( utc ) . by chris eason cc2 . 0\nindochinese spitting cobra ( naja siamensis ) spits at the camera , covering it with venom . note : spitting cobras don ' t actually ' spit ' their venom . they use muscles to squeeze their venom glands , squirting the venom from the hole in the fang . the hole isn ' t at the very tip of the fang , it ' s faces forward slightly . the hissing noise they make plays no part in ' spitting ' .\nequatorial spitting cobra \u2014 the equatorial spitting cobra comes in two colors , black ( in singapore , malaysia , indonesia and the philippines ) and yellow ( in thailand ) . it is particularly common in singapore , where it often wanders near humans \u2014 not good news for those living there .\nthe red spitting cobra is a medium - sized cobra that may reach a length of up to 4 feet . originally , it was thought to be a subspecies of the mozambique spitting cobra , but is now considered its own species . it is favored by venomous snake keepers due to its coloration , which is typically a salmon to red color with black banding .\nspitting cobras do have teeth so , yes , they can bite . besides , they still need to eat , and spitting isn\u2019t a very good hunting technique .\nof the elapidae family that also showcase the same spitting behavior . however , the\nspitting cobras showcase defense mechanisms like their upright postures followed by a threatening hood .\nred spitting cobra ( naja pallida ) from africa . original uploader was pogrebnoj - alexandroff at ru . wikipedia cc - by - 2 . 5 .\nthe most potent venom is that of the philippine spitting cobra , one of the world\u2019s most dangerous true cobras whose venom is completely composed of neurotoxins .\nis classified under a different genus hemachatus and due to the major differences between genus hemachatus and naja , we will only focus on the 14 naja spitting cobra species in this article . spitting cobras are dominant in the naja genus , further characterized by two distinct types according to their location \u2013 the asian and african spitting cobras .\nother than the monocled cobra morphs , the indochinese spitting cobras are probably the most commonly kept and bred cobras in the usa . we purchased the cb ' 99 female , now deceased , from a friend on 10 / 26 / 02 . we bred the cb ' 99 female to a cb ' 02 male in 2006 and 2007 .\nspitting cobras are capable of spraying venom consecutively 40 times in a very short time span .\nwhat makes spitting cobra venom so scary ? well , it often contains a combination of neurotoxins and cytotoxins \u2014 substances that can damage nerve tissue and shut down individual cells . on human skin , spitting cobra venom isn\u2019t harmful , but if it gets in the eyes , inside the nostrils or into a cut in the skin , it can cause serious damage .\na 28 - year - old thai male who was clearing debris at a construction site when he encountered a spitting cobra . the reptile spat venom into his right eye before trying to escape . a colleague who was also at the site managed to kill the cobra [\nlethal injection : thailand . king cobra grabbed , hugged and kissed goodbye in the wild\nred spitting cobra \u2014 the red spitting cobra starts out as salmon red or reddish - orange , with a black or dark blue band around its throat , making it an attractive snake . as it grows , however , it becomes a darker shade of red and the throat band disappears . young red spitting cobras are diurnal , meaning they are active during the day , while adults are nocturnal , or active at night . this prevents the adults from eating the young ones .\nspitting cobra fang anatomy is different compared to other cobra species , as they possess a more forward and circular opening to their fangs compared to other cobras . this specialized structure allows the venom stream expelled by spitting cobras to travel forward , rather than downward . amazingly , when spraying , spitting cobras are able to match venom distribution to the size of the target , regardless of distance . these snakes are very unlikely to bite as a defensive behavior ; however , envenomations from bites have been reported .\nthe king cobra is not considered to be a true cobra species , such as the other cobras in the naja genus ; instead , it belongs to its own genus , ophiophagus .\nphilippine cobra \u2014 the philippine cobra is considered one of the world\u2019s deadliest snakes . why ? because its venom is purely neurotoxic and the second - most toxic among all cobra venom . one bite can kill within 30 minutes , without the victim even displaying any symptoms at all !\nblack - necked spitting cobra \u2014 the black - necked spitting cobra doesn\u2019t always have a black neck . sometimes it can be pure copper or olive brown , and sometimes it can have black and white stripes . it is a very adaptable snake that can thrive in different environments . also , it can be nocturnal or diurnal , depending on the time of year , whichever is more favorable for the snake .\nspitting cobras are any species of venomous snakes that can project venom from their fangs , hence the name \u2018spitting cobras\u2019 . this unique ability to project venom with a precise aim is a defensive mechanism found in most cobra species , specifically of the genus naja and few others . such species of cobras that are recognized for possessing a set of spitting fangs use specialized muscles that contract the venom gland forcing the venom out through the fangs .\na killed juvenile javan spitting cobra , naja sputatrix ( tl ca 50 cm ) ; head close up , note the fang position . from banyumas , central java , indonesia . by wibowo djatmiko cc3 . 0\nonce the venom of a spitting cobra gets in your eyes , you will feel pain and be forced to retreat . if left untreated , victims can even go blind . that\u2019s how potent the venom of a spitting cobra is . in this case , an antivenom won\u2019t work . the best thing to do is quickly wash the venom out of your eyes , and then get to a doctor for antibiotic eye drops .\nphilippine cobra . by mario lutz [ cc by - sa 3 . 0 urltoken via wikimedia commons\nking cobra skull showing large teeth and thick , rather short fangs for injecting venom during envenomation .\nthe fangs of the mozambique are modified with channel openings at the tip and directed forward at right angles for spitting venom .\ndespite preferring open grasslands , thick woodlands and agricultural fields , spitting cobras are often encountered near human settlements in southeast asia .\nthe holes present within the fangs of spitting cobras are tear dropped shaped to ensure spraying of a narrow stream of venom .\na 23 - year - old chinese male who was gathering fallen tree branches when he uncovered a spitting cobra under the branches that spat into his left eye . the snake , which managed to escape , fitted the description of the\ncham g , pan jc , lim f , earnest a , gopala krishna kone p . effects of topical heparin , anti - venom , tetracycline and dexamethasone treatment in corneal injury resulting from the venom of the black spitting cobra (\nking cobra eating a red - tailed racer ( oxycephalum gonyosoma ) snake \u2013 thailand . copyright 2009 vern lovic .\nthe diet of a spitting cobra doesn\u2019t differ much from the diet of other snakes . frogs and toads are on the menu , as well as lizards , birds , bird eggs , chickens , rats , mice , other snakes and even insects .\nfirst , don\u2019t forget that their spit is actually venom . second , spitting cobras aim for the eyes , an extremely vulnerable part of the body . third , studies show that spitting cobras hit their target at least eight out of ten times \u2014 that\u2019s deadly accuracy !\njust as rattlesnakes only rattle when they sense danger , spitting cobras only spit in order to defend themselves \u2014 this self - defense mechanism is a deep - rooted instinct . spitting cobras are able to spit immediately after hatching , and some say they can even do it after they\u2019re dead !\nptyas korros can be silver , grey , or brown \u2013 orange looking in color . scales on the posterior part of the body and on the tail often yellow and edged with black . underbelly is light yellow . juvenile indochinese rat snakes have a transverse series of round whitish spots or narrow yellow transverse bars .\nmorphologically , the king cobra has a larger head and more narrow hood compared to other cobra species . a key to identifying them is the presence of a pair of large scales , known as occipitals , located at the back of the top of the head . these are behind the usual \u201cnine - plate\u201d arrangement typical of colubrids and elapids , and are unique to the king cobra .\nanother interesting bit of information is that the king cobra is said to be able to see as far as 100 meters during daylight .\ntwelve cobra species live in asia . in contrast to african cobras , who exhibit great adaptive diversity , most asian cobra species are similar in behavior , lifestyle and habitat preference . the prevalence of cobras in asia is reflected by their frequent appearance in the region ' s religions and mythology .\nnaja siamensis possesses a deadly venom . in addition , the spitting of venomous can lead to damage to the corneas . strong venomous , deadly , corrosive for the eyes !\nwuster , w . ; warrell , d . a . ; jintakune , p . 1997 . redescription of naja siamensis ( serpentes : elapidae ) , a widely overlooked spitting cobra from s . e . asia : geographic variation , medical importance and designation of a neotype . journal of zoology 243 ( 4 ) : 771 -\nin thai language , it sounds like ngoo how chang ( literally \u201csnake cobra elephant\u201d , or ngoo chong ahng . there are many names for this snake .\nrecently tom charlton and i found a 3 - meter king cobra in krabi and got some great shots and video of it . facebook photo of it here .\nwolfgang wuster ' s asiatic cobra systematics page is extremely detailed and helpful , covering not only species descriptions but also some of the problems in identifying asian naja species .\nto describe three presentations of spitting cobra venom induced ophthalmia in urban singapore . case notes and photographs of three patients with venom ophthalmia who presented to our clinic between 2007 and 2012 were reviewed . two patients encountered the spitting cobra while working at a job site while the third patient had caught the snake and caged it . the venom entered the eyes in all 3 cases . immediate irrigation with tap water was carried out before presenting to the accident and emergency department . all patients were treated medically with topical antibiotic prophylaxis and copious lubricants . the use of anti - venom was not required in any case . all eyes recovered with no long - term sequelae . if irrigation is initiated early , eyes can recover with no significant complications or sequelae .\nmay be quite common in places . all are oviparous . diet is other vertebrates , with regards to which the african species at least are overall fairly catholic . some species have the ability to spit venom , a fact worth remembering as the venom can cause pain and blindness . o ' shea notes that often a spitting and non - spitting species may occur in the same location in africa and continental se asia .\nchu er , weinstein sa , white j , warrell da . venom ophthalmia caused by venoms of spitting elapid and other snakes : report of ten cases with review of epidemiology , clinical features , pathophysiology and management .\nthe king cobra ( ophiophagus hannah ) is the longest venomous snake species , with adults ranging from about 8 to 18 feet in length . they may live up to 25 years .\nthe egyptian cobra gained notoriety in the u . s . in 2011 , when mia , a resident of the bronx zoo , escaped . she was eventually discovered in the reptile house .\nthese are the true cobras , and the most widespread of cobra genera , covering all of africa , arabia , the indian subcontinent and se asia including china , the philippines and indonesia .\ndespite rapid urbanization , spitting cobra venom ophthalmia - a condition which is more commonly encountered in the wild and rural environment - can be seen in urbanized areas . as far as possible , these snakes should not be handled , caught or held captive as presented in our last case . captive snakes can be aggressive and still cause spitting injuries . we strongly discouraged captivity of these and a public education campaign or warning should be issued . ophthalmologists such are cognizant of such occurrences . regardless of the venom or toxin that the eye is exposed to , it is well - documented that prompt and copious irrigation is the key to preventing any chronic visual morbidity .\nthe forest cobra ( n . melanoleuca ) is considered the largest true cobra species , and specimens have been documented at up to 10 feet in length . it occurs mainly in western and central africa , where it can be found from senegal in the west to angola , western kenya , uganda and rwanda in the east . it can also be found in some parts of south africa .\ndescription : first aid for bites by elapid snakes which are likely to cause significant local damage at the bite site as their major clinical effect ( see listing in comments section ) . this includes venom spat into eyes by spitting cobras .\nspitting cobras are predominantly found in southern africa and southeast asia . in southern africa , they are found in dry savanna and semidesert areas . in southeast asia , they are found in forests , fields , grasslands and even near human settlements .\nthe mangshan pit viper , from china , is also known to spit venom , though not as far as spitting cobras can . this snake mostly uses its white - tipped tail to lure prey close , and then delivers a deadly bite .\nslowinski , j . b . & w . w\u00fcster ( 2000 ) a new cobra ( elapidae : naja ) from myanmar ( burma ) . herpetologica , 56 ( 2 ) : 257 - 270 . pdf\nderaniyagala , p . e . p . ( 1939 ) a new colour variety of cobra from ceylon & south india . ceylon journal of science ( b ) , 21 ( 3 ) : 233 - 235 .\nderaniyagala , p . e . p . ( 1945 ) some new races of the python , chrysopelea , binocellate cobra and tith - polonga inhabiting ceylon and india . spolia zeylanica , 24 : 103 - 113 .\nvenom extraction from indo - chinese spitting cobras , naja siamensis . we use the term ' malayan ' spitters in the video - that ' s what these snakes have been called for a long time in the animal trade , and old habits die hard !\nthe monocled cobra is found relatively frequently throughout thailand . naja kauthia , which is also found in india , nepal , south china and indochina , is called \u201ekeautiah\u201d in calcutta . this led to the name \u201ekauthia \u201c .\nas its common name indicates , the forest cobra lives primarily in forest or woodlands , and it is the only cobra species found in such areas in africa . due to its ecological niche , humans do not often encounter forest cobras , and the species is one of the least frequent causes of snakebites in africa ( it possesses a primarily neurotoxic venom ) . it is primarily a diurnal species , and it exhibits some arboreal tendencies due to its natural habitat .\ndoes not quickly run out of venom , can spit surprisingly often . and as noted in the introduction , they do not first have to get in a good pose before spitting . they can spit instantly as it turns its head towards you when you grab the tail . beware .\nthais are a bit crazy about cobras \u2013 it is the most easily recognized snake , and though i have met few people that can identify other snakes , most know what a cobra looks like . there are even amulet necklaces of cobras !\nthis cobra is primarily found in east africa , including somalia , southern egypt , ethopia , tanzania , kenya and sudan . there is much variation to the coloration throughout its range , and animals from kenya and northern tanzania exhibit an orange to red coloration with a very broad black throat band . when interacting with any spitting species of cobras , it is , naturally , imperative to wear protective eye gear , or even an entire face shield , to prevent any venom from entering your eyes if the animal decides to spit venom .\nw\u00fcster , w . & r . s . thorpe ( 1989 ) population affinities of the asiatic cobra ( naja naja ) species complex in south - east asia : reliability and random resampling . biological journal of the linnean society , 36 : 391 - 409 . pdf\nnearly everyone , whether or not they are knowledgeable about reptiles , recognizes a cobra . this is due primarily to the fact that cobras display one of the most\u2014if not the most\u2014iconic snake poses : the rearing , hooded display . for proof of this , look no further than ancient egypt . in ancient egyptian culture , the uraeus was a hooded cobra symbol used to represent sovereignty , royalty , deity , or divine authority . cobras belong to the family elapidae , the members of which are characterized by proteroglyph dentition , meaning they have two short , fixed fangs in the front of the mouth , which channel venom into their prey like hypodermic needles .\ntaxonomic comment . the\nsuphan cobra\n(\nn . k . suphanensis\n) is a colour variety of n . kaouthia known from central thailand . all intermediates between\ntypical\nsuphan cobras and\ntypical\nn . kaouthia are known , and a molecular genetic study showed no differences bewteen these colour forms .\nreproduction cobra breeding season is between the months of april and july . females can lay 12 to 30 eggs in an underground nest which hatch 50 to 70 days later . newly hatched cobras measure between 20 to 30 cm ( 8 \u00ad12 inches ) and already have fully functional venom glands . however , they cannot control how much venom they release when they are still young .\nvery toxic , but monocled cobras ( naja kaouthia ) and kraits ( genus bungarus ) are more potent on the ld50 scale . the power of the king is in the volume of venom it can inject in one bite \u2013 maximum around 7ml ! kings can ( and have ) killed elephants with a good bite . more information on venom constituents and treatment for king cobra snakebite here .\nthis article will provide a brief introduction to several cobra species , including some that are commonly available in the reptile trade ( at least where venomous reptiles can be kept legally ) , as well as some discussion on some of the defining characteristics of cobras . naturally , only extremely experienced keepers who have training with elapids , including cobras , should even think about maintaining these amazing snakes in captivity .\nso this page will be a collection of all the best information i can source about my favorite species of snake , king cobra \u2013 ophiophagus hannah . if you have some article , book , documentary , photo , video , or other bit of information you\u2019d like to see listed here , just write via the contact form at this link . it is found under the home menu at the top of all pages .\ni\u2019ve seen a few king cobras ( hamadryad ) in the wild . one i saw in a park in krabi \u2013 just the tail as it crossed the road behind me . i\u2019m guessing it was an eight meter long snake . i know it is probably impossible , but i\u2019m not joking . the tail was absolutely massive , longer and thicker by nearly double that of other 5 - meter kings i\u2019ve seen many of . this was quite possibly the biggest king cobra in the world .\nin thailand i\u2019ve watched just one snake show take over fifty king cobras each year out of the wild . they \u2018rescue\u2019 them from homes , yards , businesses , gardens , and farms . the kings spend a couple weeks or months rubbing their faces raw and bleeding against the fence trying desperately to escape . some of them are put in the king cobra show \u2013 where they are teased mercilessly three to ten times each day for tourists that are interested in seeing snakes , but don\u2019t really understand the state of the kings that are held there .\ni mentioned earlier having seen many dozens of king cobras run through the snake show here in our local area . that is just one king cobra show out of perhaps a dozen in the country . if every show caught and disposed of 50 king cobras annually , that\u2019s 600 adult king cobras yearly that are being depleted from the forests just here in thailand . kings mate once per year and their eggs are highly vulnerable to predators like monitors , other snakes , rats , and weather phenomena like high humidity and monsoon rains . kings lay eggs just before the rains start .\nophiophagus hannah is the only snake known in the world that creates a nest ( usually of bamboo and other leaves ) . this snake lays eggs which they stay with in the nest until ready to hatch . when the eggs begin hatching , the female king leaves because it eats other snakes primarily \u2013 and would likely eat the young . the young are fast , and deadly from the time they hatch . juvenile king cobras from thailand have yellow bands across their black bodies and heads . they look radically different from adult king cobra snakes . there is a danger of mistaking them for mangrove cat snakes ( boiga dendrophila ) .\nupdate 7 / 20 / 2016 \u2013 i\u2019ve seen a number of king cobras in the wild now over the years . four of them have been hundreds of meters high on mountains . many snake enthusiasts want to come to thailand to see king cobras , and i have to tell them\u2026 the chance of seeing one is slight . i\u2019ve lived in thailand for ten years and i\u2019ve seen only a handful , and i\u2019m in the rainforest often . your best bet is to come to the country and stay for a couple of months . stay at urltoken in a bungalow , and hike during the days around there . that\u2019s my best advice . your chance at seeing a king cobra is not high \u2013 you would probably need weeks of walking around during the day to see one . it\u2019s all luck !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nstuart , b . , thy , n . , chan - ard , t . , nguyen , t . q . & bain , r .\nde silva , r . , milligan , ht , wearn , o . r . , wren , s . , zamin , t . , sears , j . , wilson , p . , lewis , s . , lintott , p . & powney , g .\njustification : this species is listed as vulnerable on the basis that this species has experienced high rates of decline throughout its range , estimated at over 50 % in parts of its range and likely to be between 30 - 50 % globally over the past 15 - 18 years , which equals three generations assuming a generation length of 5 - 6 years , and the cause of decline ( overharvesting ) has not ceased .\nthis species has a very wide distribution throughout mainland southeast asia , with an extent of occurrence of over 800 , 000 km 2 that encompasses cambodia , southern laos , central and all of southern vietnam , northern thailand and eastern myanmar .\nthis species inhabits lowland and upland forest and cultivated areas , including rice paddies . it is found in deciduous , disturbed and open forest , and is absent from closed - canopy evergreen forest ( b . stuart and q . t . nguyen pers . comm . 2011 ) . generation length in this species is uncertain , but captive specimens have been reported to exhibit generation lengths of 4 - 5 years . generation length in the wild is probably longer , and is here estimated at 5 - 6 years .\nlike other cobras , this species is heavily harvested in vietnam , cambodia , and lao pdr where it is used for traditional chinese medicine ( b . stuart pers . comm . 2011 ) . this is the primary cause of observed population declines in this species , which is highly tolerant of habitat modification . this species is sometimes harvested for the skin trade , but this is only a minor threat as the skin quality is not high .\nthis species is listed on appendix ii of cites . in places the distribution of this species coincides with protected areas , probably providing small safeguards from high levels of harvesting . further research into the harvest levels of this species is needed , as is population monitoring . it is a protected species in vietnam , where it is listed as endangered in the national red data book ( dang\nstuart , b . , thy , n . , chan - ard , t . , nguyen , t . q . & bain , r . 2012 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\ndoctype public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\ndistribution . india ( except assam ) , pakistan ( except most of baluchistan ) , sri lanka , bangladesh , nepal .\nidentification . pattern : dorsal colour brown , grey or black ; often light , chevron - shaped bands across dorsum , which are frequently split into double or quadruple bands ; hood mark shape variable : spectacle , mask , horseshoe or o - shape , often linked to light throat area on at least one side ; clearly defined light throat area , usually a pair of clearly defined lateral spots . scalation : 23 - 29 scale rows around hood ( usually 25 - 27 ) , 19 - 21 just ahead of mid - body ; 161 - 180 ventrals , 37 - 51 subcaudals ; often only two posterior temporals .\ndistribution . northern laos , northern vietnam , china ( north - east to the mouth of the yangtze river ) , taiwan , hainan . .\ntaxonomic comment . easily confused with naja kaouthia . most easily distinguished by virtue of having lower ventral and subcaudal scale counts , particular when sex is taken into account .\nidentification . pattern : variable ; hood mark o - or mask - shaped , may be faint , but absent only in few populations ; dorsal colour yellow , brown , grey or blackish ; plain or with ragged or clearly - defined cross - bands ; throat pattern usually clear ; one pair of lateral throat spots , encroach only on lowest dorsal scale row . ventral colour usually similar to dorsal colour , may be light . underside of tail light , subcaudals usually dark - edged . scalation : 27 - 33 scale rows around hood , 21 just ahead of mid - body ; 170 - 197 ventrals , 46 - 61 subcaudals , normally all divided ; often more than one cuneate on each side ; frontal scale short , often almost square .\ndistribution . northern india ( east of delhi ) , assam , nepal , bangladesh , burma , thailand , northern malaya , cambodia , southern half of vietnam , probably southern laos , china ( yunnan , sichuan ) .\nidentification . pattern : medium to dark brown , with lighter interstitial skin , sometimes with more or less obvious lighter cross bands , mostly on interstitial skin ; a spectacle - shaped hood mark may be present , especially in some juveniles ; ventral side creamish , with two or three dark brown cross bands ; throat heavily mottled with dark brown pigment in adults . scalation : 27 - 31 scale rows around hood , 19 - 21 at midbody , usually 21 just ahead of midbody ; 173 - 185 ventrals , 50 - 58 paired subcaudals .\ndistribution . myanmar ( burma ) - confined to the dry zone surrounding the city of mandalay .\ndistribution . turkmenistan , uzbekistan , tadzhikistan , ne iran , northern and eastern afghanistan , northern half of pakistan , kashmir , e to himachal pradesh ( india ) .\ntaxonomic comment . naja naja specimens without a hood mark are often confused with n . oxiana , especially in pakistan and northern india . naja oxiana is never fully black , although some specimens may be quite dark . also , n . oxiana normally has several dark bands under the throat , whereas in black n . naja from pakistan , almost the entire throat is black .\nidentification . fairly stockily built . pattern : adults uniformly light or medium brown , occasionally some lighter variegations ; juveniles dark brown , with lighter variegations , sometimes a dark band behind the throat . scalation : 23 - 27 ( usually 25 ) scale rows around neck , 21 ( rarely 23 ) just ahead of mid - body ; 182 - 193 ventrals , 36 - 49 subcaudals , basal pairs sometimes undivided .\ndistribution . philippine islands : known with certainty from luzon , mindoro , catanduanes and masbate , likely to occur on other neighbouring islands . records from the calamianes group and palawan require confirmation .\nidentification . pattern : dorsal ground colour dark ; juveniles have a series of light lines ascending along the side , giving a series of a - shaped marks when seen from the side ; monocle hood mark present ; adults tend to be uniform . scalation : 175 - 183 ventrals , 60 - 64 divided subcaudals , 27 - 29 dorsal scale rows around hood , 21 - 23 scale rows at midbody .\ndistribution . philippine islands : recorded from mindanao , samar , leyte , bohol and camiguin . likely to occur on other nearby islands .\ndistribution . thailand ( except on malayan peninsula ) , western laos , cambodia , southern vietnam .\ntaxonomic comment . often mislabelled as naja sputatrix . the latter is never black and white , and normally lacks any clearly defined pattern .\nidentification . pattern : javan adults usually uniform yellowish , brown or blackish ; juveniles often have throat band and lateral throat spots , sometimes a hood mark , which is most often chevron - shaped , rarely mask - , spectacle - , horseshoe - or o - shaped ; specimens from the lesser sunda islands usually medium or light brown , with lighter scale bases ; throat band and heart - shaped hood mark persist into adulthood . scalation : 19 - 28 scale rows around hood , 18 - 21 just ahead of midbody ; javan specimens have more scale rows than lesser sunda specimens ; 162 - 183 ventrals , 42 - 54 subcaudals , normally all divided .\ndistribution . southern indonesia : java , bali , lombok , sumbawa , komodo , flores , lomblen , alor , possibly other islands in the group . the occurrence of this species on timor and sulawesi requires confirmation .\ndistribution . equatorial south - east asia : malaysia , extreme southern thailand , indonesia ( sumatra , borneo , bangka , belitung , the riau archipelago ) and the philippines ( palawan , culion ) ; may occur on other islands in the region ; possible remnant population in western java .\ntaxonomic comment . populations from the malayan peninsula were long mislabelled as naja ( naja ) sputatrix . populations from borneo were formerly known as naja naja miolepis . the systematics of this species need further analysis . naja sputatrix lacks any clearly defined pattern on the throat , and usually has fewer ventral scales .\nmatters are further complicated by the fact that the old subspecies of naja naja , as previously recognized , did not always correspond to the species currently believed to exist . in other words , some of the old subspecies were either trivial local variants , and their names are no longer used , or they were found to be heterogeneous , and encompass populations of several currently recognized species . relating the older nomenclature to that currently used is therefore not straightforward .\nthe appended table provides a kind of\ntaxonomic conversion table\nfor the older and newer literature . note that if the locality of origin of a snake is unknown , it may not be possible to determine which currently recognized species an animal mentioned in the literature belongs to .\nn . n . atra ( common ) , n . sputatrix atra ( china , northern vietnam - lingenh\u00f6le and trutnau , 1989 )\nn . n . kaouthia ( common ) , n . n . siamensis ( common in the toxinological literature ) , n . n . sputatrix ( vietnam , rare ) , n . n . leucodira ( reid , 1964 ) , n . kaouthia suphanensis ( yellow form from central thailand , rare )\nn . n . naja ( common ) , n . n . oxiana ( patternless specimens from northern india ) , n . n . indusi ( nw india , northern pakistan , rare ) , n . n . karachiensis ( black form from southern pakistan ) , n . n . polyocellata ( sri lanka , rare ) , n . n . caeca ( patternless specimens from northern india - rare )\nn . n . kaouthia ( thailand , cambodia , vietnam , through confusion ) , n . n . sputatrix ( thailand ) , n . n . isanensis , n . n . atra ( thailand ) , n . atra ( thailand ) , n . sputatrix atra ( rare , thailand ) , n . sputatrix isanensis , n . isanensis .\nn . n . sumatrana ( sumatra ) , n . n . sputatrix ( common , malayan peninsula , bangka , belitung ) , n . n . miolepis ( borneo ) , n . n . leucodira ( malayan peninsula , sumatra ) , n . n . kaouthia ( yellow form from northern malaysia - reid , 1964 ; tweedie , 1954 ) , n . sputatrix sputatrix ( malayan peninsula , java - lingenh\u00f6le and trutnau , 1989 )\nderaniyagala , p . e . p . ( 1960 ) the taxonomy of the cobras of south - eastern asia . spolia zeylanica , 29 : 41 - 63 .\nderaniyagala , p . e . p . ( 1961 ) the taxonomy of the cobras of south - eastern asia , part 2 . spolia zeylanica , 29 : 205 - 232 .\nlingenh\u00f6le , s . and trutnau , l . ( 1989 ) \u00fcber die kobras der gattung naja laurenti , 1758 in thailand . herpetofauna 11 : 6 - 13 .\nw\u00fcster , w . ( 1992 ) a century of confusion : asiatic cobras revisited . the vivarium , 4 : 14 - 18 . pdf\nw\u00fcster , w . ( 1996 ) taxonomic changes and toxinology : systematic revisions of the asiatic cobras ( naja naja species complex ) . toxicon , 34 ( 4 ) : 399 - 406 . pdf\nw\u00fcster , w . ( 1998 ) the cobras of the genus naja in india . hamadryad , 23 ( 1 ) : 15 - 32 . pdf\nw\u00fcster , w . & r . s . thorpe ( 1991 ) asiatic cobras : systematics and snakebite . experientia , 47 : 205 - 209 . pdf\nw\u00fcster , w . & r . s . thorpe ( 1992 ) asiatic cobras : population systematics of the naja naja species complex ( serpentes : elapidae ) in india and central asia . herpetologica , 48 ( 1 ) : 69 - 85 . pdf\nw\u00fcster , w . & r . s . thorpe ( 1994 ) naja siamensis , a cryptic species of venomous snake revealed by mtdna sequencing . experientia , 50 : 75 - 79 . pdf\nw\u00fcster , w . , r . s . thorpe , m . j . cox , p . jintakune & j . nabhitabhata ( 1995 ) population systematics of the snake genus naja ( reptilia : serpentes : elapidae ) in indochina : multivariate morphometrics and comparative mitochondrial dna sequencing ( cytochrome oxidase i ) . journal of evolutionary biology , 8 : 493 - 510 . pdf\nthis page ' s webcounter believes that you are visitor no . since 9 october 2001 support this site : visit out sponsors :\ngeneral shape medium in length , heavy bodied snake with long cervical ribs capable of expansion to form a hood when threatened . body is compressed dorsoventrally and sub - cylindrical posteriorly . can grow to a maximum of about 1 . 60 metres . head is elliptical , depressed and slightly distinct from neck with a short , rounded snout and large nostrils . eyes are medium in size with round pupils . dorsal scales are smooth and strongly oblique .\ngeneral : other these snakes can spit their venom , causing venom spit ophthalmia .\ntreatment summary bites can cause both local tissue injury and systemic effects , principally flaccid paralysis . treatment is therefore twofold ; good wound care and control of secondary infection , plus watch for flaccid paralysis . if severe paralysis present , with respiratory failure , requires intubation & ventilation . specific antivenoms available , which should be given at first sign of developing paralysis .\ngeneral approach to management all cases should be treated as urgent & potentially lethal . rapid assessment & commencement of treatment including appropriate antivenom ( if indicated & available ) is mandatory . admit all cases .\nantivenom therapy antivenom is the key treatment for systemic envenoming . multiple doses may be required .\n( cc by - sa 3 . 0 ) , or the attribution - noncommerical - sharealike\n( cc by - nc - sa 3 . 0 ) , or the attribution - share alike\n( gpl3 . 0 ) , or in the public domain ( pd ) , as shown in the caption to the image displayed on www . toxinology . com .\ncopyright 2001 - 2018 toxinology , wch . all rights reserved . best viewed in 800x600 resolution or higher .\nnaja siamensis laurenti 1768 : 91 naja naja kaouthia smith 1943 naja naja kaouthia , variety c taylor 1965 naja tripudians \u2014 nootpand 1971 naja oxiana \u2014 nootpand 1971 naja naja isanensis nutaphand 1982 naja naja sputatrix \u2014 nutaphand 1982 naja naja atra \u2014 nutaphand 1982 naja isanensis \u2014 nutaphand 1986 naja sputatrix atra \u2014 lingenhole & trutnau 1989 naja sputatrix isanensis \u2014 lingenhole & trutnau 1989 naja atra \u2014 w\u00fcster & thorpe 1991 naja cf . atra \u2014 w\u00fcster & thorpe 1992 naja siamensis \u2014 w\u00fcster & thorpe 1994 naja siamensis \u2014 cox et al . 1998 : 28 naja ( naja ) siamensis \u2014 wallach et al . 2009 naja siamensis \u2014 wallach et al . 2014 : 462\nnote : tdwg regions are generated automatically from the text in the distribution field and not in every cases it works well . we are working on it .\nvenomous ! in the toxinological literature , the name\nnaja naja siamensis\nis more likely to refer to naja kaouthia than to this species . not listed by golay 1985 .\nchan - ard , t . , parr , j . w . k . & nabhitabhata , j . 2015 . a field guide to the reptiles of thailand . oxford university press , ny , 352 pp . [ see book reviews by pauwels & grismer 2015 and hikida 2015 for corrections ] - get paper here\nchan - ard , t . ; grossmann , w . ; gumprecht , a . & schulz , k . d . 1999 . amphibians and reptiles of peninsular malaysia and thailand - an illustrated checklist [ bilingual english and german ] . bushmaster publications , w\u00fcrselen , gemany , 240 pp . [ book review in russ . j herp . 7 : 87 ] - get paper here\ncox , merel j . ; van dijk , peter paul ; jarujin nabhitabhata & thirakhupt , kumthorn 1998 . a photographic guide to snakes and other reptiles of peninsular malaysia , singapore and thailand . ralph curtis publishing , 144 pp .\ndas , i . 2012 . a naturalist ' s guide to the snakes of south - east asia : malaysia , singapore , thailand , myanmar , borneo , sumatra , java and bali . oxford j , ohn beaufoy publishing - get paper here\ngeissler , peter , truong quang nguyen , nikolay a . poyarkov & wolfgang b\u00f6hme 2011 . new records of snakes from cat tien national park , dong nai and lam dong provinces , southern vietnam . bonn zoological bulletin 60 ( 1 ) : 9 - 16 - get paper here\ngolay , p . 1985 . checklist and keys to the terrestrial proteroglyphs of the world ( serpentes : elapidae - hydrophiidae ) . elapsoidea , geneva . - get paper here\ngrismer , l . l . , neang , t . , chav , t . & grismer , j . l . 2008 . checklist of the amphibians and reptiles of the cardamom region of southwestern cambodia . cambodian journal of natural history 2008 ( 1 ) : 12\u201328 - get paper here\nlaurenti , j . n . 1768 . specimen medicum , exhibens synopsin reptilium emendatam cum experimentis circa venena et antidota reptilium austracorum , quod authoritate et consensu . vienna , joan . thomae , 217 pp . - get paper here\nlillywhite , harvey b . 2014 . how snakes work : structure , function and behavior of the world ' s snakes . oxford university press , new york , 256 pp\nlingenh\u00f6le , s . & trutnau , l . 1989 . \u00fcber die kobras der gattung naja laurenti 1758 in thailand . herpetofauna 11 ( 58 ) : 6 - 13 - get paper here\npauwels , o . s . g . ; david , p . ; chimsunchart , c . & thirakhupt , k . 2003 . reptiles of phetchaburi province , western thailand : a list of species , with natural history notes , and a discussion on the biogeography at the isthmus of kra . natural history journal of chulalongkorn university 3 ( 1 ) : 23 - 53 - get paper here\nsang , nguyen van ; ho thu cuc , nguyen , quang truong 2009 . herpetofauna of vietnam . chimaira , frankfurt , 768 pp .\nteyni\u00e9 , alexandre and patrick david . 2007 . additions to the snake fauna of southern laos , with the second laotian specimen of naja siamensis ( laurenti , 1768 ) and the forst country record of oligodon taeniatus ( g\u00fcnther , 1861 ) ( squamata , serpentes ) . russ . j . herpetol . 14 ( 1 ) : 39 - 44 - get paper here\nvonk , f . j . et al . 2008 . evolutionary origin and development of snake fangs . nature 454 : 630 - 633\nwallach , v . ; w\u00fcster , w . & broadley , d . g . 2009 . in praise of subgenera : taxonomic status of cobras of the genus naja laurenti ( serpentes : elapidae ) . zootaxa 2236 : 26\u201336 - get paper here\nwallach , van ; kenneth l . williams , jeff boundy 2014 . snakes of the world : a catalogue of living and extinct species . taylor and francis , crc press , 1237 pp .\nwuster , w . ; thorpe , r . s . 1994 . naja siamensis , a cryptic species of venomous snake revealed by mtdna sequencing . experientia 50 ( 1 ) : 75 - 79\nw\u00fcster , w . 1996 . taxonomic changes and toxinology : systematic revisions of the asiatic cobras ( naja naja complex ) . toxicon 34 ( 4 ) : 399 - 406\nw\u00fcster , w . ; thorpe , r . s . ; cox , m . j . ; jintakune , p . ; nabhitabhata , j . 1995 . populuation systematics of the snake genus naja ( reptilia : serpentes : elapidae ) in indochina : multivariate morphometrics and comparative mitochondrial dna sequencing ( cytochrome oxidase i ) . j . evol . biol . 8 : 493 - 510\nthis database is maintained by peter uetz ( database content ) and jakob hallermann , zoological museum hamburg ( new species and updates ) .\nvery dangerous , bites potentially fatal , and able to spit venom possibly causing blindness ; fixed front - fanged , potent venom , and a fast agile snake .\nwe have encountered this species in different seasons , both in the winter and in the wet season .\nour personal experience with this species has been primarily during the day , mostly in the mornings . many books however state they are nocturnal . this could perhaps vary per season / or even habitat .\nimage credit : urltoken staff . \u201cblausen gallery 2014\u201d . wikiversity journal of medicine . doi : 10 . 15347 / wjm / 2014 . 010 . issn 20018762\nprotobothrops mangshanensis , also known as mangshan pitviper at the los angeles zoo . image credit : junkyardsparkle cc0\naccording to urltoken they live up to about 20 years . http : / / urltoken / cobras - all - you - need - to - know /\nhabitat elevations up to about 1500 metres in mainly tropical primary and secondary forest ( including dense jungle terrain ) but has been found in gardens and parks in urban areas .\nprey feeds mainly on rodents and amphibians but will also eat snakes , lizards and small mammals .\nwe\u2019ve partnered with invision to make it easier to search and download our images in sketch and adobe\u00ae photoshop\u00ae .\n{ { t ( ' more _ than _ one _ credit ' , { zero : calc . totalcreditcost } ) } }\nonce this video clip is done converting , you ' ll be able to download it from your video conversion queue or download history .\neditorial use only photos don ' t have any model or property releases , which means they can ' t be used for commercial , promotional , advertorial or endorsement purposes . this type of content is intended to be used in connection with events that are newsworthy or of general interest ( for example , in a blog , textbook , newspaper or magazine article ) .\nthis format requires a quick conversion ( usually under 5 mins ) before download begins , or you can get the largest and smallest formats immediately .\nby clicking\nconfirm download\nyou agree that you ' ve read and agree to all applicable license agreements for this download .\nplease do not steal my photos for the purpose of advertising your own animals .\nall animals pictured on this page are in our collection , and owned by us . the photos were taken by us , unless otherwise labeled . we are still looking specimens of naja philippinensis , and extra specimens of species we already have . if you have something for sale , please contact us , at the link above .\nthe 7 photos below were taken by me , unless otherwise labeled , of some animals that used to be in our collection . the animals pictured below those 7 , are in our collection now .\nthe female at left died on 01 / 04 / 13 . she was a great girl and when bred to high - white males , produced some very nice offspring , including sia - 003 - 07 - f above .\nthey are easy to keep and work with , and most don ' t spit very often at all .\nour male id # sia - 019 - 06 - m , below , was produced by us from a clutch of 11 . 6 hatchlings back in 2006 from completely black parents . we got him back in may 2013 . he is almost completely black having only a few white dots in the center of some of his ventral scales . he is also very big at 68\n/ 172 . 7 cm long . maximum length is considered to be about 160 cm . his mother and father are shown below . ."]}
{"id": 1213, "summary": [{"text": "malea pomum , common name the pacific grinning tun , is a species of large sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family tonnidae , the tun shells . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "malea pomum", "paragraphs": ["taxonomy the species currently referred to as malea pomum ( linnaeus , 1758 ) was referred to as dolium ( malea ) pomum ( linnaeus , 1758 ) . . .\nspecimen thach ( 2005 : 93 pl . 44 , nr . 4 ) refers to a specimen of malea pomum ( linnaeus , 1758 ) as malea sp . [ details ]\ngenus and description : malea pomum , 53 . 2 & 69 . 5 mm , f + + + / gem , set of 2 specimens\nfr\u00e9d\u00e9ric ducarme marked the classification from\nworld register of marine species ( worms )\nas preferred for\nmalea pomum ( linnaeus , 1758 )\n.\ntaxonomy the species currently referred to as malea pomum ( linnaeus , 1758 ) was referred to under that name by ( a . o . ) paetel . . .\ntaxonomy the species currently referred to as malea pomum ( linnaeus , 1758 ) was referred to as dolium ( malea ) pomum ( linnaeus , 1758 ) by ( a . o . ) tryon ( 1885 : 265 ) ; boetger ( 1908 : 671 ) ; schepman ( 1909 : 125 ) ; vredenburg ( 1919 : 187 ) [ details ]\n( of tonna ( malea ) pomum pomum ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) kilias , r . ( 1962 ) das tierreich , lieferung 77 , gastropoda / prosobranchia : 1 - 63 , walter de gruyter & co . , berlin . page ( s ) : 19 [ details ]\ndolium ( cadium ) pomum var . macgregori ( iredale , 1931 ) ( recombination of synonym )\ntype species type taxon by subsequent designation herrmannsen , 1847 is malea latilabris valenciennes , 1832 which is accepted as cassis ringens swainson , 1822 ( i . e . malea ringens ( swainson , 1822 ) ) ( fide beu ( 2005 : 112 ) [ details ]\n( of tonna ( malea ) pomum ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) kilias , r . ( 1962 ) das tierreich , lieferung 77 , gastropoda / prosobranchia : 1 - 63 , walter de gruyter & co . , berlin . page ( s ) : 19 [ details ]\n( of tonna ( malea ) pomum macgregori ( iredale , 1931 ) ) kilias , r . ( 1962 ) das tierreich , lieferung 77 , gastropoda / prosobranchia : 1 - 63 , walter de gruyter & co . , berlin . page ( s ) : 20 [ details ]\n( of tonna ( malea ) pomum pomum ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) vos , c . ( 2007 ) a conchological iconography ( no . 13 ) - the family tonnidae . 123 pp . , 30 numb . plus 41 ( 1 col . ) un - numb . text - figs , 33 maps . , 63 col . pls , conchbooks , germany page ( s ) : 28 [ details ]\n( of dolium ( malea ) pomum ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) beu , a . g . ( 2005 ) neogene fossil tonnoidean gastropods of indonesia . scripta geologica 130 , p . 1 - 186 , pp . 166 , figs . 327 page ( s ) : 113 [ details ]\n( of malea ( quimalea ) pomum ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) beu , a . g . ( 2005 ) neogene fossil tonnoidean gastropods of indonesia . scripta geologica 130 , p . 1 - 186 , pp . 166 , figs . 327 page ( s ) : 113 [ details ]\n( of tonna ( malea ) pomum ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) beu , a . g . ( 2005 ) neogene fossil tonnoidean gastropods of indonesia . scripta geologica 130 , p . 1 - 186 , pp . 166 , figs . 327 page ( s ) : 113 [ details ]\n( of tonna ( malea ) pomum macgregori ( iredale , 1931 ) ) beu , a . g . ( 2005 ) neogene fossil tonnoidean gastropods of indonesia . scripta geologica 130 , p . 1 - 186 , pp . 166 , figs . 327 page ( s ) : 113 [ details ]\n( of malea ( quimalea ) pomum ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) habe , t . ( 1961 ) . coloured illustrations of the shells of japan . ii . hoikusha , osaka [ in japanese ] . xii + 183 + 42 pp . , 66 pl . page ( s ) : 47 [ details ]\nfamily : tonnidae born : 1758 , linnaeus genus and description : malea pomum , 53 & 65 mm , f + + + / gem ,\nbig & small\n, set of 2 specimen origin : collected by local fishermen through diving at about 20 to 50 meters deep off nucnucan island , bohol philippines . april 2016\n( of malea noronhensis kempf & matthews , 1969 ) kempf , m . & matthews , h . r . , ( 1969 ) occurence of the genus malea valenciennes , 1832 in atlantic waters , with the description of a new species ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . arquivos do ci\u00eancias do mar , 9 : 57 - 62 . page ( s ) : 57 [ details ]\n( of malea ( malea ) valenciennes , 1832 ) vos , c . ( 2007 ) a conchological iconography ( no . 13 ) - the family tonnidae . 123 pp . , 30 numb . plus 41 ( 1 col . ) un - numb . text - figs , 33 maps . , 63 col . pls , conchbooks , germany page ( s ) : 30 [ details ]\n( of malea pomum noronhensis kempf & matthews , 1969 ) vos , c . ( 2007 ) a conchological iconography ( no . 13 ) - the family tonnidae . 123 pp . , 30 numb . plus 41 ( 1 col . ) un - numb . text - figs , 33 maps . , 63 col . pls , conchbooks , germany page ( s ) : 28 [ details ]\n( of dolium ( malea ) pomum ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) vos , c . ( 2007 ) a conchological iconography ( no . 13 ) - the family tonnidae . 123 pp . , 30 numb . plus 41 ( 1 col . ) un - numb . text - figs , 33 maps . , 63 col . pls , conchbooks , germany page ( s ) : 28 [ details ]\n( of malea ( quimalea ) pomum ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) vos , c . ( 2007 ) a conchological iconography ( no . 13 ) - the family tonnidae . 123 pp . , 30 numb . plus 41 ( 1 col . ) un - numb . text - figs , 33 maps . , 63 col . pls , conchbooks , germany page ( s ) : 28 [ details ]\n( of tonna ( malea ) pomum ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) vos , c . ( 2007 ) a conchological iconography ( no . 13 ) - the family tonnidae . 123 pp . , 30 numb . plus 41 ( 1 col . ) un - numb . text - figs , 33 maps . , 63 col . pls , conchbooks , germany page ( s ) : 28 [ details ]\n( of tonna ( malea ) pomum macgregori ( iredale , 1931 ) ) vos , c . ( 2007 ) a conchological iconography ( no . 13 ) - the family tonnidae . 123 pp . , 30 numb . plus 41 ( 1 col . ) un - numb . text - figs , 33 maps . , 63 col . pls , conchbooks , germany page ( s ) : 28 [ details ]\n( of malea noronhensis kempf & matthews , 1969 ) beu , a . g . ( 2005 ) neogene fossil tonnoidean gastropods of indonesia . scripta geologica 130 , p . 1 - 186 , pp . 166 , figs . 327 page ( s ) : 113 - 114 [ details ]\n( of malea ( quimalea ) iredale , 1929 ) habe , t . ( 1961 ) . coloured illustrations of the shells of japan . ii . hoikusha , osaka [ in japanese ] . xii + 183 + 42 pp . , 66 pl . page ( s ) : 47 [ details ]\n( of quimalea pomum macgregori iredale , 1931 ) cernohorsky , w . o . ( 1972a ) marine shells of the pacific . vol . ii . pacific publications , sydney , 411 pp . page ( s ) : 112 [ details ]\nkempf , m . & matthews , h . r . 1969 ,\noccurence of the genus malea valenciennes , 1832 in atlantic waters , with the description of a new species ( mollusca : gastropoda )\n, arquivos do ci\u00eancias do mar , vol . 9 , no . 1 , pp . 57 - 62\n( of buccinum pomum linnaeus , 1758 ) beu , a . g . ( 2005 ) neogene fossil tonnoidean gastropods of indonesia . scripta geologica 130 , p . 1 - 186 , pp . 166 , figs . 327 page ( s ) : 114 [ details ]\n( of cadus pomum r\u00f6ding , 1798 ) beu , a . g . ( 2005 ) neogene fossil tonnoidean gastropods of indonesia . scripta geologica 130 , p . 1 - 186 , pp . 166 , figs . 327 page ( s ) : 113 [ details ]\n( of quimalea pomum macgregori iredale , 1931 ) beu , a . g . ( 2005 ) neogene fossil tonnoidean gastropods of indonesia . scripta geologica 130 , p . 1 - 186 , pp . 166 , figs . 327 page ( s ) : 113 [ details ]\n( of quimalea pomum ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) beu , a . g . ( 2005 ) neogene fossil tonnoidean gastropods of indonesia . scripta geologica 130 , p . 1 - 186 , pp . 166 , figs . 327 page ( s ) : 113 [ details ]\n( of dolium pomum ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) beu , a . g . ( 2005 ) neogene fossil tonnoidean gastropods of indonesia . scripta geologica 130 , p . 1 - 186 , pp . 166 , figs . 327 page ( s ) : 113 [ details ]\n( of quimalea pomum macgregori iredale , 1931 ) iredale t . ( 1931 ) . australian molluscan notes . n\u00ba i . records of the australian museum , 18 : 201 - 235 , pl . 22 - 25 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 215 [ details ]\n( of quimalea pomum ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) iredale t . ( 1929 ) . mollusca from the continental shelf of eastern australia . records of the australian museum . 17 ( 4 ) : 157 - 189 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 345 [ details ]\n( of malea pommum ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) richmond , m . ( ed . ) ( 1997 ) . a guide to the seashores of eastern africa and the western indian ocean islands . sida / department for research cooperation , sarec : stockholm , sweden . isbn 91 - 630 - 4594 - x . 448 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of dolium ( cadium ) pomum ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) bayer c . ( 1937 ) catalogue of the doliidae in the rijksmuseum van natuurlijke historie . zoologiscshe mededelingen , 20 ( 5 ) : 29 - 50 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 30 [ details ]\n( of malea noronhensis kempf & matthews , 1969 ) vos , c . ( 2007 ) a conchological iconography ( no . 13 ) - the family tonnidae . 123 pp . , 30 numb . plus 41 ( 1 col . ) un - numb . text - figs , 33 maps . , 63 col . pls , conchbooks , germany page ( s ) : 28 [ details ]\n( of dolium ( malea ) valenciennes , 1832 ) vos , c . ( 2007 ) a conchological iconography ( no . 13 ) - the family tonnidae . 123 pp . , 30 numb . plus 41 ( 1 col . ) un - numb . text - figs , 33 maps . , 63 col . pls , conchbooks , germany page ( s ) : 28 [ details ]\n( of malea ( quimalea ) iredale , 1929 ) vos , c . ( 2007 ) a conchological iconography ( no . 13 ) - the family tonnidae . 123 pp . , 30 numb . plus 41 ( 1 col . ) un - numb . text - figs , 33 maps . , 63 col . pls , conchbooks , germany page ( s ) : 28 [ details ]\n( of dolium ( cadium ) pomum var . macgregori ( iredale , 1931 ) ) bayer c . ( 1937 ) catalogue of the doliidae in the rijksmuseum van natuurlijke historie . zoologiscshe mededelingen , 20 ( 5 ) : 29 - 50 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 31 [ details ]\n( of buccinum pomum linnaeus , 1758 ) linnaeus , c . ( 1758 ) . systema naturae per regna tria naturae , secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis . editio decima , reformata . laurentius salvius : holmiae . ii , 824 pp . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of cadus pomum r\u00f6ding , 1798 ) r\u00f6ding p . f . ( 1798 ) . museum boltenianum sive catalogus cimeliorum e tribus regnis naturae quae olim collegerat joa . fried . bolten m . d . p . d . pars secunda continens conchylia sive testacea univalvia , bivalvia et multivalvia . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 151 [ details ]\n( of buccinum pomum linnaeus , 1758 ) vos , c . ( 2007 ) a conchological iconography ( no . 13 ) - the family tonnidae . 123 pp . , 30 numb . plus 41 ( 1 col . ) un - numb . text - figs , 33 maps . , 63 col . pls , conchbooks , germany page ( s ) : 28 [ details ]\n( of cadus pomum r\u00f6ding , 1798 ) vos , c . ( 2007 ) a conchological iconography ( no . 13 ) - the family tonnidae . 123 pp . , 30 numb . plus 41 ( 1 col . ) un - numb . text - figs , 33 maps . , 63 col . pls , conchbooks , germany page ( s ) : 28 [ details ]\n( of quimalea pomum macgregori iredale , 1931 ) vos , c . ( 2007 ) a conchological iconography ( no . 13 ) - the family tonnidae . 123 pp . , 30 numb . plus 41 ( 1 col . ) un - numb . text - figs , 33 maps . , 63 col . pls , conchbooks , germany page ( s ) : 28 [ details ]\n( of quimalea pomum ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) vos , c . ( 2007 ) a conchological iconography ( no . 13 ) - the family tonnidae . 123 pp . , 30 numb . plus 41 ( 1 col . ) un - numb . text - figs , 33 maps . , 63 col . pls , conchbooks , germany page ( s ) : 28 [ details ]\n( of cadium pomum ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) vos , c . ( 2007 ) a conchological iconography ( no . 13 ) - the family tonnidae . 123 pp . , 30 numb . plus 41 ( 1 col . ) un - numb . text - figs , 33 maps . , 63 col . pls , conchbooks , germany page ( s ) : 28 [ details ]\n( of dolium pomum ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) vos , c . ( 2007 ) a conchological iconography ( no . 13 ) - the family tonnidae . 123 pp . , 30 numb . plus 41 ( 1 col . ) un - numb . text - figs , 33 maps . , 63 col . pls , conchbooks , germany page ( s ) : 28 [ details ]\n( of dolium ( cadium ) pomum ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) vos , c . ( 2007 ) a conchological iconography ( no . 13 ) - the family tonnidae . 123 pp . , 30 numb . plus 41 ( 1 col . ) un - numb . text - figs , 33 maps . , 63 col . pls , conchbooks , germany page ( s ) : 28 [ details ]\n( of dolium ( cadium ) pomum var . macgregori ( iredale , 1931 ) ) vos , c . ( 2007 ) a conchological iconography ( no . 13 ) - the family tonnidae . 123 pp . , 30 numb . plus 41 ( 1 col . ) un - numb . text - figs , 33 maps . , 63 col . pls , conchbooks , germany page ( s ) : 28 [ details ]\ntaxonomy the species currently referred to as malea pomum ( linnaeus , 1758 ) was referred to under that name by ( a . o . ) paetel ( 1887 : 222 ) ; hedley ( 1916 : 196 ) ; dautzenberg ( 1929 : 447 ) ; van der vlerk ( 1931 : 243 ) ; winckworth & tomlin ( 1933 : 212 ) ; dodge ( 1956 : 167 - 169 ) ; cernohorsky ( 1972 : 112 ) ; hinton ( 1972 : 19 ; 1974 : 18 ; 1977 : 27 ) ; kay ( 1979 : 231 ) ; powell ( 1979 : 163 ) ; abbott & dance ( 1982 : 118 ) ; springsteen & leobrera ( 1986 ) ; kilburn ( 1986 : 4 ) ; wye ( 1991 : 100 ) ; wilson ( 1993 : 252 ) ; severns ( 2000 : 79 ) ; zhang & ma ( 2004 : 82 ) ; dharma ( 2005 : 192 & 352 ) ; thach ( 2005 : 93 in part ) ; beu ( 2005 : 113 ) [ details ]\n( of buccinum pomum linnaeus , 1758 ) linn\u00e9 c . ( 1764 ) . museum s : \u00e6 r : \u00e6 m : tis ludovic\u00e6 ulric\u00e6 regin\u00e6 svecorum , gothorum , vandalorumque & c . ; & c . ; & c . ; in quo animalia rariora , exotica , imprimis insecta & conchilia describuntur & determinantur prodromi instar editum . holmiae vii + 720 pp . : , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 600 [ details ]\n( of dolium ( malea ) pomum ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) tryon g . w . , jr . ( 1885 ) manual of conchology , structural and systematic , with illustrations of the species . ( 1 ) 7 : terebridae , cancellariidae , strombidae , cypraeidae , pediculariidae , ovulidae , cassididae , doliidae , pp . 1 - 64 , pl . 1 - 12 ( terebridae ) , 65 - 98 , pl . 1 - 7 ( cancellariidae ) , 99 - 152 , pl . 1 - 12 ( strombidae ) , 153 - 240 , pl . 1 - 23 ( cypraeidae , by s . r . roberts ) , 241 - 256 , 301 - 304 , pl . 1 - 5 ( pediculariidae and ovulidae ) , 257 - 267 , 305 - 306 , pl . 1 - 6 ( doliidae ) , 268 - 300 , 307 - 309 , pl . 1 - 10 ( cassididae ) . philadelphia , published by the author . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 265 [ details ]\n( of buccinum pomum linnaeus , 1758 ) linnaeus c . ( 1767 ) . systema naturae per regna tria naturae : secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis . ed . 12 . 1 . , regnum animale . 1 & 2 . holmiae , laurentii salvii . holmiae [ stockholm ] , laurentii salvii . pp . 1 - 532 [ 1766 ] pp . 533 - 1327 [ 1767 ] . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 1 197 [ details ]\n( of cadium pomum ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) link d . h . f . ( 1807 - 1808 ) . beschreibung der naturalien - sammlung der universit\u00e4t zu rostock . rostock : adlers erben . 1 abt . [ part 1 ] , pp . 1 - 50 ; 2 abt . [ part 2 ] , pp . 51 - 100 ; 3 abt . [ part 3 ] , pp . 101 - 165 ; abt . 4 [ part 4 ] , pp . 1 - 30 ; abt . 5 [ part 5 ] , pp . 1 - 38 [ 1808 ] ; abt . 6 [ part 6 ] , pp . 1 - 38 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 113 [ details ]\n( of dolium ( malea ) valenciennes , 1832 ) tryon g . w . , jr . ( 1885 ) manual of conchology , structural and systematic , with illustrations of the species . ( 1 ) 7 : terebridae , cancellariidae , strombidae , cypraeidae , pediculariidae , ovulidae , cassididae , doliidae , pp . 1 - 64 , pl . 1 - 12 ( terebridae ) , 65 - 98 , pl . 1 - 7 ( cancellariidae ) , 99 - 152 , pl . 1 - 12 ( strombidae ) , 153 - 240 , pl . 1 - 23 ( cypraeidae , by s . r . roberts ) , 241 - 256 , 301 - 304 , pl . 1 - 5 ( pediculariidae and ovulidae ) , 257 - 267 , 305 - 306 , pl . 1 - 6 ( doliidae ) , 268 - 300 , 307 - 309 , pl . 1 - 10 ( cassididae ) . philadelphia , published by the author . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 265 [ details ]\nlinnaeus , c . ( 1758 ) . systema naturae per regna tria naturae , secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis . editio decima , reformata . laurentius salvius : holmiae . ii , 824 pp . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nspry , j . f . ( 1961 ) . the sea shells of dar es salaam : gastropods . tanganyika notes and records 56 [ details ]\ndrivas , j . ; jay , m . ( 1987 ) . coquillages de la r\u00e9union et de l ' \u00eele maurice . collection les beaut\u00e9s de la nature . delachaux et niestl\u00e9 : neuch\u00e2tel . isbn 2 - 603 - 00654 - 1 . 159 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nobis indo - pacific molluscan database . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nvos , c . ( 2007 ) a conchological iconography ( no . 13 ) - the family tonnidae . 123 pp . , 30 numb . plus 41 ( 1 col . ) un - numb . text - figs , 33 maps . , 63 col . pls , conchbooks , germany page ( s ) : 28 [ details ]\nspencer , h . g . , marshall , b . a . & willan , r . c . ( 2009 ) . checklist of new zealand living mollusca . pp 196 - 219 . in : gordon , d . p . ( ed . ) new zealand inventory of biodiversity . volume one . kingdom animalia : radiata , lophotrochozoa , deuterostomia . canterbury university press , christchurch . [ details ]\ncernohorsky , w . o . ( 1972a ) marine shells of the pacific . vol . ii . pacific publications , sydney , 411 pp . page ( s ) : 112 [ details ]\nrosenberg , g . 1992 . encyclopedia of seashells . dorset : new york . 224 pp . page ( s ) : 80 [ details ]\nbeu , a . g . ( 2005 ) neogene fossil tonnoidean gastropods of indonesia . scripta geologica 130 , p . 1 - 186 , pp . 166 , figs . 327 page ( s ) : 113 [ details ]\nliu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nvos , c . ( 2012 ) overview of the tonnidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) in chinese waters . shell discoveries 1 ( 1 ) ; pp . 12 - 22 ; pls . 1 - 9 page ( s ) : 12 [ details ]\nvos , c . ( 2013 ) overview of the tonnidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) in chinese waters . gloria maris 52 ( 1 - 2 ) ; pp . 22 - 53 ; pls . 1 - 9 page ( s ) : 28 [ details ]\nvos , c . ( 2008 ) tonnidae . in poppe g . t . ( ed . ) philippine marine mollusks , volume 1 : gastropoda 1 : 594 - 611 , pls 242 - 250 . conchbooks , hackenheim , germany . page ( s ) : 594 [ details ]\nseverns , m . ( 2011 ) . shells of the hawaiian islands - the sea shells . conchbooks , hackenheim . 564 pp . page ( s ) : 132 [ details ]\n( of cassis labrosa martini , 1773 ) gray j . e . ( 1847 ) . a list of the genera of recent mollusca , their synonyma and types . proceedings of the zoological society of london . 15 : 129 - 219 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 137 [ details ]\n( of cassis labrosa martini , 1773 ) vos , c . ( 2007 ) a conchological iconography ( no . 13 ) - the family tonnidae . 123 pp . , 30 numb . plus 41 ( 1 col . ) un - numb . text - figs , 33 maps . , 63 col . pls , conchbooks , germany page ( s ) : 28 [ details ]\n( of cassis labrosa martini , 1773 ) martini , f . h . w . & chemnitz , j . h . ( 1769\u20131795 ) neues systematisches conchylien - cabinet . g . n . raspe , n\u00fcrnberg . [ vol . 1 , 1\u2013408 , pls . 1\u201331 ( 1769 ) ; vol . 2 , 1\u2013362 , pls . 32\u201365 ( 1773 ) ; vol . 3 , 1\u2013434 , pls . 66\u2013121 ( 1777 ) ] , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 2 ( 1773 ) : 58 [ details ]\n( of cassis labrosa martini , 1773 ) beu , a . g . ( 2005 ) neogene fossil tonnoidean gastropods of indonesia . scripta geologica 130 , p . 1 - 186 , pp . 166 , figs . 327 page ( s ) : 114 [ details ]\nafter more than 2 years of preparations , the diatombase portal is now officially launched . . . .\nlast week - on may 30 and 31st \u2013 8 thematic experts on talitridae came together for the first time during a lifewatch - worms sponsored workshop . the workshop took place at the hellenic centre for marine research in crete , where it was organized back - to - back with the 8th international sandy beaches symposium ( isbs ) . the group focused on identifying relevant traits for the talitridae , and adding this data through the amphipoda species database . . . .\non 23 april 2018 , a number of editors of the world register of introduced species ( wrims ) started a three day workshop in the flanders marine institute ( vliz ) . these three days were used to evaluate , complete and improve the content of this worms thematic register ( tsd ) . . . .\nthe 2nd worms early career researchers and 3rd worms achievement award were granted respectively to fran\u00e7ois le coze and geoff read . congratulations ! . . .\nin 2018 , to celebrate a decade of worms ' existence , it was decided to compile a list of our top marine species , both for 2017 and for the previous decade . . . .\nthe scleractinian corals are now accessible though their own list portal . this world list contains over 1 500 accepted names of extant species and is one of the most complete existing resources for scleractinian taxa . . .\ntryon g . w . , jr . ( 1885 ) manual of conchology , structural and systematic , with illustrations of the species . ( 1 ) 7 : terebridae , cancellariidae , strombidae , cypraeidae , pediculariidae , ovulidae , cassididae , doliidae , pp . 1 - 64 , pl . 1 - 12 ( terebridae ) , 65 - 98 , pl . 1 - 7 ( cancellariidae ) , 99 - 152 , pl . 1 - 12 ( strombidae ) , 153 - 240 , pl . 1 - 23 ( cypraeidae , by s . r . roberts ) , 241 - 256 , 301 - 304 , pl . 1 - 5 ( pediculariidae and ovulidae ) , 257 - 267 , 305 - 306 , pl . 1 - 6 ( doliidae ) , 268 - 300 , 307 - 309 , pl . 1 - 10 ( cassididae ) . philadelphia , published by the author . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 265 [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nversion 43 . 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed . my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthe star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :\nwe want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only , as we handle very few foreign shells in general . as time goes , the system will become more and more performant .\nenter your email address and we will send you an email with your username and password .\ne - mail jecilia sisican if you do not receive your email with your username and password .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 0 . 001 seconds . )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\niredale , t . 1931 ,\naustralian molluscan notes . no . 1\n, records of the australian museum , vol . 18 , no . 4 , pp . 201 - 235 , pls xxii - xxv\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : d3b28462 - dae6 - 4ef2 - b7d5 - 0092c4c5ae28\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 548da39c - da70 - 4e9e - a7b1 - 2b89d4a7023d\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 538039\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 1 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nsorry , the in - page video player requires internet explorer . you can download the video using the\ndownload\nlinks provided below .\ncook islands islands : rr = rarotonga , mg = mangaia , at = \u2018\u0101tiu , mk = ma\u2018uke , mt = miti\u2018\u0101ro , ak = aitutaki , pl = palmerston , pn = penrhyn , mn = manuae , tk = tak\u016btea , tn = tongareva ( ts = tongaleva spoken , tw = tongareva written , they say\nel\nbut write\nr\n) , mh = manihiki , rk = rakahanga , pk = pukapuka , ns = nassau , sw = suwarrow . after a polynesian name : ^ = orthography query . countries and other : fij = fiji , wt = wallis & futuna , sam = samoa , ton = tonga , niu = niue , ck = cook islands , ckm = cook islands m\u0101ori , fp = french polynesia , aus = australs , soc = societies , tah = tahiti , tua = tuamotus , mqs = marquesas , mng = mangareva , pit = pitcain group , eas = easter island , haw = hawai\u2018i , nz = new zealand , nzm = new zealand m\u0101ori\nmccormack , gerald ( 2007 ) cook islands biodiversity database , version 2007 . 2 . cook islands natural heritage trust , rarotonga . online at http : / / cookislands . bishopmuseum . org .\ncopyright \u00a9 2007 ( july ) the cook islands natural heritage trust , all rights reserved . copyright & use policy\ndouble - check spelling , grammar , punctuation . translators work best when there are no errors or typos .\nif words are different , search our dictionary to understand why and pick the right word .\nif phrases are different , try searching our examples to help pick the right phrase .\nwe ' ve combined the most accurate english to spanish translations , dictionary , verb conjugations , and spanish to english translators into one very powerful search box .\nspanishdict is devoted to improving our site based on user feedback and introducing new and innovative features that will continue to help people learn and love the spanish language . have a suggestion , idea , or comment ? send us your feedback .\nusing cookies on urltoken shellauction uses cookies only for technical reasons and to facilitate and speed up your site navigation . by continuing to browse , you accept the use of cookies ; if you do not wish to receive them please disable them or not navigate this website further . more info cookies on urltoken\nutilizzo dei cookies su urltoken shellauction utilizza i cookies esclusivamente per ragioni tecniche e per facilitare e velocizzare la navigazione del sito . continuando a navigare accetti l ' utilizzo dei cookies , se non desideri riceverli ti invitiamo a disabilitarli oppure a non navigare questo sito ulteriormente . altre informazioni sui cookies di urltoken\nfine + + + , fresh and very dark , rare and unique , fresh and very dark , lovely pattern and beautiful color , net 15 to 20 m , january 2017 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\norigin : collected by a local fishermen by nets off olango island , cebu philippines , march 2013 .\norigin : collected by local fishermen through diving at about 20 to 50 meters deep off samar island philippines . april 2015\nvos , c . ( 2007 ) a conchological iconography ( no . 13 ) - the family tonnidae . 123 pp . , 30 numb . plus 41 ( 1 col . ) un - numb . text - figs , 33 maps . , 63 col . pls , conchbooks , germany page ( s ) : 26 [ details ]\nbeu , a . g . ( 2005 ) neogene fossil tonnoidean gastropods of indonesia . scripta geologica 130 , p . 1 - 186 , pp . 166 , figs . 327 page ( s ) : 112 [ details ]\n( of quimalea iredale , 1929 ) nomenclator zoologicus online . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of dolium ( cadium ) link , 1807 ) vos , c . ( 2007 ) a conchological iconography ( no . 13 ) - the family tonnidae . 123 pp . , 30 numb . plus 41 ( 1 col . ) un - numb . text - figs , 33 maps . , 63 col . pls , conchbooks , germany page ( s ) : 28 [ details ]\n( of dolium ( cadium ) link , 1807 ) bayer c . ( 1937 ) catalogue of the doliidae in the rijksmuseum van natuurlijke historie . zoologiscshe mededelingen , 20 ( 5 ) : 29 - 50 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 30 [ details ]\nthe symbols k . a . c . f . m . an . are used to indicate the geographical range of the species . they have been adopted to give an approxomation of the range of each species within new zealand .\nvos , c . 2007 : a conchological iconography 13 , the family tonnidae , conchbooks , hackenheim , germany ( p . 28 )\nbrook , f . j . , marshall , b . a . 1998 : the coastal molluscan fauna of the northern kermadec islands , southwest pacific ocean , journal of the royal society of new zealand , 28 ( p . 221 )\npaul , w . j . mar / 1979 : new zealand tonnidae , cookia , 3 ( 1 ) ( p . 21 )\npowell , a . w . b . 1976 : on the considerable influx of warm water molluscs that have invaded northern new zealand waters within recent years , records of the auckland institute and museum , 13 ( p . 150 )\npowell , a . w . b . 1974 : new zealand molluscan systematics with descriptions of new species : part 8 , records of the auckland institute and museum , 11 ( p . 204 )\nnote : localities are approximate , and represent only some of the known localities for the species .\njavascript is disabled on your browser . please enable javascript to use all the features on this page .\npeer review under responsibility of national science museum of korea ( nsmk ) and korea national arboretum ( kna ) .\ncopyright \u00a9 2015 national science museum of korea ( nsmk ) and korea national arboretum ( kna ) . production and hosting by elsevier b . v .\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 elsevier b . v . or its licensors or contributors . sciencedirect \u00ae is a registered trademark of elsevier b . v .\nin continuing your browsing of this site , you accept the use of cookies to offer you suitable content and services and realize visits statistics . learn more about cookies .\nwarning : the data available reflects the progression status of knowledge or the availability of the inventories . it should never be considered as comprehensive .\nnational inventory of natural heritage , website : https : / / inpn . mnhn . fr .\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322c1faa - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322fc869 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322fc9b6 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 3242651f - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 3263aa0c - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 3263abb7 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 34bb273b - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 129d058a - 6387 - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\n. if you continue to use the site we will assume that you agree with this ."]}
{"id": 1248, "summary": [{"text": "pupilla muscorum , commonly known as the moss chrysalis snail or widespread column , is a species of minute air-breathing land snail , a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk or micromollusk in the family pupillidae . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "pupilla muscorum", "paragraphs": ["barna p\u00e1ll - gergely marked\npupilla muscorum\nas trusted on the\npupilla muscorum\npage .\nsubgenus pupilla ( pupilla ) j . fleming , 1828 represented as pupilla j . fleming , 1828\nmoss snail ( pupilla muscorum ) . picture : \u00a9 stefan haller ( urltoken ) .\nmoss snail ( pupilla muscorum ) . picture : \u00a9 malcolm storey ( urltoken ) .\nsubgenus pupilla ( afripupilla ) pilsbry , 1921 represented as pupilla j . fleming , 1828\nsubgenus pupilla ( fragipupilla ) schileyko , 1984 represented as pupilla j . fleming , 1828\nsubgenus pupilla ( striopupilla ) pilsbry , 1921 represented as pupilla j . fleming , 1828\n\u00bb species pupilla ( pupilla ) triplicata ( s . studer , 1820 ) represented as pupilla triplicata ( s . studer , 1820 )\nkari pihlaviita added the finnish common name\nsammalkotilo\nto\npupilla muscorum ( linnaeus , 1758 )\n.\n' the ecological status of pupilla muscorum ( linn\u00e9 ) in holocene overbank alluvium at kingsmead bridge , wiltshire . '\nhans - martin braun added the german common name\nmoosp\u00fcppchen\nto\npupilla muscorum ( linnaeus , 1758 )\n.\nanderson , r . , ( 2016 ) . pupilla ( pupilla ) muscorum ( linnaeus 1758 ) . [ in ] molluscireland . urltoken accessed on 2018 - 07 - 09 .\nhans - martin braun added the german common name\nmoos - puppenschnecke\nto\npupilla muscorum ( linnaeus , 1758 )\n.\npupilla pratensis ( gastropoda : pupillidae ) in the czech republic and slovakia - its known distribution , ecology and conchometrical distinction from p . muscorum and p . alpicola\npupilla pratensis ( gastropoda : pupillidae ) in the czech republic and slovakia and its distinction from p . muscorum and p . alpicola based on multidimensional analysis of shell measurements\npupilla pratensis ( gastropoda : pupillidae ) in the czech republic and slovakia and its distinction from p . muscorum and p . alpicola based on multidimensional analysis of shell measurements | springerlink\npupilla pratensis ( gastropoda : pupillidae ) in the czech republic and slovakia - its known distribution , ecology and conchometrical distinction from p . muscorum and p . alpicola | masaryk university\n( of pupilla ( pupilla ) muscorum ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) bank , r . a . ; neubert , e . ( 2017 ) . checklist of the land and freshwater gastropoda of europe . last update : july 16th , 2017 . [ details ]\nalthough it is not clear whether any subspecies of this species are currently recognized , if subspecies do exist within this species , it would possibly be the type ( or nominate ) race , pupilla muscorum muscorum , that occurs in utah . the species , however , could well be considered monotypic .\n\u00bb species pupilla ( pupilla ) anodon ( deshayes , 1863 ) \u2020 accepted as negulopsis anodon ( deshayes , 1863 ) \u2020 ( new combination ( cf . ) )\npupa ( pupilla ) j . fleming , 1828 ( considered as a separate genus )\nall 20th century authors who have discussed this species in utah have used the currently accepted scientific name pupilla muscorum . chamberlin and jones ( 1929 ) applied to it the common name the two - toothed snail .\nvon proschwitz , t . , c . schander , u . jueg , and s . thorkildsen . 2009 . morphology , ecology , and dna - barcoding distinguish pupilla pratensis ( clessen , 1871 ) from pupilla muscorum ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ( pulmonata : pupillidae ) . journal of molluscan studies 75 : 315 - 322 .\n( of pupilla ( pupilla ) j . fleming , 1828 ) bank , r . ( 2017 ) . classification of the recent terrestrial gastropoda of the world . last update : july 16th , 2017 . [ details ]\nmoss snails are ovoviviparous snails - their eggs can hibernate inside the mother ' s body and be laid in spring , when favourable conditions prevail . while the juveniles of pupilla muscorum usually hatch during oviposition ( and then crawl around with the amnion over their shells ) , the embryos of the alpine chrysalis snail ( pupilla alpicola ) need some additional days to develop before hatching .\nhow to see this species pupilla muscorum has been seen within the last decade only at benderg bay , co . down and portstewart strand , co . londonderry . areas where it was formerly common such as murlough nnr , garron point , bushfoot dunes , curran sands , whitepark bay and magilligan appear abandoned . it should be looked for by sieving sand and moss in fore dunes or around the edges of dune slacks .\n( of pupilla ( afripupilla ) pilsbry , 1921 ) bank , r . ( 2017 ) . classification of the recent terrestrial gastropoda of the world . last update : july 16th , 2017 . [ details ]\n( of pupilla ( fragipupilla ) schileyko , 1984 ) bank , r . ( 2017 ) . classification of the recent terrestrial gastropoda of the world . last update : july 16th , 2017 . [ details ]\nspecies description the moss chrysalis snail is a small ( 3 - 3 . 5 mm ) , cylindrical shell of 6 - 7 whorls with a blunt , obtuse apex . the shell is brown , slightly glossy and finely striate . the aperture is dextral and has a single white denticle , with the outer lip reinforced internally by a strong white rib or callus . the lip is not reflected . in this it differs from lauria cylindracea which is superficially rather similar . lauria is in general a wall species with a predilection for climbing vertical surfaces , something which it does not share with pupilla . the lip in lauria is reflected outwards and is thickened and whitish and there is a single internal tooth .\n( of pupilla ( striopupilla ) pilsbry , 1921 ) pilsbry h . a . ( 1920 - 1921 ) . pupillidae ( vertiginidae , pupillinae ) . manual of conchology , ser . 2 . 26 : 1 - 254 , pls 1 - 24 . [ part 101 : 1 - 64 , pls 1 - 8 , 23 december 1920 ; part 102 : 65 - 128 , pls 9 - 13 , 13 may 1921 ; part 103 , 129 - 192 , pls 14 - 18 , 4 august 1921 ; part 104 : 193 - 254 , i - iv , pls 19 - 24 , 21 december 1921 ] . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 153 , 155 [ details ]\nchamberlin and jones ( 1929 ) mentioned :\na form known as xerobia [ sic ] pilsbry , commonly ranked as a subspecies , is reported to be the common form in colorado .\nseemingly , chamberlin and jones ( 1929 ) , who noted\n[ w ] e failed to take this species [ in utah ]\nand clearly had not seen material from this state , were implying that this species , in utah , may be represented by the nominal race xerobia . pilsbry ( 1948 ) , who had earlier named the form xerobia , reversed his earlier opinion , stating that xerobia should\n. . . be regarded as an arid station hunger form rather than a true race .\nin modern terms , xerobia would be called an ecomorph .\nonly 5 occurrences have been reported in utah , all of them historical , these being in utah county ( ingersoll 1877 , chamberlin and jones 1929 ) , sevier county ( chamberlin and berry 1930 ) , salt lake county ( woolstenhulme 1942a ) , grand county ( henderson 1936 ) , and san juan county ( henderson 1936 ) .\nabundance of this species in utah is not known . chamberlin and jones ( 1929 ) and chamberlin and berry ( 1930 ) , did not provide information regarding specimens . woolstenhulme ( 1942a ) reported a\nnew record\nbased on 1 utah specimen but did not indicate whether it was alive when collected or , perhaps , a very old , dead shell .\nthreats to this species in utah are not known but are thought not to be great . the population trend of this species in utah is unknown .\ninventory is needed to determine whether this species , not reported in utah since 1942 ( and even then based on one specimen of unknown condition - - perhaps an old dead shell ) , is extant in the state as well as to determine the extent of its distribution and abundance . it should be sought throughout the wasatch mountains and the central high plateaus and in other mountainous areas of utah .\nas with other species in the family pupillidae , this species is minute and living examples are difficult to find ; thus , it is easily missed unless special efforts are made to discover it .\nhabitat information for this species in utah is lacking . however , two of the reported localities are canyons descending west from the wasatch mountains ( chamberlin and jones 1929 , woolstenhulme 1942a ) and another is a moderately high ( approximately 8 , 000 - 9 , 000 ft elevation ) location in the central high plateaus ( chamberlin and berry 1930 ) . part of the locality data reported by woolstenhulme ( 1942a ) was\nstepping stone spring\n, which , though this species is terrestrial and would not have been in the spring itself unless it was dead ( drift ) material , suggests a moist , probably riparian site .\ntext modified from : oliver , george v . and william r . bosworth iii . 1999 . rare , imperiled , and recently extinct or extirpated mollusks of utah [ : ] a literature review . publication number 99 - 29 . utah division of wildlife resources , salt lake city . 230 pp .\nlinn\u00e6us , c . 1758 . systema natur\u00e6 per regna tria natur\u00e6 , secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis . tomus i . editio decima , reformata . - pp . [ 1 - 4 ] , 1 - 824 . holmi\u00e6 . ( salvius ) .\nshell usually light brown , varies from reddish brown to horny grey , weakly striated or almost smooth , 5 - 6 . 5 weakly convex whorls , suture not very deep , aperture usually with with well developed lip , cervical callus strongly developed , like a dam , parietal tooth usually present , palatal tooth sometimes too . differs from p . pratensis with which it lives sympatrically , in its thicker , smaller and more slender shell , lighter and more variable colour and stronger apertural lip . animal small , elliptical , dark with lighter sides and foot , upper tentacles not very long , lower tentacles very short .\non dry meadows , sand dunes , open and sunny habitats . calciphile . in portugal found under stones , dead leaves and in mosses . in britain frequent in sheep - grazed calcareous grasslands . in the alps in up to 2400 m , in bulgaria 1200 m . feeds mainly on dead plant remains on the soil , occasionally also green leaves . ovoviviparous . reproduction in france mainly between july and september , maximum release period in poland is june - august , the species is able to hibernate with eggs ( diameter 1 - 2 mm ) and can release eggs with partly grown embryos ( size 1 mm , 1 . 5 whorls ) in favourable seasons . individuals incubate 1 - 8 ( mostly 3 - 7 ) embryos thoughout the year , activity in poland is from march to october . maturity is probably reached in the second or third season . gravid individuals are not able to copulate , 0 - 20 % of the individuals at a given time are not gravid .\nthreatened by disturbance due to intensivation of land use of old calcareous grasslands in britain . vulnerable in vorarlberg , lower concern in austria and germany , decreasing ( 4r ) in bavaria .\nproschwitz et al . 2009 provided evidence that pupa pratensis was a separate species , which had already been suggested by jueg 1997 . references : moquin - tandon 1853 : 225 , moquin - tandon 1855 : 392 ( life cycle ) , germain 1930 : 423 ( life cycle ) , nobre 1941 : 146 , damjanov & likharev 1975 : 99 , kerney et al . 1983 : 118 , grossu 1987 : 275 , falkner 1990 : 148 , vogt et al . 1994 : 103 , jueg 1997 , turner et al . 1998 : 162 , r\u00e9al & r\u00e9al - testud 1988 : 50 ( no record from corse since 1848 ) , kerney 1999 : 103 , pokryzsko 2001 ( life cycle ) , hubenov 2007 , proschwitz et al . 2009 , boschi 2011 : 239 , welter - schultes 2012 : 131 ( range map europe ) .\nbennington co . , dorset , vermont . on concrete rubble , culvert in low grassy area between parking lot and vt 30 at quarry pond ( ca . 1 . 4 mi se dorset ) , h . lee ! 10 / 27 / 07 , visual reconnaissance . ( 3 . 0 to 3 . 6 mm . )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 / / en\nurltoken\ncounty name all counties alcona alger allegan alpena antrim arenac baraga barry bay benzie berrien branch calhoun cass charlevoix cheboygan chippewa clare clinton crawford delta dickinson eaton emmet genesee gladwin gogebic grand traverse gratiot hillsdale houghton huron ingham ionia iosco iron isabella jackson kalamazoo kalkaska kent keweenaw lake lapeer leelanau lenawee livingston luce mackinac macomb manistee marquette mason mecosta menominee midland missaukee monroe montcalm montmorency muskegon newaygo oakland oceana ogemaw ontonagon osceola oscoda otsego ottawa presque isle roscommon saginaw sanilac schoolcraft shiawassee st . clair st . joseph tuscola van buren washtenaw wayne wexford\nmsu extension programs and materials are open to all without regard to race , color , national origin , gender , religion , age , disability , political beliefs , sexual orientation , marital status or family status . .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\njustification : this species is relatively widespread and there is no threat known to this species . it is therefore considered to be least concern ( lc ) .\nis a widespread species that occurs in almost all countries of the european union . its exact distribution is unknown , because parts of the literature records refer to\nis in decline in most parts of its irish range . it is now local and rare on northern coasts where it was formerly common . it has almost vanished from the southern part of the central limestone plain probably due to the ' improvement ' of pastures for agriculture ( byrne\nit has suffered a 66 % distributional decline in ireland . the coastal populations are becoming increasingly rare and local ( byrne\n2009 ) . for the other subpopulations , there is no coherent information available on the population size or trend of this species .\n2009 ) . in general it is known from dry meadows and grazed land on calcareous substrata .\n2009 ) . elsewhere , there is no conservation action in place for this species .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nprovoost , s . ; bonte , d . ( ed . ) ( 2004 ) . animated dunes : a view of biodiversity at the flemish coast [ levende duinen : een overzicht van de biodiversiteit aan de vlaamse kust ] . mededelingen van het instituut voor natuurbehoud , 22 . instituut voor natuurbehoud : brussel , belgium . isbn 90 - 403 - 0205 - 7 . 416 , ill . , appendices pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nthe widespread column is a small land snail with an elongated shell that is 3 . 4 - 4 . 0 mm long and 1 . 5 - 1 . 7 mm wide .\nupdated 5 / 15 / 2018 . information is summarized from mnfi ' s database of rare species and community occurrences . data may not reflect true distribution since much of the state has not been thoroughly surveyed .\nthis species inhabits calcareous slopes and wetlands . it is thought to be tolerant of disturbed habitats such as roadsides , culverts , and even quarries . in michigan , it has been documented only from a rocky woodland and roadside cedar swamp .\nfor each species , lists of natural communities were derived from review of the nearly 6 , 500 element occurrences in the mnfi database , in addition to herbarium label data for some taxa . in most cases , at least one specimen record exists for each listed natural community . for certain taxa , especially poorly collected or extirpated species of prairie and savanna habitats , natural community lists were derived from inferences from collection sites and habitat preferences in immediately adjacent states ( particularly indiana and illinois ) . natural communities are not listed for those species documented only from altered or ruderal habitats in michigan , especially for taxa that occur in a variety of habitats outside of the state .\nnatural communities are not listed in order of frequency of occurrence , but are rather derived from the full set of natural communities , organized by ecological group . in many cases , the general habitat descriptions should provide greater clarity and direction to the surveyor . in future versions of the rare species explorer , we hope to incorporate natural community fidelity ranks for each taxon .\nthis species may be more tolerant of disturbance than most rare snails . however , land - use activities that remove forest canopy cover and alter critical habitat requirements such as cool microclimate and moisture availability should be avoided at occupied sites . these include activities such as timber harvesting , residential development , and road building . the species also is sensitive to excessive trampling and orv use .\nsurveys can be conducted anytime during the growing season , but are most successful in spring and fall following rain showers or when soil is moist , during high relative humidity and cooler temperatures . in addition to visual surveys , surveyors can collect samples of leaf litter , turf , and loose soil , dry in a low - temperature oven , and sift through , looking for shells .\nmichigan natural features inventory . 2007 . rare species explorer ( web application ) . available online at urltoken [ accessed jul 9 , 2018 ]\nnekola , j . c . 1998 . terrestrial gastropd inventory of the niagaran escarpment and keweenaw volcanic belt in michigan ' s upper peninsula . small grants program , 1998 nongame wildlife fund , natural heritage program , michigan dnr , lansing . 133pp .\nschilthuizen , m . and h . a . rutjes . 2001 . land snail diversity in a square kilometer of tropical rainforest in sabah , malaysian borneo . journal of molluscan studies 67 : 417 - 423 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nturgeon , d . d . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , w . k . emerson , w . g . lyons , w . pratt , et al .\nturgeon , d . d . , j . f . quinn , jr . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , f . g . hochberg , w . g . lyons , et al .\ncommon and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks , 2nd ed .\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nchrysalis snails have their name from their outward resemblance with a holometabole insect ' s chrysalis . they are usually larger than whorl snails ( vertiginidae ) and have distinct , if short , lower tentacles . chrysalis snails are very widely distributed , they can be found on all continents , except antarctica ; in europe their distribution in the north stretches beyond the arctic circle , in the alps beyond 2000 m msl .\nthe common name chrysalis snails is used for whorl snails ( vertiginidae ) , as well as lauriidae and pupillidae , all of which share the same superfamily , pupilloidea .\ndescription : the moss snail usually has a light brown shell , whose colour may vary between reddish brown and yellowish horn colour . the shell is slightly striated , but may also almost have a smooth surface . the whorls are slightly rounded at the outside , the suture separating them is not very deep . the aperture lip usually is well developed , and on the back of the apertural whorl the snail has a prominent callus well visible because of its whitish colour . in the shell mouth there usually is a parietal ( upper ) tooth ; there may also be a palatal ( lower ) tooth or lamella , which often melts with the shell wall .\nthe snail ' s body is small with an elliptic foot , which is dark coloured , becoming lighter coloured at the flanks and the sole . the upper tentacles are not very long , the lower ones are very short .\ndimensions : h : 3 - 4 mm ; w : 1 . 65 - 1 . 75 mm ; u : 5 - 6 \u00bd . ( abbreviations ) .\nmoss snails live on dry meadows , even on sand hills and in more or less open and sunny places . the snail usually prefers calciferous ground , but is also described as indifferent to the ground limestone content ( e\n, p . ( 1956 ) , p . 46 ) . in portugal it can also be found under stones , in the leaf litter and in mosses . in great britain it is also often found on calciferous sheep pastures .\n) - moss snails practically are found everywhere in europe . in the alps the altitude limit for\n( 1956 ) , see above ) , whereas the alpine chrysalis snail , for example , can be found as high as 2400 m msl .\nfalkner , m . , von proschwitz , t . & r\u00fcetschi , j .\njustification : there are uncertainties about the distribution of this species as different taxonomic concepts have been applied for this species . a taxonomic revision of this species is necessary and subsequently the distribution in europe as well as status of the populations needs to be researched . it is listed as data deficient ( dd ) . this species has also been assessed at the regional level : european regional assessment : data deficient ( dd ) eu27 regional assessment : data deficient ( dd ) at the level of the 27 member states of the european union\nit is difficult to define the species distribution as different taxonomic concepts have been applied to this species .\nthere is no information available as the taxonomic concept of this species is under debate .\nin switzerland , the species is listed as critically endangered , due to the strong population declines . there is no information available as the taxonomic concept of this species is under debate . a taxonomic revision of this species is necessary and subsequently the distribution in europe as well as status of the populations needs to be researched .\nfalkner , m . , von proschwitz , t . & r\u00fcetschi , j . 2011 .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with nbn atlas , please upload using the upload tools .\ndata and apps idaho fish and wildlife information system bringing information to bear on the management and conservation of fish , wildlife , and plants in idaho .\nberan l . , ju\u0159i\u010dkov\u00e1 l . & hors\u00e1k m . 2005 . \u2014mollusca ( m\u011bkk\u00fd\u0161i ) , pp . 69\u201374 . in : farka\u010d j . , kr\u00e1l d . & \u0161korp\u00edk m . ( eds ) , \u010derven\u00fd seznam ohro\u017een\u00fdch druh\u016f \u010desk\u00e9 republiky . bezobratl\u00ed [ red list of threatened species in the czech republic . invertebrates ] , agentura ochrany p\u0159\u00edrody a krajiny \u010dr , praha .\nbrabenec j . 1970 . m\u011bkk\u00fd\u0161i st\u00e1tn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed rezervace dubno . ( molluskenfauna des naturschutzgebietes dubno ) . pr\u00e1ce stud . p\u0159\u00edrodov\u011bd .\nclessin s . 1871 . die mollusken - fauna der umgegend von augsburg . ber . naturhist . ver . augsburg\nclessin s . 1887\u20131890 . die molluskenfauna mitteleuropa\u2019s . ii . theil . diemolluskenfauna \u00f6sterreich - ungarns und der schweiz . bauer & raspe , n\u00fcrnberg , 858 pp .\nehrendorfer f . & hamann u . 1965 . vorschl\u00e4ge zu einer floristischen kartierung von mitteleuropa . ber . deutsch . bot . gesell .\nhors\u00e1k m . 2003 . how to sample mollusc communities in mires easily . malacol . bohemoslov .\nhors\u00e1k m . 2005 . molluscs , pp . 197\u2013208 . in : poul\u00ed\u010dkov\u00e1 a . , h\u00e1jek m . & rybn\u00ed\u010dek k . . ( eds ) , ecology and palaeoecology of spring fens in the western part of the carpathians , palacky university , olomouc .\n( linnaeus , 1758 ) im nsg \u2018kl\u00e4dener plage\u2019 ( mecklenburg - vorpommern , landkreis parchim ) : ein beitrag zur \u00f6kologie , geh\u00e4usemorphologie und systematik der art ( gastropoda : stylommatophora : pupillidae ) . malakol . abh .\nju\u0159i\u010dkov\u00e1k m . & beran l . 2001 . check - list of the molluscs ( mollusca ) of the czech republic . acta soc . zool . bohem .\nju\u0159i\u010dkov\u00e1 l . , hors\u00e1k m . , beran l . & dvo\u0159\u00e1k l . 2008 . check - list of the molluscs ( mollusca ) of the czech republic . available from\nkerney m . p . , cameron r . a . d . & jungbluth j . h . 1983 . die landschnecken nord - und mitteleuropas . verlag paul parey , hamburg und berlin , 384 pp .\nlo\u017eek v . 1956 . kl\u00ed\u010d \u010deskoslovensk\u00fdch m\u011bkk\u00fd\u0161\u016f [ the key of czechoslovakian molluscs ] . vydavate\u013estvo slovenskej akad\u00e9mie vied , bratislava , 435 pp .\nlo\u017eek v . 1992 . m\u011bkk\u00fd\u0161i ( mollusca ) , pp . 22\u201339 . in : \u0161kapec l . ( ed . ) , \u010derven\u00e1 kniha ohro\u017een\u00fdch a vz\u00e1cn\u00fdch rostlin a \u017eivo\u010dich\u016f \u010dsfr . 3 . bezobratl\u00ed [ red book of threatened and rare plants and animals of czechoslovakia . 3 . invertebrates ] , pr\u00edroda , bratislava .\nrafajov\u00e1 a . 2002 . m\u011bkk\u00fd\u0161\u00ed fauna dlouh\u00e9 meze v chko \u017eelezn\u00e9 hory [ molluscs of the dlouh\u00e1 mez in the protected landscape area \u017eelezn\u00e9 hory mts ( east bohemia , czech republic ) ] . v\u00fdchodo\u010des . sb . p\u0159\u00edrodov\u011bd . pr\u00e1ce a studie\ns\u00e1dlo j . 2000 . p\u016fvod travinn\u00e9 vegetace slatin v \u010dech\u00e1ch : sukcese kontra cenogeneze [ the origin of grassland vegetation of fen peats in the czech republic : succession versus coenogenesis ] . preslia\nter braak c . j . f . & \u0161milauer p . 2002 . canoco reference manual and canodraw for windows user\u2019s guide : software for canonical community ordination ( version 4 . 5 ) . microcomputer power , ithaca , ny , 500 pp .\n( linnaeus , 1758 ) ( pulmonata : pupillidae ) . j . mollusc . stud .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nclick here to view an interactive map of the northern ireland dataset as currently collated by cedar . the map is generated through the nbn gateway using their interactive mapping tool .\na northern ireland priority species which has been red - listed as endangered ( en ) in ireland ( byrne et al . , 2009 )\nlife cycle adults are present at all times of year . breeding probably takes place during the spring and summer months\ncurrent status much rarer than formerly in n . ireland due to abandonment of dune management and grazing , particularly at murlough nnr , bushfoot dunes , curran sands and much of magilligan .\nit is a priority species in northern ireland and listed as endangered ( en ) in the irish red list ( byrne et al . , 2009 )\nwhat you can do this small shell should be looked for in dune areas kept clear of vegetation either by natural sand movement or by grazing . if you encounter something which suggests this species please note the locality from an os map and report the details , with a specimen or specimens to cedar ( record centre manager , cedar , national museums northern ireland , cultra , holywood , co . down , bt18 0eu ; cedar . info @ nmni . com ) .\nliterature anderson , r . ( 1997 ) . an annotated list of the land and freshwater mollusca of northern ireland . environment and heritage service research & development series .\nbank , r . ( 2017 ) . classification of the recent terrestrial gastropoda of the world . last update : july 16th , 2017 . [ details ]\n( of paracoryna flach , 1890 \u2020 ) nordsieck , h . ( 2014 ) . annotated check - list of the genera of fossil land snails ( gastropoda : stylommatophora ) of western and central europe ( cretaceous \u2013 pliocene ) , with description of new taxa . archiv f\u00fcr molluskenkunde : international journal of malacology . 143 ( 2 ) : 153 - 185 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 158 [ details ]\n( of torquatella held , 1838 ) bank , r . ( 2017 ) . classification of the recent terrestrial gastropoda of the world . last update : july 16th , 2017 . [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nturgeon , d . d . , j . f . quinn , jr . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , f . g . hochberg , w . g . lyons , p . m . mikkelsen , r . j . neves , c . f . e . roper , g . rosenberg , b . roth , a . scheltema , f . g . thompson , m . vecchione , and j . d . williams . 1998 . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks . 2nd edition . american fisheries society special publication 26 , bethesda , maryland : 526 pp .\nthis species inhabits nearly the entire range of the genus and is known throughout the northern hemisphere in europe , northernmost africa , northern asia , and north america . although pilsbry ( 1948 ) and hubricht ( 1985 ) report this as a native north american species , native populations exist in subalpine forests in the rockies and tundra habitats as far south as churchill , manitoba and the northern shore of the st . lawrence in quebec , and are commonly present as full - glacial fossils ; however , these populations differ in shell features from the disturbance tolerant form common to anthropogenic habitats from the mid - atlantic states to iowa and minnesota ( nekola , 2008 ) . the latter populations likely represent a recently escaped european population .\ndue to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to\n( > 2 , 500 , 000 square km ( greater than 1 , 000 , 000 square miles ) ) this species inhabits nearly the entire range of the genus and is known throughout the northern hemisphere in europe , northernmost africa , northern asia , and north america . although pilsbry ( 1948 ) and hubricht ( 1985 ) report this as a native north american species , native populations exist in subalpine forests in the rockies and tundra habitats as far south as churchill , manitoba and the northern shore of the st . lawrence in quebec , and are commonly present as full - glacial fossils ; however , these populations differ in shell features from the disturbance tolerant form common to anthropogenic habitats from the mid - atlantic states to iowa and minnesota ( nekola , 2008 ) . the latter populations likely represent a recently escaped european population .\neast - central north american populations ( maine and tennessee west to eastern iowa ) generally occur in disturbed anthropogenic habitats such as road verges , vacant lots , abandoned quarries , old fields , and concrete culverts ( hubricht , 1985 ) although they may also occasionally inhabit less disturbed carbonate cliff , glade , and grassland sites . to the north ( newfoundland , the north shore of the st . lawrence to northwestern minnesota and the southern shore of hudsons bay ) populations occur on bare soil , under stones , on turf , and in thin leaf litter accumulations on sandy or rocky shorelines and in tundra ( nekola and coles , 2010 ) .\noccurrences are based on some evidence of historical or current presence of single or multiple specimens , including live specimens or recently dead shells ( i . e . , soft tissue still attached without signs of external weathering or staining ) , at a given location with potentially recurring existence . weathered shells constitute a historic occurrence . evidence is derived from reliable published observation or collection data ; unpublished , though documented ( i . e . government or agency reports , web sites , etc . ) observation or collection data ; or museum specimen information .\nuse the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .\nzoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .\nanderson , t . k . 2005 . land snail diversity in wind cave national park , south dakota . western north american naturalist , 65 ( 2 ) : 186 - 195 .\ncheatum , e . p . , and r . w . fullington . 1973 . the aquatic and land mollusca of texas . part ii : the recent and pleistocene members of the pupillidae and urocoptidae ( gastropoda ) in texas . dallas museum of natural history , bulletin 1 . 67 pp .\ndourson , d . c . 2015 . land snails of west virginia . goatslug publications , bakersville , north carolina . 412 pp .\nharris , s . a . and e . pip . 1973 . molluscs as indicators of late - and post - glacial history in alberta . canadian journal of zoology , 51 : 209 - 215 .\nhotopp , k . and t . a . pearce . 2007 . land snails in new york : statewide distribution and talus site faunas . final report for contract # nyher 041129 submitted to new york state biodiversity research institute , new york state museum , albany , new york . 91 pp .\nhubricht , l . 1985 . the distribution of the native land mollusks of the eastern united states . fieldiana : zoology , 24 : 1 - 191 .\njass , c . n . , j . i . mead , a . d . morrison , and l . d . agebroad . 2002 . late pleistocene mollusks from the southern black hills , south dakota . western north american naturalist , 62 ( 2 ) : 129 - 140 .\nneck , r . w . 1989 . additional terrestrial gastropods of travis county , texas . malacology data net , 2 ( 5 / 6 ) : 135 - 143 .\nnekola , j . c . 2008 . land snail ecology and biogeography of eastern maine . final report submitted to : maine department of inland fisheries & wildlife and the aroostook hills and lowlands inventory , january 27 , 2008 . 119 pp .\nnekola , j . c . and b . f . coles . 2010 . pupillid land snails of eastern north america . american malacological bulletin 28 : 29 - 57 .\nnekola , j . c . , b . f . coles , and u . bergthorsson . 2009 . evolutionary pattern and process within the vertigo gouldii ( mollusca : pulmonata : pupillidae ) group of minute north american land snails . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 53 : 1010 - 1024 .\npilsbry , h . a . 1948 . land mollusca of north america ( north of mexico ) . monograph of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia , 2 ( 2 ) : 521 - 1113 .\nthe small print : trademark , copyright , citation guidelines , restrictions on use , and information disclaimer .\nnote : all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve ' s central databases as of november 2016 . note : this report was printed on\ntrademark notice :\nnatureserve\n, natureserve explorer , the natureserve logo , and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve . any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .\ncopyright notice : copyright \u00a9 2017 natureserve , 4600 n . fairfax dr . , 7th floor , arlington virginia 22203 , u . s . a . all rights reserved . each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document . the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .\nnatureserve . 2017 . natureserve explorer : an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ] . version 7 . 1 . natureserve , arlington , virginia . available http : / / explorer . natureserve . org . ( accessed :\nridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely , james zook , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\npatterson , b . d . , g . ceballos , w . sechrest , m . f . tognelli , t . brooks , l . luna , p . ortega , i . salazar , and b . e . young . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson , wes sechrest , marcelo tognelli , gerardo ceballos , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\niucn , conservation international , and natureserve . 2004 . global amphibian assessment . iucn , conservation international , and natureserve , washington , dc and arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union , conservation international and natureserve .\nno graphics available from this server can be used , copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text . any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve . nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication , estoppel , or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve . no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve . except as expressly provided above , nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .\n) . your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users .\nmap hosted by the national biodiversity data centre , waterford to view the species profile on biodiversity maps and access the live map , please click on the map .\na short cylindrical shell of 6 - 7 whorls with a blunt , obtuse apex . aperture has a single , white , parietal denticle . there is a strong white rib or callus behind the lip which can be seen through the shell from the side . the lip itself is slightly thickened but not reflected . the shell is brown , faintly glossy and finely striate . widespread but declining .\nfound across europe and siberia to the far east . also in northern north america . distribution type : circumpolar wide - temperate ( 66 ) .\nin decline in most parts of its irish range . now local and rare on northern coasts where it was formerly common . it has almost vanished from the southern part of the central limestone plain probably due to the ' improvement ' of pastures for agriculture .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\nfull reference : c . linnaeus . 1758 . systema naturae per regna tria naturae , secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis . editio decima 1 : 1 - 824\nyou are running an old browser version . we recommend updating your browser to its latest version ."]}
{"id": 1255, "summary": [{"text": "istigobius is a genus of gobies found in fresh , brackish and marine waters of the regions along the coasts of the indian and western pacific oceans . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "istigobius", "paragraphs": ["istigobius ornatus is commercially collected for use in the aquarium trade ( baensch and debelius 1997 ) .\nhans - martin braun added the german common name\nschmuckgrundel\nto\nistigobius ornatus ( r\u00fcppell , 1830 )\n.\nit ' s a bird ! it ' s a plane ! no , istigobius ! by henry c . schultz iii - urltoken\nmurdy , e . o . & hoese , d . f . 1985 . a revision of the gobioid fish genus istigobius .\nistigobius ornatus is not the subject of any known conservation measures , but its wide distribution throughout the indo - west pacific coincides with many marine protected areas .\na decorated sandgoby , istigobius decoratus , in nelson bay , new south wales . source : ian v . shaw / reef life survey . license : cc by attribution\nas with so many fish genera , istigobius was originally described as a subgenus , in this case , of the genus gobius ( whitley , 1932 ; murdy and hoese , 1985 ) . even so , many of the current istigobius species were not originally placed in this subgenus , but instead were spread out among genera such as acentrogobius , ctenogobius , and rhinogobius .\ngoldmann ' s sandgoby , istigobius goldmanni , at great keppel island , queensland , march 2017 . source : ian shaw / inaturalist . org . license : cc by attribution - noncommercial\nmurdy , e . o . and d . f . hoese , 1985 . revision of the gobiid fish genus istigobius . indo - pac . fish . ( 4 ) : 41 p\nan orangespotted sandgoby , istigobius rigilius , near corbett reef , great barrier reef , queensland , december 2001 . source : erik schlogl / inaturalist . org . license : cc by attribution - noncommercial\nthe behavior of istigobius allows a wide latitude of potential aquarium sizes . these fish have a tendency not to feel comfortable more than several inches from shelter . as a result , they should do well in aquariums as small as 10 gallons , provided predators are not present . larger aquariums will be more suitable for those hobbyists wishing to maintain a pair of istigobius , or those planning on including several tankmates .\nmurdy , e . o . and d . f . hoese , 1985 . revision of the gobiid fish genus istigobius . indo - pac . fish . ( 4 ) : 41 p . ( ref . 420 )\nthe 10 species ( see below ) of istigobius all have a few traits in common . possibly most important to hobbyists is the sexually dimorphic nature of all species . although the genital papilla is the deciding factor in all species of gobiidae , this feature is more pronounced in istigobius . additionally , several other sexually dimorphic traits are also present such as the longer pelvic fins , darker pigmentation in spots or blotches , and horizontal striping , found on the males .\nistigobius rigilius is distributed from the ryukyu islands ( japan ) to the great barrier reef ( australia ) , and east to new caledonia , fiji , tonga , palau , kiribati , ashmore and cartier reefs , and the marshall islands .\nwhile many of the fishes listed are good tank mates for istigobius species , one should research each fish individually before adding it to the aquarium . some of the fish listed above are better left in the ocean or for advanced aquarists .\njustification : istigobius rigilius has been assessed as least concern . it is a broad ranging species and while it may be undergoing localised declines due to factors relating to habitat degradation , these threats are not known to pose a significant threat to the global population .\nmurdy , e . o . & hoese , d . f . 1985 ,\na revision of the gobioid fish genus istigobius\n, indo - pacific fishes , vol . 4 , pp . 1 - 41 figs 1 - 8 pls 1 - 3\na photo of istigobius decoratus taken at a depth of 10m , rodda reef , great barrier reef , queensland , december 1999 . the original type specimens collected in 1927 were lost from manila as a casualty of world war ii . photo courtesy of erik schloegl .\nthe aquarium mates of istigobius should be restricted to peaceful fish . other gobies that maintain territories in the middle of the water column would be good choices . these would obviously include wormfish and cleaner gobies . gobies that maintain a territory within rocks , corals or burrows are also good choices .\nanother photo of istigobius decoratus , this one showing off the highly variable pigmentation possible for the decorated goby . as opposed to the previous photo which was likely collected closer to the eastern spectrum of its distribution , this photo was likely taken from waters near taiwan or the philippines . photo courtesy of mitsuaki takata .\nshiobara , y . and k . suzuki , 1983 . life history of two gobioids , istigobius hoshinonis ( tanaka ) and i . campbelli ( jordan and snyder ) , under natural and rearing conditions . . j . fac . mar . sci . tech . tokai univ . 16 : 193 - 205 .\nistigobius decoratus is one of the larger members of the genus , reaching nearly five inches . it is seen here amongst the preferred habitat of dark sand and coralline encrusted rubble . when threatened by a predator , it is more likely to remain in the open and stay still ( hopefully ) blending into the substrate . photo courtesy of roberto sozzani of scubabob .\nthe decorated goby , istigobius decoratus , differs slightly from other members of this genus . it prefers cleaner waters than do its close cousins . even so , these fish are rarely found below more than five feet of depth , although collections records do show several individuals taken from as deep as 50 feet . the clean water is probably a direct result of the substrate they prefer - coarse coralline - encrusted rubble .\nof course , predatory fish such as lionfish , groupers , or moray eels should be avoided . the gobies will become a quick snack for most any predatory fish . additionally , predatory invertebrates such as brittle starfish from the genus ophiarachna should also be avoided . small gobies such as istigobius are an easy meal for these aggressive predators . likewise , anemones such as the stichodactyla species should be avoided . all too often fish will fall victim to these anemones .\nin an attempt to find a fish that fits a niche often overlooked by many in this hobby - mini - reef and mangrove tanks - i decided to cover the sand - dwelling species of istigobius . their natural instincts and habitats lend a degree of flexibility that is not afforded to us by most ornamental marine fish . as such , these fish place themselves into a small , albeit focused , group of fish that do a fantastic job of filling a niche that the vast majority of fish cannot .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n, select family and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the family .\n, select country and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the country .\n, select ecosystem and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the ecosystem .\ncfm script by eagbayani , 30 . 11 . 04 , , php script by cmilitante , 05 / 11 / 2010 , last modified by cmilitante , 14 / 03 / 2013\ngreek , istios = sail + latin , gobius = gudgeon ( ref . 45335 )\nmarine ; reef - associated ; depth range ? - 10 m ( ref . 86942 ) . tropical ; 25\u00b0n - 30\u00b0s\nwestern pacific : philippines to fiji , north to taiwan , south to northwestern australia and southern queensland . recently recorded from tonga ( ref . 53797 ) .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 6 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 48637 ) ; 4 . 7 cm tl ( female )\ndorsal spines ( total ) : 7 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 10 - 11 ; anal spines : 1 ; anal soft rays : 9 - 10 ; vertebrae : 26 . upper pectoral fin rays entire . nape with as many as 30 dark spots . a prominent diagonal , black line from posterior part of upper jaw to operculum . 4 broad , dark bands on abdomen ; 2nd dorsal fin with 3 - 4 rows of black spots ; pectoral fin clear , base with 2 small dusky spots . predorsal cycloid scales 7 - 9 , trunk ctenoid . in male , anal fin when appressed reaching almost the caudal fin ; appressed 2nd dorsal fin overlapping caudal . anal and 2nd dorsal fins of female when appressed reaching to within a distance of 2 - 3 scales of caudal fin ( ref . 420 ) ; longitudinal scale series 30 - 32 ; depth of body 4 . 9 - 5 . 6 in sl ( ref . 90102 ) .\nfound in sandy areas with both living coral and coral rubble , and from both moderately clear and turbid water ( ref . 48637 ) .\ngenital papilla of male slightly pigmented , ending to side of anal spine . female genital papilla truncate , ending well before origin of anal fin ( ref . 420 ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5010 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00891 ( 0 . 00418 - 0 . 01902 ) , b = 3 . 07 ( 2 . 89 - 3 . 25 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 3 \u00b10 . 3 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 16 of 100 ) .\nmarine ; freshwater ; brackish ; benthopelagic ; amphidromous ( ref . 46888 ) ; depth range 0 - 6 m ( ref . 90102 ) . tropical\nasia and oceania : india , hong kong , malaysia , indonesia and australia .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 10 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 7050 )\ninhabits sand or mud bottoms of estuaries and sheltered shoreline reefs in 0 - 6 m ( ref . 90102 ) .\ngenital papilla of male sometimes heavily pigmented , reaching anal spine . genital papilla of female truncate , ending well short of anal spine .\nkottelat , m . , a . j . whitten , s . n . kartikasari and s . wirjoatmodjo , 1993 . freshwater fishes of western indonesia and sulawesi . periplus editions , hong kong . 221 p . ( ref . 7050 )\n) : 24 . 7 - 29 . 3 , mean 28 . 6 ( based on 2826 cells ) .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00617 ( 0 . 00279 - 0 . 01364 ) , b = 3 . 08 ( 2 . 89 - 3 . 27 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 4 \u00b10 . 3 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low to moderate vulnerability ( 26 of 100 ) .\nmarine ; reef - associated ; depth range 0 - 30 m ( ref . 1602 ) . tropical ; 20\u00b0n - 25\u00b0s\nwestern pacific : philippines and indonesia to kiribati and fiji , south to rowley shoals in the eastern indian ocean and the great barrier reef . reported from the ryukyu islands ( ref . 559 ) .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 10 . 8 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 11344 )\nsolitary ( ref . 90102 ) . occurs in sandy areas with living corals and coral rubble in clear waters , ref . 48637 .\ngenital papilla of male terminating to side of anal spine . papilla of female truncate and terminating posteriorly well before origin of anal fin .\n) : 25 . 5 - 29 . 3 , mean 28 . 6 ( based on 1556 cells ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 23 of 100 ) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\ndescription inhabits areas of coralline sand near clean coral reefs . observed to occur singly and picks at the substrate .\ndescription inhabits areas of coralline sand near clean coral reefs . observed to occur singly and picks at the substrate . [ details ]\nthe webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 license\nfroese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nliu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of ctenogobius decoratus ( herre , 1927 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of acentrogobius decoratus ( herre , 1927 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of rhinogobius decoratus herre , 1927 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nhong kong marine fish database . afcd . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nlarson , h . k . , murdy , e . & van tassell , j .\nde silva , r . , milligan , h . , lutz , m . , batchelor , a . , jopling , b . , kemp , k . , lewis , s . , lintott , p . , sears , j . , wilson , p . , smith , j . & livingston , f .\nis reported as uncommon in the capricorn - bunker group ( lowe and russell 1990 ) . nevertheless , it is generally the most common\nspecies found on coral reefs ( e . murdy pers . comm . 2009 ) .\ncan be found resting on sand patches , amongst living coral and coral rubble , in clear water lagoons and bays . it occurs at a depth range of 0\u201330 m .\n, however its distribution may coincide with numerous marine protected areas ( mpas ) , including the great barrier reef marine park .\nthis errata assessment has been created because the map was accidentally left out of the version published previously .\nlarson , h . k . , murdy , e . & van tassell , j . 2010 .\n( errata version published in 2017 ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2010 : e . t154861a115244556 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nthe gobiidae is the largest family of marine fish with over 2 , 000 members , and it is still growing . most gobiidae are characterized by a few notable attributes . other than the few gobies that swim above the substrate , most lack a swim bladder and lateral line . gobies do , however , have sensory ducts surrounding their heads that make up for the lateral line ' s absence ( smith and knopf , 1997 ) . another interesting characteristic is the condition of the ventral fins , which in most gobies are joined together and have small suction cups on the end .\ndespite the habitat preference of some species for mangroves and others for coral rubble , all species prefers water less than 20 feet deep . these shallow waters , combined with silty - sand substrate , typically yield water visibility of less than 20 feet . perhaps this limited visibility is a major reason the fish never move further than several inches from suitable cover .\nmaintenance of these sand - dwelling gobies is rather simple , provided the aquarist offers them the proper habitat . small , peaceful aquariums often provide the optimum environment for these gobies ' long - term care . one major consideration , however , is the temperature of the aquarium . maintaining any of the aforementioned temperate sea species will require an aquarium cooler than a typical reef aquarium . otherwise , a sooner - than - should - be - expected - death will result from the increased water temperature .\nprovided the aquarium is large enough for anthias and direct feeding is administered to the goby .\nmost dottybacks will hunt and kill small gobies - pseudochromis fridmani and p . springeri are possible exceptions .\nshould be ok provided the aquarium is large enough for the rabbitfish and enough food reaches the goby .\nmany wrasses are best avoided . the most peaceful ones will be good choices .\nanother husbandry concern should be the life of your sand bed . nowadays many hobbyists are concerned about predation upon the sand bed fauna . if this describes you - by all means avoid these fish . as noted earlier , they feed from the sand by sifting it and stripping the vital micro - fauna from it . if you are not concerned about the life within your sand bed , these sand sifters will do an excellent job of overturning the sand and generally keeping it clean . however , you should be concerned about where the sand gets dumped ; they are indiscriminate dumpers .\nbesides sifting through the sand bed , your new goby will require supplemental feedings of prepared foods . it is likely , especially in smaller aquariums , that the sand bed , by itself , will not provide enough food to sustain the fish . instead , expect to feed smaller foods designed for a carnivore ' s diet . such foods would include mysid shrimps , adult enriched brine shrimp , fish roe , and any of the copious offerings of flake foods .\nif you have any questions about this article , please visit my author forum on reef central .\nbaensch , h . a . 1994 . baensch marine atlas , volume 1 . microcosm . shelburne , vt . 1215 pp .\njordan , d . s . and j . o . snyder , 1901 . a review of the gobioid fishes of japan with descriptions of twenty - one new species . . proc . u . s . natl . mus . 24 ( 1244 ) : 33 - 132 .\nlieske , e . and r . myers , 1994 collins pocket guide . coral reef fishes . indo - pacific & caribbean including the red sea . harper collins publishers , 400 pp .\nmichael , s . w . 1999 . marine fishes 500 + essential - to - know aquarium species . microcosm . shelburne , vt . 448 pp .\nsmith , l . l . and knopf , a . a . 1997 . national audubon society : field guide to tropical marine fishes . new york . p . 615 .\nwhitely , g . p . 1932 . fishes , in sci . rept . , great barrier reef expedition . 1928 - 1929 , 4 ( 9 ) : 267 - 316 .\na pale sandgoby covered in orange - brown and white speckles , brown lines on the gill cover , a row of paired brown spots along body behind the pectoral fin separated by white spots or dashes , and sometimes 3 - 4 dusky vertical bars on the abdomen of males .\noffshore reefs of western australia , ashmore and cartier reefs , timor sea , and the northern great barrier reef and reefs in the coral sea , to one tree island , queensland ; also lord howe island in the tasman sea . elsewhere the species occurs in the tropical , west - central pacific . usually inhabits sandy patches amongst coral and rubble in lagoons and bays on oceanic and clear offshore reefs in depths to 35 m .\nbody yellowish white ; 2 brown diagonal lines from preoperculum to upper jaw , connected by a single line ; 2 almost vertical brown lines on operculum . males sometimes with 3 - 4 dusky vertical bars on abdomen .\npallidogobius rigilius herre 1953 , philippine j . sci . 82 ( 2 ) : 185 . type locality : rigili island , eniwetok atoll , marshall islands .\nallen , g . r . 1993 . fishes of ashmore reef and cartier island .\nherre , a . w . 1953 . tropical pacific gobies with vomerine teeth .\nhutchins , j . b . , williams , d . mcb . , newman , s . j . , cappo , m . & speare , p . 1995 . new records of fishes for the rowley shoals and scott / seringapatam reefs , off north - western australia .\npictorial guide to indonesian reef fishes . part 3 . jawfishes - sunfishes , opistognathidae - molidae\n( errata version published in 2017 ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2010 : e . t154861a115244556 . urltoken downloaded on 19 june 2018 .\n. tokyo : tokai university press vol . 1\u20132 437 pp . 247 figs 370 pls .\nreef and shore fishes of the south pacific . new caledonia to tahiti and the pitcairn islands .\nrussell , b . c . 1983 . annotated checklist of the coral reef fishes in the capricorn - bunker group , great barrier reef , australia . great barrier reef marine park authority . special publication series 1 : 1 - 184 figs 1 - 2\nthe blackspotted sandgoby is a small bottom dwelling species that occurs in tropical waters and some warm temperate waters of australia .\nthe map below shows the australian distribution of the species based on public sightings and specimens in australian museums . click on the map for detailed information . source : atlas of living australia .\nhoese , d . f . , bray , d . j . , paxton , j . r . & g . r . allen . 2006 . fishes . in beesley , p . l . & a . wells . ( eds ) zoological catalogue of australia . volume 35 . abrs & csiro publishing : australia . parts 1 - 3 , pages 1 - 2178 .\na common species that inhabits mangroves and silty , rocky areas ; occasionally found in rubble reef areas . only single individuals were observed ; many individuals found scattered over a small area ( ref . 420 ) . found primarily in lower estuaries , usually in mangroves . this is the species of the genus that is found farthest inland . feeds on small invertebrates ( ref . 12693 ) .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\ndescription occurs in turbid coastal areas near river mouths at less than 1 m to at least 12 m .\ndescription occurs in turbid coastal areas near river mouths at less than 1 m to at least 12 m . [ details ]\nsmith , j . l . b . & smith , m . m . ( 1963 ) . the fishes of seychelles . department of ichthyology , rhodes university . grahamstown . [ details ]\n( of acentrogobius aestuarius smith , 1959 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of acentrogobius spence ( smith , 1947 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of gobius spence smith , 1947 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of gobius spence smith , 1947 ) macnae , w . & m . kalk ( eds ) . ( 1958 ) . a natural history of inhaca island , mozambique . witwatersrand univ . press , johannesburg . i - iv , 163 pp . [ details ]\neschmeyer , w . n . ; fricke , r . ; van der laan , r . ( eds ) . ( 2017 ) . catalog of fishes : genera , species , references . electronic version . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of bikinigobius herre , 1953 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of innoculus whitley , 1952 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of pallidogobius herre , 1953 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nraminosoa , n . , rasoloariniaina , r , ravelomanana , t . & velosoa , j .\njustification : this is a very widespread species without any known major threats . it is assessed as least concern .\na pale sandgoby with a prominent black bar across the gill cover , up to 30 dark spots on the nape , a row of paired unfused black spots separated by white spots behind the pectoral fin , four broad dark bands on abdomen , 3 - 4 rows of black spots on the second dorsal fin , and clear pectoral fins with two small dusky spots on the base .\nmonte bello islands and offshore reefs of western australia , ashmore reef , timor sea , and the northern great barrier reef to at least the capricorn group , southern queensland . elsewhere the species occurs in the east - indo - west - central pacific . inhabits sandy patches among live coral and rubble , in moderately clear and turbid waters .\ndorsal fin vi , 10 - 11 ; anal fin 9 - 10 ; longitudinal scale series 30 - 32 ; vertebrae 26 . body depth 4 . 9 - 5 . 6 in sl ; predorsal cycloid scales 7 - 9 , trunk ctenoid ; upper pectoral fin rays entire . in male , anal fin when appressed reaching almost the caudal fin ; appressed 2nd dorsal fin overlapping caudal . anal and second dorsal fins of female when appressed reaching to within a distance of 2 - 3 scales of caudal fin .\ngobius goldmanni bleeker 1852 , natuurkundig tijdschrift voor nederlandsch indi\u00eb 3 : 167 . type locality : kupang , west timor .\nbleeker , p . 1852 . bijdrage tot de kennis der ichthyologische fauna van timor .\nhernaman , v . & munday , p . l . 2005 . life - history characteristics of coral reef gobies . ii . mortality rate , mating system and timing of maturation .\na variable brownish sandgoby becoming white below , with dark brown scale margins forming a honeycomb pattern and a midlateral row of double dark brown spots forming rectangular markings along the side , and usually black spots on the nape .\nashmore reef and cartier reef , timor sea , and the shark bay region , western australia , to moreton bay , queensland ; also diamond islets in the coral sea , and lord howe island in the tasman sea . elsewhere the species occurs in the tropical , indo - west - central pacific . inhabits coralline sand areas in clear lagoons and on seaward reefs .\ndorsal fin ( total spines ) vi + i , 10 - 11 ; anal fin i , 9 - 11 ; vertebrae 26 ; caudal fin segmented and non branching rays 2 - 3 , branched rays 14 - 15 ; predorsal cycloid scales 7 - 10 ; trunk scales ctenoid . isthmus narrow , scaled forward to vertical at posterior part of preoperculum . sexual dimorphism exhibited in anal , pelvic and 2nd dorsal fin genital papilla of male sometimes darkly pigmented and reaching to side of anal spine . female genital papilla truncate , ending well before origin of anal fin .\nhighly variable in colour , brownish on upper half , becoming white below ; dark brown scale margins forming honeycomb pattern and midlateral row of double dark brown spots forming rectangular markings ; two diagonal , dusky lines on operculum ; an inverted u - shaped spot prominent at the distal end of upper jaw . pectoral fin with small dusky spots ; two longitudinal lines on pectoral base spreading onto it fin rays .\nrhinogobius decoratus herre 1927 , monographs of the bureau of science . manila 23 : 181 , pl . 13 ( 3 ) . type locality : apo island , philippines ( neotype , original type material from leyte , philippines destroyed in wwii ) .\nallen , g . r . , hoese , d . f . , paxton , j . r . , randall , j . e . , russell , b . c . , starck , w . a . , talbot , f . h . & whitley , g . p . 1976 . annotated checklist of the fishes of lord howe island .\nthe marine fishes of north - western australia . a field guide for anglers and divers .\nperth , wa : western australian museum vi 201 pp . , 70 pls .\nfrancis , m . 1993 . checklist of the coastal fishes of lord howe , norfolk , and kermadec islands , southwest pacific ocean .\nherre , a . w . 1927 . gobies of the philippines and china seas .\nhobbs , j - p . a . , newman , s . j . , mitsopoulos , g . e . a . , travers , m . j . , skepper , c . l . , gilligan , j . j . , allen , g . r . , choat , h . j . & ayling , a . m . 2014 . checklist and new records of christmas island fishes : the influence of isolation , biogeography and habitat availability on species abundance and community composition .\nhutchins , b . 2004 . fishes of the dampier archipelago , western australia .\nhutchins , j . b . 1994 . a survey of the nearshore reef fish fauna of western australia ' s west and south coasts \u2014 the leeuwin province .\njohnson , j . w . 1999 . annotated checklist of the fishes of moreton bay , queensland , australia .\njohnson , j . w . 2010 . fishes of the moreton bay marine park and adjacent continental shelf waters , queensland , australia . pp . 299 - 353 in davie , p . j . f . & phillips , j . a . proceedings of the thirteenth international marine biological workshop , the marine fauna and flora of moreton bay .\nlarson , h . k . , williams , r . s . & hammer , m . p . 2013 . an annotated checklist of the fishes of the northern territory , australia .\nmoore , g . i . , morrison , s . m . , hutchins , b . j . , allen , g . r . & sampey , a . 2014 . kimberley marine biota . historical data : fishes .\nreef and shore fishes of the south pacific . new caledonia to tahiti and the pitcairn islands\nrussell , b . c . 1983 . annotated checklist of the coral reef fishes in the capricorn - bunker group , great barrier reef , australia .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nmarine ; brackish ; reef - associated ; depth range 0 - 5 m ( ref . 86942 ) . tropical ; 21\u00b0c - 29\u00b0c ( ref . 27115 ) ; 30\u00b0n - 25\u00b0s\nindo - pacific : red sea south to northern mozambique ( ref . 4343 ) and east to fiji , north to southern taiwan , south to new caledonia . recently recorded from tonga ( ref . 53797 ) .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 11 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 9710 )\ndorsal spines ( total ) : 7 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 10 - 12 ; anal spines : 1 ; anal soft rays : 9 - 11 ; vertebrae : 26 . upper 3 - 4 pectoral fin rays free . body color pale gray ; operculum with 5 small blue spots interspersed with brownish red spots ; 5 vertical rows of white spots on pectoral fins ; anterior tip of first dorsal fin bright yellow . 4th spine of 1st dorsal fin longest . predorsal scales cycloid , trunk ctenoid . mouth with overhanging snout , lips greatly thickened . cheeks and operculae without scales . female pelvic and anal fins not as darkly pigmented as in male . also with terete body shape , slightly depressed ; eyes situated dorso - laterally ; reduced swim bladders ( ref . 92840 ) .\na common species that inhabits mangroves and silty , rocky areas ; occasionally found in rubble reef areas . only single individuals were observed ; many individuals found scattered over a small area ( ref . 420 ) . found primarily in lower estuaries , usually in mangroves . this is the species of the genus that is found farthest inland . feeds on small invertebrates ( ref . 12693 ) .\ngenital papilla , of male varying from lightly to heavily pigmented and terminating to side of anal spine . female genital papilla lightly pigmented and truncate , terminating well before anal spine ( ref . 420 ) . benthic spawner ( ref . 32023 ) .\n) : 25 . 5 - 29 . 3 , mean 28 . 5 ( based on 3131 cells ) .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00955 ( 0 . 00561 - 0 . 01627 ) , b = 3 . 08 ( 2 . 94 - 3 . 22 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & ( sub ) family - body ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 5 \u00b10 . 37 se ; based on food items .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nbleeker , p . 1878 ,\nquatri\u00e8me m\u00e9moire sur la faune ichthyologique de la nouvelle - guin\u00e9e\n, archives n\u00e9erlandaises des sciences naturelles , vol . 13 , pp . 35 - 66 pls 2 - 3\nrichardson , j . 1844 ,\nichthyology\n, ed . richardson , j . & gray , j . e . ( eds ) , the zoology of the voyage of h . m . s . erebus and terror under the command of captain sir james clark ross , r . n . , f . r . s . , during the years 1839\u201343 , vol . 2 , pp . pp . 1 - 16 pls 1 - 6 , 7 - 8 ( parts ) , 9 - 10 , e . w . janson , london\nwhitley , g . p . 1932 ,\nfishes\n, scientific reports of the great barrier reef expedition 1928 - 1929 , vol . 4 , no . 9 , pp . 267 - 316 figs 1 - 5 pls 1 - 4\nwormuth , j . h . 1976 ,\nthe biogeography and numerical taxonomy of the oegopsid squid family ommastrephidae in the pacific ocean\n, bulletin de l ' institut oc\u00e9anographique monaco , vol . 23 , pp . 1 - 87\no ' sullivan , d . b . , johnstone , g . w . , kerry , k . w . & imber , m . j . 1983 ,\na mass stranding of squid martialia hyadesi rochebrune and mabille ( teuthoidea : ommastrephidae ) at macquarie island\n, papers and proceedings of the royal society of tasmania , vol . 117 , pp . 161 - 163\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 4583529c - 9f4a - 40ca - 886d - 8309ecc0c2b2\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : d74e27c4 - 0d3e - 4ee8 - a61b - ba500f1efb1c\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 344880\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country ."]}
{"id": 1260, "summary": [{"text": "aethridae is a family of crabs in its own superfamily , aethroidea .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it contains the following genera ( extinct genera marked \u2020 ) : actaeomorpha miers , 1877 aethra latreille in cuvier , 1816 drachiella guinot , in serene & soh , 1976 \u2020 eriosachila blow & manning , 1996 hepatella smith , in verrill , 1869 \u2020 hepatiscus bittner , 1875 hepatus latreille , 1802 \u2020 mainhepatiscus de angeli & beschin , 1999 \u2020 matutites blow & manning , 1996 osachila stimpson , 1871 \u2020 prehepatus rathbun , 1935 \u2020 priabonella beschin , de angeli , checchi & mietto , 2006 \u2020 pseudohepatiscus blow & manning , 1996 sakaila manning & holthuis , 1981", "topic": 26}], "title": "aethridae", "paragraphs": [", and between the legs together . lateral margins often cristate . buccal cavern varying from quadrate to elongate and triangular , sometimes tending to an oxystome disposition . third\ninto two parts , either with both afferent and efferent channels clearly defined , or with only one channel apparent .\ndai , a . & s . yang , 1991 . crabs of the china seas , i - iv , 1 - 608 , figs 1 - 295 , pls 1 - 74 . china ocean press , beijing and springer - verlag , berlin heidelberg new york tokyo , english edition . ( translation from chinese original 1986 . )\ndana , j . d . , 1851b . on the classification of the cancroidea ( cyclometopa ) . american journal of science and arts , ( ser . 2 ) 12 : 121 - 131 .\ndana , j . d . , 1852c . crustacea . united states exploring expedition during the years 1838 , 1839 , 1840 , 1841 , 1842 , under the command of charles wilkes , u . s . n . , 13 ( pt . 1 ) : i - viii , 1 - 685 , pl . 8 .\nguinot , d . , 1966 . recherches pr\u00e9liminaires sur les groupements naturels chez les crustac\u00e9s d\u00e9capodes brachyoures . i . les affinit\u00e9s des genres aethra , osachila , hepatus , hepatella et actaeomorpha . bulletin du mus\u00e9um national d ' histoire naturelle , paris , ( 2 ) 38 ( 5 ) : 744 - 762 , figs 1 - 24 .\nmanning , r . b . & l . b . holthuis , 1981 . west african brachyuran crabs ( crustacea : decapoda ) . smithsonian contribution to zoology , 306 : i - xii , 1 - 379 , figs 1 - 88 .\nsakai , t . , 1976a . crabs of japan and the adjacent seas . ( in 3 volumes : ( 1 ) english text : i - xxix , 1 - 773 , figs 1 - 379 , ( 2 ) plates volume : 1 - 16 , pls 1 - 251 , ( 3 ) japanese text : 1 - 461 , figs 1 - 2 , 3 maps . ) kodansha ltd , tokyo .\nstimpson , w . , 1871a . preliminary report on the crustacea dredged in the gulf stream in the straits of florida , by l . f . de pourtales , assist . u . s . coast survey . part i . brachyura . bulletin of the museum of comparative zo\u00f6logy at harvard college , 2 ( 1 ) : 109 - 160 .\ntirmizi , n . m . & q . b . kazmi , 1991 . marine fauna of pakistan : 4 . crustacea : brachyura ( dromiacea , archaeobrachyura , oxystomata , oxyrhyncha ) . univ karachi bcci ( bank credit commer int ) foundation chair , publication no . 1 ( 1988 ) : 1 - 244 , figs 1 - 65 , pls 1 - 4 .\nwada , k . , 1995 . brachyura . in : s . nishimura , guide to seashore animals of japan with color pictures and keys . vol . 2 : 379 - 418 , pls 101 - 118 . ( in japanese )\nsorry , there are no images or audio / video clips available for this taxon .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\nparent taxon : eubrachyura according to s . t . ahyong et al . 2007\nkatja schulz selected\nhepatus epheliticus\nto show in overview on\nhepatus epheliticus ( linnaeus , 1763 )\n.\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmclaughlin et al . 2005 . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : crustaceans . american fisheries society special publication 31\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; no other information is captured .\nin general , only the information that you provide , or the choices you make while visiting a web site , can be stored in a cookie . for example , the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it . allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer , and only the site that created the cookie can read it ."]}
{"id": 1265, "summary": [{"text": "peristernia reincarnata is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family fasciolariidae , the spindle snails , the tulip snails and their allies . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "peristernia reincarnata", "paragraphs": ["peristernia reincarnata - fasciolariidae - philippines seashell - 30 . 7mm - lot 2 on ebid new zealand | 130092277\nperisternia reincarnata is a common species found under rocks mostly on lagoon and pinnacle reefs from about 2 to at least 10m .\nvouchers of sequenced specimens of fasciolariidae : peristernia . . . | download scientific diagram\nfig . 5 . vouchers of sequenced specimens of fasciolariidae : peristernia nassatula clade . a : peristernia nassatula , mnhn im - 2007 - 32487 , vanuatu ; b : peristernia reincarnata , mnhn im - 2007 - 32482 , vanuatu ; c : peristernia gemmata , mnhn im - 2013 - 42528 , marquesas islands ; d : peristernia marquesana , mnhn im - 2007 - 32486 , vanuatu ; e : peristernia sp . , mnhn im - 2013 - 12522 , papua new guinea ; f : peristernia sp . , mnhn im - 2013 - 10337 , papua new guinea ; g : fusolatirus bruijnii , mnhn im - 2013 - 18013 , papua new guinea ; h : fusolatirus pachyus , mnhn im - 2007 - 35084 , new caledonia .\nperisternia reincarnata ( snyder , 2000 ) live taken w / op . , gem ; pale yellow ! ; 30 . 1 mm ; north western - australia , broome ; from local diver ; november 2007 . [ fas050 ]\nperisternia reincarnata ( snyder , 2000 ) live taken w / op . , fine + + + / gem ; pale yellow ! ; 29 . 3 mm ; north western - australia , broome ; from local diver ; november 2007 . [ fas051 ]\nfamily : fasciolariidae born : 1981 , kosuge genus and description : peristernia reincarnata , 22 - 24 mm , f + + / f + + + , set of 3 specimens origin : collected by a local fishermen by nets off mactan island , cebu philippines , july 2013 .\nfamily : fasciolariidae born : 1981 , kosuge genus and description : peristernia reincarnata , 24 & 27 mm , f + + / f + + + , set of 2 specimens origin : collected by a local fishermen by nets off mactan island , cebu philippines , july 2013 .\n( of peristernia incarnata sensu kiener , 1840 ) liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nsnyder m . a . ( 2000 ) . nomenclatural emendations in the family fasciolariidae . proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia 150 : 173 - 179 [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nshells for sale , shells online \u00ab shells for sale , conchology , inc .\nthe star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :\nwe want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only , as we handle very few foreign shells in general . as time goes , the system will become more and more performant .\nenter your email address and we will send you an email with your username and password .\ne - mail jecilia sisican if you do not receive your email with your username and password .\nclick on an image to view all the information : family , species , author , date , and full locality .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 0 . 585 seconds . )\nphilippines . cebu . on intertidal rocks at low tide . ex - coll . d . & m . meyer . march 1994 .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 0 . 001 seconds . )\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 4549a266 - 7f19 - 4f23 - b506 - 6e70671eca18\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 541008\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\noccurrence describes how often the species is found on surveys within its distribution . it is calculated as the % of reef sites surveyed by rls divers across all the ecoregions in which the species has been observed\nabundance is calculated as the average number of individuals recorded per rls transect , where present .\nplease use this form only for a single type of error . if you see multiple errors on the page for this species , please report these in separate forms by clicking on this button again after submitting this form\nthank you for highlighting this error . we appreciate your assistance in maintaining high quality control standards\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nitem is from australia , bids are aud ( a $ ) , nzd ( nz $ ) prices are estimates .\neconomy air = a $ 12 . 15 ( nz $ 13 . 50 ) economy air = a $ 16 . 00 ( nz $ 17 . 77 )\naustralian customers can pay by direct bank deposit ( preferred ) , paypal or cheque . overseas customers please pay by paypal unless other arrangements have been made\nprices quoted below are for regular airmail . please note that we can register and / or insure on larger orders . please enquire .\ncombining items in the one package is the most economical way to buy as postage stays the same up to 500grams .\nas postage figures vary dramatically from state to state and country to country please message us if you need an accurate quote .\nwe offer a money - back guarantee if not happy with the item . money will be refunded once the item has been returned in its original condition . return postage is the buyers responsibility .\nthis is a single item listing . if an auction is running , the winning bidder will be the highest bidder .\ni sold 4 more of my pin badges tonight , so over 100 sales now . the same newbie who purchase 4 of the 4th february has come back for 4 more . i ' ll have to get busy and list some more soon .\n43 created tue 10 jul 2018 05 : 42 : 30 ( nzst ) . copyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 ebid ltd\nthis amount includes applicable customs duties , taxes , brokerage and other fees . this amount is subject to change until you make payment . for additional information , see the global shipping program terms and conditions - opens in a new window or tab\nthis amount includes applicable customs duties , taxes , brokerage and other fees . this amount is subject to change until you make payment . if you reside in an eu member state besides uk , import vat on this purchase is not recoverable . for additional information , see the global shipping program terms and conditions - opens in a new window or tab\ndelivery time is estimated using our proprietary method which is based on the buyer ' s proximity to the item location , the shipping service selected , the seller ' s shipping history , and other factors . delivery times may vary , especially during peak periods .\nan item that has been used previously . see the seller\u2019s listing for full details and description of any imperfections . see all condition definitions - opens in a new window or tab\nthis is a private listing and your identity will not be disclosed to anyone except the seller .\ncopyright \u00a9 1995 - 2018 ebay inc . all rights reserved . accessibility , user agreement , privacy , cookies and adchoice\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\njoin researchgate to access over 30 million figures and 118 + million publications \u2013 all in one place .\nadditions to the gastropods of the middle miocene ( serravallian ) karaman basin , turkey .\nfound stuck in the seaweed in a calm shallow bay on the island of milos . must have just washed up the night before bc the animal was still inside the shell\norganismo encontrado en el intermareal alto sobre el sustrato duro o rocoso . presenta una forma ovalada , en la zona dorsal posee ocho placas calc\u00e1reas unidas . en el \u00e1rea lateral de cada placa se observan lineas intercaladas de color blancas y cafe y la zona central de ella tiene una tonalidad clara a excepci\u00f3n de la 5ta placa que se presenta de color negro . las placas calc\u00e1reas est\u00e1n rodeadas por cintur\u00f3n cubierto de escamas negras de textura porosa\ni believe this is a new county record and a fairly large range extension for the species .\nthese were quite common in litter from steep dry ravines under wooded scrub on a north facing clay - sand slope .\nfound 16 ashmunella shells , most are mature and aged , in a 15 min search along the comfort spring drainage to the west of ramsey vista campground , huachuca mtns . habitat is grassy and dirt hillside covered with leaf litter . oak woodland plant community .\ncollected in leaflitter from a pukatea / hinau / rewarewa swamp forest remnant in woodlands retirement village .\nnote : this image was not taken in one shot . it is a compilation of 54 images with the shells scaled in size in relation to the penny . the identifications of these shells can be found on urltoken .\nthese were collected from mt eureka on the big river watershed side . one example was collected from nearby in the saxon watershed , by whoever placed it in the cawthron collection . i have lost track of which one but feel they match in every respect . it is likely the slightly lighter shell .\nthis small charopid species is very tall and tightly coiled and cannot be confused with any other nz landsnail species . snails of this species often found under bark on tree trunks .\nwe have collected it in the wellington region from east harbour , belmont - kelson , khandallah park , wainuiomata , trelissick park , wilton , karori , kaitoke , akatarawa , pakuratahi , rimutaka hill .\na small endemic carnivorous rhytidid landsnail . we have collected it from east harbour , wainuiomata , belmont - kelson , pakuratahi , kaitoke , akatarawa , wilton and karori . it ocurs elsewhere in north island but only touches the marlborough sounds . the taxonomy is currently being reviewed and it is likely to be split up into several closely related species . ( photo : d . j . roscoe , doc )\npowelliphanta superba - one of my favourite encounters on the heaphy track a couple of weeks ago . this individual was close to the upper size limit for the species , with a shell nearly 90mm across . no macro lens required !\nwhat ' s left of three specimens . the two intact ones exploded on drying out , this one partly damaged by weka survived !\nthis species has the most amazingly glossy finish . making them rather difficult to photograph . the patchy colours are not true , these are reflections of a shadesail and sky . the profile of the shell suggests a close alliance to the p superba group , but colouration favours the p . lignaria group with which it was originally associated as a subspecies . i have highlighted two extremes of colour range\nat this point in this specie ' s range the shells reach the peak of their magnificence in colourful patterns .\nit about time some artist captured these as a symbol . the pinnacle of new zealands natural beauty and uniqueness . no matter how many times i revisit , i never go away disappointed in their creator .\nsub - sp typified by dark umbilicus which blends into honey with no specific delineation .\ntop side lighter coloured than s . s . bands tend to be coarser as in sample photographed individually but range shown can be found .\ncollected at anatori north side , technically these are not within the natural boundaries possible of p gilliesi ssp kahurangica but seem to be the same [ or similar ] so possibly introduced from kahurangi . they are on the same section of coast as p g . brunnea [ between patarau and anatori rivers ] but don ' t resemble this ssp in the slightest . the farmland here creating a huge hiatus in habitat .\nthis is the form with the honey coloured umbilicus typical of this location . shells with a dark umbilicus exist on the ranges to the south . these snails have adapted to elevation and can get the bends and die if taken to sea - level , so are found in a relatively narrow elevation zone . this means they are often isolated on a single range of mountains . this has produced numerous sub - specific taxa . an interesting thing happens in the marlborough sounds which is a ria coastline and has been gradually sinking for an extremely long time . here the snails have adapted to lower elevations in places .\nblack and dark brown , no stripes . about 1\nacross , under a conifer log .\nshell only of course . looked like it had been pecked by a weka ."]}
{"id": 1271, "summary": [{"text": "the worm-eating warbler ( helmitheros vermivorum ) is a small new world warbler that breeds in the eastern united states and migrates to southern mexico and central america for the winter . ", "topic": 28}], "title": "worm - eating warbler", "paragraphs": ["description : worm - eating warbler is the only warbler species in the genus helmitheros .\nvisit the bent life history for extensive additional information on the worm - eating warbler .\nsinging male worm - eating warbler , vinton co . , oh , 1 may .\nthe oldest known worm - eating warbler in the wild was 10 years , one month old .\nrelative abundance of worm - eating warbler , derived from breeding bird survey data , 1994 - 2003 .\nthanks very much to gerry dewaghe for permission to use his marvelous photograph of a worm - eating warbler .\nworm - eating warblers inhabit deciduous woods with banks , slopes , or gullies .\nthe worm - eating warbler was first described in 1789 by johann friedrich gmelin , a german naturalist , botanist and entomologist .\ngreenberg , r . 1987 . seasonal foraging specialization in the worm - eating warbler . condor 89 : 158 - 168 .\nworm - eating warblers feed on spiders and insects , such as caterpillars . they primarily\ndiet : worm - eating warbler feeds mainly on caterpillars , insects and spiders , according to the season . it also consumes slugs .\nthe foraging behavior of the worm - eating warbler has been studied in both its summer and its winter habitats ( e . g . ,\ngreenberg , r . 1987 . seasonal foraging specialization in the worm - eating warbler . condor no . 89 : 158 - 168 . close\nrange : worm - eating warbler breeds in south - eastern united states , in dense deciduous forests . it winters in central america and caribbean .\none of 5 + worm - eating warblers singing along roadsides in the mark train national forest .\nworm - eating warblers are sensitive to forest fragmentation , requiring large , unbroken tracts of habitat .\nhelmitheros vermivorus = worm - eating warbler sleeping , feedis on midges , back to sleep . at montrose point , chicago , may 2016 photo gallery at urltoken\nhabitat : worm - eating warbler lives mainly in dense undergrowth on wooded slopes . it breeds in mature forests with dense understory , and it winters in tropical forests .\nthe oldest recorded worm - eating warbler was a male , and at least 8 years , 1 month old when he was recaptured and rereleased during banding operations in connecticut .\nthe worm - eating warbler\u2019s nest is a cup of dead leaves and is lined with moss and fungi . it is placed on the ground , often under a sapling or shrub .\nworm - eating warblers forage in trees and shrubs , as well as on the ground , probing dead leaves for insects .\nyour ebird trip data anywhere on the worm - eating warbler\u2019s journey \u2014 wherever it \u201changs out\u201d \u2014 - is a valuable contribution to learning more about this obscure but fascinating little forest songbird .\ndonegan , t . m . and b . c . huertas h . 2002 . first mainland record of worm - eating warbler helmitheros vermivorus for colombia . cotinga 17 : 77 - 78 .\nflight : worm - eating warbler performs direct flights within canopy . before or after a fight , male may use fluttering flight , in aggressive behaviour . it can hover in order to capture flying insects .\nthough common in houston during spring migration , this well camouflaged warbler can be difficult to spot as it prefers to remain in the understory in dense thickets and woodlands . the song of the worm - eating warbler is a rapid , dry trill , often insect - like .\nthe worm - eating warbler is next , another early offshoot and ( still ) the only member of the genus helmitheros . on its wintering grounds , this species specializes in foraging at dead , curled leaves .\nwe included slope ( si2 ) in our model because of the prevalence of steep slopes in the territories of worm - eating warblers . we defined slope classes based on data from gale and others ( 1997 ) who identified the relative preference of various slopes for worm - eating warblers\nin the forest understory , the worm - eating warbler specializes in recovering invertebrates from suspended tangles of dead leaves . this warbler seeks out dangling leaf clusters and pries or tears each crisp leaf open with its slim pointed beak to expose caterpillars , spiders and small insects . it will systematically work its way up through brambles and vines searching through the hanging curled leaves for its meal . the worm - eating warbler will also glean insects off green leaves and probe the bark of tree trunks and branches for insects .\nstatus in tennessee : the worm - eating warbler is an uncommon to fairly common migrant across the state , and a fairly common summer resident in east and the western highland rim of middle tennessee . it arrives in mid - april and departs by early september . populations appear to be declining in the state . the worm - eating warbler appears on the audubon watchlist due to threats of forest fragmentation on the breeding grounds , and deforestation on the wintering grounds .\na small , drab , but elegantly marked bird of the eastern deciduous forests , the worm - eating warbler is often found on steep slopes with dense understory . true to its name , it feeds largely on caterpillars (\nworms\n) .\nthe worm - eating warbler is olive - brown at a glance with a buffy head and underparts , and distinct black stripes on its crown and through its eyes . these bold head stripes are helpful field marks . its legs are noticeably pink .\nalthough the worm - eating warbler forages in the understory near the ground and nests on the ground , it does not spend much time on the forest floor . it does not forage there , and when on the ground it hops instead of walking .\nthe breeding season for the worm - eating warbler in new jersey is between early - may and mid - august . nests are built on the ground , usually on hillsides among dead leaves and tree roots , often at the base of a sapling .\nthe worm - eating warbler has brownish - olive upperparts , an orange - buff breast , and a head heavily striped with black and buffy orange . other than the stripes on the head , it is very plain , lacking wing bars or other stripes .\nwe also included forest patch size ( si3 ) as a model parameter to account for the preference of worm - eating warblers for forest interiors . we fit a logistic function\nprotection / threats / status : worm - eating warblers are mainly threatened by habitat loss , due to fragmentation and destruction of forested habitats , and human developments . they are preyed upon by mammals and snakes when at nest . corvids can take eggs and nestlings . nest can be parasitized by brown - headed cowbirds in fragmented forests . however , at this moment , worm - eating warbler\u2019s populations seem to be stable across united states .\ncomments by don verser : worm - eating warblers sometime give a thin call note , similar to that of black - and - white , when moving around in the woods .\n. we assumed worm - eating warblers occurred in forests with low stem densities , but these habitats had lower suitability scores than sites with well - developed understories characterized by dense stems .\nthe breeding range of the worm - eating warbler extends across much of the eastern half of the us from iowa in the northwest to new england in the northeast and as far south as the gulf coast . it winters in the west indies , central america and southeastern mexico .\nthe worm - eating warbler is sensitive to forest fragmentation and requires large tracts of mature forest with dense understory patches of shrubs . feral cats and subsidized predators may threaten this species\u2019 nesting success since their nest locations are highly vulnerable on the ground . it is currently listed as a species of\nworm - eating warblers breed across much of the eastern u . s . , though locally . they winter in mexico , central america , and the west indies . the population is stable .\nthe appalachian mountains are at the core of the worm - eating warbler\u2019s breeding range . pennsylvania accounts for approximately 10 percent of the total nesting population , so it is critical that our state maintains the quality and quantity of forest needed for the continued existence of this songbird . the northern edge of the worm - eating warbler\u2019s breeding range extends through pennsylvania following the eastern edge of the appalachian mountains . it breeds primarily east of the allegheny front and is much less common , even accidental in some counties , in the western and northern parts of the state and absent through the northwest corner in summer .\nwhen male is establishing its territory , it can be aggressive , pursuing neighbours and chasing them , trying to peck each other . usually , males fight more often than females . breeding territory is established by male by singing from perches after arriving on breeding areas . worm - eating warblers are monogamous . female solicits copulation by spreading and drooping wings , with tail cocked upwards . copulation occurs usually in subcanopy , on small branches . worm - eating warbler is migratory . they travel by night , probably long distances .\nstasz , j . l . 1996 . worm - eating warbler ( helmitheros vermivorus ) . pages 352 - 353 in c . s . robbins and e . a . t . blom , editors . atlas of the breeding birds of maryland and the district of columbia . university of pittsburgh press , pittsburgh .\nduring spring migration , magee marsh braces itself for an all - out warbler ( and birder ) invasion .\ngale , g . a . 1995 . habitat selection in the worm - easting warbler ( helmitheros vermivorus ) : testing different spatial scales . university of connecticut , storrs , connecticut . ph . d . dissertation .\nlate in incubation the female worm - eating warbler sits so tight on her nest that only touching her will flush her . her cryptic coloring makes immobility a safe strategy . if she is flushed , she will flutter across the ground with her wings and tail spread , acting helpless to lure predators away from the nest .\nhanners , l . a . , and s . r . patton . 1998 . worm - eating warbler ( helmitheros vermivorum ) . the birds of north america , no . 367 ( a . poole and f . gill , eds . ) . the birds of north america , inc . , philadelphia , pa .\nvitz , andrew c . , lise a . hanners and stephen r . patton . 2013 . worm - eating warbler ( helmitheros vermivorum ) , version 2 . 0 . in the birds of north america ( p . g . rodewald , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , new york , usa .\nyoung worm - eating warblers typically leave their nest 8 - 10 days after hatching . chicks as young as five days old have been observed leaving the nest and surviving , although they cannot fly at that age .\nbehaviour : worm - eating warbler forages in trees among foliage , on branches and twigs . it also forages in leaf litter , searching for caterpillars and other invertebrates . it feeds using several manners . it can hang towards live or dead leaves , insert bill into holes and bark crevices or leaf curls for grabbling preys , and also perform sally - hover attacks for taking moving insects , and remove prey from curled leaf , grasping it with foot and using its bill . worm - eating warbler is rarely seen on the ground where it hops rather than walks . it is an arboreal bird , moving easily from branch to branch by hopping or creeping on trunks .\nthree or four worm - eating warblers are on territory on our property in central missouri near columbia by about the time morels are coming up in mid - april . they are vigorous singers and have a subtle beauty .\nworm - eating warbler : breeds from southeastern iowa , across the ohio valley , into the mid - atlantic states and southern new england , ranging into the southern states . spends winters in the tropics from central mexico , the yucatan peninsula , and the west indies to areas south . dry , wooded hillsides are the preferred habitat of this species .\nthe worm - eating warbler is a small migratory songbird about 5 - 5 \u00bd inches in length . both the male and female are a dull olive color . the back is darker than the buff - colored belly and breast and the buff - colored head has black stripes along the eyes and on the crown . its tail is relatively short and its bill large .\ngale , g . a . , l . a . hanners and s . r . patton . 1997 . reproductive success of worm - eating warblers in a forest landscape . conserv . biol . no . 11 : 246 - 250 . close\nstephenson , t . and s . whittle ( 2013 ) . the warbler guide . princeton university press , new jersey , usa .\ncurson , j . ( 2018 ) . worm - eating warbler ( helmitheros vermivorum ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nreproduction : worm - eating warbler female selects the nest - site within the male\u2019s territory , usually the same site year after year . female builds the nest alone , but male remains nearby . nest is placed near water , stream or wetland . nest is situated on the ground , on hillside or bank . it is often well hidden among vegetation , against roots , beside rock ledge , or in dense low shrubs .\na dry trilled song in the undergrowth of deciduous woods in summer announces that the worm - eating warbler is at home . less colorful than most of its relatives , it is also more sluggish , foraging deliberately in the woodland understory or on the ground , probing among dead leaves with its rather long bill . despite the name , it does not feed on earthworms ; it does eat caterpillars , but no more than many other warblers .\nthe ovenbird , a spotted warbler that walks on the ground , isn\u2019t closely related to waterthrushes as was once thought . in fact , it appears to be a basal member of the wood - warbler clade \u2014 an early offshoot of the group \u2014 and is now the only member of the genus seiurus .\nworm - eating warblers nest on steeper slopes and ravines in deciduous woodlands , with the core population in the appalachians . they also nest more sparsely in lowland forest . they sing an insect - like buzzy fast - paced trill . the following is a link to this photographer ' s website : urltoken .\nto learn more about revisions to wood - warbler taxonomy , check out the pending aou proposal ( pdf ) , the paper on which it\u2019s based ( a comprehensive multilocus phylogeny for the wood - warblers and a revised classification of the parulidae ( aves ) ) , birding \u2018s interview with the study\u2019s lead author ( pdf ) , john boyd\u2019s parulidae , and nick sly\u2019s new wood - warbler taxonomy post .\nrelationships among these three groups are not yet clear , nor are the relationships of several odd species , including the yellow - breasted chat , which though traditionally considered a wood - warbler might belong in the icteridae or somewhere else nearby .\ndescription : this stocky , flat - headed , overall buffy - olive warbler has distinct black crown stripes , and a black stripe through eye . the male and female look the same . length : 5 . 25\nwingspan : 8 . 5\nweight : 0 . 46 oz\nthe kirtland\u2019s warbler is an endangered species restricted to a very specific type of habitat mostly found in michigan ; jack pine forests . its habitat is managed for this species in a few national forests by ensuring that there are jack pine stands of the age and composition this species requires . brown - headed cowbird populations are also controlled on its breeding grounds .\nfurther studies are required to assess effects of various logging practices on both wintering and breeding grounds . however , this warbler probably is tolerant of many different forest management and logging practices ; selective logging and thinning\novermature\ntrees may create favorable conditions ; may nest in clearcut areas as young as 7 years old where several hardwoods have been left standing in the clearcuts ( see bushman and therres 1988 ) .\nmembers of the parulidae are not colonial nesters but often occur in mixed flocks with other species after the breeding season . they forage in a variety of ways for invertebrates , small fruits , and nectar . while the waterthrushes forage on the ground in streams and wetlands , and the black - and - white warbler creeps along tree trunks , most wood - warblers glean the vegetation of trees and bushes and make short sallies for their insect prey .\nthe wood - warblers are known for their colorful plumages \u2013 the blackburnian warbler being one of the most striking members of this family with its deep orange - red throat that contrasts with its handsome black and white plumage . however while many species are known for their beautiful breeding plumage colors , they are also known to bird watchers as being extremely challenging to identify when in the fall they revert to their drab tan , olive , and pale colored plumages .\nlet\u2019s take a look at what the future might hold . in order to make this less scary , i\u2019ve attempted to devise seven memorable group names to help you mentally organize the 14 proposed genera and hundred - plus species with ease : the ovenbird , the worm - eater , the other oddballs , the ( mostly ) gray jobbies , the sneaky yellow dudes , the rot - your - retinalicious eye candy , and the southern tribes .\nthis week , 8 may \u2013 14 may 2011 , is wood - warbler week on 10 , 000 birds ! though wood - warblers , the mostly brightly colored birds of the family parulidae , are only found in the new world we felt that birders the world over would be pleased to see a plethora of posts about these striking and sought after species . we are devoting a whole week to wood - warblers but are only just barely scratching the surface of possible topics involving this amazing family of birds .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nsacc . 2005 and updates . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken .\nbahamas ; belize ; canada ; cayman islands ; colombia ; costa rica ; cuba ; dominican republic ; el salvador ; guatemala ; haiti ; honduras ; jamaica ; martinique ; mexico ; nicaragua ; panama ; puerto rico ; turks and caicos islands ; united states ; venezuela , bolivarian republic of ; virgin islands , british ; virgin islands , u . s .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nspecies accounts have been redesigned and the site is now faster , with new functionalities , maps , and rich media . new tools will be added that will enhance user experience . revisions of species account text are ongoing .\nintegration with macaulay library means that a wealth of new audio , images , and video are now incorporated into species accounts , as are tools that allow users to search the full archive of macaulay media resources .\nbirdvis lets anyone visualize , explore , and interact with the multidimensional output of distribution models for selected species , to examine regional and seasonal patterns of abundance through the annual cycle .\nexplore these free , all - access species to see if bna is right for you . have an account ? sign in\ncomplete access to the bna database through institutional , organizational or personal subscriptions . gift subscriptions are also available !\nhelp build the world ' s best resource for north american birds . contribute text , photos , audio , video , maps , translations , and observations .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nrobinson , scott k . ; thompson , frank r . , iii ; donovan , therese m . ; whitehead , donald r . ; faaborg , john\nscience , volume 267 , issue 5206 , pp . 1987 - 1990 ( sci homepage )\nsounds provided by macaulay library . listen to more sounds of this species from the ml archive .\nhas disappeared from some areas with clearing of forest . current numbers probably stable . will become more vulnerable to parasitism by cowbirds where forest is broken up into smaller patches .\nleafy wooded slopes . during breeding season , frequents dense deciduous woodlands . prefers cool , shaded banks , sheer gullies and steep , forested slopes covered with medium - sized trees and an undergrowth of saplings and shrubs . in winter in the tropics , forages alone in dense thickets or in the forest undergrowth , usually near the ground .\nforages mostly in trees and shrubs . probes in curled , dead leaves for insects , and searches on bark of trunks and limbs . forages also on the ground , walking while seeking insects on the leaf - litter .\n4 - 5 , sometimes 3 - 6 . white , with brown spots and blotches . incubated by female alone , 13 days . in most areas , rarely parasitized by cowbirds , possibly because it breeds mainly in dense woods far from edges . in some areas , parasitism by cowbirds appears to be more common . young : fed by both parents . leave the nest at 10 days of age . probably 1 brood per year .\nfed by both parents . leave the nest at 10 days of age . probably 1 brood per year .\nmostly insects . eats smooth caterpillars , but rarely or never takes the earthworms that the name would seem to imply . also feeds on small grasshoppers , bugs , ants , bees , walkingsticks , beetles , sawfly larvae , and spiders . feeds nestlings on moths and grubs .\nmales defend territories by singing from perches at mid - levels or on the ground . besides the usual insect - like trill , male also sings a musical , varied song during flight as part of courtship . nest : placed on ground , normally on hillside against a deciduous shrub or sapling , well concealed by dead leaves . nest ( constructed by female ) is an open cup of dead leaf skeletons ; lined with fungus filaments , hair moss , maple seed stems , animal hair .\nmigrates mostly at night . fall migration begins early , many moving south in august . very rare stray in west , mostly in fall .\nsong like that of chipping sparrow , but faster , buzzy , and more insect - like .\naudio \u00a9 lang elliott , bob mcguire , kevin colver , martyn stewart and others .\nin the broadest and most detailed study of its kind , audubon scientists have used hundreds of thousands of citizen - science observations and sophisticated climate models to predict how birds in the u . s . and canada will react to climate change .\nthe darker the color , the more favorable the climate conditions are for survival . the outlined areas represent approximate current range for each season .\neach map is a visual guide to where a particular bird species may find the climate conditions it needs to survive in the future . we call this the bird\u2019s \u201cclimatic range . \u201d\nthe darker the shaded area , the more likely it is the bird species will find suitable climate conditions to survive there .\nthe outline of the approximate current range for each season remains fixed in each frame , allowing you to compare how the range will expand , contract , or shift in the future .\nthe first frame of the animation shows where the bird can find a suitable climate today ( based on data from 2000 ) . the next three frames predict where this bird\u2019s suitable climate may shift in the future\u2014one frame each for 2020 , 2050 , and 2080 .\nyou can play or pause the animation with the orange button in the lower left , or select an individual frame to study by clicking on its year .\nthe darker the color , the more favorable the climate conditions are for survival . the outlined areas represent approximate current range for each season . more on reading these maps .\nwarblers aren ' t the most cooperative subjects , but they are one of the most beautiful and addictive . follow this advice to best capture the elusive birds .\nsmack - dab in the middle of the u . s . , missouri is a confluence of regions , creating a high variety of very different bird habitats\u2014close in proximity for a great birding trip .\ntell congress to oppose a harmful rider that threatens sage - grouse and other wildlife .\ntell congress and the department of the interior to uphold the country ' s most important bird protection law .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nstripes and eye - lines . as its name suggests , it eats a steady diet of moth caterpillars and worms . it usually forages in understory vegetation and dead leaves .\nsong is a musical trill , all on one pitch (\noregon\ngroup ) .\ndespite its name , it only rarely , if ever , eats earthworms . instead , it feeds mostly on caterpillars , which were once referred to as worms .\nlate in incubation the female sits so tight on her nest that only touching her will flush her . her cryptic coloring makes immobility a safe strategy .\na group of warblers has many collective nouns , including a\nbouquet\n,\nconfusion\n,\nfall\n, and\nwrench\nof warblers .\nthe wood - warblers are one of the one hundred eighteen families of birds in the order passeriformes ( pronounced pas - ser - i - for - meez ) ; a large taxonomic order that includes other small perching birds such as the vireos , the white - eyes , and the tanagers .\nthe wood - warblers , or parulidae ( pronounced pah - roo - luh - dee ) , are a large family of one hundred and twenty - two species in twenty - six genera that only occur in north and south america .\nnorth america has ninety species of wood - warblers in twenty - six genera ; included in this family are the yellowthroats , a seemingly dizzying array of warblers , and the waterthrushes .\nlike several other passerines , the wood - warblers are small birds with medium length tails , medium length legs and strong feet suited to perching . they have short to longish wings ( in migratory species ) , and medium length , thin , pointed bills .\nmembers of the parulidae come in a variety of colors . different shades of yellow and olive occur in many species , including the dull , brown , streaked plumages of females and immatures . in addition to having bright yellow in their plumages , males in bright breeding plumage can show orange , blue , grays , and handsome patterns of black and white .\nmost species of wood - warblers are long distance migrants to central and south america .\n\u00a9 2002 - 2013 urltoken all rights reserved . mitch waite group . no part of this web site may be reproduced without written permission from mitch waite group . privacy policy\nbna account authors : hanners , lise a . , and stephen r . patton\nthere are many ways to contribute\u2014we need species information , photographs , audio , video , translations , maps , distribution data , and bird sightings . there ' s a role for everyone !\n) , in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa . retrieved from neotropical birds online :\nnatural vocalization ; complex song from a bird moving low and hidden in the dense undergrowth of mixed forest . later playback of this cut resulted in an aggressive reaction and more typical song and calls .\nrecorded with iphone se . amplification used in audacity . same bird as xc383680 .\nthis was probably the male , calling in response to playback of song . the probable female was seen a few minutes before , sitting very quietly about 2m up in saplings . nest likely nearby .\nbird heard singing in the distance . came straight in to minimal playback . perched directly over head and sang for approximately 10 min .\nheard calling in large oak tree near steep ravine . responded aggressively to playback .\nsinging from 2 meters up , hemlock - hardwood forest , on a slope , natural conditions .\nnatural vocalizations from two birds ( one probably the same as in xc101626 ) chasing through low vegetation ( 1 - 3m up ) along rocky ridgetop with oak and hickory . one bird had wings hanging and quivering and tail cocked .\nnatural song from a bird perched between 3 - 6m up in short oak - hickory woodland on ridgetop by rock outcroppings . second and fourth songs were while flying between perches .\nsonogram images \u00a9 xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\nover much of e usa s of great lakes ( excluding florida peninsula and much of s atlantic coastal plain ) ; distribution centred around appalachians and adjacent areas . migrates to lowlands of central america from s & e mexico s to w panama , and caribbean .\n13 cm ; 11\u00b78\u201317\u00b74 g . head is rich buff , with broad blackish lateral crown\u00adstripe and narrower blackish eyestripe ; upper\u00adparts uniformly olive - brown . . .\nbreeds on wooded ravines and hillsides in deciduous and mixed woodlands with dense undergrowth , . . .\nfeeds on insects , especially caterpillars , and other arthropods , especially spiders ( araneae ) . forages primarily by gleaning in understorey . . .\nseason may\u2013jul , egg - laying may\u2013jun . nest a cup of dead leaves , lined with hair , moss and stems of maple (\nshort - distance to medium - distance migrant . leaves breeding grounds mainly from late jul , those in e . . .\nnot globally threatened . listed as a species of conservation concern by us fish & wildlife service . generally fairly common throughout range . discontinuous distribution ; . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\nin past , sometimes considered to include limnothlypis but , despite superficial similarities , they are apparently not closely related ; may be closest to vermivora .\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nchief , bird section , u . s . g . s . - b . r . d . - p . w . r . c .\nbanks , r . c . , r . w . mcdiarmid , and a . l . gardner\nchecklist of vertebrates of the united states , the u . s . territories , and canada\nbulletin of the british ornithologists ' club , vol . 122 , no . 4\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nlet your mind\u2019s eye sweep over the rich expanse of the avian family tree . revel in its deep , gnarly divisions , its long , slender shoots . you\u2019ll come to a profusion of branches and twigs \u2014 the songbirds , or passerines \u2014 and if you look closer still , a colorful cloud of myriad forms , the nine - primaried cardinals , tanagers , finches , blackbirds , sparrows , and , blazing in their full resplendent glory , the wood - warblers .\nso dense is this part of the tree , so close and tangled the relationships , that scientists struggle still to delineate families , genera , and species , but growing evidence places the wood - warblers ( parulidae ) closest to the blackbirds and relatives ( icteridae ) and the sparrows and relatives ( emberizidae ) .\nwaterthrushes ( now in the genus parkesia ) ; swainson\u2019s , prothonotary , and black - and - white warblers ; and a greatly reduced vermivora ( now containing only the blue - winged , golden - winged , and presumed - extinct bachman\u2019s warblers ) form a group of rather dissimilar small genera .\nnext are the yellowthroats . it turns out that warblers once placed in the genus oporornis ( kentucky , mourning , macgillivray\u2019s , and connecticut ) are in fact scattered among the yellowthroats , and the aou proposal recommends merging everything into genus geothlypis . i can dig it . they\u2019re broadly similar in habits ( low skulkers ) and song type ( carolina wren - like ) .\ndavid j . ringer is exploring the world one bird at a time . his fascination with birds and nature began at the age of four or five , and he now works full time in conservation . he is a writer and communicator whose day jobs have taken him to six continents and more than 25 countries , including papua new guinea , vanuatu , kenya , and cameroon . follow him on twitter at @ realdjringer .\nit might all make sense and i view it as a good thing , but i\u2019ll miss \u201coporornis\u201d . seriously miss it . if ever i get to see a connecticut again , it just won\u2019t be the same because now it is in the same group as the easily observed common yellowthroat .\ni\u2019m curious about the picture of the \u201credstart\u201d . i\u2019ve seen lots of slate - throated redstarts here in mexico but they have all been red - bellied with slate color on head and back . howell and webb says that there is a group called connectens that is orange - red on underparts . they also list similar species as being painted redstart which is also red . so is this an error or are there some that are yellow - bellied ?\nwait ! i just checked my panama book and they show a yellow and black bird like your picture . other folks may find the same confusion .\n@ jochen \u2013 john boyd points out that given connecticut\u2019s distinctiveness and its position in the clade , it could be retained in oporornis . that\u2019s not the proposal the aou is considering , but it does make sense .\n@ corey \u2013 get \u2019em while you can ! as if you needed another excuse to bird\u2026 .\n@ chivis \u2013 yep , slate - throated whitestarts have redder underparts \u201cup north\u201d in their range and yellower down south .\noutstanding analysis , david . i love taxonomic revisions as much as the next amateur field ornithologist , but i\u2019m sure i\u2019m not alone in disliking some of these proposals . obliterating very distinctive genus names cuts at the emotional heart of out interest .\nwelcome to 10 , 000 birds , just the place for people who love birds , pictures of birds , and people who write about birds , birding , conservation , and much more .\nget 10 , 000 birds in your email inbox every day . sign up for our free email newsletter !\nfb , by james hogg : i always seem to end up at a se . . .\ntempted to buy this beer just for the design , love it ! . . .\nstill going strong . bravo ! i know where you are coming fro . . .\n\u00a9 2013 10 , 000 birds . all words , images , and opinions are the property of their respective authors unless stated otherwise .\na curated database of candidate human ageing - related genes and genes associated with longevity and / or ageing in model organisms .\na curated database of genes associated with dietary restriction in model organisms either from genetic manipulation experiments or gene expression profiling .\nprojects focused on gene expression profiling of ageing and of dietary manipulations of ageing , such as caloric restriction .\nsoftware for ageing research , including the ageing research computational tools ( arct ) perl toolkit .\na curated database of ageing and life history information in animals , including extensive longevity records .\nthe benchmark genome assembly and annotation of the long - lived , cancer - resistant naked mole - rat ( heterocephalus glaber ) .\na high - coverage genome of the bowhead whale ( balaena mysticetus ) , the longest - lived mammal .\nanalyses using the anage database to study the evolution of longevity and ageing in vertebrate lineages .\na portal of ageing changes covering different biological levels , integrating molecular , physiological and pathological age - related data .\nthe whosage database contains people and biotech companies that are contributing to increase our understanding of ageing and life - extension .\ncomments , suggestions , ideas , and bug reports are welcome . please contact us .\nall ranks domain kingdom subkingdom phylum subphylum superclass class subclass infraclass superorder order suborder infraorder superfamily family subfamily tribe subtribe genus subgenus species subspecies variety group ( polytypic ) group ( monotypic ) species split life sp . ssp . intra - specific hybrid interspecific hybrid intergeneric hybrid species pair\nall records ( accepted , rejected , pending ) . to filter / search please enter a phrase . e . g . to filter rejected records , type rejected into the search box , all columns can be filtered .\nhave you seen something interesting ? click submit to share your rare bird sightings via our simple form .\n\u00a9 2018 birdguides , warners group publications plc . all rights reserved . company registered in england no . 2572212 | vat registration no . gb 638 3492 15\nthough it eats caterpillars , as do most warblers , it does not eat earthworms as its name would imply .\nthe song is a rapid buzz , similar to that of the chipping sparrow . a short , high - pitched flight call is also given .\nnumber : usually lay 4 - 5 eggs . color : white and sometimes with darker markings . incubation and fledging : the young hatch at about 13 days and fledge at about 10 - 11 days , though remaining dependent on the adults for some time .\nadult has brownish - olive upperparts , without any wing bar or tail spots . underparts are buffy , more orange - buff on throat . undertail coverts show dusky centres . head is buffy , with conspicuous black stripes on crown and through the eye . pointed bill shows dark upper mandible , and pinkish lower mandible . eyes are dark brown . legs and feet are pinkish - brown . both sexes are similar . immature resembles adults .\nfemale builds the nest , first by forming the cup with pliable leaves . she performs repeated trips with leaves , and she moulds them into the cup . then , interior is lined with fine stems or moss . she may add hair and pine - needles , soft grasses and horse hair . female lays 4 to 5 white or pinkish eggs with brown markings . incubation lasts about 12 to 14 days , by female . male feeds her at nest during this period . if parents are disturbed at nest , they begin distraction display , with spread wings and fanned tail , both depressed , uttering alarm call \u201cchip\u201d , or they only flutter across the ground until intruder moves away from the nest .\na guide to the birds of mexico and northern central america by steve n . g . howell , sophie webb - oxford university press - isbn : 0198540124\nchicks are altricial , with brownish - grey down growing two days later . they are brooded by female for the five first days . both parents feed the young and clean the nest , removing fecal sacs . young fledge at about 10 days of age , and they remain with parents for about three weeks after fledging , in shrub and subcanopy . this species produces only one brood per year , sometimes more if first is destroyed or lost .\n. the suitability of a forest patch is influenced not only by its size , though , but also its landscape context ( si4 ) . in predominantly forested landscapes , small forest patch sizes not otherwise suitable may be used due to their proximity to a large forest block ( rosenberg and others 1999 ) . we built a logistic function\nbased on the assumptions that landscapes with < 30 percent forest were poor habitat ( suitability index score \u2264 0 . 100 ) and landscapes with > 70 percent forest were excellent habitat ( suitability index score \u2265 0 . 900 ;\n. the maximum suitability index score of either si3 or si4 was assigned to each site to account for the higher suitability of small forest patches in heavily forested landscapes .\nto calculate the overall suitability index score , we determined the geometric mean of si scores for forest structure ( si1 and si5 ) and landscape composition ( max ( si2 , si3 ) and si4 ) separately and then the geometric mean of these means together .\nandrew c . vitz , lise a . hanners , and stephen r . patton\nthe introduction article is just the first of 11 articles in each species account that provide life history information for the species . the remaining articles provide detailed information regarding distribution , migration , habitat , diet , sounds , behavior , breeding , current population status and conservation . each species account also includes a multimedia section that displays the latest photos , audio selections and videos from macaulay library\u2019s extensive galleries . written and continually updated by acknowledged experts on each species , birds of north america accounts include a comprehensive bibliography of published research on the species .\na subscription is needed to access the remaining account articles and multimedia content . rates start at $ 5 usd for 30 days of complete access .\nthis species breeds locally within the area denoted as ' migration ' and winters in the eastern caribbean , as well as in the range shown here . see the text for details . adapted from dunn and garrett 1997 .\nlack , d . and p . lack . 1972 . wintering warblers in jamaica . living bird no . 11 : 129 - 153 . close\n) . studies of forest birds conducted at sites in the ozarks , southern illinois , tennessee , ohio , and west virginia have provided important information about its breeding biology , response to prescribed fire , and how it is affected by habitat fragmentation and forest management . a long - term study of the species ' demography and population ecology has been conducted at the nature conservancy ' s devil ' s den preserve in southwestern connecticut since 1991 (\n) . most of the information on the post - fledging ecology of this species is from a study in southern ohio ( vitz and rodewald 2010 , vitz and rodewald 2011 ) . unpublished data and observations are frequently provided herein .\nvitz , a . c . , l . a . hanners , and s . r . patton ( 2013 ) .\n) , version 2 . 0 . in the birds of north america ( a . f . poole , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa .\nsorry , we just need to make sure you ' re not a robot . for best results , please make sure your browser is accepting cookies .\nthis form needs javascript to display , which your browser doesn ' t support . sign up here instead\nwhat information do we collect ? when you visit our website you may provide us with two types of information : personal information you knowingly choose to disclose that is collected on an individual basis and website use information collected on an aggregate basis as you and others browse our website .\npersonal information you choose to provide we may request that you voluntarily supply us with personal information , including your email address , postal address , home or work telephone number and other personal information for such purposes as correspondence , placing an order , requesting an estimate , or participating in online surveys . if you choose to correspond with us through email , we may retain the content of your email messages together with your email address and our responses . we provide the same protections for these electronic communications that we employ in the maintenance of information received by mail and telephone .\nwebsite use information similar to other websites , our site may utilize a standard technology called\ncookies\n( see explanation below ,\nwhat are cookies ?\n) and web server logs to collect information about how our website is used . information gathered through cookies and server logs may include the date and time of visits , the pages viewed , time spent at our website , and the sites visited just before and just after ours . this information is collected on an aggregate basis . none of this information is associated with you as an individual .\nhow do we use the information that you provide to us ? broadly speaking , we use personal information for purposes of administering our business activities , providing service and support and making available other products and services to our customers and prospective customers . occasionally , we may also use the information we collect to notify you about important changes to our website , new services and special offers we think you will find valuable . the lists used to send you product and service offers are developed and managed under our traditional standards designed to safeguard the security and privacy of all personal information provided by our users . you may at any time to notify us of your desire not to receive these offers .\nwhat are cookies ? cookies are a feature of web browser software that allows web servers to recognize the computer used to access a website . cookies are small pieces of data that are stored by a user ' s web browser on the user ' s hard drive . cookies can remember what information a user accesses on one web page to simplify subsequent interactions with that website by the same user or to use the information to streamline the user ' s transactions on related web pages . this makes it easier for a user to move from web page to web page and to complete commercial transactions over the internet . cookies should make your online experience easier and more personalized .\nhow do we use information collected from cookies ? we use website browser software tools such as cookies and web server logs to gather information about our website users ' browsing activities , in order to constantly improve our website and better serve our users . this information assists us to design and arrange our web pages in the most user - friendly manner and to continually improve our website to better meet the needs of our users and prospective users . cookies help us collect important business and technical statistics . the information in the cookies lets us trace the paths followed by users to our website as they move from one page to another . web server logs allow us to count how many people visit our website and evaluate our website ' s visitor capacity . we do not use these technologies to capture your individual email address or any personally identifying information about you ."]}
{"id": 1290, "summary": [{"text": "dairoidea is a superfamily of crabs , comprising two families which each contain a single genus : dairidae ( the living fossil daira ) and dacryopilumnidae ( dacryopilumnus ) . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "dairoidea", "paragraphs": ["davie , p . ( 2014 ) . dairoidea ser\u00e8ne , 1965 . in : costello , m . j . ; bouchet , p . ; boxshall , g . ; arvantidis , c . ; appeltans , w . ( 2014 ) european register of marine species , accessed through pesi at\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\nparent taxon : brachyura according to c . e . schweitzer et al . 2010\ndatabase contains : 10 . 643 species ( 763 with photo ) , 1 . 682 genera , 124 families\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nde grave , s . , pentcheff , n . d . , ahyong , s . t . , chan , t . - y . , crandall , k . a . , dworschak , p . c . , felder , d . l . , feldmann , r . m . , fransen , c . h . j . m . , goulding , l . y . d . , lemaitre , r . , low , m . e . , martin , j . w . , ng , p . k . l . , schweitzer , c . e . , tan , s . h . , tshudy , d . and r . wetzer ( 2009 )\nsystema brachyurorum : part i . an annotated checklist of extant brachyuran crabs of the world .\noccurrence record in darwincore format ( elements of obis schema and some of dwc1 . 4 )\nthis work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - share alike 3 . 0 license\npesi is funded by the european union 7th framework programme within the research infrastructures programme . contract no . ri - 223806 . activity area : capacities . period 2008 - 2011 - website hosted & developed by vliz banner picture : gannet ( morus bassanus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) by karl van ginderdeuren - contact pesi\npeter k . l . ng , dani\u00e8le guinot & peter j . f . davie ( 2008 ) .\nsystema brachyurorum : part i . an annotated checklist of extant brachyuran crabs of the world\n\u2014 for other uses , see crab ( disambiguation ) . crabs temporal range : jurassic\u2013recent \u2026\n\u2014 for other meanings of decapod , see decapod ( disambiguation ) . decapoda temporal range : devonian\u2013recent \u2026\nwe are using cookies for the best presentation of our site . continuing to use this site , you agree with this . ok\ncrosnier , a . ( 1984 ) . addendum : familles des carpiliidae et des menippidae . in serene : crustaces decapodes brachyoures de l ' ocean indien occidental et de la mer rouge . orstom . [ details ]\nthe checklists are descriptive documents of the species that are part of a concrete taxonomic group or a group of species that are part of an specific analysis .\nthese documents have a structure that includes a list of the authors , a description of the taxonomic group or subject , and a list of the species that are part of the list .\nthe checklists aren ' t updated regularly , since they require revisions from groups of authors before their publication .\na complete set of a checklist include a pdf document and a table in csv format .\ngustavo jim\u00e9nez - uzc\u00e1tegui , david a . wiedenfeld , f . hern\u00e1n vargas , howard l . snell .\nnathalia tirado - sanchez , john mccosker , diego ruiz , angel chiriboga , stuart banks .\nyves finet , nathalia tirado - sanchez , angel chiriboga , diego ruiz , stuart banks .\nfrank bungartz , frauke ziemmeck , alba y\u00e1nez ayabaca , fredy nugra , andr\u00e9 aptroot .\nanne gu\u00e9zou , susana chamorro , paola pozo , ana mireya guerrero , rachel atkinson , chris buddenhagen , patricia jaramillo d\u00edaz , mark gardener .\ngustavo jim\u00e9nez - uzc\u00e1tegui , javier zabala , brian milstead , howard l . snell .\nto get up - to - date information about our work , please subscribe to our e - newsletter or follow us on our social media platforms .\nevery single donation we receive , no matter how small , counts as we are completely dependent on the generosity of others to carry out our scientific projects . we need your passion , loyalty and continual support .\nthe \u201ccharles darwin foundation for the galapagos islands\u201d , in french \u201cfondation charles darwin pour les \u00eeles galapagos\u201d , association international sans but lucratif ( \u201caisbl\u201d ) , has its registered office located at dr\u00e8ve du pieur\u00e9 19 , 1160 brussels , and is registered under the trade registry of brussels under the number 0409 . 359 . 103 .\nignore this text box . it is used to detect spammers . if you enter anything into this text box , your message will not be sent .\nresponsibility by carrie e . schweitzer . . . [ et al . ] . imprint leiden , the netherlands ; boston : brill , 2010 . physical description vii , 222 p . ; 25 cm . series crustaceana monographs ; 10 .\na compilation of all known species of fossil decapod crustaceans arrayed in a modern classification based upon the work of numerous students of extant and fossil decapods represents the first such attempt in nearly 100 years . the systematic list cites authors and carefully verified dates of authorship as well as a complete list of references to all taxa cited . the work is intended to provide insight into the range and relative numbers of fossil taxa within the suborder decapoda . the compilation will permit interpretation of the nature of completeness of the fossil record and will provide a platform for future research on this important , diverse group of organisms .\nsubject decapoda ( crustacea ) , fossil . decapoda ( crustacea ) crustacea . fossils .\npublication date 2010 series crustaceana monographs ; 10 isbn 9004178910 ( hbk . : alk . paper ) 9789004178915 ( hbk . : alk . paper )\ncecil h . and ida m . green fund for the branner library of earth sciences\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\nkento furui added the japanese common name\n\u30db\u30e2\u30e9\u4e0a\u79d1\nto\nhomoloidea de haan , 1839\n.\nkento furui added the japanese common name\n\u30e1\u30f3\u30b3\u30d2\u30b7\u30ac\u30cb\u4e0a\u79d1\nto\naethroidea\n.\nkento furui added the japanese common name\n\u30e6\u30ce\u30cf\u30ca\u30ac\u30cb\u4e0a\u79d1\nto\nbythograeoidea\n.\nkento furui added the japanese common name\n\u30e6\u30a6\u30ec\u30a4\u30ac\u30cb\u4e0a\u79d1\nto\nretroplumoidea\n.\nkento furui added the japanese common name\n\u30b5\u30f3\u30b4\u30e4\u30c9\u30ea\u30ac\u30cb\u4e0a\u79d1\nto\ncryptochiroidea\n.\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\ngalil , bella s . , clark , paul f . , crosnier , alain\nfour genera and seven species of trapeziid crabs are identified from recent collections taken in new caledonia . descriptions and illustrations are given for new species ; calocarcinus crosnieri and tetraiia sanguineomaculata . new records are reported for calocarcinus africanus , quadrella maculosa and trapezia guttata . trapezia cymodoce and t . septata , identified by a . milne edwards from new caledonia under the wrong names , are commented upon .\nclark , malcolm r . , althaus , franziska , williams , alan , niklitschek , edwin , menezes , gui m . , hareide , nils - roar , sutton , philip , o\u2019donnell , ciaran\nlai , joelle c . y . , mendoza , jose christopher e . , guinot , dani\u00e8le , clark , paul f . , ng , peter k . l .\nbieler , r\u00fcdiger , mikkelsen , paula m . , collins , timothy m . , glover , emily a . , gonz\u00e1lez , vanessa l . , graf , daniel l . , harper , elizabeth m . , healy , john , kawauchi , gisele y . , sharma , prashant p . , staubach , sid , strong , ellen e . , taylor , john d . , t\u00ebmkin , ilya , zardus , john d . , clark , stephanie , guzm\u00e1n , alejandra , mcintyre , erin , sharp , paul , giribet , gonzalo\nlai , joelle c . y . , thoma , brent p . , clark , paul f . , felder , darryl l . , ng , peter k . l .\ncitation : mus\u00e3\u00a9um national d ' histoire naturelle [ ed ] . 2018 . r\u00e9f\u00e9rentiel des campagnes de collectes , site web : urltoken . - v 2 . 18 . 2"]}
{"id": 1304, "summary": [{"text": "cinctura hunteria is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family fasciolariidae , the spindle snails , the tulip snails and their allies . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "cinctura hunteria", "paragraphs": ["fasciolariidae \u00bb cinctura hunteria , id : 573797 , shell detail \u00ab shell encyclopedia , conchology , inc .\n( of cinctura hunteria hunteria ( perry , 1811 ) ) petuch e . ( 2013 ) biogeography and biodiversity of western atlantic mollusks . crc press . 252 pp . [ published 2 april 2013 ] [ details ]\n- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - species : cinctura hunteria ( g . perry , 1811 ) - id : 1970000030\ncinctura lilium tortugana h . a . rehder & r . t . abbott , 1951\nto biodiversity heritage library ( 1 publication ) ( from synonym fasciolaria lilium tortugana hollister , 1957 ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 12 publications ) ( from synonym fasciolaria hunteria ( g . perry , 1811 ) ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 4 publications ) ( from synonym fasciolaria lilium hunteria ( g . perry , 1811 ) ) to encyclopedia of life ( from synonym fasciolaria hunteria ( g . perry , 1811 ) ) to genbank ( 1 nucleotides ; 0 proteins ) ( from synonym fasciolaria hunteria ( g . perry , 1811 ) ) to usnm invertebrate zoology mollusca collection ( from synonym pyrula hunteria g . perry , 1811 ) to usnm invertebrate zoology mollusca collection ( from synonym fasciolaria hunteria ( g . perry , 1811 ) ) to usnm invertebrate zoology mollusca collection ( from synonym fasciolaria lilium tortugana hollister , 1957 )\n( of fasciolaria hunteria ( g . perry , 1811 ) ) rosenberg , g . ; moretzsohn , f . ; garc\u00eda , e . f . ( 2009 ) . gastropoda ( mollusca ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 579\u2013699 in : felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico\u2013origins , waters , and biota . texas a & m ; press , college station , texas . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nsnyder m . a . , vermeij g . j . & lyons w . g . ( 2012 ) the genera and biogeography of fasciolariinae ( gastropoda , neogastropoda , fasciolariidae ) . basteria 76 ( 1 - 3 ) : 31 - 70 . [ 3 aug . 2012 ] [ details ]\npetuch e . ( 2013 ) biogeography and biodiversity of western atlantic mollusks . crc press . 252 pp . [ published 2 april 2013 ] [ details ]\npetuch e . ( 2013 ) biogeography and biodiversity of western atlantic mollusks . crc press . 252 pp . [ published 2 april 2013 ] page ( s ) : 203 [ details ]\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthe star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :\nwe want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only , as we handle very few foreign shells in general . as time goes , the system will become more and more performant .\nenter your email address and we will send you an email with your username and password .\ne - mail jecilia sisican if you do not receive your email with your username and password .\nunited states of america . florida . east side of estero boulevard . little carlos pass . extreme low tide . 02 december 2009 .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 0 . 002 seconds . )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322c1faa - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322fc869 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322fc9b6 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 32336b46 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 325e749a - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 327db30f - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 3683d4b6 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 90ae70d2 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\n. if you continue to use the site we will assume that you agree with this .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nversion 43 . 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed . my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .\nsome specimens present within the different populations in northeast florida have orange to red ( rather than violet - brown ) spiral bands . this color variant is very rare to absent in other florida populations .\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nabbott , robert tucker , 1974 : null . american seashells : the marine mollusca of the atlantic and pacific coasts of north america . 2nd ed . . 663 .\nrosenberg , g . ; moretzsohn , f . ; garc\u00eda , e . f . ( 2009 ) . gastropoda ( mollusca ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 579\u2013699 < i > in : < / i > felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico\u2013origins , waters , and biota . texas a & m press , college station , texas .\nturgeon , d . d . , j . f . quinn , jr . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , f . g . hochberg , w . g . lyons , et al . , 1998 : common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks , 2nd ed . . american fisheries society special publication 26 . 526 .\natrina serrata ( g . b . sowerby i , 1825 ) sawtooth penshell , in situ in clean sand matazanas inlet , st . john ' s county , florida ( l = 239 mm ) . | pinterest"]}
{"id": 1313, "summary": [{"text": "cryptofusus cryptocarinatus is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family fasciolariidae , the spindle snails , the tulip snails and their allies . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "cryptofusus cryptocarinatus", "paragraphs": ["dell , r . k . ( 1956 ) . the archibenthal mollusca of new zealand . dominion museum bulletin . 18 : 1 - 235 . [ details ]\nbeu , a . g . 2011 marine molluscs of oxygen isotope stages of the last 2 million years in new zealand . part 4 . gastropoda ( ptenoglossa , neogastropoda , heterobranchia ) . journal of the royal society of new zealand 41 , 1\u2013153 . [ details ]\n( of pleia cryptocarinata dell , 1956 ) spencer , h . g . , marshall , b . a . & willan , r . c . ( 2009 ) . checklist of new zealand living mollusca . pp 196 - 219 . in : gordon , d . p . ( ed . ) new zealand inventory of biodiversity . volume one . kingdom animalia : radiata , lophotrochozoa , deuterostomia . canterbury university press , christchurch . [ details ]\nto museum of new zealand te papa ( m . 009209 ; pleia cryptocarinata dell , 1956 ; holotype ) ( from synonym pleia cryptocarinata dell , 1956 )\nto museum of new ze . . . [ hosted externally ; from synonym ]\nsnyder m . a . , vermeij g . j . & lyons w . g . ( 2012 ) the genera and biogeography of fasciolariinae ( gastropoda , neogastropoda , fasciolariidae ) . basteria 76 ( 1 - 3 ) : 31 - 70 . [ 3 aug . 2012 ] [ details ]\ndell , r . k . ( 1956 ) . the archibenthal mollusca of new zealand .\nspencer , h . g . , marshall , b . a . & willan , r . c . ( 2009 ) . checklist of new zealand living mollusca . pp 196 - 219 . in : gordon , d . p . ( ed . ) new zealand inventory of biodiversity . volume one . kingdom animalia : radiata , lophotrochozoa , deuterostomia . canterbury university press , christchurch . [ details ]\nto museum of new zealand te papa ( m . 009209 ; pleia cryptocarinata dell , 1956 ; holotype )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nversion 43 . 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed . my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !"]}
{"id": 1317, "summary": [{"text": "granulifusus hayashii is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family fasciolariidae , the spindle snails , the tulip snails and their allies . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "granulifusus hayashii", "paragraphs": ["genus and description : granulifusus hayashii , 42 . 5 & 45mm , f + +\nfamily : fasciolariidae born : 1961 , habe genus and description : granulifusus hayashii , 50 mm , f + + origin : collected by a local fishermen by nets off aliguay island philippines , july 2013 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nversion 43 . 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed . my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nin : okutani , t . ( ed . ) , marine mollusks in japan . tokai university press , tokyo , 505 - 517 ( in japanese ) .\noccurrence record in darwincore format ( elements of obis schema and some of dwc1 . 4 )\n- note : several protected species are illustrated here only for identification purposes . they are not for sale . - the photos in our gallery are in most cases just a sample from our stock , except when only one specimen is offered . we try to match the original color but it can vary if your screen is not correctly adjusted ( gamma correction ) ."]}
{"id": 1338, "summary": [{"text": "distorsio decussata , common name the decussate distorsio , is a species of medium-sized sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family personidae , the distortio snails . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "distorsio decussata", "paragraphs": ["citation : - distorsio decussata . malaysia biodiversity information system ( mybis ) . urltoken downloaded on 10 july 2018 .\nsubgenus distorsio ( rhysema ) clench & r . d . turner , 1957 accepted as distorsio r\u00f6ding , 1798\n\u00bb subgenus distorsio ( rhysema ) clench & r . d . turner , 1957 accepted as distorsio r\u00f6ding , 1798\nspecies distorsio reticulata r\u00f6ding , 1798 accepted as distorsio reticularis ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ( objective synonym of d . reticularis )\n\u00bb species distorsio reticulata r\u00f6ding , 1798 accepted as distorsio reticularis ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ( objective synonym of d . reticularis )\nmessage please keep me informed when a similar specimen ( distorsio - decussata giant ! - [ panama ] ( valenciennes , 1832 ) ) is available .\ndistorsio decussata ( valenciennes , 1832 ) . worms ( 2010 ) . distorsio decussata ( valenciennes , 1832 ) . in : bouchet , p . ; gofas , s . ; rosenberg , g . ( 2010 ) world marine mollusca database . accessed through : world register of marine species at urltoken on 14 august 2010 .\n\u00bb subspecies distorsio constricta floridana olsson & mcginty , 1951 accepted as distorsio mcgintyi emerson & puffer , 1953 ( invalid : secondary junior homonym of personella floridana gardner , 1947 ; d . mcgintyi is a replacement name )\nshowing page 1 . found 0 sentences matching phrase\ndistorsio decussata\n. found in 0 ms . translation memories are created by human , but computer aligned , which might cause mistakes . they come from many sources and are not checked . be warned .\n( of triton decussata valenciennes , 1832 ) beu , a . ( 2010 ) . catalogue of tonnoidea . pers . comm . [ details ]\n\u00bb species distorta acuta perry , 1811 accepted as distorsio reticularis ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ( objective synonym of d . reticularis )\n( of distorsio ( distorsio ) r\u00f6ding , 1798 ) clench w . j . & turner r . d . ( 1957 ) . the family cymatiidae in the western atlantic . johnsonia . 3 ( 36 ) : 189 - 244 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n\u00bb species persona djunggranganensis k . martin , 1916 \u2020 accepted as distorsio djunggranganensis ( k . martin , 1916 ) \u2020 ( original combination )\n( of distorsio ( rhysema ) clench & r . d . turner , 1957 ) clench w . j . & turner r . d . ( 1957 ) . the family cymatiidae in the western atlantic . johnsonia . 3 ( 36 ) : 189 - 244 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 236 [ details ]\nbeu , a . ( 2010 ) . catalogue of tonnoidea . pers . comm . [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nversion 43 . 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed . my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nshell gallery view \u00ab shell encyclopedia , conchology , inc . \u00bb conchological megadatabase on mollusks\nthe star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :\nwe want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only , as we handle very few foreign shells in general . as time goes , the system will become more and more performant .\nenter your email address and we will send you an email with your username and password .\ne - mail jecilia sisican if you do not receive your email with your username and password .\nclick on an image to view all the information : family , species , author , date , and full locality .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 1 . 292 seconds . )\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nthis section is empty . you can help by adding to it . ( august 2010 )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 1 / / en\nurltoken\nthis shop requires javascript to run correctly . please activate javascript in your browser .\nselected giant specimen . live collected one with op . ex f . h collection\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nkamarruddin , i . , mohamed , c . a . r . , kee alfian , b . a . a . , fitra , a . z . , lee , j . n . & rozaimi , m . j . ( 2011 ) . malaysia ' s marine biodiversity : inventory and current status . department of marine park malaysia and marine ecosystem research centre ( ekomar ) , malaysia . pp . 212 .\nfeedback : - if you see any errors or have any questions or suggestions on what is shown on this page , please provide us with feedback .\nget updates and an exclusive news when you sign up to our free newsletter .\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 , ministry of natural resources and environment ( nre ) . all rights reserved . disclaimer - the malaysian government , and ministry of natural resources and environment ( nre ) shall not be liable for any loss or damage caused by the usage of any information obtained from this website . by entering this site , you acknowledge and agree that no portion of this site , including but not limited to names , logos , trademarks , patents , sound , graphics , charts , text , audio , video , information or images are either mybis property or the property permitted by third - party and shall not be used without prior written approval from the owner ( s ) .\nbest viewed using latest mozila firefox , google chrome and internet explorer 10 with resolution 1024 x 768px or above . version 2 . 0 / 2016\ncookies help us deliver our services . by using our services , you agree to our use of cookies .\nno translation memories found . consider more lenient search : click button to let glosbe search more freely .\nthis amount includes applicable customs duties , taxes , brokerage and other fees . this amount is subject to change until you make payment . for additional information , see the global shipping program terms and conditions - opens in a new window or tab\nthis amount includes applicable customs duties , taxes , brokerage and other fees . this amount is subject to change until you make payment . if you reside in an eu member state besides uk , import vat on this purchase is not recoverable . for additional information , see the global shipping program terms and conditions - opens in a new window or tab\ndelivery time is estimated using our proprietary method which is based on the buyer ' s proximity to the item location , the shipping service selected , the seller ' s shipping history , and other factors . delivery times may vary , especially during peak periods .\nany international shipping and import charges are paid in part to pitney bowes inc . learn more - opens in a new window or tab\ninternational shipping and import charges paid to pitney bowes inc . learn more - opens in a new window or tab\ninternational shipping paid to pitney bowes inc . learn more - opens in a new window or tab\nany international shipping is paid in part to pitney bowes inc . learn more - opens in a new window or tab\nthis item will be shipped through the global shipping program and includes international tracking . learn more - opens in a new window or tab\nthere are 1 items available . please enter a number less than or equal to 1 .\n* estimated delivery dates - opens in a new window or tab include seller ' s handling time , origin zip code , destination zip code and time of acceptance and will depend on shipping service selected and receipt of cleared payment - opens in a new window or tab . delivery times may vary , especially during peak periods .\nqualifying purchases could enjoy no interest if paid in full in 6 months on purchases of $ 99 or more . other offers may also be available .\ninterest will be charged to your account from the purchase date if the balance is not paid in full within 6 months . minimum monthly payments are required . subject to credit approval . see terms - opens in a new window or tab\nwe expect full payment w / i 10 days . we accept paypal . if you are a bidder living outside the usa , s & h charges will be revised . thank you , barb p . s . we are happy to combine shipping for you . we do not ship to italy .\ncopyright \u00a9 1995 - 2018 ebay inc . all rights reserved . accessibility , user agreement , privacy , cookies and adchoice\nr\u00f6ding p . f . ( 1798 ) . museum boltenianum sive catalogus cimeliorum e tribus regnis naturae quae olim collegerat joa . fried . bolten m . d . p . d . pars secunda continens conchylia sive testacea univalvia , bivalvia et multivalvia . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 133 [ details ]\n( of calcarella souleyet , 1850 ) souleyet [ l . f . a . ] . ( 1850 ) . description d ' un nouveau genre de coquilles univalves . journal de conchyliologie . 1 : 246 - 249 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of distortrix link , 1807 ) link d . h . f . ( 1807 - 1808 ) . beschreibung der naturalien - sammlung der universit\u00e4t zu rostock . rostock : adlers erben . 1 abt . [ part 1 ] , pp . 1 - 50 ; 2 abt . [ part 2 ] , pp . 51 - 100 ; 3 abt . [ part 3 ] , pp . 101 - 165 ; abt . 4 [ part 4 ] , pp . 1 - 30 ; abt . 5 [ part 5 ] , pp . 1 - 38 [ 1808 ] ; abt . 6 [ part 6 ] , pp . 1 - 38 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 122 - 123 [ details ]\n( of persona montfort , 1810 ) montfort p . [ denys de ] . ( 1808 - 1810 ) . conchyliologie syst\u00e9matique et classification m\u00e9thodique des coquilles . paris : schoell . vol . 1 : pp . lxxxvii + 409 [ 1808 ] . vol . 2 : pp . 676 + 16 [ 1810 ( before 28 may ) ] . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 2 : 602 [ details ]\n( of distorta perry , 1811 ) perry g . ( 1811 ) . conchology , or the natural history of shells : containing a new arrangement of the genera and species , illustrated by coloured engravings executed from the natural specimens and including the latest discoveries . london , miller pp . 4 + 61 pl . : , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : pl . 10 [ details ]\nbeu a . g . ( 1998 ) . r\u00e9sultats des campagnes musorstom : 19 . indo - west pacific ranellidae , bursidae and personidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) , a monograph of the new caledonian fauna and revisions of related taxa . m\u00e9moires du mus\u00e9um national d ' histoire naturelle . 178 : 1 - 255 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of distorta perry , 1811 ) clench w . j . & turner r . d . ( 1957 ) . the family cymatiidae in the western atlantic . johnsonia . 3 ( 36 ) : 189 - 244 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n\u00bb species distorsionella beui f . riedel , 2000 accepted as distorsionella lewisi ( beu , 1978 ) ( synonym )\n( of personinae gray , 1854 ) gray , j . e . ( 1854 [\n1853\n] ) . on the division of ctenobranchous gasteropodous mollusca into larger groups and families . proceedings of the zoological society of london . 21 : 32 - 44 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 37 [ details ]\nbouchet p . & rocroi j . - p . ( 2005 ) . classification and nomenclator of gastropod families . malacologia . 47 ( 1 - 2 ) : 1 - 397 isbn 3 - 925919 - 72 - 4 . [ details ]\nusing cookies on urltoken shellauction uses cookies only for technical reasons and to facilitate and speed up your site navigation . by continuing to browse , you accept the use of cookies ; if you do not wish to receive them please disable them or not navigate this website further . more info cookies on urltoken\nutilizzo dei cookies su urltoken shellauction utilizza i cookies esclusivamente per ragioni tecniche e per facilitare e velocizzare la navigazione del sito . continuando a navigare accetti l ' utilizzo dei cookies , se non desideri riceverli ti invitiamo a disabilitarli oppure a non navigare questo sito ulteriormente . altre informazioni sui cookies di urltoken\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nr\u00f6ding , peter f . 1798 . museum boltenianum sive catalogus cimeliorum e tribus regnis natur\u00e6 qu\u00e6 olim collegerat joa . fried . bolten , m . d . p . d . per xl . annos proto physicus hamburgensis . pars secunda conineus conchylia sive testacea univalvia , bivalvia & multivalvia . johan christi . trappii , hamburgi . : i\u2013viii ; 1\u2013199 .\nbeu a . g . ( 1998 ) . r\u00e9sultats des campagnes musorstom : 19 . indo - west pacific ranellidae , bursidae and personidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) , a monograph of the new caledonian fauna and revisions of related taxa . < em > m\u00e9moires du mus\u00e9um national d ' histoire naturelle . < / em > 178 : 1 - 255 .\nnomenclator zoologicus . a list of the names of genera and subgenera in zoology from the tenth edition of linnaeus , 1758 to the end of 2004 . digitised by ubio from vols . 1 - 9 of neave ( ed . ) , 1939 - 1996 plus supplementary digital - only volume . urltoken ( as at 2006 ) .\nr\u00f6ding p . f . ( 1798 ) . museum boltenianum sive catalogus cimeliorum e tribus regnis naturae quae olim collegerat joa . fried . bolten m . d . p . d . pars secunda continens conchylia sive testacea univalvia , bivalvia et multivalvia .\nsepkoski , j . j . , jr . ( 2002 ) . a compendium of fossil marine animal genera . < em > bulletins of american paleontology . < / em > 363 , 1 - 560 .\nturgeon , d . d . , j . f . quinn , jr . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , f . g . hochberg , w . g . lyons , et al . , 1998 : common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks , 2nd ed . . american fisheries society special publication 26 . 526 .\nwhere : limon , costa rica ( 10 . 0\u00b0 n , 83 . 2\u00b0 w : paleocoordinates 9 . 8\u00b0 n , 82 . 0\u00b0 w )\nwhen : lim\u00f3nes formation , late / upper miocene ( 11 . 6 - 5 . 3 ma )\n\u2022 lithostratigraphy : from the lim\u00f3nes formation ( of woodring ( 1973 , 1982 ) . age : late miocene in woodring ( 1973 , 1982 ) . stratigraphic position : composite list for formation .\n\u2022 lithology : unknown . lithification : unlithified , on the basis of figured specimens .\nprimary reference : w . p . woodring . 1970 . geology and paleontology of canal zone and adjoing parts of panama : description of tertiary mollusks ( gastropods : eulimidae , marginellidae to helminthoglyptidae ) .\npaleodb collection 96520 : authorized by austin hendy , entered by austin hendy on 10 . 06 . 2010\n\u2022 coverage : limited to taxa miscellaneously mentioned in text . nomenclature : authoritative publication , with modern nomenclature , and species - resolution identifications .\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\ncorresponding author : jorge cort\u00e9s ( rc . ca . rcu @ setroc . egroj )\nthis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license ( cc by 4 . 0 ) , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .\ncosta rica comprises 11 conservation areas ( \u00e1reas de conservaci\u00f3n ) , one of which is \u00e1rea de conservaci\u00f3n guanacaste ( acg ) on the northwest pacific coast of costa rica ( fig .\nmap of the \u00e1rea de conservaci\u00f3n guanacaste ( acg ) in the northern pacific coast of costa rica with indication of the sites mentioned in the text . see table\nfor the codes of the sites . stars = beaches , triangle = mangrove forests , circle = bays ; green = protected area ; blue circles = shoals .\nexpedition , in 1978 organized by the scripps institution of oceanography ( sio ) . they collected samples that are deposited at sio , but few papers were published (\nrecently published on some of the barnacles collected during that expedition . the most recent expedition was the smithsonian tropical research institute rv\nhistorical account of marine studies at the \u00e1rea de conservaci\u00f3n guanacaste , pacific coast of costa rica .\nseveral individuals and groups , e . g . dj pool , fe putz and cimar , ucr\npublished on marine turtles of the acg , with the first observations in 1970\u20131971 . in 1996 ,\ncollected and later described several fish parasites . between 1996 and 2002 , the instituo nacional de biodiversidad collected mollusks in the acg , and generated several papers on the opistobranchs (\n) . the cimar of the ucr has published papers on marine organisms and environments of costa rica that include the acg : e . g . ,\nthe beach fauna . even so , our knowledge about the species diversity of the acg is far from complete .\nthe objective of this contribution is to generate a baseline of the marine biodiversity of acg\u2019s sector marino and adjacent unprotected areas , some of which are in the process of being officially protected . this will serve as a starting point for the recently initiated biomar acg project ( marine biodiversity of the guanacaste conservation area ) . this five - year project ( 2015\u20132019 ) , funded by the guanacaste dry forest conservation fund , and with support from the ministry of the environment and energy of the costa rican government and the ucr , will collect , identify and provide publicly accessible information about most of acg\u2019s species of marine macroorganisms and as many of the microorganisms as feasible .\nthe study area is sector marino of the acg and adjacent areas , located on the north pacific of costa rica ( fig .\n) . publications about acg marine organisms were compiled and analyzed . a list of recorded species was created based on those publications . later all scientific names were updated using worms ( world register of marine species ,\nlocalities of the samples reported in the appendix 1 . # spp . = number of species reported from that site . a = protected area , b = area in the process of being officially protected , c = marine area not protected , and d = private reserve ( protected area ) .\nthe resulting list of species was compared to the remainder of the pacific coast of costa rica and to available species lists from other countries in the eastern tropical pacific . knowledge gaps were identified and potential areas of future research suggested .\n) , which represents 15 . 5 % of the known species of the pacific coast of costa rica . the most diverse groups were crustaceans ( 193 spp . ) , mollusks ( 187 spp . ) and cnidarians ( 46 spp . ) , comprising together 71 . 7 % of the acg\u2019s marine species . these three groups represent 23 . 9 % , 18 . 2 % and 26 . 7 % , respectively of the known species of the pacific coast of the country ( table\n) . some groups are well represented in the acg when compared to the rest of the coast ( e . g . , species of mangroves and fish parasites ) , while others are greatly underrepresented . for example , red algae , polychaetes , copepods , equinoderms , and marine fishes and birds are poorly represented in the published reports ( table\n) . other groups of organisms have been observed and identified ( e . g . , various species of sponges , flat worms , ophiuroids , and ascidian ) but there are no published records of these species ( table\nnumber of marine species reported from \u00e1rea de conservaci\u00f3n guanacaste ( complete list of species in the appendix 1 ) , pacific coast of costa rica ( see cort\u00e9s 2012 , plus references indicated as superindex ) ( species reported only for isla del coco were excluded ) ; percentage of the species of the pacific reported form acg , and species only found in acg . n . k . = not known .\ntaxa reported from other sites of pacific costa rica ( see cort\u00e9s 2012 , plus references indicated as superindex ) , but not from \u00e1rea de conservaci\u00f3n guanacaste . n . k . = not known ; present = have been observed or collected but there are no publications ; probably = there is a high probability that they are present but have not been observed yet .\nover 85 % of the species reported are also found in other areas of the coast of costa rica and in the eastern tropical pacific ; however , most areas , including the acg , have not been intensively collected , and the same common species are found repeatedly by collecting expeditions . thirty new species have been described from specimens collected in the acg : one foraminiferan , one echinoderm , two octocorals , three parasitic flatworms , four fishes , eight crustaceans and 11 mollusks ( appendix\nmost of the sampling has been concentrated in a few localities of the marine area of the acg and those sites therefore have the highest number of reported species . for example , bah\u00eda santa elena ( 371 spp . ) , playa blanca ( 104 spp . ) and in some of the islas murci\u00e9lago ( 103 spp . ) seem very species - rich ( table\n) . other areas within acg have not been sampled at all , for example the northern shore of the santa elena peninsula or some of the islas murci\u00e9lago . the soft bottom substrate has not been sampled thoroughly nor most of the rocky intertidal zones .\ncompared to other areas on the pacific of costa rica , the acg has fewer known marine species ( 594 spp . ) than does golfo dulce ( 1028 spp . : morales - ram\u00edrez 2011 ) or isla del coco ( 1688 spp . : cort\u00e9s 2012 ) , but about the same as what is currently known for bah\u00eda culebra ( 577 spp : cort\u00e9s et al . 2012 ) . but that number will definitely increase as more taxa , other sites and environments within the acg are inventoried .\nsynthesized the knowledge of marine biodiversity of the eastern tropical pacific , mainly from coral reefs , where most studies have been done . for example , 857 marine species have been reported for clipperton atoll , france , (\n, this paper ) , and 5740 spp . for the entire gulf of california , m\u00e9xico (\nknowing and documenting which species occurs where is a critical first step in understanding and conserving the biodiversity of a particular area . as outlined in tables\ni thank dan janzen , frank joyce , mar\u00eda marta chavarr\u00eda , winnie hallwachs , and roger blanco for setting up the biomar acg project that inspired this paper . the cimar , the escuela de biolog\u00eda and the vicerrector\u00eda de investigaci\u00f3n of the ucr let me dedicate most of my time to research . i deeply appreciate the review of sections or the entire manuscript by arturo angulo , roc\u00edo c\u00f3rdoba , cindy fern\u00e1ndez - garc\u00eda , kimberly garc\u00eda - m\u00e9ndez , dan janzen , frank joyce , carolina sheridan - rodr\u00edguez , jeffrey sibaja - cordero , rita vargas - castillo , and the journal\u2019s editor and reviewers . finally , i thank the government of costa rica , the wege foundation of grand rapids , michigan , and the guanacaste dry forest conservation fund ( gdfcf ; urltoken ) for proving the funds for the biomar acg project and for the publication of this paper .\nmarine species reported from \u00e1rea de conservaci\u00f3n guanacaste ( acg ) . species in bold type reported only for the acg in costa rica ( in the case of\nsome have been reported in people but not in marine organisms ) . localities as in figure\ncyanocystis violacea ( p . l . crouan & h . m . crouan ) kom\u00e1rek & anagnostidis , 1986 as dermocarpa violacea\ncolpomenia durvillei ( bory de saint - vincent ) m . e . ram\u00edrez , 1991 as colpomenia phaeodactyla\npyropia thuretii ( setchell & e . y . dawson ) j . e . sutherland , l . e . aguilar rosas & r . aguilar rosas , 2011\nsmithora naiadum ( c . l . anderson ) hollenberg , 1959 as porphyra naiadum\nacrochaetium arcuatum ( k . m . drew ) c . k . tseng , 1945 as acrochaetium penetrale\nneosiphonia beaudettei ( hollenberg ) m . - s . kim & i . a . abbott , 2006 as polysiphonia beaudettei\npocillopora inflata glynn , 1999 , but see paz - garc\u00eda et al . 2015\nanachis fluctuata ( g . b . sowerby i , 1832 ) as anachis ( parvanachis ) fluctuata\nsincola dorsata ( g . b . sowerby i , 1832 ) as sincola ( dorsina ) dorsata\nstrombina elegans ( g . b . sowerby i , 1832 ) as strombina ( spiralta ) elegans\nsincola gibberula ( g . b . sowerby i , 1832 ) as sincola ( dorsina ) gibberula\nstrombina maculosa ( g . b . sowerby i , 1832 ) as strombina ( spiralta ) maculosa\nstrombina pulcherrima ( g . b . sowerby i , 1832 ) as strombina ( lirastrombina ) pulcherrima\nstrombina recurva ( g . b . sowerby i , 1832 ) as strombina ( recurvina ) recurva\nconasprella lucida ( w . wood , 1828 ) as conus lucidus wood , 1828\nconasprella perplexa ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1857 ) as conus perplexus\nconasprella tornata ( g . b . sowerby i , 1833 ) as conus tornatus\namericardia biangulata ( broderip & g . b . sowerby i , 1829 ) as cardium biangulatum\ntrachycardium consors ( g . b . sowerby i , 1833 ) as cardium consors\ntrachycardium procerum ( g . b . sowerby i , 1833 ) as cardium procerum\ntrigoniocardia granifera ( broderip & g . b . sowerby i , 1829 ) as cardium graniferum\nsemele pallida ( g . b . sowerby i , 1833 ) as semele simplicissima\ntagelus affinis ( c . b . adams , 1852 ) as tagelus ( tagelus ) affinis\ncarditamera affinis ( g . b . sowerby i , 1833 ) as cardita ( carditamera ) affinis\ncarditamera radiata ( g . b . sowerby i , 1833 ) as cardita ( carditamera ) radiate\ncardites laticostatus ( g . b . sowerby i , 1833 ) as cardita tricolor\neucrassatella gibbosa ( g . b . sowerby i , 1832 ) as crassatellites ( hybolophus ) gibbosus\ncaryocorbula biradiata ( g . b . sowerby i , 1833 ) as aloidis ( caryocorbula ) biradiata\ncaryocorbula nasuta ( g . b . sowerby i , 1833 ) as aloidis ( caryocorbula ) nasuta\nleukoma asperrima ( g . b . sowerby i , 1835 ) as chione ( nioche ) asperrima\nperiglypta multicostata ( g . b . sowerby i , 1835 ) as antigona ( periglypta ) multicostata\npitar consanguineus ( c . b . adams , 1852 ) as pitar ( pitar ) consanguineous\nsaccella elenensis ( g . b . sowerby i , 1833 ) as nuculana ( saccella ) elenensis\nanadara biangulata ( g . b . sowerby i , 1833 ) as acar ( anadara ) biangulata\nanadara nux ( g . b . sowerby i , 1833 ) as arca ( cunearca ) nux\narca mutabilis ( g . b . sowerby i , 1833 ) as arca ( arca ) mutabilis\nbarbatia illota ( g . b . sowerby i , 1833 ) barbatia ( fugleria ) illota\ncalloarca alternata ( g . b . sowerby i , 1833 ) as arca ( calloarca ) alternata\nlarkinia grandis ( broderip & g . b . sowerby i , 1829 ) as grandiarca grandis\nlarkinia grandis ( broderip & g . b . sowerby i , 1829 ) as arca ( lakinia ) grandis\nlarkinia multicostata ( g . b . sowerby i , 1833 ) as anadara multicostata\nlarkinia multicostata ( g . b . sowerby i , 1833 ) as arca ( larkinia ) multicostata\ntucetona strigilata ( g . b . sowerby i , 1833 ) as glycymeris ( tuceta ) tessellata strigilata and as glycymeris ( tuceta ) tessellata\narcopsis solida ( g . b . sowerby i , 1833 ) as arca ( arcopsis ) solida\nnodipecten subnodosus ( g . b . sowerby i , 1835 ) as pecten ( lyropecten ) subnodosus\nuca ( leptuca ) stenodactylus ( h . milne edwards & lucas , 1843 ) as uca stenodactyla\nachelous asper ( a . milne - edwards , 1861 ) as portunus ( portunus ) panamensis\nheteractaea lunata ( lucas , in h . milne edwards & lucas , 1844 )\ncort\u00e9s j ( 2017 ) marine biodiversity baseline for \u00e1rea de conservaci\u00f3n guanacaste , costa rica : published records . zookeys 652 : 129\u2013179 . urltoken\nnote : only the references used in the tables and appendix 1 are numbered .\naburto - oropeza o , balart ef . 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( 1961 ) a guide to the literature and distributions of pacific benthic algae from alaska to the galapagos islands . pacific science 15 : 370\u2013461 . [ 57 ]\ndawson ey , beaudette pt . ( 1959 ) field notes from the 1959 eastern pacific cruise of the stella polaris . pacific naturalist 1 ( 13 ) : 1\u201324 . [ 58 ]\ndean hk . ( 2001 ) marine biodiversity of costa rica : the phyla sipuncula and echiura . revista de biolog\u00eda tropical 49 ( supplement 2 ) : 85\u201390 . [ 59 ]\ndean hk . ( 2004 ) marine biodiversity of costa rica : class polychaeta ( annelida ) . revista de biolog\u00eda tropical 52 ( suplemento 2 ) : 131\u2013181 . [ 60 ]\ndeichmann e . ( 1938 ) eastern pacific expeditions of the new york zoological society . xvi . holothurians from the western coast of lower california and central america , and from the galapagos islands . zoologica 23 : 361\u2013387 . [ 61 ]\ndeichmann e . ( 1941 ) the holothurioidea collected by the velero iii during the years 1932 to 1938 . part i . dendrochirota . allan hancock pacific expeditions 8 : 61\u2013195 . [ 62 ]\ndeichmann e . ( 1958 ) the holothurioidea collected by the velero iii and iv during the years 1932 to 1954 . part ii . aspidochirota . allan hancock pacific expeditions 11 : 253\u2013349 . [ 63 ]\ndel moral - flores lf , angulo a , l\u00f3pez mi , bussing wa . ( 2015 ) nueva especie del g\u00e9nero\n( myliobatiformes : urotrygonidae ) del pac\u00edfico oriental tropical . revista de biolog\u00eda tropical 63 : 501\u2013514 .\ndrake dl , spotila jr . ( 2002 ) thermal tolerances and the timing of the sea turtle hatchling emergence . the journal of thermal biology 27 : 71\u201381 .\ndrake dl , hagerty ma , behm j , goldenburg sj . ( 2001 ) lepidochelys olivacea ( olive ridley sea turtle ) predation . herpetological review 32 : 104 . [ 66 ]\ndrake dl , behm j , hagerty ma , mayor pa , goldenberg s , spotila jr . ( 2003 ) marine turtle nesting activity at playa naranjo , santa rosa national park , costa rica , for the 1998\u20131999 season . chelonian conservation and biology 4 : 675\u2013678 . [ 67 ]\ndurham jw , barnard jl . ( 1952 ) stony corals of the eastern pacific collected by the velero iii and the velero iv . allan hancock pacific expeditions 16 : 1\u2013110 . [ 68 ]\ndushane h , draper bc . ( 1975 ) the genus seila in the eastern pacific ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . the veliger 17 : 335\u2013345 . [ 69 ]\neckrich ce , owens dw . ( 1995 ) solitary versus arribada nesting in the olive ridley sea turtles ( lepidochelys olivacea ) : a test of the predation - satiation hypothesis . herpetologica 51 : 349\u2013354 . [ 70 ]\nescobar - lasso s , fonseca lg , villachica wn , herrera h , valverde ra , quir\u00f3s - pereira w , pesquero m , plotkin pt . ( 2016 ) first field observation of the predation by jaguar ( panthera onca ) on olive ridley sea turtle ( lepidochelys olivacea ) at nancite beach , santa rosa national park , costa rica . mammalogy notes | notas mastozool\u00f3gicas 3 : 20\u201323 . [ 71 ]\nexcoffon ac , acu\u00f1a fh , cort\u00e9s j . ( 2009 ) the sea anemone\n( cnidaria , actiniaria , nemanthidae ) from costa rica : re - description and first record outside the type locality . marine biodiversity records 2 , e142 .\nfern\u00e1ndez - garc\u00eda c , riosmena - rodr\u00edguez r , wysor b , tejada ol , cort\u00e9s j . ( 2011 ) checklist of the pacific marine macroalgae of central america . botanica marina 54 : 53\u201373 .\nfonseca lg , murillo ga , guadam\u00faz l , sp\u00ednola rm , valverde ra . ( 2009 ) downward but stable trend in the abundance of arribada olive ridley sea turtles (\n) at nancite beach , costa rica ( 1971\u20132007 ) . chelonian conservation and biology 8 : 19\u201327 .\nfoster jm , lecroy se , heard rw , vargas r . ( 2009 ) gammaridean amphipods . in : wehrtmann is , cort\u00e9s j ( eds ) marine biodiversity of costa rica , central america . monographiae biologicae , volume 86 . springer & business media bv , berlin , 265\u2013274 .\nfourri\u00e9re m , reyes - bonilla h , rodr\u00edguez - zaragoza fa , crane n . ( 2014 ) fishes of clipperton atoll , eastern pacific : checklist , endemism , and analysis of completeness of the inventory . pacific science 68 : 375\u2013395 .\nfraser cm . ( 1943a ) general account of the scientific work of the velero iii in the eastern pacific , 1931\u20131941 , part ii : geographic and biological associations . allan hancock pacific expeditions 1 ( 2 ) : 49\u2013258 .\nfraser cm . ( 1943b ) general account of the scientific work of the velero iii in the eastern pacific , 1931\u20131941 , part iii : a ten - year list of the velero iii collecting stations ( charts 1\u2013115 ) . with an appendix of collecting stations of the allan hancock foundation for the year 1942 . allan hancock pacific expeditions 1 ( 3 ) : 259\u2013431 .\nfraser cm . ( 1948a ) hydroids of the 1932 , 1933 , 1935 , and 1938 allan hancock pacific expeditions . allan hancock pacific expeditions 4 ( 3 ) : 129\u2013153 . [ 76 ]\nfraser cm . ( 1948b ) hydroids of the allan hancock pacific expeditions since march , 1938 . allan hancock pacific expeditions 4 ( 5 ) : 179\u2013335 . [ 77 ]\ngarth js . ( 1940 ) some new species of brachyuran crabs from mexico and the central and south american mainland . allan hancock pacific expeditions 5 ( 3 ) : 53\u2013127 . [ 78 ]\ngarth js . ( 1958 ) brachyura of the pacific coast of america . oxyrhyncha . tables and plates . allan hancock pacific expeditions 21 ( 2 ) : 501\u2013854 . [ 79 ]\ngarth js . ( 1959 ) eastern pacific expeditions of the new york zoological society . xliv . non - intertidial brachygnathous crabs from the west coast of tropical america . part 1 : brachygnatha , oxyrhyncha . zoologica 44 : 105\u2013126 . [ 80 ]\ngarth js . ( 1961 ) eastern pacific expeditions of the new york zoological society . xlv . non - intertidial brachygnathous crabs from the west coast of tropical america . part 2 : brachygnatha brachyrhyncha . zoologica 46 : 133\u2013160 . [ 81 ]\ngarth js . ( 1966 ) eastern pacific expeditions of the new york zoological society . xlvi . oxystomatous and allied crabs from the west coast of tropical america . zoologica 51 : 1\u201316 . [ 82 ]\ngarth js . ( 1974 ) on the occurrence in the eastern tropical pacific of indo - west pacific decapod crustaceans commensal with reef - building corals . proceedings 2 nd international coral reef symposium , brisbane 1 : 397\u2013404 . [ 83 ]\ngates ce , valverde ra , mo cl , chaves ac , ballesteros j , pesk j . ( 1996 ) estimating arribada size using a modified instantaneous count procedure . journal of agricultural , biological , and environmental statistics 1 : 275\u2013287 .\ngeiger dl . ( 2006 ) eight new species of scissurellidae and anatomidae ( mollusca : gastropoda : vetigastropoda ) from around the world , with discussion of two new senior synonyms . zootaxa 1128 : 1\u201333 . [ 85 ]\nglynn pw . ( 1999 ) pocillopora inflata , a new species of scleractinian coral ( cnidaria : anthozoa ) from the tropical eastern pacific . pacific science 53 : 168\u2013180 . [ 86 ]\ngore rh , abele lg . ( 1973 ) three new species of porcellanid crabs ( crustacea , decapoda , porcellanidae ) from the bay of panama and adjacent caribbean waters . bulletin of marine science 23 : 559\u2013573 . [ 87 ]\ngrove js , lavenberg rj . ( 1997 ) the fishes of the gal\u00e1pagos islands . stanford university press , stanford , california , 863 pp . [ 88 ]\nguiry md , guiry gm . ( 2016 ) algaebase . world - wide electronic publication , national university of ireland , galway . urltoken ; searched on 11 january 2016 .\nhahn at . ( 2011 ) filogeografia global da tartaruga oliva ( lepidochelys olivacea ) . phd thesis , porto alegre , rio grande do sul , brasil : pontif\u00edcia universidade cat\u00f3lica do rio grande do sul . [ 89 ]\nhaig j . ( 1960 ) the porcellanidae ( crustacea : anomura ) of the eastern pacific . allan hancock pacific expeditions 24 : 1\u2013440 . [ 90 ]\nhaig j . ( 1968 ) eastern pacific expeditions of the new york zoological society . porcellanid crabs ( crustacea : anomura ) from the west coast of tropical america . zoologica 53 : 57\u201374 . [ 91 ]\nhaig j , harvey aw . ( 1991 ) three new species of the pagurus lepidus complex ( decapoda , anomura , paguridae ) from the eastern pacific . natural history museum of los angeles county , contributions in science 430 : 1\u201311 . [ 92 ]\nhanna gd , strong am . ( 1949 ) west american mollusks of the genus conus proceedings of the california academy of sciences 4 th series 26 : 247\u2013322 . [ 93 ]\nhartman o . ( 1939 ) polychaetous annelids . part i . aphroditidae to pisionidae . allan hancock pacific expeditions 7 ( 1 ) : 1\u2013155 . [ 94 ]\nhartman o . ( 1940 ) polychaetous annelids . part ii . chrysopetalidae to goniadidae . allan hancock pacific expeditions 7 ( 2 ) : 173\u2013287 . [ 95 ]\nhartman o . 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{"id": 1341, "summary": [{"text": "granulifusus nakasiensis is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family fasciolariidae , the spindle snails , the tulip snails and their allies . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "granulifusus nakasiensis", "paragraphs": ["- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - species : granulifusus nakasiensis r . hadorn & k . fraussen , 2005 \u2020 - id : 8038000279\nspecies granulifusus suboblitus ( pilsbry , 1904 ) accepted as granulifusus niponicus ( e . a . smith , 1879 )\nspecies granulifusus libratus ( r . b . watson , 1886 ) accepted as granulifusus dalli ( r . b . watson , 1882 )\nspecies granulifusus simplex ( e . a . smith , 1879 ) accepted as fusinus pauciliratus complex snyder , 2000\n( of simplicifusus kira , 1972 ) snyder m . a . 2003 . the genera simplicifusus and granulifusus ( gastropoda : fasciolariidae ) with the description of two new species in granulifusus . journal of conchology 38 ( 1 ) : 87 - 93 [ details ]\nfusus niponicus e . a . smith , 1879 accepted as granulifusus niponicus ( e . a . smith , 1879 ) ( type by original designation )\nhadorn r . & fraussen k . 2005 . revision of the genus granulifusus kuroda & habe 1954 with description of some new species ( gastropoda : prosobranchia : fasciolariidae ) . archiv f\u00fcr molluskenkunde 134 ( 2 ) : 129 - 171 . [ details ]\n( of simplicifusus kira , 1972 ) hadorn r . & fraussen k . 2005 . revision of the genus granulifusus kuroda & habe 1954 with description of some new species ( gastropoda : prosobranchia : fasciolariidae ) . archiv f\u00fcr molluskenkunde 134 ( 2 ) : 129 - 171 . [ details ]\nafter more than 2 years of preparations , the diatombase portal is now officially launched . . . .\nlast week - on may 30 and 31st \u2013 8 thematic experts on talitridae came together for the first time during a lifewatch - worms sponsored workshop . the workshop took place at the hellenic centre for marine research in crete , where it was organized back - to - back with the 8th international sandy beaches symposium ( isbs ) . the group focused on identifying relevant traits for the talitridae , and adding this data through the amphipoda species database . . . .\non 23 april 2018 , a number of editors of the world register of introduced species ( wrims ) started a three day workshop in the flanders marine institute ( vliz ) . these three days were used to evaluate , complete and improve the content of this worms thematic register ( tsd ) . . . .\nthe 2nd worms early career researchers and 3rd worms achievement award were granted respectively to fran\u00e7ois le coze and geoff read . congratulations ! . . .\nin 2018 , to celebrate a decade of worms ' existence , it was decided to compile a list of our top marine species , both for 2017 and for the previous decade . . . .\nthe scleractinian corals are now accessible though their own list portal . this world list contains over 1 500 accepted names of extant species and is one of the most complete existing resources for scleractinian taxa . . .\nkuroda t . & habe t . ( 1954 ) . new genera of japanese marine gastropods . venus . 18 ( 2 ) : 84 - 97 . page ( s ) : 89 [ japanese text ] , 96 [ english text ] [ details ]\nkantor y . i . , fedosov a . e . , snyder m . a . & bouchet p . ( 2018 ) . pseudolatirus bellardi , 1884 revisited , with the description of two new genera and five new species ( neogastropoda : fasciolariidae ) . european journal of taxonomy . 433 : 1 - 57 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\narchiv f\u00fcr molluskenkunde band 134 heft 2 ( 2005 ) , p . 129 - 171\n\u00a9 2018 by schweizerbart science publishers johannesstr . 3a d - 70176 stuttgart , germany phone + + 49 - ( 0 ) 711 - 3514560 / fax + + 49 - ( 0 ) 711 - 351456 - 99 2018 - 07 - 09 22 : 31 : 53 contact us | general business terms | privacy policy | rss feeds | press | impress\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken"]}
{"id": 1352, "summary": [{"text": "the narrow-barred spanish mackerel ( scomberomorus commerson ) is a mackerel of the scombridae family found in a wide-ranging area centering in southeast asia , but as far west as the east coast of africa and from the middle east and along the northern coastal areas of the indian ocean , and as far east as the south west pacific ocean . ", "topic": 13}], "title": "narrow - barred spanish mackerel", "paragraphs": ["mackerel , macko , narrow - bar , narrow - barred spanish mackerel , snook , spaniard .\nbarred mackerel , commerson\u2019s mackerel , cybium , king mackerel , kingfish , macko , narrow - bar , narrow - barred king mackerel .\ncommon names : narrow - barred spanish mackerel , spanish mackerel , striped mackerel , tenggiri batang , tohok , dengkeh .\nthazard ray\u00e9 indo - pacifique , carite estriado indo - pac\u00edfico , narrow barred spanish mackerel , . . . more\nsri lanka : barred spanish mackerel , konam ( tamil ) , striped seer .\nthe narrow - barred spanish mackerel is classified as near threatened ( nt ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .\nen - narrow - barred spanish mackerel , fr - thazard ray\u00e9 indo - pacifique , sp - carite estriado indo - pac\u00edfico .\ninformation on the narrow - barred spanish mackerel ( scomberomorus commerson ) is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .\nthe torres strait spanish mackerel fishery operates predominantly in the eastern torres strait targeting the narrow - barred spanish mackerel ( scomberomorus commerson ) . in 1999 , the fishery was expanded to include the mackerel species school mackerel ( scomberomorus queenslandicus ) , grey mackerel ( scomberomorus semifasciatus ) , spotted mackerel ( scomberomorus munroi ) and shark mackerel ( grammatorcynus bicarinatus ) .\npopulation dynamics parameters of narrow - barred spanish mackerel , scomberomorus commerson ( lac\u00e8p\u00e9de , 1800 ) , from commercial catch in the northern persia . . .\ncontribution to the feeding habits and reproductive biology of narrow - barred spanish mackerel , scomberomorus commerson ( lac\u00e8p\u00e9de , 1801 ) ( teleostei : scombrid . . .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - narrow - barred spanish mackerel ( scomberomorus commerson )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - narrow - barred spanish mackerel ( scomberomorus commerson )\ntitle =\narkive species - narrow - barred spanish mackerel ( scomberomorus commerson )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nnarrow - barred mackerel , known internationally as tanguigue , inhabit coastal waters from perth , western australia , around the top end to bermagui in nsw . spanish mackerel have also been caught in victorian and tasmanian waters .\nmcpherson , g . r . 1993 . reproductive biology of the narrow - barred spanish mackerel ( scomberomorus commerson lac\u00e8p\u00e9de , 1801 ) in queensland waters . asian fisheries science 6 : 169 - 182 .\nbakhoum , s . a . 2007 . diet overlap of immigrant narrow\u2013barred spanish mackerel scomberomorus commerson and the largehead hairtail ribbonfish trichiurus lepturus in the egyptian mediterranean coast . animal biodiversity and conservation 30 ( 2 ) : 147 - 160 .\nstates that the notice applies in conjunction with other notices in place for the spanish mackerel fishery .\nfauvelot , c . and borsa , p . 2011 . patterns of genetic isolation in a widely distributed pelagic fish , the narrow - barred spanish mackerel ( scomberomorus commerson ) . biological journal of the linnean society 104 : 886 - 902 .\nfisheries management notice 74 prohibits the taking , processing and carrying of spanish mackerel in the torres strait spanish mackerel fishery . it does not impose any restrictions on where or when a fisher can operate .\nmcpherson , g . r . 1992 . age and growth of the narrow - barred spanish mackerel ( scomberomorus commerson lacepede , 1800 ) in northeastern queensland waters . austral . j . mar . freshw . res . 43 : 1269 - 1282 .\nspanish mackerel are carnivores that predominantly feed on a variety of baitfish and to a lesser extent squid .\nkaymaram , f . , ghasemi , s . , vahabneshad , a . , and darvishi , m . 2013 . growth , mortality and exploitation rate of narrow - barred spanish mackerel , scomberomorus commerson in the persian gulf and oman sea , iran , hormozgan\u2019s waters .\nmeriem , s . b . , al - marzouiqi , a . and al - mamry , j . 2006 . fisheries exploitation pattern of narrow - barred spanish mackerel , scomberomorus commerson , in oman and potential management options . journal of applied ichthyology 22 : 1 - 7 .\nmotlagh , s . a . t . and m . g . shojaei . 2009 . population dynamics of narrow - barred spanish mackerel ( scomberomorus commerson ) in the persian gulf , bushehr province , iran . indian j . fish . 56 ( 1 ) : 7 - 11 .\nsulaiman , z . h . and ovenden , j . r . 2010 . population genetic evidence for the east - west division of the narrow - barred spanish mackerel ( scomberomorus commerson , perciformes : teleostei ) along wallace ' s line . biodiversity conservation 19 : 563 - 574 .\nthe narrow - barred spanish mackerel is another pelagic belonging to the \u201crazor gang\u201d . they sport an impressive set of razor - sharp teeth , capable of removing trolled live / dead baits without registering so much as a twitch to the line ( not an over - statement ) . the spanish mackerel is an extremely fast and powerful fish and puts up an impressive fight when hooked much like a wahoo .\nbakhoum , s . a . 2007 . diet overlap of immigrant narrow - barred spanish mackerel scomberomorus commerson ( lac . , 1802 ) and the largehead hairtail ribbonfish trichiurus lepturus ( l . , 1758 ) in the egyptian mediterranean coast . animal biodiversity & conservation 30 ( 2 ) : 147 - 160 .\nmackie m , lewis p . 2001 . assessment of gonad staging systems and other methods used in the study of the reproductive biology of narrow - barred spanish mackerel , scomberomorus commerson , in western australia . w . austral . dept . fish . , fish . res . rep . 136 : 31 .\ngrandcourt , e . m . , al abdessalaam , t . z . , francis , f . and al shamsi , a . t . 2005 . priliminary assessment of biology and fishery for the narrow - barred spanish mackerel , scomberomorus commerson in the southern persian gulf . fisheries research 76 : 277 - 290 .\nhoolihan jp , anady p , van herwerden l . 2006 . mitochondrial analyses of narrow - barred spanish mackerel ( scomberomorus commerson ) suggest a single genetic stock in the ropme sea area ) arabian gulf , gulf of oman , and arabian sea ) . ices j . mar . sci . 63 : 1066 - 1074 .\nspaniards are also known as \u201cnarrow - barred mackerel\u201d or \u201cbar - ees\u201d for short . the average sized fish encountered by rock fishermen is usually around 5 - 20kgs and any landbased capture over the 30kg mark is considered as a fish of a lifetime .\nabedi , e . , zolgharnein , h . , salari , m . a . and qasemi , a . 2012 . genetic differentiation of narrow - barred spanish mackerel ( scomberomorus commerson ) stocks using microsatellite markers in persian gulf . american - eurasian journal of agriculture and environmental science 12 ( 10 ) : 1305 - 1310 .\ngrandcourt , e . m . ; al - abdessalaam , t . z . ; francis , f . & al - shamsi , a . t . 2005 . preliminary assessment of the biology and fishery for the narrow - barred spanish mackerel , scomberomorus commerson ( lac\u00e8p\u00e9de , 1800 ) . fisheries research 76 : 277 - 290 .\nmackie , m . c . , lewis , p . d . ; gaughan , d . j . & newman , s . j . 2005 . variability in spawning frequency and reproductive development of the narrow - barred spanish mackerel ( scomberomorus commerson ) along the west coast of australia . fishery bulletin 103 : 344 - 354 .\nthe upper body varies from bright blue to dark grey in colour that fades to a silvery - blue over the sides . more than 40 narrow grey - blue wavy , vertical bars are present on each side of the fish . the large dip in the lateral line below the second dorsal fin is a clear diagnostic feature of the narrow - barred mackerel .\ngrandcourt , e . m . 2013 . a review of the fisheries , biology , status and management of the narrow - barred spanish mackerel ( scomberomorus commerson ) in the gulf cooperation council countries ( bahrain , kuwait , oman , qatar , saudi arabia and the united arab emirates ) . third working party on neritic tunas : 17 .\nbibless lures are trolled at high trolling speeds for spanish mackerel . but i have found different methods works better at different situations and environments .\nsimilar in appearance to wahoo . narrow - barred mackerel have less dorsal fin spines ( 15 - 18 compared with 23 - 27 ) , the second dorsal fin is located closer to the centre of the body and they have a more prominent fork in their tail .\nsport fishing fiji video - from matava resort , kadavu island - wahoo , sailfish and spanish mackerel with capt . adrian watts aboard the bite me\nthis notice sets out prohibitions relating to the taking , processing and carrying of spanish mackerel ( gear and size restrictions and take and carry limit ) .\ndetails who is exempt from the spanish mackerel prohibition based on licence type or their engagement in traditional fishing ( which does not require a licence ) .\nisland\u2019s great astrolabe barrier reef is producing large numbers of mid sized fish with frequent fish to 70lbs and the occasional rod snapping monster getting the best of astonished anglers . even the narrow barred mackerel are getting into the action with many good sized fish caught on poppers right in close to the reef .\ncatch estimates for narrow - barred spanish mackerel are highly uncertain . the catches of spanish mackerel increased from around 50 , 000 t the mid - 1970s to 100 , 000 t by the mid - 1990s . the current average annual catch is around 112 , 200 t ( for the period 2002 to 2006 ) , with most of the catch obtained taken from the west indian ocean area . in recent years , the countries attributed with the highest catches of spanish mackerel are indonesia , madagascar , pakistan , iran and saudi arabia . the overall catch in the eastern indian ocean is relatively stable , whereas in the western indian ocean it peaked in 1988 and has levelled off since then ( iotc 2006 ) .\nengage in three distinct spawning periods between january and september . spanish mackerel spawn off the reef slopes and edges , and they form spawning aggregations in specific areas .\nadult ( read huge ) spanish mackerel usually hunts alone or in very small group . smaller spaniards can be found in schools . they are seldom found far offshore making them easily accessible to game fishers and commercial netters alike . spanish mackerel are often caught trolled with live or deadbaits and also on lures and metal jigs .\nscomberomorini , commonly called the spanish mackerels or seerfishes , is a tribe of ray - finned bony fishes in the mackerel family , scombridae \u2013 a family it shares with the mackerel , tuna and bonito tribes , plus the butterfly kingfish .\nshojaei , m . g . , taghavi motlagh , s . a . , seyfabadi , j . , abtahi , b . and dehghani , r . 2007 . age , growth and mortality rate of the narrow - barred spanish mackerel ( scomberomerus commerson lacep\u00e8de , 1800 ) in coastal waters of iran from length frequency data . turkish journal of fisheries and aquatic sciences 7 : 115 - 121 .\nmultiple hook - ups are common when a troll goes near a schooling spanish mackerel . if a big fish is landed , that is usually the only fish in that area . big spanish mackerel are capable of making sizzling runs after getting hooked . if a sport fish usually puts up a fight by swimming away from the angler , be ready for the highly unpredictable directions a spanish mackerel might make . they often swim towards the boat at high speed making the angler think they have lost the fish .\nthe spanish mackerel\u2019s incredible speed often results in them rocketing meters out of the water when attacking from below . snelling is often deployed when using two hooks on a live or dead bait .\nspanish mackerel live throughout the indo - west pacific region , particularly in tropical and sub - tropical waters . in western australia , they\u2019re found from cape leeuwin northwards to the northern territory border .\nthe wahoo fishing just keeps getting better in part 2 , but there ' s more . some big giant trevally and spanish mackerel join sailfish to make for two great days of matava resort fishing .\nlatin , scomber = mackerel + greek , moros = silly , stupid ( ref . 45335 )\nspecifies the minimum size limits for each of the mackerel species covered by this fisheries management notice .\nmost commercial fishing for spanish mackerel is done north of geraldton , especially along the kimberley and pilbara coasts . recreational fishers also target it , mainly between perth and dampier , for its good fighting and eating qualities .\ntobin , a . and mapleston , a . 2004 . exploitation dynamics and biological characteristics of the queensland and east coast spanish mackerel ( scomberomorus commerson ) fishery . crc reef research center tech report 51 : 56 .\nscientific synonyms and common names scomberomorus commerson ( lacep\u00e8de , 1802 ) synonyms : scomber commerson lacep\u00e8de , 1800 , hist . nat . poissons , 2 : 599 , pl . 20 ( fig . 1 ) . scomberomorus ( cybium ) commerson : fraser - brunner , 1950 : 161 , fig . 34 . scomberomorus commerson : zarov et al . , 1961 : 48 , fig . 22 . scomberomorus commersoni : george & athanassiou , 1965 : 1 , fig . 1 . common name : narrow - barred spanish mackerel [ en ]\nmackerel \u2013 plenty of small ones inshore , some very nice fish hitting ballyhoo rigs outside the reef .\n5 stars . spanish mackerel are a popular commercial and recreational target due to their high yield and popularity on the table . they are high in fats and oils such as omega 3 making them a healthy and tasty choice .\nthe content of the proposed notice includes all existing arrangements ( specified in fisheries management notice no 74 ) and the addition of a gear restriction on a class of licence operating in a specific area of the spanish mackerel fishery .\nigfa anglers digest fishing show\nweek of 8 / 27 and 9 / 1 ( two part episode ) we venture far off the beaten path to fish the great astrolabe reef from matava resort on kadavu island , fiji . we set a new fijian record for wahoo plus sailfish , giant trevally , and barred spanish mackerel with igfa capt . adrian watts .\nigfa anglers digest fishing show\nsmall mackerel up to five years old tend to school and appear to be more mobile than larger fish .\nspanish mackerel are a great target for rock fishermen as they commonly hunt for prey extremely close to the shore . large rocky headlands that are surrounded with deep water and inshore reef systems usually hold excellent numbers of mackerel . manmade structures which hold large aggregations of baitfish such as large jetties and breakwalls will also produce good numbers of fish .\nbegg , ga , chen , cc - m , o\u2019neill , mf , rose , db . 2006 . stock assessment of the torres strait spanish mackerel fishery . crc reef research centre technical report no 66 . townsville , australia .\ndudley , r . g . ; aghanashinikar , a . p . & brothers , e . b . 1992 . management of the indo - pacific spanish mackerel ( scomberomorus commerson ) in oman . fisheries research 15 : 17 - 43 .\ngas ballooning is a unique method of fishing used by land based anglers to target a wide variety of pelagic fish such as spanish mackerel , cobia , longtail tuna , yellowfin tuna and the indo - pacific sailfish . this techn . . .\nthe largest mackerel , commonly 2 - 15kg and 55 - 125cm , but can grow to 50kg and at least 200cm .\nbuckworth , r . c . and clarke , r . 2001 . fishery assessment report for the northern territory spanish mackerel fishery \u2013 1999 : summary of assessment information . in : department of primary industry and fisheries ( eds ) , fishery report 52 . darwin , australia .\nwelch , d . j . , hoyle , s . d . , mcpherson , g . r . and gribble , n . a . 2002 . preliminary assessment of the queensland east coast spanish mackerel fishery . information series qi02110 . queensland government department of primary industries .\n. 2002 ) that indicated the stock was around 40\u201350 % of the unfished biomass . the commercial catch per unit effort ( cpue ) of spanish mackerel has historically exhibited a stable trend , despite inter annual variability in total catch . assessments have also been carried out in northern australia ( buckworth\nroa - ureta , r . h . 2014 . stock assessment of the spanish mackerel scomberomorus commerson in saudi waters of the arabian gulf with generalized depletion models under data - limited conditions . fisheries research : doi : 10 . 1016 / j . fishres . 2014 . 08 . 014 .\nspanish mackerel are fished by trolling ( towing lures or bait behind the boat ) , generally from dories / dinghies ( aluminium or fibreglass boats under 6 meters ) operating either to a primary vessel or by themselves . the majority of the catch is taken by a small number of commercial operators .\nspanish mackerel are a fantastic fish that should be chilled immediately for best results . they are regarded as one of the best eating fish in the north so if you\u2019re going to take one for a feed look after it properly . immediate bleeding and placing in a salty ice slurry will enhance the flesh .\ndepending on temperature regime , the spawning season may be more or less extended . in australian waters , each female spawns several times over the season , about two to six days apart , depending on the locality . spanish mackerel spawn off the reef slopes and edges , and they form spawning aggregations in specific areas .\nmcpherson , g . r . 1981 . preliminary report : investigations of spanish mackerel , scomberomorus commerson , in queensland waters . in : grant , c . j & walters , d . g ( eds . ) , northern pelagic fish seminar , australian government printing series , canberra . pp . 51 - 58 .\nmackie , m . , lewis , p . d . , gaughan , d . j . and buckworth , r . c . 2003 . stock assessment of spanish mackerel ( scomberomorus commerson ) in western australia . final report . fisheries research and development corporation project 1999 / 151 . fisheries department of western australia .\nthese toothy predators occupy the tropical and sub - tropical waters along the northern half of australia . on the east coast consistent numbers of fish can be found north of south west rocks . some of the best spinfishing locations for targeting mackerel in northern nsw are hat head and the iluka breakwall . further north in queensland locations such as the urangan pier in hervey bay , the catwalk at 1770 and bustard head are also well known hot spots for targeting spanish mackerel .\nspanish mackerel mature at approximately 80cm and grow to about 240cm and 60kg in weight . in australian waters spawning occurs in the open ocean along reef edges when water temperatures are highest . studies indicate that there are three separate genetic stocks in australia ; papua new guinea to east coast , torres straight , and papua new guinea to wa .\nspanish mackerel are widely distributed across the indo - west pacific region and range as far as the east coast of africa and east as far as the fiji islands . in australia they follow the warmer tropical to sub - tropical waters between the continental shelf and the mainland . they range between augusta in western australia northwards to the east coast of victoria .\ndepending on temperature regime , the spawning season may be more or less extended . in australian waters , each female spawns several times over the season , about 2 to 6 days apart ( ref . 30196 ) , depending on the locality . spanish mackerel spawn off the reef slopes and edges , and they form spawning aggregations in specific areas ( ref . 6390 ) .\ncollette , b . b . & russo , j . l . 1984 . morphology , systematics , & biology of the spanish mackerels ( scomberomorus , scombridae ) . fishery bulletin 82 : 545 - 689 .\nwhen i\u2019m spinning for mackerel from long tropical jetties like the mandorah wharf in darwin harbour or the urangan pier in queensland i always use smaller metals such as surecatch bishops . the 50gm and 60gm bishop are the perfect profile size for mimicking baitfish such as hardy heads and herring which commonly congregate under large jetties . i usually let the lures sink next to the pylons and then jig them up using an erratic retrieve . the technique works well on smaller sized spaniards between 6 - 12kg and other mackerel species such as school , shark and broad bar mackerel .\nthe great astrolabe reef wraps around nearly 75 miles of the coastline of kadavu island , fiji where we find matava resort and capt . adrian watt ' s\nbite me\nsport fishing charters . waters are chock full of wahoo , sailfish , spanish mackerel and giant trevally plus the reef diving is perhaps the best in the world with incredibly healthy corals and plenty of tropical fish and reef species .\nabdulqader , e . a . a . 2001 . the gcc spanish mackerel fisheries monitoring program . in : goddard , s . , al - oufi , h . , mcilwain j . , and claereboudt ( eds ) , proc . 1st international conference on fisheries , aquaculture and environment in the nw indian ocean , pp . 49 - 55 . sultan qaboos university , muscat , sultanate of oman .\nwire leaders above 20 - 30 lbs are usually needed to combat the razor - sharp scissor - like teeth of the spanish mackerel . nylon coated wires are also popular when trolling . if nylon leaders are used , you can only hope for the best that the fish has bitten at the lure or hook shank . another thing is there can be a lot of hits & misses with the spanish mackerels as they tend to attack bait at high speed . often , a bait is sliced clean in half but the fish misses the hooks . they also often hit the leaders rather than the lure or jig sometimes getting themselves foul hooked .\ngovender , a . 1994 . growth of king mackerel ( scomberomorus commerson ) off the coast of natal , south africa - from length and age data . fisheries research 20 : 63 - 79 .\ncollette , b . b . and russo , j . l . 1985 . morphology , systematics , and biology of the spanish mackerels ( scomberomorus , scombridae ) . fishery bulletin , u . s 82 : 545 - 692 .\nhigh - speed spinning from the rock was discovered on the australian coast in the late 60\u2019s . throughout this era throwing metal lures with long rods and cranking them through the water with a high - speed overhead reel became extremely popular amongst land based anglers . although the majority of chrome plated lures on the market today are a lot more refined , high - speed spinning from the stones is still a productive method for catching spanish mackerel .\nhigh - speed spinning for spanish mackerel is definitely one of the most exciting brands of sport fishing . with one glimpse of a spaniard it\u2019s obvious that evolution has perfectly crafted this fish for destroying lures at warped speeds . the classic strike from one of these tropical speedsters usually starts with a serious bone jarring jolt , followed by a series of aggressive head shakes before the fish powers off towards the open ocean leaving your reel screaming like a banshee .\nresearch suggests the mackerel in wa\u2019s northern waters don\u2019t move more than 100 kilometres along the coast . in southern waters , they are thought to migrate over hundreds of kilometres , following the warmer waters of the leeuwin current .\nswimming lures such as deep divers and bibless minnows also work well on mackerel when they are retrieved at medium to high speeds . i have found that these lures can often out fish metals when the water is discoloured and murky . swimming lures are designed with in - built action and constantly vibrate through the water . predatory fish like mackerel can use their lateral line and other senses to hunt down swimming lures without relying on their eyesight .\nin western australia good numbers of fish usually show up north of kalbarri . the rugged cliffs of steep point and quobba are famous for producing epic runs of mackerel and are both considered as world class land based gamefish destinations .\nit is often said that \u201cthe early bird catches the worm\u201d , this saying certainly applies to mackerel fisherman . the best time to spin for spaniards is definitely during first light and over the years i\u2019ve caught 80 percent of my fish between 6 - 9am . mackerel are also known as \u201cwolves of the sea\u201d and always feed with more intensity during low light periods . spaniards also have excellent eyesight and will utilise the low light conditions to ambush and seek prey .\ni have found that the best moon phase for mackerel is around the new moon . the dark skies make it extremely difficult for the fish to hunt throughout the night which makes them feed a lot more aggressively during daylight hours .\nfor a number of years a gentleman\u2019s agreement has existed in the bramble cay area of the spanish mackerel fishery where fishers have worked the area in the early morning and late afternoon and have rested the fishery during the day . in 2003 industry members of the working group requested this arrangement be formalised during the months of august to december when the spawning aggregations are occurring in this area . it was also requested that the bramble cay area be designated a troll only area . this was on the basis that the area fished is very small and gear conflict could become a major issue should other permitted methods be used to target mackerel in this area . of particular concern is the potential conflict that may arise should png cross endorsed vessels choose to take up their rights to fish within the australian jurisdiction and adopt incompatible fishing methods .\njenkins , g . p . ; milward , n . f . & hartwick , r . f . 1985 . occurrence of larvae of spanish mackerels , genus scomberomorus ( teleostei ; scombridae ) , in shelf waters of the great barrier reef . austustralian journal of marine and freshwater research 36 : 635 - 640 .\nto secure your catch from the stones a good quality two - piece aluminium rock gaff is highly recommend and should cover you on most ledges . if you\u2019re targeting mackerel on the wild west coast a classic three pronged rope gaff is perfect for extracting fish from these remote cliffs .\npicking the most suitable tides for chasing spaniards can vary heavily on the location you are fishing from . for example rock platforms which are adjacent to large rivers such as iluka , fish well on the outgoing tide as the mackerel seem to come in and hunt the baitfish that are being flushed out of the river . while on shallow sandy bottomed ledges like the catwalk at 1770 the bigger mackerel seem to come closer to the shore on the high tide . in areas with massive 7m tidal variations like darwin harbour the spaniards are a lot more prolific during neap tides as the water gets extremely silty during the massive spring tides .\nin my opinion i don\u2019t think the colour of the sticker really matters when it comes to chrome lures as i have caught plenty of mackerel on every single colour available . when the lure is flying through the water at breakneck speeds the fish will only see a silver flash in the water and will simply attack on instinct .\nmost people think we are nuts to even contemplate fishing such light tackle in waters that are filled with marlin , big sailfish , wahoo , mackerel and dogtooth tuna but i have to say , as far as fishing goes , its the most fun you can have without a tub of haagen daz ice cream and a lady i know called mandy .\nthe rapala x - rap srx - 14 in the \u201cglass ghost\u201d colour and the 5 inch lively lures mack bait in the \u201cblue mack\u201d colour are two of my favourite swimming lures for targeting spaniards . another popular swimming lure which is commonly used for mackerel at steep point in wa is the nilsmaster invincible deep runner 15cm in the yellow belly colour .\nmackerel prefer water temperatures between 22 - 26 degrees and will often migrate down the coastline following the warm currents at the start of each summer and head back up the coast during the autumn months . along the top end of australia in areas like darwin where water temps rarely drop past 24 degrees good numbers of fish can be found almost all year round .\nsurface lures such as poppers and plugs are great for attracting mackerel and can lead to some spectacular aerial strikes . large spaniards will often charge from the depths and launch at surface lures with tremendous force . on many occasions the fish will often smash the lure and miss the hooks . this can be a little frustrating at times but it\u2019s still an awesome sight to see .\nwhen it comes to spinning for spaniards i\u2019ve certainly gone right on with it . over the past decade i\u2019ve spent a wasted youth chasing big bar - ees from the stones . jamming a hook into one of these line burning fish is an experience that i will never get sick of and in my opinion landing a monster mackerel on a lure is what high - speed spinning is all about .\nigfa angler\u2019s digest brings you light - tackle fishing from fiji with igfa certified captain adrian watts and first mate joe tucco . we target wahoo and sailfish and tie into a spanish mackerel for good measure . the area we work is up tight to the great astrolabe reef where finding sailfish just a couple of hundred yards from the reef is just as common as tying into huge wahoo that run in packs . we ' ll finish up the episode with some underwater footage filmed on a few dives on the great astrolabe reef \u2013 this reef has perhaps the healthiest coral any of us has ever seen . if you ' re looking for an unspoiled place to dive , snorkel or a world - class fishery just minutes from your accomodation , you have to do yourself a favor and check out matava resort and the bite me sportfisher on kadavu island in fiji .\nwhen i\u2019m targeting mackerel i always use a wire trace . i use a short 30cm length of 69lb single strand wire with a swivel at one end and a small solid brass ring on the other . the single strand wire can easily be attached to the terminals via a haywire twist . the solid brass ring is attached to the split ring of your lure while the swivel end is tied to a 2m length of 60lb mono shock leader .\nmetal lures are excellent for land based anglers as they are relatively cheap , durable and cast well against strong winds . my favourite metal for spinning up xos oceanic bar - ees is the 85gm surecatch knight . these lures are made from chrome plated brass and are perfect for imitating popular baitfish such as slimy mackerel , yellowtail scads , mullet and fusiliers . to increase my hook - up rate i retrofit my trebles to a 4 / 0 mustad 7794ds treble hook . these triple strength hooks have a much larger gape than the original trebles that these lures come with .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ncollette , b . , chang , s . - k . , di natale , a . , fox , w . , juan jorda , m . , miyabe , n . & nelson , r .\nthis species is found in the indo - west pacific from the red sea and south africa to southeast asia , north to china and japan and south to southeast australia , and to fiji . it is an immigrant to the eastern mediterranean sea by way of the suez canal where it can be found westward to at least tunisia ( ben souissi\n. 2006 ) . in the southeast atlantic , it is has been reported from st . helena as a vagrant .\nthis species is taken throughout its range by commercial , artisanal , and recreational fisheries . worldwide reported landings show a gradual increase from 7 , 186 tonnes in 1950 to 23 , 5985 tonnes in 2006 ( fao 2009 ) .\nthe species comprises at least two stocks in the indo - pacific separated by the wallace line ( suleman and ovender 2010 ) .\n. 2000 , motlagh and shojaei 2009 ) , but none at a regional level . in the persian gulf , catch increased from 3 , 939 t in 1997 to 8 , 149 t in 2003 mostly from gillnets but also handlines , and this species is considered to be heavily overexploited ( motlagh and shojaei 2009 , shojaei\n. 2005 ) . in south africa , a recent report indicates that there is no indication of overfishing ( govender 1994 ) .\n. 2006 ) . based on assessments in 2000 and 2002 , it was acknowledged that there was a significant degree of uncertainty in fisheries models because the fisheries for this species in queensland were projected to collapse ( tobin and malupusan 2004 ) .\n. 1999 ) . urgent measures are needed to regulate the trawlers and drift gill nets .\nthere is no information on stock assessments or specific fisheries for this species . in taiwan , this species is a bycatch species in gillnet and trawling . in the western central pacific , this species is recorded as bycatch in a number of different fisheries . fao reported landings are increasing , but effort is not known .\nin the mediterranean region , this species represents 2 . 08 % total catch of egyptian mediterranean coast and its main food is the anchovy ,\n( bakhoum 2007 ) . this species is reported to the fao in catches from libya where it is targeted .\n. 2005 ) . in north queensland , australia the oldest male was 10 years ( 127 cm , 19 . 0 kg ) , and the oldest female 14 years ( 155 cm , 35 kg ) . this species may live up to 15 years ( iotc 2006 ) , 16 years ( grandcourt\n. 2003 ) . generation length is conservatively estimated to be at least 8\u20139 years , but possibly may be longer .\nthe all - tackle angling record is of a 44 . 91 kg fish caught off scottburgh , natal , south africa ( igfa 2009 ) .\nthis is a highly commercial species caught primarily with gillnets , but also caught with purse seines , bamboo stake traps , mid - water trawls , rod and reel and by trolling ( collette 2001 ) . this species is also taken as bycatch in long - line , purse - seine and gill net gear targeting larger scombrids .\na lipid - soluble toxin , similar to ciguatoxin has been found in the flesh of specimens caught on the east coast of queensland , australia .\ncollette , b . , chang , s . - k . , di natale , a . , fox , w . , juan jorda , m . , miyabe , n . & nelson , r . 2011 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nmarine ; pelagic - neritic ; oceanodromous ( ref . 51243 ) ; depth range 10 - 70 m ( ref . 12260 ) . tropical ; 39\u00b0n - 41\u00b0s , 7\u00b0w - 180\u00b0e ( ref . 54880 )\nindo - west pacific : red sea and south africa to southeast asia , north to china and japan and south to southeast australia , and to fiji ( ref . 6390 ) . immigrant to the eastern mediterranean sea by way of the suez canal . southeast atlantic : st . helena .\nmaturity : l m 85 . 0 , range 55 - 82 cm max length : 240 cm fl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 5765 ) ; common length : 120 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 5450 ) ; max . published weight : 70 . 0 kg ( ref . 5765 )\ndorsal spines ( total ) : 15 - 18 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 15 - 20 ; anal spines : 0 ; anal soft rays : 16 - 21 ; vertebrae : 42 - 46 . interpelvic process small and bifid . swim bladder absent . lateral line abruptly bent downward below end of second dorsal fin . intestine with 2 folds and 3 limbs . vertical bars on trunk sometimes break up into spots ventrally which number 40 - 50 in adults , and less than 20 in juveniles . juveniles with large oval dark spots on body ; middle third of first dorsal fin white , rest of fin black ( ref . 11228 ) .\ncollette , b . b . and c . e . nauen , 1983 . fao species catalogue . vol . 2 . scombrids of the world . an annotated and illustrated catalogue of tunas , mackerels , bonitos and related species known to date . rome : fao . fao fish . synop . 125 ( 2 ) : 137 p . ( ref . 168 )\n) : 22 . 8 - 29 , mean 28 ( based on 1324 cells ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00676 ( 0 . 00592 - 0 . 00772 ) , b = 3 . 00 ( 2 . 96 - 3 . 04 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 4 . 5 \u00b10 . 4 se ; based on diet studies .\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( k = 0 . 12 - 0 . 21 ; tm = 2 - 3 ; tmax = 14 ; fec = 590 , 000 ) .\nprior r = 0 . 54 , 2 sd range = 0 . 27 - 1 . 09 , log ( r ) = - 0 . 62 , sd log ( r ) = 0 . 35 , based on : 23 k , 6 tgen , 6 fec records\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : moderate to high vulnerability ( 52 of 100 ) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nles m\u00e9tacestodes de trypanorhynques de t\u00e9l\u00e9ost\u00e9ens des r\u00e9cifs coralliens de l\u2019est de l\u2019australie et de nouvelle - cal\u00e9donie ont \u00e9t\u00e9 examin\u00e9s . \u00e0 partir de plus de 12000 poissons examin\u00e9s , 33 esp\u00e8ces nomm\u00e9es de trypanorhynques ont \u00e9t\u00e9 collect\u00e9es ainsi que trois esp\u00e8ces de tentacularioidea qui sont d\u00e9crites mais non nomm\u00e9es . des listes h\u00f4tes - parasites et parasites - h\u00f4tes sont fournies , et incluent plus de 100 nouvelles mentions d\u2019h\u00f4tes . les taxa appartenant aux lacistorhynchoidea et tentacularioidea pr\u00e9dominaient et les otobothrioidea et gymnorhynchoidea \u00e9taient moins nombreux . cinq esp\u00e8ces , callitetrarhynchus gracilis , floriceps minacanthus , pseudotobothrium dipsacum , pseudolacistorhynchus heroniensis et ps . shipleyi \u00e9taient particuli\u00e8rement fr\u00e9quentes et montraient une faible sp\u00e9cificit\u00e9 d\u2019h\u00f4te . des donn\u00e9es limit\u00e9es sugg\u00e8rent une plus grande diversit\u00e9 de trypanorhynques larvaires dans les familles de poissons piscivores de grande taille . plusieurs familles de poissons \u00e9tudi\u00e9es intensivement ( blenniidae , chaetodontidae , gobiidae , kyphosidae et scaridae ) n\u2019avaient pas de larves de trypanorhynques . la similitude globale entre les faunes de la grande barri\u00e8re de corail et de la nouvelle - cal\u00e9donie \u00e9tait de 45 % . des informations sur les stades adultes chez des \u00e9lasmobranches ont \u00e9t\u00e9 incluses quand disponibles .\nthis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license ( urltoken ) , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original work is properly cited .\nthe identification of significant threats to the coral reefs of the world [ 9 , 17 ] has been partly responsible for focussing attention on the full diversity of reefs rather than simply on the diversity of fish and corals , the most obvious examples of reef diversity . the contributions of other groups of invertebrates to diversity on reefs have been largely overlooked in the past [ 7 , 32 ] . part of this \u201chidden\u201d invertebrate diversity includes the endoparasites of vertebrates .\nin recent years , teleost fish occurring on coral reefs have been recognised as harbouring a particularly diverse array of parasites [ 20 ] . studies to date have focussed either on specific parasite groups such as the monogenea ( e . g . [ 33 ] ) or digenea ( e . g . [ 13 ] ) , or more recently have examined the diversity of all helminth parasites found in or on specific families of fish such as the lethrinidae or serranidae [ 21 \u2013 23 ] .\nin this study , we examined the larval trypanorhynch cestode parasites of teleosts , and where applicable the corresponding adults in elasmobranchs , from the great barrier reef ( gbr ) and compared them with those from similar reef environments in new caledonia ( nc ) . new caledonia is separated from the gbr by about 1200 km of deep oceanic waters .\nteleosts and elasmobranchs were collected opportunistically between 1986 and 2010 . the two main collecting sites were heron island in the southern great barrier reef and lizard island in the northern barrier reef . small numbers of parasites were collected on reefs between these two sites ( mossman , townsville ) and in these instances , the nearest geographical feature on the coast was recorded rather than the specific reef near which the collection was made (\nrecords of adults from elasmobranchs are included only for species in which larval stages have been identified in teleosts ; these are based on both published data and specimens held in museum collections . additional species of trypanorhynch cestodes from elasmobranchs have been found and their larval stages may be found in the future , but for the present study , these records have not been added .\n) , authorities of cestodes are included and host species are listed in alphabetical order without authorities . in instances where both generic and specific names of cestodes have changed , synonyms have been included . in the host - parasite list (\n) , fish hosts are arranged in orders , families and genera , but within each group , the order is alphabetical . authorities of fish are indicated and the parasites are arranged in alphabetical order without authorities .\nparasite - host list . species of trypanorhynch cestodes collected from teleosts and elasmobranchs on the great barrier reef , australia and from new caledonia . authorities of cestodes are included and host species are listed in alphabetical order without authorities .\nspecies of trypanorhynch cestodes collected from teleosts on the great barrier reef , australia and from new caledonia . authorities of fish are included and cestodes are listed in alphabetical order without authorities . gbr : great barrier reef ; nc : new caledonia .\nauthorities of hosts or parasites which are indicated in the lists are not repeated in the text . the systematic arrangement of trypanorhynch taxa follows palm ( 2004 ) [ 27 ] . all host names were verified in fishbase [ 15 ] .\n) . plerocercoids of tentaculariids were found either in the body cavity or in the gastrointestinal lumen ; the latter were not contained within a \u201ccyst\u201d . occasionally , plerocerci were found in the musculature and in the gill arches (\n) , although there was no systematic search of such sites for plerocerci . merocerci of\nmetacestodes of trypanorhynch cestodes from teleost fishes . 2 . viable plerocerci of callitetrarhynchus gracilis in the body cavity of scomberomorus commerson . 3 . melanised trypanorhynch plerocerci in the body cavity of epinephelus sp . 4 . melanised and contracted cysts of trypanorhynch metacestodes in the body cavity of cephalopholis miniata ; no viable plerocerci were recovered from these cysts . 5 . plerocerci of pseudogilquinia spp . ( arrows ) around the oesophagus of lethrinus nebulosus . 6 . merocerci of molicola horridus in the liver of diodon hystrix . 7 . plerocerci of grillotiella exile in the gill arches of scomberomorus commerson ( histological section ) .\nspecies of larval trypanorhynch cestodes found in both teleost ( as larvae ) and elasmobranch ( as adult ) hosts at sites along the gbr and off nc are shown in tables 1 and 2 .\nfrom the gbr , the specimens examined were obtained from the dissection of more than 9000 fish , although not all were specifically examined for trypanorhynch cestodes . likewise , from nc , approximately 3800 fish were examined but the body cavity was not examined in every fish , as explained by justine et al . [ 21 \u2013 23 ] . consequently , prevalence data were available for some species only and abundance data were not available ; for most species only presence - absence data were available ( with one exception from lizard island ) .\nno trypanorhynch metacestodes were found in the families blenniidae ( n = 215 ) , chaetodontidae ( n = 1638 ) , gobiidae ( n = 183 ) , kyphosidae ( n = 30 ) and scaridae ( n = 147 ) from the gbr . likewise , no metacestodes were found in the families atherinidae ( n = 13 ) , apogonidae ( n = 19 ) , echeneidae ( n = 10 ) and haemulidae ( n = 10 ) in nc . in addition , although the families serranidae , lethrinidae and lutjanidae were frequently infected with trypanorhynch metacestodes , this pattern was not uniform across all species within these families and in nc , no trypanorhynch metacestodes were found in epinephelus areolatus ( n = 12 ) , e . merra ( n = 18 ) , lethrinus atkinsoni ( n = 12 ) , l . nebulosus ( n = 14 ) , lutjanus fulviflamma ( n = 10 ) and lu . kasmira ( n = 14 ) .\nmembers of the tentacularioidea differ from other trypanorhynch metacestodes as they are present as plerocercoids ( = post - larvae ) rather than plerocerci [ 14 ] and may be found in intestinal contents as well as in the viscera . in new caledonia , tentacularioids were frequently found in smaller schooling fishes , often being the only trypanorhynchs encountered in these fishes .\n) as well as three species of tentaculariid cestodes to which no current name could be applied . lacistorhynchoid and tentacularioid trypanorhynchs dominated the fauna in terms of numbers of species recovered (\nsummary of the fully identified taxa of larval trypanorhynch cestodes found in teleost fishes from the great barrier reef and from new caledonia .\nprevalence data were obtained from 182 fish from various families collected during a single collecting trip to lizard island . the prevalence of trypanorhynch larvae was : 4 / 6 ( 77 % ) in scombrids , 5 / 7 ( 71 % ) in lethrinids , 2 / 13 ( 15 % ) in lutjanids , 8 / 9 ( 89 % ) in serranids and 1 / 109 ( 0 . 9 % ) in apogonids . other fish families were represented by smaller numbers and were excluded .\ntentacularioid metacestodes incompletely identified . 8 . nybelinia sp . a from herklotsichthys quadrimaculatus ( r\u00fcppell , 1937 ) . scolex , basal and metabasal armature , hook profiles . scale - bars : scolex and tentacle , 0 . 1 mm ; hooks , 0 . 01 mm . 9 . nybelinia sp . b from parupeneus multifasciatus ( quoy & gaimard , 1825 ) . scolex , basal and metabasal armature , hook profiles . scale - bars : scolex and tentacle , 0 . 1 mm ; hooks , 0 . 01 mm . 10 . heteronybelinia sp . c from sufflamen fraenatus ( latreille , 1804 ) . scolex , bothrial metabasal armature and antibothrial metabasal armature . scale - bars : scolex 0 . 1 mm ; hooks 0 . 01 mm . 11 . nybelinia basimegacantha carvajal , campbell & cornford , 1976 , specimen from neoniphon sammara ( forssk\u00e5l , 1775 ) . scolex , basal and metabasal armature . scale - bars : scolex 0 . 1 mm ; tentacle 0 . 01 mm .\nmaterial examined : plerocercoids from herklotsichthys quadrimaculatus ( r\u00fcppell , 1937 ) , new caledonia , mnhn jnc2669c1 , 2671a1 .\nscolex length 1200 , pars bothrialis 580 , pars vaginalis 520 ; bulbs ovoid , bulb length 250 ; velum 160 ; metabasal hooks : length 15 , base 10 .\nthis species is similar to n . queenslandensis , but all measurements including those of the hooks are substantially smaller . in addition , the shape of the hooks differs ( fig . 8 ) . the hook shape aligns the species with n . lingualis ( cuvier , 1817 ) , n . bisulcata ( linton , 1889 ) , n . anthicosum heinz & dailey , 1974 and n . hemipristis palm & beveridge , 2002 , but n . lingualis and n . bisulcata differ in having much larger scoleces ( 2025\u20132700 and 2500 , respectively ) and bulbs ( 365\u2013425 and 450\u2013505 , respectively ) while the latter two species have much larger hooks ( 25\u201340 ) . consequently , these plerocercoids most closely resemble n . lingualis but cannot be assigned to this species with certainty .\nmaterial examined : plerocercoid from parupeneus multifasciatus ( quoy & gaimard , 1825 ) , new caledonia , mnhn jnc2172 c4 .\nscolex length 1750 , pars bothrialis 1100 , pars vaginalis 1000 , bulbs elongate , 560 long , velum 200 , metabasal hooks : length 20 , base 14 .\nthis specimen most closely resembles n . strongyla dollfus , 1960 in scolex length , bulb length and hook size and shape , but differs in the length of the velum ( 690\u2013830 in n . strongyla compared with 200 in the present material ) .\nmaterial examined : plerocercoid from sufflamen fraenatus ( latreille , 1804 ) , new caledonia , mnhn jnc3034 .\nscolex length 1440 , pars bothrialis 770 , pars vaginalis 680 , bulbs elongate , bulb length 375 , velum 125 , metabasal hooks on antibothrial surface : length 17\u201319 , base 8 ; on bothrial surface : length 25 , base 18 ; basal armature heteromorphous .\nthis specimen clearly belongs to heteronybelinia as the hooks differ markedly in shape on the bothrial versus the antibothrial surfaces of the tentacle . hook sizes are closest to h . eureia ( dollfus , 1960 ) , but the specimen differs from this species in the number of hooks per half spiral and by the fact that in this specimen the bulbs are entirely posterior to the pars bothrialis while in h . eureia , they do not extend beyond the pars bothrialis . therefore , this specimen cannot be accommodated within any known species of heteronybelinia ."]}
{"id": 1353, "summary": [{"text": "the pacific footballfish ( himantolophus sagamius ) is a species found in the pacific : kuril-kamchatka trough , coast of the hokkaido and honshu islands ( gulf of sagami ) , and from california to peru . ", "topic": 3}], "title": "pacific footballfish", "paragraphs": ["pacific footballfish , himantolophus sagamius ( tanaka ) ( teleostei : himantolophidae ) , found in the surf - zone at del mar , san diego county , california\nby cynthia klepadlo , phillip a . hastings et al .\npacific : new guinea , japan , hawaiian islands , california ( u . s . a . ) , ecuador .\npacific footballfish , himantolophus sagamius ( tanaka ) ( teleostei : himantolophidae ) , found in the surf - zone at del mar , san diego county , california , with . . . ( southern california academy of sciences ) publisher : learn how customers can search inside this book . more\nin 1985 , deep - sea fishermen in monterey bay , california , hauled up their nets to find a menacing - looking fish with a 6 - inch - long globular body , prickly skin , needle - sharp teeth , miniscule eyes , and a strange stalk on its head . this was the same pacific footballfish ( himantolophus sagamius ) we now have in our collections , and one of more than 300 living species of anglerfish ( of the order lophiiformes ) found around the world .\nh . sagamius lives in the pacific ocean at depths of 2 , 000 to 3 , 300 feet , where sunlight doesn ' t penetrate . food is scarce in the deep , and chance encounters in total darkness are rare , so the footballfish have evolved to feed on whatever fits in its mouth\u2014including other fish , squid , and crustaceans . using its esca as a lure , an anglerfish remains motionless until prey comes within striking distance . in a lightning - fast motion , it sucks the prey into its mouth , where its teeth\u2014which point inward\u2014ensure that what goes in doesn\u2019t come out .\ngreek , himas or himantos = leather strap , thong or leash ( referring to the thick leathery illicium ) + greek , lopho or lophio = crest or tuft ( referring to the baited illicium projecting from the head ) ( ref . 86949 )\nmarine ; bathypelagic ; depth range 613 - 1200 m ( ref . 82206 ) . deep - water\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 20 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 82206 )\ndorsal soft rays ( total ) : 5 ; anal soft rays : 4 . distinguishing characteristics of adult female : length of anterior escal appendage 11 - 38 % sl ; distal escal appendage 6 . 2 - 11 % sl ; blunt distal lobes of esca ; posterior escal appendage 12 - 41 % sl , simple or with bifid tip ; posterolateral appendages 2 - 4 pairs , situated on and below base of escal bulb , length of distal and longest pair 30 - 45 % sl ( ref . 86949 ) .\npietsch , t . w . , 1999 . himantolophidae . footballfishes ( deep - sea anglerfishes ) . p . 2029 . in k . e . carpenter and v . h . niem ( eds . ) fao species identification guide for fishery purposes . the living marine resources of the wcp . vol . 3 . batoid fishes , chimaeras and bony fishes part 1 ( elopidae to linophrynidae ) . fao , rome . ( ref . 12944 )\n) : 4 . 3 - 7 . 8 , mean 5 . 7 ( based on 325 cells ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01995 ( 0 . 00906 - 0 . 04395 ) , b = 3 . 01 ( 2 . 83 - 3 . 19 ) , in cm total length , based on all lwr estimates for this body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 4 . 5 \u00b10 . 37 se ; based on food items .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 14 of 100 ) .\nit seems javascript is either disabled or not supported by your browser . to view this site , enable javascript by changing your browser options and try again .\nexplore an aquarium , planetarium , and natural history museum\u2014all under one living roof .\nthe first spine of an anglefish ' s dorsal fins , called the illicium , extends outward to end in a fleshy , phosphorescent bulb ( or esca ) , which the fish use to lure prey . male and female anglerfish differ dramatically in size , with some females measuring up to ten times larger than their male counterparts . the males of some anglerfish species , including the football fish , have evolved into \u201csexual parasites . \u201d using well - developed olfactory organs , they find and fuse themselves to females , eventually losing their eyes , internal organs , and everything else but the testes . the male becomes a permanent appendage that draws nutrition from its female host and serves as an easily accessible source of sperm .\nthe bioluminescent glow of an anglerfish ' s esca comes from bacteria . these photobacteria ( light - emitting bacteria ) flow into the esca through small pores ; once inside , they multiply due to the protection and nutrition provided by its host .\nfish biomass estimates now 10 times as high as previously thought in the deep sea .\nanelasma squalicola , a parasitic barnacle , sucks the life and the reproductive capabilities out of its host .\nwelcome to the twilight zone of the ocean , where the sun barely reaches and the fish have big eyes .\nin 2014 , the academy ' s dave ebert added to his list of new - species discoveries with this deepwater sawshark .\nget hands - on at the naturalist center with real specimens , hundreds of books and films , and interactive games .\nwitness some of the active scientific research taking place at the academy every day .\nthe department of ichthyology is home to one of the largest and most important collections of fishes in the world , and is designated as one of eight international centers for ichthyology in north america . meet the researchers , explore projects and expeditions , and more .\nbe mesmerized by the brilliant colors of tropical fish , the grace of giant rays , and the busy waddling of african penguins . our webcams stream 24 hours a day .\nthe california academy of sciences is a renowned scientific and educational institution dedicated to exploring , explaining , and sustaining life on earth . based in san francisco\u2019s golden gate park , it is home to a world - class aquarium , planetarium , and natural history museum\u2014all under one living roof .\nstay curious\u2014every thursday at nightlife . sign up for event updates and exciting announcements .\nsign up for the academy\u2019s monthly newsletter and get a promo code for 10 % off at our online retail store .\ncynthia klepadlo , university of california at san diego phillip a . hastings , university of california at san diego richard h . rosenblatt , university of california at san diego\npietsch tw . 2009 . oceanic anglerfishes : extraordinary diversity in the deep sea . berkley : university of california press . 638 p .\nholotype of corynolophus sagamius : originally scmt 8201 ( lost or mislaid at zumt ) , 200 mm sl .\nwithin the size range of 111\u2013274 mm , no distinct changes evident in relative lengths of illicium and escal appendages or in diameter of escal bulb with increasing size of specimens ( the low value for length of the distal escal appendage of ish 18 / 55a , obtained from the stomach of a sperm whale , may be due to shrinkage , and the short posterior escal appendage of mcz 29854 appears to have been broken ) . each primary branch of distal escal appendage with a simple or bifurcated tip and a pair of short side branches ; anterior escal appendage simple in most specimens , bifurcated distally in ish 18 / 55b and an additional short appendage above and / or below anterior escal appendage present in lacm 43760 - 1 , ish 18 / 55b , and mcz 29854 ; posterior escal appendage simple in most specimens , bifurcated distally in ish 18 / 55a ; distal - most pair of illicial appendages bifurcate ; illicial appendages and anterior and posterior escal appendages black , with bright silvery tips in fresh and recently preserved specimens ; body and fin rays uniformly black or dark brown ; papillae of snout and chin low and darkly pigmented ; illicial stem , esca , and escal appendages densely covered with small dermal spinules ; 4 or 5 large skin spines on each pectoral peduncle , 40\u201375 spines on each side of body ( in specimens 111\u2013274 mm ) ; dorsal - fin rays 5 ; anal - fin rays 4 ; pectoral - fin rays 15\u201318 . the three tentatively identified specimens ( 32\u201340 mm ) are juveniles , that differ from the larger specimens described above in having much shorter relative lengths of the escal appendages , including a distal escal appendage of 1 . 0\u20131 . 6 % sl , less distinct snout and chin papillae , and fewer teeth and dermal spines .\nhimantolophus sagamius has been recorded from off japan and along the west coast of the americas from off northern california to ecuador and chile . two of the three tentatively identified specimens were caught at nearly the same position in the halmahera sea ; the third specimen is from off hawaii .\nfemales of the h . groenlandicus - group differ from those of other species of the genus in having the following combination of character states : the light - guiding distal escal appendage is divided at the base , its total length 0 . 4\u20132 % sl , shorter than the diameter of the escal bulb in specimens less than 110 mm , 1\u201311 % sl in larger specimens . each primary branch of the distal escal appendage has a simple or bifurcated tip and 0\u20132 tiny papilliform side branches . the base of the distal appendage is surrounded by four escal lobes of about equal size . an anterior escal appendage is present in most species ( but rudimentary or absent in h . paucifilosus ) , its length 1 . 5\u201342 % sl . the posterior escal appendage is longer ( about 1 . 5\u201334 % sl ) than the distal escal appendage ; its proximal part is undivided , with a simple bifurcated tip , or it is trifurcated ( but never bifurcated ) at its base ( in some specimens it is represented by a transverse series of 2\u20133 separate , simple filaments ) . two to 23 posterolateral appendages are present on and below the base of the escal bulb , the distal - most pair measuring 5 . 9\u201349 % sl , longer than the posterior escal appendage , and emerging just below the base of the bulb . small dermal spinules are present on the stem of the illicium , the escal bulb , and the escal appendages of specimens greater than 33 mm . the dermal papillae of the snout and chin are low and rather indistinct . the skin is devoid of \u201cwhite patches . \u201d the caudal - fin rays are white or only faintly pigmented , with dark tips in specimens less than 70\u2013100 mm , but covered with dark pigment in larger specimens .\n20 . 0 cm sl ( male / unsexed ; ( ref . 82206 ) )\ndistinguishing characteristics of adult female : length of anterior escal appendage 11 - 38 % sl ; distal escal appendage 6 . 2 - 11 % sl ; blunt distal lobes of esca ; posterior escal appendage 12 - 41 % sl , simple or with bifid tip ; posterolateral appendages 2 - 4 pairs , situated on and below base of escal bulb , length of distal and longest pair 30 - 45 % sl ( ref . 86949 ) .\nadult females ( 111\u2013380 mm ) of himantolophus sagamius differ from those of all other species of the himantolophus groenlandicus - group in having the following combination of character states : length of anterior escal appendage 11\u201338 % sl ; distal escal appendage 6 . 2\u201311 % ( 3 . 1 % ? ) sl ; distal lobes of esca blunt ; posterior escal appendage 12\u201341 % sl , simple or with bifid tip ; 2\u20134 pairs of posterolateral appendages situated on and below base of escal bulb , length of distal and longest pair 30\u201345 % sl .\nbathypelagic ; marine ; depth range 613 - 1200 m ( ref . 82206 )\nthe following is a representative barcode sequence , the centroid of all available sequences for this species . there is 1 barcode sequence available from bold and genbank .\nbelow is the sequence of the barcode region cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 ( coi or cox1 ) from a member of the species .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthe webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 license\nfroese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of corynolophus sagamius tanaka , 1918 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nintergovernmental oceanographic commission ( ioc ) of unesco . the ocean biogeographic information system ( obis ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]"]}
{"id": 1370, "summary": [{"text": "murexsul octogonus , or the octagonal murex , is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family muricidae , the murex snails or rock snails . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "murexsul octogonus", "paragraphs": ["murexsul cuvierensis finlay , c . c . , 1927 : cuvier island , nw north island , new zealand\nscott , i . oct / 2000 : murexsul feeding at leigh , poirieria , 26 ( p . 23 )\nscott , i . apr / 1989 : a closer look at muricopsis octogonus , poirieria , 15 ( 6 ) ( p . 6 )\n( of muricopsis ( murexsul ) octogonus ( quoy & gaimard , 1833 ) ) spencer , h . g . , marshall , b . a . & willan , r . c . ( 2009 ) . checklist of new zealand living mollusca . pp 196 - 219 . in : gordon , d . p . ( ed . ) new zealand inventory of biodiversity . volume one . kingdom animalia : radiata , lophotrochozoa , deuterostomia . canterbury university press , christchurch . [ details ]\n( of muricopsis octogonus ( quoy & gaimard , 1833 ) ) spencer , h . g . , marshall , b . a . & willan , r . c . ( 2009 ) . checklist of new zealand living mollusca . pp 196 - 219 . in : gordon , d . p . ( ed . ) new zealand inventory of biodiversity . volume one . kingdom animalia : radiata , lophotrochozoa , deuterostomia . canterbury university press , christchurch . [ details ]\n( of murex octogonus quoy & gaimard , 1833 ) quoy j . r . c . & gaimard j . p . ( 1832 - 1835 ) . voyage de d\u00e9couvertes de l '\nastrolabe\nex\u00e9cut\u00e9 par ordre du roi , pendant les ann\u00e9es 1826 - 1829 , sous le commandement de m . j . dumont d ' urville . zoologie . paris : tastu . 1 : i - l 1 - 264 ; 2 ( 1 ) : 1 - 321 [ 1832 ] ; 2 ( 2 ) : 321 - 686 [ 1833 ] ; 3 ( 1 ) : 1 - 366 [ 1834 ] ; 3 ( 2 ) : 367 - 954 [ 1835 ] ; atlas ( mollusques ) : pls 1 - 93 [ 1833 ] . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nmaxwell , p . a . ( 2009 ) . cenozoic mollusca . pp 232 - 254 in gordon , d . p . ( ed . ) new zealand inventory of biodiversity . volume one . kingdom animalia : radiata , lophotrochozoa , deuterostomia . canterbury university press , christchurch . [ details ]\n( of murex peruvianus g . b . sowerby ii , 1841 ) petit , r . e . ( 2009 ) . george brettingham sowerby , i , ii & iii : their conchological publications and molluscan taxa . zootaxa . 2189 : 1\u2013218 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nspencer , h . g . , marshall , b . a . & willan , r . c . ( 2009 ) . checklist of new zealand living mollusca . pp 196 - 219 . in : gordon , d . p . ( ed . ) new zealand inventory of biodiversity . volume one . kingdom animalia : radiata , lophotrochozoa , deuterostomia . canterbury university press , christchurch . [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nversion 43 . 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed . my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .\nthe symbols k . a . c . f . m . an . are used to indicate the geographical range of the species . they have been adopted to give an approxomation of the range of each species within new zealand .\nmarshall , b . a . , burch , k . w . 2000 : the new zealand recent species of muricopsis bucquoy , dautzenberg and dollfus , 1882 ( gastropoda : muricidae ) , the nautilus , 114 ( 1 ) ( p . 18 )\nbeu , a . g . , maxwell , p . a . 1990 : cenozoic mollusca of new zealand , new zealand geological survey , 58 ( p . 359 )\npowell , a . w . b . 1979 : new zealand mollusca : marine , land and freshwater shells , collins , auckland ( p . 170 )\nnote : localities are approximate , and represent only some of the known localities for the species .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nshell gallery view \u00ab shell encyclopedia , conchology , inc . \u00bb conchological megadatabase on mollusks\nthe star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :\nwe want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only , as we handle very few foreign shells in general . as time goes , the system will become more and more performant .\nenter your email address and we will send you an email with your username and password .\ne - mail jecilia sisican if you do not receive your email with your username and password .\nclick on an image to view all the information : family , species , author , date , and full locality .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 2 . 777 seconds . )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nsowerby 1841 ( in 1832 - 1841 ) , pl . 195 , fig . 103 ;\n, but most species in late neogene rocks are still in need of revision . they established the new species\nn . sp . for specimens from 13 - 168 m off eastern northland , from the three kings islands to coromandel peninsula . the subgenus\nis characterised by the shoulder spiral cord on early teleoconch whorls being medial on the whorl , and then ascending , and the intermediate spiral cords developes later than the others . in contrast , all species of\n( sensu stricto ) have 3 equally prominent spiral cords commencing together on the first spire whorl . the possible application of this subgenus to the many fossil species from new zealand has not been considered as yet , one of the many questions remaining with the taxonomy of the genus .\nwith two coarsely spinose cords around the neck , but has weaker spiral cords and so shorter spines on the varices . most other named fossils referred here may not be closely related .\nin its smaller size , its much weaker sculpture without obvious spines , and in having a smoothly rounded ( not flattened and keeled ) protoconch apex ; it is moderately common in nukumaruan siltstone in hawke ' s bay and wairarapa . the living northland intertidal species\nin the young ( haweran , oxygen isotope stage 5a ) cover beds of hauriri terrace , at the mouth of wairoa stream , waverley beach , west of wanganui , according to fleming ' s ( 1953 ) identifications , but this needs checking . if correct , it would indicate that the temperature at wanganui was significantly higher when the terrace cover was deposited than it is at present .\nas distinct genera in her catalogue of the muricidae , and has since ( e . g . , vokes & houart 1986 , p . 86 , 87 ; see particularly the statement by vokes 1988 , p . 36 ) consistently maintained them as distinct genera . we agree with this action . merle & hourt ( 2003 ) have since used the distinct genera\nas examples of the way in which analyses of the ontogeny of spiral cords in muricidae can elicudate phylogeny ; they included both genera in subfamily muricopsinae .\n) . uncommon at only a few castlecliffian fossil localities ( notably the basal shellbed member of shakespeare cliff sand at wanganui , but a few specimens occur in pinnacle sand , upper castlecliff shellbed , and tainui shellbed ) and its ancestry is obscure .\nis common subtidally at present ( commonly dredged on the inner - mid shelf around the northeastern north island and in cook strait ) and occurs on intertidal rocks in a few localities in the north - eastern north island , from auckland to doubtless bay .\ncite this publication as :\na . g . beu and j . i . raine ( 2009 ) . revised descriptions of new zealand cenozoic mollusca from beu and maxwell ( 1990 ) . gns science miscellaneous series no . 27 .\n\u00a9 gns science , 2009 isbn 978 - 0 - 478 - 19705 - 1 issn 1177 - 2441 ( included with a pdf facsimile file copy of new zealand geological survey paleontological bulletin 58 in cd version from : publications officer , gns science , p . o . box 30368 lower hutt , new zealand )\noccurrence describes how often the species is found on surveys within its distribution . it is calculated as the % of reef sites surveyed by rls divers across all the ecoregions in which the species has been observed\nabundance is calculated as the average number of individuals recorded per rls transect , where present .\nplease use this form only for a single type of error . if you see multiple errors on the page for this species , please report these in separate forms by clicking on this button again after submitting this form\nthank you for highlighting this error . we appreciate your assistance in maintaining high quality control standards"]}
{"id": 1373, "summary": [{"text": "petasina filicina is a species of air-breathing land snail , a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family hygromiidae , the hairy snails and their allies . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "petasina filicina", "paragraphs": ["petasina ( filicinella ) filicina subsp . filicina ( l . pfeiffer , 1841 )\npetasina ( filicinella ) filicina subsp . filicina ( l . pfeiffer , 1841 ) | fauna europaea\npesi portal - petasina ( filicinella ) filicina ( l . pfeiffer , 1841 )\npetasina ( filicinella ) filicina ( l . pfeiffer , 1841 ) | fauna europaea\nmollusca slovenska : mikul\u00e1\u0161 j . lisick\u00fd : free download , borrow , and streaming : internet archive\nlisick\u00fd m . ( 1991 ) . mollusca slovenska . veda , vydavate\u013estvo slovenskej akad\u00e9mie vied . 244 pp . isbn 80 - 224 - 0232 - x . english summary : mollusca of slovakia the study examines data of distribution of extant species of molluscs from slovakia and eastern moravia . list of errata is at the end of the book all errata from this list are in the scanned book marked by a pencil . \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u044e\u043c\u0435 : \u043c\u043e\u043b\u043b\u044e\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0438\nabout the author : rndr . mikul\u00e1\u0161 j . lisick\u00fd , csc . ( * 1946\u2013\u20202008 )\ndistribution of extant species of molluscs ( mollusca ) from slovakia and eastern moravia .\ncopyright holder released mollusca slovenska under the creative commons attribution 3 . 0 license in august 2012 . see biography of the author at web pages of czech and slovak malacologists ( str\u00e1nky \u010desk\u00fdch a slovensk\u00fdch malakolog\u016f ) . original publisher of the book has no objections about publishing this book online .\nthis is one of the best books about molluscs of slovakia . it includes distribution of molluscs ( gastropods and bivalves ) of slovakia , references to all data and distribution maps of species . all species are also sorted into ecological groups , into a group according to its geographical point of view and other criteria .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nthis species lives within a relatively wide range and there are several known subpopulations . identified threats do not affect the whole population significantly at present and there is no evidence to suggest that the extent of occurrence ( eoo ) , area of occupancy ( aoo ) , number of locations , number of subpopulations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating . therefore , it is assessed as least concern ( lc ) .\nthis species has also been assessed at the regional level as : eu27 regional assessment : least concern ( lc ) at the level of the 27 member states of the european union . european regional assessment : least concern ( lc ) .\n1995 ) to central bosnia and western serbia ( moellendorff 1873 , so\u00f3s 1943 ) . its range includes the drainages of the drava and sava rivers . there are isolated occurrences in the inovec mountains ( western slovakia ) and in the v\u00e9rtes mountains ( hungary ) .\nthere are several known locations ( klemm 1973 , lisicky 1991 , pint\u00e9r and suara 2004 , so\u00f3s 1943 , prockow 2009 ) , but this might underestimate the real number of existing subpopulations . there is no reason to suppose that the extent of occurrence ( eoo ) , area of occupancy ( aoo ) or the number of locations are declining or extremely fluctuating .\nwithin its relatively large range , this species does not seem to be rare . however , due to its special habitat preference , the population is fragmented . the species ' range is not satisfactorily explored and there are no data on population trend . however , forest habitats are known to be diminishing in some regions therefore one might suppose that number of subpopulations or the number of mature individuals are declining .\nthis is a silvicol species with a preference for humid , deciduous forests which are relatively ancient and untouched by man . it lives on the ground among leaf - litter , under stones or decaying dead wood .\ndeforestation and disturbance of the forests are the main threat to this species . however , considering the relatively large geographical range of this species , local logging or recreational activities are not thought to affect the whole population significantly .\nthe species is not protected at a national level in the countries where it occurs . some of the subpopulations live within protected areas such as in the mecsek mountains and v\u00e9rtes mountains in hungary , however no conservation actions are currently required for this species .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\npfeiffer , l . 1841 . symbolae ad historiam heliceorum . - pp . 1 - 88 . cassellis . ( th . fischer ) .\nshell horny brownish with whitish band at the keel in the first whorls , transparent but solid , striated , often with soft hairs but not granulated , 5 . 5 - 6 convex whorls , regularly increasing , first whorls keeled , last whorl initially with edge at periphery , more rounded near aperture , lower side relatively flat , aperture with lip inside , stronger at basal side , weaker and reddish or whitish at upper side , visible from outside as a yellow structure , aperture flattened at lower side , umbilicus narrow and partly covered by the reflected columellar margin . larger than trochulus edentulus and t . unidentatus .\nshady habitats in the herbal layer in highlands and lower mountain forests , often in river valleys .\nin italy only in alpi giulie and carso . references : westerlund 1889 : 46 , pavlovi\u0107 1912 : 35 ( w serbia , bosnensis ) , tomi\u0107 1959 : 18 , falkner 1990 : 206 , manganelli et al . 1995 : 27 , falkner et al . 2001 : 58 , pro\u0107k\u00f3w 2009 : 125 , welter - schultes 2012 : 561 ( range map ) .\nenter the name or part of a name you wish to search for . the asterisk character * can be used as wildcard . e . g . ' papilio * ' . keep in mind that the search is only based on the full taxon name .\nwe are still having problems with the search feature . unfortunately we cannot give a timeline when the advanced search will be fixed .\nmuseum f\u00fcr naturkunde leibniz - institut f\u00fcr evolutions - und biodiversit\u00e4tsforschung invalidenstr . 43 10115 berlin germany e - mail : fauna - eu ( at ) mfn - berlin . de website : urltoken\nthis work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - share alike 3 . 0 license\npesi is funded by the european union 7th framework programme within the research infrastructures programme . contract no . ri - 223806 . activity area : capacities . period 2008 - 2011 - website hosted & developed by vliz banner picture : gannet ( morus bassanus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) by karl van ginderdeuren - contact pesi\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nto receive our reports ( print and / or electronic ) and quarterly e - newsletter .\ncookies are not enabled . you must enable cookies before you can log in .\ntemplate updated on 09 may 2018 14 : 41 from version 18 . 4 . 26\nthe european environment agency ( eea ) is an agency of the european union . legal notice\nwe use cookies to record some preference settings and to analyse how visitors use our web site . cookies do not contain any personal information about you . if you wish , see how to delete / disable cookies in your web browser . see also our privacy policy .\naccording to falkner ( 1995 ) , the correct year of description is 1859 , which is accepted here . according to animalbase , it was mentioned in 1859 just as a nomen nudum and valid date of description is 1860 ( animalbase ) .\n, but according to polinski ( 1924 ) , it is a distinct species . there are two accepted subspecies :\nthis species lives within a relatively wide range and there are several known subpopulations . the identified threats of deforestation and disturbance do not affect the whole population significantly and there is no evidence that the extent of occurrence ( eoo ) , area of occupancy ( aoo ) , number of locations , number of subpopulations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating . therefore , it is assessed as least concern ( lc ) .\nthis species is distributed in the eastern carpathians and in the apuseni mountains . distribution data are provided by polinski ( 1924 ) , so\u00f3s ( 1943 ) , grossu ( 1983 ) , wiktor ( 2004 ) , lisicky ( 1991 ) , kerney et al . ( 1983 ) , feh\u00e9r et al . ( 2008 ) and prockow ( 2009 ) . there is also a recently found and therefore unpublished hungarian occurrence ( r . farkas , in prep . ) . there are several known locations and at the present moment there is no evidence that the extent of occurrence ( eoo ) , area of occupancy ( aoo ) or the number of locations are declining or extremely fluctuating .\nwithin its relatively large range , this species does not seem to be rare . however , due to its special habitat preference , the population is fragmented . the species ' range is not satisfactorily explored and there are no data on population trend . however , forest habitats are known to diminish in that region therefore one might suppose that number of subpopulations or the number of mature individuals are declining .\ndeforestation and disturbance of the forests are the main threat to this species . however , considering its relatively large geographial range , local logging or recreational activities do not affect the whole population significantly .\nthis species is protected in poland and several known subpopulations live within protected areas . no further conservation actions are required for this species at this time .\nconservation status iucn : lc ; rdbukr : \u0432\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0432\u0456 ; endemic this species is protected in poland ."]}
{"id": 1387, "summary": [{"text": "hippocampus kuda , also known as the estuary seahorse , yellow seahorse or spotted seahorse is a seahorse of the family syngnathidae native to the indo-pacific . ", "topic": 10}], "title": "hippocampus kuda", "paragraphs": ["reproductive biology ; larval rearing ; hippocampus kuda ; taxonomy ; seahorses ; hippocampus spp . ; southern coast ; india\nhippocampus fuscus , h . kelloggi , h . kuda , h . histrix , h . mohnikei\nreproductive biology and larval rearing of hippocampus kuda , and the taxonomy of seahorses ( hippocampus spp . ) along the southern coast of india ( th 124 )\nreproductive biology and larval rearing of hippocampus kuda , and the taxonomy of seahorses ( hippocampus spp . ) along the southern coast of india ( th 124 ) .\nany number of species of seahorses can be suitable for the right aquarium . left to right : hippocampus erectus , hippocampus barbouri , hippocampus reidi\nreproductive biology and larval rearing of hippocampus kuda , and the taxonomy of seahorses ( hippocampus spp . ) along the southern coast of india ( th 124 ) - cmfri repository\ntwo species of seahorse , barbour ' s seahorse ( hippocampus barbouri ) and spotted seahorse ( hippocampus kuda ) in a 1m2 aquarium at the maritime museum and aquarium , g\u00f6teborg sweden .\nhippocampus kuda and h . trimacutus are the main cultured species dwelling in south china sea . the major external differences are the following :\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - common seahorse ( hippocampus kuda )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - common seahorse ( hippocampus kuda )\ntitle =\narkive species - common seahorse ( hippocampus kuda )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\njob , sd , do , hh , meeuwig , jj & hj hall . 2002 . culturing the oceanic seahorse , hippocampus kuda . aquaculture . 214 : 333 - 341 .\ntable 1 . 3 . the relationship between diets and growth of h . trimacutus and h . kuda .\nlu , jy , wu , jy & dw yang . 2001 . growth rate of hippocampus kuda bleeker under intensive culture . j . fish . china . 26 : 61 - 66 .\nfigure 1 . 1 . four species of sea - horses found in chinese waters : a ) hippocampus kuda , b ) h . japonicus , c ) h . trimacutus , and d ) h . histrix .\n( of hippocampus kuda multiannularis raj , 1941 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nlin , q , lu , jy & yl gao . 2006 . the effect of temperature on gonad , embryonic development and survival rate of juvenile seahorses , hippocampus kuda bleeker . aquaculture . 254 : 701 - 713 .\nthe 1996 and 2000 iucn red lists included hippocampus horai , h . novaehebudorum , h . raji , and h . taeniops . these are now all considered to be synonyms of h . kuda . according to vincent ( 1996 ) and lourie et al . ( 1999 ) , there may be as many as ten distinct species that are included under the name hippocampus kuda . further research into the literature on this species is needed to determine whether h . kuda is the correct name for populations occurring within the persian gulf ( t . munroe pers . comm . 2014 ) .\npartial fin - clipping as an effective tool for tissue sampling in seahorses , hippocampus spp .\ncaution : frequently sold in stores from questionable sources and too young . often misidentified as h . kuda , if they are different species .\ncomparing interview and trade data in assessing changes in the seahorse hippocampus spp . trade following cites listing\nzebra snout seahorse hippocampus barbouri , a beautiful seahorse but one that frequently does poor in captivity .\ncitation : department of the environment ( 2018 ) . hippocampus kuda in species profile and threats database , department of the environment , canberra . available from : urltoken . accessed tue , 10 jul 2018 03 : 45 : 27 + 1000 .\npanithanarak , t . , karuwancharoen , r . , na - nakorn , u . , & nguyen , t . 2010 . population genetics of spotted seahorses ( hippocampus kuda ) in thai waters . zoological studies 29 ( 4 ) : 564 - 576 .\njob , s . d . , do , h . h . , meeuwig , j . j . and hall , h . j . 2002 . culturing the oceanic seahorse , hippocampus kuda . aquaculture 214 ( 1 - 4 ) : 333 - 341 .\nfroese r , pauly d . fish base - hippocampus fuscus . 2014 . world wide web electronic publication .\ntheir is some debate whether this is distinct from h . kuda above , but much evidence , including size and behavior of young , suggests they are different .\nlin , q , gao , yl , sheng , jq , chen , qx , zhang , b & jy lu . 2007 . the effect of food and the sum of effective temperature on the embryonic development of the seahorse , hippocampus kuda bleeker . aquaculture . 262 : 481 - 492 .\nin short , you should consider treating your male kuda with a series of diamox baths . don \\ ' t treat the whole aquarium or any of the seahorses that have no symptoms .\nmarichamy , r . , lipton , a . p . , ganapathy , a . and ramalingam , j . r . 1993 . large scale exploitation of seahorse ( hippocampus kuda ) along the palk bay coast of tamil nadu . marine fisheries information service . january / february ( 119 ) : 17 - 20 .\ntiger tail seahorse , hippocampus comes , showing the distinctive tail coloration that earned this species it\u2019s name . photo courtesy of debby ng\nhippocampus kuda occurs from the persian gulf ( kuronuma and abe 1986 ) to southeast asia , australia , japan , and some of the pacific islands , including hawaii ( lourie et al . 1999 ) . the species has also been documented along the eastern coast of africa from tanzania to south africa ( teske et al . 2005 ) .\nscarratt , am . 1995 . techniques for raising lined seahorses ( hippocampus erectus ) . aquar . front . 3 : 24 - 29 .\nhippocampus subelongatus is frequently available in australia . unfortunately these are usually wild caught and do not fair well in captivity . photo by claire ross\n( of hippocamphus kuda bleeker , 1852 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nfish , mp . 1953 . the production of underwater sound by the northern seahorse , hippocampus hudsonius . copeia . 1953 : 98 - 99 .\nfoster , sj , marsden , ad & acj vincent . 2003 . hippocampus erectus . iucn 2004 . 2004 iucn red list of threatened species .\nthe common seahorse is a wide - ranging indo - pacific seahorse that inhabits waters from indonesia to the philippines , pakistan , and india to southern japan , hawaii , and the society islands . variations of this species reside in other areas outside of the indo - pacific region . approximately 23 countries have confirmed the native presence of hippocampus kuda ranging from australia to china .\nmatlock , gc . 1992 . life history aspects of seahorses , hippocampus , in texas . texas j . sci . 44 : 213 - 222 .\ncaution : often found as tank raised individuals from questionable sources with the species in question due to their similarity to h . taeniopterus . h . kuda is also often the generic name for seahorses when the identification is unknown .\nclose - up of hippocampus erectus among blades of the green alga , caulerpa prolifera . photo l . holly sweat , smithsonian marine station at fort pierce .\nall 33 species of hippocampus are listed on appendix ii of the convention on international trade in endangered species of wild fauna and flora ( cites 2004 ) .\nvincent , acj & lm sadler . 1995 . faithful pair bonds in wild seahorses , hippocampus whitei . anim . behav . 50 : 1557 - 1569 .\nwoods , cmc . 2003a . growth and survival of juvenile seahorse hippocampus abdominalis reared on live , frozen and artificial foods . aquaculture . 220 : 287 - 298 .\nstrawn , k . 1958 . life history of the pigmy seahorse , hippocampus zostrae jordan and gilbert , at cedar key , florida . copeia 1 : 16 - 22 .\nbergert , ba & pc wainwright . 1997 . morphology and kinematics of prey capture in the syngnathid fishes hippocampus erectus and syngnathus floridae . mar . biol . 127 : 563 - 570 .\nblasiola , gcj . 1979 . glugea heraldi n . sp . ( microsporida , glugeidae ) from the seahorse hippocampus erectus perry . j . fish diseases . 2 : 493 - 500 .\nthangaraj m , lipton ap . morphological characterization of four selected sea horse species ( genus : hippocampus ) from india . ann biol res . 2011 ; 2 ( 4 ) : 159\u201367 .\nlin , q , lin , j & d zhang . 2008 . breeding and juvenile culture of the lined seahorse , hippocampus erectus perry , 1810 . aquaculture . 277 : 287 - 292 .\nvincent , a . c . j . and sadler , l . m . 1995 . faithful pair bonds in wild seahorses , hippocampus whitei . . animal behaviour 50 : 1557 - 1569 .\nperante , nc , pajaro , mg , meeuwig , jj & acj vincent . 2002 . biology of hippocampus comes in the central philippines . j . fish biol . 60 : 821 - 837 .\nvincent , acj & rs clifton - hadley . 1989 . parasitic infection of the seahorse ( hippocampus erectus ) - a case report . j . wildlife . diseases . 25 : 404 - 406 .\nvincent , acj , evans , kl & ad marsden . 2003 . home range behavior of the monogamous australian seahorse , hippocampus whitei . env . biol . fishes . 72 : 1 - 12 .\nlinton , jr & bl soloff . 1964 . the physiology of the brood pouch of the male sea horse hippocampus erectus . bull . mar . sci . gulf carib . 14 : 45 - 61 .\nlockyear , j , kaiser , h , & t hecht . 1997 . studies on the captive breeding of the knysna seahorse , hippocampus capensis . aquat . sci . conserv . 1 : 129 - 136 .\n( of hippocampus chinensis basilewsky , 1855 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of hippocampus horai duncker , 1926 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of hippocampus melanospilos bleeker , 1854 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of hippocampus moluccensis bleeker , 1852 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of hippocampus novaehebudorum fowler , 1944 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of hippocampus polytaenia bleeker , 1854 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of hippocampus raji whitley , 1955 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of hippocampus rhynchomacer dum\u00e9ril , 1870 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of hippocampus taeniops fowler , 1904 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of hippocampus taeniopterus bleeker , 1852 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of hippocampus tristis castelnau , 1872 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nbaum , jk , meeuwig , jj & acj vincent . 2003 . bycatch of lined seahorses ( hippocampus erectus ) in a gulf of mexico shrimp trawl fishery . fish . bull . 101 : 721 - 731 .\ncolson , dj , patek , sn , brainerd , el & sm lewis . 1998 . sound production during feeding in hippocampus seahorses ( syngnathidae ) . env . biol . fish . 51 : 221 - 229 .\ncorrea , m , chung , ks & r manrique . 1989 . cultivo experimental del caballito de mar , hippocampus erectus . bol . inst . ocean . venezuela univ . oriente . 28 : 191 - 196 .\nthe study describes the range extension of the sea horse hippocampus fuscus from the south to north east coastal waters of the india , bay of bengal . after 99 years since initial discovery , the hippocampus fuscus was reported within the southern sector of the chilika lake . the extension range may be due to the east india coastal current of the bay of bengal and the predominance of extensive sea grass meadows within the southern sector of lake .\n( of hippocampus aterrimus jordan & snyder , 1902 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of hippocampus hilonis jordan & evermann , 1903 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nvari , rp . 1982 . fishes of the western north atlantic , subfamily hippocampus campinae . the seahorses . 173 - 189 . sears foundation for marine research memoir 1 . yale univ . new haven , ct . usa .\nthe minimum tank size should be 60 litres , this will safely house 2 adult ( 12cm ) kuda seahorses . seahorses need objects in the tank that they can attach themselves to with their prehensile tails , artificial plants , smooth rocks and artificial branching coral are ideal ; avoid live corals and sharp rocks as these can injure the seahorses .\nteixeira , rl & ja musik . 2000 . reproduction and food habits of the lined seahorse , hippocampus erectus ( teleostei : syngnathidae ) of chesapeake bay , virginia . rev . bras . biol . 61 : 79 - 90 .\nsalin , k . r . , yohannan , t . m . and mohanakumaran . 2005 . fisheries and trade of seahorses , hippocampus spp . , in southern india . fisheries management & ecology 12 ( 4 ) : 269 .\nvincent , a . c . j . , evans , k . l . and marsden , a . d . 2005 . home ranges of the monogamous australian seahorse , hippocampus whitei . environmental biology of fishes 72 : 1 - 12 .\nkvarnemo , c , moore , gl , jones , ag , nelson , ws & jc avise . 2000 . monogamous pair bonds and mate switching in the western australian seahorse hippocampus subelongatus . j . evol . biol . 13 : 882 - 888 .\nmartinez , a , gardner , t & d littlehale . 2005 . lined seahorse , hippocampus erectus . in : koldewey , h , ed . syngnathid husbandry in public aquariums . project seahorse and zoological society of london . vancouver , bc . canada .\nwong , jm & jah benzie . 2003 . the effects of temperature , artemia enrichment , stocking density and light on the growth of juvenile seahorses , hippocampus whitei ( bleeker , 1855 ) , from australia . aquaculture . 228 : 107 - 121 .\nsea - horses are eurythermal , however changes in the seawater temperature have a direct influence on growth and survival . the optimum water temperature varies among species . for example , the temperature limits of h . japonicus are between 5\u201336 \u00b0c , 9\u201334 \u00b0c for h . kuda , and between 10\u201330 \u00b0c for h . trimacutus . in general , however , the optimum temperature for most species is around 28 \u00b0c .\nfortunately , gas bubble disease in general responds very well to treatment with carbonic anhydrase inhibitors such as acetazolamide . subcutaneous emphysema is the easiest form of gbd to cure and the tail bubbles usually respond very well to treatment with diamox ( the tablet form of acetazolmide ) . i would recommend treating your male kuda in isolation with a three - day series of diamox baths as soon as possible , as discussed below .\nperante , n . c . , pajaro , m . g . , meeuwig , j . j . and vincent , a . c . j . 2002 . biology of a seahorse species hippocampus comes in the central philippines . journal of fish biology 60 : 821 - 837 .\nsheng , jq , lin , q , chen , qx , gao , yl , shen , l & jy lu . 2006 . effects of food , temperature and light intensity on the feeding behavior of three - spot juveniles , hippocampus trimaculatus leach . aquaculture . 256 : 596 - 607 .\nevanson , m . , foster , s . j . & vincent , a . c . j . 2011 . tracking the international trade of seahorses ( hippocampus species ) - the importance of cites . fisheries centre research reports 19 ( 2 ) . fisheries centre , university of british columbia , canada .\nseahorses have a protruding snout and a body encased in bony rings . the tail is curled and prehensile . the common seahorse ( hippocampus kuda ) reaches a length of 30 cm although it appears shorter because the tail is coiled . it is variable in colour and has small knobs on the corners of the bony plates . common seahorses usually inhabit sheltered habitats such as bays and estuaries , but may occasionally be found on outer reefs down to depths of 30 m . seagrasses or seaweed provide a favourite habitat . seahorses live in pairs , and when breeding the female deposits her eggs in the male ' s brood pouch . they hatch there , and the male then takes care of them until they are ready to live independently . seahorses feed on small invertebrates , such as shrimps , which they suck into their tubular mouth .\nhippocampus brunneus bean , 1906 h . fascicularis kaup , 1856 h . hudsonius dekay , 1842 h . kincaidi townsend & barbour , 1906 h . laevicaudatus kaup , 1856 h . marginalis kaup , 1856 h . punctulatus guichenot , 1853 h . stylifer jordan & gilbert , 1882 h . tetragonous mitchill , 1814 h . villosus g\u00fcnther , 1880\nother forms of gbs are also believed to be depth related , but the aquarium must be greater than 30 inches deep to provide any significant protection against them , which is not feasible for most hobbyists ( giwojna , jan . 2004 ) . a depth of at least 3 feet is known to protect the hawaiian seahorse ( hippocampus fisheri ) against gbd ( karen brittain , pers . com . ) .\nhippocampus reidi are next on the list in both popularity and ease . they are highly sought after due to bright yellow , oranges , and reds but can be found in blacks , whites , and greys . they are a large seahorses . the do tend to be a bit more standoffish than h . erectus , and not quite as overly \u201cflirty\u201d\u009d , more likely to stay pair bonded in the aquarium .\ncan anyone help me ? i \\ ' ve had a male kuda who was doing very well . in fact , he had two batches of fry , last one in october . after the last batch , however , he began to develop air bubbles in his pouch , and i had to get them out about once every two or three days . my numbers at the time were . 023 , and 0 for all others except ph , which was 8 . 2 . temp . has been 74 . on nov . 20 , my cleaner shrimp and brittle starfish suddenly died ( the starfish lost all its legs the day before and then died . ) i immediately checked and found my nitrite had spiked to . 25 , as had ammonia and nitrate . i did an immediate 30 % water change and got them to within 0 again over the next three days . on dec . 6 , the male had 3 bumps on his tail and has not been eating well . in fact , for the last three days , i have not seen him eat at all . yesterday , i suddenly lost an 8 month old kuda who had been doing well . any ideas before i lose my other two ? : (\nhello thank you for your insightful page . i have been considering trying to raise seahorses for some time now . can you please suggest a breeder that would have the hippocampus errectus . i think id like to give this breed a try for my first attempt of raising seahorses . also could you please tell me where the best place to purchase a tank and all the needed items . perhaps a place educated in seahorses , where i can talk to a real person ? i greatly appreciate your help .\nanother factor the hobbyist can control is water temperature . heat stress must be avoided at all costs so it is vitally important to keep seahorses in their comfort range at all times . if you \\ ' ve had an episode of gbs in your tank , consider reducing the temperature . hippocampus erectus will fry that temperatures between 70 - 74\u00b0f ( of course they can tolerate considerably warmer temperatures than those , but it is healthier to maintain seahorses nearer the lower end of their comfort range for a number of reasons ) .\nurltoken - ( english ) henry c . schultz . 2003 . there ' s more to pipes than just pvc : the genus doryrhamphus and other pipefish - reefkeeping magazine - ( english ) scott w . michael . 2001 . reef fishes volume 1 - tfh publications / microcosm ltd . - ( english ) beth panocha . 2004 . aquarium fish : seahorse care : a basic guide to starting your first herd - advanced aquarist - ( english ) pete giwojna . 2007 . a seahorse reef part 1 : reef compatibility of hippocampus spp . - tropical fish hobbyist - ( english ) pete giwojna . 2007 . a seahorse reef , part two : choosing your seahorses - tropical fish hobbyist - ( english )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nbleeker , p . 1852 . bijdrage tat de kennis der ichthyologische fauna van singapore . natuurkd . tijdschr . neder . - indi\u00eb 3 : 51 - 86 .\nis listed as vulnerable ( vu a2cd + 3cd + 4cd ) based on suspected declines of at least 30 % , first reported in 1998 - 99 caused by targeted catch , incidental capture , and habitat degradation . while there is little information on changes in numbers of the species , there is indirect evidence to suggest that declines have taken place and are continuing . this listing is consistent with the precautionary approach of the iucn red list .\n. 2010 ) . the demand for this species is high due to its large size , smooth texture , and pale complexion when dried , all desirable qualities for traditional medicine purposes ( vincent 1996 ) . this species is also incidentally caught as bycatch in other fisheries and affected by habitat degradation ( giles\nlikely to continue into the future we therefore suggest a precautionary listing of vulnerable ( vu a2cd + 3cd + 4cd ) .\n2011 ) from coastal development and destructive fishing practices . land - based activities such as coastal construction can diminish seagrass beds and mangroves while leading to increased pollution and siltation in surrounding marine waters . some fishing methods such as trawling result in substantial damage seagrass beds ( short\n) . the decline in and fragmentation of the species\u2019 habitats throughout its range raise the possibility of declines in populations in addition to those caused by fisheries .\namerican samoa ; australia ( northern territory , queensland ) ; bahrain ; cambodia ; fiji ; french polynesia ; hong kong ; india ; indonesia ; japan ; kuwait ; malaysia ; micronesia , federated states of ; mozambique ; new caledonia ; pakistan ; papua new guinea ; philippines ; saudi arabia ; singapore ; solomon islands ; south africa ( kwazulu - natal ) ; taiwan , province of china ; tanzania , united republic of ; thailand ; tonga ; united states ( hawaiian is . ) ; viet nam\nremain unknown , project seahorse trade surveys conducted between 1995 and 2000 give us reason to suspect that seahorse numbers in the wild appear to have declined throughout its range . for example , in 1998 and 1999 in thailand 81 % of surveyed fishers ( n = 30 of 37 ) and 71 % of fishers in malaysia ( n = 37 of 52 ) reported that in general , seahorse numbers including\n. 2010 ) . in hong kong traders reported that local seahorses , while common 30 years ago , were rarely found in 2000 , with the decrease in availability attributed to habitat destruction and pollution ( b . kwan , unpublished data ) . these examples demonstrate that declines have been ongoing for well over 10 years . while measures are in place to regulate reported international trade , it has not declined and sub - national and illegal trade are expected to continue into the future .\nis the most widespread and commonly encountered seahorse in papua new guinea and indonesia ( baine 2008 , lourie 2001 ) .\ndiet consists of zooplankton ( paulus 1999 ) . the recorded maximum total length is 30 cm ( stretched ) ( paulus 1999 ) .\n2010 ) . this may be due to its large size , smooth texture , and pale complexion when dried ( vincent 1996 ) , all desirable qualities for traditional medicine purposes . trade in\n2011 , unep - wcmc 2012a ) . international trade 2004 - 2010 consisted primarily of live animals and dried bodies , with smaller quantities of specimens and derivatives also reported ( unep - wcmc 2012a ) . trade was principally wild - sourced ( evanson\nwas among the seven species accounting for more than 99 per cent of international trade in live captive - bred specimens . many range states report that illegal trading and incidental capture in shrimp trawl fisheries remain problematic ( unep - wcmc 2012b ) .\nthe australian populations of this species were moved under the australian wildlife protection act in 1998 , so export permits are now required . the permits are only granted for approved management plans or captive - bred animals . such management was transferred under the new environment protection and biodiversity conservation act in 2001 . many states also placed their own controls on the capture and / or trade of syngnathid fishes .\nall seahorses are listed on schedule i of india\u2019s wildlife ( protection ) act , 1972 , banning their capture and trade . in 2011 cambodia and china banned wild seahorse exports . in singapore ,\nis recognized as being threatened by habitat destruction and harvesting for medicinal use and the aquarium trade and harvest is not allowed except by permit .\nin general , incidental capture in shrimp trawl fisheries and habitat degradation and exploitation are the main threats to this species .\n. 2010 ) . in china , cambodia and the republic of korea seahorses are caught as bycatch although no information exists on volumes ( unep - wcmc 2012b ) .\n2011 ) from coastal development and destructive fishing practices . land - based activities such as coastal construction can diminish seagrass beds and mangroves while leading to increased pollution and siltation in surrounding marine waters . for example , in malaysia\n. 2011 ) . the decline in and fragmentation of the species\u2019 habitats throughout its range indicates possible declines in populations in addition to those caused by fisheries .\n. 1998 , foster and vincent 2004 ) . although seahorses also have some traits , such as small body size , fast growth and high fecundity , that may confer resilience to exploitation pressures ( morgan 2007 ) ,\n2008 ) . as a result of the lack of broadcast spawning of pelagic eggs , dispersal of potential recruits is limited . additionally , given the limited swimming abilities of seahorses , it is highly unlikely that rescue effects would occur from adjacent populations .\nspecies are listed under appendix ii of the convention on international trade in endangered species of wild fauna and flora ( cites ) . this means that countries who are signatories to cites are subject to regulations on the export of seahorses . countries are required to provide permits for all exports of seahorses and are meant to provide evidence that these exports are not detrimental to wild populations . however a lack of basic information on distribution , habitat and abundance means many cites authorities cannot assess sustainability of their seahorse exploitation and meet their obligations to the convention . the challenge is particularly large in that most seahorses entering trade are caught incidentally as bycatch and thus imposing export quotas would achieve next to nothing for wild populations . since this listing , an average annual trade of over two million individuals of\n2011 , unep - wcmc 2012a ) . the general lack of capacity in funding and manpower devoted to realizing enforcement that has been demonstrated by cites authorities has further exacerbated trade issues .\ncites has recommended a minimum size limit of 10 cm height for all seahorse specimens in trade ( cites decision 12 . 54 ) . this limit represents a compromise between the best biological information available at the time of listing and perceived socioeconomic feasibility . but there is an urgent need for information on wild populations to assess their conservation status in order to take effective action and refine management recommendations . for example , evidence on variation in the spatial and temporal abundance of seahorses would enable areas of high seahorse density to be identified , as the basis for considering area restrictions on non - selective fishing gear that obtains\nspecies as bycatch . an understanding of the technical and logistical feasibility of returning to the sea live seahorses taken as bycatch in various types of fishing gear would provide the basis for considering the feasibility of minimum size limits and / or other output controls . establishing a monitoring program of landings of seahorses at representative sites , taking into account different gear types and means of extraction and recording catch and effort metrics would allow assessment of conservation status and development management recommendations for various fishery types .\nis listed as vulnerable in the national red data books of singapore and thailand , and endangered in the red data book of viet nam . in france it is illegal to import seahorses under the name\nhas been recorded in the jubail marine wildlife sanctuary in saudi arabia ( krupp and muller 1994 , krupp and almarri 1996 ) .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nlike other seahorses , the common seahorse is an ambush predator , and lies in wait for small crustaceans to swim by ; it then sucks the prey into the tube - like mouth and swallows it whole , as it does not have any teeth ( 5 ) . seahorses do not have many natural predators , as they rely on their excellent camouflage for protection , and they are unpalatable due to their bony - plated bodies ( 5 ) .\nthe common seahorse is found throughout south east asia , australia , japan and some pacific islands ( including hawaii ) ( 1 ) . surveys on seahorse trade carried out by project seahorse in 2000 and 2001 have shown that the populations of this species have declined throughout the entire range , with fishers reporting massive decreases ( 1 ) .\nthis species typically inhabits shallow waters , in estuaries , reefs and on mud slopes where there is seagrass or marine algae . the common seahorse has also been found in open water and attached to drifting vegetation up to 20 kilometres off shore ( 2 ) .\nthe common seahorse is classified as vulnerable ( vu ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) . all seahorses are listed on appendix ii of cites ( 3 ) .\nthe common seahorse is sold locally and internationally for use in traditional medicines , in the aquarium trade and as curios ( 1 ) . it is one of the most valuable seahorses in traditional chinese medicine and is very popular as an aquarium species . in 2001 , the global consumption of seahorses was estimated at 25 million seahorses ( over 70 metric tonnes ) ( 6 ) . furthermore , habitat degradation and pollution in some areas reduces the available habitat for the common seahorse , and it is also often accidentally caught as bycatch in the shrimp - trawling industry ( 1 ) .\nthe most pressing requirement to assist in the conservation of the common seahorse is the need for further research . in order to effectively conserve a species , its biology , ecology , range and abundance must be fully understood and the threats facing it must be known ( 7 ) . in november 2002 , all seahorses were listed on appendix ii of the convention on international trade in endangered species ( cites ) ; this means that the massive trade in seahorses must be regulated to ensure that the survival of wild populations is not threatened ( 3 ) . however , indonesia , japan , norway and south korea have opted out of the listing for seahorses ( 6 ) . the conservation organisation project seahorse was set up in 1994 in response to the massive pressures facing all seahorses around the world ( 5 ) .\nto learn more about a whitley award - winning conservation project for this species , click here .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken\nflpa - images of nature pages green house wetheringsett stowmarket suffolk ip14 5qa united kingdom tel : + 44 ( 0 ) 1728 861 113 fax : + 44 ( 0 ) 1728 860 222 pictures @ urltoken http : / / www . urltoken\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u2019s species and habitats from destruction .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa\nwithout a doubt , with its\nhorse - like head\nand erect body , the seahorse is one of the most recognized fish in the world . the seahorse\nstands up\ninstead of laying flat as all other fish do . it propels itself through the water ( very slowly ) by vibrating its dorsal fin and steers with its tail . perhaps the most interesting fact about this fish is that it is the male seahorse that gives birth . seahorses have many natural predators that it evades with its ability to change its colors to blend in with almost any background .\nbecause spotted seahorses are popular ornamental aquarium fish , their captive distribution has become global .\nin the wild , the baby seahorses either become pelagic and ascend into the plankton layer on the surface of the ocean or descend to the bottom and attach themselves to algae , corals or other stationary objects with their prehensile tails and start feeding on small crustaceans as they drift by in the current .\nnot being strong swimmers , seahorses greatly prefer to inhabit the calmer shallow waters in mangroves , coastal seagrass beds , estuaries , coastal bays and lagoons , harbors , and rivers with brackish water where there is seagrass or marine algae for them to hold onto . common seahorses which have , for one reason or another been unable to make it to the shallows near land , have been found up to 10 miles offshore floating in the plankton layer at the water ' s surface with their tails wrapped around debris or pieces of floating algae .\ncommon seahorses range in color from black to orange and yellow . black individuals often have silvery stripes or other markings on the body , and sometimes unique yellow individuals can be dotted with red spots . a protective trait that this and many other seahorses have is the ability to change color to match its surroundings . it is not unusual for them to take on the coloration of a favorite object one has decided to adopt as a hiding place .\nseahorses are generally solitary , except for their mates , which they like to remain in close proximity to . they are active during the day and generally avoid associations with non - pair individuals .\nthey may be kept with small , shy fish such as small gobies , pipefish , dragonets , and firefish . but aggressive , territorial , or fast - moving fish do not make good companions . seahorses can be harmed by anemones and corals with stinging tentacles or corals that are large enough to consume them , such as brain corals . while sea fans , acropora corals , and other branching corals may be safe for seahorses , they can be irritated or damaged by a seahorse that continually hitches to them . crabs and clams may pinch a seahorse causing a wound that could lead to secondary infections . small ornamental crustaceans may be consumed by the seahorses .\na 30 - gallon aquarium is sufficient for a single pair . add 10 gallons to the size of the aquarium for each additional pair . since swimming is not its strong suit , the common seahorse does much better in an aquarium with a very little current .\nspray bars may be used to create gentle flow while eliminating stagnant areas in the aquarium . seahorses use their prehensile tails to hitch to branching live rock , algae , or artificial decorations .\nit also seems to do much better in a taller aquarium where it can drift up and down and attach to and hold fast to objects . this diy seahorse aquarium was specifically designed to give seahorses the area for vertical motion which they seem to prefer .\nseahorse hitch onto an object and wait for its food to drift by , which it sucks up and swallows whole since seahorses do not have teeth . captive - bred seahorses are accustomed to frozen mysis shrimp , making them a smart alternative to their wild - caught counterparts . they will also feed upon amphipods and other small crustaceans found in live rock . they will also accept vitamin - enriched adult brine shrimp , but this should not make up a majority of their diet . they are slow , deliberate feeders and prefer two or more small feedings per day .\nseahorses should be fed live or ( if they will take it ) vitamin - enriched frozen or freeze - dried mysid shrimp . seahorses should be fed several times per day with food available for 20 to 30 minutes per feeding . wild - caught seahorses may be slow to accept frozen or freeze - dried mysid shrimp as food , to begin with , and may have to be fed live foods until they are weaned onto prepared foods . tank - raised seahorses are normally trained to accept frozen or freeze - dried mysid shrimp at an early age and will make the transition to your tank much more easily than wild - caught specimens .\nas males are the pregnant partner in seahorse mating , males that have reached sexual maturity have a brooding pouch . this is where the male carries the fertilized eggs . breeding occurs year round , so , a rounder belly pouch can signify a male . around the breeding time , the male begins by changing its color patterns and does a dance around the female . it also produces clicking sounds with its coronet , a crown - shaped piece of skin or horn - like structure at the top of its head .\nseahorses choose a mating partner for life . they maintain a monogamous relationship with one partner until that partner dies at which time the remaining seahorse may search out a new mate . this seahorse becomes fully mature at about 14 weeks and can reproduce at that time .\nnot only does the male seahorse gives birth to the brood , but the male is responsible for attracting the female . after an elaborate courtship period , a dance , and intertwining of tails , the wooed female uses an ovipositor to insert her eggs into the male ' s pouch . it is in this brooding pouch where the eggs are fertilized and attach to the wall of the pouch . placental fluid removes waste products and supplies the eggs with oxygen and nutrients as they mature into baby seahorses . at the end of 20 to 28 days of pregnancy the male goes into labor , typically at night when there is a full moon . the baby seahorses are then ejected from the male ' s pouch . the brooding pouch may contain anywhere from 20 to 1 , 000 fertilized eggs .\nif the common seahorse appeals to you , and you are interested maintaining a saltwater aquarium , check out other saltwater fish that may be compatible with seahorses .\ncheck out additional fish breed profiles for more information on other freshwater or saltwater fish .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nunep - wcmc ( comps . ) 2011 . checklist of cites species ( cd - rom ) . cites secretariat , geneva , switzerland , and unep - wcmc , cambridge , united kingdom . isbn 2 - 88323 - 030 - 7 . available online at urltoken or from cites secretariat , chemin des an\u00e9mones , 1219 ch\u00e2telaine , gen\u00e8ve , switzerland\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndid you know ? that seahorses are generally monogamous ? the two partners of a pair will greet one another with courtship displays in the morning and sometimes in the evening to reinforce their pair bond .\nunknown . imports reported for the year 2005 to the cites trade daata base total 27 ' 664 live and 5762 dead specimens .\n527 specimens reported to isis ( 2007 ) . considering that most public aquaria are not part of the waza system and do not register their collections with isis , available isis data are not significant .\nduring transportation seahorses are enclosed in a restrictive container that does not allow for ideal water quality parameters and is subject to unpredictable movement orientation and noise levels . the following points , therefore , should be taken into consideration : transit time must be minimized wherever possible . only healthy individuals should be selected for transportation . packaging must be adequate . strong containers with good thermal retention qualities should be used ( i . e . polystyrene ) to allow for external temperature fluctuations . heat / coolpacks can be used should the transit conditions dictate . packs must not be placed directly next to the water . for air transport , container note 51 of the iata live animals regulations should be followed . fish must be unpacked carefully and under low illumination .\ncommon seahorses are not an endangered species but their habitats , are threatened in many places . they are thus presented by zoos and aquariums as an ambassador species for the protection of coasts and estuaries , and they are of educational intrerest because of their mode of reproduction .\ndescription inhabits sea grass and marine algae areas in estuaries to seaward reefs at depths to 30 m or more .\ndescription inhabits sea grass and marine algae areas in estuaries to seaward reefs at depths to 30 m or more . [ details ]\nthe webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 license\nfroese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nliu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nhong kong marine fish database . afcd . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nwhen you think about the visual look of a seahorse the one that will typically come to mind is that of the common seahorse . this is because it is the one that is found in art , used in various cultures for exhibits , and also found on tattoos that go on the human body .\nit can be hard to accurately describe what a common seahorse looks like based on the fact that there are so many sub species . they can be many different colors but they will always be able to blend into their natural surroundings . they are among the smallest of all the species of seahorses found in the world .\nmany people enjoy keeping them as pets in aquariums but that can be tough to do . they are very prone to bacteria and other types of disease that develop in the water . they are also going to experience high levels of stress in captivity . it is important to be fully trained before you pursue having one as a pet as it isn\u2019t a simple process to keep them alive .\nthe coloration of the common seahorse often depends on the gender . in many locations the females feature yellow and they have dark spots all over the body . the males also have dark spots but they are larger and the base color is a shade of gray .\nthe males grow larger than the females with a size of about 1 inch . the females range in size from \u00bd inch to \u00be inch . when you take a close look at the coral net on top of the head you will notice it looks like a crown . the design of it and the size will be different for every single one of them . they can be identified by this design just like humans can be identified by their fingerprints .\nthis particular species of seahorse has a very smooth texture to the body . the verdict is still out but there is plenty speculation about why they don\u2019t have the rough texture that the various other species around the world offer .\nthe common seahorse is very common along the coral reef areas . they will use their tails to lock onto it . this allows them to be able to remain in place in spite of the current around them . they aren\u2019t good swimmers at all so they need to do what they can to rest their bodies .\nthe males become very aggressive towards each other when it is time to find a mate . other than that they are usually very timid . they have been known to be aggressive though when they suffer from high levels of stress . should there be a lack of food or the habitat gets too small it will cause high levels of stress to occur .\nthe common seahorse has been observed in many different types of settings . the consensus is that that are very intelligent creatures . they are able to remember patterns of behavior . they know where they will get food both in the wild and in captivity .\nthere are several well known locations where the common seahorse lives . they include all over australia as well as places in indonesia . they prefer the warm tropical water locations along the shoreline . they live in bodies of water that have seawater in them .\nyou may find them well hidden among the sea grass that is found in those locations . you may have to look very close for them because they do blend in amazingly well . the water will need to be at least 72 degrees fahrenheit . however , they also don\u2019t do well if the water gets too hot . that is why they tend to stay in areas that do go about 77 degrees fahrenheit .\neven though there are some fossils of the common seahorse that date back 3 million years there isn\u2019t much at all known regarding the evolution process . it is believed that they used to be substantially larger than they are today . the ability to live on less food is part of why they got smaller . the theories continue to float around though but there is very little concrete about how they branched off from other seahorse species due to the evolution process .\nthe location where the common seahorse happens to live strongly influences what they will eat . the main items are very small guppies and small brine shrimp . they have a large snout that they consume the food with . they have no teeth and they will swallow their prey . they can\u2019t consume anything that is larger than that snout .\nwhat is very interesting is that no seahorse has a digestive system . that is why they spend so much time feeding . they also eat very slowly so it can take them many hours each day to feed . when they aren\u2019t eating they will typically be resting ."]}
{"id": 1413, "summary": [{"text": "valvata cristata is a species of minute freshwater snail with an operculum , an aquatic gastropod mollusk or micromollusk in the family valvatidae , the valve snails . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "valvata cristata", "paragraphs": ["valvata ( valvata ) cristata o . f . m\u00fcller , 1774 \u00b7 accepted , alternate representation\nworms - world register of marine species - valvata ( valvata ) cristata o . f . m\u00fcller , 1774\nplanorbis carinatus , anisus sp . , valvata cristata , valvata nowshahrensis sp . n . , hippeutis complanatus .\nthe new species can be distinguished from valvata piscinalis by its larger umbilicus and from valvata cristata by its higher spire .\nvalvata ( valvata ) o . f . m\u00fcller , 1773 represented as valvata o . f . m\u00fcller , 1773\nvalvata cristata , anisus sp . , valvata nowshahrensis sp . n . , pseudobithynia mazandaranensis sp . n . , hippeutis complanatus .\nworms - world register of marine species - valvata cristata o . f . m\u00fcller , 1774\nthis species has possibly been depicted by mansoorian ( 1994 ) and confused with valvata cristata .\nvalvata ( valvata ) cristata o . f . m\u00fcller 1774 - flat valve snail : : : : molluscireland : : land and freshwater molluscs\npseudobithynia mazandaranensis sp . n . , planorbis carinatus , anisus sp . , valvata cristata , hippeutis complanatus\nlife cycle of valvata cristata o . f . m\u00fcller , 1774 ( gastropoda : heterobranchia ) in the laboratory\nanderson , r . , ( 2016 ) . valvata ( valvata ) cristata o . f . m\u00fcller 1774 . [ in ] molluscireland . urltoken accessed on 2018 - 07 - 09 .\nhans - martin braun added the german common name\nflache federkiemenschnecke\nto\nvalvata cristata o . f . m\u00fcller , 1774\n.\nhans - martin braun added the english common name\ncrested valve shell\nto\nvalvata cristata o . f . m\u00fcller , 1774\n.\ncommon valve snail ( valvata piscinalis ) . picture : \u00a9 alexander mrkvicka , vienna .\n( of valvata ( valvata ) cristata o . f . m\u00fcller , 1774 ) de jong , y . s . d . m . ( ed . ) . ( 2012 ) . fauna europaea . version 2 . 5 . web service . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of valvata ( valvata ) cristata o . f . m\u00fcller , 1774 ) welter - schultes , f . w . ( 2012 ) . european non - marine molluscs , a guide for species identification . planet poster editions , g\u00f6ttingen . page ( s ) : 42 [ details ]\nvalvata nowshahrensis sp . n . a shell b ventral view on the umbilicus c head with penis in situ .\nbithynia mazandaranensis sp . n . , planorbis carinatus , anisus sp . , valvata nowshahrensis sp . n . , hippeutis complanatus .\nplanorbis carinatus , anisus sp . , valvata nowshahrensis sp . n . , pseudobithynia mazandaranensis sp . n . , hippeutis complanatus .\nconsidering the photo provided by mansoorian ( 1994 ) , he probably confused this species with valvata nowshahrensis sp . n . ( see below ) .\nthe prosobranch molluscs of iran . a theodoxus fluviatilis ( operculum see fig . 3d ) b bithynia ( bithynia ) ejecta ( syntype zmz 524006 , iraq , samava , ex coll . mousson , photo : e . neubert ) c melanoides tuberculatus d thiara scabra e melanopsis sp . f melanopsis costata g farsithyra farsensis h sarkhia kermanshahensis , i : pseudamnicola saboori k pseudamnicola zagrosensis l pseudobithynia irana m pseudobithynia zagrosia n valvata cristata .\na common valve snail ' s ( valvata piscinalis ) head . note the frontal part of the foot , the long snout and the feather gill ! picture : \u00a9 alexander mrkvicka , vienna ( urltoken ) .\n( of valvata ( valvata ) cristata o . f . m\u00fcller , 1774 ) wenz , w . ( 1923 - 1930 ) . fossilium catalogus i : animalia . gastropoda extramarina tertiaria . w . junk , berlin . vol . i : 1 - 352 pp . ( 1923 ) , vol . ii : 353 - 736 pp . ( 1923 ) , vol . iii : 737 - 1068 pp . ( 1923 ) , vol . iv : 1069 - 1420 pp . ( 1923 ) , vol . v : 1421 - 1734 pp . ( 1923 ) , vol . vi : 1735 - 1862 pp . ( 1923 ) , vol . vii : 1863 - 2230 pp . ( 1926 ) , vol . viii : 2231 - 2502 pp . ( 1928 ) , vol . ix : 2503 - 2886 pp . ( 1929 ) , vol . x : 2887 - 3014 pp . ( 1929 ) , vol . xi : 3015 - 3387 pp . ( 1930 ) . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 2 465 [ details ]\nhabitat and distribution : the common valve snail needs much oxygen , avoids humus compounds and so is threatened by the eutrophication of many waters due to over - fertilisation . often it remains dug into the sandy or muddy ground with only its tentacles and the feather gill showing . the valve snail then produces a flow of water for its respiration and nutrition . also , valvata piscinalis can be found crawling on water plants and wood .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthe first record of the cosmopolitan slug deroceras laeve ( o . f . m\u00fcller , 1774 ) ( gastropoda : pulmonata : agriolimacidae ) in bhutan\ndistribution of monacha claustralis ( rossm\u00e4ssler , 1834 ) and m . cartusiana ( o . f . m\u00fcller , 1774 ) ( eupulmonata : hygromiidae ) in central european and balkan countries : new data\nthis work is licensed under a creative commons attribution 4 . 0 international license .\nm\u00fcller , o . f . ( 1774 ) . vermium terrestrium et fluviatilium , seu animalium infusoriorum , helminthicorum , et testaecorum , non marinorum , succincta historia . havni\u00e6 ( copenhagen ) & lipsi\u00e6 ( leipzig ) , heineck & faber . 1 : 1 - 136 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 198 [ details ]\nziegelmeier , e . ( 1966 ) . die schnecken ( gastropoda prosobranchia ) der deutsche meeresgebiete und brackigen k\u00fcstengew\u00e4sser [ the gastropoda prosobranchia from the german seas and brackish coastal waters ] . helgol . wiss . meeresunters . 13 : 1 - 66 [ subsequent publication ] ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nde jong , y . s . d . m . ( ed . ) . ( 2012 ) . fauna europaea . version 2 . 5 . web service . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nwenz , w . ( 1923 - 1930 ) . fossilium catalogus i : animalia . gastropoda extramarina tertiaria . w . junk , berlin . vol . i : 1 - 352 pp . ( 1923 ) , vol . ii : 353 - 736 pp . ( 1923 ) , vol . iii : 737 - 1068 pp . ( 1923 ) , vol . iv : 1069 - 1420 pp . ( 1923 ) , vol . v : 1421 - 1734 pp . ( 1923 ) , vol . vi : 1735 - 1862 pp . ( 1923 ) , vol . vii : 1863 - 2230 pp . ( 1926 ) , vol . viii : 2231 - 2502 pp . ( 1928 ) , vol . ix : 2503 - 2886 pp . ( 1929 ) , vol . x : 2887 - 3014 pp . ( 1929 ) , vol . xi : 3015 - 3387 pp . ( 1930 ) . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 2 465 [ details ]\nwelter - schultes , f . w . ( 2012 ) . european non - marine molluscs , a guide for species identification . planet poster editions , g\u00f6ttingen . page ( s ) : 42 [ details ]\nm\u00fcller , o . f . 1774 . vermivm terrestrium et fluviatilium , seu animalium infusoriorum , helminthicorum , et testaceorum , non marinorum , succincta historia . volumen alterum . - pp . i - xxxvi [ = 1 - 36 ] , 1 - 214 , [ 1 - 10 ] . havni\u00e6 & lipsi\u00e6 . ( heineck & faber ) .\nshell flat , small , transparent , upper side slightly depressed , 3 - 3 . 5 whorls , aperture circular , umbilicus wide and open , more than 1 / 3 of shell diameter .\nfrequently in lakes , creeks , springs and ponds , rarely in temporary waters . prefers eutrophical habitats with rich vegetation , muddy substrate , well oxygenated water , tolerates up to 0 . 5 % salt , exceptionally also in subterranean waters . in switzerland in up to 1500 m altitude . in poland copulation takes 1 - 2 hours and begins in spring , it is repeated various times , eggs ( 0 . 2 - 0 . 3 mm ) are deposited in cocoons containing 1 - 4 eggs , attached to aquatic plants , juveniles ( diameter 0 . 32 - 0 . 43 mm , 0 . 5 - 0 . 8 whorls ) hatch after 8 - 11 days at 24 - 20\u00b0c ( 25 days at 12\u00b0c ) , 2 mm size and 2 whorls are reached after 180 days in the laboratory , female maturity is reached at slightly more than 2 mm diameter , at 2 . 9 mm the gonads of almost all snails contain oocytes , in lifetime some 50 cocoons containing 150 eggs are laid , life span 1 - 3 years in the laboratory .\nthreatened by habitat destruction due to pollution and drainage . declined around london . endangered in tirol and albania , vulnerable in switzerland , nordrhein - westfalen / hessen and austria .\nreferences : germain 1931 : 676 , falkner 1990 : 120 , bodon et al . 1995 : 44 , turner et al . 1998 : 91 , kerney 1999 : 27 , myzyk 2002 ( life cycle ) , gl\u00f6er 2002 : 186 , dhora 2004 : 141 , welter - schultes 2012 : 42 ( range map ) .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nin continuing your browsing of this site , you accept the use of cookies to offer you suitable content and services and realize visits statistics . learn more about cookies .\ncorresponds to a report on the basis of at least one observation proved within a period of 10 years ( 20 years for little - known invertebrates ) preceding the year and no presumption of extinction since obtaining the last data nor doubt on reproductive and implemented nature of this population . for migratory species , the presence indicated concerns areas of reproduction .\nthe last reliable sighting is older than 10 years compared to the reference date , no recent specific research and no presumption of extinction from that date [ vertebrates , invertebrates and plants well studied ( rhopalocera , grasshoppers , dragonflies . . . ) ] ;\nthe last reliable observation being older than 20 years , no recent specific research and no presumption of extinction from that date [ poorly known taxa : fungus , many invertebrates . . . ] .\nthis point covers the absence , more difficult by nature to demonstrate than presence . this status is based on one or more of the following criteria :\nthis status must be assigned to a department in which the presence of the species is casual .\nparticular case of absence due to a proven extinction less than a half century ago ( older disappearances are treated as\nno probable or definite\n) .\nin the state of knowledge , we can not comment on the presence or absence in the current department . this is the default status when not comprised in one of the previous categories or whenever there is doubt .\nwarning : the data available reflects the progression status of knowledge or the availability of the inventories . it should never be considered as comprehensive .\nnational inventory of natural heritage , website : https : / / inpn . mnhn . fr .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmap hosted by the national biodiversity data centre , waterford to view the species profile on biodiversity maps and access the live map , please click on the map .\na small operculate shell forming a flattened coil . colour yellow - brown . animal with a feathery external gill . found in clear , weedy waters of small size .\nfound across the whole of mainland europe and siberia to the pacific . distribution type : eurasian wide temperate ( 65 ) .\nscattered across central areas of ireland north to loughs neagh and erne . disappears towards the south - west , west and north - west .\nfound in clear weedy habitats of relatively small size and minimal flow i . e . drains , floodplain marshes , margins of larger lakes , fens\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with nbn atlas , please upload using the upload tools .\nbl\u00e5 punkter visar fynd registrerade i artportalen och \u00f6vriga databaser anslutna till lifewatch . kan inneh\u00e5lla observationer som inte \u00e4r validerade . kartan uppdateras var fj\u00e4rde vecka .\ni det avancerade verktyget kan man s\u00f6ka ut och f\u00e5 fram artlistor , t ex arter i ett visst l\u00e4n , i en viss biotop , substrat , som p\u00e5verkas av en hotfaktor , eller som \u00e4r knutna till en sk v\u00e4rdart , t ex tr\u00e4det alm . dessa kan \u00e4ven kombineras .\ns\u00f6ka fram arter som \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade , knutna till alm , \u00e4r beroende av d\u00f6d ved och som finns i kronobergs l\u00e4n .\ns\u00f6ka fram arter som \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade , lever i sm\u00e5vatten och som p\u00e5verkas negativt av igenv\u00e4xning .\ndefaultl\u00e4get i verktyget \u00e4r arter som \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade 2015 och dessa \u00e4r klassade p\u00e5 samtliga s\u00f6kfaktorer . under fliken r\u00f6dlistekategori kan man dock v\u00e4lja att \u00e4ven inkludera arter som inte \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade . om man v\u00e4ljer att inkludera icke r\u00f6dlistade arter beh\u00f6ver man vara medveten om att samtliga arter inte \u00e4r klassade p\u00e5 samtliga faktorer . nedan en sammanst\u00e4llning av vad som \u00e4r komplett .\ndenna funktion anv\u00e4nds n\u00e4r du vill skapa din egen lista av arter att hantera . du kan t . ex . navigera mellan arterna i listan genom att klicka p\u00e5 deras namn . du kan ocks\u00e5 v\u00e4lja att anv\u00e4nda knappen \u201dj\u00e4mf\u00f6r arter\u201d f\u00f6r att se bilder , kartor och k\u00e4nnetecken i en j\u00e4mf\u00f6relsevy .\ndu kan komponera ditt eget urval av arter genom att klicka dig fram via sl\u00e4kttr\u00e4det och d\u00e4r v\u00e4lja arter eller artgrupper till din lista . ett annat s\u00e4tt att g\u00f6ra ditt urval \u00e4r att anv\u00e4nda fliken \u201dfiltrera\u201d , d\u00e4r du kan s\u00f6ka p\u00e5 olika egenskaper . ovanf\u00f6r listan med s\u00f6kresultatet finns en knapp \u201dl\u00e4gg i mitt urval\u201d .\ncopyright 2008 - 2015 martin wendt , urltoken permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved\nenter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nthe distribution of this species from the north of western siberia and the altai mountains to the okhotsk sea , transbaikalia and the chita region of russia . they also list the clecom database as mentioning this species inhabiting norway , sweden and finland ( falkner\n( 2009 ) , with a distribution of northern europe and siberia to the okhotsk sea basin . the authors\nhas been considered as valid , and with a full distribution across northern europe to north western siberia and the okhotsk sea basin .\nhas been assessed as least concern . this species is widely distributed throughout northern europe and russia to the altai mountains and northwestern siberia . further research is needed regarding the threats and conservation measures in place for this species .\n. 2009 ) . it inhabits still and slow running tundra water , and in norway prefers ph around 7 . 5 - 9 . 5 ( welter - schultes 2009 ) .\nthere are no species - specific conservation measures in place for this species . further research is required into this species ' population status and threats .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nm\u00fcller , otto f . 1774 . vermium terrestrium et fluviatilium , seu , animalium infusoriorum , helminthicorum et testaceorum , non marinorum , succincta historia , volumen alterum . heineck et faber , havniae et lipsiae . : i\u2013xxxvi + 1\u2013214 .\ninternational commission on zoological nomenclature . opinion 335 addition to the official list of generic names in zoology of the names of thirty - four non - marine genera of the phylum mollusca . opinions and declarations rendered by the international commission on zoological nomenclature 10 ( 2 ) , 45 - 76 ( 1955 )\nm\u00fcller , o . f . ( 1774 ) . vermium terrestrium et fluviatilium , seu animalium infusoriorum , helminthicorum , et testaecorum , non marinorum , succincta historia . < em > havni\u00e6 ( copenhagen ) & lipsi\u00e6 ( leipzig ) , heineck & faber . < / em > 1 : 1 - 214 .\nwelter - schultes , f . w . ( 2012 ) . european non - marine molluscs , a guide for species identification . planet poster editions , g\u00f6ttingen .\nwenz , w . ( 1923 - 1930 ) . fossilium catalogus i : animalia . gastropoda extramarina tertiaria . w . junk , berlin . vol . i : 1 - 352 pp . ( 1923 ) , vol . ii : 353 - 736 pp . ( 1923 ) , vol . iii : 737 - 1068 pp . ( 1923 ) , vol . iv : 1069 - 1420 pp . ( 1923 ) , vol . v : 1421 - 1734 pp . ( 1923 ) , vol . vi : 1735 - 1862 pp . ( 1923 ) , vol . vii : 1863 - 2230 pp . ( 1926 ) , vol . viii : 2231 - 2502 pp . ( 1928 ) , vol . ix : 2503 - 2886 pp . ( 1929 ) , vol . x : 2887 - 3014 pp . ( 1929 ) , vol . xi : 3015 - 3387 pp . ( 1930 ) .\nziegelmeier , e . ( 1966 ) . die schnecken ( gastropoda prosobranchia ) der deutsche meeresgebiete und brackigen k\u00fcstengew\u00e4sser [ the gastropoda prosobranchia from the german seas and brackish coastal waters ] . < i > helgol . wiss . meeresunters . 13 < / i > : 1 - 66 < i > [ subsequent publication ] < / i >\nde jong , y . s . d . m . ( ed . ) . ( 2012 ) . fauna europaea . version 2 . 5 . web service .\nvalve snails are very small fresh water snail , equipped with a special feather - like type of gill the can extend from their pallial cavity . possibly to clean this feather gill , valve snails also have a thread - like appendage at their disposal , the pallial tentacle . this as well they extend from their pallial cavity . the exact function of the pallial tentacle , however is not yet known .\nas only native prosobranch snail the valve snails are hermaphrodites . they have long tentacles at their head , which is prolonged to form a snout or proboscis . the valve snails ' foot is flat , forked in the front and rounded at the back .\nvalve snails feed on detritus , decaying organic material . they themselves are an important food source for fish , which is why valve snails in german also are called roach snails or tench snails .\ndimensions : h : 3 - 5 mm ; w : 4 - 5 mm ; n : 3 - 5 . ( abbreviations ) .\nthe bay of the schlei at the east coast of schleswig - holstein , north germany .\n( 2006 ) in the austrian wallersee lake , the common valve snail especially prefers muddy substrates . there it was not found on stones . in schleswig - holstein , northern germany , it was found in the schlei , a brackish water branch of the baltic sea , with a prevailing salinity of 0 . 05 % ; the maximal tolerable salinity of the species is estimated to be 0 . 4 % .\ncovers europe and western asia , where it usually is common . in some places , populations are in decline because of water pollution and may even be disappeared entirely . in austria therefore the species is classified vulnerable ( vu ) . in alpine lakes and fast - flowing streams , there is a flatter subspecies with a wider umbilicus , the alpine valve snail ,\n1853 ) . it may grow a little larger than the normal form , with a shell height of 5 . 5 mm and a width of 6 . 3 mm .\n, r . a . ( 2006 ) : der wallersee und seine wassermollusken . nachrichtenblatt der ersten vorarlberger malakologischen gesellschaft , rankweil . vol . 14 , pp . 20 - 39 (\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\n2 department of biology , faculty of sciences , university of montenegro , cetinjski put b . b . , 81000 podgorica , montenegro\nthis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license 3 . 0 ( cc - by ) , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .\nconsidering the geographical position of iran , a rich fauna of freshwater snails could be expected . a high level of endemism and a diverse mixture of palaearctic and paleotropical elements are characteristic of the iranian freshwater fauna ( pe\u0161i\u0107 and saboori 2007 ) .\nthe checklist of the freshwater snail fauna of iran was compiled using published records and original data . the data from all publications were brought to the presently accepted state of taxonomy following subba rao ( 1989 ) ( for asian fauna ) , brown ( 1994 ) ( for african fauna ) and gl\u00f6er ( 2002 ) ( for the european fauna ) , and papers published thereafter . species referred to in postgraduate theses and scientific meetings are no formal publications and are consequently not considered herein .\nduring the field work , freshwater snails were collected by hand netting , sorted on the spot and preserved in 75 % alcohol . the data and locations of the sampling sites , where the junior author collected in 2005 , 2007 and 2011 are listed in appendix 1 . in the section \u2018new records\u2019 collecting site abbreviations derive from the geographical database pe\u0161i\u0107 . the type material will be deposited in the zoological museum hamburg ( zmh ) , germany . further , we had the opportunity to revise material of some iranian freshwater snails deposited in the collections of the natural history museum basel ( nmb \u2013 forcart\u2019s collection ) , zoological museum berlin ( zmb ) and natural history museum vienna ( nhmw \u2013 edlauer\u2019s collection ) .\nnot all species could be identified due to the sparsity of specimens and the non - characteristic shells , especially of small hydrobioid snails . furthermore , the caspian sea fauna is not considered in the present paper . the order of families follows bouchet and rocroi ( 2005 ) .\nmap of iran with dots showing the collection localities ( corresponding to the sampling site numbers in appendix ) . the total number of freshwater mollusc species collected from each province are as follows ( in parentheses ) : bushehr ( 1 ) , fars ( 15 ) , gilan ( 12 ) , hormozgan ( 13 ) , isfahan ( 10 ) , kerman ( 15 ) , hermanshah ( 4 ) , khorasan ( 5 ) , khuzestan ( 14 ) , lorestan ( 6 ) , markazi ( 5 ) , mazandaran ( 21 ) , qom ( 1 ) , seistan and baluchestan ( 16 ) , semnan ( 1 ) , teheran ( 5 ) , west azarbayjan ( 1 ) , yazd ( 6 ) , zanjan ( 1 ) .\na\u2013c neritina mesopotamica d\u2013e neritina euphratica f\u2013g neritina schlaeflii a shell ( syntype ) b lable c operculum d shell ( syntype , zmz 528916 , irak , samava , photo : eike neubert ) e operculum of neritina euphratica from euphrates f shell ( syntype , zmz 529679 , persian gulf , island ghaes , photo : eike neubert ) g operculum of neritina schlaeflii from shatt al - arab - fao region .\nzoological museum berlin ( zmb ) , \u201c neritina ( neritaea ) anatolica var . mesopotamica , ras el ain , mesopot . hausknecht\u201d .\nthe height of the largest shell of the examined syntypes from zoological museum berlin was 7 mm .\nin his identification key described shell of this species as being 14 mm high . considering his photos (\nkhuzestan province ( chu et al . 1968 , massoud and hedayeti - far 1979 ) .\nremark . according to the original description ( martens 1874 ) this species is characterized by the presence of denticulated border of the columella , and should be ascertained to the genus neritina .\nthis speciesis characterized by a small shell with 6 mm in height and a small spire . the boder of the columella is straight and not denticulated . the operculum has a rib which is attenuated at its basis , the peg is thick and strong and split in two parts (\na\u2013c theodoxus pallida ( from edlauer\u2019s collection , nhmw 75000 / e / 50824 ) a shell with corroded apex b label of edlauer\u2019s collection c apophysis of theodoxus pallida d apophysis of theodoxus fuiviatilis ( from ir79 ) .\nsarkhia sarabensis nov . sp . a shell b , c penis in situ .\n( all mentioned as theodoxus doriae issel ) : kerman ( issel 1863 , martens 1874 , biggs 1937 ) ; gilan , mazandaran and lorestan province ( mansoorian 2000 ) .\nfars province : ir13 - 07 [ 3 ex . ] ; ir14 - 07 [ 2 ex . ] ; khorrasan province : ir76 - 05 [ 1 ex ] ; ir 64 - 05 [ 1 ex . ] ; ir78a - 05 [ 2 ex . ] ; ir79 - 05 [ 1 ex . ] ; hormozgan province : ir 17 - 11 [ 5 ex . ]\nmelanopsis sp . , radix sp . , planorbis intermixtus , farsithyra farsensis , physella acuta .\nmartens ( 1879 ) synonymised theodoxus doriae , the species reported by issel ( 1863 ) from s iran , with theodoxus fluviatilis . later on , mansoorian ( 2000 ) described the operculum of theodoxus doriae , which has only a rib , no peg . however , the shell illustrated by mansoorian ( 1994 ) agrees well with theodoxus fluviatilis . thus we follow martens\u2019 ( 1879 ) synonymisation of theodoxus doriae with theodoxus fluviatilis . our samples revealed onlythe presence of theodoxus fluviatilis .\nw - to central - palaearctic . theodoxus fluviatilis has been considered by many authors to be an exclusively european species ( see e . g . zhadin 1952 , gl\u00f6er 2002 ) . but bourguignat ( 1864 ) , brown ( 1994 ) and van damme ( 1984 ) mentioned it from nw africa ( morocco , algeria ) . records of this species in turkey ( y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m 1994 ) , and in iran , confirm its wide distribution . however , it does not occur in siberia ( vinarski , pers . comm . ) .\nkerman province ( biggs 1971 ) ; mazandaran province ( eichwald 1838 , eliazian et al . 1979 ) .\nthis species has been described from the caspian sea . according to the original description ( eichwald 1838 ) this species is very distinct from the other theodoxus spp . mentioned here .\nnhmw 75000 / e / 50824 , \u201c theodoxus pallidus dunker\u201d persien , brackiger quellsee , 500 m , n\u00f6rdl . vom niris - see , leg . starm\u00fchlner 1949 .\nstarm\u00fchlner and edlauer ( 1957 ) provide a detailed description of the anatomy of this species but did not consider the operculum , the most important diagnostic feature . on the other hand , as figured in starm\u00fchlner and edlauer ( 1957 ) , the receptaculum seminis and the bursa copulatrix differ in length ( while being of equal length in theodoxus fluviatilis ) .\nkhuzestan province ( chu et al . 1968 , massoud and hedayeti - far 1979 , mansoorian 1994 , 2001 ) , mazandaran province ( mansoorian 2000 ) .\naccording to ramakrishna and dey ( 2007 ) this species is widely distributed on the indian subcontinent .\nkerman province ( martens 1874 ) ; khuzestan province ( prashad 1921 , chu et al . 1968 , as melanopsis nodos a : massoud and hedayeti - far 1979 , mansoorian 2001 ) .\nfars province : ir13 - 07 [ 23 ad . , 25 juv . ] .\nmelanopsis doriae ( from edlauer\u2018s collection , nhmw 750000 / e / 50801a ) : shell .\nkerman province ( issel 1863 , martens 1874 , biggs 1936 , 1937 , starm\u00fchlner and edlauer 1957 , 1961 , 1965 ) ; fars province ( starm\u00fchlner and edlauer 1957 ) ; yazd province ( starm\u00fchlner and edlauer 1957 ) ; khuzestan province ( mansoorian 1994 , 2001 ) ; mazandaran province ( starm\u00fchlner and edlauer 1957 , mansoorian 2000 ) ; gilan province ( starm\u00fchlner and edlauer 1957 ) ; bushehr province ( starm\u00fchlner and edlauer 1957 ) .\nhormozgan province : ir17 - 11 [ 2 ex . ] ; ir19 - 11 [ 1 ex . ] .\nnhmw \u201c melanopsis doriae issel\u201d persien , kerman , aus teilweise eingest\u00fcrztem kanal , leg . starm\u00fchlner 1949 / 50 .\nshowing differences in the nervous system . furthermore they found differences in some features of the opercula between these species , and showed a strong morphological plasticity of the shells ( see :\n, plate 1 : figs g\u2019 , g\u2019\u2019 , g\u2019\u2019\u2019 and h\u2019 , h\u2019\u2019 ) . re - examintion of\nkerman province ( as melanopsis variabilis : martens 1874 ) ; seistan and baluchistan province ( as melanopsis deserticola : annandale and prashad 1919 ) ; isfahan and yazd provinces ( biggs 1937 ) ; fars province ( as melanopsis buccinoidea variabilis : starm\u00fchlner and edlauer 1957 , as melanopsis praerosa : starm\u00fchlner 1961 ) ; khuzestan province ( chu et al . 1968 , as melanopsis praerosa : massoud and hedayeti - far 1979 , manssorian 2001 ) .\nmazandaran province : ir02 - 05 [ 11 ad . , 48 juv . ] ; khorrasan province : ir64 - 05 [ 12 ad . , 39 juv . ] ; ir79 - 05 [ 3 ad . , 4 juv . ] ; ir78a - 05 [ 8 ad . , 15 juv . ] ; ir78c - 05 [ 2 ex . ] ; fars province : ir17 - 07 [ 2 ex ] ; hormozgan province : ir19 - 11 [ 21 ex . ] .\ngalba truncatula , theodoxus fluviatilis , planorbis intermixtus , grossuana sp . , farsithyra farsensis .\nfigure 8 . the molluscs of brackish waters . a ecrobia grimmi b heleobia dalmatica c ecrobia grimmi from edlauer\u2018s collection ( nhmw , \u201c hydrobia acuta \u201d 75000 / e / 60453 ) d cerithidea cingulata .\nhormozgan province : ir14 - 11 [ 21 ad . , 6 juv . ] ; ir - 20 - 11 [ 10 ex . ] .\nseistan and baluchestan province ( as melanoides scabra var . elegans : annandale and prashad 1919 ) ; isfahan province ( as melanoides scabra : biggs ( 1937 ) ; hormozgan province ( starm\u00fchlner and edlauer 1957 ) .\nhormozgan province : ir08 - 11 [ 13 ex . ] ; ir17 - 11 [ 2 ex . ] .\ntype species . melanoides fasciolata olivier , 1804 = nerita tuberculata o . f . m\u00fcller , 1774 .\nseistan and baluchestan province : ir8a - 11 [ 5 juv . ] , ir8 - 11 [ 18 ex . ] . hormozgan province : ir10 - 11 [ 3 ex . ] , ir17 - 11 [ 10 ad . , 9 juv . ] , ir18 - 11 [ 1 ad . , 8 juv . ] , ir19 - 11 [ 2 ex . ] .\nkerman province ( as melania tuberculata : issel 1863 ) , martens 1874 , biggs 1936 , 1937 , starm\u00fchlner and edlauer 1957 ) ; seistan and baluchestan province ( as melanoides pyramis , melanoides tigrina : annandale and prashad 1919 , biggs 1937 ) ; hormozgan province ( biggs 1937 , starm\u00fchlner and edlauer 1957 ) , ( as melania tuberculata : starm\u00fchlner ( 1961 ) ; isfahan province ( biggs 1937 ) ; yazd province ( starm\u00fchlner and edlauer 1957 , as melania tuberculata : starm\u00fchlner 1965 ) ; khuzestan province ( chu et al . 1968 , mansoorian 2001 ) ; south iran ( manssorian 1994 ) ; fars province ( starm\u00fchlner and edlauer 1957 ) : mazandran province ( starm\u00fchlner and edlauer 1957 , mansoorian 2001 ) .\nthe species melanoides pyramis and melanoides tigrina , which have been mentioned by annandale and prashad ( 1911 ) from seistan and baluchistan , have been listed by westerlund ( 1886 ) as subspecies . however , due to the high morphological plasticity of melanoides tuberculatus and in absence of any geographical seperation of these taxa , we list all melanoides taxa under melanoides tuberculatus .\nmazandaran province ( mansoorian 2000 ) ; gilan and lorestan province ( mansoorian 2000 ) .\nthe euro - siberian species bithynia tentaculata ( linnaeus 1758 ) has often been mentioned from iran , turkey and greece . however , this species could not be found in greece ( gl\u00f6er et al . 2010 ) and probably does not occur in turkey . the southern distribution border of this species lies possibly in n bulgaria ( georgiev pers . comm . ) . an analysis of the specimens from nmb published by forcart ( 1935 ) as bithynia tentaculata shows that these specimens represent bithynia forcarti sp . n . ( see below ) . thus , bithynia tentaculata most probably does not occur in iran and has been confused with bithynia forcarti sp . n . or possibly with bithynia mazandaranensis sp . n . ( see below ) .\nurn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : 8a83711b - 797d - 4d86 - 99d5 - 72f217b14a89\nbithynia forcarti sp . n . a shell , frontal view b shell , lateral view .\n( nmb 11517a ) : shell height 7 . 5 mm , width 5 . 6 mm .\nmazandaran province , tschalekuti ( nmb 11517a , 26 ex . ) , geniste d . babul ( nmb 11517b , 1 ex . , nmb 11571c , 10 ex . )\nthe whitish shell is conical with 5 . 5 whorls , which are convex with a deep suture and a small and acute apex . the convex whorls are flattened at the suture . the umbilicus is open . the aperture is ovate , angled at the top . the margin of the aperture is , from lateral view , slightly sinuated . the surface is smooth with fine growth lines . shell height 5 . 5 \u2013 7 . 5 mm , width 5 . 0 \u2013 5 . 6 mm .\ndue to theshape of the aperture ( angled at the top ) , bithynia forcarti sp . n . resembles bithynia mazandaranensis sp . n . ( see below ) . however , from the latter species it can be easily distinguished by the stepped whorls .\nurn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : 5a63d216 - b630 - 4808 - 8b2d - 0f77e3eae287\nshell of bithynia starmuehlneri sp . n . a frontal view b lateral view c juvenile shell with operculum .\nnhmw ( 50940 ) : shell height 10 . 3 mm , width 5 . 6 mm .\nthe whitish shell is elongated conical with 6 . 5 whorls , which are convex with a deep suture and a small and acute apex . the umbilicus is open . the aperture is ovate . the margin of the aperture is , from lateral view , straight . the surface is smooth with fine growth lines . shell height 8 . 2 \u2013 10 . 3 mm , width 4 . 6 \u2013 6 . 4 mm .\nthis slim species isthe largest bithynia sp . known in iran . it can be easily distinguished from the other bithynia spp . by the larger dimensions of elongated shell with the stepped whorls and the not angled aperture .\nthis species has been misidentified by starm\u00fchlner and edlauer ( 1957 ) with bithynia troschelii .\nurn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : 22d0892e - 8670 - 4131 - 9149 - 0f77c007bb94\nbithynia mazandaranensis sp . n . a , b shell c operculum d detail of the shell surface .\nmazandaran province , nowshahr city , pond near caspian sea , 51\u00b031 ' e , 36\u00b038 ' n , 18 june 2005 .\n( zmh 79369 ) : shell height 8 . 0 mm , width 5 . 0 mm .\nthe horn - coloured shell is conical with 5 . 5 whorls , which are slightly convex with a clear suture and an acute apex . the umbilicus is closed . the aperture is ovate , angled at the top . the margin of the aperture is , from lateral view , sinuated . the surface bears a lattice structure . shell height 8 . 0 mm , width 5 . 0 mm , aperture height 3 . 6 mm .\nprobably this species formerly ( e . g . , mansoorian 2000 ) was confused with bithynia tentaculata . because we had only an empty shell of this species , we do not know if it belongs to the genus bithynia or pseudobithynia , so our generic assignment is tentative . to address this question , anatomical studies of more specimens are necessary .\nprobably due to the small size of this species , biggs ( 1937 ) assigned this species belongs to the genus amnicola , although mousson ( 1874 ) described it as a bythynia , and pointed out that the operculum is characteristic for bythinia and different from amnicola ( syn . to pseudamnicola ) . furthermore , biggs ( 1937 ) found his species in the mountains , while the original description of bithynia ejecta comes from the lowland , indicating the biggs\u2019s species is not conspecific with bithynia ejecta and probably represents an undescribed species .\nnorth iran ( caspian sea ) \u2013 eliazian et al . ( 1979 ) .\nthis species could not be found in any of the neighbouring countries of iran . eliazian et al . ( 1979 ) don\u2019t mention the source that led to their identification . the record and taxonomic status of this species is questionable and needs new confirmation .\nseistan and baluchestan province ( as amnicola sistanica : annandale and prashad 1919 ) .\nannadale and prashad ( 1919 ) described this species as amnicola ( alocinma ) sistanica and depicted the penis morphology . due to the presence of a penial appendix this species is ascertained to the genus bithynia . the members of the genus pseudamnicola ( formerly amnicola ) have no penial appendix .\niran ; known only from the locus typicus ( dasht arzhan village , shiraz to kazerum road ) .\nhormozgan province : ir14 - 11 [ 12 ad . , 20 juv . ] .\npreviously only known from the brackish part of rivers along the coast of croatia ( radoman 1983 ) .\nprobably this species has been confused with one of the following species ( ecrobia grimmi , heleobia dalmatica ) , so all former records of this species in iran are questionable . the record for this species is kept until the original material of biggs could be studied .\nfrom the mixomesohaline lake sawa ( iraq ) was possibly transported by migrating birds from the caspian sea . the identification of our material of\nwas confirmed by using molecular techniques ( martin haase pers . communication ) . an analysis of the specimens from nhmw published by\nin russia it is listed as turkmenamnicola raddei ( kantor et al . 2009 ) .\nurn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : d2e680d0 - aac4 - 45df - 954a - 28d553ec957f\nmarkazi province , ashtian to arak road ( ca . 5 km after ashtian city , ashtian county ) , 50\u00b001 ' e , 34\u00b034 ' n , ca . 1800 m asl . , 21 june 2005 .\n( zmh 79370 ) : shell height 2 . 6 mm , width 1 . 9 mm .\nthe whitish shell is conical with 4 . 5 whorls , which are separated by a clear suture . the surface is glossy and finely striated . the apex is blunt , the umbilicus is closed , the aperture is ovate and pointed at the top . shell height 2 . 4\u20132 . 6 mm , width 1 . 9 mm .\nwe had only shells with dried tissue at our disposal . since the penis morphology could not be examined , the assignment to the genus pseudamnicola is provisional .\nurn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : 31bfcb62 - be86 - 43ce - a888 - b0562cc2740e\nshell conical . penis broad at the basis , distal part with a bulbous and acute penis tip .\nthe new genus appears to be close to pseudamnicola , but can easily be distinguished by the unique morphology of the penis with bulbous and acute apex ( vs . a broad elongated triangular penis in pseudamnicola ) .\nurn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : 8edd45ad - 46f2 - 4bc8 - a7be - 73b44bbcdf6d\nkaskakia khorrasanensis sp . n . a shell b penis in situ c\u2013d penis ( c : dorsal view , d : ventral view ) .\nkhorrasan province , kaskak stream in kaskak village , 59\u00b010 ' e , 35\u00b025 ' n , ca . 1800 m asl . , 11 june 2005 .\n( zmh 79372 ) : shell height 2 . 5 mm , width 1 . 9 mm .\nthe yellowish shell is conical to globular with 5 . 5 whorls , which are slightly convex and separated by a clear suture (\n) . the whorls increase rapidly with a prominent body whorl . the surface is glossy and finely striated . the apex is acute , the aperture is ovate and angled at the top , the umbilicus is closed . shell height 2 . 3\u20132 . 5 mm , width 1 . 8\u20131 . 9 mm .\nthe mantle and head are black . the penis is broad at the basis and tapered at the distal end (\nurn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : 4ac287dc - 4e88 - 4043 - ba17 - 880e84883276\nshell elongated conical . penis simple , broad at the basis and tapered at the distal end , with a black pigmentation mark . the tentacles are cylindrical .\n) , with a black pigmentation mark ( vs . broad and elongated triangular penis ) , and the presence of broad cylindrical tentacles ( slim cylindrical tentacles ) will separate the new genus from\nurn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : f7fbd536 - 0970 - 4b9b - a0ac - eaf9e7c91c72\nkermanshah province , sarabe\u2013sahne ( = sarabe \u2013 bede \u2013 sarkh ) city , stream , 27 june 2005 .\n( zmh 79374 ) : shell height 5 . 9 mm , width 2 . 3 mm .\nthe yellowish shell is elongated conical with 6 . 5 whorls , which are slightly convex and separated by a deep suture . the aperture is oval with a sharp periostome , the umbilicus is closed . the surface is dull . shell height 5 . 9 mm , width 2 . 3 mm .\nthis species has originally been placed in the genus pseudamnicola . however , due to the characteristic shape of the penis and the tentacles it is transfered to sarkhia gen . n .\nstarm\u00fchlner and edlauer ( 1957 ) originally described this species as frauenfeldia elburensis . however , the genus name frauenfeldia is preoccupied , and thus , the species of this genus have been re - assigned to belgrandiella , boleana , graziana and sarajana ( radoman 1983 ) . due to the shape of the aperture in original description ( see starm\u00fchlner and edlauer 1957 ) we affiliate this species to the genus belgrandiella .\niran , only known from the locus typicus ( gelandoah , 60 km ne of tehran ) .\nsistan and baluchestan province ( source lake gomun ) \u2013 \u201c erythropomatiana erythropomatia \u201d starm\u00fchlner and edlauer ( 1957 ) .\nmost probably , starm\u00fchlner and edlauer ( 1957 ) misidentified this subterranean species , known only from its type locality in slovenia , far away from iran . the comparison with the description of hauffenia erythropomatia by radoman ( 1983 ) shows that these species are not conspecific as the umbilicus seems to be broader in later species compared with the species depicted by starm\u00fchlner and edlauer ( 1957 ) . unfortunately this species could not be found in edlauer\u2019s collection in nhmw ( anita eschner , pers . comm . ) . the record for this species is kept until specimens from the original locality could be studied .\nkerman province ( as bythinia uzielliana : issel 1866 , martens 1874 ) , as hydrobia uzielliana : biggs ( 1936 , 1937 ) , ( as pseudamnicola uzelliana : starm\u00fchlner and edlauer ( 1957 ) , ( as pseudamnicola uzelliana : starm\u00fchlner ( 1961 , 1965 ) ; fars province ( as pseudamnicola uzelliana : starm\u00fchlner and edlauer ( 1957 ) , ( as pseudamnicola uzelliana : starm\u00fchlner and edlauer ( 1961 , 1965 ) .\nsch\u00fctt ( 1973 ) classified this species in the genus gangetia and introduced the new subgenus iranothyra sch\u00fctt , 1973 . mansoorian ( 1994 ) reported gangetia uzielliana with some doubts . however , his species clearly differs from the topotype of gangetia uzielliana illustrated by sch\u00fctt ( 1973 ) . most probably , the species recorded by mansoorian ( 1994 ) under this name represents an undescribed new species ( gl\u00f6er and pe\u0161i\u0107 2009 ) .\nfarsithyra farsensis ( from edlauer\u2019s collection , nhmw \u201c pseudamnicola uzielliana \u201d 75000 / e / 50795 ) : a\u2013b shell .\nnhmw\u201c pseudamnicola uzelliana issel\u201d , persien , stark salziger t\u00fcmpel , s\u00fcdl . von yest ( = yesd ) , leg . starm\u00fchlner . nhmw 60 . 459 \u201c bulimus badiella \u201c , lake taschk , 07 . 07 . 1956 leg . l\u00f6ffler .\nfrom many sampling sites in yazd province . an analysis of one lot from the edlauer collection ( nhmw ) with the specimens from yazd province shows that these specimens (\nmazandaran province : ir01 - 05 [ 6 ex . ] . tehran province : ir48 - 05 [ 2 ex . ] .\nurn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : 944e6ee3 - b23c - 43fb - a305 - 882a4d4cf3d9\nmazandaran province , nowshahr city , pond near the caspian see , 51\u00b031 ' e , 36\u00b038 ' n , 18 june 2005 .\n( zmh 79376 ) : shell diameter 3 . 3 mm , height 2 . 3 mm .\n( zmh 79377 ) : 2 specimens from type locality ; [ 2 ex . ] , kermanshah province : ir105 - 05 .\nthe yellowish shell is translucent with 3 circular whorls . the umbilicus is wide , and the first whorl is visible through the umbilicus . the surface is glossy with very fine ribs . shell diameter 3 . 2\u20133 . 3 mm , height 2 . 3 mm .\nurn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : 83575f59 - e417 - 44d3 - 8f6d - a5db45ea2b21\na\u2013b acroloxus pseudolacustris sp . n . : shell c\u2013d acroloxus lacustris ( from hamburg , germany ) : shell .\ngilan province , ir82 - 05 , bandar anzali lagoon , 49\u00b027 ' e , 37\u00b026 ' n , 16 june 2008 .\n( zmh 79378 ) : shell length 4 . 0 mm , width 2 . 0 mm , height 0 . 9 mm .\n2 ex . , nmb 11516a \u201c acroloxus lacustris \u201d zwischen nika und aschref , 10 m \u00fc . m . , drs . a . erni & r . buxtorf leg . 22 . x . 1931 .\nthe oval limpet shell is transparent . the apex is blunt and bent to the left side (\nsp . with a blunt apex is known ( vinarski , pers . comm . ) .\nan analysis of the two specimens from forcart\u2019s collection ( nmb 11516a ) identified as acroloxus lacustris from mazandaran province shows that these specimens belong to acroloxus pseudolacustris sp . n .\nthe lymnaeidae of iran . a radix persica ( ir27 - 07 ) b\u2013d radix bactriana ( b ir03 - 05 c ir87 - 05 d ir88 - 05 e ir91 - 05 ) f radix persica ( ir107 - 05 ) g radix iranica ( ir89 - 05 ) h radix sp . i radix sp . k galba truncatula ( ir62 - 05 ) l galba schirazensis .\nkerman province \u2013 \u201c limnaea auricularia var . persica\u201d issel ( 1865 ) , \u201c limnaea auricularia var . persica\u201d martens ( 1874 ) ; seistan and baluchestan province ( as limnaea auricularia var . persica : annandale and prashad 1919 ) ; isfahan province ( as lymnaea persica : biggs 1937 ) .\nkhuzestan province ( mansoorian 2001 ) ; mazandaran , gilan and lorestan provinces ( starm\u00fchlner and edlauer 1957 ) , isfahan province ( starm\u00fchlner 1965 ) .\nseistan and baluchestan province ( annandale and prashad 1919 ) ; kerman province ( starm\u00fchlner and edlauer 1957 ) .\nmarkazi province : ir03 - 05 [ 1 ex ] , ir87 - 05 [ 9 ex . ] , ir88 - 05 [ 3 ex . ] , ir89 - 05 [ 2 ex ] , ir91 - 05 [ 3 ex . ] ; khorasan province : ir67 - 05 [ 1 ex . ] , ir79 - 05 [ 1 ex . ] .\nseistan and baluchistan province ( annandale and prashad 1919 ) , azarbayjan province ( starm\u00fchlner and edlauer 1957 ) , khuzestan province ( chu et al . 1968 , massoud and hedayeti - far 1979 , as lymnaea auricularia gedrosiana : mansoorian 2001 ) , n iran ( annandale 2000 ) .\nseistan and baluchestan province ( annandale and prashad 1919 ) ; isfahan province ( starm\u00fchlner and edlauer 1957 ) .\niraq ( euphrates , as limnaea hordea : mousson 1874 ) ; iran : seistan and baluchestan province .\nqom , tehran and gilan provinces ( martens 1874 ) ; kerman province ( biggs 1937 ) .\nthis species has been described from the danube ( germany ) and most probably does not occur in iran . according to subba rao ( 1989 ) radix lagotis is a synonym of radix peregra ( syn . to radix labiata ) . however , recently schniebs et al . ( 2011 ) clearly showed that radix lagotis and radix labiata are distinct species .\n( mentioned as radix peregra f . canalifera ) : n iran ( caspian sea ) ( eliazian et al . 1979 ) ; kerman province ( starm\u00fchlner and edlauer ( 1957 ) ; fars province ( starm\u00fchlner and edlauer 1957 ) ; yazd province ( starm\u00fchlner and edlauer 1957 ) ; kermanshah province ( starm\u00fchlner and edlauer 1957 ) , starm\u00fchlner ( 1965 ) .\nradix labiata is a species which prefers springs and is distributed in m \u2013 and s europe and the balkans ( gl\u00f6er 2002 ) .\nseistan and baluchestan province ( as limnaea truncatula : annandale and prashad 1919 ) ; north iran ( caspian sea ) ( as lymnaea truncatula : eliazian et al . 1979 ) ; manzandaran province ( forcart 1935 ) ; gilan , mazandaran and lorestan province ( mansoorian 2000 ) ; kerman province ( starm\u00fchlner and edlauer 1957 , biggs 1937 ) ; tehran province ( starm\u00fchlner and edlauer 1957 ) ; khuzestan province ( mansoorian 2001 , chu et al . 1968 , massoud and hedayeti - far 1979 ) ; isfahan province ( biggs 1937 ) ; semnan province ( starm\u00fchlner 1961 ) ; hormozgan province ( starm\u00fchlner 1965 ) .\nkhorasan province : ir63 - 05 [ 22 ex . ] ; ir66a - 05 [ 1 ex . ] ; ir77 - 05 [ 1 ex . ] .\nfars province ( k\u00fcster 1862 ) ; gilan province ( bargues et al . 2010 ) .\nkerman province ( martens 1874 ) ; isfahan province ( martens 1874 ) ; qazvin and e azarbayjan provinces ( starm\u00fchlner and edlauer 1957 ) ; gilan , mazandaran and lorestan provinces ( eliazian et al . 1979 ) ; n iran ( mansoorian 2000 ) .\nthe recent insights on the distribution of stagnicola palustris show that it is a northern european / siberian species . most probably , the species reported from iran as stagnicola palustris represents an undescribed species ( see below ) .\nstagnicola sp . ( from forcart\u2019s collection , nmb 11518b \u201c stagnicola palustris \u201d ) : shell .\nmaterial examined : 35 ex . , nmb 11518b \u201c stagnicola palustris \u201czw . nika und aschref , dr . erni & buxtorf 1934 ; 3 ex . , nmb 11518a \u201ciran , prov . mazandaran . meschhediser , geniste am rechten ufer des babul ca . 300 m s der m\u00fcndung , - 26 m meeresh\u00f6he . leg . 23 . 8 . 1931 & don . 1935 drs . a . erni & r . buxtorf\u201d .\nspp . are very variable , it is not possible to identify or eventually describe this specis as new to science without anatomical studies .\nkhuzestan province ( chu et al . 1968 , massoud and hedayeti - far 1979 , mansoorian 1994 , 2001 ) ; gilan province ( mansoorian 2000 ) .\nthe planorbis spp . of iran . a planorbis carinatus b planorbis intermixtus c indoplanorbis exustus .\nnorthern iran ( as planorbis planorbis : mansoorian 2000 ) ; mazandaran province ( as planorbis planorbis : eliazian et al . 1979 , mansoorian 2000 ) ; fars province ( as planorbis planorbis : forcart 1935 , starm\u00fchlner and edlauer 1957 ) ; isfahanprovince ( gl\u00f6er and pe\u0161i\u0107 2010 ) ; yazd province ( as planorbis persicus , planorbis subangulatus : biggs 1937 , 1971 , starm\u00fchlner and edlauer 1957 ) ; gilan province ( as anisus ( gyraulus ) intermixtus : starm\u00fchlner and edlauer 1957 ) ; khuzestan province ( as planorbis planorbis , planorbis planorbis submarginatus : starm\u00fchlner and edlauer 1957 , as planorbis planorbis : biggs 1971 ) ; markazi province ( chu et al . 1968 , massoud and hedayeti - far 1979 , mansoorian 2001 , gl\u00f6er and pe\u0161i\u0107 2010 ) .\nmazandaran province : ir01 - 05 [ 11 ex . ] ; markazi province : ir51 - 05 [ 11 ex . ] ; ir87 - 05 [ 3 ex . ] ; ir88 - 05 [ 7 ex . ] ; ir91 - 05 [ 5 ex . ] ; ir93 - 05 [ 1 ex . ] ; khorasan province : ir66 - 05 [ 10 ex . ] ; ir67 - 05 [ 2 ex . ] ; ir68 - 05 [ 5 ex . ] ; ir78a - 05 [ 2 ex . ] ; ir78b - 05 [ 7 ex . ] ; fars province : ir02 - 07 [ 2 ex . ] ; ir07 - 07 [ 2 ex . ] ; ir26 - 07 [ 9 ex . ] ; ir27 - 07 [ 3 ex . ] .\nthe species planorbis planorbis and planorbis intermixtus can only be distinguished by the number of prostate diverticula ( gl\u00f6er and pe\u0161i\u0107 2010 ) . all planorbis spp . collected in iran have been anatomically studied and no planorbis planorbis could be found . thus we list the old records from iran under planorbis intermixtus .\nin addition , planorbis subangulatus philippi , 1844 and planorbis persicus ancey , 1900 have been mentioned from iran ( ancey 1900 , biggs 1937 ) . both species have been described on the basis of the shells , the morphology of which falls within variability of planorbis intermixtus . thus we list these species under planorbis intermixtus ."]}
{"id": 1416, "summary": [{"text": "chryseofusus chrysodomoides is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family fasciolariidae , the spindle snails , the tulip snails and their allies . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "chryseofusus chrysodomoides", "paragraphs": ["( of fusinus ( chryseofusus ) chrysodomoides ( schepman , 1911 ) ) hadorn r . & fraussen k . ( 2003 ) the deep - water indo - pacific radiation of fusinus ( chryseofusus subgen . nov . ) ( gastropoda : fasciolariidae ) . iberus 21 ( 1 ) : 207 - 240 . [ june 2003 ] page ( s ) : 211 [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nversion 43 . 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed . my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .\nthis item will be sent through the global shipping programme and includes international tracking . learn more - opens in a new window or tab\nthis amount includes applicable customs duties , taxes , brokerage and other fees . this amount is subject to change until you make payment . for additional information , see the global shipping programme terms and conditions - opens in a new window or tab\nthis amount includes applicable customs duties , taxes , brokerage and other fees . this amount is subject to change until you make payment . if you reside in an eu member state besides uk , import vat on this purchase is not recoverable . for additional information , see the global shipping programme terms and conditions - opens in a new window or tab\ndelivery time is estimated using our proprietary method which is based on the buyer ' s proximity to the item location , the delivery service selected , the seller ' s delivery history and other factors . delivery times may vary , especially during peak periods .\ninternational postage and import charges paid to pitney bowes inc . learn more - opens in a new window or tab\nany international postage and import charges are paid in part to pitney bowes inc . learn more - opens in a new window or tab\ninternational postage paid to pitney bowes inc . learn more - opens in a new window or tab\nany international postage is paid in part to pitney bowes inc . learn more - opens in a new window or tab\nthere are 1 items available . please enter a number less than or equal to 1 .\n* you\u2019ll see an estimated delivery date based on the seller\u2019s dispatch time and delivery service . delivery times may vary , especially during peak periods and will depend on when your payment clears - opens in a new window or tab .\nmost purchases from business sellers are protected by the consumer contract regulations 2013 which give you the right to cancel the purchase within 14 days after the day you receive the item . find out more about your rights as a buyer - opens in a new window or tab and exceptions - opens in a new window or tab .\ncopyright \u00a9 1995 - 2018 ebay inc . all rights reserved . user agreement , privacy , cookies and adchoice\nthis amount includes applicable customs duties , taxes , brokerage and other fees . this amount is subject to change until you make payment . for additional information , see the global shipping program terms and conditions - opens in a new window or tab\nthis amount includes applicable customs duties , taxes , brokerage and other fees . this amount is subject to change until you make payment . if you reside in an eu member state besides uk , import vat on this purchase is not recoverable . for additional information , see the global shipping program terms and conditions - opens in a new window or tab\nestimated delivery dates - opens in a new window or tab include seller ' s handling time , origin zip code , destination zip code and time of acceptance and will depend on shipping service selected and receipt of cleared payment - opens in a new window or tab . delivery times may vary , especially during peak periods .\nany international shipping and import charges are paid in part to pitney bowes inc . learn more - opens in a new window or tab\ninternational shipping and import charges paid to pitney bowes inc . learn more - opens in a new window or tab\ninternational shipping paid to pitney bowes inc . learn more - opens in a new window or tab\nany international shipping is paid in part to pitney bowes inc . learn more - opens in a new window or tab\nthis item will be shipped through the global shipping program and includes international tracking . learn more - opens in a new window or tab\n* the delivery date is not guaranteed until you have checked out using an instant payment method . if your guaranteed delivery item isn\u2019t on time , you can ( 1 ) return the item , for a refund of the full price and return shipping costs ; or ( 2 ) keep the item and get a refund of your shipping costs ( if shipping was free , get a $ 5 ebay voucher ) . attempted delivery on or before the guaranteed date will be considered a timely delivery . see details - opens in a new window or tab\n* estimated delivery dates - opens in a new window or tab include seller ' s handling time , origin zip code , destination zip code and time of acceptance and will depend on shipping service selected and receipt of cleared payment - opens in a new window or tab . delivery times may vary , especially during peak periods .\nqualifying purchases could enjoy no interest if paid in full in 6 months on purchases of $ 99 or more . other offers may also be available .\ninterest will be charged to your account from the purchase date if the balance is not paid in full within 6 months . minimum monthly payments are required . subject to credit approval . see terms - opens in a new window or tab\ncopyright \u00a9 1995 - 2018 ebay inc . all rights reserved . accessibility , user agreement , privacy , cookies and adchoice"]}
{"id": 1428, "summary": [{"text": "spain ( foaled 1997 in kentucky ) is an american thoroughbred racehorse who retired as the most financially successful mare in north american racing history in her time . ", "topic": 7}], "title": "spain ( horse )", "paragraphs": ["caballo blanco horse riding & trekking centre \u2013 horse trekking centre of lanjaron , alpujarras , spain offers horse riding holidays in spain , horse riding andalucia , trail riding , hacks , lessons on spanish horses . the riding stables near granada welcomes children and novices\nrain in spain is a 20 year old bay horse . rain in spain is trained by e a martinovich , at success and owned by .\nrain in spain was sired by unfuwain out of the dam maria isabella rain in spain was foaled on 01 of august in 1996 .\nfor everything you need to know about horse racing . free horse racing tips from professional punters and betting secrets to increase your horse racing profits .\ntraditional horse and cart at cordoba spain - travel background stock photo , picture and royalty free image . image 13436037 .\nif you are intending to volunteer in spain you should seek medical advice before starting your social journey . check your required vaccinations for spain .\nphoenix of spain was sired by lope de vega out of the dam pantomime peggy phoenix of spain was foaled on 04 of october in 2014 .\nphoenix of spain has a 0 % win percentage and 0 % place percentage . phoenix of spain ' s last race event was at ballina .\njoin hidden trails on some of the best horse riding vacations in spain . spanish horse riding holidays have a lot to offer and are as diverse as dressage clinics , trail rides , and gourmet food vacations . hidden trails offer equestrian tours in some of spain\u2019s most stunning locations \u2013 from catalonia to central spain , mallorca to southern spain . on a horseback riding holiday in spain you will uncover hidden valleys , bask in the mediterranean sunlight and dine of the finest wine and food .\nrain in spain has a 0 % win percentage and 100 % place percentage . rain in spain ' s last race event was at g b - newmarket .\nthe current race record for lady of spain is 1 wins from 11 starts .\nall the latest horse racing form , betting odds , news , breeding , jockey and trainer information for lady of spain . lady of spain is a filly born in 2007 november 11 by encosta de lago out of zagalia\nhorse riding in spain there is more to spain that just bullfights and flamenco dancers . this vast country in the mediterranean is home to mountains , hills , valleys , never ending beaches , island getaways and amazing wine regions .\nestablished horse trekking and horse riding holiday\u00b4s in the alpujarras , costa tropical , andalucia , spain ! a unique trekking centre based in the heart of andalucia , spain . made famous by its moorish influences and impressive horses . come and experience the spanish trails and countryside . hassle and trouble free .\nthe alpujarra white village ride , take in the beauty of horse riding in spain ' s famous white villages and beautiful backdrop views of the sierra nevada mountains .\nmountains of southern spain . spectacular and stunning scenery and incredibly well schooled horses characterise this ride .\nphoenix of spain ' s exposed form for its last starts is 4 - 9 - 9 .\nhorse riding is deeply ingrained into spanish culture and there are many equestrian vacations in spain to choose from . with a combination of quality horses , warm dry climate and a wide choice of good value flights , spain remains our most popular european riding holiday destination .\non this horse riding holiday , you will need to dismount and walk next to your horse over short distances so good walking boots are required .\nphone : + 34 985 59 73 23 - lamu\u00f1o - cudillero , asturias - spain . nfo @ urltoken\nthe nearest airport is malaga airport ( agp ) in malaga . we assist you to find cheap flights to spain .\n( children from age six ) . from one to several hours . spectacular horse riding\nproportional contribution of different pathways to median overall probability of exporting an undetected infected horse .\nour horses are fully trained to be ridden either western style or traditional style . we have a wide choice of horses of varying ages to suit the beginner and advanced rider for our horse riding holidays in spain .\ntornado plots of correlation coefficients for input variables and probability of exporting an undetected infected horse .\nrain in spain\u2019s last race event was at 21 / 07 / 2000 and it has not been nominated for any upcoming race .\nrain in spain career form is wins , 1 seconds , thirds from 1 starts with a lifetime career prize money of $ .\nphoenix of spain\u2019s last race event was at 06 / 11 / 2017 and it has not been nominated for any upcoming race .\nphoenix of spain career form is wins , seconds , thirds from 3 starts with a lifetime career prize money of $ 600 .\nhorse riding vacation in spain - horse adventures in asturias . enjoy a superb riding holiday , disconnect and indulge yourself in the sensations of a beautiful riding that will make you feel free . all routes are nature taught for riding from the youngest to the oldest , horses as well as the most experienced and inexperienced .\nspain , horse racing ' s greatest female money - winner at $ 3 , 540 , 542 , has been retired from racing and sent to three chimneys farm in midway , ky . , to continue her career as a broodmare .\nraise awareness of the requirements for a happy , healthy , emotionally and physically well - balanced horse .\nscenario tree depicting pathways by which an undetected ahsv - infected horse could be exported from south africa .\ngenerally , volunteering abroad involves certain costs . in case you need financial support , we will assist you to fundraise your volunteer program in spain .\nthe spanish andalusian horse is believed to be the most ancient riding horse in the world and spanish experts maintain that it does not owe a single feature of its make up to another breed . in the sixteenth century the horses were taken to austria to found the spanish riding school of vienna and its lippizaner horses and the portugese lusitano have evolved from the spanish andalusian . consequently , the spanish are justly proud of their history with the horse and today you will find this wonderful breed all over spain justly admired for its temperament and empathy with the rider . if you ride in spain you may well be riding one of these lovely horses .\nintermediate has had a number of lessons and is reasonably confident on a horse at walk , trot and canter .\nmordecai shares dallas ' s passion for horses and has studied , worked and trained horses in spain , portugal , australia and the u . s . a .\nthe dutch suspect oversaw operations from alicante , spain , and had a network of\nhis most trusted men in charge in every country affected by the scam .\nthe industry operates the horse comes first campaign to raise awareness of the high levels of equine welfare in the sport .\nspanish weather and climate summers in spain generally experience highs of around 28 \u00b0c in the height of summer . winters are mild , with lows around 10 - 13 \u00b0c .\nboth are very knowledgeable concerning the region and as the trainers of the horses the perfect people to match horse to rider .\nyou will have a project horse or two throughout your stay , and will continue with this horse whichever program you are on . so on top of your five working hours per day you will have time set aside for practice , training ( and\nuse the search below to find breeding information on an individual horse or select one of the other specific search options available .\ni have just returned from yet another fantastic riding holiday in spain . this andalusian , spain holiday which you describe as \u2018luxury just 40 minutes outside malaga\u2019 is certainly a must for another visit again . the whole holiday has proved yet again , to be a treasure of wonderful experiences .\nto read equestrian escapes reviews click on the link !\non the pony club children will ride lots of course but also they learn points of the horse - often in more than one language . how to wash off their horse or pony , parts of the tack , they solve horse problems and take part in quizzes . there is no reduction in prices for children due to the staffing required , but they do have fantastic fun !\n\u201cit was the kind of adventure i had dreamed of since i was a girl riding my horse through the basque forests . \u201d\nyou can volunteer at the project site in atajate / spain between 1 week and 50 weeks . please note that the above shown program fees are estimated and subject to exchange rate fluctuations .\nspain , the 5 - year - old daughter of thunder gulch , the 1995 kentucky derby winner , competed in her last two races while in foal to the popular sire storm cat .\nlukas has been so pleased with spain ' s current condition and form that he ' s not going to waste any time getting back in the starting gate . her next race will be saturday ' s molly pitcher handicap at monmouth . he ' s also confident he can make the july 28 go for wand at saratoga and the aug . 23 personal ensign , also at saratoga . by late august , spain will be nearly three months pregnant . the normal gestation period for a horse is 11 months .\nwghansa ' s membership numbers around 20\u201325 people , including about 10\u201314 scientists from france , portugal , spain , and occasionally the uk . the group meets annually in june for the assessment . wghansa previously worked with the group for the assessment of mackerel and horse mackerel , but since 2008 / 2009 it has operated alone .\njoin our team looking after the horses and promoting the sanctuary whilst working on your natural horsemanship skills with a project horse and guidance .\nthe overall probability of an exported horse being infected and undetected is then calculated as the sum of the probabilities for the five pathways .\ni stumbled across ibiza horse valley on one of my google searches in readiness for my holiday to ibiza . ibiza horse valley came up and was extremely excited . emailed over and a very polite and informative response from the owners - david and monique . we . . .\nbeginner someone who has never sat on a horse or had only limited very easy rides . probably not able to rise to the trot .\na highlight of her riding career was participating in the 2015 mongol derby , which at 1000km is the longest horse race in the world .\ngoing abroad is an adventure and it is always best to be prepared . sudden illness or injury , cancellation or theft - a travel insurance for spain provides security and is a plus to have .\nmallorca \u2013 a mediterranean island paradise - is another excellent horse riding location . andalucia - southern spain is also a popular horse riding region . the atlantic coast ride will take you from the wide open beaches of the atlantic to the white villages in the interior . there is and then there is jerez , home to the annual \u201cferia del caballo\u2019 ( horse festival ) . at europe\u2019s southernmost tip , the tarifa riding week offers a relaxing coastal ride while staying at a lovely 4 - star hotel . interested in training on one of these beautiful andalusian horses ? check out our dressage clinics under the instruction of former olympian medalists .\n9410 can be a spanish microchip , my mare has one and was registered with r . a . i . a in andalucia in spain . i ' ve posted more on your post in new lounge .\na stochastic simulation model was developed to estimate the probability of an undetected ahs - infected horse being exported from south africa , under a variety of scenarios . the model was developed in the r statistical environment , version 3 . 1 . 1 , [ 11 ] . all simulations were run for 10 000 iterations to produce probability distributions for all outputs . outputs are presented as probability distributions of an individual undetected infected horse being exported , the expected number of horses per exported infected horse and the annual probability of an undetected infected horse being exported , assuming an annual export throughput of 300 horses .\nmore than fifty million foreigners visit spain each year , yet you can also travel for days and hear nothing but spanish . visiting spain is not only about sun , great cuisine , and a warm welcome , but also its rich monumental heritage and dazzling natural environment . there are many wonderful places in which to ride whether a trail in the mountains , through one of the national parks or a gallop along the beach .\nbeing pregnant should not adversely affect her ability to run for four to five months ,\nleblanc said .\nin the performance - horse industry , we believe you can continue to perform the horse for about six months of gestation and after that point in time it ' s best not to be jumping or to be using the mare for a reining horse . the fetus gains 66 percent of its body weight in the last three months .\nwest of madrid , these trail rides explore the mountains of castile and leon . this undiscovered region of spain boasts a friendly welcome , lovely horses , stunning views and amazing tapas . plus of course the stunning gredos mountains .\nwith its rich variety of landscapes and consistently beautiful scenery , la alpujarra and the sierra nevada mountains offers some of the most spectacular horse riding countryside in europe .\nintermediate plus confident and in control on a forward going horse at a steady canter in the open over uneven ground . has ridden for a number of years .\nthe suspect was later identified as the ringleader of an operation investigated in 2016 in which horses unfit for human consumption were being killed in two abattoirs in northern spain and then sent to belgium after their paperwork and microchips were altered .\n\u201cit\u2019s a sport that requires concentration , endurance , and strategic thinking , all of which are key to making sure that the horse reaches the finish line in good shape , \u201d mencia said . \u201cin short , what i love about endurance is that it is a multifaceted sport in which the horse is the center around which all resources \u2013 those of the team and the rider \u2013 are dedicated to ensuring that the horse reaches the finish line in the quickest time possible and in good health . \u201d\nof a mile , man o\u2019 war was 20 lengths ahead . despite kummer\u2019s holding his horse in , man o\u2019 war won by a modestly estimated 100 lengths , nearly\nmedian and 95 % predictive limits for probability of undetected ahs - infection for a single exported horse and annual probability of one or more undetected infected horses being exported .\na riding holiday that was designed for those who share our passion for horses . the combination of\ntrail and training\nis ideal for riders who believe thattrail riding is one of the best ways to have fun , make new friends , relax fromthe stress of modern - day lifestyles and see spain from another angle , whiledevoting some time to improving your horse riding skills so that your confidencein , an .\na key input variable for the model is the probability of infection for a single horse either prior to entering pre - export quarantine or during the quarantine period . this was estimated as the dailyrisk ( mean cases per horse - day at risk ) of ahs based on existing data , adjusted for the efficacy of vector protection during the quarantine period .\na unique trail ride over the sierra nevada mountains of southern spain . spectacular and stunning scenery and incredibly well schooled horses characterise this ride . your breath will be taken away by the views and the terrain that these horses can easily clamber over .\nyour fees and deposit are calculated in american dollars to book your place . as we work in euros in spain , your remaining fees are due upon arrival and are set at 140\u20ac per week per person to allow for fluctuation in exchange rates .\nour travel consultants are experienced horse people . many have their own horses and ride regularly . they visit the rides and can describe the holiday from first hand experience . . .\nas seen in the guardian \u201crule number one . you are on a horse , not a chopper , so do not lean back hoping for a wheelie . you will look stupid\nthe horses\u2019 owners relented to the pressure and agreed to the meeting . the event , deemed at the time the \u201crace of the century , \u201d would determine the top horse in\nis the case - fatality rate , modelled as a beta ( 12 , 64 ) probability distribution , based on data from the 2014 outbreak . horse - days at risk (\nmellor ps , hamblin c . african horse sickness . vet res . 2004 ; 35 ( 4 ) : 445\u201366 . epub 2004 / 07 / 09 . pmid : 15236676 .\ngrewar jd , weyer ct , guthrie aj , koen p , davey s , quan m , et al . the 2011 outbreak of african horse sickness in the african horse sickness controlled area in south africa . j s a vet assoc . 2013 ; 84 ( 1 ) : art . # 973 , 7 pages . epub 15 nov . 2013 .\nauthors : pedernera c , k de roest , w ouweltjes , m marahrens , k steinkamp , b mounaix , m g\u0119bska , s messori , a velarde . source : ufaw international animal welfare science symposium , barcelona ( spain ) , july 2013 .\nin catalonia our horse rides meander through volcanic landscapes , canter along beautiful beaches and traverse the mighty pyrenees mountain range or you can opt for a coastal gourmet ride . central spain is a gourmet extravaganza \u2013 our \u201c vineyard trail \u201d ride is in an area boasting over 8000 wine makers ! here you will also encounter the wonders of madrid , and many small medieval villages - or we explore the kingdom of castile across the gredos mountains .\ndallas came to spain from the u . k . as a child and has rarely been far from a saddle since . working with horses most of her adult life , she established the first stables in the alpujarra and now has more than 20 horses .\nauthors : pedernera , c . , velarde , a . , mounaix , b . , raflegeau , f . and spoolder , h source : proceedings of the annual meeting of the international society for applied ethology , vitoria gasteiz , spain , august 2014 .\nalternatively you could look at the trail rides we offer in both extremadura and the gredos mountains . these trail rides take you on a journey through a part of spain that not many tourists frequent , and therefore allows you to experience the tranquility of this region .\nwe offer horse riding holidays in spain\u00b4s most southern mountain range . we are situated on a small plateau at a height of 1200 metres above the spa town of lanjaron in the alpujarra region of andalucia , close to granada and the costa tropical resorts of nerja , almu\u00f1ecar and salobre\u00f1a . wonderful views of the surrounding countryside , hills and sierra nevada mountains are evident in all directions ! you can even see the coastline of africa on a clear day .\nthese short breaks are 4 nights and include three full days riding through some of the most spectacular parts of the sierra nevada mountains . the horses are well loved and easy to ride . when not riding take time to wander around the most charming villages of spain .\ntarifa is the southernmost village of spain and europe and it offers many diverse possibilities for excursions , riding or otherwise ! from tarifa you can journey to jerez , which is the home of the royal andalusian riding school , c\u00e1diz , ronda , gibraltar , and sevilla .\nabout three weeks earlier , spain was successfully bred to the stallion storm cat . in the fleur de lis , she ran arguably the best race of her career , winning by 3 1 / 4 lengths over a very good field . a coincidence ? maybe not .\ndue to the way we handle , train and ride our horses here . this will also enable you to have a project horse with whom you can carry on playing with on this program .\nbut enduring racing is more than just a solo effort , menica explained . the rider is assisted by a support team that helps the horse through veterinary checkpoints and provides water and other necessities .\nclarence kummer , was given instructions to hold him back and win by not too big of a margin . it was a tall order for the fiercely competitive horse , and at the end of\nphoenix of spain is a 3 year old chestnut gelding . phoenix of spain is trained by s b lee , at gold coast and owned by s b lee , s e bolger , d orlanno , mrs k greely , g greely , mrs m luscombe , s luscombe , r englebrecht , mrs e englebrecht , g l bond , s carnovale , s j collis , ms c n fabian , g e barnes , g j mcguire , mrs m t mcnamara , p c webber , c maclean & hamilton racing ( mgr : i hamilton ) .\n\u201cmy interest in endurance horse racing began when i was a young girl , \u201d mencia said . \u201cit was a sport that combined both my passion for the outdoors and my love for horses . \u201d\nas wayne lukas was preparing spain for the june 15 fleur de lis at churchill downs , he noticed the veteran mare seemed more on top of her game than ever . it ' s something a trainer can sense , that everything is clicking , mentally and physically , and the end result will be a sensational performance on the racetrack . preparing for her 34th career start in her fourth year in competition , spain seemed , on the surface , to have picked an odd time to blossom . there had been , however , one major change in her life .\nno special health precautions are required for visits to spain , for further details please see your local doctor . we do advise taking plenty of sunscreen ! for up to date information on specific health concerns please contact the medical advisors for travellers abroad . their website can be found at urltoken\nhi wow he sounds a lovely chap . i have lived in spain for the last four years and all so purchased a cross bred . i am now back in the uk . the rules are that if the horse has to travel he has to be microchiped . but it only goes on his identity . how big what markings etc . if the old owner when asked what breed , just said cross then that is all the infomation that will be provided on the paper work .\nthe median probabilities and 95 % predictive intervals of undetected infection in a single exported horse and the annual probability of one or more undetected infected horses being exported , assuming an annual throughput of 300 horses , are summarised for the main scenarios in table 5 . briefly , the median probability of an exported horse being infected and not detected prior to export was 5 . 4 x 10 \u22126 ( equivalent to one undetected infected horse in every 187 000 horses exported ) for scenario lr . nopaq , from the low - risk area . inclusion of post - arrival quarantine and pcr at the destination reduced the median probability of an undetected introduction by approximately 12 - fold , to 4 . 6 x 10 \u22127 ( equivalent to one undetected infected horse in every 2 . 2 million horses exported ) for scenario lr . paq . the median probability of exporting an undetected infected horse from the endemic area was 15 to 17 times higher than for the low - risk area for comparable scenarios en . nopaq and en . paq .\nspain ' s guardia civil , in coordination with europol , the european police agency , charged the individuals with crimes including animal abuse , document forgery , perverting the course of justice , crimes against public health , money laundering and being part of a criminal organization , the press release says .\nan adventurous and tough trail ride ( over 350kms ) through the pyrenees mountains , visiting spain , france and andorra along the way . this is possibly the toughest riding trip we know of and is only for fit and experienced riders who love the outdoors and enjoy camping in remote locations .\nthe investigation is related to 2013 ' s horsemeat scandal , which came to light after the food safety authority of ireland found that 10 out of 27 hamburger products it analyzed in a study contained horse dna .\nthere will be the opportunity to take part part in carriage rides with training to drive and tack up a carriage horse . this is included in the price and may be taken in place of a lesson .\nthere is also a trip to cordoba once a week to to see the city and the horse show - price 50 euros including a ticket to see the show ( subject to a minimum of 5 ) .\noie . african horse sickness . 2013 [ cited 9 october 2015 ] . in : technical disease cards [ internet ] . paris : world organisation for animal health , [ cited 9 october 2015 ] . available :\nduring an outbreak ( the average number of cases per horse day at risk ) for the low - risk area was modelled for the four recorded outbreaks as gamma distributions , with parameters of the observed or estimated number of cases during the outbreak and the number of horse - days at risk . for the 2011 and 2014 outbreaks actual numbers of cases recorded were used , while for the 1999 and 2004 outbreaks , the total number of\nspanish history and culture spain has a tremendous history \u2013 reflected in prehistoric cave paintings , moorish palaces , crumbling castles , roman ruins , gothic and renaissance cathedrals as well as some very distinctive modern architecture . the uniqueness of spain lies in the separate kingdoms which made up the original spanish nation . these regions remain diverse in their language , culture , cuisine and art . they include : andaluc\u00eda , aragon , asturias , basque country , the balearic islands , the canary islands , cantabria , castilla la mancha , castilla le\u00f3n , catalonia , extremadura , galicia , la rioja , madrid , murcia , navarra and valencia .\nices working group on southern horse mackerel , anchovy and sardine ( wghansa ) is in charge of assessing the status of and providing short - term predictions for several populations of small pelagic fishes inhabiting the southwestern european waters .\ncitation : sergeant es , grewar jd , weyer ct , guthrie aj ( 2016 ) quantitative risk assessment for african horse sickness in live horses exported from south africa . plos one 11 ( 3 ) : e0151757 . urltoken\noie . african horse sickness . 2014 [ cited 9 october 2015 ] . in : terrestrial animal health code [ internet ] . paris : world organisation for animal health , [ cited 9 october 2015 ] . available :\nde vos cj , hoek ca , nodelijk g . risk of introducing african horse sickness virus into the netherlands by international equine movements . prev vet med . 2012 ; 106 ( 2 ) : 108\u201322 . pmid : 22341773\nthe median outbreakfrequency for the low - risk area was 3 . 8 % of days ( 95 % predictive interval ( pi ) : 3 . 4 % \u20134 . 3 % ) and for the endemic area 73 . 1 % ( 95 % pi : 70 . 4 % \u201375 . 9 % ) . median incidence during outbreaks ( outbreakincidence ) was 369 cases per 10 000 horse - years at risk ( 95 % pi : 227\u20131380 ) for the low - risk area and 453 cases per 10 000 horse - years ( 95 % pi : 62\u20131562 ) for the endemic area . median overall dailyrisk was 14 . 3 cases per 10 000 horse - years at risk ( 95 % pi : 8 . 5\u201353 . 4 ) for the low - risk area compared to 331 cases per 10 000 horse - years at risk ( 95 % pi : 45\u20131134 ) for the endemic area .\nspain ( usa ) b . m , 1997 { 9 - f } dp = 5 - 2 - 8 - 1 - 2 ( 18 ) di = 1 . 57 cd = 0 . 39 - 35 starts , 9 wins , 9 places , 7 shows career earnings : $ 3 , 540 , 542\numa mencia uranga , graduate student in the walsh school of foreign service , is working towards her master of arts in arab studies ( maas ) . but outside of her academic career , she is a professional endurance horse racer .\nfantastic trail rides led by manolo from our almeria horse riding destination on the southern coast of spain . these rides are based in the sierra nevada national park , which is home to some of the most impressive terrain in andalucia . with landscapes ranging from high mountains to deep river valleys and gorges and out to the stark wilderness of desert and farmland beyond , you will experience a land almost designed for discovery and adventure . these impenetrable mountainous barriers have for centuries played major roles in the historic battles and conquests of these lands ; abetting and impeding military advances in equal measure .\nyou can enjoy the 3 air horse ( trot and gallop step ) . we have more routes all time duration and are open to suggestions . located in the central area of asturias close deaviles , gij\u00f3n and oviedo , next to the airport\nibiza horse valley offers all year round stunning rides in the north of ibiza ( half day - mountains & full day - beach and if applicable swimming with the horses & special requests ) . ibiza horse valley is an unique sanctuary that saves maltreated horses and rehabilitate them in a natural herd . the valley is located on private land , we treasure the peaceful , silent surroundings . bookings , special requests and visits ( only winter months ) are all upon request and by appointment .\noie . african horse sickness . 2012 [ cited 9 october 2015 ] . in : manual of diagnostic tests and vaccines for terrestrial animals [ internet ] . paris : world organisation for animal health , [ cited 9 october 2015 ] . available :\nexperienced confident and in control on a forward going horse at a fast canter in the open over rough and variable ground . there are likely to be long stretches of fast riding and / or you will be riding in areas with potentially dangerous game .\nyou are not require to have previous experience with horses or farm work , but you will need a hard working attitude . we are flexible and do like to make this opportunity available for everyone as we enjoy seeing people learn and develop . if you are an experienced horse person , then you will already know that you can never finish learning and that the horse is the best teacher of which we have plenty . if you are under 16 then we can accept you with permission from a legal guardian .\n\u2026\u201cthe horse of the century , \u201d man o\u2019 war . in 1920 man o\u2019 war won all 11 races in which he ran , set five records , and became the first thoroughbred to bring his total earnings to more than $ 200 , 000 . \u2026\nexpertly led week long horse riding holidays ( 6 days 7 nights ) and short breaks ( 3 days , 4 nights ) traverse the sierra nevada national and natural parks . the rides are designed to explore as much as possible of these unique and captivating lands .\nit was the best riding experience on a holiday trip ever . monique and dave were very kind and you can tell that they know their horses by heart . if you are expecting that your horse will already be cleaned and sattled , you are definitly wrong . . .\ni had ridden a horse only once before and i was very upfront about this . i was in a group with all experienced riders so i was the only beginner . the owners of the sanctuary , david and monique were a little strange to say the . . .\nnext you will be given a time for your assessment . at the assessment the trainer will discuss with you your hopes and aspirations for your holiday with us at hacienda horses . the trainer will gauge your riding level and a horse will be allocated for your next outing .\nweyer ct , quan m , joone c , lourens cw , maclachlan nj , guthrie aj . african horse sickness in naturally infected , immunised horses . equine vet j . 2013 ; 45 ( 1 ) : 117\u20139 . epub 2012 / 05 / 23 . pmid : 22612775 .\nthis paper describes the results of a quantitative risk assessment undertaken to estimate the probability of exporting an ahs - infected horse through a vector - protected quarantine facility in an infected country or zone , in accordance with oie recommendations and allowing for additional biosecurity measures to provide further risk reduction .\nmencia grew up in a small town in the basque country of northern spain . taking lessons from the endurance team at her riding school , she participated in her first race at the age of twelve and never looked back . since 2008 , mencia has been based out of dubai in the united arab emirates , working with the fazza endurance team ( now referred to as al aryam endurance team ) .\nextremadura is a region in western spain which is a paradise for horse riders . boasting a fabulous climate in autumn , winter and spring , with hot summers , it has excellent preserved natural reserves and historical sites , many of which are unesco protected . characterised by\ndehesa\n- wooded pasture - it is one of the most prized destinations in europe for bird - watching enthusiasts and nature lovers the world over . crossing this land are wide grassy pathways or canadas reales , which are ancient routes used by cattle herders for moving their stock between summer and winter pastures . these routes offer safe and enjoyable trots and canters for riders on the beautifully cared for horses of your host and guide .\nsome days were easy riding but day 4 was tough with steep up and down and a difficult rocky trail . the horses knew what to do but the rider needs good footwear and to be reasonably fit as you have to lead your horse for some distance down hill with difficult footing .\ntheir main activity is horse - riding but they can also tailor make trips for 4 or more people , including mixed programmes in jeeps and on horseback , picnics and visits to the most interesting places in the area such as museums , artisans\u2019 workshops , wine bodegas and serrano ham curing establishments .\nthoroughbred , breed of horse developed in england for racing and jumping ( see photograph ) . the origin of the thoroughbred may be traced back to records indicating that a stock of arab and barb horses was introduced into england as early as the 3rd century . natural conditions favoured development of the original\u2026\nclare comes from a traditional english riding background . she arrived in spain in 2010 to work with a free - roaming herd who taught her a completely new way of relating to horses . at the same time , she was deeply moved by the plight of many of the horses and horsemanship practices . she saw horses hobbled , confined in tiny dirty stables all day , every day , and ridden in the extremely harsh serraton bridle . these two extremes represented the very best and worst of horse management and inspired the project . the sanctuary is in its infancy having moved to new premises in february 2016 . there is a lot of work to do and your help is important to get this exciting project off the ground .\nfaverjon c , leblond a , hendrikx p , balenghien t , de vos cj , fischer eaj , et al . a spatiotemporal model to assess the introduction risk of african horse sickness by import of animals and vectors in france . bmc veterinary research . 2015 ; 11 ( 1 ) : 1\u201315 .\ndiscover the beautiful sierra de gredos of central spain , with it ' s numerous river valleys and medieval villages , whilst riding beautiful and well - loved lusitano or cross - bred horses . your guides have been running rides in this area for over 20 years and are very knowledgable about the area . different trails head in various directions and there is even a centre based option for those who prefer to relax in one place .\nhere is an exclusive holiday retreat with heated pool , jacuzzi and horse riding set in the beautiful olive groves and pine clad national park area of andalucia , southern spain , just 40 minutes from granada and malaga airports . the breathtaking mountain views and spectacular rural location offers our holiday guests a truly memorable and relaxing holiday . whether you come to ride , or just enjoy the facilities and surroundings , you will love meeting the friendly herd of horses , many of them rescued from sad past lives and now all living happily together . catering specifically for beginners , nervous riders and families with children . non riders are also very welcome , with full board or self - catering options available . we tailor your riding holiday to suit you .\nguthrie aj , maclachlan nj , joone c , lourens cw , weyer ct , quan m , et al . diagnostic accuracy of a duplex real - time reverse transcription quantitative pcr assay for detection of african horse sickness virus . j virol methods . 2013 ; 189 ( 1 ) : 30\u20135 . pmid : 23291102\non saturday 13th january , breeders of the top british - bred horses from around the country converged in london at the grange city hotel , for the 21st anniversary british breeders dinner and awards ceremony , organised by the british horse foundation . there has been much to celebrate for british . . . + continue reading\nalmost one hundred readers of landbouwleven voted for a new landbouwleven horse of the year 2017 . don vhp z became the winner . together with his rider harrie smolders the stallion performed very well the whole year long . he continued in delivering clear rounds course after course . beside individual . . . + continue reading\nat the 2004 miami masters nadal faced world number one roger federer for the first time , the first encounter in what was to be one of the greatest rivalries in tennis history , and he beat the world number one in straight sets . an ankle injury kept him out of much of the 2004 clay court season , but a four - set victory over world number two andy roddick helped spain to the davis cup victory over the usa .\n\u201cit was an honor to be able to ride the horses of a people who come from such a strong tradition of horsemanship , \u201d mencia said . \u201cin fact , some of the most talented horse riders i have ever seen were the children of the host families who fearlessly rode their horses among the herds . \u201d\nspain has so much more to offer than flamenco music and dance , bull - fights , fantastic beaches and lots of sunshine , it is one of the cultural centres of europe . it has beautiful cities and towns and wonderful countryside and coastline . there are endless tracts of wild and crinkled sierra to explore , as well as some spectacularly rugged stretches of coast between the beaches . one of the best ways to explore this diverse countryside is on horseback .\nthe do\u00f1ana national park is a paradise for horses and horse lovers . as one of the most important wetlands of continental europe , the region is well conserved and steeped in rich cultural heritage . situated between the provinces of huelva , seville and cadiz , do\u00f1ana is now a labrynth of tracks and waterways which have shaped marshes , ponds and streams , interspersed with native pine forests , sand dunes , beaches and spectacular cliffs too . this range of habits offers a diverse home for many rare and endangered species of bird life . all this ends in miles of beautiful and pristine , white sand beaches stretching between matalascanas and the mouth of the guadalquivir river . above all this , it is a place where the horse is still king ! within the park boundary there are still over a thousand wild horses living free - the native marisme\u00f1a breed ; the ancient ancestor of the horses first taken to the new world by spanish conquistadors , as well as being one of the founding breeds of the modern andalucian horse .\nprobabilities associated with each pathway were combined multiplicatively , as described in the model calculations section , to calculate a pathway probability for each pathway . pathway probabilities were then summed across pathways to provide an overall probability of a single exported horse being infected and not detected and aggregated to produce an annual probability estimate , as described under model calculations .\nguthrie aj , quan m , lourens cw , audonnet j - c , minke jm , yao j , et al . protective immunization of horses with a recombinant canarypox virus vectored vaccine co - expressing genes encoding the outer capsid proteins of african horse sickness virus . vaccine . 2009 ; 27 ( 33 ) : 4434\u20138 . pmid : 19490959\nintroduced to the tennis court at the tender age of three by his uncle toni , nadal was destined for sporting greatness . while toni , a former professional tennis player himself , remains his coach to this day , another uncle , miguel angel nadal , was a professional footballer , played for barcelona and spain . nadal was also a talented footballer , but at the age of twelve his father made him choose between tennis and football in order that his schoolwork didn ' t suffer .\nhere you can browse or search the database . you will find the pedigree , siblings , competition level achieved , life numbers , family numbers details of progeny , tail lines , photographs , videos , movies , where the horse was born , where he is now , details of his competition record , everything you need to know in one place .\nwe have two programs available : sanctuary student program and sanctuary helper program ( this one ) . each applicant takes part in a minimum of two weeks on our sanctuary student program before they can apply for the helper program . this is so they learn how to handle and be with the horses first as the student program includes classes . natural horsemanship is what we are about , so even people with experience with horses still take this option . we look a lot more at the horse and human psychology and body language to help us learn to communicate and understand each other by responding appropriately rather than using force . this inevitably builds confidence in both horse and human and leads to more beautiful results .\nthe possibility of escape of ahsv from post - arrival quarantine was also not included in the model , for relevant scenarios . this was excluded from the model because it would require a breakdown of vector protection sufficient for one or more midges to enter the facility , feed on an infected horse , escape from the facility and subsequently feed on a susceptible horse . post - arrival quarantine is the responsibility of the importing country and therefore beyond the capability of south african authorities to control . further , assuming that the facility is of a similar standard to the existing pre - export facility , the likelihood of midges entering and subsequently escaping was considered sufficiently low to be ignored for the purpose of this model .\nwill almost always be rated from 45 - 54 with the exception of those that perform in a higher class or in say a black - type three year old race . they can expect a higher rating . after three \u201cmisses\u201d a maiden horse will revert to a mark of 45 . these races will continue to be raced under set - weight conditions .\nthis unique trekking centre centre , based in the heart of andalucia , offers 2 - 8 day treks and trail rides for families , friends and singles , and from the beginner to the experienced rider . from this base you will explore a beautiful part of spain , riding free from traffic and walkers , following secret trails in the wonderful countryside . your hosts ' knowledge of the local terrain means that they know all the best trails to suit all abilities or rider . you will ride in remote locations .\ndue to the interaction of mediterranean and mountain climate in this region , you will find ideal conditions for horse back riding the whole year round . in spring the climate is mild , summer is not too hot , the autumn pleasantly warm and winter with its clear air , not too cold . especially recommended are february , march and april as well as november !\ninspired by genghis khan\u2019s postal system , where messages would be swiftly carried across the mongolian steppes , the 1000km derby is divided into segments of 30 - 40km . at each stop , the rider switches to a new horse \u2013 mencia rode 28 different mongolian horses over the course of the journey . along the way , riders are hosted by families of nomadic herders .\nvarying the probability of breakdown of vector protection from 1 / 5000 ( 0 . 02 % ) to 1 / 10 ( 10 % ) per day had only minimal effect on the annual probability of exporting an undetected infected horse , compared to the base scenario , until the probability of breakdown was around 2 % per day or greater , for scenarios from both the low - risk and endemic areas ( see s2 fig ) . similarly , varying the probability of breakdown of vector protection at loading from 1 / 500 ( 0 . 2 % ) to 1 / 5 ( 20 % ) had no noticeable effect on the annual probability of exporting an undetected infected horse , even up to 20 % probability of breakdown ( see s3 fig ) .\nin addition to catches - at - age , the basic data input for the assessment of anchovy and sardine come from depm and acoustic surveys , and for horse mackerel from bottom trawl surveys . depm and acoustic surveys inputs are revised within ices wgacegg ( the working group on acoustic and egg ( depm ) surveys for sardine and anchovy in ices areas 8 and 9 ) .\nhorse riding on the beautiful island of mallorca will give you a different experience of this gloriously picturesque island . this ride will take you high up into the tramuntana mountains that run for about 90 kilometres from the south west to the north east of the island ; the range runs close to the sea and offers breathtaking views of the coastline from many of the higher peaks .\nfive pathways were identified by which an undetected infected horse could be exported from south africa . these pathways are summarised in table 2 and graphically in figs 1 and 2 . briefly , a horse could be infected in any one of five time periods identified in fig 1 and then proceed to export undetected by the various pcr testing regimens applied . for horses infected during pre - export quarantine the relevant pathways assume a breakdown of vector protection , that the breakdown was not detected by vector surveillance within the facility and that infection was not detected by testing either at the end of quarantine or in post - arrival quarantine ( where applicable ) . the time periods chosen reflect an assumption that pcr may not detect an incubating infected animal until seven or more days post - infection ."]}
{"id": 1447, "summary": [{"text": "gunsynd ( 4 october 1967 \u2013 29 april 1983 ) was a champion australian thoroughbred racehorse who won 29 races and a$ 280,455 in prize money .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "in his seven starts over one mile ( 1,600 metres ) he was only once defeated , by half-a-head in the epsom handicap . ", "topic": 14}], "title": "gunsynd", "paragraphs": ["dont forget gunsynd was the sire of ammo girl , who gave us emancipation .\nthe people ' s champion : gunsynd won over racing fans all over australia .\n' ' gunsynd did for racing what muhammad ali did for boxing . ' '\nmr clift was most famously known for breeding the champion racehorse gunsynd in the later 1960s .\ncandysynd , by gunsynd , turned into a super broodmare , producing a number of top horses .\ngunsynd was no . 1 with many racegoers , who loved the goondiwindi grey ' s courage .\nthe goondiwindi grey : the gunsynd song / \u200b words by nev hauritz ; music by brian wallace .\noops . . . there aren ' t any events involving gunsynd . you can help by contributing .\nthe people ' s champion : gunsynd won over racing fans all over australia . photo : bruce postle\na statue commemorates the racehorse gunsynd known as the\ngoondiwindi grey .\nthe apex club of goondiwindi commissioned the memorial from brisbane stonemason tom farrell . it is a white bas - relief representation of gunsynd .\nthe goondiwindi grey [ music ] : the gunsynd song / words by nev hauritz ; music by brian wallace .\nwhy is gunsynd so special ? phil percival ' s book , the goondiwindi grey , examines the great horse .\nthere is also a statue of gunsynd at goondiwindi and he entered the australian racing hall of fame in 2005 .\nsuper impose holds the title but a statue was erected for gunsynd at goondiwindi and tex morton sang his praises .\nwhile he bred gunsynd and had a large number of family present , he has led a busy racing life .\ni apologise to subzero . . . he can replace my last gunsynd . . . very underrated horse . . .\nthis prodigious season resulted in gunsynd ' s being declared australia ' s champion racehorse for the 1972 / 73 season .\nthus a title was coined for the mighty gunsynd , drawn from the town in queensland from whence his owners hailed .\nqueensland trainer bill wehlow knew the feeling . he prepared the goondiwindi grey , gunsynd , through the early years of its stunning career . under his tutelage gunsynd won 12 of 22 starts . however , it wasn ' t until gunsynd was transferred to the legendary tommy smith that the mighty grey rose to greatness as one of australia ' s true turf champions .\nstill the autumn of 1972 didn\u2019t end there for gunsynd . smith had also set him for the sydney cup over 3200 metres .\nit was also a day where clift , the man feted for breeding the goondiwindi grey , gunsynd , received a deserving honour .\ngunsynd was one of the most courageous and charismatic horses to race in australia . he loved the crowds and the crowds loved him .\nthe goondiwindi grey [ music ] : the gunsynd song / words by nev hauritz ; music by brian wallace . - version details - trove\ngunsynd hit his true form thereafter . 1971 brought the rawson stakes , epsom handicap , toorak handicap , sandown cup and george adams handicap .\ngunsynd humped 60kg and took on a classy field including the great new zealander triton ( 55kg ) , trained by canny kiwi syd brown .\nclift looked after gunsynd\u2019s dam woodie wonder , a newtown wonder twin who was sold for $ 100 twice as a yearling at the1960 scone sale .\nhe is the only animal gracing the queensland icon list , the group 3 gunsynd classic , it is run to honour him at doomben racecourse .\nthis story gunsynd ' s doncaster win another chapter in the career of one of racing ' s greats first appeared on the sydney morning herald .\ntoday we will have a look at the career of one of the most popular horses to ever run in australia , the goondiwindi grey , gunsynd .\ngunsynd , under 60 . 5kg in the 1972 cup , went down by two lengths to piping lane ( 48kg ) after being three wide throughout .\nthe australian stud book credits breeza plains farmer joe mcnamara as being the breeder of folklore racehorse gunsynd but his actual breeder was his near neighbour john clift .\nwhen he finished racing , gunsynd stood at the historic kia ora stud near scone , then under the ownership of eminent breeding and racing identity george ryder .\nalthough the stud book credits breeza plains farmer joe mcnamara with being the breeder of now folklore racehorse gunsynd , his actual breeder was near neighbour john clift .\nyes , and only 20 , 000 in an era of dwindling crowds were present for the super impose ovation but he never maintained the popularity of gunsynd .\ngunsynd ' s record of being the only horse to win at 10 tracks in the three eastern seaboard capitals - melbourne , sydney and brisbane - indicated his willingness to run anywhere in any conditions . a travel company in goondiwindi ran special buses to brisbane whenever he was racing there . when the grey began running interstate , the company chartered planes . no matter where gunsynd was racing , the goondiwindi tab had a special window at which only bets on gunsynd were taken .\nbut perhaps gunsynd\u2019s mightiest performance came in the 1972 melbourne cup where he ran third carrying 60 . 5kg . the winner , piping lane had 48kg , or 12 . 5kg less than gunsynd . this was a time when the melbourne cup was actually a handicap race , not a quality like it is today . gunsynd was handicapped out of this cup , not because of the 60 . 5kg , he could carry that on his ear , but because of the low limit .\nconsistency , too , added to gunsynd\u2019s appeal . while 1600 metres was his best distance , like super impose , he did race boldly in the melbourne cup .\nironically kia ora stud came under the ownership of john clift in the 1970s and over a decade he stood sunset hue , gunsynd and the latter\u2019s remote relation baguette .\nthe next season saw gunsynd switching stables from bill wehlow to tommy smith for the 1970 / 71 season , and the rest , as they say , is history .\nthe photo pretty much says it all . its a statue and not much else . however there is a gunsynd museum with a bit more to e inside the visitor centre\nin trackwork gunsynd showed enough promise for his connections to think he might turnnout to be a handy racehorse but when he lined up at the official barrier trials he showed a glimpse of what was to come . in september 1969 gunsynd went to the eagle farm barrier trials . he was steadied off the early pace but stormed home to win easily by 5 lengths .\nit was a move which saw clift at one stage standing at kia ora , a stud he operated for a decade , sunset hue , gunsynd and the latter\u2019s remote relation baguette .\nammo girl , a daughter of gunsynd bred by hall of fame trainer tommy smith , produced emancipation , a grey bletchingly mare who was 1983 - 84 australian horse of the year .\nsuch a gorgeous town . lovely shopping but the pride of the place is the magnificent statue of my favourite grey , gunsynd . such fond memories of him racing and as steward .\nno doubt character contributed to his appeal . gunsynd loved the limelight . at times on leaving the enclosure before a race , the stallion would prop until he received the necessary applause .\ndue to the handicap trainer tommy smith decided to use the heavier roy higgins on gunsynd and not langby , the stable jockey , to cut down on the dead - weight factor .\npart replay of 1972 $ 40k aud w s cox plate at moonee valley vic 28 / 10 / 1972 won by gunsynd rider roy higgins gunsynd , 6 / 4 second 7 all shot 4 / 1 third 10 magnlfique 33 / 1 was one of the most popular racehorses in australia for many years . in winning the 1972 cox plate took his earnings to $ 235 , 815 which surpassed tulloch ' s record of $ 220 , 247 which had stood for years . gunsynd at his next start ran third in 1972 vrc melbourne cup . full result\nas a three - year - old gunsynd had six wins ( four in brisbane , two in sydney ) . this was the period when the horse was transferred to the legendary tommy smith to train . in his three - year - old season , gunsynd won the time honoured rawson stakes and the chelmsford stakes . both these races had been won in the past by phar lap , bernbrough and tulloch . so to win them as a three - year - old was another indication of the champion horse that gunsynd was to become , if he was not there already .\ngunsynd may never have been to goondiwindi in country queensland , that is up for debate , but his owners were definitely from this town that can be found a few hours\u2019 drive straight west from the gold coast . gunsynd was one of the most popular horses to ever run in australia . it is even said , that after a particularly good victory , gunsynd would stop in front of the grandstand and bow to the applauding crowd . he is also the best grey horse to ever run in this country . it has even been said that his win in the 1972 cox plate re - energized the race and allowed it to become the spectacle it is today . there is a good argument for this considering the prize money for the cox plate went up by 50 % from 1971 to 1972 . bernborough is probably the most popular horse to ever run in australia ; however , gunsynd might be a close second . gunsynd even has a song about him !\non monday , gunsynd plc ( gun : lse ) closed at 0 . 0375 , 25 . 00 % above the 52 week low of 0 . 03 set on nov 29 , 2017 .\nconnections of victorian colt violate are likely to continue with court action in an attempt to overturn last month ' s gunsynd classic result at eagle farm despite the queensland racing integrity commission rejecting their complaint .\nthe grey colt that would one day become famous as gunsynd the goondiwindi grey was foaled at the dip stud at breeza in northern nsw between gunnedah and tamworth on october 4 1967 . although there were no outward signs of the champion of the future when he was a young horse gunsynd did carry the blood of both the barb and carbine in his pedigree both australian racing greats of the late 1800s .\ngunsynd drew 50 , 000 to randwick for his second - last race , the autumn stakes , little more than an exhibition gallop against common opposition , and was cheered as he bolted away down the straight .\ngunsynd plc , formerly evocutis plc , is an investing company . the company operates in investment activities segment . the company ' s principal activity is that of investing by focusing on acquiring companies and / or projects with\ngunsynd was a favorite of australian punters as the result of being one of the finest greys to ever take the turf and a tenacity when running that served to take the victory when other horses pulled up as beaten .\ngunsynd was bought for $ 1300 at a brisbane sale by four businessmen from the queensland town of goondiwindi : jack bishop , jim coorey , germaine\nwinks\nmcmicking and george pippos . pippos was the publican at goondiwindi ' s victoria hotel , where his three friends drank . the colt ' s name was a portmanteau word for\ngoondiwindi syndicate\n( the town is pronounced gun - diwindi ) . brisbane trainer bill wehlow guided gunsynd to 12 wins in 22 starts before the grey was sent to randwick to be trained by tommy smith , a move that was unpopular with queenslanders . smith guided gunsynd to 17 wins from 32 starts and into the history books .\nwhen he finished racing , gunsynd went to stud at the historic kia ora stud near scone , one then conducted by eminent breeding and racing identity george ryder but one which in the mid 1970s became the property of clift .\nclift was not only a legacy as the breeder of gunsynd but for his wise counsel as a long - time director on the board of the bloodhorse breeders\u2019 association of nsw and seventy years\u2019 very active involvement in country racing .\ngunsynd was foaled in australia in 1967 , sired by native son sunset hue had damned by woodie wonder . he was a good grey , a not all that common color , from the dips stud at breeza , nsw .\ngunsynd never won a melbourne cup but is possibly australia ` s most famous horse after phar lap . a song that topped the hit parade was written in his honour while goondiwindi abounds in memorials - a motel , a hotel lounge , and a local grey - haired medico and sportsman ( nicknamed the goondiwindi grey ) are named after gunsynd . his name was coined from ` goondiwindi syndicate ` which owned the horse during his racing years . from 54 starts , gunsynd won 29 races , including the 1971 epsom handicap and the 1972 cox plate , and came third in the 1972 melbourne cup setting a stakes winning record in 1972 . the horse retired from racing in 1973 .\nlining up for the golden slipper gunsynd took on fellow future champions including baguette and dual choice . as they flew from the start gunsynd struggled to stay in touch and was ninth turning for home . he ran on in the straight but passed the post in 7th position as baguette defeated royal show with dual choice in third place . ten days later gunsynd started in the fernhill hcp over the mile course at randwick . after being well back early he moved to 9th by the 800m and was 5th around the turn . despite being burdened with 60kg he hit the front by the 200m and came away to win by 1 1 / 4 lengths from the favourite tumberlina with ishkoodah third .\nthe australian stud book credits breeza plains farmer joe mcnamara as being the breeder of folklore racehorse gunsynd but his actual breeder was his near neighbour john clift , the renowned racing figure who died last week at the age of 91 .\nrevered as the goodiwindi grey and immortalised in a ballad of that name by singer tex morton , gunsynd was one of three stakes winner resulting from matings of sunset hue with woodie wonder , all produced under the care of john clift .\ngunsynd overall record of 29 wins , 7 seconds and 8 thirds is all the more impressive given that his two - year - old season featured only one major win , the 1969 hopeful stakes , and only the chelmsford stakes in 1970 .\ngunsynd stood stud commencing in 1973 . like many overachievers before and since , his progeny was not particularly productive , but he did sire a filly , ammo girl , who was the dam of australian champion racehorse 1983 / 84 , emancipation .\ngunsynd ' s run in the 1971 sandown cup was the final run of a long campaign . after transferring to the smith stable early in his four - year - old season , he had six races for wins in three premier mile races - the epsom , toorak and george adams handicaps - a second in a rosehill flying and unplaced finishes in the cox plate and caulfield cup . the sandown cup was his seventh race in two months . higgins said sandown ' s spacious track and uphill straight suited the grey ' s swooping style . after starting 7 - 4 favourite , gunsynd won comfortably .\ni ' ve always said light fingers was my favourite horse , but gunsynd was the most fun ,\nhiggins said .\ngunsynd was the most popular horse to come out of queensland . he cost only $ 1300 as a yearling and ended up australia ' s top money earner in the early 1970s . a brilliant miler who is the only horse to win australia ' s four group 1 miles - epsom , toorak , emirates and doncaster - in the one season . ran third in a melbourne cup carrying a mammoth 60kgs . throughout his career , gunsynd was trained by h . wehlow and t . j . smtih .\ngoondiwindi was first proclaimed a municipality on 20 october 1888 . the town boundaries have not altered to this day , and before federation the town served as a border crossing between queensland and new south wales . the customs house from that era is now a museum . the most famous resident of goondiwindi was gunsynd , a thoroughbred race horse known as\nthe goondiwindi grey\nguided by tim lowe , in the late 1960s and early 1970s gunsynd had 29 wins including the 1971 epsom handicap and the 1972 cox plate and came third in the 1972 melbourne cup . the name\ngunsynd\ncame from goondiwindi syndicate goondiwindi , syndicate . there is a statue of gunsynd in the town centre . geography goondiwindi is on the macintyre river in queensland near the new south wales border , 350 kilometres ( 220 mi ) south west of the queensland state capital , brisbane . the twin town of boggabilla is nearby , on the new south wales side of the border . most of the area surrounding the town is farmland .\nno gunsynd was the grey baguette was just standing at the same stud . maybe greys are so popular because they are so easy to find in the field . with my failing sight its hard to spot the differences in bays with similar colour jockey silks .\nthere is no doubt that gunsynd was so popular because he was a stand - out grey that had a tremendous will to win . his record is unbelievable when we consider some of the horses that are labelled champions today . take a look at this record\u2026\nthe colt was sold at the brisbane yearling sale for $ 1300 to a goondiwindi syndicate . named gunsynd , he won 29 races including the ws cox plate , doncaster , epsom , caulfield stakes and futurity stakes and was placed in the caulfield and melbourne cups .\naccording to roy higgins , who rode gunsynd more than did any other jockey , you could attribute the horse ' s enormous popularity mostly to his colour and his pattern of racing . after settling towards the rear of the field , his grey coat made him easy to follow as he swooped home with a late run . the late racecaller bert bryant was famous for heralding a gunsynd swoop with the announcement :\nhere comes the goondiwindi grey !\nthen there was gunsynd ' s courage . he was bred to run 1000 metres but his favoured distance was 1600 metres , as indicated by winning five races over a mile and finishing second in his other race at the distance . yet he won up to 2500 metres and famously finished third in the 1972 melbourne cup while carrying 60 . 5 kilograms . higgins this week remembered the roar of the flemington crowd when gunsynd received the nod for third place after a photo finish .\nyou ' d swear he ' d won ,\nhiggins said .\nthey knew he ' d given his all .\ni apologise to subzero . . . he can replace my last gunsynd . . . very underrated horse . . . < ! - - bmi _ safeaddonload ( bmi _ load ,\nbmi _ orig _ img\n, 0 ) ; / / - - >\nhis sire sunset hue was a talented racehorse and as a 2yo won over 5 furlongs and was second in the ajc sires produce . in 18 race starts he also won an encourage hcp and ajc trial hcp over 10 furlongs before being injured in vrc derby which resulted in an early retirement to stud . in addition to gunsynd sunset hue also sired thge stakeswinners sunset sue , sun opal , sunset gem , sunset red and thumb print . gunsynd was a member of his third crop and sunset hue was ultimately at stud for 8 seasons .\nresuming over 6 furlongs ( 1200m ) at eagle farm in february gunsynd sat in second position before winning hard held by 1 1 / 2 lengths from orange spec to whom he conceded 9 . 5kg in weight . it was then onto sydney and the endeavour hcp over 7 furlongs ( 1400m ) a fortnight later . showing signs of greeness gunsynd tried to duck in after turning for home before drifting out to the centre of the track . despite this the grey colt had too much in hand for his rivals and defeated medici by 2 lengths .\nhe gave me one of the best days of my life when i visited kia ora as a teenager ( birthday present ) to meet gunsynd . my father got permission so we turned up and literally went down to the stallions by ourselves . gunsynd did his usual performances - even in retirement he was a character and when we said hello to baguette ( also there ) he sulked like a spoiled child . i had a ball and will always remember that day . mind you wouldn ' t expect studs today to be so free and easy !\nas a five - year - old gunsynd won eight races ; the rosehill stakes , the colin stephens stakes , the yalumba stakes , the cox plate , the blamey , the queen elizabeth at flemington , the rawson again and the autumn stakes . then he went to stud !\ngunsynd went for a well - earned spell before running his heart out for another three campaigns , over two autumns and one spring . his greatest triumph was the 1972 cox plate , having finished seventh and fourth at two previous attempts . before his last race , the 1973 queen elizabeth stakes at randwick , he reportedly walked on to the track and bowed to the crowd in a final salute . the result was a gallant second to apollo eleven . on retirement , a statue of gunsynd was struck in apex park , goondiwindi , on the banks of the macintyre river . in 2004 , gunsynd was one of the first 12 inductees on to the queensland heritages icons list , as ratified by the national trust of queensland . his fellow icons included goanna oil , bundaberg rum , the backyard mango tree , and finishing sentences with the word\nhey\n.\nhe returned to eagle farm two weeks later for the hopeful stakes over 5 furlongs ( 1000m ) . gunsynd was near the rear early before moving up to 10th around the home turn but soon exploded in the straight to win going away by 3 lengths in race record time . three weeks later he lined up in the sapling stakes again over the 5 furlongs at eagle farm . again he was amongst the pack around the turn before racing away to win from gentle anthony . gunsynd was then given a let up before preparing for a tilt at the 1970 golden slipper stakes .\nafter a moderately successful career as a two and three - year - old , gunsynd was transferred to tommy smith under whose care he realised his full potential . under smith he had 32 starts for 17 victories and only one unplaced run . in the spring of 1971 he won the epsom , toorak and george adams handicaps and the sandown cup , and in the autumn of 1972 he recorded five straight wins including the futurity stakes and the doncaster handicap . the following spring gunsynd captured the w . s . cox plate , and ran a magnificent third in the melbourne cup under 60 . 5kg .\nmaybe it was the melbourne aspect but the lee freedman - conditioned gelding lacked gunsynd\u2019s consistency . in a savage reversal super impose was last of six in the bmw at rosehill on march 23 , 1991 , but a week later again showed his affinity for randwick by winning the doncaster to a cool reception .\nwith higgins just waving the whip , gunsynd coasted to the line two lengths ahead of raad , with better talk a close third . big philou ran a good race to finish fourth , and will now be given a spell .\n- tony kennedy in the age on monday , november 15 , 1971\nthe pendock family was associated with \u201cthe vic\u201d for three generations before selling it in the 1960\u2019s to mr george pippos . george pippos was a member of the syndicate who raced gunsynd and he named his new gunsynd lounge after the champion . he has made many other improvements in the past decade , smoothly blending the old with the new . large clear windows have replaced the stained glass , but the main entrance still has its art deco front door ; and the graceful panels of art nouveau glass still adorn shop fronts in the hotel building . the wide verandahs today are still unchanged \u2013 a superb vantage point for street processions !\nthe colt entered training with bill wehlow as the syndicate started to think of what to call their new acquisition . a number of names were thought of such as woodie go , we wonder and hue wonder but ultimately he was named gunsynd a mixture of his owners home town - gun - and syndicate - synd .\nclift , who died last week in sydney aged 91 , got the use of woodie wonder who in 1967 produced a colt he reared on the family\u2019s the dip , a major producer of wheat , sheep and cattle and breeder and owner of racehorses , that carried the jc brand under the name of gunsynd to glory on the racetrack .\nif you are ever in goondiwindi the # 1 must - see attraction would have to be statue of the famous stallion , gunsynd ( aka ' the goondiwindi grey ) . the statue is nicely rendered in bas - relief and definitely not garish or over - the - top , which was good to see . ' the big . . .\nanother factor in gunsynd ' s popularity was the kinks in his personality . the grey had a fascination with flashlights . if photographers started shooting , he would remain rooted to the spot and try to track all the flash bulbs . when the flash bulbs stopped , he would move on .\nlittle things intrigued him ,\nhiggins said .\nas for violate , he won ' t have to wait long for a chance to prove his gunsynd classic run was no fluke as he lines up this saturday in the rough habit plate at doomben over 2000 metres before progressing to the grand prix stakes in two weeks and then his ultimate aim , next month ' s g1 queensland derby .\nloved gunsynd when he was racing . he was a real star . after he had retired we had to drop a horse off at the camden vet hospital . as we were leaving the very nice vet asked us we would like to meet gunsynd , who was there for an operation on his nose from memory . saw the familiar head hanging over the stable door but didn ' t even get to pat him before he tried to take a hunk out of my shoulder . he wasn ' t the nicest of horses to handle , but it is funny a lot of the really good ones are a bit cranky . he was just about white by then . i was also a huge fan of gold edition . gutsy mare .\nas a four - year - old , gunsynd did something that had never been done before and will probably never be done again . he won all four of the major mile handicaps in australia ; the epsom , the doncaster , the toorak and the emirates ( it was known as the george adams back then ) . he seems to have snuck into the spring - run epsom with 8 . 1 ( 51kg ) , then he won the toorak at caulfield with 9 . 3 ( 58kg ) , the emirates with 9 . 3 ( 58kg ) and the autumn doncaster with a staggering 9 . 7 ( 60 . 5kg ) . in between all these feature mile wins , gunsynd also managed to pick up a flying at doomben , the 2400m sandown cup , the 1200m clissold handicap at randwick , the futurity , the 2000m queens plate and the 2400m queen elizabeth at flemington . so in his four - year - old season , as well as winning all four major mile handicaps , gunsynd won six other races , all of group standing , over distances between 1200m and 2400m . extraordinary stuff !\nversatility is an apt adjective to describe gunsynd ' s running style . he won at distances as short as 1200 metres and as long as 2500 metres . neither a true sprinter or stayer , he was well nigh unbeatable in the mile . in fact , his only loss at this distance out of seven starts , by less than a head , was the epsom handicap of 1972 .\nwhoooshhhh ! ! outstanding last to first win from the big grey linton yesterday . we ' ve had some outstanding greys race down under . who has been the best of the white warriors ? ? greys like gunsynd , schillaci , subzero , ming dynasty , efficient , linton , emancipation and more . can you name more ? also who is your top 5 greys ? cheers , jamal .\nrevered as the goodiwindi grey and immortalised in a ballad of that name by singer tex morton , gunsynd was one of three stakes - winning offspring of matings by sunset hue and woodie wonder produced in the care of clift , the others being sunset red ( who won the stc w . j . mckell cup , queensland cup ) and sunset sue ( winner of qtc c . e . mcdougall stakes ) .\ngee baguette i visited gunsynd up at kia ora where he let the whole family pet him until we decided to go across and say hello to baguette . he was so offended he went into his shed and then there was this little grey head looking around the corner to see if we ' d come back to him ! he was very gentle that day and he had been at stud at least one season .\nfurious wrote : gee baguette i visited gunsynd up at kia ora where he let the whole family pet him until we decided to go across and say hello to baguette . he was so offended he went into his shed and then there was this little grey head looking around the corner to see if we ' d come back to him ! he was very gentle that day and he had been at stud at least one season .\ngunsynd , bred in breeza by john clift , appeared to love the crowd and to play up to it . and the crowd reciprocated . he was , without doubt , one of the most popular horses to grace the australian turf , and his win in the 1972 cox plate at moonee valley , when he was ridden by roy higgins , underscored his class and courage , and the affection the crowd had for the horse . photo : urltoken\ngunsynd ' s dam was woodie wonder and as a twin it was amazing she survived let alone going on to produce a champion at stud . she started in only one race where she ran third at tamworth before going to stud . her first foal was by grenfell star and named kilkenny star in 1964 before she missed the following year . in 1966 she produced the stakeswinner sunset sue before gunsynd was foaled in 1967 . in 1968 she foaled sunset red who included the wj mckell cup amongst his wins and this was the third and last union of sunset hue and woodie wonder . her remaining foals were 1969 curra royale by game of chance , 1970 gunwyne by tourmaline , 1973 gunslinger by high hat , 1974 woodie ever by emerilo , 1976 bold illusion by rascolnik and 1978 wonderful feeling by rascolnik . she missed in 1971 , 1972 , 1975 and 1977 while her last foal who was produced to rascolnik died young . woodie wonder died in april 1980 .\ngoldslick ( 08f , encounter , alleged ) . 10 wins from 1100m to 1800m , a $ 372 , 815 , 1st qld tatt ' s rc southbank insurance brokers h . , vrc eugene gorman h . , gctc stuart james memorial h . , vrc dover h . , 2nd brc gunsynd classic , gr . 3 , 3rd mvrc sunline s . , gr . 2 , vrc headquarters tavern s . , l , sctc sunshine coast guineas , l , 4th mrc ladies day vase , gr . 3 , brc brisbane h . , l , qld tatt ' s rc members ' cup , l\nthe connections of violate have lodged an official complaint against the result of last weekend ' s gr3 gunsynd classic with the queensland racing integrity commission , reports aap . the brent stanley - trained violate was beaten a nose by the john zielke - trained dreams aplenty whose jockey , tiffani brooker , was later suspended for excessive whip use . brooker was suspended for seven days and fined $ 2 , 000 for using the whip 17 times before the 100m , 12 times more than permitted under the australian rules of racing . however , brooker ' s breach of the rules was not detected until after correct weight was declared , meaning violate ' s owners were denied the opportunity to lodge a protest .\nthe result of the consideration will be made public at a later stage ,\na spokesperson for qric said yesterday .\n1 . gunsynd ( four - year - old grey horse ; trainer : t . smith ; jockey : r . higgins ; weight : 57 . 5 kilograms ; win : $ 1 . 40 ; place : $ 0 . 85 ) ; 2 . raad ( 7yo brown gelding ; a . bentley ; b . gilders ; 48kg ; $ 1 . 50 ) ; 3 . better talk ( 8yo chestnut gelding ; m . willmott ; r . setches ; 49 . 5kg ; $ 2 . 30 ) . margin : two lengths by a half - head . time for 2400 metres : two minutes 33 . 3 seconds . prize - money : $ 12 , 000 plus a gold cup worth $ 1000 ( first $ 8400 ; second $ 2160 ; third $ 960 ; fourth $ 480 ) .\none of australian horse racing ' s most beloved champions , gunsynd was named after the goondiwindi ( popularly pronounced gundawindi ) syndicate who purchased him , which is where the horse got his name . his heart , sheer courage and will to win was astounding - the crowds adored him and he adored them too . as a born & bred\ngundy - ite\n, his deeds still affect me to this day , so i thought i might put together a little personal memento of some of his finest group 1 wins , together with some pictures of the famous grey fellow , so that people both new & old can reflect on just how great he was , and just what he meant ( and still means ) to the people of goondiwindi and indeed , to all australian racegoers . hope you all enjoy a little trip back down memory lane & cheers to everyone back in gundy . . . . .\nas a yearling gunsynd didn ' t particularly stand out from his paddock mates and was described as perhaps more placid than other yearlings and preferred to stay behind in the pack in the paddock however he was considered a nice moving horse . soon it was time for the grey colt to head to the sales but in transit he knocked a leg which left a nasty looking lump . ironically the truck passed through goondiwindi as his breeder stopped to get lunch though none of the onlookers could have guessed the fame one of the young thoroughbreds in the truck would bring to the small town . scheduled as lot 28 the colt had at least one person interested in buying him despite the lump . g mcmicking had been interested in his year older sister the year before but missed out . this year he got together a group of 3 others from his home town of goondiwindi consisting of a bishop , j coorey and a pippos to put in $ 1000 each to purchase a horse . mr mcmicking ' s first choice was the grey colt and with many turned off due to his leg the colt was knocked down to the syndicate for only $ 1 , 300 .\ninitial thoughts were to head back to the brisbane winter carnival but connections decided that a spell and back to prepare for the ajc derby ( then held in the spring ) would be the best plan .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nin order to set up a list of libraries that you have access to , you must first login or sign up . then set up a personal list of libraries from your profile page by clicking on your user name at the top right of any screen .\n2061820 ; mus n mbc 784 . 687984 w187 ; mus nl mbc 784 . 687984 w187\nthe national library may be able to supply you with a photocopy or electronic copy of all or part of this item , for a fee , depending on copyright restrictions .\nseparate different tags with a comma . to include a comma in your tag , surround the tag with double quotes .\n\u2018king\u2019 wally lewis , the great barrier reef , world expo \u201988 and the royal flying doctor service are among the people , places and events that queenslanders have voted as their q150 icons .\npremier anna bligh today released the official list of 150 icons , across 10 categories , as voted by queenslanders .\nthe premier was joined by official icons wally lewis , susie o\u2019neill , dick johnson , hugh lunn and representatives from surf lifesaving queensland . suncorp stadium provided a fitting backdrop for the announcement \u2013 voted an iconic structure and engineering feat .\n\u201cin our q150 year , queenslanders are celebrating the people , places and stories that have made our state the great place it is today , \u201d ms bligh said .\n\u201cand the official q150 icons illustrate what a diverse and colourful history it is , from charles kingsford smith to allan border , from australia zoo to the xxxx brewery , from the daintree rainforest to carnarvon gorge .\n\u201cfrom the internationally renown steve irwin to the controversial sir joh bjelke - petersen \u2013 queensland means something different , but something special to all of us , \u201d she said .\nms bligh said almost 30 , 000 votes were received to compile the official list , from a short - list of 300 .\n\u201cthe list of q150 icons will be added to the official q150 archive at the state library and 15 , 000 lucky queenslanders will also have the opportunity to win a commemorative q150 icons post card pack .\n\u201centry forms will be in local papers tomorrow and i urge queenslanders to get in quickly because stocks are limited . \u201d\ncategory 1 : state - shapers queenslanders or queensland organisations that have influenced or made a significant contribution to queensland .\ncategory 2 : influential artists those musicians , authors , actors , painters , designers , or pieces of art from queensland that have left a lasting impression on the people of our state .\ncategory 3 : sports legends those queensland greats that have made a significant contribution to sport in our state .\ncategory 4 : locations the towns , parks , recreation attractions in queensland that put our state on the map .\ncategory 5 : natural attractions those iconic locations in queensland that are naturally formed .\ncategory 7 : defining moments those memorable moments from our state\u2019s past , moments that highlight our triumphs and our hardships .\ncategory 8 : innovations and inventions inventions or innovative concepts that queenslanders have pioneered .\ncategory 9 : events and festivals those iconic queensland events that bring queenslanders together to celebrate .\ncategory 10 : typically queensland what is queensland all about ? those things , behaviours or traditions that define queensland and its people .\nthe company\u2019s investing policy is to invest in and / or acquire companies and / or projects within the natural resources sector which the board considers , in its opinion , has potential for growth . the company will consider opportunities in all sectors as they arise if the board considers there is an opportunity to generate potential value for shareholders . the geographical focus will primarily be europe , however , investments may also be considered in other regions to the extent that the board considers that valuable opportunities exist and potential value can be achieved .\nafter recent investments , the company has now substantially implemented its investing policy in accordance with rule 15 of the aim rules for companies .\n/ home / queensla / public _ html / system / plugins / pi . linkage . php\nto use this website , cookies must be enabled in your browser . to enable cookies , follow the instructions for your browser below .\nthere is a specific issue with the facebook in - app browser intermittently making requests to websites without cookies that had previously been set . this appears to be a defect in the browser which should be addressed soon . the simplest approach to avoid this problem is to continue to use the facebook app but not use the in - app browser . this can be done through the following steps :\nbefore the cookie settings change will take effect , safari must restart . to restart safari press and hold the home button ( for around five seconds ) until the iphone / ipad display goes blank and the home screen appears .\na note about relevant advertising : we collect information about the content ( including ads ) you use across this site and use it to make both advertising and content more relevant to you on our network and other sites . this is also known as online behavioural advertising . you can find out more about our policy and your choices , including how to opt - out here .\ndata delayed at least 20 minutes , as of jul 09 2018 16 : 21 bst .\nyou must be a registered user to save alerts . please sign in or register .\ngun : lse price rises above 15 - day moving average to 0 . 0377 at 13 : 24 bst\nin the natural resources sector . the geographical focus of the company will be europe , however , investments may also be considered in other regions . the company ' s interests in an investment and / or acquisition may range from a minority position to full ownership and may comprise one investment or multiple investments . the investments may be in either quoted or unquoted companies ; be made by direct acquisitions or farm - ins , and may be in companies , partnerships , earn - in joint ventures , debt or other loan structures , joint ventures or direct or indirect interests in assets or projects . cairn financial advisers llp is nominated advisor of the company .\nall content on urltoken is for your general information and use only and is not intended to address your particular requirements . in particular , the content does not constitute any form of advice , recommendation , representation , endorsement or arrangement by ft and is not intended to be relied upon by users in making ( or refraining from making ) any specific investment or other decisions .\nany information that you receive via urltoken is at best delayed intraday data and not\nreal time\n. share price information may be rounded up / down and therefore not entirely accurate . ft is not responsible for any use of content by you outside its scope as stated in the ft terms & conditions .\nalthough markit has made every effort to ensure this data is correct , nevertheless no guarantee is given to the accuracy or completeness . any opinions or estimates expressed herein are those of markit on the date of preparation and are subject to change without notice ; however no such opinions or estimates constitute legal , investment or other advice . you must therefore seek independent legal , investment or other appropriate advice from a suitably qualified and / or authorised and regulated advisor prior to making any legal , investment or other decision . this is intended for information purposes only and is not intended as an offer or recommendation to buy , sell or otherwise deal in securities .\nmarkets data delayed by at least 15 minutes . \u00a9 the financial times ltd . ft and \u2018financial times\u2019 are trademarks of the financial times ltd . the financial times and its journalism are subject to a self - regulation regime under the ft editorial code of practice .\nthe new zealand thoroughbred industry is one of the most successful in the world . in 2010 - 11 , the industry produced over 4000 foals and exported 1600 horses at an estimated value of $ 150 million . so , what is the secret of new zealand ' s remarkable success as a thoroughbred breeding nation ? learn more \u203a\nwelcome to the gallery section of the website . here you can search the historical library for images of horses and participants by entering a key word in the search function eg . sunline . many of these photos have been provided by the new zealand press association and our friends at race images . if you would like to contact us about any of these images please email : office @ urltoken\nfertility rate : this is worked out as the total number of foals ( live , dead or slipped ) as a percentage of total mares covered less exported , not returned , dead or indeterminate results .\nindeterminate result : this exists where a mare is covered by more than one stallion and the result of these services is unable to be accurately credited to either of the respective stallions .\nprivacy policy / terms & conditions all content \u00a9 nztr 2012 . nztr holds the copyright in all material on this site . all rights reserved .\nthe toby edmonds - trained tyzone is the ramornie handicap favourite ahead of his stablemate havasay .\ninvited for the second year running to ride at the vodacom durban july meeting in greyville , nooresh juglall made the trip to south africa count with one winner \u2013 just like last year .\nbon hoffa\u2019s g1 winning son bon aurum will stand at glen eden stud in victoria this spring .\nexciting sprinter nature strip was a sale ring reject who could be racing for a share of $ 13 million in the everest in october after recording another brilliant win at flemington on saturday .\nshe couldn\u2019t win a bush maiden for mcnamara before she was mated with clift\u2019s new sire sunset hue on an alternate service arrangement .\njohn clift got the use of woodie wonder in 1967 when she produced a grey colt he reared on the family\u2019s property the dip , a major producer of wheat , sheep and cattle and also his base as a breeder of racehorses that carried the jc brand .\nwhen he retired from racing he was the highest earner in australian racing history to that time and was subsequently inducted into the racing hall of fame .\nthe others were sunset red , a w . j . mckell cup and queensland cup winner , and sunset sue ( qtc c . e . mcdougall stakes ) .\nall inherited the grey colouring of their sire sunset hue , a freakish roman nosed , swaybacked stallion who retired to the dip in 1964 in the ownership of john clift and n . s . lane after breaking down while in the victoria derby .\nhe had contested 10 races as a 2yo for a win and eight minor places including a second in the ajc sires\u2019 produce stakes .\nwhile at kia ora , john had the tragedy of losing his wife patricia in a car accident after they had eight children .\njohn clift\u2019s legacy to the racing and breeding industry extended to many roles including director of the bloodhorse breeders\u2019 association of nsw and 70 years active involvement with country race clubs in the hunter valley and north west nsw where he also served as a local government councillor ."]}
{"id": 1448, "summary": [{"text": "notiobia is a genus of beetles in the family carabidae , containing the following species : notiobia angustula ( chaudoir , 1878 ) notiobia aulica dejean , 1829 notiobia bamboutensis ( basilewsky , 1948 ) notiobia curlettii facchini , 2003 notiobia dampierii ( castelnau , 1867 ) notiobia denisonensis ( castelnau , 1867 ) notiobia diffusa ( klug , 1833 ) notiobia dohrnii ( murray , 1858 ) notiobia edwardsii ( castelnau , 1867 ) notiobia elgonensis ( basilewsky , 1948 ) notiobia feana ( basilewsky , 1949 ) notiobia flavipalpis ( macleay , 1864 ) notiobia germari ( castelnau , 1867 ) notiobia inaequalipennis ( castelnau , 1867 ) notiobia iridipennis ( chaudoir , 1843 ) notiobia kinolae ( basilewsky , 1976 ) notiobia kivuensis ( burgeon , 1936 ) notiobia lapeyrousei ( castelnau , 1867 ) notiobia laticollis ( macleay , 1888 ) notiobia leonensis ( basilewsky , 1949 ) notiobia lucidicollis ( dejean , 1829 ) notiobia melanaria ( dejean , 1829 ) notiobia nigrans ( macleay , 1888 ) notiobia nitidipennis ( leconte , 1848 ) notiobia oblongiuscula ( castelnau , 1867 ) notiobia ovata ( chaudoir , 1878 ) notiobia patrueloides ( castelnau , 1867 ) notiobia perater ( sloane , 1920 ) notiobia picina ( chaudoir , 1878 ) notiobia planiuscula ( chaudoir , 1878 ) notiobia planoimpressa ( castelnau , 1867 ) notiobia polita ( macleay , 1888 ) notiobia pujoli ( basilewsky , 1968 ) notiobia quadricollis ( chaudoir , 1878 ) notiobia rectangula ( chaudoir , 1878 ) notiobia rugosipennis ( castelnau , 1867 ) notiobia ruwenzorica ( burgeon , 1936 ) notiobia sanctithomae ( a.serrano , 1995 ) notiobia sculptipennis ( castelnau , 1867 ) notiobia sericipennis ( macleay , 1888 ) notiobia smithii ( murray , 1858 ) notiobia tagliaferrii facchini , 2003 notiobia terminata ( say , 1823 ) notiobia uluguruana ( basilewsky , 1962 ) notiobia viridipennis ( sloane , 1920 )", "topic": 19}], "title": "notiobia", "paragraphs": ["< mods xmlns : xlink =\nurltoken\nversion =\n3 . 0\nxmlns : xsi =\nurltoken\nxmlns =\nurltoken\nxsi : schemalocation =\nurltoken urltoken\n> < titleinfo > < title > the species of notiobia perty ( coleoptera : carabidae : harpalini ) from brazil < / title > < / titleinfo > < name > < namepart > arndt , erik < / namepart > < / name > < typeofresource > text < / typeofresource > < genre authority =\nmarcgt\n> < / genre > < subject > < topic > brazil < / topic > < / subject > < subject > < topic > carabidae < / topic > < / subject > < subject > < topic > coleoptera < / topic > < / subject > < subject > < topic > new species < / topic > < / subject > < relateditem type =\nhost\n> < titleinfo > < title > instituto nacional de pesquisas da amaz & # 244 ; nia < / title > < / titleinfo > < origininfo > < publisher > instituto nacional de pesquisas da amaz & # 244 ; nia < / publisher > < / origininfo > < part > < date > 1998 - 09 - 01 < / date > < / part > < / relateditem > < identifier type =\nuri\n> urltoken < / identifier > < / mods >\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\n) in our area , ~ 100 spp . in 3 subgenera worldwide ; subg .\nchaudoir 1837 contains the total of 53 spp . confined to the western hemisphere and australia\nnew world , australia , and africa ; in our area , from se . canada to fl - ca\nmeso - to xerophilous : open deciduous woods , meadows , disturbed areas ; adults spend the day under leaf litter , stones , logs .\ncatalogue of geadephaga ( coleoptera , adephaga ) of america , north of mexico bousquet y . 2012 . zookeys 245 : 1\u20131722 .\namerican beetles , volume i : archostemata , myxophaga , adephaga , polyphaga : staphyliniformia arnett , r . h . , jr . , and m . c . thomas . ( eds . ) . 2000 . crc press llc , boca raton , fl .\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nbousquet , y . ( editor ) . 1991 . checklist of beetles of canada and alaska . research branch , agriculutre canada . publication 1861 / e . , ottawa . 430pp . excel version ( includes updates ) . online . available : urltoken\ndue to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to\ndistribution data for u . s . states and canadian provinces is known to be incomplete or has not been reviewed for this taxon .\nuse the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .\nzoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .\nfernald , m . l . 1950 . gray ' s manual of botany . 8th edition . corrected printing ( 1970 ) . d . van nostrand company , new york . 1632 pp .\nthe small print : trademark , copyright , citation guidelines , restrictions on use , and information disclaimer .\nnote : all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve ' s central databases as of november 2016 . note : this report was printed on\ntrademark notice :\nnatureserve\n, natureserve explorer , the natureserve logo , and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve . any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .\ncopyright notice : copyright \u00a9 2017 natureserve , 4600 n . fairfax dr . , 7th floor , arlington virginia 22203 , u . s . a . all rights reserved . each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document . the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .\nnatureserve . 2017 . natureserve explorer : an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ] . version 7 . 1 . natureserve , arlington , virginia . available http : / / explorer . natureserve . org . ( accessed :\nridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely , james zook , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\npatterson , b . d . , g . ceballos , w . sechrest , m . f . tognelli , t . brooks , l . luna , p . ortega , i . salazar , and b . e . young . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson , wes sechrest , marcelo tognelli , gerardo ceballos , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\niucn , conservation international , and natureserve . 2004 . global amphibian assessment . iucn , conservation international , and natureserve , washington , dc and arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union , conservation international and natureserve .\nno graphics available from this server can be used , copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text . any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve . nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication , estoppel , or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve . no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve . except as expressly provided above , nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .\nall documents and related graphics provided by this server and any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server are provided\nas is\nwithout warranty as to the currentness , completeness , or accuracy of any specific data . natureserve hereby disclaims all warranties and conditions with regard to any documents provided by this server or any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server , including but not limited to all implied warranties and conditions of merchantibility , fitness for a particular purpose , and non - infringement . natureserve makes no representations about the suitability of the information delivered from this server or any other documents that are referenced to or linked to this server . in no event shall natureserve be liable for any special , indirect , incidental , consequential damages , or for damages of any kind arising out of or in connection with the use or performance of information contained in any documents provided by this server or in any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server , under any theory of liability used . natureserve may update or make changes to the documents provided by this server at any time without notice ; however , natureserve makes no commitment to update the information contained herein . since the data in the central databases are continually being updated , it is advisable to refresh data retrieved at least once a year after its receipt . the data provided is for planning , assessment , and informational purposes . site specific projects or activities should be reviewed for potential environmental impacts with appropriate regulatory agencies . if ground - disturbing activities are proposed on a site , the appropriate state natural heritage program ( s ) or conservation data center can be contacted for a site - specific review of the project area ( see visit local programs ) .\n) . your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nnoonan , g . r . 1973 ,\nthe anisodactylines ( insecta : coleoptera : carabidae : harpalini ) : classificaton , evolution , and zoogeography\n, quaestiones entomologicae , vol . 9 , pp . 266 - 480\nchaudoir , m . de 1837 ,\ngenres nouveaux et esp\u00e8ces nouvelles de col\u00e9opt\u00e8res de la famille des carabiques\n, bulletin de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 imp\u00e9riale des naturalistes de moscou , vol . 10 , no . 7 , pp . 3 - 50\nchaudoir , m . de 1843 ,\ngenres nouveaux de la famille des carabiques . ( continuation )\n, bulletin de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 imp\u00e9riale des naturalistes de moscou , vol . 16 , no . 3 , pp . 383 - 427\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 5c93d6c5 - 5f60 - 4b55 - 88cd - 88fab1b9d8fe\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 5fae38f7 - 7c40 - 45e0 - 9f01 - b37447a78a18\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 7991c2aa - efe6 - 4faf - 96d9 - bd188d64bc0b\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 816659a7 - bc34 - 43c1 - 9d4e - c46d18eae8fa\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : e8aab541 - 3bab - 4845 - 9b0f - d9e80713e7de\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : ac301041 - 3145 - 4a61 - 9ba6 - b88f646f15ad\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 414728\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nbiodivlibrary @ jzed _ trees @ kew _ laa awesome ! we ' re so honored to have this treasure in # bhlib . thanks @ kew _ laa ! now we can enjoy p\u2026 urltoken\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !"]}
{"id": 1452, "summary": [{"text": "linckia laevigata ( sometimes called the \" blue linckia \" or blue star ) is a species of sea star ( commonly known as a starfish ) in the shallow waters of tropical indo-pacific ( a biogeographic region of the earth 's seas , comprising the tropical waters of the indian ocean , the western and central pacific ocean , and the seas connecting the two in the general area of indonesia . ", "topic": 27}], "title": "linckia laevigata", "paragraphs": ["what type of species is linckia laevigata ? below , you will find the taxonomic groups the linckia laevigata species belongs to .\nforma linckia laevigata f . hondurae domantay & roxas , 1938 accepted as linckia hondurae domantay & roxas , 1938 accepted as linckia laevigata ( linnaeus , 1758 )\nwhich photographers have photos of linckia laevigata species ? below , you will find the list of underwater photographers and their photos of the marine species linckia laevigata .\nhow to identify linckia laevigata marine species ? below , you will find the list of main identification criteria and physical characteristics of marine species linckia laevigata . for each identification criteria , the corresponding physical characteristics of marine species linckia laevigata are marked in green .\nwhere is linckia laevigata found in the world ? below , you will find the list and a world map of the geographic distribution where the marine species linckia laevigata can be found .\nlinckia laevigata . dendrogram showing genetic relationships of ten reef . . . | download scientific diagram\n1 . linckia laevigata ' s reproductive strategy is not well - suited to a heavy fishery .\nyamaguchi m . 1977 . population structure , spawning , and growth of the coral reef asteroid linckia laevigata ( linnaeus ) . pac sci 31 ( 1 ) : 13 - 30 .\nbased on data from a paper by micael , alves , costa and jones from 2009 , it turns out that linckia laevigata is the most commonly collected seastar in the aquarium trade .\nlinkia laevigata from the solomons . this one was in deeper water and was brown . photo : julian sprung .\nlinckia browni gray , 1840 ( synonym according to h . l . clark ( 1921 ) )\nlinckia typus nardo , 1834 ( synonym according to h . l . clark ( 1921 ) )\naquarium invertebrates : sea stars - - linckia spp . \u2014 advanced aquarist | aquarist magazine and blog\na paper by masashi yamaguchi ( 1977 ) who studied population and reproductive biology of lincki a laevigata had an answer that was not encouraging .\nwilliams , s . t . , and j . a . h . benzie . 1993 .\ngenetic consequences of long larval life in the starfish linckia laevigata ( echinodermata : asteroidea ) on the great barrier reef .\nmarine biology 117 : 71 - 77 .\nfig . 2 linckia laevigata . dendrogram showing genetic relationships of ten reef populations based on nei ' s ( 1978 ) unbiased genetic distance d . populations with the same superscript are not significantly different ( p < 0 . 01 ) ( abbreviations , see table 1 )\nlaxton , j . h .\na preliminary study of the biology and ecology of the blue starfish linckia laevigata on the australian great barrier reef and an interpretation of its role in the coral reef ecosystem .\nbiological journal of the linnean society 6 ( 1974 ) : 47\u201364 .\nminale , l . , c . pizza , r . riccio , f . zollo , j . pusset , and p . laboute . 1984 .\nstarfish saponins 13 . occurrence of nodososide in the starfish acanthaster planci and linckia laevigata .\njournal of natural products 47 : 558 .\nriccio , r . , o . s . greco , l . minale , j . pusset , and j . l . menou . 1985 .\nstarfish saponins : 18 . steroidal glycoside sulfates from the starfish linckia laevigata .\njournal of natural products 48 : 97 - 101 .\nprobably one of the most widespread and incorrect assumptions ( like this one ) about tropical sea stars , such as linckia laevigata is that it eats clams and meat in a manner similar to cold - water starfish species such as asterias forbesi or pisaster ochraceus . i have complained about this misunderstanding in other blogs . .\negloff , d . a . , d . t . smouse , jr . , and j . e . pembroke . 1988 .\npenetration of the radial hemal and perihemal systems of linckia laevigata ( asteroidea ) by the proboscis of thyca crystallina , an ectoparasitic gastropod .\nveliger 30 : 342 - 346 .\nbouillon , j . , and m . jangoux . 1984 .\nnote on the relationship between the parasitic mollusk thyca crystallina ( gastropoda , prosobranchia ) and the starfish linckia laevigata ( echinodermata ) on laing island reef ( papua new guinea ) .\nannales de la societe royale zoologique de belgique 114 : 249 - 256 .\nwilliams , s . t . 2000 .\nspecies boundaries in the starfish genus linckia .\nmarine biology . 136 : 137 - 148 .\nzagalsky , p . f . , f . haxo , s . hertzberg , and s . liaaen - jensen . 1989 .\nstudies on a blue carotenoprotein , linckiacyanin , isolated from the starfish linckia laevigata ( echinodermata : asteroidea ) .\ncomparative biochemistry and physiology b comparative biochemistry and molecular biology 93 : 339 - 354 .\nso , here ' s the thing - l . laevigata feeds on bacterial biofilm , algae and / or whatever nutritious goo it can get its stomach on . they are considered herbivorous .\nwilliams , s . t . ( 2000 ) . species boundaries in the starfish genus linckia . marine biology 136 : 137 - 148 . [ details ]\n( of linckia laevigata f . hondurae domantay & roxas , 1938 ) domantay , j . s . and roxas , h . a . ( 1938 ) . the littoral asteroidea of port galera bay and adjacent waters . philippine journal of science . 65 ( 3 ) : 203 - 237 , 17 plates . page ( s ) : 221 [ details ]\nmy guess is that feeding l . laevigata clams without any of their primary food - would be like feeding any human pork rinds for a whole year . it might be\nfood\nbut it would be a slow death . . .\nas i mentioned above , there are several species of linckia , and not all of them are blue , red or purple , and some of the stars commonly sold in pet shops under the name of linckia may very well belong to other genera . i have no doubt as to the authenticity of these reports - i . e . , that some people have been sold a sea star that was labeled\npurple linckia\nand have subsequently had problems with that animal in their tanks . however , that does not mean that the\npurple linckia\nin their tank is the same species as the one in yours or mine . the variation reported in the behavior of these stars may represent a case of individual variation , or it could indicate that there is a lot of misidentification going on .\nmost of these attached shells are apparently female and the degree of infection of thyca tends to be correlated with the degree of water movement with more active water associated with fewer thyca per individual linckia . .\n( of linckia typus nardo , 1834 ) nardo , j . d . ( 1834 ) . de asteriis . isis von oken . 1834 : 716 - 717 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 717 [ details ]\nusually five arms with a body diameter that can reach 12 in ( 30 cm ) . adults have brilliant blue coloration . juveniles are blue - green , purplish with dark spots . the genus linckia has many color morphs , making it difficult to identify species .\nalthough these stars require extra care in the initial selection , once a blue linckia is successfully introduced into a large , well established aquarium with plenty of live rock to explore , they are usually quite hardy and are certainly a beautiful addition to a reef aquarium .\nok , so even now that we ' re all aware that there is an important distinction between the true linckia and other look - alike sea stars , we ' re still only slightly further ahead in terms of understanding exactly what they need in an aquarium . even if we limit the discussion here to only the true linckia stars , the problem is that there is just not a lot of good information on their biology . despite the beauty and obvious widespread interest in these stars , surprisingly little is really known about the exact feeding behaviors or preferences of these animals in the wild , and only anecdotal accounts are available for their needs in the aquarium . that is kind of surprising , given that linckia is one of the most common and obvious sea stars on many indo - pacific reefs .\n( of linckia miliaris ( muller & troschel , 1840 ) ) clark , a . m . & courtman - stock , j . ( 1976 ) . the echinoderms of southern africa . publ . no . 766 . british museum ( nat . hist ) , london . 277 pp . [ details ]\nthis is an intrinsic part of their biology . some papers such as this one by laxton ( 1974 - i told you information was few and far between ! ) determined that l . laevigata ' s ecological significance may lie in its relationship to become more widespread following algal growth on coral following a big predatory binge by the coral eating crown - of - thorns starfish ( acanthaster planci ) .\n( of linckia rosenbergi von martens , 1866 ) martens , e . von ( 1866 ) . ueber \u00f6stasiatiche echinodermen . i . asteroiden ( fortsetzung ) . 3 . seesterne des indischen archipels . ii . ophiuren . archiv f\u00fcr naturgeschichte 32 : : 57 - 88 ; 133 - 189 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of linckia suturalis von martens , 1866 ) martens , e . von ( 1866 ) . ueber \u00f6stasiatiche echinodermen . i . asteroiden ( fortsetzung ) . 3 . seesterne des indischen archipels . ii . ophiuren . archiv f\u00fcr naturgeschichte 32 : : 57 - 88 ; 133 - 189 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of linckia hondurae domantay & roxas , 1938 ) domantay , j . s . and roxas , h . a . ( 1938 ) . the littoral asteroidea of port galera bay and adjacent waters . philippine journal of science . 65 ( 3 ) : 203 - 237 , 17 plates . page ( s ) : 221 [ details ]\n( of linckia browni gray , 1840 ) gray , j . e . ( 1840 ) . xxxii . a synopsis of the genera and species of the class hypostoma ( asterias , linnaeus ) . annals of the magazine of natural history . 6 : 275 - 290 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 285 [ details ]\n( of linckia crassa gray , 1840 ) gray , j . e . ( 1840 ) . xxxii . a synopsis of the genera and species of the class hypostoma ( asterias , linnaeus ) . annals of the magazine of natural history . 6 : 275 - 290 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 284 [ details ]\n( of linckia miliaris ( muller & troschel , 1840 ) ) jangoux , m . ( 1973 ) . les ast\u00e9ries de lile inhaca ( mozambique ) ( echinodermata , asteroidea ) . i . les esp\u00e8ces r\u00e9colt\u00e9es et leur r\u00e9partition g\u00e9ographique . kmma annalen serie in - 8o - zoologische wetenschappen nr 208 . 50 pp , 7 pl . [ details ]\n( of linckia typus nardo , 1834 ) clark , a . m . ; downey , m . e . ( 1992 ) . starfishes of the atlantic . chapman & hall identification guides , 3 . chapman & hall . london , uk . isbn 0 - 412 - 43280 - 3 . xxvi , 794 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of asterias laevigata ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) hansson , h . g . ( 2001 ) . echinodermata , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , . 50 : pp . 336 - 351 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nalthough these stars require extra care in the initial selection , once a blue linckia is successfully introduced into a large , well established aquarium with plenty of live rock to explore , they are usually quite hardy and are certainly a beautiful addition to a reef aquarium . in closing , i just want to thank everyone at the omaha marine society for some great discussions about sea stars that have helped with this article .\nlike the majority of other sea stars , the sexes appear to be separate in linckia , and the animals spawn gametes freely into the water column . most often , they will hold onto the substrate with the tips of their arms , arch the body high into the water and spray either sperm or eggs into the water above them . if a male and female happen to spawn in close proximity to one another , the fertilized eggs develop into feeding larvae within a couple of days . these larvae spend about 28 - 30 days in the water column before settling onto a hard surface on the reef and metamorphosing into a tiny version of the adult star . spawning of these stars in home aquaria is rare , and although larval culture techniques for echinoderms are well - established ( see toonen 1996 for details ) , the long planktonic lifespan of the larvae of linckia makes raising them at home a difficult prospect .\nthe blue starfish has a bright blue or light blue body , more seldom green , pink or yellow , and there are also red linckia , which are still widely referred to as l . multifora ( see under \u201cdid you know\u201d ) . the animals get their colour from a blue pigment called linckiacyanin and some accessory yellow carotenoids . depending on the exact ratio and combination of pigments in the star , the colours of the starfish can vary . although certain colour variations are more common in some areas than others , it is not clear whether there are any behavioural or ecological differences among sea stars that have these different colours .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nbenjamin mueller 1 , 2 , 4 , * , arthur r . bos 2 , 3 , gerhard graf 1 , girley s . gumanao 2\ncite this article as : mueller b , bos ar , graf g , gumanao gs ( 2011 ) size - specific locomotion rate and movement pattern of four common indo - pacific sea stars ( echinodermata ; asteroidea ) . aquat biol 12 : 157 - 164 . urltoken\npublished in ab vol . 12 , no . 2 . online publication date : april 28 , 2011 print issn : 1864 - 7782 ; online issn : 1864 - 7790 copyright \u00a9 2011 inter - research .\nophidiaster clathratus grube , 1865 ( synonym according to h . l . clark ( 1921 ) )\nophidiaster crassa ( gray , 1840 ) ( synonym according to h . l . clark ( 1921 ) )\nophidiaster miliaris m\u00fcller & troschel , 1842 ( synonym according to h . l . clark ( 1921 ) )\nnote unknown ( ' mediterranean and ? indian seas\n) . . . .\ntype locality unknown ( ' mediterranean and ? indian seas\n) . also recorded from ' coin peros ' by bell ( 1909 ) - locality can ' t be traced . type data : syntypes whereabouts undetermined ( rowe & gates , 1995 ) . [ details ]\ndescription colour in life : uniformly blue , grey , pink , purple or fawn . this contrasts with pacific specimens from palao examined by . . .\n( of ophidiaster clathratus grube , 1865 ) grube , a . e . ( 1865 ) . der resultate seines aufenthaltes auf der insel lussin . jahres - bericht der schlesischen gesellschaft f\u00fcr vaterl\u00e4ndische cultur . 42 : 47 - 54 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 51 [ details ]\n( of ophidiaster miliaris m\u00fcller & troschel , 1842 ) m\u00fcller , j . and troschel , f . h . ( 1842 ) . system der asteriden . 1 . asteriae . 2 . ophiuridae . vieweg : braunschweig . xxx + 134 pp . 12 pls . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 30 [ details ]\n( of ophidiaster propinquus livingstone , 1932 ) livingstone , a . a . ( 1932 ) . asteroidea . british museum ( natural history ) scientific reports / great barrier reef expedition 1928 - 29 . 4 ( 8 ) : 241 - 265 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 255 [ details ]\nclark , a . m . ; rowe , f . w . e . ( 1971 ) . monograph of shallow - water indo - west pacific echinoderms . trustees of the british museum ( natural history ) . london . x + 238 p . + 30 pls . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nludwig , h . ( 1899 ) . echinodermen des sansibargebietes . abhandlungen der senckenbergischen naturforschenden gesellschaft , bonn . 21 ( 1 ) : 537 - 563 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nliu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of ophidiaster laevigatus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) m\u00fcller , j . and troschel , f . h . ( 1842 ) . system der asteriden . 1 . asteriae . 2 . ophiuridae . vieweg : braunschweig . xxx + 134 pp . 12 pls . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 30 [ details ]\nintergovernmental oceanographic commission ( ioc ) of unesco . the ocean biogeographic information system ( obis ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nclark , a . m . ( 1982 ) . echinoderms of hong kong . in : morton b , editor . proceedings of the first international marine biological workshop : the marine flora and fauna of hong kong and southern china . hong kong university press , hong kong . 1 : 485 - 501 . [ details ]\nunknown , but it is one of the most common and obvious sea stars on many indo - pacific reefs although some populations declined significantly due to harvesting for pet trade and by tourists .\nblue starfish are notoriously delicate shippers , and post - transport mortality is rather high . therefore , it is exceptionally important to acclimate these animals carefully . for air transport , container note 51 of the iata live animals regulations should be followed .\nzoos and aquariums keep blue star fish for educational reasons as part of their efforts to familiarise visitors with invertebrate biodiversity . sea stars may be kept in touch pools where they will come into close contact with visitors and may play a role as ambassadors for marine and coastal conservation .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nrowe , f . w . e . & pawson , d . l . 1977 ,\na catalogue of echinoderm type - specimens in the australian museum , sydney\n, records of the australian museum , vol . 30 , no . 14 , pp . 337 - 364\nlivingstone , a . a . 1932 ,\nasteroidea\n, scientific reports of the great barrier reef expedition 1928 - 1929 , vol . 4 , pp . 241 - 265 figs 1 - 2 pls 1 - 12\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 2d802d5f - 33df - 4315 - 98ef - bf592bc6999b\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : fb5a195d - 37e8 - 4b39 - 8446 - 29fa728852de\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 328698\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmah , c . l . ( 2014 ) world asteroidea database . accessed through : world register of marine species at urltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nplease email libraryada - l @ urltoken if you need this content in an ada - compliant format .\nitems in scholarspace are protected by copyright , with all rights reserved , unless otherwise indicated .\nscholarspace is the institutional repository for the university of hawai ' i at manoa and is maintained by hamilton library . built on open - source dspace software .\nechinodermata ! starfish ! sea urchins ! sea cucumbers ! stone lillies ! feather stars ! blastozoans ! sea daisies ! marine invertebrates found throughout the world ' s oceans with a rich and ancient fossil legacy . their biology and evolution includes a wide range of crazy and wonderful things . let me share those things with you !\nfor such a well - known species , i was surprised at how little was known about it . .\naka\nfinger starfish\noccurs widely throughout the tropical pacific and indian oceans in shallow - water reef type settings .\nand made into garishly - colored ornaments , such as the ones below . . .\nis heavily trafficked in the aquarium trade and can be seen in many tropical fish tank videos . . .\nmost specimens are taken from the wild throughout its indo - pacific range . it can be commonly encountered and easy to collect . few if any are the result of captive breeding programs .\nyamaguchi both surveyed individuals in the field and also grew out juveniles and inferred growth rates based on the overall changes in size of those lab - grown specimens .\nplus - smaller individuals were often absent from population surveys - suggesting that the number that reach breeding age ( i . e . , are\nadults\n) is relatively low .\na large sized animal ( and these approach about 1 . 5 feet in diameter ) could easily be several years old . . .\nso - bottom line is that these guys grow slowly and have a low turnover rate with few juveniles ascending into\nadulthood\nat a given time . .\nit seems likely that the reason for the abundance of these animals is largely due to long - term accumulation of those adults over time . and when those guys are wiped out - they ' re gone .\nyamaguchi noted that days after releasing marked individuals for his study - several of the tagged animals had vanished - likely taken by\nreef - gleaners\n. . . .\nyes , some of the more experienced aquarists are probably saying\nbut i have seen and fed this species clam meat ( or fish or whatever ) before . . .\nand yes - that may be true - but honestly , how long do those animals live after that ? ? ?\ni ' ve reactions by people that this is some kind of bad thing . truth is , these critters would only be found on a healthy animal . discovering one of these is basically like an extra bonus - so , best to leave em ' be . . .\nprobably one of the most noticeable is thyca crystallina - a parastic snail that lives attached to the ( usuallly oral ) surface of an individual starfish . data on this relationship can be found here in a paper by hugh elder ( 1979 ) . the snails are attached to the coelom via a proboscis .\nyup . it actually belongs to a family of snails that are parasites on echinoderms . .\nthey tend not to do well in aquaria based on what i ' ve experienced .\ni have a blue star - fish in my fish tank and it has been doing great for a year , now in the last 2 weeks it has dropped 2 limbs , what is going on , can anyone explain ? i don ' t want to loose him he is awesome . thanks in advance .\nits unfortunately not likely to do well after this point . there are multiple reasons for why this cold be happening ranging from environmental stress to starvation and they are all quite difficult to ascertain . sorry . . but its most likely you will lose your starfish .\ni pursue starfish related adventure around the world with a critical eye and an appreciation for weirdness . support has been courtesy of the national science foundation but the views and opinions presented herein are mine and do not reflect the opinions of them or any affiliated institutions . need to hire an invertebrate zoologist / marine biologist ? please contact me !\n( photo by km6xo ) so , last week , i was contacted by an intrepid member of the public who was quite interested in finding out more about s . . .\nif you ' ve ever enjoyed the fine diversity of japanese cuisine , and are a serious sushi connaisseur ( as i am ) you have probably experienc . . .\nlast week the foks over at newswatch national geographic proclaimed that they had the\n5 weirdest antarctic species\n. hyperbo . . .\n( from clipart etc - florida educational claringhouse ) i was casually checking the numbers for the echinoblog over a july 4th weekend in . . .\n( photo by emily miller kauai ) so , recently i ' ve gotten a bunch of questions about these peculiar sea urchins via email - and so i thou . . .\nthe other day , i was thinking of big stuff . and then , a bit later , i was thinking of starfish stuff . and then i thought of cake . ( mmm . . . .\nimages here from the encyclopedia of life this week , something about the many different kinds of asteroids ( aka sea star or starfish ! ) t . . .\ntoday ' s topic : starfish defense ! ! its curious how often this question comes up . people see starfish and other echinoderms that are just . . .\nfrom wikipedia ! sea urchins ! who doesn ' t love em ? the spiny balls of the sea ! we eat em ! they ' re important to marine ecosystems . . .\ntoxopneustes ! aka the\nflower urchin\nis one of four species of toxopneustes ( all of which occur throughout the tropical pacifi . . .\nthe blue sea star has 5 cylindrical arms with rounded tips and an eye at each end . the eyes see only light and darkness . the mouth is found in the centre of the body on the underside . animals less than 5 cm wide are blue - green with dark spots . as they mature they most commonly acquire a bright blue colour , although there are colour variants throughout the indo - pacific ranging from bright blue to green , pink or yellow . juveniles have pale yellow tube feet and adults have dark yellow feet . maximum size is approximately 30cm .\nwhen sea stars eat , they sit on top of the food and push their stomach out through their mouth to cover the food and digest it externally . the blue sea star is an omonivore ( eats both plants and animals ) . it is predominantly a scavenger , living on dead organisms within the coral reef and on rocks , but also feeds on algae and microbes .\nsea stars move very slowly using their water filled tubes and tube feet that stick out through the skin to hold onto surfaces . they use a water - vascular system that works on water pressure , creating a network of tube feet that look like hundreds of tiny , hydraulically operated legs .\ncommonly found on coral reef flats , rocky reefs and other shallow areas , especially in areas with wave action .\nblue sea stars have separate sexes ( male and female ) . to reproduce , they release large numbers of eggs into the water . sea stars are restricted to their home reef as adults , but are able to disperse as larvae .\na special feature about sea stars is that they can regenerate their arms if damaged or lost , growing back into a full sea star ( although they are fragile and often do not survive a lot of damage to their limbs ) . the blue sea star frequently plays host to a tiny shrimp and sometimes a small gastropod snail that are identical in colour to the sea star . the shrimp or snail live in the grooves on the underside of the arms .\nthey are found throughout the indo - pacific region from eastern africa ( absent from the red sea ) to hawaii , the south pacific islands , australia , thailand , and japan .\nthumbnail description conspicuous and successful bottom - dwelling animals that can survive without food for months and feed on almost every type of marine organism encountered on the seabed ; they range in size from 0 . 4 in ( 1 cm ) in diameter to more than 3 ft ( 91 cm ) across and inhabit virtually every latitude and ocean depths\nthe class asteroidea is a highly diverse group comprised of seven orders , 35 families , and an estimated 1 , 600 known living species , although their precise phylogenetic relationship and hence classification still proves challenging to taxonomists .\nasteroids belong to a major group of other bottom - dwelling animals called echinoderms . collectively this group includes echinoids ( sea urchins ) , holothurians ( sea cucumbers ) , crinoids ( feather stars ) , and ophiuriods ( brittle stars ) , the latter group closely resembling sea stars . all echinoderms share similar pentamerous radial symmetry and spiny skin characteristics , although sea stars differ slightly because they have five or more arms large enough to contain space for digestive and reproductive glands . another group of animals thought to belong to echinoderms are concentricycloids , or sea daisies . these small disc - shaped animals discovered in the abyssal seas off new zealand and bahamas in the late 1980s are considered an evolutionary forerunner to asteroids .\nsea stars have an ancient linage that shows embryologically they are not too distantly related to the phylum chordata ( back - boned animals ) . the fossil record places a form of asteroid over 300 millions years before the dinosaurs , sharing a common ancestry with ophiuroids , yet within 50 million years of their appearance they became clearly differentiated . their evolutionary path has included some bizarre taxa that have been hard to classify , yet this successful group has persisted and remain ecologically important to many marine communities worldwide .\nthe skeleton of a sea star consists of small calcium carbonate plates called ossicles . these are often studded and spiny , and provide a firm but flexible skeleton of connective tissue . flexibility enables a variety of postures to be adopted without muscular effort , thus providing an effective means to capture and handle prey and allow individuals to closely follow irregular substrates in search of food . alternatively , their flexibility can enable sea stars to upright themselves if over - turned .\nthe surface of a sea star looks and feels rough because of the numerous small and transparent sacs called papulae that cover the body , which provide a respiratory surface for exchanging oxygen . the upper and lower body surfaces also contain pincer - like structures called pedicellariae , which come in a variety of forms from simple modified spines to highly specialized opposing hooks . their function is to rid areas around the papulae of small organisms and debris , and in some species capture prey by detecting their presence . these are\nusually small fish or shrimp - like crustaceans on which the sea star feeds . the shape of pedicellariae is an important characteristic for asteroid taxonomy .\nsea stars have an unusual way of moving . water is taken in through the madreportite , a small , perforated plate on the upper surface of the disc , and into the water vascular system , a canal of tubes connected to the tube feet . following muscular contraction water is directed under pressure to the tube feet , which then extend under its force . movement is achieved through a coordinated stepping motion where , on muscle contraction , the feet adhere to the sediment surface , pushing the individual forward . depending on the species , tube feet have suckers that help stick the sea star to hard surfaces or assist in prying open the shells of its mollusk prey . besides involvement in prey capture ; tube feet also have a respiratory function . species with more than five arms and reproduce asexually will have numerous madreportites .\nas a group , sea stars live in virtually every habitat found in the sea , ranging from tidal pools , rocky shores , sea grass and kelp beds , beneath rock rubble , on coral reefs , sand , and mud . in some species a broad and flattened body may act as a snowshoe when foraging on very soft mud . in the upper shore , they are periodically exposed by the retreating tide , resulting in extended periods of desiccation . the only refuge is cover in moist crevices beneath rocks . by contrast , in the deep sea at depth greater than 29 , 530 ft ( 9 , 000 m ) they are found inhabiting sandy bottoms and steep cliffs .\nthey are prominent seafloor predators . perhaps their success and influence comes from a unique combination of attributes . these include indeterminate growth , a morphology and digestive system generalized enough to capture , handle , and ingest many different prey types and sizes , and a sensory ability sophisticated enough to respond quickly to the presence of prey and changes in the prevailing environment . moreover , their flexible bodies and suckered tube feet enable them to adhere firmly to the seabed whilst manipulating prey , thus enabling them to survive in high stress environments by withstanding the full force of crashing waves .\nsea stars have a\ncentral nervous system ,\nor diffuse nerve net , but lack anything identified as a brain . despite this , they are sophisticated enough to adapt to change based on previous experiences ( conditioning ) , whereby behavior that is persistently unsuccessful , usually a feeding one , is stopped .\nthey are not considered social animals , yet many species tend to aggregate or swarm in large numbers during certain times of the year . these events tend to be triggered during spawning periods , feeding frenzies , or seasonal migrations to deeper waters offshore . some sea stars show avoidance behavior to other species or attraction towards members of the opposite sex . feeding is perhaps the most common cause of aggregation , where sea stars can appear in thousands to prey on mussels , oysters , or coral .\nthe daily activity patterns in many sea stars are synchronized to changes in light intensity , usually around dawn and dusk . such activity may help to avoid predators and coincide sea star foraging activity with the activity of their preferred prey . in others such as astropecten irregularis , daily activity patterns are synchronized to periods of slack water on a high and low tide when velocities are low enough to optimize foraging success .\nsea stars are carnivorous , preying on sponges , shellfish , crabs , corals , worms , and even on other echinoderms . most are generalists , feeding on anything that is too slow to escape , such as mussels and clams , whilst others are specialized feeders preying exclusively on sponges , corals , bivalves , or algae . prey is located by the chemical odors emanating from its waste products or by small movements that betray its presence when detected by a sea star . food preferences can change depending on availability of prey , which change geographically and seasonally . even weather conditions in temperate species and reproductive state ( usually during gonad growth ) affects dietary requirements .\nfeeding strategies can be divided into those that are scavengers , feeding mainly on decaying fish and invertebrates ; those that are deposit feeders , filling their stomachs with mud from which they extract microscopic organisms and organic matter ; and those that are suspension feeders , filtering prey and food particles from the water ( e . g . , novodinia antillensis ) .\ndepending on the species , sea stars have two different feeding methods . intra - oral feeders ingest their prey into their stomach alive , sometimes distending or rupturing their disc in the process . the burrowing sand star astropecten irregularis , for example , can swallow hundreds of live juvenile mollusks during one foraging period . in some cases prey such as clams\nthey have few predators as adults due to their armored spiny skeleton and rigid nature . in less heavily armored and juvenile sea stars , protection from predators comes from having a cryptic coloration . other defensives include toxic spines or skin ( e . g . , crossaster papposus and acanthaster planci ) and predator avoidance by burrowing beneath the sediment surface ( e . g . , astropecten irregularis and anseropoda placenta ) . some crabs , fish , birds , and other echinoderms are known to prey on sea stars . usually , they feed on arm tips , as their calcified bodies are difficult to eat and not very nutritious .\nsome sea stars brood their young , where females hold their fertilized eggs in a brood space under the arm ( e . g . , asterina phylactica ) , in the stomach ( e . g . , leptasterias hexactis ) , or incubate them in the gonads ( e . g . , patiriella parvivipara ) . in the last two cases , young develop internally and escape through small openings the female ' s body wall called gonopores . many brooding sea stars inhabit polar and deep - sea regions . some brooding sea stars , however , produce unguarded egg masses that they attach to the seabed ( asterina gibbosa ) .\nno asteroid is listed in the iucn red list of threatened species . some species are protected , however , at local levels , particularly in tropical destinations where souvenir hunters have lead to a decline in numbers . in the caribbean , for example , the sea star oreaster reticulatus has protection .\nhowever , sea stars do have some commercial value . in denmark , asterias are used as an ingredient in fish meal , which is fed to poultry . the ancient indians of british columbia and the egyptians used them as fertilizer . some companies collect sea stars for biological supplies to schools and collectors . their multi - rayed image is emblematic of the sea , making their dried bodies a valuable commodity to the souvenir trade .\nthe sea star has between 10 and 14 arms with rows of spines and teeth - like pedicellaria . arms are long and thin . red brick coloration .\natlantic ocean , west indies down to depths of 1 , 970\u20132 , 625 ft ( 600\u2013800 m ) .\nfound attached to hard substratum with steeply sloping rocky surfaces ; under cliffs . prefers areas where current speeds are relatively strong . often associated with large semi - sedentary filter - feeding animals such as large sponges , sea fans , and stony corals .\nsemi - sedentary . spiny arms and pedicellaria act like velcro \u00ae by sticking the sea star to virtually any surface .\nan opportunistic suspension - feeder . characteristic arm posture creates a basket - like appearance as arms extend into the water column and their tips curl inwards over its mouth , providing maximum exposure to currents . food is captured as it becomes impinged on the array of arm spines and hook - like structures adapted to piercing and gripping objects . feeds on planktonic crustaceans such as copepods , mysids , and amphipods . remain relatively inactive whilst in the feeding posture , but slowly bend their arms to envelope captured prey .\ndiameter of 16\u201320 in ( 40\u201350 cm ) , with five arms that are distinctly turned up at the tips . colors can include rosy brown , ochre and yellowish brown , red , and purple . the underside is very flat . skin covered with numerous unevenly arranged small spines with jagged ends .\nfar east , russia , korea , japan , china , alaska ( north and south of the alaska peninsula ) , and ranges from british columbia , canada , and the northern pacific down to a depth below 820 ft ( 250 m ) .\nfound in shallow water on sheltered coasts . it can tolerate a range of temperatures ( 45\u00b0f [ 7\u00b0c ] and 72\u00b0f [ 22\u00b0c ] ) and salinities , which is unusual in many sea stars ; hence is also found living in estuaries . found on sandy , mud and rock sediments , among stones and algae thickets .\nforms dense spawning aggregations , where the females have been observed lifting themselves above ground on their rays and release the eggs between the arms while the male sea star crawls beneath . polychaete actonoe has a symbiotic relationship with the sea stars and serves to clean its surface of unwanted microorganisms .\na generalist feeder . diet includes scallops , oysters , mussels , shrimp , and even other echinoderms . juvenile king crab paralithodes shelter between its arms , presumably for protection against predators . feeds by using its tube feet and arms to pull apart the shells of its prey before everting its stomach .\nsexual reproduction . spawning geographically variable ; in russia , june\u2013july and september , and in australia , july\u2013october . estimated 20 million eggs are released , and develop into free - living larvae .\naccidentally introduced into southeastern australia and tasmania , causing extensive commercial and ecological damage .\nlarge central disc with stout tapering arms , varying from four to seven , but usually five . size variable but can reach 11 in ( 28 cm ) . commonly yellow , orange , brown , and purple in color . body covered with numerous small white spines .\npacific coast from alaska to california and down to a depth of 328 ft ( 100 m ) .\nintertidal rocky shores exposed to strong wave action ; predator of kelp forests . also found inhabiting tide pools at low tide .\nkeystone predator because it has impact on its marine community that is disproportionately large . can withstand 50 hours exposed to air if among moist algae .\nfeeds mainly on the mussel mytilus californinus , although can feed on other bivalves , snails , limpets , and chitons . uses tube feet to pull apart shells and everts stomach to digest soft tissue . few predators , but some are eaten by sea otters and gulls .\nsexual reproduction , shedding eggs and sperm into water column . spawn between april and may . free - swimming larvae that feed on small planktonic organisms until they settle out on rocks . can regenerate arms .\nadults usually have between 10 and 24 arms , while juveniles have only 5 . one of the largest and heaviest sea stars ; sizes can range between a radius of 16 in ( 40 cm ) and 35 in ( 90 cm ) . color variable from pink , purple , brown , red , orange , or yellow . a broad central disc and armed with over 15 , 000 tube feet . skeleton has few ossicles , so the species has a soft and flexible body wall ideal for stretching mouth to accommodate large prey .\nnortheast pacific coastal waters . found inhabiting the intertidal and subtidal zones from alaska to california down to a depth of 1 , 640 ft ( 500 m ) .\ncommonly found in dense seaweeds in low intertidal zones on rocky shores because their fragile bodies need the support of surrounding water .\nsolitary . a fast - moving predator that can reach speeds of 5 ft ( 1 . 6 m ) per minute . when two individuals meet , they display aggressive or combative behavior .\nfeeds on bivalves , polychaetes , chitons , snails , crabs , sea cucumbers , sea urchins ( e . g . , strongylocentrotus purpuratus ) , sand dollars , sea stars ( e . g . , leptasterias ) , and dead or dying squid when seasonally available . uses sucker feet when capturing prey and swallows whole , although has the ability to partly evert stomach . main predator is the king crab paralithodes .\nsexual reproduction . shed eggs and sperm into water column . spawn from march to july , peaking in may and june . planktonic larvae stage lasts between 2 and 10 weeks . have the ability to regenerate arms .\nvaries in size , but commonly between 2 in ( 5 cm ) and 4 in ( 10 cm ) , but up to 8 in ( 20 cm ) in deep waters . pale violet to yellowish color with five relatively short and tapering arms that form stiff and distinct angles . it has well - developed upper and lower marginal plates fringed with small spines . the tube feet are pointed and sucker - less .\ngeographical range extends from norway to morocco and found sub - tidally between 16 ft ( 5 m ) and 3 , 281 ft ( 1 , 000 m ) .\ninhabits a variety of different substratum ranging from coarse gravel to fine mud , although it is more commonly found in sandy substrata . usually buried either partially or completely within the sediment .\nmigrates offshore into deeper water during the winter months to avoid cooling seawater temperatures and being dislodged by strong onshore storm surges . they show quadri - diurnal pattern of locomotory activity that coincide with periods of slack water during high and low tidal cycles , enabling prey buried in sediment to be detected more easily . it has a commensal worm acholoe squamosa , which freely enters the stomach and lives in the ambulacral grooves .\nintra - oral feeder , prey are excavated from the sediment and swallowed whole . voracious predators of mollusks , particularly the clam spisula subtruncata , polychaetes , crustaceans , and other echinoderms . it has a limited olfactory ability and relies on detecting prey by touch .\nsexual reproduction . spawning occurs between may and july following a rise in seawater temperature . prior to spawning sea stars aggregate together to reproduce .\nsize over 16 in ( 40 cm ) in diameter with between 10 and 30 arms covered in dense thorn - like spines , which are mildly venomous ; can inflict painful wounds that are slow to heal . red and green coloration with reddish tips to spines . juveniles are cryptic in color . tube feet can function in gas exchange and feeding .\npacific and indian coral reefs , particularly associated with reefs in hawaii , australia , the red sea , india , and south africa .\nadults found on open sand and feed among coral , whilst juveniles tend to hide among the coral , under rocks , and coral rubble .\nsedentary dwellers of reef habitats . large numbers may suddenly appear feeding on coral and then disappear .\nsolitarily , generally feeds at night . a voracious predator of hard corals . digests food by everting its stomach over coral , releasing a digestive enzyme and then absorbing liquefied tissue . can survive without food for six months and feed on an estimated 3 . 1 mi 2 ( 8 km 2 ) of coral per year , leaving behind dead coral skeletons .\nsexual reproduction . planktonic larvae undergo bipinnaria and brachiolaria development . regenerates broken arms to form another individual .\nhave caused widespread damage to coral reefs in the indo - pacific ocean , red sea , and australia ' s great barrier reef . toxic spines capable of stinging humans , inflicting pain at site of sting and causing nausea .\none of the world ' s smallest known sea stars , measuring up to 0 . 4 in ( 1 cm ) in diameter with stout arms . they are conspicuous yellow - orange color . morphologically , they are similar to a co - occurring species patiriella exigua .\namong sea stars , this species has the most restricted distribution . currently found only within the coastal waters of southern australia .\nin either sheltered or exposed shores , usually under small boulders . at low tide , they remain covered with a few centimeters of water , although occasionally they are completely exposed .\nslow - moving and spends most of their time beneath the underside of boulders to avoid predators and desiccation at low tide .\nopportunistic feeder , consuming essentially algal growth and detritus , although small epifaunal organisms and decaying animals are also eaten .\nunusual life - history . it is simultaneous hermaphrodite ( self - fertilizing ) , has intragonadal fertilization , and incubates its young in the gonads . the strategy is to produce few eggs and small amounts of sperm at any one time . the advantage is a higher survival rate of offspring compared to the more usual strategy of broadcasting species . cannibalism by juveniles feeding on other juveniles is common in this species . most juveniles crawl away from the parent when sufficient size is reached . emergence of juveniles appears to be influenced by temperature increases during the summer months .\nbroad central disc with five short arms tapering to a blunt tip . can reach a size of 5 . 5 in ( 14 cm ) in diameter and adopts a characteristic position with arm tips slightly raised . colors variable , ranging from dark brown , purple , purple - red , orange , red - orange , red , brick red , dark carmine , and pink . it may have light - colored arm tips with yellowish white under surface .\nfound throughout antarctica and the antarctic peninsula , south shetland islands , south orkney islands , south sandwich islands , south georgia island , shag rocks , marion and prince edward islands , and bouvet island at depths down to 2 , 950 ft ( 900 m ) .\ncommonly found inhabiting the shallow shelf waters of antarctica , usually occurring between 49 ft ( 15 m ) and 660 ft ( 200 m ) depths .\nattack large prey in gangs ( e . g . , the sea urchin sterechinus neumayeri and sea star acodontaster conspicuus ) . recognizes chemical odor of individuals from the same species during feeding , minimizing the risk of cannibalism .\nan omnivore , capable of filter - feeding and eating a varied diet , including detritus , weddell seal feces , diatoms , algae , crustaceans , mollusks , hydroids , bryozoans , sponges , polychaetes , and sea urchins . everts stomach to feed . predator is another sea star macroptychaster accrescens and anemone urticinopsis antarcticus .\nsexual reproduction . broadcast spawning . larvae feed on bacteria and algae , and have exceptionally low metabolic rates , which are ideal for long - term survival . slow - growing , taking up to nine years to reach normal adult size .\ncommon in shallow waters of indo - pacific oceans . in particular , eastern africa to hawaii and the south pacific islands to japan .\nadults found along coral gravel substrates of reef terraces in direct sunlight , sandy sediments , and under rocks ."]}
{"id": 1459, "summary": [{"text": "amphibalanus is a genus of barnacle of the family balanidae that includes species formerly assigned to balanus .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it contains the following species : amphibalanus amphitrite ( darwin , 1854 ) \u2020 amphibalanus caboblanquensis ( weisbord , 1966 ) ( extinct ) \u2020 amphibalanus caribensis ( weisbord , 1966 ) ( extinct ) amphibalanus cirratus ( darwin , 1854 ) amphibalanus eburneus ( gould , 1841 ) \u2020 amphibalanus halosydne ( zullo & katuna , 1992 ) ( extinct ) \u2020 amphibalanus hopkinsi ( zullo , 1968 ) ( extinct ) amphibalanus improvisus ( darwin , 1854 ) amphibalanus inexpectatus ( pilsbry , 1916 ) amphibalanus peruvianus ( pilsbry , 1909 ) \u2020 amphibalanus playagrandensis ( weisbord , 1966 ) ( extinct ) amphibalanus poecilotheca ( kruger , 1911 ) \u2020 amphibalanus reflexus ( zullo , 1984 ) ( extinct ) amphibalanus reticulatus ( utinomi , 1967 ) amphibalanus rhizophorae ( ren & liu , 1989 ) amphibalanus salaami ( nilsson-cantell , 1932 ) amphibalanus subalbidus ( henry , 1973 ) amphibalanus thailandicus ( puspasari , yamaguchi & angsupanich , 2001 ) amphibalanus variegatus ( darwin , 1854 ) amphibalanus venustus ( darwin , 1854 ) amphibalanus zhujiangensis ( ren , 1989 )", "topic": 26}], "title": "amphibalanus", "paragraphs": ["balanus amphitrite or amphibalanus amphitrite ? a note on barnacle nomenclature . - pubmed - ncbi\nreply to clare and h\u00f8eg 2008 . balanus amphitrite or amphibalanus amphitrite ? a note on barnacle nomenclature .\namphibalanus improvisus on a mytilus galloprovincialis shell . collected in 2001 , black sea , balaklava bay , preserved in alcohol\namphibalanus improvisus on a mytilus galloprovincialis shell . collected in 2001 , black sea , balaklava bay , preserved in alcohol\nintroduced species remark in japan ( nation ) : amphibalanus amphitrite is reported to foul ' sluice systems ' in japan ( chavanich et al . 2010 ) . [ details ]\nvariety amphibalanus amphitrite var . stutsburi darwin , 1854 accepted as fistulobalanus pallidus ( darwin , 1854 ) ( harding 1962 considered balanus amphitrite var stutburi is synonym to balanus pallidus ( = fistulobalanus pallidus ) )\na recent revision of balanomorph barnacles ( pitombo , 2004 ) has transferred balanus improvisus to the genus amphibalanus . the name change is now widely accepted , but some literature sources and internet databases have used the genus name balanus .\nthe shell of balanus crenatus appears not notched on the top , calcareous base lacks the star - like pattern and its operculum is centred . the carina of amphibalanus eburneus is not lower than the rostrum , the scuta are cross - striated , cuticle is more resilient on plates rather than on the radii . the main band in the middle of the tergoscutal flap of amphibalanus amphitrite is above the micropylar opening . more morphological detail on differences in the balanus amphitrite complex are given in henry and mclaughlin ( 1975 ) .\namphibalanus eburneus , known as the ivory barnacle , is native to the western atlantic from the southern gulf of maine to venezuela . it is widely introduced around the world and has invaded the northeast atlantic , the indian ocean , northwestern pacific and the northeastern pacific . in 2000 , an established population was reported for the first time in us pacific waters , in the colorado lagoon , long beach , california . based on its broad tolerances , this species has the potential to expand its range on the pacific coast . amphibalanus eburneus fouls cultured oysters and may compete with other benthic invertebrates for space .\nin a recent revision of the balanidae based on morphological systematics , the much studied fouling species balanus amphitrite was renamed amphibalanus amphitrite . here , the case is made for retaining the former nomenclature . taxonomists are urged to exercise caution before introducing new formal taxonomies , which should ideally be based on several independent lines of evidence .\nthe reticulated barnacle , amphibalanus reticulatus , was first described from southern japan and is native to the indo - pacific region . it has been introduced by shipping to tropical and subtropical waters of the eastern pacific , both sides of the atlantic , and the eastern mediterranean . it prefers saline ( 30 - 40 psu ) , subtidal habitats in warm seas and can be found on a wide range of hard surfaces , including ships ' hulls , docks , pilings , mangroves , rocks , oysters , and other shellfish . amphibalanus reticulatus can have economic impacts through the frequent fouling of ships ' hulls and marine structures and is thought to compete with other barnacle species for settlement space .\nintroduced species remark in swedish exclusive economic zone ( eez ) : amphibalanus improvisus is a frequent fouler of power plants in its native and introduced range ( nauman and cory 1969 ; vuorinen et al . 1986 ; zvyagintsev et al . 2003 ) . in sweden , estimated costs of power plant fouling by a . improvisus were 1 . 5 - 5 . 5 million dollars per year ( gren et al . 2009 ) . [ details ]\nalien species the origin of the bay barnacle amphibalanus improvisus is unclear , and therefore referred to by many scientists as cryptogenic . it is a typical fouling species that distributes itself by clinging to ship hulls . in belgium , living bay barnacles were first reported in 1895 . there were even specimens found in archaeological materials dating back to the 17th century . this barnacle can compete with local species for food and space , but it can also influence the occurrence of algae , as seen in the baltic sea . [ details ]\nthe bay barnacle , amphibalanus improvisus , is native to the atlantic and gulf coasts of north america ranging south through the caribbean and south america . it has been introduced to the west coast of north america , the sea of japan , europe and the mediterranean , black and caspian seas . it is characteristic of brackish estuarine habitats and is tolerant of varying salinities , being found in water ranging from 0 - 40 psu . economic and ecological impacts have not been reported for a . improvisus on the west coast ; however , it is a dominant fouling organism and is known to grow on a variety of surfaces including ships , boats , harbor structures , and fishing gear .\nalien species the striped barnacle amphibalanus amphitrite is a cosmopolitan barnacle that naturally occurs in almost every tropical and subtropical sea . it is a typical fouling species that can reach different places by attaching itself to ship\u2019s hulls . the first specimen in belgium was found in 1952 in farmed oysters in the port of ostend . it took till february 1995 till the striped barnacle was commonly found along the belgian coast . it was thought that the cold winter temperatures would kill off the species in the belgian regions , but this did not happen . the barnacle today ( 2011 ) is a common inhabitant in the port of ostend . the species thrives well in areas with a certain degree of physical stress or pollution . [ details ]\npitombo , f . b . ( 2004 ) . phylogenetic analysis of the balanidae ( cirripedia , balanomorpha ) . zoologica scripta 33 ( 3 ) : 261\u2013276 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\ndarwin , c . ( 1854 ) . a monograph on the sub - class cirripedia with figures of all the species . the balanidae , ( or sessile cirripedia ) ; the verricidae , etc . , etc . , etc . the ray society , london . i - viii + 1 - 684 , pls . 1 - 30 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nlutaenko , k . a . ; furota , t . ; nakayama ; s . ; shin , k . ; xu , j . ( 2013 ) . atlas of marine invasive species in the nowpap region . beijing : nowpap dinrac ( northwest pacific action plan , data and information network regional center ) . 189 pp . [ details ]\nwebber , w . r . ; fenwick , g . d . ; bradford - grieve , j . m . ; eagar s . g . ; buckeridge , j . s . ; poore , g . c . b . ; dawson , e . w . ; watling , l . ; jones , j . b . ; wells , j . b . j . ; bruce , n . l . ; ahyong , s . t . ; larsen , k . ; chapman , m . a . ; olesen , j . ; ho , j . ; green , j . d . ; shiel , r . j . ; rocha , c . e . f . ; l\u00f6rz , a . ; bird , g . j . ; charleston , w . a . ( 2010 ) . phylum arthropoda subphylum crustacea : shrimps , crabs , lobsters , barnacles , slaters , and kin , in : gordon , d . p . ( ed . ) ( 2010 ) . new zealand inventory of biodiversity : 2 . kingdom animalia : chaetognatha , ecdysozoa , ichnofossils . pp . 98 - 232 . [ details ]\nliu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of balanus amphitrite darwin , 1854 ) hayward , p . j . ; ryland , j . s . ( ed . ) . ( 1990 ) . the marine fauna of the british isles and north - west europe : 1 . introduction and protozoans to arthropods . clarendon press : oxford , uk . isbn 0 - 19 - 857356 - 1 . 627 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of balanus amphitrite darwin , 1854 ) integrated taxonomic information system ( itis ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of balanus amphitrite darwin , 1854 ) southward , a . j . ( 2001 ) . cirripedia - non - parasitic thoracica , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 280 - 283 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of balanus amphitrite darwin , 1854 ) pollock , l . w . ( 1998 ) . a practical guide to the marine animals of northeastern north america . rutgers university press . new brunswick , new jersey & london . 367 pp . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of balanus amphitrite darwin , 1854 ) muller , y . ( 2004 ) . faune et flore du littoral du nord , du pas - de - calais et de la belgique : inventaire . [ coastal fauna and flora of the nord , pas - de - calais and belgium : inventory ] . commission r\u00e9gionale de biologie r\u00e9gion nord pas - de - calais : france . 307 pp . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of balanus amphitrite darwin , 1854 ) webber , w . r . ; fenwick , g . d . ; bradford - grieve , j . m . ; eagar s . g . ; buckeridge , j . s . ; poore , g . c . b . ; dawson , e . w . ; watling , l . ; jones , j . b . ; wells , j . b . j . ; bruce , n . l . ; ahyong , s . t . ; larsen , k . ; chapman , m . a . ; olesen , j . ; ho , j . ; green , j . d . ; shiel , r . j . ; rocha , c . e . f . ; l\u00f6rz , a . ; bird , g . j . ; charleston , w . a . ( 2010 ) . phylum arthropoda subphylum crustacea : shrimps , crabs , lobsters , barnacles , slaters , and kin , in : gordon , d . p . ( ed . ) ( 2010 ) . new zealand inventory of biodiversity : 2 . kingdom animalia : chaetognatha , ecdysozoa , ichnofossils . pp . 98 - 232 . [ details ]\n( of balanus amphitrite darwin , 1854 ) pitombo , f . b . ( 2004 ) . phylogenetic analysis of the balanidae ( cirripedia , balanomorpha ) . zoologica scripta 33 ( 3 ) : 261\u2013276 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of balanus amphitrite darwin , 1854 ) henry , d . p . ; mclaughlin , p . a . ( 1975 ) . the barnacles of the balanus amphitrite complex ( cirripedia , thoracica ) . zoologische verhandelingen . 141 : 1 - 254 . 22 plates . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nintergovernmental oceanographic commission ( ioc ) of unesco . the ocean biogeographic information system ( obis ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nblackmore , g . ; rainbow , p . s . ( 2000 ) . barnacles as biomonitors of trace metal availabilities in hong kong coastal waters 1998 update . in : morton b , editor . proceedings of the tenth international marine biological workshop : the marine flora and fauna of hong kong and southern china . the marine flora and fauna of hong kong and southern china v . hong kong university press , hong kong . 385 - 409 . [ details ]\nintroduced species abundance in trinidad and tobago ( nation ) : southward ( 1975 ) and bacon ( 1976 ) found it largely confined to ships and man - made structures in bonaire and trinidad . [ details ]\nintroduced species abundance in gulf of mexico ( iho sea area ) : this could represent an isolated specimen collected from a ship . [ details ]\nintroduced species abundance in jamaican part of the caribbean sea : southward ( 1975 ) and bacon ( 1976 ) found it rare and local in jamaica . [ details ]\nintroduced species remark in united states part of the north atlantic ocean ( marine region ) : a . amphitrite is one of the most abundant fouling barnacles in warmer harbors of the u . s . ( moore and frue 1959 ; carlton 1979 ) , and worldwide ( zevina 1988 ; jones 1992 ; shkedy et al . 1995 ) [ details ]\ngittings , s . r . 2009 . cirripedia ( crustacea ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 827\u2013836 in felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico\u2013origins , waters , and biota . biodiversity . texas a & m ; press , college station , texas . [ details ]\nzenetos , a . ; gofas , s . ; verlaque , m . ; cinar , m . ; garcia raso , j . ; bianchi , c . ; morri , c . ; azzurro , e . ; bilecenoglu , m . ; froglia , c . ; siokou , i . ; violanti , d . ; sfriso , a . ; san martin , g . ; giangrande , a . ; katagan , t . ; ballesteros , e . ; ramos - espla , a . ; mastrototaro , f . ; ocana , o . ; zingone , a . ; gambi , m . ; streftaris , n . ( 2010 ) . alien species in the mediterranean sea by 2010 . a contribution to the application of european union\u2019s marine strategy framework directive ( msfd ) . part i . spatial distribution . mediterranean marine science . 11 ( 2 ) : 381 - 493 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nmarchini , a . ; ferrario , j . ; sfriso , a . ; occhipinti - ambrogi , a . ( 2015 ) . current status and trends of biological invasions in the lagoon of venice , a hotspot of marine nis introductions in the mediterranean sea . biological invasions . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of balanus eburneus gould , 1841 ) hayward , p . j . ; ryland , j . s . ( ed . ) . ( 1990 ) . the marine fauna of the british isles and north - west europe : 1 . introduction and protozoans to arthropods . clarendon press : oxford , uk . isbn 0 - 19 - 857356 - 1 . 627 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of balanus eburneus gould , 1841 ) integrated taxonomic information system ( itis ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of balanus eburneus gould , 1841 ) southward , a . j . ( 2001 ) . cirripedia - non - parasitic thoracica , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 280 - 283 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of balanus eburneus gould , 1841 ) meinkoth , n . a . 1981 . field guide to north american seashore creatures . the audubon society . alfred a . knopf . new york . 799 p . [ details ]\n( of balanus eburneus gould , 1841 ) pollock , l . w . ( 1998 ) . a practical guide to the marine animals of northeastern north america . rutgers university press . new brunswick , new jersey & london . 367 pp . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of balanus eburneus gould , 1841 ) streftaris , n . ; zenetos , a . ; papathanassiou , e . ( 2005 ) . globalisation in marine ecosystems : the story of non - indigenous marine species across european seas . oceanogr . mar . biol . ann . rev . 43 : 419 - 453 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of balanus eburneus gould , 1841 ) zenetos , a . , m . e . \u00e7inar , m . a . pancucci - papadopoulou , j . g . harmelin , g . furnari , f . andaloro , n . bellou , n . streftaris & h . zibrowius . ( 2005 ) . annotated list of marine alien species in the mediterranean with records of the worst invasive species . mediterranean marine science 6 ( 2 ) : 63 - 118 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of balanus eburneus gould , 1841 ) pitombo , f . b . ( 2004 ) . phylogenetic analysis of the balanidae ( cirripedia , balanomorpha ) . zoologica scripta 33 ( 3 ) : 261\u2013276 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nkatsanevakis , s . ; bogucarskis , k . ; gatto , f . ; vandekerkhove , j . ; deriu , i . ; cardoso a . s . ( 2012 ) . building the european alien species information network ( easin ) : a novel approach for the exploration of distributed alien species data . bioinvasions records . 1 : 235 - 245 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nleung ty . & jones ds . ( 2000 ) . barnacles ( cirripedia : thoracica ) from epibenthic substrata in the shallow offshore waters of hong kong . in : morton b , editor . proceedings of the tenth international marine biological workshop : the marine flora and fauna of hong kong and southern china . the marine flora and fauna of hong kong and southern china v . hong kong university press , hong kong . pp 105 - 127 . [ details ]\nintroduced species population trend in dutch part of the north sea : in dutch waters it seems to sporadically appear and disappear and does not seem to be established there ( wolff 2005 ) . [ details ]\n( of balanus improvisus darwin , 1854 ) hayward , p . j . ; ryland , j . s . ( ed . ) . ( 1990 ) . the marine fauna of the british isles and north - west europe : 1 . introduction and protozoans to arthropods . clarendon press : oxford , uk . isbn 0 - 19 - 857356 - 1 . 627 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of balanus improvisus darwin , 1854 ) integrated taxonomic information system ( itis ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of balanus improvisus darwin , 1854 ) southward , a . j . ( 2001 ) . cirripedia - non - parasitic thoracica , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 280 - 283 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of balanus improvisus darwin , 1854 ) brunel , p . ; bosse , l . ; lamarche , g . ( 1998 ) . catalogue of the marine invertebrates of the estuary and gulf of st . lawrence . canadian special publication of fisheries and aquatic sciences , 126 . 405 p . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of balanus improvisus darwin , 1854 ) pollock , l . w . ( 1998 ) . a practical guide to the marine animals of northeastern north america . rutgers university press . new brunswick , new jersey & london . 367 pp . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of balanus improvisus darwin , 1854 ) muller , y . ( 2004 ) . faune et flore du littoral du nord , du pas - de - calais et de la belgique : inventaire . [ coastal fauna and flora of the nord , pas - de - calais and belgium : inventory ] . commission r\u00e9gionale de biologie r\u00e9gion nord pas - de - calais : france . 307 pp . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of balanus improvisus darwin , 1854 ) streftaris , n . ; zenetos , a . ; papathanassiou , e . ( 2005 ) . globalisation in marine ecosystems : the story of non - indigenous marine species across european seas . oceanogr . mar . biol . ann . rev . 43 : 419 - 453 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of balanus improvisus darwin , 1854 ) zenetos , a . , m . e . \u00e7inar , m . a . pancucci - papadopoulou , j . g . harmelin , g . furnari , f . andaloro , n . bellou , n . streftaris & h . zibrowius . ( 2005 ) . annotated list of marine alien species in the mediterranean with records of the worst invasive species . mediterranean marine science 6 ( 2 ) : 63 - 118 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nintroduced species abundance in sea of japan ( iho sea area ) : this barnacle is now abundant in the region , especially in brackish waters . [ details ]\nintroduced species remark in gulf of finland ( iho sea area ) : in the gulf of finland , a . improvisus was classified as having some habitat impacts ( zaiko et al . 2011 ) . [ details ]\nintroduced species remark in sea of japan ( iho sea area ) : in the caspian sea and in russian harbors on the sea of japan , a . improvisus was an important component of fouling on harbor structures ( kashin et al . 2000 ; zaitsev and ozturk 2001 ; zvyagintsev 2003 ) . [ details ]\nintroduced species remark in gulf of bothnia ( iho sea area ) : in the gulf of bothnia , a . improvisus was classified as having some habitat impacts , by fouling eelgrass and algae ( bostrom and bonsdorff 1997 and raberg and kautsky 2007 , cited by zaiko et al . 2011 ) . [ details ]\nintroduced species remark in swedish exclusive economic zone ( eez ) : in skagerrak , sweden , it was the dominant organism fouling the hulls of recreational boats , probably because it was more tolerant of hydrodynamic stress than the native blue mussel , mytilus edulis , which dominated static fouling plates ( berntsson and jonsson 2003 ) . in sweden , estimated costs of hull fouling by a . improvisus are 23 - 56 million dollars per year ( gren et al . 2009 ) . [ details ]\nintroduced species remark in baltic sea ( iho sea area ) : in the baltic sea , where it is the only barnacle species present , filter - feeding by a . improvisus is thought to affect food webs by diverting planktonic production to the benthic biomass ( olenin and leppakoski 2000 ) . [ details ]\nintroduced species remark in baltic sea ( iho sea area ) : in the baltic sea , a . improvisus is reported to affect the recreational quality of shorelines by fouling rocks and littering beaches with its sharp shells . on the other hand , its large filter - feeding biomass increases the clarity of the water ( olenin and leppakoski 2000 ) . [ details ]\nintroduced species remark in gulf of finland ( iho sea area ) : in the gulf of finland , a . improvisus was classified as having moderate ecosystem impacts ( zaiko et al . 2011 ) . [ details ]\nintroduced species remark in gulf of riga ( iho sea area ) : in the gulf of riga , a . improvisus was classified as having some habitat impacts ( zaiko et al . 2011 ) . [ details ]\nintroduced species vector dispersal in gulf of california ( iho sea area ) : ships : general early shipping could also explain a 1889 collection from the gulf of california , mexico ( henry and mclaughlin 1975 ) . [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nimage courtesy of prof . christiane maria rocha farrapeira , universidade federal rural de pernambuco - ufrpe , brazil\nthis is some default tab content , embedded directly inside this space and not via ajax . it can be shown when no tabs are automatically selected , or associated with a certain tab , in this case , the first tab .\nfofonoff pw , ruiz gm , steves b , simkanin c , & carlton jt . . national exotic marine and estuarine species information system . urltoken . access date :\nlike most websites we use cookies . this is to ensure that we give you the best experience possible .\ncontinuing to use urltoken means you agree to our use of cookies . if you would like to , you can learn more about the cookies we use .\nwe\u2019d value your feedback on the tool . our survey takes only five minutes to complete .\na . improvisus is a small sessile crustacean , typical for the shallow fringe of sea ( less than 10 m deep ) , occurring in marine and brackish environments . a . improvisus has been dispersed by shipment out . . .\na . improvisus is a small sessile crustacean , typical for the shallow fringe of sea ( less than 10 m deep ) , occurring in marine and brackish environments . a . improvisus has been dispersed by shipment outside its natural distribution area , which is considered to be the western atlantic . it was first recorded as invasive in europe and california in the middle of the nineteenth century , with further distribution records to the pacific and australasia ( carlton et al . , 2011 ) . its success worldwide has been attributed to the fact that it is euryhaline and eurythermal , able to self - fertilize , establish and mature rapidly , has a high reproductive capacity and long settlement period , and utilizes a wide range of food . the species damages man - made constructions and ships , causing substantial economic expense , and threatens biological diversity , competing with local species for food as well as space . a . improvisus is included in alert lists in the baltic and pacific ( australia ) . the potential of becoming established from warm temperate to tropical and polar regions has been indicated .\nin some germanic languages the species common name means \u201cbrackish water barnacle\u201d , reflecting the ability of the barnacle to live in water with lower salinity , such as estuaries . the english common name \u201cbay barnacle\u201d indicates the ability of the species to live in inlets and enclosed bodies of water .\nhas a low , cone - shaped or semi - globe shape . it may be cylinder - shaped in crowded populations , but according to\nthe calcareous shell is made up of white to greyish plates . walls never ribbed or folded longitudinally . uneroded calcareous shells have a smooth surface and may be covered by a thin yellowish epidermis , which is often more resilient on the radii . the radii are narrow and oblique and do not completely cover the alae that is nearly horizontal . the carina is lower than the rostrum . the operculum situated off centre , so that terga are close to the carina . the operculum is rounded at the rostral end . in water the opening is narrow and diamond shaped with partly - erect tergoscutal flaps . in juveniles ' opening (\n) a white ground is crossed by five black bands of speckles , whereas adults display the same dark bands , but the ground colour is white speckled with purple .\nbase of the shell calcareous , flat and thin . canals inside run radially to the place ( approximately centre of the basal plate ) where cyprid antennas were attached ( tarasov and zevina , 1957 ; lepp\u00e4koski , 1999 ) forming a star - like pattern .\na . improvisus normally grows to around 10 mm in diameter , the largest specimens reaching 23 mm ( tarasov and zevina , 1957 ) .\nthe shells can remain in place long after the animal that constructed and inhabited it is dead .\nnoted that some of the records in the tropics may relate to the variety \u201cassimilis\u201d , which is a distinct , tropically distributed species of the \u201camphitrite\u201d group . unlike\na . improvisus is considered to be native on the east coast of north america . in its native range it is distributed from the gulf of st . lawrence in quebec province , canada ( brunel et al . , 1998 ) southward to florida ( pollock , 1998 ) .\nfurther south , the species is found in the gulf of mexico and caribbean region ( henry and mclaughlin , 1975 ) , and on the brazilian coast ( in estuarine areas in northeast brazil ; farrapeira , 2010 ) . in the southwest atlantic a . improvisus was found in uruguay and argentina by darwin ( 1854 ) .\nreviewed the species from uruguay and argentina as cryptogenic . it was also listed as cryptogenic in brazil by neves and da\nis generally considered as non - native in the east pacific . on the west coast of america its range is from british columbia down to central california (\n) with occasional records of sporadic occurrence in southern california as far south as san diego bay . presently it is found in california , oregon and the state of washington (\ndata on distribution on the west coast of mexico , western colombia , peru and ecuador is based on old collection records ( darwin , 1854 ; henry and mclaughlin , 1975 ) and needs to be reviewed ( carlton et al . , 2011 ) .\nfrom a few places in england and one locality in scotland . at the present time its distribution in the uk remains restricted to estuaries (\n) including the thames , severn , daugleddau , conwy , ribble , forth , dart and tamar .\n) and dundalk , dublin and cork harbours ( crisp and southward , unpublished survey ) .\nnoted that populations in the uk estuaries are fluctuating ; e . g . in the thames\nin continental europe , a . improvisus is known from estuarine and brackish waters in the baltic and north sea . in the baltic weidema ( 2000 ) states the northernmost limit of distribution as the northern quark , 63\u00b0n and the easternmost point at about 25\u00b0e in the gulf of finland . in norway the species is found in several localities between oslo fjord and stavanger , but not north of this ( sneli , 1972 ) . along the southern coastline of the north sea , it is common in brackish waters of the netherlands ( gittenberger et al . , 2010 ) .\na . improvisus is found in the caspian , black and aral sea from many littoral locations and is considered as a non - native , well established species there , being very widespread .\ndidn ' t find it in the aegean sea , but included the species in the checklist of cirripedia for all parts of the mediterranean sea .\nearly findings of a . improvisus from african coasts ( broch , 1927 ; gruvel , 1912 ; nilsson - cantell , 1938 ) need to be reviewed . henry and mclaughlin ( 1975 ) suggested that specimens found by stubbings ( 1967 ) from west coast of africa are a . improvisus rather than balanus amphitrite as the author had described . bishop ( 1951 ) recorded a . improvisus from three localities in west africa . some authors such as jones et al . ( 2000 ) included the west coast of africa to the cape of good hope in current habitat of the species , but recent reports from south africa don ' t list the species ( griffiths et al . , 2009 ; 2011 ) .\nin western pacific the species is considered established in the russian part of the sea of japan .\na . improvisus is a fouling agent in japanese ports , from where there are detailed records . there are records from malaysia and the east china sea , but data on distribution and spread in the region are still limited . several occurrences have been noted from australian ports , but the claims were not confirmed ( wiltshire et al . , 2010 ) . in new zealand this species seems to be established .\nthe distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available . when several references are cited , they may give conflicting information on the status . further details may be available for individual references in the distribution table details section which can be selected by going to generate report .\nkotta et al . , 2006a ; darwin , 1854 ; hoek , 1876 ; broch , 1924 ; gislen , 1950 ; barnes and barnes , 1962 ; bassindale , 1964 ; polk , 1976 ; hayward et al . , 1990 ; sandrock et al . , 1991 ; jansson , 1994 ; brattegard et al . , 1997 ; olszewska , 1999 ; reise et al . , 1999 ; goulletquer et al . , 2002 ; leppakoski et al . , 2002 ; m\u00fcller , 2004 ; gollasch and nehring , 2006 ; reise et al . , 2006 ; daisie , 2009 ; dziubinska and szaniawska , 2010 ; jazdewski and grabowski , 2011 ; noel , 2011\nbousfield , 1954 ; branscomb , 1976 ; brunel et al . , 1998 ; pollock , 1998 ; carlton et al . , 2011\nbuchinsky , 1885 ; neu , 1935 ; derzhavin , 1956 ; sayenkova , 1956 ; tarasov and zevina , 1957 ; henry and mclaughlin , 1975 ; brayko , 1982 ; brayko , 1985 ; zevina and poltarukha , 1999 ; aladin et al . , 2002 ; gomoiu et al . , 2002 ; grigorovich et al . , 2003 ; zenetos , 2005 ; daisie , 2009\ntarasov and zevina , 1957 ; kawahara , 1963 ; utinomi , 1966 ; utinomi , 1968 ; utinomi , 1970 ; huang , 1994 ; iwasaki and kinoshita , 2004 ; otani , 2004 ; iwasaki , 2006 ; liu , 2008 ; seo and lee , 2009 ; doi et al . , 2011\nfoster and willan , 1979 ; cranfield et al . , 1998 ; ahyong and wilkens , 2011\nbishop , 1951 ; jones et al . , 2000 ; ahyong and wilkens , 2011\nkawahara , 1963 ; utinomi , 1966 ; utinomi , 1968 ; utinomi , 1970 ; iwasaki and kinoshita , 2004 ; otani , 2004 ; iwasaki , 2006 ; doi et al . , 2011\nhenry and mclaughlin , 1975 ; kaplan , 1988 ; davidson et al . , 2008\npolk , 1976 ; kerckhof and cattrijsse , 2001 ; vandendriessche et al . , 2003 ; m\u00fcller , 2004\nj\u00e4rvek\u00fclg , 1979 ; leppakoski , 2002 ; p\u00f5llum\u00e4e et al . , 2006 ; simm and p\u00f5llum\u00e4e , 2006\ngruet et al . , 1976 ; goulletquer et al . , 2002 ; m\u00fcller , 2004\nrelini et al . , 1976 ; relini et al . , 1998 ; galil , 2011\nj\u00e4rvek\u00fclg , 1979 ; lepp\u00e4koski , 1999 ; barien , 2002 ; zaiko et al . , 2007\nwaardenburg , 1827 ; hoek , 1876 ; bishop , 1947 ; wolff , 2005 ; gittenberger et al . , 2010\nbroch , 1924 ; sneli , 1972 ; brattegard et al . , 1997 ; reise et al . , 1999 ; hopkins , 2002\npanov et al . , 1999 ; panov et al . , 2002 ; orlova et al . , 2006\nderzhavin , 1956 ; sayenkova , 1956 ; tarasov and zevina , 1957 ; turpaeva and simkina , 1963 ; birshtain et al . , 1968 ; brayko , 1982 ; brayko , 1985 ; zevina and poltarukha , 1999 ; aladin et al . , 2002 ; gomoiu et al . , 2002 ; grigorovich et al . , 2003 ; daisie , 2009\nreise et al . , 1999 ; southward , 2008 ; macho et al . , 2010 ; noel , 2011\ngislen , 1950 ; barnes and barnes , 1962 ; jansson , 1994 ; lepp\u00e4koski and olenin , 2000 ; gren et al . , 2009\nmost sources suggest ( newman and ross , 1976 ; zullo and miller , 1986 ) that a . improvisus originates on the north atlantic coast of america . paleontological records support this theory ( carlton and zullo , 1969 ) . the species is known in fossil records from florida ( newman , 1979 ) , whereas examination of late cenozoic barnacle faunas from numerous pacific coast localities has failed to uncover a . improvisus . newman ( 1954 ) also noted the absence of this species in indian mound material at brooks island , san francisco bay , although balanus glandula was common on mollusc shells now frequented by a . improvisus . some fossil records may indicate ( tavora et al . , 2005 ) that south america is the source area , but they need to be reviewed ( carlton et al . , 2011 ) .\nin the americas , according to a recent review on barnacle invasions ( carlton et al . , 2011 ) , a . improvisus and a . amphitrite constituted the majority of invasion events in the first 100 years after 1853 . in 1853 a . improvisus was first found in san francisco bay ( carlton and zullo , 1969 ) , where it is supposed to have arrived on ship hulls during the gold rush . the ships were often abandoned , providing a good opportunity for colonisation by fouling organisms from the atlantic . a . improvisus spread along the coast from california ( carlton , 1979 ) and reached british columbia in 1955 ( rivera et al . , 2011 ) .\nmay have been introduced to south american coasts on spanish ships as early as the sixteenth century . the suggestion is supported by\n) consider it to be a non - indigenous species and noted the lack of verified fossils in the eastern atlantic and mediterranean . they suppose that\nreached europe with trading vessels from america and started colonisation of the baltic in the middle of the nineteenth century , spreading through human activities . now it is regarded as a pest and is given as one of the 100 worst alien species in europe (\n, becoming extinct in northeast atlantic waters during the last glaciation and then being re - introduced by human activities as the earliest transatlantic voyages took place between the thirteenth and seventeenth centuries .\nconsidered the species as an emigrant from america . in ireland it is only estimated to have arrived before 1950 (\nwas found in oslofjord , and until 1969 it was only found in this fjord .\na . improvisus has invaded the black and caspian seas . the first record from the black sea dates back to 1844 ( gomoiu et al . , 2002 ) , but the species may inhabited the basin much earlier : derzhavin ( 1956 ) indicates than it could have been transported on ships from ancient greece and phoenicia . the start of invasion and spread in the caspian sea is well - recorded ( tarasov and zevina , 1957 ) . it arrived in the caspian sea in 1955 ( sayenkova , 1956 ; grigorovich et al . , 2003 ) , presumably through the volga - don canal from the asov and the black sea . in summer 1956 the species could be found everywhere in the basin ( tarasov and zevina , 1957 ) and now it is a dominant fouling organism ( aladin , et al . , 2002 ) .\nthere are few recent records from the mediterranean , and it is unknown whether a . improvisus is established here ( zenetos et al . , 2005 ) . the first record may be from 1972 ( streftaris et al . , 2005 ) or 1976 from off - shore platforms in the adriatic sea ( relini et al . , 1976 ) . in a recent review by galil ( 2011 ) the species is not mentioned in the list of alien crustaceans of the mediterranean sea .\nin the russian part of the sea of japan a . improvisus is now considered established ( zvyagintsev , 2003 ; ovsyannikova , 2008 ) . the first record as an exotic species was in 1969 when it was found on man - made installations ( zevina and gorin , 1971 ) in the peter the great bay . however , the species might have inhabited the waters well before detailed scientific research was started here in the 1960s .\ncolonised the western pacific , probably through human introduction . in japan it was first recorded in 1952 (\nthe species is recorded from several locations in north and central western pacific ( jones et al . , 2000 ) , but little is known about the pattern of its spread and invasiveness in the region .\nin the southwest pacific the species was first reported in western australia by bishop in 1951 , who suggested that a . improvisus had become established in one of the australian ports during the 1940s . however , later allen ( 1953 ) could not substantiate this claim when investigating fouling of submerged surfaces on the eastern australian coast . in a review , jones ( 1992 ) didn ' t include this species as present in australian waters , but australia appeared as a location in a later review ( jones et al . , 2000 ) . recently the species has been reported from ships ' hulls in australian ports , but there are no records of its having become established ( wiltshire et al . , 2010 ; ahyong and wilkens , 2011 ) in these waters .\nin new zealand , a . improvisus was initially observed on an oil platform which had been transported from japan to new zealand ( foster and willan , 1979 ) in 1975 , and the species is now reported as established .\nrivera et al ( 2011 ) modelled the potential for high - latitude marine invasions of a . improvisus along western north america . according the author ' s calculations , there is a potential of habitat extension from the modern frontier in british columbia ( port alberni ) to the prince william sound and aleutian islands reaching 61 - 61 . 5\u00ba n . if global warming is considered , the north habitat border may shift as far as 68 . 5 - 69 . 0\u00ba in america , creating a possibility of invasion of the species on much of the southeast coast of alaska . in europe ( norway ) the northern border may shift to 65 . 5 or in case of potential effect of global warming to 71 - 71 . 5\u00ba n .\nfindings of the species in australian ports indicates a possibility of a wider invasion in the region .\nrivera et al . ( 2007 ) noted that uniform warming of 2\u00b0c may nudge northward some of the northern hemisphere limits of a . improvisus but would decrease its tropical coverage and lead to a global decrease in suitable habitat .\n) . vertical distribution can vary , generally reflecting the difference in tidal range at each location , usually 0 - 80 cm .\nthe species can often be found on ship hulls , sluices and oil platforms . on ships it tolerates places with strong water flow ( tarasov and zevina , 1957 ) .\nwithin the habitat range the species tends to colonize all available substratum suitable for a cyprid larva settlement . many authors noted an ability of a . improvisus to live on a wide range of hosts .\na . improvisus is often found attached to bivalve shells and dead molluscs . on sandy beaches of the northwestern black sea it colonised almost all bivalve shells at 2 - 10 m depth ( vinogradov , 1956 ) . in the baltic it has been found on mytilus edulis ( laihonen and furman , 1986 ) and mya arenaria ( olszewska , 2000 ) . in the southern baltic a . improvisus is the only representative of the cirripedia which grows on the mussel mytilus trossulus , which is the dominant element of the bottom fauna in this area . the sporadic occurrence of this barnacle on another baltic bivalve species , the cockle cerastoderma glaucum , has also been noted ( olszewska , 1999 ) .\nin september 1999 the species was found on shells of the soft - shell clam mya arenaria on the beach near brzezno ( gulf of gdansk ) . the presence of a . improvisus on m . arenaria could be further evidence of the tendency of barnacles to colonise all available habitats , even if they are not always optimal ( olszewska , 2000 ) .\nin the caspian sea it uses an endemic bivalve didacna sp . ( riedel et al . , 2006 ) . in brazil it attaches directly to living oysters and mussels , as well as on stones and empty shells on the muddy sediment ( farrapeira , 2010 ) . in the sea of japan it settles on the native bivalve corbicula japonica , which may live in freshwater , and on the oyster crassostrea gigas , but also on seagrass and macroalgae ( ovsyannikova , 2008 ) .\n) . in south america farraepeira ( 2009 ; 2010 ) has reported it on numerous organisms .\nin british populations of a . improvisus , furman et al . ( 1989 ) noted high levels of polymorphism and heterozygosity in most estuarine populations except for a small isolated conwy population , where self - fertilisation and inbreeding is possible . factors determining the genetic differentiation in british populations are water currents and water traffic , but not salinity .\nanalyses of isozyme patterns by furman ( 1990 ) revealed a high degree of genetic similarity amongst populations in the british isles and the baltic , the west coast of sweden , and north america . the results indicate that populations of a . improvisus cluster by geographical and salinity patterns . less heterozygote deficiency was observed in the baltic , showing higher stability and outcrossing here . johannesson and andre ( 2006 ) analysed genetic data from 29 species inhabiting the low saline baltic sea and found that essentially only a . improvisus seemed to be panmictic over the baltic sea\u2013north sea salinity gradient due to high dispersive capacity .\ngamfeldt et al . ( 2005 ) hypothesised that increasing genetic diversity within species enhances ecosystem processes such as success of larval settlement of a . improvisus . possible mechanisms that explain this pattern may be facilitation of gregarious response through the presence of founder genotypes , ensuring genetic complementarity to increase future reproductive potential . the study of settlement pattern of the species indicates that changing intraspecific genetic diversity could have community - scale consequences for larval recruitment and space occupancy .\nbarien ( 2002 ) assessed cytogenetic damage in a . improvisus ( aneugenic effects ) inhabiting the baltic sea at butinge oil terminal , showing the high genotoxicity level in the zone of sewage effluent from palanga town and mazeikiai oil refinery . extensive cytogenetic injuries in gonadal cells of a . improvisus indicated the potential long - term hazards of pollutants to ecological health and integrity of this aquatic species .\nalthough hermaphroditism is universal in sessile barnacles , only a few species are known to be facultative self - fertilisers . furman and yule ( 1990 ) tested the ability of a . improvisus to self - fertilise . individuals were observed to carry well - developed ovaries and well - developed testes at the same time . fertilisation took place and the eggs developed to larvae in both isolated and communal individuals . self - fertilisation appears to take place somewhat later than cross - fertilisation . these laboratory results on self - fertilisation are supported by field observations , in which isolated individuals were found with fertilised egg masses . a . improvisus can thus be added to the list of facultatively self - fertilising cirripedes . the ability to self - fertilise is especially advantageous for individuals of a species such as a . improvisus , which often has sparse and isolated populations ( weidema , 2000 ) .\n) . eggs form in the mantle cavity . egg size is about 180 \u00b5m , and contrary to other species , there is little geographic variation in this size (\n) and gives several generations in a year . embryos are brooded in an ovisac inside the mantle cavity . development to hatching takes about 21 days at 18\u00b0c (\nlarvae hatch as nauplii , and a new brood can be released every 5 - 6 days ( gamfeldt et al . , 2005 ) . there are six nauplius stages of which the first may be non - feeding , the others feeding in plankton , and a non - feeding cypris stage ( barnes and barnes , 1965 ) . nauplius larvae show strongly positive phototaxis , which decreases in the last nauplius stage ( lang et al . , 1979 ) . both eggs and nauplii of a . improvisus are smaller than those of most other barnacle species ( barnes and barnes , 1965 ; ross et al . , 2003 ) . development through the six nauplius stages takes about one week in the laboratory ( o ' connor and richardson , 1996 ; dahlstrom et al . , 2000 ) , but this depends on temperature .\nthe last naupliar stage moults into the cyprid larvae , which settle on hard substrate and transform into barnacles . cyprid larvae are most prone to settling when they are 3 - 4 days old ( sjogren et al . , 2008 ) . settlement increases in the presence of extract from adult conspecifics , and significantly more cyprids settled at 5 and 10 ppt than at other salinities between 2 and 35 ppt ( dineen and hines , 1992 ) . the same authors noted that surface effects were less obvious as age of cyprids increased .\nsettlement may also be influenced by light ( larvae are positively phototrophic ) , quality of the substratum and flow velocity ( smyth , 1946 ) . de wolf ( 1973 ) noted that number of cyprids increases soon after low water and decreases during the period of high water . intensity of the flow also influences the settlement : cyprids can attach when velocity of the flow is 0 . 25 m / sec , but not more than 0 . 56 m / sec . the ability of the cyprids to prefer rough surfaces over smooth ones to settle in depressions is well known ( shalaeva , 1997 ; rainbow , 1984 ) . dahlstrom et al . ( 2004 ) noted that surface wettability may act as a determinant in the settlement of a . improvisus that prefer hydrophobic surfaces in the laboratory conditions .\nchemical hormonal substances may influence the settlement of a . improvisus larvae . thus , dahlstrom et al . ( 2000 ) observed that settlement of cyprid larvae may be affected by surface active adrenoceptor compounds . zega et al . ( 2007 ) found that , neurotransmitters such as dopamine and serotonin can regulate the settlement process of cyprid larva of a . improvisus . dopamine significantly stimulated settlement of 2 - and 4 - day - old cyprids , while serotonin exerted an inhibitory effect , regardless of cyprid age .\ndescribed a reproductive peak in north carolina in winter ( water temperature 5 . 5 - 11\u00b0c ) with a maximum in january , when temperature was about 7\u00b0c . in the uk , nauplii are released from may to late september and settlement is recorded from may to september (\n) larva release was noted in the first half of summer . in the black sea (\n) in may ( water temperature 16\u00b0c ) and august - september ( water temperature 20\u00b0c ) . in these periods , larvae of\nconstituted nearly half of all meroplankton . larvae disappeared from plankton when water temperature reached 25\u00b0c .\nin the sea of japan ( korn , 1991 ) the larvae of a . improvisus are found in plankton from june with 2 - 3 abundance peaks from august to october . at a depth of 1 m the number of the larvae reaches 800 / m 3 considerably exceeding that of other species and indicating a successful acclimatisation of the barnacle in the new region .\nnasrolahi et al . ( 2006 ) studied effects of salinity on larval stage survival . with increasing salinity , larval size decreases and development time to cyprid larva increased ( 8 - 25ppt takes 7 days , above 36ppt \u2013 9 days ) . larval survival was highest at 12ppt ( 60 % ) , against 14 % at 36 ppt .\n) the species has three settlement and three survival peaks . similarly , along the swedish west coast the species may have three generations in one summer season (\ngenerally , the species has a longevity of one year , but occasionally individuals can live for just over two years .\na . improvisus reaches maximum size in 2 - 3 weeks ( elfimov et al . , 1995 ) . tarasov and zevina ( 1957 ) observed that on natural substrata biomass does not exceed 1 . 5 kg / m 2 and density 10 , 000 - 11 , 000 / m 2 . on ships , the biomass can reach 5 - 8 kg / m 2 and on stationary constructions up to 15 , 000 kg / m 2 with density 50 , 000 / m 2 ( brayko , 1982 ) . tarasov and zevina ( 1957 ) showed that density changes depending on depth . thus , on metallic constructions in the caspian sea , at 0 - 0 . 5 m depth the density was 55 , 000 - 57 , 000 / m 2 , whereas it was just 24 , 000 - 28 , 000 / m 2 at 1 - 5 m depth .\nother factors affecting size and density of subtidal a . improvisus populations were investigated in chesapeake bay , usa ( branscomb , 1976 ) . populations were affected by both biotic and physical factors . the flatworm stylochus ellipticus , the predominant predator on barnacles , and the bryozoan , victorella pavida , the major spatial competitor , were major factors in summer . in winter a combination of high winds ( 25 knots ) and low air temperature ( - 9\u00b0c ) were the major eliminating factors ."]}
{"id": 1471, "summary": [{"text": "macrosiphum euphorbiae , the potato aphid , is a sap-sucking pest insect in the family aphididae .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "it infests potatoes and a number of other commercially important crops . ", "topic": 12}], "title": "macrosiphum euphorbiae", "paragraphs": ["macrosiphum euphorbiae ( thomas ) ( coutin r . / opie ) adults and nymphs\nmacrosiphum euphorbiae ( thomas ) ( coutin r . / opie ) damage on potato\na novel virus from macrosiphum euphorbiae with similarities to members of the family flaviviridae .\na proteomic analysis of the aphid macrosiphum euphorbiae under heat and radiation stress . - pubmed - ncbi\npotato aphid macrosiphum euphorbiae performance is determined by aphid genotype and not mycorrhizal fungi or water availability .\na novel virus from macrosiphum euphorbiae with similarities to members of the family flaviviridae . - pubmed - ncbi\nthis project aims to improve the control of potatio aphid ( macrosiphum euphorbiae ) in the spring on strawberry .\ntomato yellow top virus : its distribution , characteristics and transmission by the aphid macrosiphum euphorbiae ( thom . )\npotato aphid macrosiphum euphorbiae performance is determined by aphid genotype and not mycorrhizal fungi or water availability . - pubmed - ncbi\npotato aphid , macrosiphum euphorbiae ( thomas ) , in tomatoes : plant canopy distribution and binomial sampling on processing tomatoes in california .\nmacrosiphum euphorbiae is only known to use rosa species a primary host ( specifically , for sexual reproduction ) in north - eastern usa . in addition ( there and elsewhere ) macrosiphum euphorbiae reproduces parthenogenetically on rosa species , including cultivated roses . for an aphid species list see our rose aphids page .\npotato aphid , macrosiphum euphorbiae ( thomas ) , in tomatoes : plant canopy distribution and binomial sampling on processing tomatoes in california . - pubmed - ncbi\nminer , a . and e . wason 2013 .\nmacrosiphum euphorbiae\n( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken\n( macrosiphum euphorbiae thomas ) : the role of anatomy , epidermal hairs , and foliage composition . j . am . hort . soc . 102 ( 2 ) : 166 - 171 .\nto cite this page : miner , a . and e . wason 2013 .\nmacrosiphum euphorbiae\n( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken\nthis aphid fits all the requirements of macrosiphum euphorbiae : antennal tubercules high smooth and divergent , femora rather pale with the apices not dark , siph pale with the tips darker and the cauda rather pointed and not constricted . ( e . g . see our macrosiphum page ) it is recorded on gossypium herbaceum by blackman .\nreinink , k and f . l . dieleman . 1989 . resistance in lettuce to the leaf aphids macrosiphum euphorbiae and uroleucon sonchi . ann . appl . biol . 115 ( 3 ) : 489 - 498 .\nbarlow c . a . 1962 . development , survival , and fecundity of the potato aphid macrosiphum euphorbiae ( thomas ) , at constant temperatures . the canadian entomologist 94 ( 6 ) : 667 - 672 ( in russian ) .\nwalker , g . p . 1982 . the dispersion and abundance of the potato aphid ( macrosiphum euphorbiae [ thomas ] ) on tomato ( lycopersicon esculentum mill . ) . ph . d . dissertation , ohio state university , wooster .\nof those aphid species , baker ( 2015 ) lists 18 as occurring in britain : aphis craccivora , aphis fabae , aphis gossypii , aphis nasturtii , aphis sambuci , aphis solanella , aulacorthum solani , brachycaudus helichrysi , brevicoryne brassicae , hayhurstia atriplicis , macrosiphum euphorbiae , macrosiphum stellariae , myzus ascalonicus , myzus persicae , pemphigus fuscicornis , rhopalosiphoninus latysiphon , rhopalosiphoninus staphyleae ssp . tulipaellus and smynthurodes betae .\nclass insecta , order homoptera , suborder aphidinea , superfamily aphidoidea , family aphididae , subfamily aphidinae , tribe macrosiphini , subtribe macrosiphina , genus macrosiphum .\nwalker , g . p . , l . r . nault , and d . e . simonet . 1984 . natural mortality factors acting on potato aphid ( macrosiphum euphorbiae ) populations in processing - tomato fields in ohio . environ . entomol . 13 ( 3 ) : 724 - 732 .\nwalker , g . p . 1982 . the dispersion and abundance of the potato aphid ( macrosiphum euphorbiae ( thomas ) ) on tomato ( lycopersicon esculentum mill . ) . ph . d . dissertation , ohio state university , wooster . ix + 123 pp . ( link to full text )\nmacrosiphum euphorbiae used in these experiments came from a laboratory colony established from potato fields near quebec city . the aphids were maintained on potato seedlings , solanum tuberosum c . v . norland , at 21 \u00b1 1 \u00b0c , 60 % \u00b1 10 % rh under a 16l : 8d photoperiodic regime .\nblackman , r . l . and v . f . eastop . 1984 . macrosiphum euphorbiae ( thomas ) . pp . 296 . aphids on the world ' s crops : an identification and information guide . john wiley & sons : chichester , new york , brisbane , toronto , singapore . 466 pages .\nthe effectiveness of the potato aphid , macrosiphum euphorbiae ( thomas ) , to transmit potato virus y ( pvy ) to potato has generally been overestimated because tobacco has been used as the indicator host . our results demonstrate that , although apterous m . euphorbiae can acquire pvy from potato and tobacco plants and transmit it to tobacco plants , it does not readily transmit it to potato plants . alatae only transmitted the virus to 4 . 5 % of potato plants . this relative inability to transmit the virus to potato seems independent of potato cultivar . results suggest that the role of the potato aphid in the spread of pvy in potatoes may be negligible .\nmaelzer , d . a . 1977 . the biology and main causes of changes in numbers of the rose aphid , macrosiphum rosae ( l . ) on cultivated roses in south australia . austral . j . zool . 25 : 269 - 284 .\nbarlow , c . a . 1962 . the influence of temperature on the growth of experimental populations of myzus persicae ( sulzer ) and macrosiphium euphorbiae ( thomas ) ( aphididae ) . can . j . zool . 40 : 146 - 156 .\nla efectividad del \u00e1fido , macrosiphum euphorbiae ( thomas ) , para transmitir el virus y de la papa ( pvy ) a la misma , ha sido generalmente sobreestimada debido a que se ha utilizado tabaco como el huesped indicador . nuestros resultados demuestran que a pesar de que las formas \u00e1pteras de m . euphorbiae pueden adquirir el pvy de las plantas de papa y tabaco , no lo transmiten f\u00e1cilmente a las plantas de papa . los individuos alados solo transmiten el virus al 4 , 5 % de las plantas de papa . esta inhabilidad para transmitir el virus a la papa parece ser independiente del cultivar de dicho cultivo . los resultados sugieren que el rol del \u00e1fido de la papa en la diseminaci\u00f3n del virus y en el cultivo , puede ser insignificante .\nmacgillivray , m . e . and g . b . anderson . 1964 . the effect of photoperiod and temperature on the production of gamic and agamic forms in macrosiphium euphorbiae ( thomas ) . can . j . zool . 42 : 491 - 510 .\nmean time ( x \u00b1 sem ) taken by m . euphorbiae gynoparae to reach different odour sources in wind tunnel assays ( n = number of responding males ) . columns with different letters are significantly different ( tukey\u2019s hsd , p < 0 . 05 ) .\nmean time ( x \u00b1 sem ) taken by m . euphorbiae males to reach different odour sources in wind tunnel assays ( n = number of responding males ) . columns with different letters are significantly different ( tukey\u2019s hsd , p < 0 . 05 ) .\nzimmermann , e . c . 1948 . macrosiphum solanifoli ( ashmead ) . pp . 113 . in insects of hawaii . a manual of the insects of the hawaiian islands , including enumeration of the species and notes on their origin , distribution , hosts , parasites , etc . volume 5 . homoptera : sternorhyncha . 464 pages .\nproportion ( x \u00b1 sem ) of m . euphorbiae gynoparae ( n = 48 in each treatment ) that oriented towards ( dotted bars ) or reached ( striped bars ) the different odour sources in wind tunnel assays . columns with different letters , either for orienting to or reaching the source , are significantly different ( tukey\u2019s hsd , p < 0 . 05 ) .\nproportion ( x \u00b1 sem ) of m . euphorbiae males ( n = 48 in each treatment ) that oriented towards ( dotted bars ) or reached ( striped bars ) the different odour sources in wind tunnel assays . columns with different letters , either for orienting to or reaching the source , are significantly different ( tukey\u2019s hsd , p < 0 . 05 ) .\nthe potato aphid attacks over 200 plants including vegetable and ornamental crops as well as weeds . cultivated food hosts include apple , bean , broccoli , burdock ( gobo ) , cabbage , celery , chinese broccoli , chinese cabbage , corn , eggplant , ground cherry , lettuce , mustard cabbage , papaya , pea , pepper , potato , strawberry , sunflower , sweetpotato , tomato , turnip , white mustard cabbage and zucchini . ornamental hosts are aster , easter lily , gladiolus , iris and rose . weed hosts , such as lamb ' s quarters , pig weed , ragweed , and shepherd ' s - purse serve as important reservoir hosts for the species .\nof north american origin , this aphid has a world wide distribution except for the indian subcontinent . it was first reported in hawaii in 1910 , and is now present on hawaii , kauai , maui and oahu .\naphids feed by sucking sap from their hosts . when aphid populations are large , feeding can cause plants to become deformed and the leaves curled and shriveled ( metcalf , 1962 ) . extensive damage can occur when aphid populations are large throughout the crop . this rarely happens in hawaii because of natural enemies and the use of insecticides .\non lettuce , aphids are a problem for three reasons : they vector virus diseases , they can cause reduced or abnormal growth ( reinink and dieleman , 1989 ) .\non strawberries the presence of honeydew , cast skins or sooty mold makes them unmarketable since the fruit can ' t be washed because this would increase the incidence of disease and decrease shelf life ( trumble et . al . , 1983 ) .\non broccoli , this pest is usually present on the youngest and oldest leaves that have higher concentrations of nitrogen containing compounds .\naphids vector plant viruses , and this activity potentially can result in greater losses than direct feeding damage . the potato aphid vectors over 40 non - persistent viruses and 5 persistent viruses . it is able to vector both p ( prsv - p ) and w ( prsv - w ) strains of papaya ringspot virus . prsv - p manifests on papaya . prsv - w does not infect papaya , but does infect cucurbits and watermelon . prsv - w is also called watermelon mosaic virus 1 ( wmv - 1 ) . this aphid also transmits watermelon mosaic virus 2 ( wmv - 2 ) .\nreproduction in hawaii does not involve mating and egg laying . females give birth to live female nymphs . as a consequence of this type of reproduction , populations are composed solely of females and there are no males present .\nin temperate regions , these aphids overwinter during the egg stage . these eggs are pale green when first laid and turn shiny black in a few hours . in hawaii , eggs are not produced by aphid females .\nimmatures are elongated and paler than adults with a light covering of white - gray wax and a dark stripe running down their back .\nwhen full grown , the potato aphid is nearly 1 / 8 inch long . eyes are distinctly red and they have long slender cornicles extending from the abdomen . there are two color types , the pink form and the green form . although the majority of the progeny from a green form parent is green and likewise for the pink form , both color forms are able to parent either color form , ( shull , 1925 ) . adults are usually without wings . winged adults are developed in response to high population densities , decline of the host plant , and changes in environmental conditions . winged individuals may be of either color form .\neach unmated female may give birth to 50 or more active nymphs within 2 weeks . a generation develops on potato every 2 or 3 weeks .\naphids cluster in shaded areas on the leaves , stems , and blossoms of plants . the wingless aphids tend to fall to the ground when the plant is disturbed . winged individuals disperse readily between crops .\nwhen population densities are high , winged individuals are produced . these individuals emigrate to new hosts . the production of winged versus wingless individuals is dependent on the day length , parent type ,\ngeneration\nand temperature ( macgillivary and anderson , 1964 ) . winged , or alate , aphids are more common when the photoperiod is between 11 - 13 hours a day , the parent aphids are unwinged and the first\ngeneration\nof aphids under like environmental conditions , and the temperature ranges from 50\u00fb - 70 _ f ( macgillivary and anderson , 1964 ) .\nbarlow ( 1962 ) reported that potato aphid populations have the capacity to increase in temperatures between 41\u00fb and 77\u00fb f . the optimum temperature for population increase for the potato aphid is 68\u00fb f ( barlow , 1962 ) .\nthere are several factors that naturally control aphid populations . many aphids are naturally controlled by predators , parasites and pathogens ( hagen and van den bosch , 1968 ) . high temperatures increase mortality ( walker , 1982 ) . heavy rainfall washes aphids off plants ( hughes , 1963 ; maelzer , 1977 ) , however , this mortality factor is small because aphids usually gather on the protected under surface of leaves where they are less likely to be washed off ( walker et . al . , 1984 ) .\nresearch on the characteristics of resistant tomato plants to the pink form of the potato aphid show that plants with long and dense hairs are less desirable under field conditions ( quiros et . al , 1977 ) . the same study showed that susceptible tomato plants had higher sucrose , lower quinic acid , and higher alanine and tyrosine contents and a trend toward higher total free amino - acid concentration , they also were a unique source of 0 - phosphoethanol amine ( quiros et . al , 1977 ) .\nbutterhead lettuce varieties are usually moderately to highly resistant to the potato aphid ( reinink and dieleman , 1989 ) . they feel this resistance may be passed on through selective breeding to the modern crisphead variety marbello which is a cross of crisphead and butterhead lettuces .\ninsecticidal soaps offer some control against aphids . applications should be applied at regular intervals for maximum efficacy ( koehler et . al . , 1983 ) . users should carefully consider the use of soaps . excessive use can cause a drop in yield of the crop .\na chemical management program for strawberries was tested by trumble et al . ( 1983 ) . they found that a regular sampling plan of counting the number of aphids per plant may be used to determine when the potential damage levels reach a threshold . if aphid numbers per plant are low ( less than 10 ) , no chemicals are necessary and monitoring should continue ; if they are above the threshold level ( 30 aphids per plant on 30 % of plants in field ) , chemicals should be applied . upon determining their thresholds , they found treatments could be based either on a regular sequential sampling plan or a check for presence / absence .\nhiga , s . y . and r . namba . 1971 . vectors of the papaya mosaic virus in hawaii . proc . hawaiian entomol . soc . 21 ( 1 ) : 93 - 96 .\nhughes , r . d . 1963 . population dynamics of the cabbage aphid , brevicoryne brassicae . j . anim . ecol . 32 : 393 - 424 .\nkoehler , c . s . , l . w . barclay and t . m . kretchun . 1983 . pests in the home garden . california agriculture . 37 ( 9 / 10 ) : 11 - 12 .\nmetcalf , c . l . , and w . p . flint . 1962 . destructive and useful insects their habits and control , fourth edition . revised by : r . l . metcalf . mcgraw - hill book company , inc . new york , san francisco , toronto , london . pp . 646 - 647 .\npurcifull , d . , e . hiebert and j . edwardson . 1984a . watermelon mosaic virus 2 . cmi / aab descriptions of plant viruses no . 293 ( no . 63 revised ) .\npurcifull , d . , j . edwardson , e . hiebert , d . gonsalves . 1984b . papaya ringspot virus . cmi / aab descriptions of plant viruses , no . 292 ( no . 84 revised ) .\nshull , a . f . 1925 . the life cycle of macrosiphium solanifolii with special reference to the genetics of color . american naturalist . 59 ( 663 ) : 289 - 310 .\ntrumble , j . t . , e . r . oatman , and v . voth . 1983 . thresholds and sampling for aphids in strawberries . california agric . 37 ( 11 / 12 ) : 20 - 21 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthe species is spread in europe , anterior and middle asia , north america . within the territory of the former soviet union , it occurs widely where its hosts - plants grow . the northern border of its area goes along the northern border of main potato - growing zone . in closed ground , the pest is observed in more northern regions . its high harming activity is marked in some of southern regions of russia , in moldova , the south and southwest of ukraine .\npotato aphid damages potato , tomato , aubergine , cucumber , lettuce , cabbage , pepper , melons and gourds , and others cultures . it feeds on potato in august - september , on aubergine in july , on tomato july - september . different plant species have characteristic symptoms of damage ; injured leaves of cucumber have yellow net ; tomato leaves have round yellow spots at places of aphid feeding . damaged leaves dry up . fecal masses pollute the leaves . control measures include eradication of weeds , insecticide treatments . duly forecast of pest appearance and number is rather important .\nadashkevich b . , stary p . , popov n . 1972 . aphididae ( hymenoptera ) - parasites of aphids on vegetables , melons and gourds , potato . in : zhuchenko a . a . , ed . protection of vegetables ( proc . of moldova institute of water agriculture and vegetables growing ) . kishinev : moldovenyaske . 28 - 35 p . ( in russian ) .\nbobryshev f . i . , chmulev v . m . , udovitskii a . s . , zakharov a . i . 1972 . dynamics of aphid migration to potato . in : lisunov v . i . , ed . plant protection against pests and diseases ( proc . stavropol ' skhi ) . stavropol ' : stavropol ' skhi . 102 - 105 p . ( in russian ) .\nbozhko m . p . 1976 . aphids of food plants . khar ' kov : vishcha shkola . 134 p . ( in russian ) .\nchechuev n . 1973 . aphids on potato in kazakhstan . kartofel ' i ovoshchi 6 : 41 ( in russian ) /\ndamroze i . p . 1970 . the species composition of aphids on potato in latvian ssr . in : materials vii conference on plant protection . part i . elgava : 75 - 77 ( in russian ) .\nd ' yakonov k . p . , romanova s . a . , ledneva v . a . 1994 . new interest to potato aphid . zashchita rastenii 5 : 40 - 42 ( in russian ) .\nivanovskaya o . i . 1973 . ecological - faunistic complexes in west siberia . in : cherepanov a . i . , ed . results of investigations the living nature of siberia . novosibirsk : nauka : 97 - 104 ( in russian ) .\nivanovskaya o . i . 1976 . fauna of aphids on the territory of west siberia . in : zolotorenko g . s . , ed . fauna of helminthes and arthropods of siberia . novosibirsk : nauka . p . 175 - 189 ( in russian ) .\nkhandybarenko t . t . 1981 . basis of agrobiological measures on seed potato protection against aphids - virus - carrying agents . phd thesis . kiev : ukrainian plant protection institute , 41 p . ( in russian ) .\nlytaeva g . k , nemchin f . i . 1972 . dynamics of winged aphids on potato in moldova . in : zhuchenko a . a . , ed . protection of vegetables ( proc . of moldova institute of water agriculture and vegetables growing ) . kishinev : moldovenyaske . 96 - 98 p . ( in russian ) .\nnevskii v . p . 1929 . aphids of middle asia . proceedings of uzbekistan experimental plant protection station 16 . tashkent . 58 - 73 p . ( in russian ) .\nshaposhnikov g . kh . 1964 . suborder aphidinea . aphids . in : bei - bienko g . ya . , ed . keys to insects of the european part of the ussr . v . 1 . moscow & leningrad : nauka . 612 p . ( in russian ) .\nshaposhnikov g . kh . 1972 . order homoptera - homopterous . in : kryzhanovskii o . l . , ed . insects and mites - pests of agricultural crops . v . 1 . leningrad : nauka . 183 p . ( in russian ) .\nvasil . ev v . p . , ed . 1973 . pests of agricultural crops and forest plantations . 1 . kiev : urozhai , 303 p . ( in russian ) .\nzalene g . 1965 . aphids on potato in lithuanian ssr . in : materials of 5th conference on plant protection . vilnius : newspaper - magazine publishing house , 96 - 98 p . ( in russian ) .\nzhukova m . i . 2000 . aphids on potato in byelorussia and control measures . in : sorochinskii l . v . , ed . akhova raslin 4 . minsk : an byelorussia . 16 - 18 p . ( in russian ) .\n\u00a9 2003 - 2009 project \u00abinteractive agricultural ecological atlas of russia and neighboring countries . economic plants and their diseases , pests and weeds\u00bb\n( see pictures below ) , and often rather shiny . their eyes are reddish , and the antennae are darker towards their tips . their\n( see first picture below ) has pale greenish to yellow - brown thoracic lobes , with only the antennae and siphunculi noticeably darker than in the apterae . the second picture below shows a small colony of\nmicrographs of clarified mounts by permission of roger blackman , copyright awp all rights reserved .\nis a vector of about one hundred plant viruses . the species originates from the north - eastern usa where it produces sexual forms and\nspread infestations to other plants . it is an especial problem in unheated greenhouses .\nwe have made provisional identifications from high resolution photos of living specimens , along with host plant identity . in the great majority of cases , identifications have been confirmed by microscopic examination of preserved specimens . we have used the keys and species accounts of blackman & eastop ( 1994 ) and blackman & eastop ( 2006 ) supplemented with blackman ( 1974 ) , stroyan ( 1977 ) , stroyan ( 1984 ) , blackman & eastop ( 1984 ) , heie ( 1980 - 1995 ) , dixon & thieme ( 2007 ) and blackman ( 2010 ) . we fully acknowledge these authors as the source for the ( summarized ) taxonomic information we have presented . any errors in identification or information are ours alone , and we would be very grateful for any corrections . for assistance on the terms used for aphid morphology we suggest the figure provided by blackman & eastop ( 2006 ) .\njust sorting out pics , and have happened upon these little lovelies from november , which i ' ve been unable to which i ' ve been unable to put a name . they were on cotton growing in the mediterranean biome at the eden project .\nthe adult appears to have been killed by an entomophthora fungus giving it the bright orange / red colour .\nexcept where otherwise specified , all text and images on this page are copyright influentialpoints under a creative commons attribution 3 . 0 unported license on condition that a link is provided to urltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ngrayish green to pink ; antennae longer than body and brown on the apical half ; cornicles cylindrical and very long ; cauda finger - shaped . ( from hypp zoology )\nprimary ( winter ) host is rose ; secondary ( summer ) hosts include potato and tomato .\nthe potato aphid attacks over 200 plants including vegetable and ornamental crops as well as weeds . cultivated food hosts include apple , bean , broccoli , burdock ( gobo ) , cabbage , celery , chinese broccoli , chinese cabbage , corn , eggplant , ground cherry , lettuce , mustard cabbage , papaya , pea , pepper , potato , strawberry , sunflower , sweetpotato , tomato , turnip , white mustard cabbage and zucchini . ornamental hosts are aster , easter lily , gladiolus , iris and rose . weed hosts , such as lamb ' s quarters , pig weed , ragweed , and shepherd ' s - purse serve as important reservoir hosts for the species . - univ . hawaii\ngarden insects of north america : the ultimate guide to backyard bugs ( princeton field guides ) whitney cranshaw . 2004 . princeton university press .\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\n, the potato aphid , is native to north america . it is widespread across the united states and canada , and the species has spread from the nearctic region to the palearctic , ethiopian , and neotropical regions . its range has increased to an almost worldwide distribution , and\nis a significant crop pest . populations can be found throughout europe , asia , africa , south america , and australia .\n( finlayson , et al . , 2009 ; le guigo , et al . , 2012 ; raboudi , et al . , 2011 ; stary , et al . , 1993 ; valenzuela , et al . , 2009 )\ncolonizes over 200 species of host plants throughout temperate and tropical regions . its host plants , such as\nand many other crop species can be found mainly in agricultural fields , but also in grasslands and suburban areas such as greenhouses , gardens , and parks .\n( le guigo , et al . , 2012 ; petrovic - obradovic , 2010 ; van emden and harrington , 2007 )\nis considered to be a medium - sized aphid . the species has winged and wingless forms . apterous ( wingless ) forms typically are 1 . 7 to 3 . 6 mm long , and alate ( winged ) forms are 1 . 7 to 3 . 4 mm long .\nis spindle or pear - shaped . it has a soft body ; long , dark antennae ; and a pair of cornicles at the end of its abdomen . its color can vary among shades of green , pink , or magenta , while its eyes are reddish . nymphs resemble smaller adults and often are covered in a grayish - white wax . apterous adults usually appear shinier than nymphs .\n( boquel , et al . , 2011 ; kaplan and thaler , 2012 ; petrovic - obradovic , 2010 ; stoetzel , 1994 ; van emden and harrington , 2007 )\ngrows through four nymphal instars , each lasting from 1 . 5 to 3 days , though development time varies with temperature . total development time from birth to reproductive maturity ranges from about 6 to 12 days . development times in sexually reproductive and parthenogenetic populations are similar .\n( alyokhin , et al . , 2011 ; boquel , et al . , 2011 ; de conti , et al . , 2011 ; macgillivray and anderson , 1964 )\n( where the aphid life cycle includes both parthenogenesis and sexual reproduction ) occur only in north america . anholocyclic populations ( in which female aphids reproduce only by parthenogenesis ) occur throughout the rest of its global range . egg - laying females ( oviparae ) produce a pheromone to attract male mates . the pheromone is produced by a gland on the hind tibia , and the female lifts her legs to release it .\n( alyokhin , et al . , 2011 ; boquel , et al . , 2011 ; goldansaz and mcneil , 2006 )\n( in which individuals undergo both parthenogenesis and sexual reproduction ) are present in north america . in these holocyclic populations , eggs that have overwintered on primary hosts ( usually\nproduces several wingless , parthenogenetic generations while colonizing its primary host . later , winged females are produced ; the winged offspring colonize secondary host plants in june and july .\n. parthenogenesis continues on the secondary host until the fall , at which time males and sexually reproductive females are produced . males and sexually reproductive females return to the primary host plant species , mate , and lay eggs that overwinter . anholocyclic populations ( in which individuals reproduce only by parthenogenesis ) account for the\npopulations that are distributed throughout the rest of the world . the life cycle in anholocyclic\npopulations is similar , except for the absence of the sexually reproductive stage . apterous ( wingless ) females of\nlikely overwinter on primary host plants in warmer regions and later produce alate ( winged ) females that in turn colonize secondary hosts later in the season . one female can give birth to anywhere from a few to 50 offspring in a single day .\n( de conti , et al . , 2011 ; lamb , et al . , 2009 ; raboudi , et al . , 2011 )\nbreeding season sexually reproducing populations breed between the end of summer and early fall .\n, eggs are laid on a primary host plant to overwinter , which provides a food source for the offspring when they hatch in the spring . adults also provision the eggs . live birth by parthenogenesis is a significant energy investment by the female parent . because these clones join the colony at birth , interaction with the parent may occur ; however , adults provide no parental care .\nlives in large colonies . these colonies can grow to large sizes quickly due to live birth by parthenogenesis ( which eliminates the need and time to find a mate ) and the relatively quick maturation time of the offspring . colonies can be established when alate ( winged ) aphids fly from primary to secondary host plants . however , because aphids are notoriously weak fliers , they often move on air currents and thus have little control over the direction of flight . flight and any resulting colonization is largely random . small - scale dispersal can occur when apterous ( wingless ) aphids walk from one plant to another .\n( boquel , et al . , 2011 ; narayandas and alyokhin , 2006 ; pompon , et al . , 2010a )\nhas not been reported , but its range is limited significantly by its poor flight ability . colonization by alate ( winged ) forms is determined mainly by air currents . small - scale dispersal range is determined by the distance that\nthe main sensory organ in aphids is their antennae . the antennae are used for tactile and chemical detection . to determine whether a plant is a suitable host ,\nuses its antennae to feel along the leaves and detect host - specific odors and other chemical cues .\nalso uses its stylet mouthparts to probe into plants beneath the epidermis . color cues can play a role in host plant selection , and\ncan detect uv light . in other insects , uv light likely plays a role in flight patterns ; however , the detection of uv light by\nlikely serves a different purpose , as aphids are weak fliers and instead rely on air currents . changes in uv light have been shown to alter orientation and colonization in\n. aphids that are captured or harassed produce an alarm pheromone that alerts other aphids of danger . the alarm pheromone typically elicits evasive behaviors in aphids , such as dropping off the host plant or walking away . in\n, alarm pheromones also cause an increase in the parthenogenetic production of winged individuals , while sexually reproductive females produce a pheromone that attracts male mates .\n( goldansaz and mcneil , 2006 ; kaplan and thaler , 2012 ; legarrea , et al . , 2012 ; pompon , et al . , 2010a )\nfeeds on plant phloem . it uses its stylet mouthparts to pierce the plant tissue and access the phloem . this aphid species is highly polyphagous and has been documented as feeding on over 200 species in 20 different plant families , many of them crop species . its most notable host plants include plants in the\nindividuals ( usually dehydrated alate females ) also have been observed consuming xylem sap for rehydration .\n( atamian , et al . , 2013 ; le guigo , et al . , 2012 ; legarrea , et al . , 2012 ; pompon , et al . , 2010b )\nare avid predators of aphids . many lady beetle species have been documented preying on\nreleases an alarm pheromone , as do most aphid species . the alarm pheromone alerts others in the colony of a predation threat and typically elicits evasive behavior such as dropping off the host plant or walking away . additionally , the european red ant ,\n. the ants protect the aphids from predators and parasitoids in exchange for honeydew produced by the aphids .\n( alvarez , et al . , 2013 ; alyokhin , et al . , 2011 ; finlayson , et al . , 2009 ; kaplan and thaler , 2012 ; van emden and harrington , 2007 )\nis a significant crop pest with an almost worldwide distribution . it colonizes over 200 host plant species . its primary host often is cited to be\n. these bacteria live within the bodies of aphids and synthesize amino acids that the aphids cannot get from their nutrient - poor phloem diet . the european red ant ,\nin a mutualistic relationship . the ants eat the honeydew produced by the aphids ; in return , the ants protect , clean , and transport the aphids .\n. many species of wasp parasitoids lay eggs inside aphids , which causes aphid death when the wasp offspring hatch . these wasp species can be used to control aphid populations .\n( alyokhin , et al . , 2011 ; atamian , et al . , 2013 ; boquel , et al . , 2011 ; finlayson , et al . , 2009 ; francis , et al . , 2010 ; le guigo , et al . , 2012 ; legarrea , et al . , 2012 ; lins , et al . , 2013 ; petrovic - obradovic , 2010 ; thi , et al . , 2013 )\n, the potato aphid , is described as one of the most harmful aphid species in the world . it feeds on many plant species and causes significant crop damage in\n. the aphid also is a vector of many plant diseases , including 40 non - persistent viruses and several persistent viruses ( e . g . , yellow net virus , pea leaf roll virus , and potato leaf roll virus ) . to prevent as much crop damage as possible , substantial research has been and continues to be conducted to find the most effective insecticides , biological control methods , and resistant plants .\n( legarrea , et al . , 2012 ; raboudi , et al . , 2011 ; van emden and harrington , 2007 )\nangela miner ( author ) , animal diversity web staff , elizabeth wason ( author , editor ) , animal diversity web staff , leila siciliano martina ( editor ) , animal diversity web staff .\nliving in australia , new zealand , tasmania , new guinea and associated islands .\nliving in sub - saharan africa ( south of 30 degrees north ) and madagascar .\nliving in the nearctic biogeographic province , the northern part of the new world . this includes greenland , the canadian arctic islands , and all of the north american as far south as the highlands of central mexico .\nliving in the southern part of the new world . in other words , central and south america .\nliving in the northern part of the old world . in otherwords , europe and asia and northern africa .\nhaving body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves . animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides , as well as anterior and posterior ends . synapomorphy of the bilateria .\nused loosely to describe any group of organisms living together or in close proximity to each other - for example nesting shorebirds that live in large colonies . more specifically refers to a group of organisms in which members act as specialized subunits ( a continuous , modular society ) - as in clonal organisms .\nhaving a body temperature that fluctuates with that of the immediate environment ; having no mechanism or a poorly developed mechanism for regulating internal body temperature .\nreferring to animal species that have been transported to and established populations in regions outside of their natural range , usually through human action .\na large change in the shape or structure of an animal that happens as the animal grows . in insects ,\nincomplete metamorphosis\nis when young animals are similar to adults and change gradually into the adult form , and\ncomplete metamorphosis\nis when there is a profound change between larval and adult forms . butterflies have complete metamorphosis , grasshoppers have incomplete metamorphosis .\nthe area in which the animal is naturally found , the region in which it is endemic .\nreproduction in which eggs are released by the female ; development of offspring occurs outside the mother ' s body .\nthat region of the earth between 23 . 5 degrees north and 60 degrees north ( between the tropic of cancer and the arctic circle ) and between 23 . 5 degrees south and 60 degrees south ( between the tropic of capricorn and the antarctic circle ) .\nthe region of the earth that surrounds the equator , from 23 . 5 degrees north to 23 . 5 degrees south .\na terrestrial biome . savannas are grasslands with scattered individual trees that do not form a closed canopy . extensive savannas are found in parts of subtropical and tropical africa and south america , and in australia .\na grassland with scattered trees or scattered clumps of trees , a type of community intermediate between grassland and forest . see also tropical savanna and grassland biome .\na terrestrial biome found in temperate latitudes ( > 23 . 5\u00b0 n or s latitude ) . vegetation is made up mostly of grasses , the height and species diversity of which depend largely on the amount of moisture available . fire and grazing are important in the long - term maintenance of grasslands .\nreproduction in which fertilization and development take place within the female body and the developing embryo derives nourishment from the female .\n( illiger ) , in potato ecosystems of idaho and its predatory potential on the colorado potato beetle and aphids .\nalyokhin , a . , f . drummond , g . sewell , r . storch . 2011 . differential effects of weather and natural enemies on coexisting aphid populations .\natamian , h . , r . chaudhary , v . dal cin , e . bao , t . girke , i . kaloshian . 2013 . in planta expression or delivery of potato aphid\nboquel , s . , p . giodanengo , a . ameline . 2011 . probing behavior of apterous and alate morphs of two potato\u2014colonizing aphids .\nde conti , b . , v . bueno , m . sampaio , j . lenteren . 2011 . development and survival of\nfrancis , f . , f . guillonneau , p . leprince , e . de pauw , e . haubruge , l . jia , f . goggin . 2010 . tritrophic interactions among\nlamb , r . , p . mackay , s . migui . 2009 . measuring the performance of aphids : fecundity versus biomass .\nle guigo , p . , a . rolier , j . le corff . 2012 . plant neighborhood influences colonization of\n) of potential importance on citrus in the united states with illustrated keys to species .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nhummel na 1 , zalom fg , miyao gm , underwood nc , villalobos a .\ndepartment of entomology , university of california , davis , davis , ca 95616 , usa . nahummel @ urltoken\ninsect biochem mol biol . 2009 jan ; 39 ( 1 ) : 20 - 30 . doi : 10 . 1016 / j . ibmb . 2008 . 09 . 014 . epub 2008 nov 1 .\nd\u00e9partement de biologie , pavillon vachon , universit\u00e9 laval , qu\u00e9bec , qu\u00e9bec , canada .\nadult : large - sized ( 2 . 4 - 3 . 6 mm long ) ; greyish - green to pink ; spindle - shaped with antennae longer than body and brown on the apical half ;\ncylindrical and very long ; cauda finger - shaped with 8 - 11 setae .\naphid feeding slow down the growth of seedlings and lead to a decrease in yield .\nhowever , the most dangerous activity of this aphid is the transmission of phytopathogenic viruses , especially the potato virus y ( pyv ) and the beet yellows virus ( byv ) .\nwinged individuals , apterous individuals and nymphs on the underside of a leaf of potato .\ndistribution . this aphid is globally distributed , located in all but the coldest terrestrial habitats .\nhost associations . it has a broad host range , having been recorded from at least 90 families .\neconomic importance . it is particularly important on solaneous plant species , especially potato , but also attacks many rosaceous plant species . it has been implicated in the transmission of nearly 70 plant viruses .\nsee also . taxonomy at aphid species file . aphids on the world ' s plants . literature references .\nblackman , r . l . and v . f . eastop . 1994 . aphids on the world\u2019s trees . cab international with the natural history museum , london . viii + 987 pages , 135 figures , 16 plates .\nblackman , r . l . and v . f . eastop . 2000 . aphids on the world\u2019s crops , second edition . john wiley & sons with the natural history museum , london . x + 466 pages , 58 figures , 51 plates .\nblackman , r . l . and v . f . eastop . 2006 . aphids on the world\u2019s herbaceous plants and shrubs . volume 2 the aphids . john wiley & sons with the natural history museum , london . viii + pages 1025 - 1439 .\nchan , c . k . , a . r . forbes , and d . a . raworth . 1991 . aphid - transmitted viruses and their vectors of the world . agriculture canada technical bulletin 1991 - 3e . 1 - 216 pp .\nholman , j . 2009 . host plant catalog of aphids , palaearctic region . springer science and business media b . v . 1216 pp .\nvoegtlin , d . , w . villalobos , m . v . sanchez , g . saborio , and c . rivera . a guide to the winged aphids of costa rica . 2003 . international journal of tropical biology and conservation 51 ( suppl . 2 ) : xi + 228 pp .\nyou are using an outdated browser . please upgrade your browser or activate google chrome frame to improve your experience .\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience on our website . by continuing to use our website , you are agreeing to our use of cookies . you can change your cookie settings at any time .\nyou could not be signed in . please check your email address / username and password and try again .\nmost users should sign in with their email address . if you originally registered with a username please use that to sign in .\nto purchase short term access , please sign in to your oxford academic account above .\noxford university press is a department of the university of oxford . it furthers the university ' s objective of excellence in research , scholarship , and education by publishing worldwide\nfor full access to this pdf , sign in to an existing account , or purchase an annual subscription .\n: potato aphids infest a wide range of host plants . some important cultivated hosts include potato , tomato , eggplant , sunflower , peppers , peas , beans , apple , turnip , corn , sweet potato , asparagus , clover , and roses . weeds such as ragweed , lambsquarter , jimsonweed , pigweed , shepherdspurse , and wild lettuce are also common food plants .\n: potato aphid infestations are sporadic in occurrence and rarely severe enough to kill plants . damage is caused by both nymphs and adults sucking sap from foliage , especially from the terminal growth . new growth may become stunted and curled . the transmission of tomato and potato diseases , such as mosaics , leaf roll , and spindle tuber , causes more injury to the plants than sucking the sap .\n: this soft - bodied , pear - shaped insect varies in color from solid pink to green and pink mottled to light green . it is a rather large aphid , almost 1 / 8 inch long , and has a pair of long , slender\ntailpipe - like\nappendages known as cornicles . immature aphids are smaller than adults but similar in color and shape . all stages have piercing - sucking mouthparts and feed by sucking sap from plant tissues .\ncopyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved\nenter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe green peach aphid and the potato aphid are commonly found on lettuce ; of the two , green peach aphid is the most important . green peach aphids are dark green to yellow and have no waxy covering . the tubercles at the base of the antennae grow toward each other . infestations start on the lower leaves and as aphid numbers grow they move up and over the entire plant .\npotato aphids can be found in both pink and green forms . this aphid is larger than the green peach aphid , and the adult has longer cornicles and cauda . potato aphid colonies are composed of both adults and offspring closely clustered together , usually on the youngest leaves . the potato aphid may occur alone , or in colonies with green peach aphid .\nlarge numbers of aphids can stunt seedlings or transplants and can contaminate heads bound for market . green peach aphids can vector several viruses that affect lettuce including alfalfa mosaic , beet western yellows , beet yellow stunt , and turnip mosaic .\nthe same general predators that attack other aphids also prey on green peach aphids . epidemics of a disease caused by the fungus entomophthora aphidis may kill portions of the green peach aphid population when their numbers are high and relative humidity is high . parasites , including lysiphlebus testaceipes , aphidius matricariae , and aphelinus semiflavus , attack this pest . natural enemies rarely provide adequate control of large numbers of aphids in spring or fall crops .\nuse biological control and sprays of azadirachtin , insecticidal soaps , or selected entomopathogenic fungi in an organically certified crop .\ncheck all areas of the field twice a week , but especially along the edges , which are usually the first area to become infested . since green peach aphid infestations are clumped , you will need to sample 25 plants per quadrant of a 40 - to 80 - acre field .\nif high numbers develop on seedlings , apply insecticide as soon as plants appear stressed . on more mature plants , before heading , do not apply insecticide unless numbers exceed 20 aphids per plant . if a significant percentage of plants are infested just prior to heading , apply insecticide to keep aphids from spreading into the center of the head where they are difficult to control . continue monitoring to see whether another treatment is needed . some populations of green peach aphid may be resistant to certain insecticides in your area ; check with your farm advisor for more information .\nthe following are ranked with the pesticides having the greatest ipm value listed first & \u2014the most effective and least harmful to natural enemies , honey bees , and the environment are at the top of the table . when choosing a pesticide , consider information relating to air and water quality , resistance management , and the pesticide ' s properties and application timing . not all registered pesticides are listed . always read the label of the product being used .\ncomments : soil application . placement is critical ; see label for information . do not apply more than 0 . 38 lb a . i . of admire pro / acre per year .\ncomments : foliar application . allow 7 days between applications with a maximum of 5 applications per season .\nrestricted entry interval ( rei ) is the number of hours ( unless otherwise noted ) from treatment until the treated area can be safely entered without protective clothing . preharvest interval ( phi ) is the number of days from treatment to harvest . in some cases the rei exceeds the phi . the longer of two intervals is the minimum time that must elapse before harvest .\nrotate chemicals with a different mode - of - action group number , and do not use products with the same mode - of - action group number more than twice per season to help prevent the development of resistance . for example , the organophosphates have a group number of 1b ; chemicals with a 1b group number should be alternated with chemicals that have a group number other than 1b . mode - of - action group numbers are assigned by"]}
{"id": 1475, "summary": [{"text": "maorimorpha is a small genus of sea snails , marine gastropod mollusks in the family mitromorphidae , in the superfamily conoidea the cone snails and their allies . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "maorimorpha", "paragraphs": ["maorimorpha powell , a . w . b . , 1939 type species : maorimorpha suteri murdoch , r . , 1915\n- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - species : maorimorpha secunda a . w . b . powell , 1942 - id : 2121400005\nsteyn , d . g . & lussi , m . ( 1998 ) marine shells of south africa . an illustrated collector\u2019s guide to beached shells . ekogilde publishers , hartebeespoort , south africa , ii + 264 pp . page ( s ) : 156 [ details ]\n( of cominella sulcata g . b . sowerby iii , 1892 ) petit , r . e . ( 2009 ) . george brettingham sowerby , i , ii & iii : their conchological publications and molluscan taxa . zootaxa . 2189 : 1\u2013218 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nholotype , collected ' whangaroa ' = foveaux strait or stewart island , nz . ( m . 001728 ) . 4 . 3mm .\nthe symbols k . a . c . f . m . an . are used to indicate the geographical range of the species . they have been adopted to give an approxomation of the range of each species within new zealand .\npowell , a . w . b . 1979 : new zealand mollusca : marine , land and freshwater shells , collins , auckland ( p . 237 )\nnote : localities are approximate , and represent only some of the known localities for the species .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nsabinet | turridae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) of southern africa and mozambique . part 3 . subfamily borsoniinae\nannals of the natal museum - turridae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) of southern africa and mozambique . part 3 . subfamily borsoniinae\nsource : annals of the natal museum , volume 27 , issue 2 , dec 1986 , p . 633 - 720\nspencer h . g . , willan r . c . , marshall b . a . & murray t . j . ( 2011 ) . checklist of the recent mollusca recorded from the new zealand exclusive economic zone . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nspencer , h . g . , marshall , b . a . & willan , r . c . ( 2009 ) . checklist of new zealand living mollusca . pp 196 - 219 . in : gordon , d . p . ( ed . ) new zealand inventory of biodiversity . volume one . kingdom animalia : radiata , lophotrochozoa , deuterostomia . canterbury university press , christchurch . [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nclathurella carpenter , p . p . , 1857 type species : clathurella rava hinds , r . b . , 1843\nabyssothauma sysoev , a . v . , 1996 type species : abyssothauma psilarosis barnard , k . h . , 1963\nantimitra iredale , t . , 1917 type species : antimitra aegrota reeve , l . a . , 1845\nasperdaphne ( asperdaphne ) hedley , c . , 1922 type species : asperdaphne ( asperdaphne ) versivestita hedley , c . , 1912\nasperdaphne ( aspertilla ) powell , a . w . b . , 1944 type species : asperdaphne ( aspertilla ) legrandi beddome , r . h . , 1883\nasperdaphne hedley , c . , 1922 type species : asperdaphne ( asperdaphne ) versivestita hedley , c . , 1912\ncithara schumacher , h . c . f . , 1817 type species : unknowngenustype\ncorinnaeturris bouchet , ph . & a . war\u00e9n , 1980 type species : corinnaeturris leucomata dall , w . h . , 1881\ncrockerella hertlein , l . g . & a . m . strong , 1951 type species : crockerella crystallina gabb , w . m . , 1865\ncymakra gardner , j . a . , 1937 type species : cymakra poncei gardner , j . a . , 1937\ndarbya bartsch , p . , 1934 type species : darbya lira bartsch , p . , 1934\ndiptychophlia berry , s . s . , 1964 type species : diptychophlia occata hinds , r . b . , 1843\netrema hedley , c . , 1918 type species : etrema aliciae melvill , j . c . & r . standen , 1895\netrema ( etrema ) hedley , c . , 1918 type species : etrema aliciae melvill , j . c . & r . standen , 1895\neuclathurella woodring , w . p . , 1928 type species : clathurella vendryesiana dall , w . h . in guppy , r . j . l . & w . h . dall , 1896\nclathromangelia monterosato , t . a . de m . di , 1884 type species : clathromangelia granum philippi , r . a . , 1844\nglyphostoma gabb , w . m . , 1872 type species : glyphostoma dentiferum gabb , w . m . , 1873\nglyphostoma ( glyphostoma ) gabb , w . m . , 1872 type species : glyphostoma dentiferum gabb , w . m . , 1873\nglyphostoma ( euglyphostoma ) woodring , w . p . , 1970 type species : unknowngenustype\nlienardia jousseaume , f . p . , 1884 type species : lienardia ( lienardia ) rubida hinds , r . b . , 1843\nlienardia ( lienardia ) jousseaume , f . p . , 1884 type species : lienardia ( lienardia ) rubida hinds , r . b . , 1843\nlienardia ( acrista ) hedley , c . , 1922 type species : lienardia ( acrista ) punctilla hedley , c . , 1922\nlienardia ( hemilienardia ) b\u00f6ttger , o . , 1895 type species : lienardia ( hemilienardia ) malleti r\u00e9cluz , c . , 1852\nmicrodrillia casey , t . l . , 1903 type species : microdrillia optima thiele , j . , 1925\nmitrellatoma powell , a . w . b . , 1942 type species : mitrellatoma angustata hutton , f . w . , 1886\nretidrillia mclean , j . h . , 2000 type species : retidrillia willetti dall , w . h . , 1919\nscrinium hedley , c . , 1922 type species : scrinium brazieri smith , e . a . , 1891\nstrombinoturris hertlein , l . g . & a . m . strong , 1951 type species : unknowngenustype\ntropidoturris kilburn , r . n . , 1986 type species : tropidoturris fossata fossata sowerby , g . b . iii , 1903\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthe star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :\nwe want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only , as we handle very few foreign shells in general . as time goes , the system will become more and more performant .\nenter your email address and we will send you an email with your username and password .\ne - mail jecilia sisican if you do not receive your email with your username and password .\nclick on an image to view all the information : family , species , author , date , and full locality .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 1 . 392 seconds . )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nsorry , the species or group that you asked for is not on the onezoom tree .\nthe open tree contains additional species not on the onezoom tree ( particularly subspecies and fossils ) . to check if this is why we cannot find your species or group , you can\n, then chances are you have entered a wrong number or a misspelt name ."]}
{"id": 1478, "summary": [{"text": "nasturtium ( 1899 \u2013 1916 ) was an american thoroughbred racehorse that was the top two-year-old colt of 1901 .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "he was a contender for the 1902 epsom derby , but did not run in the race due to illness . ", "topic": 14}], "title": "nasturtium ( horse )", "paragraphs": ["the future of nasturtium . ; w . c . whitney ' s $ 50 , 000 horse , now at westbury , will be trained if it is possible .\nwith the headline : the future of nasturtium . ; w . c . whitney ' s $ 50 , 000 horse , now at westbury , will be trained if it is possible .\nthe future of nasturtium . ; w . c . whitney ' s $ 50 , 000 horse , now at westbury , will be trained if it is possible . - the new york times\ninserted into a hanging basket at planting time , even as a few seeds , nasturtium quickly makes an impact and later it keeps going when other flowers have worn out .\n\u00e9pinard was commandeered by the germans during their occupation of france in world war ii and reportedly was last seen being worked as a cart horse .\nnasturtium ( ger ) c , 1955 { 1 - w } dp = 0 - 0 - 0 - 14 - 6 ( 20 ) di = 0 . 00 cd = - 1 . 30\nan interesting problem to turfmen just now concerns the future of nasturtium , the fifty - thousand - dollar race horse , who was sent to england with the special purpose of winning the epsom derby for william c . whitney , and who was returned to the united states last week on the steamer minnehaha , after a sickness in england that caused mr . whitney ' s trainer to decide that it would be impossible to race the horse successfully in that country . view full article in timesmachine \u00bb\nangelina , the dam of ordei ( who is the sire of nasturtium ' s dam ) ip a full tisler to st . simon , england ' s crack sire , and whoso stock hjve been freely imported to the colonies by breeders to use as sires . nasturtium has a treble strain of the stockwoll blood in him \u2014 two through his dam and one through his sire , \u2014 besides which watcrcress ' s dam is a hermit mare . nasturtium made his first appearance in a maiden , two - year - old , and beat 14 others ovpr five furlongs in lmin 1 4 - ssec . another of mr whitney ' s colts in goldsmith is highly spoken of by american judges , but when huggins saw the colts he immediately selected nasturtium . huggins had not , at the time of the colts ' arrival , returned to england , but his head man wa ; an charge of a\nsow nasturtium seeds now , plant out seedlings if you have raised them , or buy some in pots . nasturtiums are very familiar flowers , often associated with cottage gardens . they tumble out from banks and rickety fences , and a great seaside flower too .\na handsome chestnut horse of great presence , \u00e9pinard had an excellent shoulder and strong hindquarters but also had bad feet that were prone to thrush infections . his optimum distance was at a mile or a little more .\nan irish country themed shop in kilkenny and horse and jockey selling art , clothes , accessories , equestrian gifts and homeware . opening hours : mon - sat : 10 : 00 - 18 : 00 sundays : high summer season\nthe third brett crawford - trained horse , sail south , is at his best when dropped out as he is capable of a blistering finish . he comes off a reasonable fourth place pipe - opening run in the drill hall .\nalthough familiar , the nasturtium is native to south america . it is not hardy , and is killed by the first frost of autumn , but before then it will give masses of brilliant orange , yellow or red flowers . the flowers , and the peppery - tasting leaves , can be used in summer salads .\nthe big bay proved himself a top horse as a three - year - old . he finished a narrow second in the grade 1 cape guineas with the rest of the field well beaten and followed that with an unlucky fourth in a vintage sun met field .\nroy had enough\u2019s best form has been over course and distance and he is capable of running on strongly from off the pace . he has a better draw than he has been having and is a dark horse , although this is much tougher opposition than he has beaten here .\na half sister to stakes winners hawthorne and thornhill ( both by hastings ) , epine blanche was produced from unraced white thorn , a daughter of 1901 american champion 2 - year - old male nasturtium . the next dam in epinard ' s tail - female line , thorn blossom , was sired by martenhurst from the imported galopin mare eye sweet , an unraced daughter of the winning springfield mare whin blossom .\nplease complete your profile . the forums and the rest of urltoken has single sign - in , so your log in information for one will automatically work for the other . disclaimer : the opinions expressed here are the views of the individual and do not necessarily reflect the views and opinions of the chronicle of the horse .\nbelow is a chart of the consensus american historical champions . apart from big red himself in 1919 and 1920 , all horses marked in orange are descendants of man o ' war . if you ' d like to check on any horse ' s pedigree , click here : urltoken . clicking this link will open the site in a new tab or window .\nif you are new to the forums , you must login or register a free account before you can post . the forums and the rest of urltoken has single registration , so your log in information for one will automatically work for the other . disclaimer : the opinions expressed here are the views of the individual and do not necessarily reflect the views and opinions of the chronicle of the horse .\nmasda ( ch f 1915 ) , bred by august belmont , nursery stud , lexington , kentucky , full sister to man o ' war ( ch c 1917 ) , 3rd dam of the king ranch ' s triple crown winner assault ( ch c 1943 bold venture ) , champion colt and horse of the year in 1946 and inducted into the racing hall of fame in 1964 . family 4 - c .\n\u201cinitially i only had a bit of a niggle in my shoulder but , when it didn\u2019t go away , an mri scan revealed ligament and tendon damage that required an operation to repair . when the horse reared and fell , trapping my foot between her and the metalwork , i grabbed whatever i could to pull myself clear and that is when i did the damage . with the adrenalin pumping i didn\u2019t realise anything was wrong .\nnow named alyssum , for the flower of course , the name also remembers one of the greatest of all hartford racehorses . alyssum ( the horse , ) excelled against the best of his generation at distances ranging from five furlongs ( the human equivalent of a 100 metres sprint at the olympics ) to ten furlongs ( the equivalent of the mile to humans ) , which exemplified not only his versatility , but also his abiding class .\naccording to turf historian richard ulbrich , \u00e9 pinard ' s feet were so painful on the day of his match race with sir gallahad iii that he had to be literally dragged to the race course . abram s . hewitt , who actually witnessed the race , stated that the horse ' s connections were smacking him across the buttocks with a plank to get him to move to the starting line . nonetheless , \u00e9 pinard lost the race by only a neck .\nyour forum sign - up is not complete , you must add an alias / screen name before you can post to the forums . your name and email is not exposed to forum users , only the screen name is accessible or viewable . the forums and the rest of urltoken has single sign - in , so your log in information for one will automatically work for the other . disclaimer : the opinions expressed here are the views of the individual and do not necessarily reflect the views and opinions of the chronicle of the horse .\nfriday night ' s food - and - wine pairing menu included butter - poached prawns with a pineapple - sage cr\u00e8me which worked so well with the la bri chardonnay 2011 . the starter comprised kzn quail and croft chicken - liver parfait and included fennel as well as a viola espuma , with tiny little colourful viola flowers that picked up on the slight spiciness and liquorice undertones of the syrah 2009 . other combinations included hearty lentil soup with nasturtium flowers and crispy capers . belgium , dark , bitter - chocolate fondant with fresh jasmine flowers , homemade berry jam and vanilla - bean ice cream smear , completed the meal . this was the combination irene was most concerned about . it turned out to be the dish she enjoyed the most because of its unusual pairing and complexity .\ni don ' t think there are any ata - approved traks left in tx all the ata - approved trak stallions in tx have been retired , died , gelded , or sold out of the state . if onassis were still breeding he would definitely be your guy . but i think prince of prussia ( full brother to platinum von rappenhof ) stands in arkansas and there are 2 stallions in louisiana , hilife and monte . hilife is an attractive horse and competed as a hunter but imho his jumping form was not great . don ' t know about monte .\noriginally selected by mick ' s late father , bryan , shortly before his premature death in 1977 , a one third share in the r900 purchase heliotrope was the sum of mick ' s inheritance , though he did get the racing\ndisease\nfrom his dad and grandfather , pat snr . yet it was this modest horse that ignited the fire which burns so brightly in the subsequent history of summerhill stud , the multiple champion racehorse breeding establishment on the continent , and of course , in the distinguished story of hartford , which was the subject of an exchange for the goss family property in hillcrest , just outside durban , in 1990 .\nbred and owned by august belmont ii he was a a half brother to the ebor handicap and queen ' s vase winner golden measure ( ch c 1902 florizel ) and to the belmont stakes winner friar rock ( ch c 1913 rock sand ) . his dam fairy gold won the woodcote stakes at epsom defeating desmond ( bl c 1896 st . simon ) . standing 15 hands 3 inches he was described as a\nvery stylish , bloodlike colt ,\nand was thought to resemble hermit ( ch c 1864 newminster ) by several observers in england . although not an overly large horse , his trainer andrew d joyner suggested that he was\nplenty big enough\n.\nhe was the only consequential runner sired by derby winner sainfoin , who is more noted for being the dam ' s sire of both phalaris and hurry on . rock sand ' s dam , roquebrune , was a half - sister to dual - classic winner seabreeze , and daughter of the one thousand guineas winner st . marguerite and the undefeated st . simon . roquebrune ran three times in three seasons : she won ascot ' s new stakes as a juvenile , and doncaster ' s zetland stakes at age three . an exceptionally high - strung filly , she was called a\ntrainer ' s nightmare .\nrock sand was likewise known as a temperamental horse , although it did not interfere with his racing .\ncaptain america is the defending champion and should go close . he is a big horse but has run well fresh before . from draw four he might have a bit of a problem getting into his favourite box seat . snowdance , who is drawn three , is likely to lead and three - year - old undercover agent , drawn two , is thus in the ideal position to slot in behind her as he also likes to be handy . captain america thus might have to run one wide outside of his younger stablemate . however , he has relaxed well as he has gotten older so it should not be too much of a problem . both he and undercover agent can turn it on in the straight and will be big players .\nin our continuing effort to provide an avenue for individuals to voice their opinions and experiences , we have recently reviewed and updated our forum policies . generally , we have allowed users to share their positive or negative experiences with or opinions of companies , products , trainers , etc . within the industry , and that is not changing . when it came to overt criminal allegations , however , those discussions have in the past needed to stem from a report by a reputable news source or action by law enforcement or the legal system . we are now expanding our policies to allow posters to share their own first - hand experiences involving overt criminal allegations , such as animal abuse or neglect , theft , etc . , but only if they publicly provide their full first and last name along with the post . we still will not allow anonymous postings alleging criminal activity . so , a user may now make a specific claim against a named individual or company , but it must be a first - hand account , and they have to identify themselves . users have always been legally responsible for their posts , and nothing has changed there , but we want to loosen the reins a bit and further allow the free flow of discussion and information relevant to the horse community . we are not providing a free - for - all of anonymous rumor - mongering . as enduring advocates for the welfare of the horse , we want to provide a forum for those willing to sign their name and shine a light on issues of concern to them in the industry . the full revised rules are posted at the top of each forum for reference .\nch c 1923 ( fair play - quelle chance , by ethelbert ) . sire line matchem . family 3 - c . bred by august belmont ii he won the jockey club gold cup and aqueduct handicap and was champion racehorse and horse of the year in 1927 . he covered at calumet farm in lexington , kentucky and got , among others , the hopeful stakes winner psychic bid ( ch c 1932 ) , the kentucky jockey club stakes winner grand slam ( ch c 1933 ) and the futurity stakes winner some chance ( ch c 1939 ) all later stallions . chance play also got the champion filly now what ( ch f 1937 ) herself the dam of the twice champion filly next move ( br f 1947 bull lea ) . he led the sires list in 1935 and 1944 . chance play died in 1950 .\n\u00e9pinard played a significant if indirect role in arthur hancock ' s decision to form a syndicate to buy sir gallahad iii as a stallion prospect . as turf historian william robertson put it , hancock reasoned that if \u00e9pinard was a good enough stud prospect to attract wealthy american horsemen willing to buy him , a horse that had beaten him ( albeit with the help of an 11 - pound weight concession and a flare - up of \u00e9pinard ' s chronic foot soreness ) was a still better one . hancock was right , as sir gallahad iii became a four - time american champion sire and 12 - time american champion broodmare sire while standing at hancock ' s claiborne farm . further , because of sir gallahad iii ' s early successes in the united states , his full brother bull dog was also imported and also became an american champion sire and broodmare sire .\nst . florian , tl . e sire of ard patrick , belongs to bruce lowe ' s xo . 20 family , and no horse of that family has ever sired a classic winner until mr gubbins ' s irisbbrecl colt captured this year ' s blue ribbon , and on that account the ' \u2022special commit bioner\nof the london . sportsman did n ' \u00bbt greatly fa \\ our the colt ' t , derby chance when writing of thi - > year ' a derby colta some few months back . this year ' s dorby will be numbered amongst the most sen\u00abatioi . al on record , on account of the onoimous amount of wage - r - ing which took place over the event . the amount < > i money for whu - ii sceptre was suppoitcd vould , if tho usbta new - , i ^ correct , i - end her out the hottest fnvumite that ! ia - < ever started in the race . she started at evens in a field of 17 , and was - supported in one night to win half a million of money . ard patrick has been a good performer both during his two - year - old career oncl thii season . ard patrick made his first appearance as a two - year - old in the imperial - produce stakes at kempton park , winch lie won in good style . he also won the clearwell stakes at newmarket , but he was beaten a head in th\u00a9 dewhur - i , plate by game chick . this season ard patrick . was third to sceptre and pistol in the two thousand guineas , and subsequently won the newmarket stakes , but was disqualified for bumping , the race going to the carbine colt fowling pier - e . ard patrick has been one of the ruling favourites during the winter and the spring of this year , and has been consistently supported for tho race he has just won . some few years ago , when the \u00a310 , 000 stakes given by proprietary clubs sprang . into existence , many writers said that the english derby stood an excellent chance of being knocked into oblivion by theee colossal stakes ; but the famous iace has during the patt two or three years taken a fresh lea = e of life , and now sportsmen and bre - eders are patronising it with renewed interest .\npapers past | the americans in england . ( otago witness , 1902 - 02 - 26 )\nhelp us improve papers past : do our short survey and let us know how we ' re doing .\nthis article displays in one automatically - generated column . view the full page to see article in its original form .\nlast year ' s derby winner , volodyovski . the americans have captured two english derbys up to date \u2014 one with iroquois and one with volodyovski , \u2014 and the decision of this year ' s blue ribbon , which i 3 down for june 4 , will be looked forward to with considerable interest by sportsmen all the world over .\nthis article text was automatically generated and may include errors . view the full page to see article in its original form .\nthe americans in england . , otago witness , issue 2502 , 26 february 1902\npapers past now contains more than just newspapers . use these links to navigate to other kinds of materials .\nthese links will always show you how deep you are in the collection . click them to get a broader view of the items you ' re currently viewing .\nenter names , places , or other keywords that you ' re curious about here . we ' ll look for them in the fulltext of millions of articles .\nbrowsed to an interesting page ? click here to search within the item you ' re currently viewing , or start a new search .\nuse these buttons to limit your searches to particular dates , titles , and more .\nswitch between images of the original document and text transcriptions and outlines you can cut and paste .\nif you ' d rather just browse through documents , click here to find titles and issues from particular dates and geographic regions .\nthe\nhelp\nlink will show you different tips for each page on the site , so click here often as you explore the site .\ncolor : ch ( usa ) 1901 : won flatbush stakes , 2nd . great american stakes . purchased for $ 50 , 000 on june 22 , 1901 generally ranked as the u . s . champion two - year - old male of 1901 , but was probably not the equal of his stablemate , the champion filly endurance by right - he defeated her in the flatbush stakes but had been declared to win by their owner . article on colt ` s return from england and illness : urltoken sent to elmendorf in 1903 per ny times . 2 / 1903 ( close )\n* current year statistics include all north american races and dubai world cup day . career statistics include results from all countries .\n* current year includes north american and dubai world cup day statistics ; all previous years include results from all countries .\nequibase company is the official supplier of racing information and statistics to america ' s best racing , breeders ' cup , daily racing form , ntra , the jockey club , tra , tvg and xpressbet .\nproprietary to and \u00a9 2018 equibase company llc . all rights reserved . the terms of use for this web site prohibit the use of any robot , spider , scraper or any other automated means to access the contents of this site . the terms of use also expressly prohibit the republication or dissemination of the contents of this screen without the prior written consent of equibase company llc .\nmichael hall antiques . p . o . box 50031 , nashville tn 37205 . email : michael @ michaelhallantiques . com . ( tel . ) 615 - 390 - 1836 . \u00a9 michael hall antiques 2017\nwe don ' t know when or if this item will be back in stock .\ninstantly receive a \u00a310 urltoken gift card if you\u2019re approved for the amazon platinum mastercard with instant spend . representative 21 . 9 % apr ( variable ) .\ncredit offered by newday ltd , over 18s only , subject to status . terms apply .\nplease make sure that you ' ve entered a valid question . you can edit your question or post anyway .\nthere was a problem completing your request . please try your search again later .\nunless expressly indicated in the product description , urltoken is not the manufacturer of the products sold on our website . while we work to ensure that product information on our website is correct , manufacturers may alter their product information . actual product packaging and materials may contain more and / or different information than shown on our website . if you have any specific product queries , please contact the manufacturer . this notice does not affect your legal rights . for medicinal products , content on our website is not intended to be used to diagnose , treat , cure , or prevent any disease or health condition or to substitute advice given by medical practitioners , pharmacists or other licensed health care professionals . you should contact your health care provider immediately if you suspect that you have a medical problem . you should always read the labels , warnings and instructions provided with the product before using or consuming it and not solely rely on the information presented on our website .\nchannel island flower essences originated over 12 years ago in the beautiful , energetic and dynamic channel islands focusing on flowers , grasses and tree essences . created by susie morvan .\nchannel island flower essences are produced using the finest organic french brandy and bronte natural spring water to provide you with most natural and purest flower essence .\nflower essences are the vibrational energy imprint of flowers infused in water using the sun method as advocated by dr edward bach in the beginning the last century . flower essences are described to work on the subtle body , the aura or magnetic energy field that surrounds a human being .\nchannel island flower essences are manufactured under strict guidelines and codes of practice of the bafep ( british association of flower essence producers ) and the bfvea ( the british flower and vibrational essence association ) with the purest of ingredients of organic french brandy and bronte spring water . the personal space enhancing mist is manufactured using the finest organic vodka and bronte spring water . they are produced to the highest standards of quality control in a specialist factory facility with brc grade a standing and organic accreditation in line with the foods standards agency .\nvisit the delivery destinations help page to see where this item can be delivered .\ndisclaimer : while we work to ensure that product information on our website is correct , on occasion manufacturers may alter their ingredient lists . actual product packaging and materials may contain more and / or different information than that shown on our website . all information about the products on our website is provided for information purposes only . we recommend that you do not solely rely on the information presented on our website . please always read the labels , warnings , and directions provided with the product before using or consuming a product . in the event of any safety concerns or for any other information about a product please carefully read any instructions provided on the label or packaging and contact the manufacturer . content on this site is not intended to substitute for advice given by medical practitioner , pharmacist , or other licensed health - care professional . contact your health - care provider immediately if you suspect that you have a medical problem . information and statements about products are not intended to be used to diagnose , treat , cure , or prevent any disease or health condition . urltoken accepts no liability for inaccuracies or misstatements about products by manufacturers or other third parties . this does not affect your statutory rights .\nprime members enjoy fast & free shipping , unlimited streaming of movies and tv shows with prime video and many more exclusive benefits .\nafter viewing product detail pages , look here to find an easy way to navigate back to pages you are interested in .\ndouble - check spelling , grammar , punctuation . translators work best when there are no errors or typos .\nif words are different , search our dictionary to understand why and pick the right word .\nif phrases are different , try searching our examples to help pick the right phrase .\nwe ' ve combined the most accurate english to spanish translations , dictionary , verb conjugations , and spanish to english translators into one very powerful search box .\nspanishdict is devoted to improving our site based on user feedback and introducing new and innovative features that will continue to help people learn and love the spanish language . have a suggestion , idea , or comment ? send us your feedback .\nwe courier to your door within 2 - 4 days all over south - africa for only r 99 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml + rdfa 1 . 0 / / en\nurltoken\nimposing - princess dan ( mr dan ) dp = 0 - 2 - 2 - 0 - 0 ( 4 ) di = 3 . 00 cd = 0 . 50\n* all statistics are generated from blacktypepedigree data , which include black - type races since 2002 .\nto get access to this function please ! login to your premium account . .\nsince the selection of champions before 1936 was somewhat haphazard , turf journalists and historians eventually got together to select the historical champions . this means that man o\u2019 war , whose stud career spanned the years 1921 through 1943 , finally had the chance to include his most productive period at stud . now , not only do we honor the sole \u201cofficial\u201d champion war admiral in 1937 , we also recognize the selected champions american flag , florence nightingale , maid at arms , scapa flow , crusader , edith cavell , and bateau . all were champion offspring of man o\u2019 war before the more modern championship balloting process began .\nchampions , there are more lists available . first is the list of american classic winners , second is a list of the thoroughbred racing hall of fame inductees with man o ' war blood , and the third is the top racehorses of the 20th century according to various polls .\nplease note : you cannot have more than one type of tack or more than one background equipped . for example , trying to equip a second saddle will just replace the currently equipped saddle with the new saddle .\n100 show placings points : 10 prize : $ 2000 objective : earn 1st 2nd or 3rd place in 100 shows .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ncookies facilitate the provision of our services . by using our services you agree that we may use cookies .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nsix generations for : ellangowan spy valley ( wpb g2137 - 11 . 11 . 04 - gelding ) by ellangowan challanger from ellangowan macaraina\nhe is one of the hottest chefs in london , the up - and - coming star of a hugely competitive culinary scene that demands rare levels of talent , innovation and determination . robin gill has just been named the uk ' s chef of the year by the good food guide , an award that puts him right up there with the very biggest names in the business . but in his native ireland , he remains very much under the radar .\nrobin and his wife sarah run three of the most talked about restaurants in london . this august , they added paradise garage in bethnal green to a burgeoning chain that began with the dairy in clapham and continued with the much - lauded manor . and it all began in a run - down irish pub in one of the less glamorous corners of south west london , where a sudden flash of inspiration interrupted a post - work , early - hours pint .\nrobin ( 35 ) and sarah ( 34 ) first met when they were in their early 20s and he was doing a short stint working in a restaurant in dun laoghaire , where they both grew up .\nit was a really fun place to work , and i knew a lot of people there ,\nrobin says .\ni got invited to the staff christmas party and sarah was working there , so we met , and we ' ve been together ever since .\nrobin ' s early career saw him go straight from school to working in restaurants in dublin and then progressing through the\nstage\nsystem , where young chefs with lots of promise intern in the top kitchens . it ' s a tough , often unforgiving system . soon after they met , sarah went over to italy to join robin while he was on a stage at the two - michelin star ristorante don alfonso on the amalfi coast . then it was back to london in 2004 , for two years at le manoir aux quat ' saisons where he worked under raymond blanc .\nit is an amazing way to learn the business and to develop your skills , you are working under the best ,\nsays robin .\nbut there is a big element of having to prove yourself . it ' s long hours , hard work , a fair bit of pressure .\nsarah had also joined the front of house team at le manoir . and then the french - born super - chef asked them both to head up his latest venture , a five - star dining and hospitality private members club at the emirates stadium , home to premier league football team arsenal .\nit was called the diamond club and it was the first time anybody had tried to do fine dining at a football club ,\nsays sarah .\nrobin was the head chef for two years . at first i was only supposed to go in and train the staff , but i ended up working there myself for seven years .\nit was a big break for robin , working for the high - rollers who paid \u00a380 , 000 just to join and an annual membership fee of \u00a330 , 000 to dine on match days . but he didn ' t find it the most rewarding experience of his career .\ni wanted to be out of there after the first week ,\nhe says .\nbut i had made a commitment , so i ended up there for two years , mostly out of loyalty to raymond .\nthe couple , who married in florence in 2011 , both knew that what they really wanted was to set up their own restaurant . that is easier said than done in london , where sky - high rents , operating costs and tough competition make it a huge challenge .\nyou are not gordon ramsay , you are not jason atherton . when you are a nobody , the only venue you are going to be offered is the last piece of crap on the market ,\nexplains robin . following a short but very lucrative stint as the personal chef to a middle eastern head of state , by 2012 robin had gotten some savings together alongside offers of backing from some of the well - heeled clientele who had sampled his cooking at arsenal .\nbut they didn ' t have a venue . and that ' s where what was possibly the worst irish pub in london came in .\nwe were living in clapham , and this used to be a pretty shabby old irish pub . a real late - night den , an absolute dive ,\nsays robin .\nit only opened a couple of nights a week but stayed open until 6am so i could come for a couple of drinks after finishing up in town . we had been looking for a place to start for nearly three years and getting nowhere . i was really starting to wonder if we could find a place at all . then i was in here one night and the guy who owned it was telling me that he was thinking of selling up the lease and moving on .\nit was a bit of a light - bulb moment for robin and sarah . they scraped together the cash to get the lease and then started calling in favours from friends .\nwe didn ' t have an interior decorator . we couldn ' t afford one ,\nsays sarah .\na friend of ours , an irish guy , did all of the artwork . we tore down walls , got friends in to help strip wallpaper and sand floors , we were still waiting for paint to dry about an hour before we opened that first night .\nthat was in early 2013 , and soon they started getting hugely positive reviews in time out , in the guardian and pretty much from everybody in the know .\nit was very stressful , because we just started getting reviewed , and we hadn ' t had the time or the money to do a proper opening , we didn ' t even know how these reviewers were hearing about us ,\nsays sarah .\nand it ' s london , so a good or bad review from a big magazine or paper , well , it can make or break you .\nthe gills , however , were very much made . since then , the dairy and the manor - which opened in clapham in november 2014 - have become destination dining spots , with people flying in to london just to sample robin ' s fantastic cooking .\nit has been a meteoric rise for the couple . when we meet , it ' s clear they make a dynamic team . robin has his skills and creativity in the kitchen while sarah , who studied marketing before getting into the restaurant trade , brings a lot to the table in terms of hard work , organisation and vision . both of them are very focused on the business of the restaurant trade in london .\ntheir son , ziggy , is almost a year old and has virtually grown up in the restaurant . sarah can be seen in the dairy on busy saturdays , handing out menus to the lunchtime crowd with one hand while holding ziggy on her hip with the other .\nit ' s been a bit mad . and we are trying to cut back on the hours , it ' s very important with our son being so young . so we ' ll take a break after christmas , and head off for a month ,\nsays sarah .\nwe work together most days and it can be a bit high - pressure , running three restaurants . you could end up just working flat - out , every hour god sends . that would not be the life we want . we ' re both conscious of getting that balance right , of being able to step back and take a break when we can .\nrobin is already looking at offers for a newspaper column , his first cook - book , possible tv work . but when he talks about the fisherman in cornwall who texts him at 4am to say what kind and quantity of fish he will be sending up that morning , or the guy who grows his veg , it ' s clear to see that his main focus is still on the food .\nand london is taking notice . apart from the stellar reviews , crowds of customers and awards , robin is now hosting a semi - legendary late - night dining club for his fellow chefs from the city ' s best eateries , a once - a - month bacchanalian bash known as the bloodshot supper club .\nthe restaurant crowd only sit down for their starters at 1am and it goes on all night . it ' s almost as if this irish chef is preserving one small bit of the spirit of the worst irish bar in london .\njason o ' neill , head chef at the g hotel , shares this tempting recipe .\ngo that little bit further and have fun with fish ! jason o ' neill , head chef at the g hotel , shares some tempting recipes .\ng hotel ' s head chef : how to make grilled black sole , potato , charred broccoli , cauliflower , . . .\nfsai issues urgent recall of frozen vegetables from major irish supermarkets over . . .\n' it\u2019s her choice but there are myths about it ' - language expert on maura derrane ' s . . .\n' the whole world of make - believe for kids seems to be gone ' - clare garrihy on how . . .\nif you dream of giving it all up and running away to the ballymaloe . . .\nwhen my children were small and i was faced with the terrifying prospect of entertaining 20 of their tiny friends on their . . .\nthe sun is high in a cloudless sky as i retreat down the broad servants - entrance steps to a cool fitzwilliam square . . .\nreview : fowl play - ' filipino - style pork belly skewers are sweet , sticky and . . .\n' is it over yet ?\napparently not , there ' s another . . .\nrecipe : roast turbot , fondant potato , girolles , prawns , asparagus , prawn bisque , . . .\ngo that little bit further and have fun with fish ! jason . . .\nthe votes are in ! here are ireland ' s top 10 . . .\nnew york is the greatest three - day town on earth . when . . .\nis the tiger back in d4 ? acclaimed architects return with black terrace for \u20ac2 . 4m\nfrom super - connies and concordes to jumbo jets and dc - . . .\nafter two years of construction and restoration , belfast ' s titanic hotel has officially . . .\nwatch : ' i call him my little buddha ' - couple who run dublin tattoo parlour . . .\nwatch : did you know there ' s a ' little venice ' ? it ' s on the greek island of mykonos . . .\nwith the tennis season upon us , here ' s a twist of the . . .\nwatch : take a look inside these luxurious millionaire ' s row apartments in . . .\nthe big green egg - a hand - made ceramic egg which is made in the same factory as a . . .\nbefore the frost kills it , the plant provides lots of large rounded seeds - - which are not killed by frost , having a layer of corky insulation - - and these will usually sprout the following year and continue the show at no expense .\nnasturtiums can be planted on earthen banks or at the top of low retaining walls or raised beds , where they can fall down and trail along the ground . the effect of a rippling flow of foliage and flowers is very pretty , especially over gravel . the plant is strongly associated with summer because it is certain that none of the foliage will be there in winter .\nnasturtiums are ideal for planting against rough fences as , if they can get a grip , they will scramble upwards rather than trail down . the plant can be used as a temporary filler and colour - provider to improve messy areas .\nbecause of the trailing habit of growth , nasturtiums can be used successfully in containers , especially hanging baskets and window boxes , and in pots where they can trail over the edge .\nsow seeds anywhere that a few plants would be of value . the ground should be good but not very rich , as the plant tends to make a lot of leaves in very fertile soil . the position should be sunny to get as much balanced growth and flowering as possible .\nthe seeds can be sown in small pots of compost , three or four to a pot . when they are about five centimetres tall , they can be planted out into the ground where they are going to grow , or in containers . alternatively , the seeds can be sown directly into the soil where they are to grow .\nthe large seeds are robust and almost always succeed , and this makes them very suitable for children to try . watch for snails until the plants grow large . sometimes cabbage white butterflies lay eggs on the leaves and the caterpillars can strip the leaves . pick off the egg batches if noticed .\n' peter was adamant , there was to be no coving and no range ,\nmarita varley explains with a big smile , as she points out the coving on the ceiling in her kitchen and the waterford stanley range , against which she is warming her bum .\nif you are in the market for a georgina - era mansion , then here are four impressive properties currently available to buy .\nmassive holiday home on the wild atlantic way which has its own private beach is up for . . .\n' i will derail gravy train in the legal industry ' - shane ross vows to clampdown on . . .\nyears ago when i was selling my first house in a bid to . . .\nmoynalty in co meath is a relatively modern village ( by irish standards at least ) , having been laid out to a linear plan . . .\nbalally is one of the four park and ride stops on the luas green line ; you can park your car there for \u20ac5 a day and read a . . .\nfans of the chronicles of narnia , the seven - novel cs lewis saga , might be forgiven for opening the bedroom wardrobes in . . .\njim fitzpatrick , the artist best known for bringing us our celtic myths in vivid colour , bought his victorian house by the . . .\nit has been many decades now since douglas lost its identity as a quiet , conscientious village near cork and became . . .\nmassive holiday home on the wild atlantic way which has its own private beach is up . . .\ndoctype html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\ndark bay / brown colt , 1900 - 1914 by sainfoin - roquebrune by st . simon darley arabian sire line : stockwell branch family 4 - n .\nalthough he was a top juvenile racehorse and english triple crown winner , rock sand is not generally considered among history ' s elite runners . his losses , by three lengths to ard patrick and the great race mare sceptre in the eclipse stakes , to sceptre by four lengths in the jockey club stakes , and to zinfandel and sceptre in the coronation cup , being conceded weight in the first two , has always cast a cloud on his racing quality . he left an excellent racing son in tracery , whose grandson , congreve would become one of the most influential stallions ever in south america , and through tracery his sire line also continued in england to papyrus , and in australasia through pantheon and archery . in the u . s . , his good staying son friar rock got the fast , long - running handicapper pilate , sire of the game , weight - carrying and speedy eight thirty . but it was through his daughters that rock sand has the most significant impact on the breed .\nthe chestnut trap rock was another foal of 1908 ; he was out of topiary , the mare that had been imported with rock sand . he won the hudson and manhassett stakes and three other races , and was second in the great american stakes . very similar in appearance to his more famous brother , tracery , with the exception of his coat color , he was a successful sire of winners of over $ 385 , 000 , and was several times in the top twenty of leading broodmare sires in the 1920s .\ntracery ( 1909 ) was rock sand ' s best runner and best sire son . he was out of topiary , and similar in appearance to his year - older brother , trap rock , but brown in color . he was an elegant animal , and game on the turf , but was plagued by spavins early in his career . because of the racing blackout , belmont sent him to england to race . he was placed in the hands of leopold de rothschild ' s trainer , john watson , at newmarket , but went unraced at age two due to spavins and / or other problems . his very first race as a three - year - old was the epsom derby , for which he was not prepared , and he ran third to tagalie and jaeger , beaten by four lengths .\nin 1909 several american mares bred to rock sand were shipped to france , and dropped their foals there . one of these was the st . florian daughter , queen ' s bower . in 1909 at haras de villiers , she dropped qu ' elle est belle . she won over 120 , 000 francs , her triumphs including the prix la rochette and the prix de diane ( french oaks ) . sent to the u . s . , qu ' elle est belle dropped quelle chance ( 1917 , by ethelbert ) , the dam of the great fair play sons chance play ( 1923 , jockey club gold cup , saratoga cup ) and chance shot ( 1924 , belmont stakes , saratoga special , withers stakes ) . both colts became good sires , with chance play leading sire twice in the u . s . , and chance shot sire of champion filly fairy chant , among other good stakes winners .\nvulcain ( 1910 ) was born in france from lady of the vale . she was by rayon d ' or and out of lady violet , a mare belmont purchased as a yearling who had been a terrific weight - carrier and excellent juvenile runner and later the dam of four stakes winners . lady of the vale was one of the in - foal mares that crossed the atlantic to haras de villers . vulcain was not an impressive juvenile , but at age three was one of the best of his generation in france , winning the prix miss gladiator ( 2100 meters ) , the prix noailles ( 2200 meters ) , and the prix reiset ( 3000 meters ) , and running third in the prix juigne and prix daru . belmont later brought him to the u . s . , where as a stallion he got 21 stakes winners , mostly high - class handicappers .\nmahubah ( 1910 ) was and is rock sand ' s most celebrated daughter , although she was not the only one to contribute to his excellence as a broodmare sire . out of the merry hampton daughter , imported merry token , and bred at nursery stud , she ran three times as a juvenile and twice at age three , winning a maiden race . her importance derives from her famous son , man o ' war , the great chestnut racehorse and stallion , and to a lesser extent his brother , jockey club gold cup winner and useful sire , my play , and their sister masdah , a winner of six races and dam of three stakes winners .\ndanger rock ( 1912 ) out of delusion , by meddler , was bred by belmont and raced in england during the war . an elegant animal , he was cursed with rock sand ' s temperament . he won the 1 - 1 / 2 mile hastings plate and the newmarket stakes . during the running of the zetland plate , his off fore pastern was damaged , ending his career . belmont sent him to the u . s . , where he was placed in the middleburg , virginia , stud of raymond belmont . danger rock was not a particularly useful sire , but he did get the gelded stakes winner doctor wilson ( 1925 ) , bred by john madden , who collected $ 49 , 236 in earnings ."]}
{"id": 1482, "summary": [{"text": "microplophorus is a genus of beetles in the family cerambycidae , containing the following species : microplophorus calverti philippi in germain , 1897 microplophorus magellanicus blanchard in gay , 1851 microplophorus penai galileo , 1987", "topic": 26}], "title": "microplophorus", "paragraphs": ["blanchard in gay , 1851 . accessed at : urltoken ; = 989604 on 2018 - 07 - 09\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nall pictures and content \u00a9 philippe bourdon | log in | site map | rss 2 . 0 | designed and powered by webshake\nthe longhorn beetle has been found eating dead trees at hill cove and teal inlet . it has been accidentally introduced to the islands from southern chile or argentina .\nluckily for us , this species prefers to eat dead trees but some species can be serious pests , causing severe damage to living trees or timbers used in construction . the asian long - horned beetle is one of the most destructive non - native insects in the united states ."]}
{"id": 1488, "summary": [{"text": "the genus spilogale includes all skunks commonly known as spotted skunks and is composed of four different species : s. gracilis , s. putorius , s. pygmaea , s. angustifrons . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "spotted skunk", "paragraphs": ["not all skunk spray is the same . the striped skunk , spotted skunk and hog nosed skunk all have different compounds present in their defensive secretion .\n\u201cmost people think a skunk is a skunk is a skunk , \u201d dowler says .\nentryway to a male eastern spotted skunk\u2019s den . photo courtesy of virginia tech .\n\u00a9 copyright roger barbour . all rights reserved . spilogale putorius - - eastern spotted skunk\nmorphological changes in the blastocyst of the western spotted skunk during activation from delayed implantation .\neastern spotted skunk being fitted with a radio collar . photo courtesy of virginia tech .\nthey found another spotted skunk two days later , on the survey ' s last day .\nisland spotted skunk - channel islands national park ( u . s . national park service )\nisland spotted skunks on the two islands differ only slightly , with those on santa rosa spotted skunk being slightly longer than those on santa cruz .\nexpression of epidermal growth factor receptor in the preimplantation uterus and blastocyst of the western spotted skunk .\nfrostburg state university conducted meso - carnivore surveys within the believed range of the eastern spotted skunk .\nthe eastern spotted skunk is a very small skunk , which ( for comparison sake ) is no larger than a good - sized tree squirrel .\ninhabits the western half of the united states . some taxonomists call the western spotted skunk a subspecies of\nyou are here : home > natural history > nature notes by dr . frank lang > spotted skunk\nmorphological changes in the blastocyst of the western spotted skunk during activation from delayed implantation . - pubmed - ncbi\nthe spotted skunk is not found in new england or the north - central states . spotted skunks are less common and occur most frequently in the highlands of the state .\nthe eastern spotted skunk ( spilogale putorius ) is a small , relatively slender skunk found throughout the eastern united states and in small areas of canada and mexico .\ninformation on the western spotted skunk ( spilogale gracilis ) is being researched and written and will appear here shortly .\nthe western spotted skunk is classified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .\nexpression of epidermal growth factor receptor in the preimplantation uterus and blastocyst of the western spotted skunk . - pubmed - ncbi\na western spotted skunk stands on its hands to deliver a smelly attack . ( credit : jerry w . dragoo )\nnortheastern state university and dickinson state university are currently studying \u201cfringe mammals\u201d in western north dakota . this includes eastern spotted skunk .\njellison , w . l . 1945 . spotted skunk and feral nutria in montana . j . mammal . 26 . 432 pp .\n\u2022 determine presence of eastern spotted skunk in the state . \u2022 develop a protocol to monitor the eastern spotted skunk in the state . \u2022 develop research to define ecology , resource needs , and population dynamics of this species in the state if found to be present .\nsince insects are the spotted skunk ' s primary source of food , spotted skunks play an important role in insect control . they may also affect predator populations ( great horned owls ) , as items of prey .\nflath , d . 1978 . written communication of western spotted skunk observation and specimen collection to montana natural heritage program , helena , mt .\nkaplan , j . , r . mead . 1994 . seasonal changes in testicular function and seminal characteristics of the male eastern spotted skunk .\nthe eastern spotted skunk ranges from northeastern mexico through the great plains to the canadian border and throughout the southeastern united states north to pennsylvania .\ni first spotted this plant last year while out picking . . . read more\neastern spotted skunk ready to be fitted with a radio collar for the dgif - funded virginia tech research study . photo courtesy of virginia tech .\nif you see a spotted skunk , especially in the eastern half of the state or the panhandle , robert dowler would like to know about it . report your sighting to him at skunk . project @ urltoken .\nclick to enlarge this image . ( 25kb ) spilogale putorius ( eastern spotted skunk ) , appalachian trail click to enlarge this image . ( 326kb )\nthe species of greatest conservation concern is the eastern spotted skunk , or plains spotted skunk , which is found in the eastern half of texas and the panhandle and in the eastern united states . the u . s . fish and wildlife service is considering listing it as a threatened or endangered species .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - western spotted skunk ( spilogale gracilis )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - western spotted skunk ( spilogale gracilis )\ntitle =\narkive species - western spotted skunk ( spilogale gracilis )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\n: the spotted skunk is the smaller and less common of the two skunks inhabiting the park and has been recorded up to 2 , 900 feet elevation .\nloss of riparian areas is a major concern for eastern spotted skunk . it uses these areas to hunt , and also dens in logs and brush piles .\naverage size spotted skunks , weighing 1 to 4 pounds , are smaller than striped skunks .\nthe eastern spotted skunk is often confused with the more common striped skunk which is a different species . as you can see from the diagram above , compared to spotted skunks , striped skunks are larger in size ( although young striped skunks are often confused with spotteds ) and lack the distinctive spots compared to stripes along their body . more information on the natural history of eastern spotted skunks can be found here .\njellison , w . c . 1931 . little spotted skunk ( spilogale gracilis saxatilis ) , recorded for montana . journal of mammalogy . v12 . page 314 .\nmead , r . a . 1968 . reproduction in western forms of the spotted skunk ( genus spilogale ) . journal of mammalogy 49 : 373 - 390 .\nrecently described as a separate species from the eastern spotted skunk because of differences in color pattern , cranial features , reproductive physiology , and breeding season ; the western spotted skunk is neither endangered nor threatened . it is adapting readily to the new sources of food and habitats provided by civilization ( davis and schmidley 1994 ) .\nthe eastern spotted skunk was once a widespread species across the midwestern and southeastern states , with harvests exceeding 100 , 000 animals a year for pelts . in the 1940s , populations seemed to crash across the animal\u2019s range . texas put the plains spotted skunk on its watch list and awarded dowler a contract to assess its status .\na year later , he finally got rid of the skunk , though the use of the freezer never quite returned to pre - skunk levels .\nisland spotted skunks are only about a third as large as their competitor , the island fox .\njellison , w . l . 1945 . general notes : spotted skunk and feral nutria in montana . journal of mammalogy . 26 ( 4 ) : 432 - 443 .\nwe are all familiar with the striped skunk . bambi ' s friend flower and pepe le pew were striped skunks . in southern oregon we have another , less commonly seen skunk ; spilogale putorius , the spotted skunk , civet , or polecat . spilogale is the greek word for spotted polecat : putorius is latin for stench . some mammalogists consider our more slender western version , s . gracilis , a separate species . gracilis means slender .\neastern spotted skunks are mostly nocturnal . spotted skunks are much more alert and active than most skunks . when threatened , a foul - smelling oily secretion from the skunk ' s anal glands can be projected up to 4 m and is usually directed at the face of the threatening animal . the spotted skunk is noted for its characteristic\nhandstand\nstance that it takes when threatened . before spraying its opponent , this skunk raises up on its front legs and turns its head to watch as it sprays . it is also the only member of the skunk family that can climb . ( davis and schmidley 1994 , grzmek 1972 )\n( common skunk ) , with remarks on the physiological properties of this secretion .\n1990 . new components in defensive secretion of the striped skunk , mephitis mephitis .\neastern spotted skunk is widely distributed and was once common but no overall population estimate is available . currently this species is classified as vulnerable ( vu ) and its numbers today are decreasing .\nrange channel islands spotted skunks currently occur only on santa cruz and santa rosaislands where they are widely distributed . spotted skunks occurred on san miguel island , probably until the late nineteenth century . fossil material has been collected on san miguel island and a spotted skunk was reportedly collected from san miguel island sometime during the 1870s . however , there have been no records of skunks on san miguel since then .\nthe spraying of the extremely foul - smelling fluid from the tail end of a skunk is something that predators , and spouses of skunk researchers , don\u2019t soon forget .\nhooded skunk : the hooded skunk looks much like the striped , but has a ruff of fur around the neck , and a very long , lush white plume for a tail . hog - nosed skunk : this is the least common skunk ; it is all white on the top of head , back , and tail . the underparts are black . there is a bare patch of skin on this skunk\u2019s long nose .\nnowhere in its range is the spotted skunk as common as the striped skunk , and in recent years it has declined drastically due to loss of habitat . formerly , the plains spotted skunk subspecies ( spilogale putorius interrupta ) was most common in the western half of the state , but it is now extremely rare and is listed as endangered in missouri . the decline is due to \u201cclean\u201d farming , which eliminates cover this species requires . pesticides have hastened the decline of these insectivores .\nthe average spotted skunk litter size is 3 to 5 . the young of both species are born blind and are not weaned until 8 to 9 weeks of age . family units stay together until fall\nthe spotted skunk has a range that covers most of the us and mexico , although the species is a bit less populous than the striped skunk . even less common are the hooded and hog - nosed species , which are only native to parts of the midwest , southwest and mexico .\nwhen texas parks and wildlife department mammalogist jonah evans came across a road - killed spotted skunk and decided to save the specimen in the freezer at work , his co - workers were less than enthusiastic .\nit is distinguished from spotted skunk subspecies on the mainland by its shorter tail and less white abdominal coloration , slightly larger size , broader skull , and proportionately less white and blacker in the fur . like the mainland subspecies , the island spotted skunks exhibit sexual size differences , with males averaging 28 % larger than females . this skunk is considerably smaller than striped skunks on the mainland and has softer , glossier fur .\n= 0 . 034 ) . a posteriori tests revealed nonsignificant effects of overall predator abundance on the likelihood of pausing and scan length . there was a significant interaction between shape and skunk abundance with animals more likely to pause at skunk - shaped models with increasing skunk abundance (\nthe most well - known skunk characteristic is , of course , its ability to spray .\n, 1982 . chemical constituents of the defensive secretion of the striped skunk ( mephitis mephitis ) .\nevans\u2019 sticky note that said \u201cdo not eat\u201d on the skunk\u2019s ziploc bag wasn\u2019t too funny either .\ndowler and evans both want to know more about how the different skunk species divide up habitat .\nooooh , that smell . . . must be skunk : the humane society of the united states\ndowler\u2019s team is in the process of surveying 10 sites to find where the eastern spotted skunk is , and isn\u2019t . at each site , his team uses 120 traps or detection devices , checked daily during a weeklong survey .\nreproduction the breeding season for spotted skunks on the islands is probably similar to spotted skunks on the mainland . western spotted skunks mate in september and october , and following delayed implantation and a 210 - 310 day gestation , give birth in april and may to 2 - 6 . counts of three and five uterine scars were recorded from two skunks collected at santa cruz island in september .\nas north america ' s smallest skunk , these nocturnal mammals weigh two pounds or less and are under 20 inches long . the weasel - like spotted skunk differs from other skunks by its extremely silky fur and an arrangement of irregular elongated white patches the length of its body . spotty ' s tail is tipped in white .\nstriped skunks are native to north america , and can be found in northern mexico , throughout the united states , and as far north as central canada . other species of skunks , such as the spotted skunk and the hog - nosed skunk , can be found further south , ranging from canada to central and south america . stink badgers , which resemble the hog - nosed skunk , are strictly found in the philippines , malaysia , and indonesia . the striped skunk can be found throughout florida , except for in the keys .\nimage source : photo taken by the skunk stripe at the san bernardino county museum , with permission .\ni had an encounter with a skunk a few years back which ended very quickly . the reason ?\na striped skunk skull description : similar to a mink skull but larger . photo credits : dallas virchow\ntheir markings are different , too . spotted skunks have multiple , broken white stripes , plus spots on the rump and the head .\nconservation status according to the iucn red list ( 2008 ) , the western spotted skunk is listed as least concern as they are widely distributed in a variety of habitats including human altered habitats . the species may be declining in parts of the united states but not at a rate fast enough to be threatened . in contrast , prior to the recent upswing in skunk numbers on the islands , the island spotted skunk was thought to be rare , and was listed as a species of special concern by the state of california . when the island spotted skunk had a small population and was not well - studied , the skunk that time was designated as a species of concern . however , recent surveys now show a remarkable recovery in the species . on santa rosa island , skunks are marked and counted during annual population monitoring for island foxes , and as of 2011 there were approximately 3 , 000 skunks on santa rosa island .\nthe most common and recognized skunk species in north america is the striped skunk , whose range extends from the southern half of canada to the northernmost parts of mexico , covering most of the continental united states .\nthe western spotted skunk is as cute as a button , and pretty nifty too . before spraying predators in the face with pungent chemicals , the little creature hops up onto its forelimbs and charges forward . this behavior is meant to intimidate foes , but if you aren\u2019t on the receiving end of the skunk\u2019s stinky ire , it\u2019s delightful to watch .\nthe hooded skunk ( mephitis macroura ) is primarily a mexican species that has been known to inhabit the big bend region of texas . it is more secretive than the striped skunk , with which it is often confused . the hooded skunk has longer , softer fur and a hood of longer hair on the neck and head . it has two color patterns : a white back similar to the hog - nosed skunk , and a black back with white stripes similar to the striped skunk . hooded skunks eat mice , insects and occasionally prickly pear cactus . it is the rarest skunk in texas , though it is abundant in mexico .\nbadger : the badger is a wide - bodied , short - legged creature of about 22 pounds . it has a distinctive white stripe running over its forehead and down its nose . its coat is shaggy , with a yellowish brown color . spotted skunk : the spotted skunk is easy to identify . smaller than the other skunks at about 2 pounds , its bold black and white pattern resembles spots instead of stripes . the tail is black at the base and white at the tip .\nstriped skunks , hog - nosed , and hooded skunks breed in february and march and the babies are born in may and june . spotted skunks breed either later in the spring , in early summer , or in the fall \u2014 as is the case with western spotted skunks .\neastern spotted skunks are very good at catching rodents . they sometimes knock down beehives to get the honeycomb , despite being stung many times .\nimage source ( skunk only ) : robert barber / painet inc . , illinois department of natural resources .\nfrom the back of a pickup , they patrol properties at night , when the skunks are out , and scan the countryside with spotlights and flashlights . when they see one , they\u2019ll bang on the roof of the pickup , yell \u201cskunk ! skunk ! \u201d and jump out in a mad dash to capture the skunk .\nthese methods worked to remove the skunk odor from my home and they should work for you , too .\nskunk plasti - catch cage trap manufactured by minnesota plasti - catch provides a safer way to capture skunks .\nwestern spotted skunks are a bit smaller than the more common striped skunk , and their coat patterns are much more complex . they also seem to have something of an exhibitionist streak : when spraying their trademark noxious musk , western spotted skunks will occasionally flip themselves into a handstand , legs and bushy tail akimbo , as a jet of foul - smelling chemicals shoots from glands on their posteriors .\ndid you know that it is estimated that spotted skunks have undergone a > 99 % decline range - wide since the 1940 ' s . unfortunately , because we know so little about the eastern spotted skunk , we still don ' t completely understand the reason for this decline or even where the species still persists . more information on the conservation status of the species can be found here .\nhabitat spotted skunks on the channel islands show habitat preferences similar to those reportedfor the mainland subspecies . based on radio telemetry studies , spotted skunks on santa cruz island showed a preference for chaparral - grassland , open grassland , fennel - grassland , and ravines . on santa rosa island , spotted skunks were found to be associated with rocky canyon slopes , cactus patches , chaparral , coastal sage scrub , open woodland , other scrub - grassland communities , and riparian habitat along streams . on both islands , the species has also been recorded in or under human dwellings and ranch outbuildings . the elevational range of the channel islands spotted skunk extends from sea level to approximately 2000 feet .\ni was surprised to learn there are four types of skunks in north america : striped , spotted , hog nose and hooded . photos of each are shown below . a wild skunk ' s lifespan is only a few years , but a domesticated pet skunk can - - with proper medical care and a good diet - - live more than a decade .\nsadly , texas is not one of the states that allows pet skunks , so i will probably never have one of my own . however , if i could have a pet skunk , i think my choice would be the spotted skunk . not only are they unique looking , they are also the smallest - - about the same size as a squirrel .\nthe spotted skunk has various areas of white on the body that mix with the black . they don\u2019t feature the famous white stripe that goes down the middle of the back . the spots can be varied through the four species and even by individuals .\nwhen a skunk is ready to spray , nozzles emerge from either side of the skunk\u2019s anus . each nozzle is surrounded by muscle tissue that can contract to direct the discharge 15 feet or more with highly coordinated control .\neastern spotted skunks breed mostly in the later winter months and give birth in late spring to early summer . on average the female skunk will give birth to 4\u20135 baby skunks ( kits ) at a time . it takes twelve weeks before newborn skunks will become fully developed into adult skunks and two months before they develop skunk musk to use as self - defense .\nspotted skunks may inhabit forested and brushy areas as well as agricultural regions . they are often found in crevices in cliffs and in rock slides .\njoyce b . kaplan , rodney a . mead ; seasonal changes in testicular function and seminal characteristics of the male eastern spotted skunk ( spilogale putorius ambarvilus ) , journal of mammalogy , volume 75 , issue 4 , 18 november 1994 , pages 1013\u20131020 , urltoken\nit is extremely difficult to get skunk spray out of fabric , carpet and furniture because it is naturally oily .\ni personally know how difficult it is to remove skunk odor from my home , so do not give up .\nplease note that it\u2019s illegal to trap or shoot spotted skunks in virginia ( unless they are causing damage ) and their pelts may not be sold .\nthe eastern spotted skunk is omnivorous . it feeds primarily on small mammals , fruits , insects , birds , lizards , snakes , and carrion . the stomach of a specimen found near park headquarters in november , 1950 , contained the remains of a northern spring peeper (\na skunk ' s spray is an oily liquid produced by glands under its large tail . to employ this scent bomb , a skunk turns around and blasts its foe with a foul mist that can travel as far as ten feet .\nwant more natural history and wildlife videos ? visit the official bbc earth channel : urltoken bbc earth the bbc earth youtube channel is home to over 50 years - worth of the best animal videos from the bbc archive . with three new videos released every week there\u2019s something for all nature loves from astounding animal behaviour to beautiful imagery . click here to find our more : urltoken enter the amazing world of the spotted skunk with this brilliant clip from bbc wildlife show ' weird nature ' . a chance to see skunk defences at first hand , this short video includes images of a spotted skunk performing foot stomping , hand stands , and predatory spraying to ward off potential attackers .\nspotted skunks are often found near or within forests . their ability to climb trees and move agilely amongst branches in a squirrel - like fashion is most likely the cause of this habitat preference . spotted skunks are also notorious for digging underground burrows on private properties , residing within barns , and constructing burrows near trash receptacles .\nin january , planes dropped doses of oral rabies vaccine across parts of 17 counties in an attempt to fight skunk rabies .\nlead author adam ferguson protects himself from the smell as he works with a skunk . ( credit : the field museum )\neastern spotted skunks seem to prefer forest edges and upland prairie grasslands , especially where rock outcrops and shrub clumps are present . in western counties , it relies heavily on riparian corridors where woody shrubs and woodland edges are present . woody fencerows , odd areas , and abandoned farm buildings are also important habitat for eastern spotted skunks .\nthe western spotted skunk prefers rocky bluffs and brush - bordered canyon stream beds . they make dens in rocky outcrops or hollow logs in the wild ; however , they often live in close association with people , frequently nesting in rock fences or even attics ( davis and schmidley 1994 ) .\ncrabb , w . d . 1944 . growth , development , and seasonal weights of spotted skunks . journal of mammalogy 25 ( 3 ) : 213 - 221 .\na final note of advice to new skunk owners : be diligent and don ' t allow your skunk to wander away from the safe confines of your house . unlike dogs and cats , skunks do not have a homing instinct , so a skunk that gets loose probably will not return home on its own . in the wild , a pet skunk no longer has the ability to defend itself , and is at greater risk of being killed by a dog or fearful human , or hit by an automobile .\n\u201cthe grass was pretty thick , and we couldn\u2019t see into the trap , \u201d perkins says . \u201cwe could just see that the trap was closed . and we could see that the animal had pulled grass into the trap to make a little nest . we gently lifted the cover and saw that a skunk had wrapped itself in the grass . alex was the first one to tell that we had a spotted skunk . \u201d\noption 3 . ( professionals only ) use cat grasping tongs to grab hold of skunk and rescue him from the window well .\nappearance the island spotted skunk can be identified by its complex pattern of white markings on a blackbackground consisting of four to six broken white stripes , a triangular white forehead patch , a series of shorter white stripes resembling spots , and white on part of the abdominal surface and tip of the tail .\nthough they are closely related to striped skunks , spotted skunks are smaller in size and more agile that their cousins . they are omnivores and gladly take advantage of any available food source , like berries , carrion , rodents , and snakes . spotted skunks are mostly known for the pungent and foul - smelling odor they produce to repel predators .\ndowler and his students have been systematically collecting such information , especially on western spotted and hog - nosed skunks , since those species have been studied less than striped skunks . in one three - year study funded by tpwd , dowler monitored the comings and goings of striped , western spotted and hog - nosed skunks at san angelo state park .\nspotted skunks , like their striped cousins , are members of the skunk family and will spray an odorous secretion in self - defense as suggested by their latin scientific name , which translates to \u201cstinking spotted weasel . \u201d however , at just 1\u20132\u00bd pounds , spotted skunks are noticeably more slender and smaller than striped skunks and are not much bigger than a large squirrel . their glossy black fur has 4\u20136 broken white stripes along the back and sides that resemble \u201cspots , \u201d versus the two solid white bands that extends down the back of striped skunks . the feet of spotted skunks are more specialized for climbing ( they are adept tree climbers ) , compared to the powerful feet of striped skunks that are adapted for digging . spotted skunks are more carnivorous than striped skunks , primarily feeding on small mammals , insects , eggs , and even carrion . they typically breed in the later winter or early spring , giving birth to a single litter of 1 \u2013 6 young born in may or june .\nthe hog - nosed skunk presents a particular risk , mostly because of its method of capture . the other skunk species can be trapped , but the hog - nosed typically won\u2019t go into a trap . that means the researchers basically have to chase them down .\nrobert dowler is one of the world\u2019s leading skunk researchers , and he oversees one of the world\u2019s biggest skunk specimen collections . he is a professor at angelo state university in san angelo , which , it turns out , is practically the epicenter of skunkdom in texas .\navoid getting skunk spray in your eyes . wash your hands as soon as you touch the musk with the strongest soap you have .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive video - striped skunk defence behaviour\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive video - striped skunk defence behaviour\ntitle =\narkive video - striped skunk defence behaviour\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nmultiple states have ongoing research and monitoring efforts for spotted skunks . a list of current research projects can be found here , and biologists are always eager to hear about new sightings .\nwhen frightened or angered , the eastern spotted skunk may engage in several unique behaviors that may serve as either a bluff or a warning prior to the discharge of the scent . it may stomp or pat its front feet in rapid succession on the floor or ground . it can also do a\nhandstand\non its front feet . the skunk upends itself , holds its tail in the air , and may walk up to several yards in this manner .\nskunks are known to release a powerful smell through their anal glands when threatened . skunks will usually only attack when cornered or defending their young , and spraying is not the first method of defense . a skunk will growl , spit , fluff its fur , shake its tail , and stamp the ground . if the intruder does not leave , the skunk will then lift its tail and spray its famous skunk odor .\nfor the skunk , there\u2019s no better time to spray than when a handful of angelo state students are chasing you with nets and buckets .\nif a skunk has sprayed on any wood or concrete items in your home , you can use this bleach solution to clear the smell .\nskunks follow their noses , so if a garage door is open , a skunk will likely amble in . if the skunk enters the garage , the hsus recommends leaving a garage door open at night and sprinkling flour along the bottom of it so you can see exiting tracks .\nvan gelder , r . g . 1959 . a taxonomic revision of the spotted skunks ( genus spilogale ) . bulletin of the american museum of natural history 117 : 229 - 392 .\nverts , b . j . 1967 . the biology of the striped skunk . univ . illinois press , urbana . vii + 218 pp .\nthe habitat of the western spotted skunk in montana is not well known , but they have been found in arid , rocky and brushy canyons and hillsides . information from other portions of its range suggest that when they are inactive or bearing young they occupy a den in rocks , burrows , hollow logs , brush piles , or under buildings .\na skunk ' s sulfuric spray has a range of up to 10 feet , and its odor can be detected up to 1 . 5 miles .\n) . there was no effect of skunk abundance on mean pause length , total pause length , or time to contact the models . the likelihood of approaching near enough to make contact was unrelated to skunk abundance , although more time was spent in contact with models in areas of higher fox abundance (\nskunks live in a variety of habitats from riparian canyons and wooded areas to arizona uplands and suburbs . they prefer thick , brushy areas . the spotted skunk is most common in rocky , riparian canyons , while the hog - nose is usually found in the middle to higher elevations . none of the skunks are common in the low , dry flats .\nwith the study now in its third year , researchers at virginia tech are beginning to report some interesting preliminary results . using trail cameras stationed at 128 sites in 10 counties , the researchers have documented spotted skunks at 23 different locations . habitat data collected at the surveyed sites suggest that spotted skunks prefer forests with thick understory vegetation , most likely to avoid detection from predators , particularly great horned owls .\nefforts are currently underway to radio - collar spotted skunks , monitor their movements and locate den sites . initial data from 11 radio - collared spotted skunks has tracked them to multiple den sites in underground burrows , hollow logs , and tree cavities . their night time movements have generally been within close range of their den sites . radio tracking data will continue being collected throughout the spring and summer months .\n\u201cmost other skunks are kind of heavy - bodied and not very aware , \u201d evans says . \u201cthey lumber around , and if a predator shows up , they have their defenses , and that\u2019s their game . spotted skunks are more like a skunk crossed with a squirrel . they bound all over the place , and they can climb trees pretty well . \u201d\nrelationship between the relative abundance of striped skunks and the proportion of pauses during approaches to skunk - shaped mounts . two sites ( deer creek hills and sagehen creek field station ) had no visits to skunk - shaped mounts and were thereby excluded from this figure , although all sites were included in statistical analyses .\nopen all windows and doors . turn on a fan . fresh air is the most effective remedy when it comes to removing skunk odor from your home .\nthey often fight over food and location , but they don\u2019t spray each other with their oils . instead , they will bite and scratch until one of them runs away from the battle . many people worry about being bitten by a spotted skunk due to the risk of rabies . it is possible so any human or any pet that gets bit should be tested .\nthey are much more active than any other type of skunk . they have mostly the same predators as any other skunk ( big cats , bobcats , owls , humans , etc . ) . up to eight skunks may share an underground den in the winter . they can also climb and take shelter in trees .\noverall , given the lack of knowledge regarding primary threats ( see threats ) and causes of decline , research is urgently needed to guide conservation action . fortunately , researchers from multiple states and universities currently have ongoing research projects on the species , and in 2015 the eastern spotted skunk cooperative study group was formed to help inform managers of research priorities and potential conservation actions .\nthe coloration scheme isn\u2019t the only difference for the spotted skunk . they have a body that seems very similar in style to that of the weasel . they have short feet and they are very slow moving . they have scent glands that enable them to release powerful scents that are very strong and foul . this is able to help them to defend themselves from predators .\nif your rags reek of skunk afterwards , then then just mix together the same solution as stated above and throw it in the washer with your smelly laundry .\noption 1 . carefully place an 8\nwide board , with cleats to allow skunk to climb out . it is critical that the board not be too steep or a skunk won ' t be able to climb it . endeavor to make the slope less than a 45 degree angle . photo by : dallas virchow .\nthe spotted skunk survey project is not a statewide project in the vmn volunteer management system . virginia master naturalist volunteers who want to participate should make sure that it is an approved project within their chapter . a project proposal form is provided below to aid in that process . chapters may adapt this form by adding a local contact person or other details pertinent to their areas .\nskunks often issue warnings before spraying . striped and hooded skunks stomp their feet . hog - nosed skunks may rear up on their hind legs . spotted skunks get acrobatic and perform a handstand with their tail aloft .\nthe musk is stored in two large scent glands near the anus . each scent glad has an associated nipple that the musk is sprayed from . there is one on the left side of the anus , and the other on the right side . muscles around the scent glands allow the skunk to aim its spray with a great degree of accuracy . in fact , a skunk can hit a target up to fifteen feet away ! normally , a skunk will aim for the eyes of whatever animal is threatening it , but if the threat is not within sight , a skunk will instead spray a cloud of musk that the pursuing animal will have to run through .\ni found the tracks of spotted , hog - nosed and striped skunks all within a few feet of each other . that\u2019s three skunks cohabitating in the exact same area . but they all have their own approach . \u201d\nstriped skunks are considered fur - bearing animals throughout their range . typically , they are abundant enough to permit unlimited taking . spotted and hog - nose skunks are less plentiful and may have harvest restrictions in your area .\nwhen a skunk is being chased , it can emit an atomized cloud that the pursuing predator must run through . when a skunk is under a bush or cornered , it can aim a direct stream of yellow discharge at a predator\u2019s face . both are effective methods of deterring an intruder . the active ingredient of the foul - smelling discharge is a sulphide known as n - butyl mercaptan , which can sting the skin , cause temporary blindness and produce a pungent , gagging odor that is unmistakably skunk .\nthere are no major threats to this species . the main cause of current mortality of this species is represented by automobile roadkills ( rosatte , 1987 ) . the pelts of both eastern and western spotted skunks represent an insignificant fraction of the modern fur trade . in the 1983 - 1984 trapping season , 5 , 588 pelts described as spotted skunk were harvested in the united states ( novak et al . , 1987 ) . the species is declining in the midwest and portions of the east , but common in southern florida ( reid 2006 ) . pesticides present a threat to the species in areas with intensive agriculture .\naverage home range is around 1 / 4 sq mi ( schwartz and schwartz 1981 ) . not as abundant as striped skunk ( mephitis mephitis ) in most of range .\nstriped skunk : there is variation in patterning among the skunks , but the striped usually has a black back with a white stripe along its sides . the tail is black with a white tip . the striped is a medium - to large - sized skunk at about 6 to 10 pounds ( 2 . 7 - 4 . 5 kg ) .\nwhich are broken in pattern , giving it a\nspotted\nappearance . they have a white spot on their forehead . they are found in canada ( southeast manitoba and northwestern ontario ) , the united states and northeastern mexico .\nsince the animal is being considered for endangered species status , that means finding one can be akin to searching for bigfoot . dowler and his students surveyed a site in fort worth for a week and found no spotted skunks , despite a trail camera having shown one there earlier in the year . at lake somerville state park , a week\u2019s worth of trapping and camera surveillance turned up no spotted skunks either . they were getting \u2014 you guessed it \u2014 skunked .\ndespite this potent defense , the skunk isn ' t without preditors . occasionally a wolf , fox , or bobcat will kill a skunk , but the main danger is from birds of prey . hawks , falcons , and owls have excellent vision and hunt mainly by sight . one thing they don ' t have is a good sense of smell . lacking this , they have never learned to fear skunks . the great horned owl , in particular , makes the skunk a mainstay of its diet , and is the single greatest predator of skunks .\nwhat all skunk species have in common is that their oily , yellow secretion contains sulfur compounds ( namely , thiols and their acetate derivatives ) which gives it the infamously repulsive odor .\nskunk spray is a bit like glitter or poison oak ; it gets on anything you touch . so don ' t touch furniture or other people because they will stink , too .\nthe eastern spotted skunk remains a level iii species of conservation priority . efforts to document the species in swg t - 12 - r evaluating the distribution and abundance of river otters and other meso - carnivores in eastern north dakota drainage : applications of gis , genetic and digital technologies for conservation planning were unsuccessful . it has recently been petitioned for protection under the endangered species act and north dakota is considered within its range .\nif you have trail camera photos or other verifiable evidence regarding occurrences of spotted skunks in virginia , please contact dgif\u2019s furbearer biologist , mike fies , at 540 - 248 - 9390 or by e - mail at mike . fies @ urltoken .\nthe spotted skunk is the only one able to climb trees , which expands its foraging opportunities . this small skunk breeds in september and october , but delayed implantation results in the young being born in may . the other skunks all breed in the spring , with most babies born in may . the 3 to 7 kits stay with the mother through the summer , accompanying her on nocturnal hunting forays , before dispersing in the fall . evidence of skunks in an area includes many divots in the earth and other signs of rooting , as well as scat containing berries , insect parts , and bits of fur .\n\u201call the people at work were frustrated because they wanted to use the freezer , and i just took a long time to hand the skunk off to bob dowler , \u201d evans says .\nwell , the smell ( eventually ) dissipated from my body . . . but now i was left with a putrid skunk smell inside from everything i ' d touched or passed by .\neastern spotted skunks are omnivores . in winter they eat corn and cottontails ; in spring , insects and native field mice ; in summer , insects and small amounts of fruit , birds , and birds ' eggs ; in fall , mostly insects .\nin general , spotted skunks grow between one to two feet in length and weigh around a pound and a half . they have black fur with erratic white striping , and many individuals also bear a single white spot on their foreheads . their loud and striking coloration is thought to function as a warning for predators . animals and humans who fail to recognize the threat are sprayed with the odor that emanates from the skunk ' s anal glands .\nthe western spotted skunk looks much like the eastern spotted skunk except that the white areas are more extensive . both are relatively small and slender . they are black with a white spot on their forehead and in front of each ear . they have a pair of dorsolateral white stripes on the anterior portion of their bodies beginning at the back of their head , a pair of lateral stripes confluent with the spots in front of the skunk ' s ears , and a ventrolateral pair which begins just behind the forelegs . these cut off at mid - body and the posterior portion of the skunk ' s body has two interrupted white bands , a white spot on each side of the rump and two more at the base of the tail . the underside of the tail is white for nearly half its length and the tip is extensively white . the ears are short and low on the sides of the head . they have five toes on each foot but the claws on the front feet are more than twice as long as those on the back feet , sharp , and recurved . males average 423mm in length ( 134 of that being tail ) and 565 g in weight . females average 360 mm ( 129 tail ) and 368 g ( davis and schmidley 1994 ) .\nonly great horned owls\u2014with built - in protective \u201cgoggles\u201d and very little sense of smell\u2014seem to prey on skunks regularly . many big owls smell skunky and have skunk - bitten feet . as far as the oddsmakers of natural selection are concerned , skunk defenses are superlative . but like porcupines , skunks seem to be as vulnerable to tiny parasites as they are well - defended against big predators .\nthe eastern spotted skunks is a small , relatively slender skunk with a body shape like a weasel . its black - and - white color is a warning against harming this small creature , as its defense mechanism is the emission of noxious odors from its well - developed scent glands . this mammal is also known as the civet cat , but this is incorrect and misleading because it is neither closely related to old world true civets nor to cats .\ngc - ms analysis of the anal sac secretion from the spotted skunk , spilogale putorius , showed three major volatile components : ( e ) - 2 - butene - 1 - thiol , 3 - methyl - 1 - butanethiol , and 2 - phenylethanethiol . minor volatile components identified from this secretion were : phenylmethanethiol , 2 - methylquinoline , 2 - quinolinemethanethiol , bis [ ( e ) - 2 - butenyl ] disulfide , ( e ) - 2 - butenyl 3 - methylbufyl disulfide , bis ( 3 - methylbutyl ) disulfide . all of these compounds except 2 - phenylethanethioi have been identified previously from the striped skunk , mephitis mephitis . the thioacetate derivatives s - ( e ) - 2 - butenyl thioacetate , s - 3 - methylbutanyl thioacetate , and s - 2 - quinolinemethyl thioacetate found in the striped skunk were not seen in this species .\ntexas has five species of skunk \u2014 more than any other state \u2014 and that makes texas a darn good place to study skunks , if you\u2019re into that kind of thing . bob dowler is .\na skunk may send its musk flying into the air if it feels threatened in any way whatsoever , or if it is startled ( a word of advice : skunks are startled very easily ) .\nuntil just a few years ago , very little was known about the distribution and ecology of spotted skunks in the central and southern appalachian region . to help address this knowledge gap , the virginia department of game and inland fisheries ( dgif ) recently funded a 3 - year research project conducted by virginia tech\u2019s department of fish and wildlife conservation . the project seeks to determine the population status of spotted skunks in virginia , investigate forest and landscape conditions that influence their distribution , and study their movement patterns and habitat selection .\nin addition to performing a handstand before spraying a potential predator , the skunk also performs what foot stamping , which involves the skunk stamping its feet on the ground in order to warn an approaching predator . the stamping can be heard for several meters away and is usually followed by the skunk spraying its odorous solution . when these skunks encounter an egg that they want to eat they will straddle the egg with their front legs and bite the egg open . if this fails they will then proceed to use their front legs to push the egg back and kick it with one of their hind legs .\ni couldn ' t wait to see what had been going on at the site . while no spotted skunks were discovered in my area , many other species and interesting behaviors were documented . i look forward to the opportunity to participate in this study again .\nskunk coloration is the opposite of camouflage ; it\u2019s to a skunk\u2019s advantage to be conspicuous and recognized , since its defenses are so good . the rare animal that fails to stay clear may receive additional warnings such as forefoot stamping , tail raising , or a handstand with tail displayed forward like a big white pom - pom . spotteds can spray from the handstand , but usually return to all fours ."]}
{"id": 1490, "summary": [{"text": "nannosquillidae is a family of stomatopods , comprising the following genera : acanthosquilla manning , 1963 alachosquilla schotte & manning , 1993 austrosquilla manning , 1966 bigelowina schotte & manning , 1993 coronis desmarest , 1823 hadrosquilla manning , 1966 keppelius manning , 1978 mexisquilla manning & camp , 1981 nannosquilla manning , 1963 nannosquilloides manning , 1977 platysquilla manning , 1967 platysquilloides manning & camp , 1981 pullosquilla manning , 1978", "topic": 26}], "title": "nannosquillidae", "paragraphs": ["manning , r . b . ( 1980 ) : the superfamilies , families , and genera of recent stomatopod crustacea , with diagnoses of six new families . - proc . biol . soc . wash . , 93 ( 2 ) : 362 - 372 . [ details ]\nvan der land , j . ( 2001 ) . stomatopoda , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 284 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nmartin , j . w . , & davis , g . e . ( 2001 ) . an updated classification of the recent crustacea . science series , 39 . natural history museum of los angeles county . los angeles , ca ( usa ) . 124 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nahyong , s . t . ( 2001 ) . revision of the australian stomatopod crustacea . records of the australian museum supplement 26 : 1 - 326 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmclaughlin et al . 2005 . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : crustaceans . american fisheries society special publication 31\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 3a320c01 - fbea - 4ef8 - b8ec - 4d7cfb198571\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 4e31e2c7 - 4bf0 - 4021 - a873 - b96b9b73a4bf\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 70400b0d - 0450 - 4235 - 9b7d - 2c263399ed6a\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : b7ba846e - 6f5b - 4b04 - a063 - 204c2e6fe1d2\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : e3e7f000 - 90fd - 40ec - a97b - 59daf678360c\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 09ffcb01 - 551f - 446a - bcf5 - e8c5d8de9fae\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 302856\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nwe parsed the following live from the web into this page . such content is managed by its original site and not cached on discover life . please send feedback and corrections directly to the source . see original regarding copyrights and terms of use .\ndiagnosis . head rostral plate with long , slender median spine , or without long , slender median spine ; eyes cornea with 6 rows of ommatidia in midband , midband ommatidia hexagonal . antennae ( antenna 2 ) protopod with anteriorly directed\ndorsal\nspine , or without anteriorly directed\ndorsal\nspine or articulated plate . maxilliped 2 base of dactylus uninflated , dactylus with more than 3 large teeth . maxilliped 3 propodus subquadrate , about as long as broad . maxilliped 4 propodus subquadrate , about as long as broad . maxillipeds 3 and 4 propodi ribbed\ndistally\n. abdomen segments dorsoventrally depressed in cross - section . uropod protopod forked ; endopod\ndorsal\nmargin with proximal margin strongly folded over . telson without distinct median carina , partially covered with erect spines and spinules or without spines or spinules , with 4 or more intermediate denticles or with fewer than 4 intermediate denticles , primary teeth distinct , slender .\ncite this publication as : ' ahyong , s . t . & j . k . lowry ( 2001onwards ) . stomatopoda : families . version 1 : 1 september 2001 . urltoken ' .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services ."]}
{"id": 1492, "summary": [{"text": "muricopsis ( muricopsis ) necocheana is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family muricidae , the murex snails or rock snails . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "muricopsis necocheana", "paragraphs": ["\u00bb species muricopsis ( muricopsis ) pauxilla ( a . adams , 1854 ) represented as muricopsis pauxilla ( a . adams , 1854 )\n- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - species : muricopsis necocheana ( h . a . pilsbry , 1900 ) - id : 1901850090\nspecies muricopsis spinulosa stalio in coen , 1933 accepted as muricopsis blainvillii var . spinulosa stalio in coen , 1933 accepted as muricopsis cristata ( brocchi , 1814 )\nspecies muricopsis spinulosa ( costa o . g . , 1861 ) accepted as muricopsis aradasii ( poirier , 1883 ) accepted as murexsul aradasii ( monterosato in poirier , 1883 )\nspecies muricopsis lyonsi petuch , 1986 accepted as murexsul oxytatus ( m . smith , 1938 )\nmuricopsis oxytata - hexagonal murex : synonym of murexsul oxytatus ( m . smith , 1938 )\nmuricopsis ednae ( m . smith , 1940 ) : synonym of murexsul interserratus ( sowerby , 1879 )\nspecies muricopsis oxytatus ( m . smith , 1938 ) accepted as murexsul oxytatus ( m . smith , 1938 )\nspecies muricopsis medicago ( r . b . watson , 1897 ) accepted as murexsul aradasii ( monterosato in poirier , 1883 )\nspecies muricopsis nothokieneri ( e . h . vokes , 1978 ) accepted as murexsul nothokieneri e . h . vokes , 1978\nspecies muricopsis noduliferus ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1841 ) accepted as attiliosa nodulifera ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1841 )\nspecies muricopsis scotti b . a . marshall & k . w . burch , 2000 accepted as rolandiella scotti ( b . a . marshall & k . w . burch , 2000 )\nspecies muricopsis personatus monterosato in settepassi , 1977 accepted as ocinebrina hispidula ( pallary , 1904 ) accepted as ocenebra hispidula ( pallary , 1904 ) ( unavailable following iczn art . 11 . 4 )\nspecies muricopsis profunda b . a . marshall & k . w . burch , 2000 accepted as murexsul profundus ( b . a . marshall & k . w . burch , 2000 ) ( original combination )\nsubgenus muricopsis ( rolandiella ) b . a . marshall & k . w . burch , 2000 accepted as rolandiella b . a . marshall & k . w . burch , 2000 ( original rank as subgenus )\nspecies muricopsis tenellus monterosato in settepassi , 1977 accepted as ocinebrina hybrida ( aradas & benoit , 1876 ) accepted as ocenebra hybrida ( aradas & benoit , 1876 ) ( unavailable following iczn art . 11 . 4 )\n\u00bb species muricopsis ( murexsul ) profunda b . a . marshall & k . w . burch , 2000 accepted as murexsul profundus ( b . a . marshall & k . w . burch , 2000 ) ( original combination )\n\u00bb species muricopsis ( rolandiella ) scotti b . a . marshall & k . w . burch , 2000 accepted as rolandiella scotti ( b . a . marshall & k . w . burch , 2000 ) ( original combination )\nspecies muricopsis affinis settepassi , 1977 accepted as ocinebrina edwardsii ( payraudeau , 1826 ) accepted as ocenebra edwardsii ( payraudeau , 1826 ) ( not available , published in a work which does not consistently use binominal nomenclature ( iczn art . 11 . 4 ) )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nversion 43 . 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed . my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .\nsistrum nicocheanum pilsbry , h . a . , 1900 : argentina ; brazil ( lapsus )\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\njavascript is disabled for your browser . some features of this site may not work without it .\nreferences : castellanos ( 1970a ) sw ; leal ( 1991b ) ln ; houart ( 1991 ) l ; sunderland & sunderland ( 1993b ) dm ; e . h . vokes ( 1994 ) c\na new species of sistrum nautilus 14 3 - 4 . [ stated date : - - may 1900 . ]\nthis message is to let you know than patagonian shells will have a new website design and development in a new server hosting . i wanted to do this since many years ago but for this or another reason it was never possible .\nnew website will be completely different in many positive senses . you will find easier to using and placing orders .\nduring a period of time , the\nold website\nwon ' t be available online due to many technical problems really difficult to fix at this instance . it makes more sense i will put my energy in preparing properly the new website . unfortunately , this accord situation will take several weeks . let ' s hope the new website will be working online soon to offer a much more efficient service !\nbusiness and communication will continue in the meantime by email to bonard27 @ urltoken or abonard @ urltoken or by phone .\nandres r . bonard biologist - buenos aires university patagonian shells urltoken bonard27 @ urltoken abonard @ urltoken tel . + 54 - 11 - 47973878 cel . + 54 - 11 - 1557040907\nbucquoy e . , dautzenberg p . & dollfus g . ( 1882 - 1886 ) . les mollusques marins du roussillon . tome ier . gastropodes . paris , j . b . bailli\u00e8re & fils 570 p . , 66 pl . [ pp . 1 - 40 , pl . 1 - 5 , february 1882 ; pp . 41 - 84 , pl . 6 - 10 , august 1882 ; pp . 85 - 135 , pl . 11 - 15 , february 1883 ; pp . 136 - 196 , pl . 16 - 20 , august 1883 ; pp . 197 - 222 , pl . 21 - 25 , january 1884 ; pp . 223 - 258 , pl . 26 - 30 , february 1884 ; pp . 259 - 298 , pl . 31 - 35 , august 1884 ; pp . 299 - 342 , pl . 36 - 40 , september 1884 ; p . 343 - 386 , pl . 41 - 45 , february 1885 ; p . 387 - 418 , pl . 46 - 50 , august 1885 ; pp . 419 - 454 , pl . pl . 51 - 60 , january 1886 ; p . 455 - 486 , pl . 56 - 60 , april 1886 ; p . 487 - 570 , pl . 61 - 66 , october 1886 ] , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 16 , 19 [ details ]\ngrammatical gender feminine under the provisions of iczn art . 30 . 1 . 2 .\na genus - group name that is or ends in a greek word transliterated into latin without other changes takes the gender given for that word in standard greek dictionaries ; examples . . . names ending in . . . - opsis ( opsis ) are feminine\n[ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ntulane university journal publishing is an open access , peer - reviewed journal publishing service which provides a web - based platform for scholarly and academic publishing to the tulane community .\ntulane studies in geology and paleontology was devoted primarily to the geology and paleontology of the coasts and adjacent land areas of the gulf of mexico and the caribbean sea . each number\nthe journal was published between 1962 and 1997 . this is a collection of the entire run of the journal .\nfor all scientific names see vol . 10 , no . 4 ( taxonomic index to vol . 1 - 10 ) ; vol . 20 , no . 4 ( taxonomic index to vol . 11 to 20 ) ; vol . 30 , no . 4 ( taxonomic index to vol . 21 to 30 ) .\nthe past half century has seen dramatic changes in the world of scientific publishing ; changes that will continue in the next few decades . the newest generations of ( geo ) scientists have come of age in an environment where the research literature is almost entirely accessed online and visits to physical library collections are becoming increasingly rare . on one hand , these developments have led to the proliferation of new journals , most of which only exist online , and many of the latest additions are open - access journals . on the other hand , several older publication venues have come to a close .\nit is now 20 years ago that the last issue of tulane studies in geology and paleontology ( initially known as tulane studies in geology ) appeared . coincidental or not , 1997 was right around the time that scientific publishing rapidly migrated to the internet . initiated in 1962 , tsgp has published more than 5000 pages of peer - reviewed research , in many cases by faculty members and graduate students in tulane\u2019s department of geology . series like tsgp proliferated for many years , in part based on the extensive exchange schemes that existed between academic libraries . editing was carefully done in house , constituting a major time commitment for the faculty members who served as editors . even though the series was discontinued a while ago , the research published in tsgp has had a lasting impact . it continues to be cited on a regular basis and typically accrues 20 to 30 citations annually according to the web of science .\nthe tulane undergraduate research journal is a peer - reviewed research journal publishing articles from multiple academic fields . our goal is to unite the best undergraduate research from the tulane community and represent all academic fields producing a spectrum of high - quality and diverse work .\nan online undergraduate journal featuring case studies authored by the newcomb scholars , an elite cohort of undergraduate women at tulane university .\nthe journal of community health promotion and research , sponsored by the tulane prevention research center ( prc ) , was planned to share information about public health work and disease - prevention programs focusing on the physical and social environment in the new orleans area .\nthe mission of the tulane prc is to address the physical and social environmental factors influencing the obesity epidemic and its behavioral determinants ( physical activity and diet ) through participatory research on these factors and ways to modify them ; collaboration with community partners and policy - makers ; communication about these factors with public health practitioners , policy - makers , and community partners ; and training of public health professionals , paraprofessionals , and community members .\nthe tulane journal of international affairs is a newly formed undergraduate research journal at tulane university . publishing once a year , the journal promotes outstanding undergraduate work relating to its three sections : international security , international political economy , and human rights .\nsecond line is a peer - edited journal at tulane university committed to the publication of original and intellectual undergraduate scholarship that engages in the various aspects of literary conversation .\nthe tulane review is a literary and art journal published by the tulane literary society twice a year . submissions are judged by review boards in an anonymous selection process and final choices are made by the editors . for submission information , consult the submissionguidelines here : urltoken\ntulane studies in zoology and botany is published by the tulane museum of natural history . and is issued irregularly . manuscripts dealing with all aspects of ecology , evolution , and systematics are encouraged . all manuscripts are reviewed .\n\u00a9 2012 howard - tilton memorial library , tulane university | 7001 freret st . , new orleans , la 70118 | ( 504 ) 865 - 5605 | email us\nusing cookies on urltoken shellauction uses cookies only for technical reasons and to facilitate and speed up your site navigation . by continuing to browse , you accept the use of cookies ; if you do not wish to receive them please disable them or not navigate this website further . more info cookies on urltoken\nutilizzo dei cookies su urltoken shellauction utilizza i cookies esclusivamente per ragioni tecniche e per facilitare e velocizzare la navigazione del sito . continuando a navigare accetti l ' utilizzo dei cookies , se non desideri riceverli ti invitiamo a disabilitarli oppure a non navigare questo sito ulteriormente . altre informazioni sui cookies di urltoken\nnemertea - taxonomy . . . comprises 100 marine species . . . comprises about 400 species . . . includes seven species , of which six live as commensals in the mantle of large clams and one in that of a freshwater snail . . .\nnemertea . . . all species have a proboscis which lies in the rhynchocoel when inactive but everts ( turns inside - out ) to emerge just above the mouth and capture the animal ' s prey with venom . . . a few species with stubby bodies filter feed and have suckers at the front and back ends , with which they attach to a host . . . most nemerteans have various chemoreceptors , and on their heads some species have a number of pigment - cup ocelli , which can detect light but not form an image . . .\norganic farming - externalities - biodiversity . . . nearly all non - crop , naturally occurring species observed in comparative farm land practice studies show a preference for organic farming both by abundance and diversity . . . an average of 30 % more species inhabit organic farms . . . many weed species attract beneficial insects that improve soil qualities and forage on weed pests . . .\northoptera - life cycle . . . orthopteroid species have a paurometabolous life cycle or incomplete metamorphosis . . . the use of sound is generally crucial in courtship , and most species have distinct songs . . . the number of moults varies between species growth is also very variable and may take a few weeks to some months depending on food availability and weather conditions . . .\nnemertea - description - nervous system and senses . . . most nemertean species have just one pair of nerve cords , many species have additional paired cords , and some species also have a dorsal cord . . . in some species the cords lie within the skin , but in most they are deeper , inside the muscle layers . . . some species have paired cerebral organs , sacs whose only openings are to the outside . . .\nand kind of body as he pleaseth ? but i dare not say , that this is the way by which god almighty worketh , because it is past my apprehension : yet it serves very well to demonstrate , that the omnipotence of god implieth no contradiction .\nthe french manner of hunting is gentlemanlike ; ours is only for bumpkins and bodies . the poor beasts here are pursued and run down by much greater beasts than themselves ; and the true british fox - hunter is most undoubtedly a\nappropriated and peculiar to this country , which no other part of the globe produces .\nthe genus ; through all genera the steadfast type ; through all the kingdoms of organized life the eternal unity . nature is a mutable cloud which is always and never the same .\n1 laborat\u00f3rio de bioecologia e sistem\u00e1tica de crust\u00e1ceos ( lbsc ) , departamento de biologia , faculdade de filosofia , ci\u00eancias e letras de ribeir\u00e3o preto ( ffclrp ) , universidade de s\u00e3o paulo ( usp ) . av . bandeirantes , 3900 . 14040 - 901 ribeir\u00e3o preto , s\u00e3o paulo , brazil .\n2 n\u00facleo integrado de biotecnologia , universidade de mogi das cruzes . av . dr . c\u00e2ndido xavier de almeida e sousa , 200 . 08780 - 911 mogi das cruzes , s\u00e3o paulo , brazil .\nlocated in ubatuba city , anchieta island ( 23 ( 33 ' s 45 ( 05 ' w ) is the second largest island of the north coast of s\u00e3o paulo state , with a total area of about 10 km 2 . this island has been affected by anthropogenic activities such as tourism and fishery exploitation until 1977 , when it was declared an ecological reserve of s\u00e3o paulo state ( see mantelatto and garcia , 2002 for details ) .\nthe mean size of individuals of both sexes was compared by the mann - whitney test ( zar , 1996 ) . the level of significance was 0 . 05 .\nthe relations between hermit crabs size and shell variables were determined by regression analysis and by correlation coefficients . the chi - square test ( ( 2 ) was used to compare occupancy percentage of shell species between males , ovigerous females and non - ovigerous females .\nafter the knowledge of the population profile ( mantelatto and garcia , 2002 ; mantelatto et al . , 2007 ) and of the pattern of shell utilization by this population in the field , two types of laboratory experiments were performed : shell species and size preferences , which were conducted for the most occupied shell types in the field . for this , samples were additionally carried out during 2002 in the same area , following the above described method of collection .\nthree replicates were conducted for each type of experiment , which occurred in a glass aquarium ( 30x30x40 cm ) with flowing and oxygen - saturated seawater , where the animals chosen independently of sex or size ( n = 15 ) were placed naked with a large number of shells ( n = 150 ) , during 72 hours ( time previously established ) . after that , the hermit crabs were removed from the preferred shell , and both were measured as described above for shell occupation . each animal was used only once in order to avoid any acquired behavior .\nthe shell species experiments were conducted in pair - wise fashion , i . e . , the hermit crabs were placed in the aquarium with empty shells of two different species and similar size ( 75 of each species ) than those found in the field . shell size preference was tested separately for most occupied shell species using shells of the same species but of varied sizes . all experiments were performed according to method described by garcia and mantelatto ( 2001 ) .\nshell species preference was estimated based on the frequency of which species was chosen by the individuals . the chi - square test ( ( 2 ) was used to compare occupancy percentage of shell species . morphometric relationships were established by regression analysis and spearman correlation coefficients ( r s ) ( p < 0 . 05 ) . shell fitness of hermit crabs collected in the field was assessed using a shell adequacy index ( sai ) ( vance , 1972a ) . this index is defined as : sai = suitable crab size / actual crab size , where sai = 1 indicates that , in field , the animal occupies a shell of adequate size while sai ( 1 indicates a crab in a shell larger ( sai > 1 ) or smaller ( sai < 1 ) than adequate size .\nin total , 992 individuals were collected , represented by 432 ( 43 . 55 % ) males , 263 ( 26 . 51 % ) non - ovigerous females , and 297 ( 29 . 94 % ) ovigerous females . the mean size of population was 1 . 88 ( 0 . 39 mm csl , being females ( 1 . 85 \u00b1 0 . 35 mm csl ) significantly smaller than males ( 1 . 92 \u00b1 0 . 31 mm ) .\npagurus criniticornis was found occupying 16 species of gastropod shells in the natural habitat ( tab . 1 ) . cerithium atratum ( born , 1778 ) was the most occupied shell ( 89 . 31 % ) , followed by morula nodulosa ( adams , 1845 ) ( 4 . 73 % ) . from the total ( 992 ) of shells collected , 2 . 42 % were much damaged , and thus non identifiable .\nlist of gastropod shells occupied by pagurus criniticornis at anchieta island , s\u00e3o paulo , brazil .\nshell species occupation as a function of hermit crab size is illustrated ( fig . 1 ) . the diversity of shells utilized decreased with the increase of individuals ' size . cerithium atratum was the most occupied shell in all size classes , except in the first class , where this corresponded to 12 . 5 % of occupied shells . there was no difference between species of shell occupied by males , ovigerous females and non - ovigerous females .\npagurus criniticornis . gastropod shell species occupation as a function of hermit crab size . ( csl = cephalothoracic shield length ) .\nthe relationship between the shells and the hermit crabs was tested only to c . atratum and m . nodulosa , due to a low percentage of occupation for the other species of gastropod shells . the equations that best demonstrated this relationship were those that involved shell wet weight ( sww ) and shell internal volume ( siv ) ( tab . 2 ) , mainly to the most occupied shell species , c . atratum .\npagurus criniticornis . regression equations for measures between hermit crab ( csl = cephalothoracic shield length and ww = hermit crab wet weight ) and the two most occupied species of shells ( saw = shell aperture width ; sal = shell aperture length ; sww = shell wet weight ; siv = shell internal volume ) . [ n = number of individuals ; r s = spearman correlation coefficient ] .\nthe experiments were conducted only for most the occupied species of shell , i . e . , c . atratum and m . nodulosa .\nforty - three animals were utilized ( 21 males , 14 non - ovigerous females and 8 ovigerous females ) . males ( \u03c7 2 = 17 . 19 ) and non - ovigerous females ( \u03c7 2 = 4 . 57 ) of pagurus criniticornis , but not ovigerous females ( \u03c7 2 = 2 . 00 ) , showed a significant ( p < 0 . 05 ) preference by c . atratum ( tab . 3 ) .\npagurus criniticornis . laboratory shell species preference observed among the two most occupied in the field .\none hundred one animals were utilized ( 48 males , 32 non - ovigerous females and 21 ovigerous females ) . all relations between dimensions of hermit crabs and selected shells were significant ( p < 0 . 05 ) , but p . criniticornis showed a preference strongly associated with siv and sww . the higher correlation coefficients demonstrated that c . atratum shells are most adequate to the various hermit crab sizes ( tab . 4 ) . the pattern of shell choice of males , non - ovigerous females and ovigerous females was not different for both species of shells ( tabs . 5 , 6 ) .\npagurus criniticornis . regression analysis for each chosen shell size ( csl = cephalothoracic shield length ; ww = hermit crab wet weight ; saw = shell aperture width ; sww = shell wet weight ; siv = shell internal volume ; n = number of individuals ; r s = spearman correlation coefficient ) .\npagurus criniticornis . regression equations for measures between hermit crab and the shells of cerithium atratum chosen under laboratory conditions , according to sexes . ( csl = cephalothoracic shield length ; ww = hermit crab wet weight ; saw = shell aperture width ; sww = shell wet weight ; siv = shell internal volume ; n = number of individuals ; r s = spearman correlation coefficient ) .\npagurus criniticornis . regression equations for measures between hermit crab and the shells of morula nodulosa chosen under laboratory conditions , according to sexes . ( csl = cephalothoracic shield length ; ww = hermit crab wet weight ; saw = shell aperture width ; sww = shell wet weight ; siv = shell internal volume ; n = number of individuals ; rs = spearman correlation coefficient ) .\nthe mean sai value found to p . criniticornis population was 1 . 13 ( 0 . 25 . shells occupied by hermit crabs in the field were larger than adequate size ( sai > 1 ) in the most size classes ; however , larger individuals showed a trend to occupy shells of adequate size ( sai = 1 ) .\nthere were no differences in this pattern observed between males , non - ovigerous females and ovigerous females ( fig . 2 ) . for the two most occupied shell species tested the pattern of adequacy was similar , i . e . , sai > 1 in the first size classes and this adequacy increased as the hermit crabs reached higher size classes ( fig . 3 ) .\npagurus criniticornis . variation of the mean shell adequacy index ( sai ) values for total of population , males , non - ovigerous females and ovigerous females . ( data are expressed as mean \u00b1 sd )\npagurus criniticornis . variation of the shell adequacy index ( sai ) values for each most occupied shell species in relation to the size classes . ( data are expressed as mean \u00b1 sd )\nthe pattern of shell utilization by hermit crabs is a result of a complex interaction among availability of shells ( reese , 1969 ; bertness , 1980 ; mantelatto and garcia , 2000 ; mantelatto and dominciano , 2002 ; mantelatto and meireles , 2004 ) and selection of this resource , considering that hermit crabs can discriminate between different species and size of shells ( reese , 1962 ; 1963 ; markham , 1968 ; young , 1979 ; hazlett , 1996 ; mantelatto and meireles , 2004 ) .\nshell occupation pattern was more diverse in the initial size classes of p . criniticornis . according to bollay ( 1964 ) , individuals of smallest size tend to occur in most variety of small shells , since these are not heavily dependent on species of shells to survive and reproduce .\npatterns of shell utilization vary between hermit crab populations and are influenced by the type and size of shells available in the survey , the locality and hermit crabs ' shell preference ( mantelatto and garcia , 2002 ) . lively ( 1988 ) and osorno et al . ( 1998 ) affirmed that hermit crabs prefer shells which the architecture maximizes their internal space . the present study corroborated this hypothesis , considering the good correlation values found between hermit crabs and c . atratum shells , mainly those related with weight and internal volume .\nthe shell occupation pattern of p . criniticornis showed similarity with availability of shells in the area ; however , the rate of occupation of c . atratum and m . nodulosa by p . criniticornis was not proportional to the rate of availability found by meireles et al . ( 2003 ) , suggesting the preference for c . atratum as commented by meireles et al . ( 2008 ) . the experimental results confirmed the strong preference of individuals of this population for c . atratum shells , independently of sexes . this allows us to infer that this population ' s dynamics is directly related with c . atratum occupation .\nthe mean sai value found for the population of p . criniticornis was 1 . 13 , which means that , in general , these animals utilize shells larger than the suitable size . however , value of shell adequacy index decreased with increase of crab size showing that the larger individuals were occupying relatively adequate shells . meireles and mantelatto ( 2005 ) observed similar pattern for the coexistent population of pagurus brevidactylus from anchieta island .\nthe occupancy of larger shells than the adequate size by small individuals can be caused by an insufficient availability of small shells ( gherardi et al . , 1994 ) . according to mantelatto and meireles ( 2004 ) , small shells represent a limited resource to the hermit crabs from anchieta island . moreover , c . atratum was occupied by five of nine hermit crabs species that live in this area ( mantelatto and garcia , 2002 ) . in this case , the acquisition of shells larger than the adequate size is less strenuous than a continuous search for ideal sized shells .\nin this way , the occurrence of individuals occupying larger shells than adequate ones is advantageous , since the interaction between specimens of the same population is more frequent than the probability of finding new and empty shells ( spight , 1977 ; 1985 ) . these interactions allow changes that lead to better adequacy of individuals to their shells ( vance , 1972b ) and consequently increase the potential of population growth . thus , we are convinced that the pattern of adequacy observed in the studied population would be a satisfactory way to minimize the interspecific competition that it is exposed to .\nthe results obtained here indicate that the pattern of occupation found to p . criniticornis population is probably conducted by the availability of shells on the locality and by hermit crabs ' choice of this resource , considering the relatively abundance of c . atratum on studied area and , additionally , the good adequacy of shell and hermit crab morphological characteristics , which is evidenced by high correlation coefficients , being , however , the second factor more influent under the determination of this pattern .\nin recent studies , it was corroborated that in p . criniticornis population , there is a range of factors that influences shell exchange , and that some of them could represent trade - offs between immediate and long - term survival ( buranelli et al . , 2015 ) . in other words , these authors postulated that hermit crabs face different trade - offs related to the behavior of choice , selection , and exchange of shells , indicating that different factors may affect behavior , depending on many aspects as environmental features , sex , individual size , shell size , and shell quality .\nbertness , m . d . 1980 . shell preference and utilization patterns in littoral hermit crabs of the bay of panama . journal of experimental marine biology and ecology , 48 ( 1 ) : 1 - 16 . [ links ]\nbertness , m . d . 1981a . pattern and plasticity in tropical hermit crab growth and reproduction . american naturalist , 117 ( 5 ) : 754 - 773 . [ links ]\nbertness , m . d . 1981b . the influence of shell - type on hermit crab growth rate and clutch size . crustaceana , 40 ( 2 ) : 197 - 205 . [ links ]\nbiagi , r . ; meireles , a . l . and mantelatto , f . l . 2006 . bio - ecological aspects of the hermit crab paguristes calliopsis ( crustacea , diogenidae ) from anchieta island , brazil . anais da academia brasileira de ci\u00eancias , 78 ( 3 ) : 451 - 462 . [ links ]\nbollay , m . 1964 . distribution and utilization of gastropod shells by the hermit crabs p . samuelis , p . granosimanus and p . hirsutiusculus at pacific groove , california . the veliger , 6 ( suppl . ) : 71 - 76 . [ links ]\nburanelli , r . c . ; marcondes , a . t . p . ; carbonaro , f . a . ; miyazaki , m . j . ; pardo , l . m . and mantelatto , f . l . 2015 . behavioral trade - off on shell exchange and exploration of the white spotwrist hermit crab pagurus criniticornis ( crustacea , anomura , paguridae ) . crustacean research , 44 : 55 - 66 . [ links ]\ndominciano , l . c . c . , sant ' anna , b . s . and turra , a . 2009 . are the preference and selection patterns of hermit crabs for gastropod shells species or site - specific ? journal of experimental marine biology and ecology , 378 ( 1 ) : 15 - 21 . [ links ]\ngarcia , r . b . and mantelatto , f . l . 2001 . shell selection by the tropical hermit crab calcinus tibicen ( herbst , 1791 ) ( anomura , diogenidae ) from southern brazil . journal of experimental marine biology and ecology , 265 : 1 - 14 . [ links ]\ngherardi , f . ; zatteri , f . and vannini , m 1994 . hermit crabs in a mangrove swamp : the structure of clibanarius laevimanus clusters . marine biology , 121 : 41 - 52 . [ links ]\nhazlett , b . a . 1996 . recent experience and the shell size preference of hermit crabs . marine and freshwater behavior and physiology , 28 ( 3 ) : 177 - 182 . [ links ]\nlively , c . m . 1988 . a graphical model for shell - species selection by hermit crabs . ecology , 69 ( 4 ) : 1233 - 1238 . [ links ]\nmantelatto , f . l . and dominciano , l . c . 2002 . pattern of shell utilization by the hermit crab paguristes tortugae ( diogenidae ) from anchieta island , southern brazil . scientia marina , 66 ( 3 ) : 265 - 272 . [ links ]\nmantelatto , f . l . ; faria , f . c . ; iossi , c . l . and biagi , r . 2007 . population and reproductive features of the western atlantic hermit crab pagurus criniticornis ( anomura , paguridae ) from anchieta island , southeastern brazil . iheringia , s\u00e9rie zoologia , 97 ( 3 ) : 1 - 7 . [ links ]\nmantelatto , f . l . and garcia , r . b . 2000 . shell utilization pattern of the hermit crab calcinus tibicen ( diogenidae ) from southern brazil . journal of crustacean biology , 20 ( 3 ) : 460 - 467 . [ links ]\nmantelatto , f . l . and garcia , r . b . 2002 . hermit crab fauna from the infralittoral area of anchieta island ( ubatuba , brazil ) . p . 137 - 145 . in : e . e . briones and f . alvarez ( eds ) , modern approaches to the studies of crustacean . new york , kluwer academic / plenum publishers . [ links ]\nmantelatto , f . l . and meireles , a . l . 2004 . the importance of shell occupation and shell availability clustering in the hermit crab pagurus brevidactylus ( stimpson , 1859 ) ( paguridae ) population from the southern atlantic . bulletin of marine science , 75 ( 1 ) : 27 - 35 . [ links ]\nmarkham , j . 1968 . note on the growth patterns and shell utilization of hermit crab pagurus bernhardus ( l . ) . ophelia , 5 : 189 - 205 . [ links ]\nmeireles , a . l . ; biagi , r . and mantelatto , f . l . 2003 . gastropod shell availability as a potential resource for the hermit crab infralittoral fauna of anchieta island ( sp ) , brazil . nauplius , 11 ( 2 ) : 99 - 105 . [ links ]\nmeireles , a . l . ; biagi , r . and mantelatto , f . l . 2008 . influence of prior experience on shell selection by the white spotwrist hermit crab pagurus criniticornis ( crustacea : paguridae ) . hydrobiologia , 605 : 259 - 263 . [ links ]\nmeireles , a . l . ; biagi , r . ; fransozo , a . and mantelatto , f . l . 2012 . os ermit\u00f5es ( crustacea , anomura ) . p . 479 - 488 . in : a . c . z . amaral & s . a . h . nallin ( orgs ) , biodiversidade e ecossistemas bent\u00f4nicos marinhos do litoral norte de s\u00e3o paulo - sudeste do brasil . campinas , sp , ib / unicamp . e - book - isbn : 978 - 85 - 85783 - 24 - 2 urltoken [ links ]\nmeireles , a . l . and mantelatto , f . l . 2005 . shell use by pagurus brevidactylus ( anomura : paguridae ) : a comparison between laboratory and field conditions . acta zoologica sinica , 51 ( 5 ) : 813 - 820 . [ links ]\nmelo , g . a . s . 1999 . manual de identifica\u00e7\u00e3o dos crustacea decapoda do litoral brasileiro : anomura , thalassinidea , palinuridea , astacidea . s\u00e3o paulo , editora pl\u00eaiade , 551p . [ links ]\nohmori , h . ; wada , s . ; goshima , s . and nakao , s . 1995 . effects of body size and shell availability on the shell utilization pattern of the hermit crab pagurus filholi ( anomura : paguridae ) . crustacean research , 24 : 85 - 92 . [ links ]\nosorno , j . l . ; fern\u00e1ndez - casillas , l . and rodr\u00edguez - ju\u00e1rez , c . 1998 . are hermit crabs looking for light and large shells ? : evidence from natural and field induced shell exchanges . journal of experimental marine biology and ecology , 222 ( 1 - 2 ) : 163 - 173 . [ links ]\nreese , e . s . 1962 . shell selection behaviour of hermit crabs . animal behaviour , 10 ( 3 - 4 ) : 347 - 360 . [ links ]\nreese , e . s . 1963 . the behavioral mechanisms underlying shell selection by hermit crabs . behaviour , 21 : 78 - 126 . [ links ]\nreese , e . s . 1969 . behavioral adaptations of intertidal hermit crabs . american zoologist , 9 ( 2 ) : 343 - 355 . [ links ]\nrios , e . c . 1994 . seashells of brazil . rio grande , funda\u00e7\u00e3o cidade do rio grande , instituto acqua , museu oceanogr\u00e1fico de rio grande , universidade de rio grande . 2a ed . , 368p + 113pl . [ links ]\nspight , t . m . 1977 . availability and use of shells by intertidal hermit crabs . the biological bulletin , 152 ( 1 ) : 120 - 133 . [ links ]\nspight , t . m . 1985 . why small hermit crabs have large shells . research on population ecology , 27 ( 1 ) : 39 - 54 . [ links ]\nturra , a . and denadai , m . r . 2004 . interference and exploitation components in interespecific competition between sympatric intertidal hermit crabs . journal of experimental marine biology and ecology , 310 ( 2 ) : 183 - 193 . [ links ]\nvance , r . r . 1972a . the role of shell adequacy in behavioral interactions involving hermit crabs . ecology , 53 ( 6 ) , 1075 - 1083 . [ links ]\nvance , r . r . 1972b . competition and mechanism of coexistence of three sympatric species of intertidal hermit crabs . ecology , 53 ( 6 ) : 1062 - 1074 . [ links ]\nyoung , a . m . 1979 . osmoregulation in three hermit crab species , clibanarius vittatus ( bosc ) , pagurus longicarpus say and p . pollicaris say ( crustacea : decapoda ; anomura ) . comparative biochemistry and physiology , 63a ( 3 ) : 377 - 382 . [ links ]\nzar , j . h . 1996 . biostatiscal analysis . new jersey , prentice - hall , 907p . [ links ]\n1 this article is part of the special series offered by the brazilian crustacean society in honor to nilton jos\u00e9 hebling in recognition of his dedication and contributions to the development of carcinology in brazil .\ninstituto de bioci\u00eancias , unesp , campus botucatu rua professor doutor ant\u00f4nio celso wagner zanin , 250 botucatu , sp , 18618 - 689 editor . nauplius @ urltoken"]}
{"id": 1495, "summary": [{"text": "scorpaena scrofa , common name the red scorpionfish , bigscale scorpionfish , or large-scaled scorpion fish is a venomous marine species of fish in the family scorpaenidae , the \" scorpionfish \" . ", "topic": 15}], "title": "scorpaena scrofa", "paragraphs": ["katja schulz set\nfile : scorpaena scrofa . jpg\nas an exemplar on\nscorpaena scrofa linnaeus , 1758\n.\nsebastapistes scrofa - linnaeus , 1758 ; scorpaena lutea - risso , 1810 ; scorpaena natalensis - regan , 1906 ; scorpaenopsis natalensis - regan , 1906 .\nlatin , scorpaena = a kind of fish , 1706 ( ref . 45335 )\nthe peak in cpue during the summer coincides with spawning period of s . scrofa .\ncitation : mancuso m ( 2015 ) scorpaena scrofa : a promising aquaculture candidate for sicilian aquaculture . j aquac res development 6 : 375 . doi : 10 . 4172 / 2155 - 9546 . 1000375\nthe red scorpionfish ( scorpaena scrofa - linnaeus , 1758 ) belongs to the class of the actinopterygii , the ray - finned fishes , to the order of the scorpaeniformes and to the family of scorpaenidae .\nbradai mn , bouain a ( 1991 ) reproduction de scorpaena porcus et de scorpena scrofa ( l . , 1758 ) ( pisces , corpaenidae ) du golfe de gabes . oebalia xvii , 167 - 180 .\nmaricchiolo g , casella g , mancuso m , genovese l ( 2014 ) the first episode of spontaneous spawning in captive red scorpionfish , scorpaena scrofa ( linnaeus , 1758 ) . aquaculture research 1 - 4 .\njakov dulcic , jurica jug - dujakovic , vlasta bartulovic , branko glamuzina , edhem haskovic et al . ( 2007 ) embryonic and larval development of large scaled scorpionfish scorpaena scrofa ( scorpaenidae ) . cybium 31 : 465 - 470 .\nactivity staining of the crude alkaline protease extract from the viscera of r . clavata ( 1 ) , z . ophiocephalus ( 2 ) , and s . scrofa ( 3 ) .\nin the present paper , we describe the extraction and characterization of alkaline proteases from z . ophiocephalus , r . clavata , and s . scrofa which are suitable in the chitin production process .\n( of scorpaena lutea risso , 1810 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of scorpaena natalensis regan , 1906 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nin the present study , alkaline proteases were extracted from the viscera of z . ophiocephalus , r . clavata and s . scrofa and characterized , and their efficiencies in deproteinization of shrimp waste to produce chitin were investigated .\nthe enzyme preparations from z . ophiocephalus and s . scrofa retained about 24 % and 45 % of their initial activity after 60 minutes of incubation at 50\u00b0c , respectively . however , the proteolytic enzymes from r . clavata were completely inactivated in the same conditions .\nreeve , a . 2007 . scorpaena porcus black scorpionfish . in tyler - walters h . and hiscock k . ( eds ) marine life information network : biology and sensitivity key information reviews , [ on - line ] . plymouth : marine biological association of the united kingdom . [ cited 09 - 07 - 2018 ] . available from : urltoken\nwith s . scrofa crude enzyme extract , two activity peaks were observed at ph 6 . 0 and 10 . 0 . the enzyme preparation was highly active between ph 8 . 0 and 11 . 0 , with an optimum at ph 10 . 0 . the relative activities at ph 9 . 0 , 11 . 0 , and 12 . 0 were about 94 % , 69 % , and 39 % , respectively , of that at ph 10 . 0 . the optimum ph for s . scrofa proteases was similar to those reported by esposito et al . [ 31 ] for proteases extracted from the viscera of colossoma macropomum and el hadj - ali et al . [ 4 ] for proteases extracted from striped seabream ( lithognathus mormyrus ) .\nscorpaena porcus can grow to a length of 37 cm but is more commonly between 15 - 20 cm . it is browny or orangy in colour with lighter patches and numerous skin appendages , which make for good camouflage . the caudal fin has three dark , vertical bars , and there is a light spot between the eigth and ninth dorsal spine . behind the gill cover ( operculum ) there are usually two spines .\ncrude alkaline proteases from z . ophiocephalus , r . clavata , and s . scrofa showed optimum activity at ph 8 . 0 - 9 . 0 , 50\u00b0c ; ph 8 . 0 , 55\u00b0c , and ph 10 . 0 , 55\u00b0c , respectively . the crude enzyme extract showed a high activity and stability in high alkaline ph . these proteolytic enzymes remained fully active in the presence of non - ionic surfactants . they also revealed high resistance when incubated with 1 % sodium perborate .\ngoby ( z . ophiocephalus ) , thornback ray ( r . clavata ) , and scorpionfish ( s . scrofa ) were purchased from the fish market of sfax city , tunisia . the samples were packed in polyethylene bags , placed in ice with a sample / ice ratio of approximately 1 : 3 ( w / w ) and transported to the research laboratory within 30 minutes . after the fish were washed with water , their viscera were separated , rinsed with cold distilled water , and then stored in sealed plastic bags at \u221220\u00b0c until they were used for enzyme extraction .\nto investigate the effect of temperature , the activity was tested using casein as a substrate at the temperature range from 30 to 80\u00b0c in 100 mm tris - hcl buffer , ph 8 . 0 for z . ophiocephalus and r . clavata proteases , and ph 10 . 0 for s . scrofa crude alkaline proteases . thermal stability was - examined by incubating crude enzyme extracts for 60 - minutes at different temperatures from 30 to 70\u00b0c . aliquots were withdrawn at desired time intervals to test the remaining activity at standard conditions . the nonheated crude enzyme extracts were considered as control ( 100 % ) .\nlinnaeus , c . ( 1758 ) . systema naturae per regna tria naturae , secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis . editio decima , reformata . laurentius salvius : holmiae . ii , 824 pp . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 266 [ details ]\nthe webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 license\nvan der land , j . ; costello , m . j . ; zavodnik , d . ; santos , r . s . ; porteiro , f . m . ; bailly , n . ; eschmeyer , w . n . ; froese , r . ( 2001 ) . pisces , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 357 - 374 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nwheeler , a . ( 1992 ) . a list of the common and scientific names of fishes of the british isles . j . fish biol . 41 ( suppl . a ) : 1 - 37 ( look up in imis ) page ( s ) : 266 [ details ]\nfroese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of scorpaenopsis natalensis ( regan , 1906 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of sebastapistes scorfa ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nnatural history museum , london ( nhm ) : collections management database system . [ details ]\neastern atlantic ( rare in british islands ) . senegal , madeira , canary islands , cape verde . through out the mediterranean sea , absent from the black sea .\nmarine ; brackish ; demersal ; non - migratory ; depth range 20 - 500 m ( ref . 4510 ) , usually ? - 150 m ( ref . 27000 ) . subtropical ; 60\u00b0n - 35\u00b0s , 26\u00b0w - 36\u00b0e\neastern atlantic : british isles ( rare ) to senegal including madeira , the canary islands , and cape verde . also throughout the mediterranean except black sea . south african species thought to be the same as population in the northeast atlantic ( ref . 4313 ) .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 50 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 4510 ) ; common length : 30 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 2683 ) ; max . published weight : 3 . 0 kg ( ref . 40637 )\ndorsal spines ( total ) : 12 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 9 ; anal spines : 3 ; anal soft rays : 5 . dark spot often on spinous dorsal ( ref . 4313 ) .\nsolitary and sedentary over rocky , sandy or muddy bottoms . feeds on fishes , crustaceans and mollusks ( ref . 4570 ) .\nhureau , j . - c . and n . i . litvinenko , 1986 . scorpaenidae . p . 1211 - 1229 . in p . j . p . whitehead , m . - l . bauchot , j . - c . hureau , j . nielsen and e . tortonese ( eds . ) fishes of the north - eastern atlantic and the mediterranean . unesco , paris . vol 3 . ( ref . 4570 )\n) : 11 . 1 - 18 , mean 14 . 4 ( based on 189 cells ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01288 ( 0 . 01075 - 0 . 01544 ) , b = 3 . 00 ( 2 . 96 - 3 . 04 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 4 . 3 \u00b10 . 5 se ; based on diet studies .\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : low , minimum population doubling time 4 . 5 - 14 years ( k = 0 . 08 ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : high to very high vulnerability ( 68 of 100 ) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\njustification : this species has a wide distribution . it is occasionally consumed but it is not removed at any threatening level , and is not believed to have any other major threats affecting it . it is listed as least concern with a need for monitoring and more data concerning the disparity of possible ranges , population trend and consumption level .\nalbania ; algeria ; angola ; bosnia and herzegovina ; cape verde ; croatia ; cyprus ; egypt ; france ( corsica , france ( mainland ) ) ; gambia ; gibraltar ; greece ; guernsey ; ireland ; israel ; italy ; jersey ; kenya ; lebanon ; libya ; malta ; mauritania ; monaco ; montenegro ; morocco ; mozambique ; portugal ( madeira , portugal ( mainland ) , selvagens ) ; senegal ; slovenia ; somalia ; south africa ; spain ( baleares , canary is . , spain ( mainland ) , spanish north african territories ) ; syrian arab republic ; tanzania , united republic of ; tunisia ; turkey ; united kingdom ; western sahara\nthis is a demersal , non - migratory , solitary and sedentary species that lives over rocky , sandy or muddy substrata . in the mediterranean sea , it is often associated with posidonia oceanica meadows ( moranta et al . 2006 , deudero et al . 2007 ) . it feeds on fishes , crustaceans and molluscs ( hureau and litvinenko 1986 ) .\nthis species is not sought after for food or trade in west africa . however , it is occasionally consumed . in the mediterranean , this is a commercial species .\nin the eastern central atlantic it is caught primarily as incidental catch but this is not believed to be a major threat . in the mediterranean , this is a commercial species and its main catching method are trawls , gill nets , trammel nets and long - lines .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nthe name of the genus is that the old romans were giving to this fish , with reference to the poisonous spines , which reminded the bites of the scorpions .\nthe name of the species refers to the sow , the female pig , to which it resembles , in the world of fish , due to its protruding shape .\nthe red scorpionfish is present in all the mediterranean , but the black sea . the , passed gibraltar strait , it has colonized all the atlantic coast of the old world , from scandinavia to south africa , including the azores , the canaries , madeira and cape verde islands . finally , like many species , it has gone northwards along africa in the indian ocean up to mozambique .\nit can be found at 20 - 500 m of depth , but rarely exceeds the 150 m . its choice location is where the rocks mix with the sandy or muddy bottoms , but we find it also in the brackish waters . the juveniles often camouflage between the rocks of the backwash , and once more than 20 cm , the progressively go down , looking for a calm place for their sedentary life .\nit is the biggest mediterranean scorpionfish , with a record of 50 cm and almost 3 kg .\nthe body is oval with an impressing head , not only due to its enormous mouth , but for the spines and the dermic appendices which protrude in the most unlikely places breaking the outline with a clear mimetic effect .\nunlike other scorpionfishes , here the appendices grow up also under the mandible , slightly longer than the jaw .\nboth are armed by villiform teeth , that is , much thin and close one to the other forming bands : 4 - 5 series over and 3 - 4 under , not to talk about the teeth pushing out on the vomer and on the palatines .\nthe dorsal fin is unique , but well evident . in the first part we see 12 poisoned spiny rays , in the second , 9 - 10 soft ones . the poison glands , one per ray , are protected by a sheath which breaks at the impact , in the upper part of each spine . the quantity of poison is very small compared to analogous tropical species , but the bite s very painful .\nin some cases there may be hypotension with fainting or dizziness . the poison is thermolabile and therefore a first remedy may consist in soaking the affected part into the warm water .\nthe mouth is enormous with villiform teeth . the mimetic scheme foresees even big yellow spots \u00a9 giuseppe mazza\nas the name suggests , the whole colour is the red , with irregular and differing spots from individual to individual , which may be also brown and change hues depending on the environment . all is in function of the camouflaging , with the chromatophores playing an important role , and are not rare , especially in the corraligenous places , the individuals with big pale spots : pink , orange and even yellow .\noften , but this is not a rule , we can see a dark spot in the upper part , at the centre , of the dorsal fin .\nthe red scorpionfish , as it can be easily guessed from its obese shape , is an insatiable predator .\nit reproduces with floating eggs , united in mucous small masses . the larval forms are therefore pelagic . the vulnerability index of this species is of 68 over 100 .\n\u2192 to appreciate the biodiversity within the osteichthyes , the bony fish , and find other species , please click here .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ncheck - list of the fishes of the north - eastern atlantic and of the mediterranean ( clofnam ) , vol . 1\noctopus vs . scorpion fish vs . puffer fish - epic fish fights ep . # 1 hd\nfun with squid ! feeding frenzy with scorpion fish , trigger fish , file fish .\nirudi hauek donostiako aquariumeko laborategian hartutakoak dira . im\u00e1genes tomadas en el laboratorio del aquarium de san sebasti\u00e1n . this images where taken in the laboratory of the aquarium donostia - san sebasti\u00e1n .\nmake the best use of scientific research and information from our 700 + peer reviewed , open access journals that operates with the help of 50 , 000 + editorial board members and esteemed reviewers and 1000 + scientific associations in medical , clinical , pharmaceutical , engineering , technology and management fields .\ninstitute for coastal marine environment ( iamc ) , national research council ( cnr ) , section of messina , spianata s . raineri 86 , 98122 messina , italy\ncopyright : \u00a9 2015 mancuso m . this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .\nthe management of red scorpionfish broodstock , is to be considered as a starting point to obtain spontaneous spawning in captivity and for future propagation technologies .\nin my opinion , further experiments must be carried out , focused on : finding a suitable starting live food for red scorpion fish larvae , a suitable tanks environment to obtain a useful production of this important species .\n\u00a9 2008 - 2018 omics international - open access publisher . best viewed in mozilla firefox | google chrome | above ie 7 . 0 version\nmediterranean sea : 11000 - 737 ( 1 spc . ) , march 2003 , iskenderun bay , trawl , c . dalyan .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nthese are solitary fish , territorial , and live on the bed . they remain totally immobile until they are threatened , and then they raise a small \u201cveil\u201d and stop after a few metres .\nits reproduction is oviparous . it lays its eggs in spring and summer between the months of may and august .\nit is a benthonic species of mainly rocky beds , although it is also found on sandy beds . it usually lives at depths of 20 to 200 m .\nit lives in the mediterranean sea and the eastern atlantic ( from great britain to senegal ) .\nwhen they are captured they raise their needles and seem to inflate with their mouth open , showing all their poisonous needles .\n. it is an infrequent visitor to the coastal waters off the south coast and is unlikely to be seen very often .\nis a benthic species found from the littoral zone down to a depth of around 800 m . usually seen motionless and solitary amongst rocks and algae on the seabed .\nbrown or orangy brown in colour and growing up to 37 cm in length .\noccurs in water between 20 - 110 m , is a brighter orange colour and has less well developed spines behind the operculum .\nspines of the dorsal , pelvic and anal fins of black scorpionfish have venom glands at their bases . the venomous spines cause an intense pain and throbbing to people stung by it . treatment is to immerse the affected area in water heated to tolerance level and to disinfect the afflicted area .\nthis species is also known as the small - scaled scorpionfish ( d . herdson , pers . comm . )\nfishbase , 2000 . fishbase . a global information system on fishes . [ on - line ] http : / / www . fishbase . org , 2001 - 05 - 03\nhowson , c . m . & picton , b . e . , 1997 . the species directory of the marine fauna and flora of the british isles and surrounding seas . belfast : ulster museum . [ ulster museum publication , no . 276 . ]\njncc ( joint nature conservation committee ) , 1999 . marine environment resource mapping and information database ( mermaid ) : marine nature conservation review survey database . [ on - line ] urltoken\nmarlin ( marine life information network ) , 2005 . searchable benthic data ( seabed ) map [ on - line ] . data access sub - programme , marine life information network for britian and ireland http : / / www . marlin . ac . uk ,\nwheeler , a . , 1969 . the fishes of the british isles and north - west europe . london : macmillan .\nwhitehead , p . j . p . , bauchot , m . - l . , hureau , j . - c . , nielson , j . & tortonese , e . 1986 . fishes of the north - eastern atlantic and the mediterranean . vol . i , ii & iii . paris : united nations educational , scientific and cultural organisation ( unesco ) .\nmarine life information network ( marlin ) , the marine biological association of the uk ( see contact us ) \u00a9 2018 the marine biological association of the uk , all rights reserved .\nthe information ( text only ) provided by the marine life information network ( marlin ) is licensed under a creative commons attribution - non - commercial - share alike 2 . 0 uk : england & wales license . note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own terms and conditions and they may or may not be available for reuse . permissions beyond the scope of this license are available here . based on a work at urltoken\nscorpion fish inhabit the mediterranean sea and have never been spotted in the black sea . can also be found in the atlantic ocean and around the british isles and some have spotted it near the canaries and senegal all the way to cape verde ! prefers rocky environments although has been seen in sandy or muddy bottoms at 20 \u2013 500m depth . a dedicated hunter they hide in burrows during the day while coming out to hunt at night !\nits a dedicated hunter . eating mostly other smaller fish aswell as crustaceans and molluscs .\nthis is a non migratory species . there is no known information on spawning or mating for this fish .\n( chance of encounter red > 0 . 9 yellow > 0 . 2 )\nso much the respect for this fish that cyprus has placed it on a stamp . we are only aware of cyprus and san marino placing this fish on a stamp .\nurltoken is your one stop diver friendly information hub on dives sites , equipment and scuba related articles of all kinds ranging from surface time activities to medical information . all articles represent the personal opinions of their respective authors .\nwrite css or less and hit save . ctrl + space for auto - complete .\njavascript is disabled on your browser . please enable javascript to use all the features on this page .\npeer - review under responsibility of scientific committee of the 58th international meat industry conference ( meatcon2015 ) .\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 elsevier b . v . or its licensors or contributors . sciencedirect \u00ae is a registered trademark of elsevier b . v .\nage analysis revealed 15 age classes but 3 + and 4 + were predominant in the catch .\nhabitat : a demersal species living over stones or sand away from immediate coastline in waters from 20 metres down to 70 metres ; juveniles also in seagrass meadows .\nbehaviour : predators , waiting patiently for the catch . very inactive during the hours of daylight , preferring to use their perfect camouflage to lay in wait for prey . during the hours of darkness they become more the stalker hunter .\ndid you know ? very well known to anglers and divers alike , they have venomous spines on their gill covers and their dorsal fin . the venom is active after death , so take heed ( for treatment see l esser weaver ) . out of all the venomous fish families within the mediterranean this is undoubtedly the most common to encounter due to the habitat range . because of this it is regarded by many as the worst . this species is the largest in this family .\ncopyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved\nenter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user\nthis week , after the amazing success of the last post , i will change the direction of the article and i will focus on the fishes with bad spines , it is , fishes with venomous spines , but focusing on the mediterranean species .\ndespite seas and oceans of the planet are inhabited by a high number of potentially dangerous animals for humans , understanding its danger for bites , electric discharges or for its consumption ; the truth is that in only few cases these animals attack deliberately ; so , accidents are that : accidents produced by ignorance or carelessness . we have to have into consideration that we are not a prey of this fishes , so : which is the sense that this animals attack us deliberately ?\nthese fishes with bad spines are catalogued as actively venomous animals , it is , they have a venomous apparatus with glands that produce poison and a mechanism that permits the introduction inside another animal , like spines or teeth . this poison are used to defend themselves or / and to capture their preys .\nthese are some tips to prevent possible injuries when you go to the beach or when you are diving . they are useful to avoid venomous fishes and other marine animals :\nuse full - body neoprene in waters with potentially dangerous fauna , like australia .\ndon\u2019t put your hands inside cavities , cracks or holes if you don\u2019t see the interior .\ndanger . in whiprays , the needle is placed far from the the base of the tail , what allows for a wide outreach , but only it is a defensive weapon . the needle is hard and with hooks in the edge . it is in its interior where are venomous glands , which acts on heart muscles . in addition to the wound , the symptoms are : nausea , diarrhoea , vomit , sweating , circulatory disruptions and anxiety .\ncan measure 210 cm , has a rhomboidal shape and in the central part of the back and in the tail it has bony tubercles . they live in coastal waters , where feed on crustaceans , cephalopods and small fishes . on the other hand ,\n, that also inhabits in coastal waters , doesn\u2019t have bony tubercles in the back , but in the tail .\ndescription . with a robust body , scorpaenidae fishes have big pectoral fins and a wild and big head . its colouration is brown reddish and irregular .\ndanger . most of the species live on the rocks or behind corals , so the risk is on step on them . the poison produce a reduction of pressure and lung edema and an increase of pressure on lung arteries , and cramps . the hard spines placed in front of the dorsal fin , the three first of the anal fin and the two first of the ventral fins present poison .\nis the biggest species in the mediterranean ( till 50 cm ) and live in rocky and sandy seafloors . it can be easily identified by long dorsal spines with separated membrane . on the other hand , the\nhas a short tentacle above each eye , has not appendixes in the chin , its size is about 20 cm and with a black spot in the dorsal fin . finally , the\ndescription . these fishes has a long and laterally flatten body . the mouth is wide and orientated upwards .\ndanger . all the species live in sandy seafloors , where bury theirselves . the venomous spines are the 5 - 7 first of the dorsal fin and the spine in the gill operculum . the poison produce an intense pain in the affected zone and cause sweating , nausea and secondary infections .\ncan be identified by : a brown yellowish to gray body with dark spots and the first dorsal fin has six spiny spines . such can be the gravity of the bite that can be lethal . the\nhas a grey greenish to brown yellowish body ; with short , dark and yellow lines and with 5 - 7 spiny spines in the first dorsal fin .\ndescription . they are typical species of coral reef and in lagoons in indian and pacific oceans , but one species can be found in the eastern mediterranean , where lives in rocky seafloors with algae . its body is oval and very laterally flatten , with a small head and mouth .\ndanger . rabbitfishes are shy , so it is difficult to be hurt by their spiny spines , which are all over the body : 13 in the dorsal fin , 7 in the anal fin and 2 more in the ventral fin . poison causes a hard pain , but it doesn\u2019t persist so much .\nmediterranean species . the marbled spinefoot ( siganus rivulatus ) has an olive light body with irregular brown spots . it can be confused with salema porgies ( sarpa salpa ) . it is an invasive species .\nremember : you don\u2019t have to be afraid of sea and nature . with common sense and respect towards nature you won\u2019t suffer any harm .\nballesteros e & llobet , t ( 2015 ) . fauna i flora de la mar mediterr\u00e0nia . ed . brau\nbergbauer , myers & kirschner ( 2009 ) . gu\u00eda de animales marinos peligrosos . ed . omega\nmartin , p ( 1999 ) . claves para la clasificaci\u00f3n de la fauna marina . ed . omega\nriedl ( 1986 ) . fauna y flora del mar mediterr\u00e1neo . ed . omega\nthis site uses akismet to reduce spam . learn how your comment data is processed .\nprivacy & cookies : this site uses cookies . by continuing to use this website , you agree to their use . to find out more , including how to control cookies , see here : our cookie policy\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\ncfm script by eagbayani , 01 . 11 . 99 , php script by rolavides , 07 / 05 / 08 , last modified by dsantos , 09 / 02 / 14\nlaboratoire de g\u00e9nie enzymatique et de microbiologie , ecole nationale d\u2019ing\u00e9nieurs de sfax , p . o . box 1173 , 3038 sfax , tunisia\ncopyright \u00a9 2011 rim nasri et al . this is an open access article distributed under the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original work is properly cited .\nm . b . rao , a . m . tanksale , m . s . ghatge , and v . v . deshpande , \u201cmolecular and biotechnological aspects of microbial proteases , \u201d\nr . gupta , q . beg , and p . lorenz , \u201cbacterial alkaline proteases : molecular approaches and industrial applications , \u201d\n, r . h . doi and m . mcgloughlin , eds . , pp . 311\u2013337 , butterworth - heinemann , london , uk , 1992 .\nn . el hadj - ali , r . agrebi , b . ghorbel - frikha , a . sellami - kamoun , s . kanoun , and m . nasri , \u201cbiochemical and molecular characterization of a detergent stable alkaline serine - protease from a newly isolated\nk . jellouli , a . bougatef , d . daassi , r . balti , a . barkia , and m . nasri , \u201cnew alkaline trypsin from the intestine of grey triggerfish (\nf . shahidi and j . y . v . a . kamil , \u201cenzymes from fish and aquatic invertebrates and their application in the food industry , \u201d\na . bougatef , n . nedjar - arroume , l . manni et al . , \u201cpurification and identification of novel antioxidant peptides from enzymatic hydrolysates of sardinelle (\nr . balti , n . hmidet , k . jellouli , n . nedjar - arroume , d . guillochon , and m . nasri , \u201ccathepsin d from the hepatopancreas of the cuttlefish (\n, n . f . haard and b . k . simpson , eds . , pp . 531\u2013540 , mercel dekker , new york , ny , usa , 2000 .\nh . ben khaled , o . ghorbel - bellaaj , n . hmidet et al . , \u201ca novel aspartic protease from the viscera of sardinelle (\nh . kishimura , k . hayashi , y . miyashita , and y . nonami , \u201ccharacteristics of trypsins from the viscera of true sardine (\nh . ben khaled , r . nasri , a . bougatef , s . ghorbel , and m . nasri , \u201clow molecular weight serine protease from the viscera of sardinelle (\ni . y . kim , s . j . seo , h . s . moon et al . , \u201cchitosan and its derivatives for tissue engineering applications , \u201d\nl . li and y . l . hsieh , \u201cchitosan bicomponent nanofibers and nanoporous fibers , \u201d\n, g . a . e . roberts , ed . , pp . 85\u201391 , palgrave macmillan , london , uk , 1992 .\ng . chaussard and a . domard , \u201cnew aspects of the extraction of chitin from squid pens , \u201d\nk . t . oh , y . j . kima , v . n . nguyen , w . j . jung , and r . d . park , \u201cdemineralization of crab shell waste by\nt . k . sini , s . santhosh , and p . t . mathew , \u201cstudy on the production of chitin and chitosan from shrimp shell by using\ng . h . jo , w . j . jung , j . h . kuk , k . t . oh , y . j . kim , and r . d . park , \u201cscreening of protease - producing\no . ghorbel - bellaaj , n . hmidet , n . jellouli et al . , \u201cshrimp waste fermentation with\nl . manni , o . ghorbel - bellaaj , k . jellouli , i . younes , and m . nasri , \u201cextraction and characterization of chitin , chitosan , and protein hydrolysates prepared from shrimp waste by treatment with crude protease from\nr . o . bustos and m . g . healy , \u201cmicrobial deproteinisation of waste prawn shell , \u201d in\nf . l . garcia - carreno , l . e . dimes , and n . f . haard , \u201csubstrate - gel electrophoresis for composition and molecular weight of proteinases or proteinaceous proteinase inhibitors , \u201d\na . a . kembhavi , a . kulkarni , and a . pant , \u201csalt - tolerant and thermostable alkaline protease from\nt . s . esposito , i . p . g . amaral , d . s . buarque , g . b . oliveira , l . b . carvalho , and r . s . bezerra , \u201cfish processing waste as a source of alkaline proteases for laundry detergent , \u201d\nu . c . banerjee , r . k . sani , w . azmi , and r . soni , \u201cthermostable alkaline protease from\nq . k . beg and r . gupta , \u201cpurification and characterization of an oxidation - stable , thiol - dependent serine alkaline protease from\nr . gupta , k . gupta , r . k . saxena , and s . khan , \u201cbleach - stable , alkaline protease from\nc . g . kumar and h . takagi , \u201cmicrobial alkaline proteases : from a bioindustrial viewpoint , \u201d\na . haddar , a . bougatef , r . agrebi , a . sellami - kamoun , and m . nasri , \u201ca novel surfactant - stable alkaline serine - protease from a newly isolated\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nlaboratoire de g\u00e9nie enzymatique et de microbiologie , ecole nationale d ' ing\u00e9nieurs de sfax , p . o . box 1173 , 3038 sfax , tunisia\nthis is an open access article distributed under the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original work is properly cited .\nproteases constitute the most important group of industrial enzymes used in the world today , accounting for approximately 50 % of the total industrial enzyme market [ 1 ] . they have diverse applications in a wide variety of industries such as detergent , food , pharmaceutical , leather , peptide synthesis , and for the recovery of silver from used x - ray films [ 2 , 3 ] . proteases are mainly derived from animal , plant , and microbial sources .\nthe most important digestive proteolytic enzymes from fish and aquatic invertebrates viscera are the aspartic protease pepsin secreted from gastric mucosa , and the serine proteases , trypsin , and chymotrypsin secreted from the pancreas , pyloric caeca , and intestine [ 10 ] . acidic proteases from fish stomachs display high activity between ph 2 . 0 and 4 . 0 , while alkaline digestive proteases , such as trypsin , are most active between ph 8 . 0 and 10 . 0 . the distribution of proteinases varies , depending on species and organs . digestive enzymes of several species of fish have been isolated from the internal organs including gastric , intestinal , and hepatopancreas [ 5 , 9 , 11 \u2013 13 ] .\nchitin , a homopolymer of n - acetyl - d - glucosamine residues linked by \u03b2 - 1 , 4 bonds , is the most abundant renewable natural resource after cellulose [ 14 ] . chitin and its derivatives are biomolecules of a great potential , possessing versatile biological activities , demonstrating excellent biocompatibility and complete biodegradability . therefore , they have found extensive applications in pharmacy , medicine , agriculture , food and textile industries , cosmetics , and wastewater treatment [ 15 \u2013 17 ] .\nthe main sources of raw material for the production of chitin are cuticles of various crustaceans , principally crabs and shrimps . chitin in biomass is closely associated with proteins , inorganic compounds ( such as calcium carbonate ) , lipids , and pigments . they all have to be quantitatively removed to achieve the high purity of chitins necessary for biological applications [ 18 ] .\nconventionally , to extract chitin from crustacean shells , chemicals processing for demineralization and deproteinization have been applied . raw materials were first treated with dilute hydrochloric acid at room temperature to remove metal salts , particularly calcium carbonate , and then with strong bases to remove proteins [ 18 ] . however , the use of these chemicals may cause a partial deacetylation of the chitin and hydrolysis of the polymer , resulting in final inconsistent physiological properties [ 19 ] . an alternative approach to these harsh chemical treatments is the use of proteolytic microorganisms [ 20 \u2013 23 ] or proteolytic enzymes [ 24 ] . bustos and healy [ 25 ] demonstrated that chitin obtained by the deproteinization of shrimp shell waste with various proteolytic microorganism had higher molecular weights compared to chemically prepared shellfish chitin .\nviscera ( 20 g ) were separated and rinsed with distilled water , and then homogenized for 5 minutes with 20 ml of extraction buffer ( 10 mm tris - hcl , ph 8 . 0 ) with the use of tissue homogenizer . the resulting preparations were centrifuged at 8500 \u00d7g for 30 minutes at 4\u00b0c . the pellets were discarded and the supernatants were collected and then frozen at \u221220\u00b0c and used as crude protease extracts . all enzymatic assays were conducted within a week after extraction .\nsodium dodecyl sulphate - polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis ( sds - page ) was carried out as described by laemmli [ 26 ] , using 5 % ( w / v ) stacking and 15 % ( w / v ) separating gels . samples were prepared by mixing the crude enzyme extracts at 1 : 5 ( v / v ) ratio with distilled water containing 10 mm tris - hcl ph 8 . 0 , 2 . 5 % sds , 10 % glycerol , 5 % \u03b2 - mercaptoethanol , and 0 . 002 % bromophenol blue . the samples were heated at 100\u00b0c for 5 minutes before loading in the gel . after electrophoresis , the gel was stained with 0 . 25 % coomassie brilliant blue r - 250 in 45 % ethanol - 10 % acetic acid and destained with 5 % ethanol - 7 . 5 % acetic acid .\nthe optimum ph of the crude protease extracts was studied over a ph range of 5 . 0\u201313 . 0 , using casein as a substrate at 50\u00b0c . for the measurement of ph stability , the crude enzyme extracts were incubated for 1 hour at 4\u00b0c in different buffers and then the residual proteolytic activities were determined under standard assay conditions . the following buffer systems were used : 100 mm sodium acetate buffer for ph 5 . 0 - 6 . 0 , tris - hcl buffer for ph 7 . 0 - 8 . 0 , glycine - naoh buffer for ph 9 . 0\u201311 . 0 , na 2 hpo 4 - naoh buffer for ph 12 . 0 , and kcl buffer for ph 13 . 0 .\nthe influence of various metals ions , at a concentration of 5 mm , on enzyme activity was investigated by adding the monovalent ( na + or k + ) or divalent ( mg 2 + , hg 2 + , ca 2 + , zn 2 + , cu 2 + , co 2 + , ba 2 + , or mn 2 + ) metal ions to the reaction mixture . the activity of the crude enzyme extracts without any metallic ion was considered as 100 % . the effect of nacl concentrations on the activity of the alkaline crude protease extracts was studied , using casein as a substrate , by increasing nacl concentrations in the reaction mixture .\nthe effects of some surfactants ( triton x - 100 , tween 80 , and sds ) and oxidizing agents ( sodium perborate ) on alkaline crude proteases stability were studied by preincubating enzymes for 1 hour at 30\u00b0c . the residual activities were measured at optimum conditions for each crude enzyme . the activity of the crude enzyme extract without any additive was taken as 100 % .\nthe swp was prepared in our laboratory . briefly , shrimp waste , collected from the marine food processing industry , was washed thoroughly with tap water and then cooked 20 minutes at 90\u00b0c . the solid material obtained was dried , minced to obtain a fine powder , and then stored in glass bottles at room temperature . the chemical composition ( proteins , chitin , lipids , and ash ) was determined .\nthe moisture and ash content were determined according to the aoac standard methods 930 . 15 and 942 . 05 , respectively , [ 29 ] . total nitrogen content of shrimp protein hydrolysates was determined by using the kjeldahl method . crude protein was estimated by multiplying total nitrogen content by the factor of 6 . 25 .\nshrimp shell wastes ( 15 g ) were mixed with 100 mm tris - hcl buffer ph 8 . 0 at a ratio of 1 : 3 ( w / v ) , minced and then cooked for 20 minutes at 90\u00b0c to inactivate endogenous enzymes . the cooked sample was then homogenized in a moulinex blender for about 2 minutes . the ph of the mixture was adjusted to 8 . 0 , and then the shrimp waste proteins were digested with proteolytic enzymes at 45\u00b0c using en enzyme / substrate ratio of 10 / 1 ( unit of enzyme / mg of protein ) . after 3 - hour incubation at 45\u00b0c , the reaction was stopped by heating the solution at 90\u00b0c during 20 minutes to inactivate enzymes . the shrimp waste protein hydrolysates were then centrifuged at 5000 \u00d7g for 20 minutes to separate insoluble and soluble fractions . the solid phase was washed , pressed manually through four layers of gauze , and then dried for 1 hour at 60\u00b0c . the protein content was analyzed to measure the protein removal . the press cake was packed in a plastic bag and stored at \u221220\u00b0c until further processing .\ndeproteinization percentage ( % dp ) was calculated by the following equation as described by rao et al . [ 30 ] :\nwhere p o and p r are protein concentrations ( % ) before and after hydrolysis ; while o and r represent the mass ( grams ) of original sample and hydrolyzed residue in dry weight basis , respectively .\nall experiments were carried out in triplicate , and average values with standard deviation errors are reported . mean separation and significance were analyzed using the spss software package ( spss , chicago , ill ) . correlation and regression analysis were carried out using excel program .\nin order to estimate the number of proteases in the alkaline crude enzyme extracts , samples were separated by sds - page , and then proteolytic activities were revealed by casein zymography activity staining . casein zymography is a very sensitive and rapid assay method that detects nanogram of proteins , in contrast with sds - page which detects micrograms .\n, all crude enzyme extracts showed several clear bands of protease activity with different molecular weights , indicating the presence of several different proteases . it seems that goby crude enzyme extract contained more proteolytic enzymes than the other ones as illustrated in\nby the presence of at least five clear bands of proteolytic activity . this result suggests that at least five major proteinases were present in goby viscera . when comparing the different profiles , it can be observed the presence of at least one protease common with all crude proteases .\nthe activity of proteolytic enzymes was determined at different ph values from 5 . 0 to 13 . 0 . the ph activity profiles of the crude alkaline proteases are shown in\ndisplayed maximum activity at ph 8 . 0 - 9 . 0 . the relative activities at ph 7 . 0 and 10 . 0 were 55 . 6 % and 81 . 3 % , respectively , of that at ph 9 . 0 . however , protease activity decreased significantly above ph 10 . 0 . at ph 11 . 0 , the activity was approximately 5 - fold lower than that at ph 9 . 0 .\neffect of ph on activity ( a ) and stability ( b ) of alkaline crude protease extracts . the protease activity was assayed in the ph range 5 . 0\u201313 . 0 using buffers of different ph values at 50\u00b0c . the maximum activity of each crude enzyme extract was considered as 100 % . the ph stability was determined by incubating the crude enzymes in different buffers for 1 hour at 4\u00b0c and the residual activities were measured at the optimum conditions of each enzyme preparation . the activity of the enzyme before incubation was taken as 100 % . buffer solutions used for ph activity and stability are presented in section 2 . values are means of three independent experiments .\nthe optimum ph for the crude protease of r . clavata was ph 8 . 0 . the relative activity at ph 9 . 0 was about 94 % . however , an appreciable decrease in activity was observed above ph 9 . 0 .\n. interestingly , the three crude enzyme extracts are highly stable over a wide broad ph range , maintaining about 100 % of their original activity between ph 5 . 0 and 10 . 0 after 1 hour of incubation at 4\u00b0c . the enzymes retained more than 83 % of their activities at ph 12 . 0 . our results showed that goby proteases present a high ph stability compared to the others crude enzyme extracts .\noptima temperatures for activity of crude alkaline proteases were determined in order to assess their suitability for biotechnological applications . the relative activities at various temperatures using casein as a substrate are reported in\n. the crude proteases were active at temperatures from 30 to 70\u00b0c . the optimum temperature for\nproteases was 55\u00b0c , however , alkaline proteases from goby and thornback ray displayed maximum activity at 50\u00b0c .\neffect of temperature on activity of alkaline crude protease extracts . the temperature profile was determined by assaying protease activity at temperatures between 30 and 80\u00b0c . the optimum activity was taken as 100 % . values are means of three independent experiments .\nthe relative activities of goby proteases at 40 and 60\u00b0c were 54 % and 70 % , respectively . however , an appreciable decrease in enzyme activity was observed above 65\u00b0c , due to thermal denaturation . thornback ray proteases were more active at 60\u00b0c than the other crude proteases , retaining 90 % of their activity after 1 - hour incubation . however , the relative activities of z . ophiocephalus and r . clavata crude proteases were 70 % and 45 % , respectively .\n. enzyme preparations from goby and scorpionfish are highly active at temperatures below 40\u00b0c , while that of thornback ray were stable at 30\u00b0c . goby crude enzyme remains fully active even after 60 minutes of incubation at 40\u00b0c , indicating that this crude enzyme might be used under mild heating conditions . however , at higher temperatures proteases were inactivated .\neffect of temperature on thermal stability of the crude alkaline proteases from goby ( a ) , thornback ray ( b ) and scorpionfish ( c ) . the temperature stability was determined by incubating the crude extract at temperatures from 30 to 70\u00b0c for 1 hour . the residual enzyme activity was measured under the standard conditions assay at different times . the original activity before preincubation was taken as 100 % . values are means of three independent experiments .\nthe addition of cacl 2 and mgso 4 increased the activity of crude protease extracts of goby and scorpionfish . ca 2 + increased the activity of crude proteases from goby and scorpionfish to 110 % and 129 % , respectively . these results indicated that ca 2 + was very effective in improving the activity of the crude proteases . the enhancement of protease activity in the presence of calcium may be explained by the strength of interactions inside protein molecules and the better stabilization of enzymes against thermal stabilization . however , the activity of r . clavata crude enzyme was not affected by cacl 2 .\nthe ions ba 2 + affect partially the protease activity with a relative activity between 87 % and 96 % . however , fe 2 + and hg 2 + affect greatly the activity of all crude enzymes . the presence of 5 mm nacl and kcl did not affect protease activity .\nall the commercial detergents contain hydrolytic enzymes such as proteases . in addition to activity and stability at high ph range and various temperatures [ 33 ] , enzymes incorporated into detergent formulations must be compatible and stable with all commonly used detergent components such as surfactants , perfumes , oxidizing agents , and other additives which might be present in the formulation [ 34 ] . furthermore , detergent enzymes should be stable during storage and active during washing in the detergent solution for a long period of time [ 35 ] .\nthe suitability of crude alkaline proteases as detergent additive was investigated by testing their stability in the presence of some surfactants and oxidizing agents . as shown in"]}
{"id": 1496, "summary": [{"text": "tippity witchet ( foaled 1915 ) was an american thoroughbred racehorse , noted for his durability and consistency in a career which lasted from 1917 until 1929 . ", "topic": 14}], "title": "tippity witchet", "paragraphs": ["broomstick led american sires from 1913 - 1915 , and only averaged about 11 foals per crop . he sired such notable horses as whisk broom ii , regret , cudge and tippity witchet .\non warm , sunny afternoons , you ' re likely to find children knocking on the door of tippity witchet ' s windmill house asking her to tell them a beantime story . tippity is always happy to see them . she invites the children to pick ripe jellybeans from her garden to eat while she tells her tales . you should find a comfy place to sit and join them to hear some of their favorite stories . tippity might even recite a poem or two .\nhappy easter , everyone ! love from tippity , frogwart , weebit , and everyone on the island of meddybemps . pigmoose sends a happy snort , too .\ncolin ' s ghost - the great thing about writing for colin\u2019s ghost is there\u2019s always something to write about and , sometimes , the ideas fall right into my lap . over the weekend , while researching a \u201cten things\u201d post for hello race fans , i found a wikipedia page for a horse named tippity witchet . i have a great\u2026\nthe children and their families arrived the next day for the easter egg hunt . frogwart came , too . the hunt was going to be more exciting than anyone expected because of her trick . tippity gathered all of the children together and gave each one a little basket and a sheet of paper . then she whispered some secret instructions in their ears . frogwart wondered what tippity was whispering and what was on the pieces of paper .\neveryone ready ?\nasked tippity .\nyes !\n, shouted the children .\ngo !\nsaid tippity , and the children dashed around her flower garden , looking for eggs under the tulips , behind the roses , and among the hollyhocks .\nshe is such a delicate filly , it is doubtful if she will ever emulate our old favorite paz zareta , who ran up a total of 76 firsts , a record for one of her sex . or that she will even try , as her owner is a keen devotee of horse ( and cattle ) breeding . only the stallion kingston and the gelding tippity witchet won more races than did \u201cpansy , \u201d the former taking 89 firsts , the other 78 .\none would have to go back to 1915 and tippity witchet , with 266 starts and 78 wins , to surpass malicious in number of starts . champion fillies imp ( 1894 ) , with 62 wins from 171 starts ; pan zareta ( 1910 ) , 76 from 151 ; along with princess doreen , gallorette , and bewitched , led durable distaffers of old . the aforementioned stymie ( 1941 ) , a $ 1 , 500 claim , gutted it out with 35 victories in 131 starts .\npurchased by harry payne whitney , broomstick was sent to stand at his brookdale farm in new jersey where he continued as a great sire . even with only an average eleven foals per crop , of those eleven foals twenty five percent were stakes winners . the best of the lot was regret , the first filly to win the kentucky derby which she did in 1915 . he also sired cudgel who , in his time , beat exterminator , sun briar , johren , and roamer . and then there was the extraordinary tippity witchet who raced 266 times over thirteen seasons and won 78 of those starts , came in second 52 times , and third 42 times .\nbroomstick ranked among the top 10 sires in progeny earnings from 1911 through 1927 . he topped the list in 1913 , 1914 and 1915 . the best of broomstick\u2019s progeny was regret , the first filly to win the kentucky derby . other good ones included cudgel , wildair , spot cash , halcyon and bostonian . those whose sturdiness outlasted their class included dr . clark , winner of 44 of 265 starts in 13 years . he was broomstick\u2019s lone $ 100 , 000 earner . other notables included tippity witchet , who won 78 of 266 starts and had earnings of $ 88 , 241 in 13 years , and leochares , winner of 62 races and $ 68 , 867 in nine years .\n\u201ctippity witchit sulked . the idea of telling him he was only a little kitten ! giving himself a shake , he got up from the straw . he was as big as the next cat and able to meet all adventures that might befall the cat tribe \u2013 anywhere in the world ! sneaking off to the door , he slipped across the barnyard and out on the long stretch of highway that ran to the wide , wide world . oh , what a moon was shining ! it turned all the fields to silver . and little mists were rising shimmering over the meadows . he was out in a white world of moonlight with little black shadows dancing here and there on the edges . he was out like a great big cat in the mystery of the night !\nbig profits in racing . ; six horses costing $ 12 , 600 sold for $ 131 , 600 . - the new york times\nurltoken no longer supports internet explorer 9 or earlier . please upgrade your browser .\nbig profits in racing . ; six horses costing $ 12 , 600 sold for $ 131 , 600 .\na striking illustration of the value of good judgment in buying and selling thoroughbreds is furnished by the noteworthy sales of the year in which six horses originally costing about $ 12 , 600 were disposed of for $ 131 , 600 . even at that tremendous increase a big profit is likely for the purchasers of some of . . . view full article in timesmachine \u00bb\nwe are continually improving the quality of our text archives . please send feedback , error reports , and suggestions to archive _ feedback @ nytimes . com .\nwith the headline : big profits in racing . ; six horses costing $ 12 , 600 sold for $ 131 , 600 . .\naccessibility concerns ? email us at accessibility @ urltoken . we would love to hear from you .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwinx ' s staying power as one of the world ' s top rac . . .\nwe ' ve detected that javascript is disabled in your browser . would you like to proceed to legacy twitter ?\nnew and fun : be a zoo planner . pick homes for 18 animals . put up signs and guide visitors through zoo . go to :\nsee beautiful new coral reef artwork and cool videos in fun in the deep blue sea area . nice additions to\nread stories about hurricane sandy by seven new jersey school children . links on the young writers workshop page :\nfall is fantastic ! explore leaf colors and shapes . tour a lovely state park . see :\none - ton pudding rides again at revived banana festival . head for fulton , ky , saturday . see :\nharry and larry were curious apes . they wondered about the things we call shapes . to see what happened , go to :\ntour germany with the pumpkin pirates . see castles , hay ghosts , trains and more : urltoken\nthere are now 33 structures in our miniature village , plus people and vehicles . build your own . urltoken\nsome very interesting animals live in australia . see five of the coolest at : urltoken\ncoming soon : the meddybemps miniature village is about to get a grocery store . clever !\nword puppies , pirates , glaciers , and moose ? head for alaska to discover interesting new words . see : urltoken cool !\ncoming soon : what could be more fun than a room full of puppies ? find out soon .\ni ' m decorating a tree and i love it . you will , too . urltoken\nstarting saturday , you will be able to decorate christmas trees on meddybemps . com . what fun ! jingle bells , jingle bells , . . . fa la la . .\ntwitter may be over capacity or experiencing a momentary hiccup . try again or visit twitter status for more information .\nyou can add location information to your tweets , such as your city or precise location , from the web and via third - party applications . you always have the option to delete your tweet location history . learn more\nhere ' s the url for this tweet . copy it to easily share with friends .\nby embedding twitter content in your website or app , you are agreeing to the twitter developer agreement and developer policy .\nnot on twitter ? sign up , tune into the things you care about , and get updates as they happen .\nthis timeline is where you\u2019ll spend most of your time , getting instant updates about what matters to you .\nhover over the profile pic and click the following button to unfollow any account .\nwhen you see a tweet you love , tap the heart \u2014 it lets the person who wrote it know you shared the love .\nthe fastest way to share someone else\u2019s tweet with your followers is with a retweet . tap the icon to send it instantly .\nadd your thoughts about any tweet with a reply . find a topic you\u2019re passionate about , and jump right in .\ni grew up with this story and it\u2019s still my favorite . if you can find anywhere to look at the illustrations , they\u2019re wonderful , too ! i\u2019ve just included a couple of snippets , but at the end is a link to a blog that has the whole story . enjoy !\n\u2026just the same , he trembled when he came to the very next cornfield . the corn here had not been cut ; it stood in ghostly rows , like a bank of withered old witches . its long dried leaves hung down like ghostly withered old arms , its tassels streamed out every which way like straggly hair on a hag . \u201ci\u2019m not afraid of a thing , \u201d he had to repeat to himself\u2026\nenter your email address to subscribe to this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email .\nprivacy & cookies : this site uses cookies . by continuing to use this website , you agree to their use . to find out more , including how to control cookies , see here : cookie policy\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\nencyclo . co . uk , online since 2007 , is a search engine for english meanings and definitions . the website aims to publish all wordlists , big and small , on the internet , making it much easier to find the word you need . follow us on facebook\npaint a picture and print it - - choose from background colour , paint colour , and paintbrush size .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nword bank : halloween is a _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ celebrated on the last night of _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ , the _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . on _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ , many people dress up in _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ and go trick or _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . children _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ up in costumes and go from house to house around their _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ collecting _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ .\nparts of speech : nouns students will define different types of nouns - proper nouns , pronouns , singular , and plural nouns . nouns introduction an introduction to nouns , including common and proper nouns .\nthe reading enriches learning website aims to stimulate and motivate all students to become confident readers . each themed collection highlights a topical issue ( i . e . values , history , sustainability ) that is critical to australian schooling today . these themes act as a springboard for learning as students actively make connections between literature and the world in which they live .\nglencoe literature offers a collection of hardcover books that allows you to extend the study of literature to your choice of full - length novels and plays . each glencoe literature library book consists of a complete novel or play accompanied by several related readings , such as short stories , poems , essays , or informational articles . to order one or more glencoe literature library book , please contact our customer service department at customer . service @ mcgraw - hill . com , or by calling 1 - 800 - 334 - 7344 ( between 8 : 00 a . m . and 6 : 00 p . m . est ) .\nthis interactive site is a must - have for anyone who teaches reading . to get started , simply type in your name and you will be given a user id ( for example , melissa might be melissa0039 ) . * be sure to save the user id provided . the site saves your work and you can log - in with the user id to go right back to where you left off ! the site includes sections for both students and teachers .\nthese resources are meant for teaching the parts of a book or story such as title , setting , characters , plot , climax , resolution , literary devices , and criticism . the resources are intended for elementary or possibly middle school students , both regular and esl . book reports :\nglencoe literature offers a collection of hardcover books that allows you to extend the study of literature to your choice of full - length novels and plays . each glencoe literature library book consists of a complete novel or play accompanied by several related readings , such as short stories , poems , essays , or informational articles . to order one or more glencoe literature library book , please contact our customer service department at customer . service @ mcgraw - hill . com , or by calling 1 - 800 - 334 - 7344 ( between 8 : 00 a . m . and 6 : 00 p . m . est ) . click on a glencoe literature library title below for a brief description of the novel or play , a list of its related readings , and a link to its individual study guide . each study guide includes background information and reproducible activity pages for students .\ndrag and drop the number tiles to their correct position on the venn diagram . place the number tiles into the correct order on the track . there are 3 levels of difficulty . change the numbers in the blocks at the bottom of the pyramids and explore the effect on the number in the top block . what ' s the highest total you can get using the numbers 1 to 5 only once ? an enhancement of the sequencer found in the toolkit section .\nabbott , edwin a . , 1838 - 1926 about , edmond , 1828 - 1885 adams , henry , 1838 - 1918 aeschylus , 525 - 456 bce aesop , 620 - 560 bce\nwe ' ve heard it all before . you can ' t find your homework , but you swear you just had it in front of you . avoid the embarrassment of misplacing your report 5 minutes before you have to turn it in \u2014 and all the other following scenarios \u2014 by putting some method in the your messes ' madness . you hand in the homework due nov . 11 . . . on nov . 12time flies when you ' re having fun \u2014 especially when you ' re having fun instead of keeping up with your assignments . one of the best ways to make sure you don ' t miss a due date is to hang a calendar on a wall in your room . stick a tack on the wall next to it ( just tell your parents that sacrificing wall paint is a small price to pay for organization ) and tie a string with a pen on the end to the tack .\nazrael is a dynamic dns service provider . azrael offers free accounts to anyone . each account can have up to 25 hosts with dynamically assigned ipv4 addresses . azrael provides an update api to allow for easy and quick host updates . the api mimics the dyndns2 protocol so that many common ddns update clients will work with it . it has been known to work with ddclient , dd - wrt , tomato usb , open - wrt , curl , and most other ddns clients .\nusername [ required ] your azrael account username . password [ required ] your azrael account password . hostname [ required ] comma separated list of your azrael hostnames to update ( up to 10 hostnames per request ) . myip [ optional ] the ip v4 address that your azrael hostname ( s ) will be updated to . if no ip address is specified the azrael system will attempt to obtain the ip address .\ngood ip address for specified hosts have been updated . nochg there is no update or change required . ( no need to update more than once an hour without an ip change ) nohost one or more hosts are invalid . numhost more than the maximum of ten hosts specified . badaddress ip address form is invalid .\nusername : bob password : 12345 hostname : urltoken myip : 172 . 16 . 1 . 1\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nbroomstick was foaled in 1901 and died in 1931 . he was a bay colt by ben brush out of elf by galliard . he was bred by colonel milton young of mcgrathiana stud , owned by s . s . brown and trained by peter wimmer at 2 and bob tucker at 3 .\nhe raced a total of 39 times , won 14 , placed 11 times and showed 5 times for total career earnings of $ 74 , 730 .\nbroomstick was a smallish colt , and won his first 3 starts at 2 ; the juvenile , expectation and great american stakes . because of these victories , later in his 2yo season he was assigned higher weights and his winning percentage fell .\nben brush was a bay colt foaled in 1893 and dies in 1918 . he was by bramble out of roseville by reform . he was bred by runnymeade farm , owned by eugene leigh and ed brown and also trained by ed brown .\nben brush raced a total of 40 time , winning 25 of those races . he placed 5 times and showed 5 times for career earnings of $ 65 , 208 .\nben brush began racing in the midwest and won his first 5 races . afte that he shipped to new york where he won his last 6 races as a two year old . he won the prestigious champagne stakes , which led to 2 year old championship honors .\nhe also won the kentucky derby and latonia derby . at 4 he proved himself as a top handicap horse winning the suburban , brighton and citizens handicap . at stud he was sold to james r keene and led the sire list in 1909 . he sired champions delhi , sweep and pebbles , and was also responsible for the sire lines of broomstick , sweep , the porter , whisk broom ii , jack high and rosemont .\nhamburg was a bay colt foaled in 1895 and died in 1915 . he was by hanover out of lady reel by fellowcraft . hamburg was bred by con enright and owned by john madden , w . c . whitney , h . p . whitney and trained by john madden and bill lakeland .\nhe raced a total of 21 times , winning 16 times , placing 3 times and showing twice for a career total of $ 60 , 380 in earnings .\nhamburg was a beast ! he could break fast and stay in front . high weights never slowed him down , and he raced under the highest weights ever carried by a 2yo .\nat 3 , hamburg beat ky derby winner , plaudit in the lawrence realization and also won the brighton cup over brooklyn handicap winnder howard mann .\nin 1900 , hamburg was bought by w . c . whitney for stud duty . he was the leading sire in 1905 and produced at least 27 stakes winners including burgomaster , pegasus , frizette and borrow .\nbroomstick ( 1901\u20131931 ) was a thoroughbred race horse born and bred at the famous mcgrathiana stud in kentucky , but more importantly , he was one of the great sires of american racing . out of another great sire , the hall of famer ben brush , broomstick went on after his racing career to produce champion after champion for many years .\nthe important horseman , james r . keene ( who owned domino , kingston , colin and sysonby among so many other memorable horses ) , also owned elf , broomstick ' s dam . believing she was barren , he sold her to milton young . one year later she foaled broomstick . as a yearling broomstick then went to a pittsburgh , pennsylvania coal millionaire named captain samuel s . brown who was a member of the jockey club and the owner of two racetracks .\nbroomstick was small , but he won his first three stakes at two . because of this , he was weighted down rather heavily for such a young horse and consequently won fewer races at that age . he placed in the saratoga special , the walden stakes , the flatbush stakes , the great trial stakes and the spring stakes .\nat three , and under another trainer , he won the travers stakes . in the brighton handicap he beat older horses and set a record that stood for nine years . in that race he was up against the truly game irish lad who broke down nearing the wire , but finished on three legs , only barely beaten .\nstill heavily weighted , he placed in the merchants and citizens handicap , the hindoo handicap , and his second saratoga special .\nbroomstick was retired to stud duty at capt . brown ' s senorita stock farm near lexington , kentucky where he sired three crops including 1911 kentucky derby winner meridian , sweeper ii who raced in england and in 1912 won the classic 2 , 000 guineas stakes , and the 1913 american horse of the year whisk broom ii who went on to sire whiskery , the winner of the 1927 kentucky derby . capt . brown died in late 1905 and his brother , w . harry brown , continued on with the business until november 23 , 1908 when he sold broomstick and twenty - eight other horses at a fasig - tipton auction .\nbroomstick was america ' s leading sire from 1913 to 1915 and among the top ten for 17 years : 1910 to 1927 . he died when he was thirty years old , only a few years past being at his best .\nthis article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 11 / 9 / 2016 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .\nracing fans shopping for that increasingly scarce commodity , the equine hero , are finding slim pickings these days as the shelf life of star thoroughbreds continues to deteriorate at an alarming rate .\nfactors include the increasing fragility of today ' s racehorse and the tendency of owners to desert the racetrack early for the more lucrative lure of the breeding shed .\nand while 2003 champion 2 - year - old filly halfbridled could loom as the turf ' s next hero , her future value as a broodmare appears so enormous as to make her racing career predictably brief .\nthus are nostalgic racegoers turning to reminiscences of yesteryear and iron - horse heroes such as john henry , kelso , forego , stymie , exterminator , and , among numerous others , malicious .\nafter seabiscuit , he was the most popular horse in the west in the ' 30s ,\nsaid lifelong racing fan dan arrighi , who as a youngster growing up in southern california saw both run .\nfew people today can believe that an $ 800 claimer could be that charismatic . but he was such an honest horse - - and he was around for a very long time .\nwhat made malicious so enduringly popular were his dramatic last - to - first finishes in marathon races , accomplished over a remarkable span of a dozen years , on as many tracks . called\namerica ' s two - mile champion ,\nmalicious drew adoring crowds , got big press coverage , and , like seabiscuit , was the centerpiece of merchandising promotions , including a personal appearance at san francisco ' s 1939 world ' s fair .\nsired by 1917 kentucky derby and travers winner omar khayyam , malicious , a foal of 1927 , began his racing career as a 2 - year - old . from 1929 to early 1940 , the tireless brown gelding competed up and down the west coast , from agua caliente to longacres , compiling a record of 185 starts , from which he emerged victorious 32 times .\naccording to trainer noble threewitt and his wife , beryl , who also saw him run , malicious was trained for several years by lonnie copenhaver .\nlonnie was known as ' king of the gypsies , '\nthe threewitts remembered .\nhe and his claimers traveled a lot , but in those days you didn ' t ship east unless you had a stakes horse like seabiscuit .\ntoday , thanks to a best - selling book and popular movie , seabiscuit ( 33 victories in 89 starts ) is back in memory ' s spotlight - - a spotlight arrighi believes malicious deserves to share .\nsaturday after saturday ,\nhe remembered ,\nsanta anita would card a two - miler as the last race , knowing fans would stick around just to root for malicious .\na retired transportation company executive now living in the town of washington , utah , arrighi recalled one saturday when he sneaked into the infield and positioned himself at the far turn .\nmalicious was next to last when they went by me , and ( jockey ) johnny adams let out this loud shriek . the horse took off . and in the distance i could hear ' and here comes malicious ! ' . . . it was a thrill i ' ll never forget .\nas a teenager in the autumn of 1939 , this writer witnessed a series of saturday marathons at bay meadows for top routers . old malicious showed up for the nov . 11 finale , the four - mile thornton stakes . the weary road warrior , who hadn ' t started since that spring at santa anita , made his patented late surge to gain fourth in a blanket finish .\nthat was his final race in the u . s . on jan . 28 , 1940 , at age 13 , one of the toughest iron horses of all time closed out his gallant career - - a marathon in itself - - by running second at agua caliente . his final paycheck was $ 100 ; his legacy , a claimer ' s place in the pantheon of sound , stout - hearted stakes horses - - and in the hearts of a devoted public .\nretired newspaperman morton cathro ' s marathon affair with horse racing began in the 1930s .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml + rdfa 1 . 0 / / en\nurltoken\nbred at col . milton young\u2019s mcgrathiana stud in kentucky , broomstick was a small bay son of the great ben brush out of the galliard mare elf . he was included in a lot of 10 yearlings col . young sold for a total of $ 17 , 100 to capt . samuel s . brown .\na millionaire coal magnate , capt . brown was a member of the jockey club , a major stockholder in churchill downs . he had been a fixture in racing since his troubadour had won the 1896 suburban handicap and had beaten miss woodford in a match race .\ntrained as a 2 - year - old by peter wimmer , broomstick made his debut may 7 , 1903 , winning the $ 4 , 860 juvenile stakes at morris park by a head over the favored precious stone . three weeks later , broomstick won the $ 5 , 540 expectation stakes with \u201cridiculous ease\u201d and then won the $ 10 , 600 great american stakes at gravesend .\nbroomstick\u2019s early success led to an increase in the weights he was forced to carry . with an impost of 129 pounds , broomstick lost for the first time that june by a length to pulsus ( carrying 122 pounds ) in the great trial stakes . with 128 pounds , broomstick then finished second to gallant ( 114 ) in the spring stakes . he did not win another race that year , finishing his juvenile campaign with a record of 3 - 4 - 0 and earnings of $ 25 , 400 from nine starts .\nbob tucker took over the training of capt . brown\u2019s horses in 1904 and broomstick made his 3 - year - old debut a winning one may 12 in an overnighter at morris park . broomstick\u2019s finest performance took place in the $ 25 , 000 brighton handicap . with tommy burns in the irons , broomstick set an american record for 1\u00bc miles of 2 : 02\u2158 , breaking the previous mark set a year before by waterboy by two - fifths of a second . broomstick\u2019s record stood until broken by whisk broom ii , a son of broomstick , in the 1913 suburban handicap .\ncarrying 129 pounds , broomstick won the travers stakes in impressive fashion , defeating bobadil ( 116 ) and auditor ( 111 ) . he added avictory in the flying handicap at sheepshead bay later in the year for his final career stakes win . broomstick posted a record of 6 - 4 - 3 and earnings of $ 37 , 970 as a 3 - year - old .\nas a 4 - year - old , broomstick ran into one of the top horses of the early 20 th century in the 3 - year - old sysonby , owned by james r . keene . in each of the four times they met in 1905 , sysonby got the better of his older foe , winning the commonwealth handicap , great republic stakes , century stakes and annual champion stakes .\nwhen sysonby ran elsewhere , broomstick won five races , but none of them were stakes . he carried 133 pounds to victory in a six - furlong overnighter at sheepshead bay and he defeated ort wells and pulsus at one mile at sheepshead , but broomstick was not considered to have the same quality he displayed the previous two years .\nbroomstick was retired to capt . brown\u2019s senorita stud near lexington , ky . , with a career record of 14 - 11 - 5 and earnings of $ 74 , 730 from 39 starts . he was bred to a small book of mares , including audience , winner of the kentucky oaks and tennessee oaks . audience produced a chestnut colt that was sold as a yearling for $ 2 , 500 to harry payne whitney . capt . brown died in 1906 and his thoroughbred interests were inherited by his brother , capt . w . harry brown , who eventually decided to sell . the dispersal was held nov . 23 , 1908 in lexington .\ntrainer a . j . joyner was breaking the broomstick\u2014audience colt at the time and liked what he saw . he advised whitney to buy broomstick and anything else in the sale by him . broomstick topped the sale , going to whitney for $ 7 , 250 . at the time , whitney was collecting the finest broodmare band in america and broomstick was established as a quality young stallion even before his reputation was gained from progeny out of the whitney mares .\nbroomstick sired seven foals in his first crop from senorita stud mares . all seven won at age 2 , including whisk broom ii and scarpia . broomstick sired a dozen foals in his second crop , including kentucky derby winner meridian . in his third and last crop at senorita , broomstick sired 17 foals , getting three more stakes winners , including english two thousand guineas winner sweeper .\nwhisk broom ii raced in england while the sport was shut down in new york during 1911 and 1912 . when racing returned to new york in 1913 , whisk broom ii was brought back from england and won the metropolitan handicap with 126 pounds , the suburban handicap with 139 and the brooklyn handicap with 130 . forty years had passed when tom fool was able to become the next horse to win the handicap triple crown in 1953 .\ntravers eve member wine and cheese social featuring greg montgomery : celebrate the racing season at the museum on travers stakes eve .\ntravers stakes preview panel : top racing handicappers analyze the field for the 149 th running of the travers stakes . time : 11 a . m .\ncharles hatton on 1969 champion three - year - old filly gallant bloom from the 1970 american racing manual .\nthe 1969 record compiled by robert j . kleberg jr . \u2019s three - year - old filly gallant bloom was one of really challenging , not to say unmitigated perfection . she made eight public appearances and every time planted the brown and white \u201crunning w\u201d of the king ranch in the disputed territory of the winner\u2019s circle , though the stewards interceded in her behalf in the delaware oaks , when pit bunny was held to have restricted her .\nwintered at columbia , s . c . , she was intended for the nyra\u2019s triple crown for fillies series , but the fatal illness of her developer max hirsch retarded her conditioning in the spring . she was turned over to hirsch\u2019s son , \u201cbuddy\u201d hirsch , on the former\u2019s demise april 3 .\nthere were many tributes to the deceased horseman , and everyone was inexpressibly sad . a . g . vanderbilt stated the sport\u2019s sentiment gracefully , saying . . . \u201chis humor , charm and attractiveness as a human being equaled his ability . his loss is a personal one to more people in racing than can be counted . the world of racing can ill afford to be diminished by one\u2013when that one is a man of the calibre of max hirsch . \u201d\nin a melancholy manner of speaking , gallant bloom pounded out an eloquent posthumous tribute with her flying heels , as the last of the champions he developed , a series including also grey lag , sarazen , bold venture , assault and middleground .\ngallant bloom could compete for none of the filly triple crown events , of which shuvee made a clean sweep . this was hideously bad luck for king ranch . later on she debited shuvee with defeat , also venturing out of her age division to beat older mares , and in the end there was none to question her supremacy . for openers , she won the 6 - furlong liberty belle at aqueduct may 28 , in a homeric duel with clems fairy gold the last furious yards . a delicate filly , her races were spaced usually about a month apart , except for three in july .\nthe post deb , monmouth and delaware oaks , gazelle , matchmaker and spinster found her winning by from half a length to 12 , and from a mile and 70 yards to a mile and three sixteenths , versus such as gamely , process shot and hail to patsy . these were no riff - raff , and we should think that even her sophisticated owner - breeder must sometimes feel tremendously proud of her . she earned the texan $ 220 , 514 in the course of her stainless campaign , after winning the title in her age and sex divisions and a handsome $ 231 , 400 at two . it is tempting to say she proved the best filly ever kleberg owned .\nconceivably , gallant bloom also might readily enough have won the \u201969 alabama , except that it was belatedly discovered she was omitted from the nominations owing to a clerical oversight . this was depressing for her connections , but they were less morbid and more philosophical by year\u2019s end , considering it may have been for the best , affording her a month\u2019s sojourn at the spa , which is a heaven of a place for horses . as you may know , shuvee won the alabama with gallant bloom absent .\npeople found it vastly agreeable to look at the eye - filling shuvee in the paddock , and we wish we might say gallant bloom looked the part . but to be relentlessly truthful , she was something of a plain jane , proving once again that appearances may be deceptive . she did \u201cpick to pieces well , \u201d and her appearance finally became an injunction to bet .\nour heroine is a mousy bay or brown , whose head does not fit her , albeit it is boney and clean cut . but then , she is not the sort of female whose face would go to her head . she is of only moderate size and lacks substance . also she is a quiet filly , not given to any colorful whimsy , indeed is something of a pet .\nas you see , she is neither a terribly big filly nor yet a runt , and perhaps therein lies something of the secret of her virtuosity , as she is balanced like a see - saw and is always in cadence . also , she is a filly of wire - hung organization with lean , rather stringy muscularity .\nthe shoulder might profitably have more angle , the pelvis is rather short and sloping , while her back is relatively long , to be gratuitously hypercritical .\nshe does have long forearms in relation to the cannons , and fairly long , sloping pasterns , while there is considerable length from hip to hock in proportion to the rest of her sparse format . she is a trifle sickle hocked and we think that we have seen better ankles . she was blistered against a curb and her ankles fired . the hooves are black , excepting the near hind , which has an accompanying white pastern that is her only marking .\nthere is a protuberance between her eyes which is the seat of the brain pan and a desideratum of her deceased developer in criticizing yearlings . when she is relaxed , gallant bloom seems noticeably deficient in muscularity about the gluteus maximus at the bow of the quarters and the flexor pedis perforatus above the hock . one hastens to add they afford momentum enough for one of her slight frame .\nfor all her gothic construction , never let it be said she has what cynics term a cardiac condition when they mean no heart . rather , she is all heart and no peel . it is in action she is seen to best advantage , for she is then a thing of air and fire . she has stealthy , syncopated action and is exciting to watch .\ngallant bloom sports cutaway blinkers and usually is equipped with rundown bandages , her hind pasterns being a trifle low , but she handles beautifully for j . l . rotz and braulio baeza . as an early two - year - old it was feared she was becoming impetuous , or speed crazy , but canny octogenarian hirsch outsmarted her . this involved thinking like a horse , as every successful trainer knows .\nafter she had won the matron from end to end at two , the texan thought it a shame she did not retail her speed , and set about teaching her to rate , which would build her character , broaden her horizons and enhance her potential earnings . first he allowed the filly her own way , or to think she was getting it , by telling her exercise boys to just sit still and see how far she would go independently . then he took a chance and worked her behind horses , and was delighted when she proved a quick study , relaxing until given the word .\n\u201cyou cannot achieve this with all horses , \u201d he commented . \u201coftener than not , they change their stride and lose their action or fight the bit , becoming confused and tiring more rapidly than when given their heads . \u201d\ngallant bloom has the dash to follow any pace and at three customarily reserved her resources for a compelling maneuver through the stretch .\ngallant bloom argues for those who contend an ounce of blood is worth a pound of bone . she is by the belmont , travers and woodward winner gallant man out of multiflora , by beau max , the next dam flower bed by beau pere and the next that wonderful matriarch boudoir ii by mahmoud .\ngallant man has two crosses of mah mahal , the dam of epsom derby winner mahmoud . turf romanticists will be pleased to note mah mahal has a dash of norfolk , the unbeaten heat champion by lexington , though this is remote . boudoir ii was a little gray mare who exerted a large influence as the ancestress of majestic prince , your host , kelso , bowl of flowers , flower bowl , graustark and others in the very first class .\ngallant bloom is a first foal and usually mares include their best progeny among their first two .\nmultiflora will scarcely ever be cited as an instance of class in the dam , as she could not win in 14 starts and earned a poverty level $ 995 . here is a case of \u201cthe family is stronger than the individual . \u201d that is the great thing about experience in pedigrees ; one can find a bromide to convenience him in almost any position he cares to assume .\nin leon rasmussen\u2019s thoughtful and educated view , gallant bloom\u2019s pedigree \u201creeks of classicism . \u201d explain her how you like , she is a runner .\nraceland and badge visited the winner\u2019s circle enclosure 70 times each , the mare imp and the gelding leochares 62 . another repeatedly successful racemare was pearl jennings , who won 59 races and thus equaled the records of strathmore and the american - bred parole , a champion both here and in england .\nnor does it seem likely gallant bloom will attempt any histrionics in the field of weight carrying , such as the brilliant little bay sprinting mare lady amelia did , winning with imposts up to 154 pounds soon after the turn of the century .\nthe longest string of consecutive victories in an undefeated career on the turf was put together by the mitteleuropean mare kincsem , who won all her 54 races , and incidentally was a granddaughter of the great british mare bee\u2019swing , who won even more races though she was occasionally beaten . she produced newminster .\nkingston , who cost a princely $ 2 , 200 as a yearling , was a champion sire on conclusion of his long and illustrious racing career . he got the futurity winners ballyhoo bey and novelty , and in king\u2019s courier a winner of the 2 - mile doncaster cup and 2 3 / 8 miles jockey club stakes . his daughter admiration beat may hempstead in a match on long island and foaled five winners , including detective , winner of a liverpool cup .\nkingston would try long as he had a leg under him . so will gallant bloom ."]}
{"id": 1499, "summary": [{"text": "linatella caudata , common name : the girdled triton or poulsen 's triton , is a species of predatory sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family ranellidae , the triton snails , triton shells or tritons . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "linatella caudata", "paragraphs": ["\u25ba we present data on recruitment of linatella caudata in culture of pinctada imbricata . \u25ba also present results on predation rates of linatella caudata on pinctada imbricata . \u25ba we analyze influence of environmental variables on linatella caudata recruitment . \u25ba sea urchins were used as an effective biocontrol on l . caudata recruitment rates . \u25ba we present a review of l . caudata predation on cultured bivalves worldwide .\nhans - martin braun added the german common name\nh\u00e4utiges tritonshorn\nto\nlinatella caudata ( gmelin , 1791 )\n.\nannual recruitment , predation rates and biocontrol of linatella caudata ( mollusca : gastropoda ) in suspended enclosure culture of the pearl oyster p . . .\nbiplex perca cymatium sp . ( leopard triton snail ) cymatium caudatum = ^ ranularia caudata cymatium cutaceum = ^ linatella caudata cymatium labiosum = ^ turritriton labiosus cymatium pfeifferianum = ^ reticutriton pfeifferianus cymatium tranquebaricum = ^ monoplex tranquebaricus gyrineum bituberculare gyrineum gyrinum gyrineum lacunatum gyrineum natator ( common triton snails )\nlilac - breasted roller , coracias caudata , gewone troupant . kgalagadi transfrontier park , south africa .\nmorton , b . 1989 . prey capture , preference and consumption by linatella caudata ( gastropoda : tonnoidea : ranellidae ) in hong kong . j . moll . stud . 56 , 477 - 486 . summary : a paper that discusses the prey species of l . caudata in hong kong .\nlilacbreasted roller ( coracias caudata ) . taken in the kruger national park on the s21road . south africa\nmorton , b . 1989 . prey capture , preference and consumption by linatella caudata ( gastropoda : tonnoidea : ranellidae ) in hong kong . j . moll . stud . 56 , 477 - 486 .\nyou selected cymatium ( linatella ) cingulatum ( lamarck , 1822 ) . this is a synonym for :\nlinatella poulsenii m\u00f6rch , o . a . l . , 1877 : florida , usa - west indies & venezuela\nlilac - breasted roller , coracias caudata , gewone troupant . photographed at farm windhoek townlands , eastern outskirts of windhoek , namibia .\nlilac - breasted roller ( coracias caudata ) . . . . . masai mara . . . . . . sept 2015 by zulfi malik\n( of linatella neptunia garrard , 1963 ) beu , a . ( 2010 ) . catalogue of tonnoidea . pers . comm . [ details ]\nlinatella caudata ( gmelin , 1791 ) fine + + , perfect lip , micro eroded apex ; superb ! ; live taken w / op . and periostracum ; 60 . 4 mm ; south - east india , tamil nadu , rameshwaram island ; from local fisherman ; december 2009 . [ ran016 ]\n( of triton ( linatella ) poulsenii m\u00f6rch , 1877 ) beu , a . ( 2010 ) . catalogue of tonnoidea . pers . comm . [ details ]\nstyela plicata ( sea squirt ) is a suspension filter feeds that preys primarily on phytoplankton , zooplankton and organic materials . snails , crustaceans , sea stars and fish have been known to prey on s . plicata ( nimpis , 2002 ) . specifically , the species linatella caudata preys upon s . plicata ( morton , 1989 ) .\nnutrition styela plicata ( sea squirt ) is a suspension filter feeds that preys primarily on phytoplankton , zooplankton and organic materials . snails , crustaceans , sea stars and fish have been known to prey on s . plicata ( nimpis , 2002 ) . specifically , the species linatella caudata preys upon s . plicata ( morton , 1989 ) .\n( of cymatium ( linatella ) cingulatum peninsulum m . smith , 1937 ) beu , a . ( 2010 ) . catalogue of tonnoidea . pers . comm . [ details ]\non sheltered rocky beaches in hong kong , linatella caudata preys upon the lower - littoral and sub - littoral fringe fauna . ascidian tests are cut with the radula , while the proboscis is inserted between the parted shell valves of bivalves . the salivary glands secrete sulphuric acid that is not used in prey penetration , as in the cassidae , but is more likely used in digestion or defence .\ngrange , r . c . nov / 1983 : a new record for new zealand . linatella cutacea ( link , 1816 ) , poirieria , 13 ( 2 ) ( p . 4 )\n( of triton ( linatella ) poulsenii m\u00f6rch , 1877 ) m\u00f6rch o . a . l . ( 1877 ) . synopsis molluscorum marinorum indiarum occidentalium imprimis insularum danicarum ( contin . ) . malakozoologische bl\u00e4tter , 24 : 14 - 66 , 93 - 123 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 33 [ details ]\ncalibration plots of total weight against wet and dry tissue weight of prey ( barbatia virescens ) and , finally , the predator were obtained and used in estimations of consumption . on average , an adult linatella caudata ( 10 - 15g ) consumed three b . virescens . week \u22121 the mean weight of b . virescens flesh consumed . week \u22121 ranged between 0 . 208\u22120 . 412g dry weight prey . g dry weight predator \u22121 , i . e . , a mean of 28 . 2 % of the predator ' body weight . week \u22121 or 4 % . day \u22121 . such a figure accords well with estimates of consumption obtained for other adult predatory gastropods from hong kong .\nmapania caudata is a species in family of cyperaceae that ' s endemic to peninsular malaysia . its hallmark is narrow strap leaves with heavy metallic blue sheen . this makes it well worth growing though it ' s rather a challenging plant which needs warmth , humidity and partial shade to grow well . does best in perlite based medium with a little peat or sphagnum . urltoken\n. . . under laboratory conditions t . gradata individuals often accessed the mussels in , 7 hours and consumed nearly their own body weight of mussel tissue in 4 days . this prey consumption rate contrasts strikingly with that of other predatory whelks ; for example , linatella caudata showed a mean consumption rate of 28 % of its body weight in a week and hexaplex trunculus consumed 40 % of its body weight in 5 weeks ( morton , 1990 ; peharda & morton , 2006 ) . although these laboratory consumption rates may overestimate natural feeding rates considering that the prey was deprived of its natural defences ( such as a byssal cocoon and embedment in the sediment ; see morton , 2004 ) and that whelks had probably not reached satiation , concomitant with a non - feeding , resting state ( see figure 5 ) , these data nevertheless indicate a considerable capacity for rapid food intake by t . gradata . . . .\n( of cymatium ( linatella ) cingulatum ( lamarck , 1822 ) ) spencer , h . g . , marshall , b . a . & willan , r . c . ( 2009 ) . checklist of new zealand living mollusca . pp 196 - 219 . in : gordon , d . p . ( ed . ) new zealand inventory of biodiversity . volume one . kingdom animalia : radiata , lophotrochozoa , deuterostomia . canterbury university press , christchurch . [ details ]\n. . . this is low in comparison with g . natator ( ~ 14 % per day ) but information on the reproductive state of neither of these species was available at the study times . bearing in mind that neither l . caudata nor cymatium muricinum used their sulphuric acid potential to access their prey ( morton 1990a ; govan 1995 ) , whereas the g . natator in the filtered seawater aquarium was forced to , in order to access its sole choice of oyster prey , the ~ 10 % difference in estimated consumption between these similar - sized ranellids and cymatiids might , therefore , represent the increased costs of using the acid to access bivalve prey . . . .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\n( pl . 48c ) : te piki , cape runaway , near east cape , haweran ( oxygen isotope stage 7 ; m49096 , national museum of n . z . )\nby its much taller and narrower protoconch , its less inflated shell , its taller spire , and its long anterior canal . beu and cernohorsky ( 1986 ) discussed the variation , range , synonymy and fossil record of\nranellid is very widespread ( but uncommon ) today throughout the red sea , the entire indo - west pacific province as far north as southern japan , as far east as hawaii , and as far south as northern new zealand , in the western atlantic from south carolina to brazil , and at the canary and cape verde islands off west africa . a single recent specimen has been collected in central eastern northland , new zealand , washed ashore after severe storms . it seems to live only on soft substrates on the shelf in about 20 to 100 m . this distribution makes it somewhat surprising to find that\nhave recently been recognised in 2 opoitian collections from northern hawke ' s bay . these localities are outside its present range and point to the warm climate of the eastern bay of plenty at the times when the ohope and te piki faunules lived . it also occurs in pliocene rocks of the tropical pacific ( taiwan , java , sumatra ) and in zanzibar , east africa , and in miocene and pliocene rocks of the central western atlantic .\ncite this publication as :\na . g . beu and j . i . raine ( 2009 ) . revised descriptions of new zealand cenozoic mollusca from beu and maxwell ( 1990 ) . gns science miscellaneous series no . 27 .\n\u00a9 gns science , 2009 isbn 978 - 0 - 478 - 19705 - 1 issn 1177 - 2441 ( included with a pdf facsimile file copy of new zealand geological survey paleontological bulletin 58 in cd version from : publications officer , gns science , p . o . box 30368 lower hutt , new zealand )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nversion 43 . 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed . my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .\nfusus cutaceus lamarck , j . b . p . a . de , 1816 : circumtropical\ncassidaria cingulata lamarck , j . b . p . a . de , 1822 : n carolina , usa - e brazil ; indo - pacific ; s africa\ncymatium cingulatum lamarck , j . b . p . a . de , 1822 : philippines\nranularia rostratus\nmartini , f . h . w .\nm\u00f6rch , o . a . l . , 1852\n( of buccinum caudatum gmelin , 1791 ) gmelin j . f . ( 1791 ) . vermes . in : gmelin j . f . ( ed . ) caroli a linnaei systema naturae per regna tria naturae , ed . 10 . tome 1 ( 6 ) . g . e . beer , lipsiae [ leipzig ] . pp . 3021 - 3910 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of cassidaria cingulata lamarck , 1822 ) lamarck [ j . - b . m . ] de . ( 1822 ) . histoire naturelle des animaux sans vert\u00e8bres . tome septi\u00e8me . paris : published by the author , 711 pp . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 216 [ details ]\n( of fusus voigtii anton , 1838 ) anton h . e . ( 1838 [\n1839\n] ) . verzeichniss der conchylien welche sich in der sammlung von herrmann eduard anton befinden . herausgegeben von dem besitzer . halle : anton . xvi + 110 pp . [ title page dated 1839 , but volume actually published in 1838 ; see cernohorsky , 1978 , the veliger 20 ( 3 ) : 299 . ] . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\ngofas , s . ; le renard , j . ; bouchet , p . ( 2001 ) . mollusca . in : costello , m . j . et al . ( eds ) , european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . patrimoines naturels . 50 : 180 - 213 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nsteyn , d . g . & lussi , m . ( 1998 ) marine shells of south africa . an illustrated collector\u2019s guide to beached shells . ekogilde publishers , hartebeespoort , south africa , ii + 264 pp . page ( s ) : 78 [ details ]\nbeu , a . ( 2010 ) . catalogue of tonnoidea . pers . comm . [ details ]\n( of cymatium cingulatum ( lamarck , 1822 ) ) rosenberg , g . 2004 . malacolog version 3 . 3 . 2 : western atlantic gastropod database . the academy of natural sciences , philadelphia , pa . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of cymatium cingulatum ( lamarck , 1822 ) ) rosenberg , g . ; moretzsohn , f . ; garc\u00eda , e . f . ( 2009 ) . gastropoda ( mollusca ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 579\u2013699 in : felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico\u2013origins , waters , and biota . texas a & m ; press , college station , texas . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of cymatium cutaceum ( lamarck , 1816 ) ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of cymatium cutaceum ( lamarck , 1816 ) ) liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of cassidaria cingulata lamarck , 1822 ) beu , a . ( 2010 ) . catalogue of tonnoidea . pers . comm . [ details ]\n( of fusus cutaceus lamarck , 1816 ) beu , a . ( 2010 ) . catalogue of tonnoidea . pers . comm . [ details ]\n( of buccinum caudatum gmelin , 1791 ) beu , a . ( 2010 ) . catalogue of tonnoidea . pers . comm . [ details ]\n( of triton undosum kiener , 1842 ) beu , a . ( 2010 ) . catalogue of tonnoidea . pers . comm . [ details ]\n( of tritonium caudatum ( gmelin , 1791 ) ) gray , j . e . ( 1839 ) . molluscous animals and their shells . pp . 103 - 155 , pls 33 - 34 [ in ] the zoology of capt . beechey ' s voyage , compiled from the collections on notes made by captain beechey , the officers and naturalist of the expedition during a voyage to the pacific and behring ' s straits in his majesty ' s ship blossom , under the command of captain f . w . beechey in the years 1825 , 26 , 27 and 28 . london pp . xii + 186 + 44 pl . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of fusus voigtii anton , 1838 ) beu , a . ( 2010 ) . catalogue of tonnoidea . pers . comm . [ details ]\n( of ranularia ( lagena ) rostratus \u201cmartini\u201d m\u00f6rch , 1853 ) beu , a . ( 2010 ) . catalogue of tonnoidea . pers . comm . [ details ]\nknudsen j . ( 1992 ) . preliminary list of common marine prosobranch gastropods ( mollusca ) from hoi ha wan . in : morton b , editor . proceedings of the fourth international marine biological workshop : the marine flora and fauna of hong kong and southern china . the marine flora and fauna of hong kong and southern china iii . hong kong university press , hong kong . 2 : pp 919 - 921 . [ details ]\njavascript is disabled on your browser . please enable javascript to use all the features on this page .\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 elsevier b . v . or its licensors or contributors . sciencedirect \u00ae is a registered trademark of elsevier b . v .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nbiju kumar , a . 2012 . \u2018kerala theerathe kadal jeevikal\u2019 ( marine animals of kerala coast - a field guide ) . kerala state biodiversity board , thiruvananthapuram , kerala , 304 pp . ( in malayalam )\nthe contents of this website is licensed under the creative commons attribution - sharealike 4 . 0 international license .\nbijukumar , a . and nair , a . s . ( eds ) . 2014 . marine biodiversity informatics for kerala . < www . keralamarinelife . in > .\nturgeon , d . d . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , w . k . emerson , w . g . lyons , w . pratt , et al .\nturgeon , d . d . , j . f . quinn , jr . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , f . g . hochberg , w . g . lyons , et al .\ncommon and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks , 2nd ed .\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthe star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :\nwe want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only , as we handle very few foreign shells in general . as time goes , the system will become more and more performant .\nenter your email address and we will send you an email with your username and password .\ne - mail jecilia sisican if you do not receive your email with your username and password .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 0 . 001 seconds . )\nshells for sale , shells online \u00ab shells for sale , conchology , inc .\nclick on an image to view all the information : family , species , author , date , and full locality .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 0 . 352 seconds . )\ngmelin , j . f . [ 1791 ] . caroli a linn\u00e9 , systema naturae . tom . i . pars vi . - pp . 3021 - 3910 . lipsiae . ( beer ) .\nj . l . varela , f . de la g\u00e1ndara , a . ortega , a . medina\nbochao hu , matthew ferrell , chhorn e . lim , d . allen davis\nsten ivar siikavuopio , philip james , hege lysne , bj\u00f8rn steinar s\u00e6ther , . . . atle mortensen\neduardo maldonado turra , denise aparecida andrade de oliveira , bruno dourado valente , edgar de alencar teixeira , . . . martinho de almeida e silva\naditya kesarcodi - watson , heinrich kaspar , m . josie lategan , lewis gibson\nk . la fauce , e . ariel , s . munns , c . rush , l . owens\nyuexing zhang , margareth \u00f8verland , shouqi xie , zhiyong dong , . . . trond storebakken\ncarmen malav\u00e9 , luis freites , cesar lodeiros , jeremy mendoza , . . . andrew w . dale\npei zhao , jie huang , xiu - hua wang , xiao - ling song , . . . guo - cheng wang\nalbumin and globulin rapeseed protein fractions as fish meal alternative in diets fed to rainbow trout ( oncorhynchus mykiss w . )\nflorian nagel , hanno slawski , halime adem , ralf - peter tressel , . . . carsten schulz\nculture , yield and bioremediation potential of palmaria palmata ( linnaeus ) weber & mohr and saccharina latissima ( linnaeus ) c . e . lane , c . mayes , druehl & g . w . saunders adjacent to fish farm cages in northwest scotland\nthe symbols k . a . c . f . m . an . are used to indicate the geographical range of the species . they have been adopted to give an approxomation of the range of each species within new zealand .\nbeu , a . g . 1998 : indo - west pacific ranellidae , bursidae and personidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) : a monograph of the new caledonian fauna and revisions of related taxa , m\u00e9moires du mus\u00e9um national d ' histoire naturelle , 178 ( p . 83 )\nbeu , a . g . , maxwell , p . a . 1990 : cenozoic mollusca of new zealand , new zealand geological survey , 58 ( p . 355 )\nbeu , a . g . 1976 : new records of cymatiidae ( gastropoda : prosobranchia ) from kapitean to castlecliffian ( late miocene to early pleistocene ) rocks of east cape district , new zealand , new zealand journal of geology and geophysics , 19 ( 2 ) ( p . 308 )\nnote : localities are approximate , and represent only some of the known localities for the species .\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322c1faa - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322fc869 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322fc9b6 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 3242651f - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 3263aa0c - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 327060d2 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 3845efa6 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 974fbba2 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\n. if you continue to use the site we will assume that you agree with this .\nlike most websites we use cookies . this is to ensure that we give you the best experience possible .\ncontinuing to use urltoken means you agree to our use of cookies . if you would like to , you can learn more about the cookies we use .\nwe\u2019d value your feedback on the tool . our survey takes only five minutes to complete .\ns . plicata is a widely distributed , temperate to subtropical tunicate . as a pest species , s . plicata can outcompete native encrusters and exclude them from hard substrates . it is\ns . plicata is a widely distributed , temperate to subtropical tunicate . as a pest species , s . plicata can outcompete native encrusters and exclude them from hard substrates . it is a known fouler of sea vessels and other hard substrates , travelling the oceans in this fashion .\nstyela plicata , the pleated sea squirt , is an ascidian ( the term ascidian can be used interchangeably with the term ' sea squirt ' ) . in other words , it belongs to the class ascidiacea , subphylum tunicata , ( hence , it is also a tunicate ) .\nis an ovular , greyish to tannish - white benthic tunicate . this solitary sessile ascidian is cloaked in an unstalked tunic that is large , tough , warty and ridged (\nreport that the lumpy surface of the tunic gives it the appearance of a cobblestone pavement . internal structures are protected by this tunic , which is composed largely of cellulose and contains a circulatory system of\nblood\ntransport vesicles . dividing the tunic is a membrane which allows fluid to flow up one side and down the other .\nis a eurythermal tunicate ; it is able to tolerate changes in seawater between 10\u00b0 - 30\u00b0c . it can tolerate salinities between 22 % - 34 % ( thiyagarajan &\ncan tolerate brackish waters and some level of pollution . adults can reach sizes between 40 - 70mm , even up to 90mm in some cases (\nis a protandric hermaphrodite , meaning it is male earlier in life and turns female later in life .\nthe distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available . when several references are cited , they may give conflicting information on the status . further details may be available for individual references in the distribution table details section which can be selected by going to generate report .\nis a suspension filter feeder that preys primarily on phytoplankton , zooplankton and organic materials . snails , crustaceans , sea stars and fish have been known to prey on\nis a male then later it changes to a female . fertilization is external ; eggs and sperm are released into the water column in the late afternoon and the larvae - 1 . 3mm in total length - hatch the next morning and settle that day (\nundergoes reproductive cycles yearly in conjunction with annual temperature changes . according to west &\nmust experience a period of darkness ; approximately 8 . 5 hours long , prior to the release of gametes . spawning can occur between 11\u00b0 - 28\u00b0 c ( west &\nreached sexual maturity in 2 months during the summer and 5 months during the winter .\n, limiting its northern distribution to cape hatteras , north carolina . one way this is thought to happen is by dislodgement from substrates during cold ( growth inhibiting ) periods (\nexhibits anti - hepatitis b properties ( stri , undated ) . the presence of secondary metabolites on the body wall of\nlocal dispersal methods other ( local ) : s . plicata can be spread by fouling of recreational boats ( wyatt et al . 2005 ) .\ncompetes with other organisms , excluding them from the space it occupies . its larvae are capable of invading occupied space and growing to a large size in a relatively short period of time . it can attach to other organisms and\nthen sloughs off because of its large size , often taking other marine organisms with it . the presence of this tunicate also inhibits the recruitment or growth of other larval species (\n, as well as an initial reduction of growth in the native , possibly due to competition for food . in addition to its potential to impact upon native species ,\nis a host to several different kinds of organisms , including brittle stars , mussels , chitons , sponges , polychaete worms , diatoms , eggs , etc . , that live on its tunic (\nis tough but not leathery . its gut loop is deeply curved ,\nwithout a distinct stalk , but attached directly by the side or base .\n: tributylin ( tbt ) has been used in anti - fouling paints , wood preservation , slime control in paper mills and other industrial processes . it affects\n) . copper sulphate was proposed as a broadcast spray control method , but scientists deemed it too expensive and non - specific , lethal to non - target species . it is also absorbed by the soil and ineffective at high ph levels .\ncentre for environment , fisheries & aquaculture science ( cefas ) . , 2008 . decision support tools - identifying potentially invasive non - native marine and freshwater species : fish , invertebrates , amphibians . urltoken\nconabio . 2008 . sistema de informaci\u00f3n sobre especies invasoras en m\u00e9xico . especies invasoras - otros invertebrados . comisi\u00f3n nacional para el conocimiento y uso de la biodiversidad . fecha de acceso . urltoken\nfiala - medlioni , a . 1978 . filter - feeding ethology of benthic invertebrates ( ascidians ) . iii . recording of water current in s i t u - rate and rhythm of pumping . marine biology 45 , 185 - 190\nfisher , t . 1976 . oxygen uptake of the solitary tunicate styela plicata . biol bull 151 : 297 - 305 . urltoken\nfisher , t . 1977 . metabolic maintenance costs of the suspension feeder styela plicata . marine biology 41 , 361 - 369\nfuller , pam . , 2007 . styela plicata . usgs nonindigenous aquatic species database , gainesville , fl . urltoken\nhayes , k . , sliwa , c . , migus , s . , mcennulty , f . , dunstan , p . 2005 . national priority pests : part ii ranking of australian marine pests . an independent report undertaken for the department of environment and heritage by csiro marine research . urltoken\nhowey , r . 1998 . tunicates with salad on the side . micscape magazine . urltoken\ninvasions lab online databases ( ilod ) . 2006 . styela plicata . marine invasions research lab . smithsonian environmental research center .\nlambert , c . & g . lambert . 1998 . non - indigenous ascidians in southern california harbors and marinas . marine biology 130 : 675\u00b1688\nlambert , g . , faulkes , z . , scofield , z . , and c . lambert . 2005 . ascidians of south padre island , texas , with a key to species . texas j . sci . 57 ( 3 ) : 251 - 262 .\nmansueto , c . , villa , l . , d\u2019agati , p . marcian ` , v . , pellerito , c . , fiore , t . , scopelliti , m . , nagy , l . , and l . pellerito . 2003 . effects of tributyltin ( iv ) chloride on fertilization of styela plicata ( ascidiacea : tunicata ) : ii . scanning and transmission electron microscopy studies . appl . organometal . chem . 17 : 553\u2013560\nnational exotic marine and estuarine species information system ( nemesis ) . 2006 . styela plicata . smithsonian environmental research center . urltoken\nnational introduced marine pest information system ( nimpis ) , 2002 . styela plicata species summary . national introduced marine pest information system ( eds : hewitt c . l . , martin r . b . , sliwa c . , mcennulty , f . r . , murphy , n . e . , jones t . & cooper , s . ) . urltoken\norme , s . and s . kegley , 2006 . pan pesticide database , pesticide action network , north america ( san francisco , ca . 2006 ) .\nperry & larson . 2004 . styela plicata . guide to shelf invertebrates , gulf of mexico . urltoken\npisut , p . & j . pawlik . 2002 . anti - predatory chemical defenses of ascidians : secondary metabolites or inorganic acids ? journal of experimental marine biology and ecology 270 ( 2002 ) 203\u2013 214 .\nport survey for introduced species [ psis ] . undated . sydney harbour . australian museum business services . urltoken\nsmithsonian tropical research institute ( stir ) . undated . styela plicata . bocas del toro species database . urltoken\nsutherland , p . 1978 . functional roles of schizoporella and styela in the fouling community at beaufort , north carolina . ecology , 59 ( 2 ) . pp . 257 - 264 .\nthiel , m . 1998 . host - use and population demographics of the ascidian - dwelling amphipod leucothoe spinicarpa : indication for extended parental care and advanced social behaviour . journal of natural history , 33 , 193\u00b1 206\nthiyagarajan , v . & p . qian . 2003 . effect of temperature , salinity and delayed attachment on development of the solitary ascidian styela plicata ( lesueur ) . journal of experimental marine biology and ecology 290 ; 133\u2013 146 .\nvarnham , k . 2006 . non - native species in uk overseas territories : a review . jncc report 372 . peterborough : united kingdom . urltoken\nwest , a . & c . lambert . 1975 . control of spawning in the tunicate styela plicata by variations in a natural light regime . j . exp . zool . , 195 : 263 - 270 .\nwyatt , a . , hewitt , c . , walker , di . , & t . ward . 2005 . marine introductions in the shark bay world heritage property , western australia : a preliminary assessment . diversity and distributions , ( diversity distrib . ) 11 , 33\u201344\nyamaguchi , m . 1975 . growth and reproductive cycles of the marine fouling ascidians ciona intestinalis , styela plicata , botrylloides violaceus , and leptoclinum mitsukurii at aburatsubo - moroiso inlet ( central japan ) . ymrine biology 29 , 253 - 259 .\nbarros rcde ; rocha rmda ; pie mr , 2009 . human - mediated global dispersion of styela plicata ( tunicata , ascidiacea ) . aquatic invasions [ proceedings of the 2nd international invasive sea squirt conference , prince edward island , canada , 2 - 4 october 2007 . ] , 4 ( 1 ) : 45 - 57 . urltoken\ncestone a ; natale mdi ; rosa sde , 2008 . toxicity and biodegradation of the las surfactant 1 - ( p - sulfophenyl ) nonane in presence of the ascidian styela plicata . chemosphere , 71 ( 8 ) : 1440 - 1445 . urltoken ; = c07103e00289eecb0cafe89b82183d29\ndraughon ld ; scarpa j ; hartmann jx , 2010 . are filtration rates for the rough tunicate styela plicata independent of weight or size ? journal of environmental science and health . part a , toxic / hazardous substances & environmental engineering , 45 ( 2 ) : 168 - 176 .\ninternational maritime organization , 2002 . focus on imo - anti - fouling systems . urltoken\nissg , 2011 . global invasive species database ( gisd ) . invasive species specialist group of the iucn species survival commission . urltoken\nrius m ; turon x ; marshall dj , 2009 . non - lethal effects of an invasive species in the marine environment : the importance of early life - history stages . oecologia , 159 ( 4 ) : 873 - 882 . urltoken\nsmithsonian institute , 2012 . smithsonian marine station at fort pierce . styela plicata . urltoken\nworld register of marine species ( worms ) , 2012 . styela plicata . urltoken ; = 103936 .\none or more of the features that are needed to show you the maps functionality are not available in the web browser that you are using .\nplease consider upgrading your browser to the latest version or installing a new browser .\nstyela plicata ( sea squirt ) is a pandemic , temperate to subtropical tunicate . as a pest species , styela plicata outcompete native encrusters and excludes them from hard substrates . it is a known fouler of sea vessels and other hard substrates , travelling the oceans in this fashion . few places classify styela plicata as an invasive species , but some effective management options are available to control this tunicate .\nas a defence mechanism , styela plicata ( sea squirt ) concentrates deterrant chemical compounds in its gonads so that they may be passed on to larvae , thus protecting them from predation ( pisut & pawlik , 2002 ) . alcohol from the body of s . plicata exhibits anti - hepatitis b properties ( stri , undated ) . s . plicata harbours the amphiped leucothoe spinicarpa and an ascidicolous copepod ( thiel , 1998 ) . cold winters kill s . plicata , limiting its northern distribution to cape hatteras , north carolina . one way this is thought to happen is by dislodgement from substrates during cold ( growth inhibiting ) periods ( fisher , 1976 ) . populations of s . plicata fluctuate ; they may be abundant one year and absent the next ( lambert & lambert , 1998 ) .\nthe eggs of styela plicata ( sea squirt ) are surrounded by a complex ovular envelope ( mansueto et al . 2003 ) that supplies the larvae with its nutritional requirements ( pisut & pawlik , 2002 ) . once hatched , the larvae attempt to find a suitable substrate . s . plicata can have an extended swimming period of over 2 days prior to settlement without a cost to metamorphosis ( thiyagarajan & qian , 2003 ) . larval settlement is most successful in the spring and fall ( fisher , 1977 ) . s . plicata has a life span of less than one year that is characterised by rapid growth . some sea squirts can live between 2 - 3 years ( lambert & lambert , 1998 ) . yamaguchi ( 1975 ) reported that s . plicata reached sexual maturity in 2 months during the summer and 5 months during the winter . s . plicata has an extended breeding season , reproducing all year except during winter ( nimpis , 2002 ) .\nstyela plicata ( sea squirt ) is a host to several different kinds of organisms , including brittle stars , mussels , chitons , sponges , polychaete worms , diatoms , eggs , etc . , that live on its tunic ( howey , 1998 ) .\nthe different life cycle stages of styela plicata ( sea squirt ) have different habitat requirements for survival . the larval and juvenile stages of s . plicata live on marinas and docks , oyster reefs , rocks and coarse woody debris , while the adults prefer marinas , docks and hard rocky substrates ( nemesis , 2006 ) . s . plicata also live in coral reef habitats ( stir , undated ) . s . plicata is found from the low intertidal zone to depths of 30m ( nimpis , 2002 ) .\nstyela plicata ( sea squirt ) is a protandric hermaphrodite . initially , s . plicata is a male , then later it changes to a female . fertilisation is external ; eggs and sperm are released into the water column in the late afternoon and the larvae , 1 . 3mm in total length ( yamaguchi , 1975 ) , hatch the next morning and settle that day ( nimpis , 2002 ) . s . plicata undergoes reproductive cycles yearly in conjunction with annual temperature changes . according to west & lambert ( 1975 ) , s . plicata must experience a period of darkness ; approximately 8 . 5 hours long , prior to the release of gametes . spawning can occur between 11\u00b0 - 28\u00b0 c ( west & lambert , 1975 ) , with 20\u00b0c being optimal ( yamaguchi , 1975 ) . water filtration is not optimal during the release of gametes ( fiala - medlioni , 1978 ) .\nhayes et al ( 2005 ) report that styela plicata was introduced to australia accidently with the translocation of fish or shellfish . styela plicata can be introduced to new locations in ship ballast water ( fuller 2007 ) . styela plicata can be introduced to new locations by hull / ship fouling ( fuller 2007 ) .\nreview : expert review underway : dr . richard osman , senior scientist smithsonian environmental research center . , edgewater , maryland , usa\nrecommended citation : global invasive species database ( 2018 ) species profile : styela plicata . downloaded from urltoken on 09 - 07 - 2018 .\n: tributylin ( tbt ) is used in anti - fouling paints , wood preservation , slime control in paper mills and other industrial processes . it affects\ncells aquired post - fertilisation ( pan , 2006 ) . copper sulphate was proposed as a broadcast spray control method , but scientists deemed it too expensive and non - specific , lethal to non - target species . it is also absorbed by the soil and ineffective at high ph levels .\nphysical : plastic wraps have been applied to timber pylons in intertidal to subtidal zones , which prevent oxygenated water from touching s . plicata , thus suffocating it ( nimpis , 2002 ) .\ninformations on styela plicata has been recorded for the following locations . click on the name for additional informations .\nhayes , k . , sliwa , c . , migus , s . , mcennulty , f . , dunstan , p . 2005 . national priority pests : part ii ranking of australian marine pests . an independent report undertaken for the department of environment and heritage by csiro marine research . summary : this report is the final report of a two year study designed to identify and rank introduced marine species found within australian waters ( potential domestic target species ) and those that are not found within australian waters ( potential international target species ) . available from : urltoken [ accessed 25 may 2005 ]\nmansueto , c . , villa , l . , d\ufffdagati , p . marcian ` , v . , pellerito , c . , fiore , t . , scopelliti , m . , nagy , l . , and l . pellerito . 2003 . effects of tributyltin ( iv ) chloride on fertilization of styela plicata ( ascidiacea : tunicata ) : ii . scanning and transmission electron microscopy studies . appl . organometal . chem . 17 : 553\ufffd560 summary : this report discusses the use of tbt in industrial systems . it also explains the affect of this chemical on s . plicata and gives some management information .\nnational introduced marine pest information system ( nimpis ) , 2002 . styela plicata species summary . national introduced marine pest information system ( eds : hewitt c . l . , martin r . b . , sliwa c . , mcennulty , f . r . , murphy , n . e . , jones t . & cooper , s . ) . summary : this autralian based website provides a wealth of information about s . plicata . gives information concerning management , similar species , reproduction and growth , general biology . available from : urltoken [ accessed 16 january 2007 ]\norme , s . and s . kegley , 2006 . pan pesticide database , pesticide action network , north america ( san francisco , ca . 2006 ) . summary : information on toxicity studies with styela plicata . tells exactly what each chemical will do and in what life cycle phase they are effective .\nvarnham , k . 2006 . non - native species in uk overseas territories : a review . jncc report 372 . peterborough : united kingdom . summary : this database compiles information on alien species from british overseas territories . available from : urltoken [ accessed 10 november 2009 ]\nfiala - medlioni , a . 1978 . filter - feeding ethology of benthic invertebrates ( ascidians ) . iii . recording of water current in s i t u - rate and rhythm of pumping . marine biology 45 , 185 - 190 summary : this article discusses the pumping and filtration of s . plicata to determine if patterns are evident . it gives information on pumping during reproduction as well .\nfisher , t . 1976 . oxygen uptake of the solitary tunicate styela plicata . biol bull 151 : 297 - 305 . summary : this paper discusses oyxgen uptake and metabolic coasts of s . plicata and hypothsizes as to why the tunicate reproduces at certain times of the year . available from : urltoken [ accessed 16 january 2007 ]\nfisher , t . 1977 . metabolic maintenance costs of the suspension feeder styela plicata . marine biology 41 , 361 - 369 summary : this journal article describes the different energy demands of s . plicata . it discusses temperature ranges and how they relate to reproduction and evergy costs .\nfuller , pam . , 2007 . styela plicata . usgs nonindigenous aquatic species database , gainesville , fl . summary : a us webstite that gives information about non - indigenous aquatic species . good information about native and introduced ranges and impacts of invasive species . available from : urltoken [ accessed 17 january 2007 ]\nhowey , r . 1998 . tunicates with salad on the side . micscape magazine . summary : a good source for general infromation on tunicates . explains their reproductive capabilities and organ functions and gives physical descriptions of tunicates . available from : urltoken [ accessed 18 january 2007 ]\ninvasions lab online databases ( ilod ) . 2006 . styela plicata . marine invasions research lab . smithsonian environmental research center .\nitis ( integrated taxonomic information system ) , 2007 . online database styela plicata summary : an online database that provides taxonomic information , common names , synonyms and geographical jurisdiction of a species . in addition links are provided to retrieve biological records and collection information from the global biodiversity information facility ( gbif ) data portal and bioscience articles from bioone journals . available from : urltoken ; _ value = 159338 [ accessed 15 january 2007 ]\nlambert , c . & g . lambert . 1998 . non - indigenous ascidians in southern california harbors and marinas . marine biology 130 : 675\ufffd688 summary : gives geographic information about s . plicata in california harbors and marinas .\nlambert , g . , faulkes , z . , scofield , z . , and c . lambert . 2005 . ascidians of south padre island , texas , with a key to species . texas j . sci . 57 ( 3 ) : 251 - 262 . summary : this article gives a key to ascidians , providing very scientific information about ascidians . it also describes the presence of s . plicata in different location on south padre island .\nnational exotic marine and estuarine species information system ( nemesis ) . 2006 . styela plicata . smithsonian environmental research center . summary : a website that provides thorough information about taxonomy , impacts , trophic interactions , invasion history , and general ecology concerning styela plicata . available from : urltoken [ accessed 19 january 2007 ]\nperry & larson . 2004 . styela plicata . guide to shelf invertebrates , gulf of mexico . summary : this page gives good range information and diagnostic characteristics . available from : urltoken [ accessed 18 january 2007 ]\npisut , p . & j . pawlik . 2002 . anti - predatory chemical defenses of ascidians : secondary metabolites or inorganic acids ? journal of experimental marine biology and ecology 270 ( 2002 ) 203\ufffd 214 . summary : the composition of anti - predatory chemicals is the main focus on this article . it talks about what compounds in s . plicata are thought to be for defense and gives some information on reproduction .\nport survey for introduced species [ psis ] . undated . sydney harbour . australian museum business services . summary : this survey gives geographic information for introduced species in australia . available from : urltoken [ accessed 17 january 2007 ]\nsmithsonian tropical research institute ( stir ) . undated . styela plicata . bocas del toro species database . summary : available from : urltoken ; _ key = styela [ accessed 12 march 2010 ]\nsutherland , p . 1978 . functional roles of schizoporella and styela in the fouling community at beaufort , north carolina . ecology , 59 ( 2 ) . pp . 257 - 264 . summary : this report details what s . plicata has been doing to the marine community at beaufort , north carolina . it discusses impacts and alterations that the tunicate has made in the ecosystem .\nthiel , m . 1998 . host - use and population demographics of the ascidian - dwelling amphipod leucothoe spinicarpa : indication for extended parental care and advanced social behaviour . journal of natural history , 33 , 193\ufffd 206 summary : an article that discusses the presence of the amphipod l . spinicarpa in s . plicata .\nthiyagarajan , v . & p . qian . 2003 . effect of temperature , salinity and delayed attachment on development of the solitary ascidian styela plicata ( lesueur ) . journal of experimental marine biology and ecology 290 ; 133\ufffd 146 . summary : a great article that discusses environmental tolerances of s . plicata and its ability to delay metamorphosis by swimming to a suitable substrate .\nwest , a . & c . lambert . 1975 . control of spawning in the tunicate styela plicata by variations in a natural light regime . j . exp . zool . , 195 : 263 - 270 . summary : a scholarly article that tests s . plicata in different light regimes to determine if a dark period is needed for reproduction .\nwyatt , a . , hewitt , c . , walker , di . , & t . ward . 2005 . marine introductions in the shark bay world heritage property , western australia : a preliminary assessment . diversity and distributions , ( diversity distrib . ) 11 , 33\ufffd44 summary : this article discusses the presence of s . plicata in the protected area of the shark bay world heritage property and the mechanism of introduction . it also provides information about other marine introductions to this area .\nyamaguchi , m . 1975 . growth and reproductive cycles of the marine fouling ascidians ciona intestinalis , styela plicata , botrylloides violaceus , and leptoclinum mitsukurii at aburatsubo - moroiso inlet ( central japan ) . ymrine biology 29 , 253 - 259 . summary : a journal article that gives specific reproduction information about s . plicata , including what temperature is optimal , how fast they reach maturity , and other life cycle events .\nthe global invasive species database was developed and is managed by the invasive species specialist group ( issg ) of the species survival commission ( ssc ) of the international union for conservation of nature ( iucn ) . it was developed as part of the global initiative on invasive species led by the erstwhile global invasive species programme ( gisp ) in 2000 . the gisd over the past two years and has been redesigned with support from the abu dhabi environment agency , the italian ministry of environment and ispra - the institute for environmental protection and research , italy . terms and conditions of use\ncopyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved\nenter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\n. . . true gastropod predators are , however , somewhat different from scavenging nassariids although consumption figures can still be impressive . these are identified in table 2 , wherein most values are expressed in terms of wet weights and although a few , for example , paine ( 1965 ) and edwards and hubner ( 1977 ) , are expressed in terms of dry weight , such values typically show a difference of but 1\u20132 % from those of wet weight ( morton 1990a ) . two - week - old hatchlings of the melongenid whelk hemifusus tuba ( gmelin ) ate approximately 92 % of their body weight ( of carrion ) each day , which equates to > 40 % of their wet tissues weight per day . . . .\n. . . david j . marshall the sungai brunei estuary have probably never encountered these mussels ( see marshall et al . , 2008 ) . recognition of and attraction to novel bivalve prey probably depends on the level of feeding specialization ( morton , 1990 morton , , 1999morton , , 2008 taylor & morton , 1996 ) . some predatory whelks attack novel prey in preference to natural prey while the opposite is found in others ( morton , 1994 ; reusch , 1998 ) . . . .\n. . . it seems unlikely that a narrow buccal cavity and oesophagus could occur in a type such as tonna , which morton ( 1991 ) observed swallowing holothurians whole . both the naticoidea and tonnoidea include borers and may take in food in a fluid or semi - fluid state ( day , 1969 ; taylor et al . , 1980 ; morton , 1990 ; fretter & graham , 1994 ) , and they show similarities in the organization of the mid - gut . in polinices lewisii ( gould ) the mid - oesophageal gland is subdivided from the food channel to which it remains connected along its whole length ( reid & friesen , 1980 ; page & pederson , 1998 ) . . . .\n. . . the large scale positive growth potentials estimated on a pyura diet raises the ques - tion of possible food selectivity as documented among predatory gastropods ( garton , 1986 ; hughes , 1986 ; berry & thomson , 1990 ; burrows & hughes , 1990 morton , 1990b ; hughes et a1 . , 1992 ) . indeed , field observations have shown that although cnidaria constitute by far the most readily available food , other carrion of higher calorific value such as pyura is preferred when present ( brown , 1961 ( brown , , 1964 ( brown , , 1981 . . . .\n. . . prey consumed were not replaced , thereby progressively requiring the predator to consume subsequent prey in order of preference over the duration of the experiments . data from this experiment were expressed as an accumulative ranking similar to the method used by morton ( 1990 ) . data from the three replicates for each predator were pooled . . . .\n. . . the first individual prey chosen by a predator species was allotted a number equivalent to the total number of prey consumed by that predator species , the second individual prey was allotted that number minus one and so on until the last prey individual chosen which was accordingly allotted the number one . summing of the numbers for each species gives an approximate indication of overall prey preference as shown by morton ( 1990 ) . in the second series of preference experiments ( performed at iclarm cac ) two tridacnid species , t . gigas and h . hippopus ( 4 ( } - so mm sl ) were offered to the predator , c . muricinum , in 24 litre flow - through aquaria . . . .\n\u0434\u0432\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0430\u0442\u044b\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u043b\u043b\u044e\u0441\u043a - \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0446 a . inaequivalvis ( \u0441\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e arcidae l . ) \u043f\u043e\u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043c\u043e\u0440\u0435 \u0432 1980 - 1982 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0445 [ gomoiu , 1984 ; \u0437\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0435\u0432 , 1987 ] . \u0433\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043b\u0438\u043c\u0444\u0430 \u043c\u043e\u043b\u043b\u044e\u0441\u043a\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u0442 \u044d\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0433\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043b\u043e\u0431\u0438\u043d , \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0442\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0435\u0435 \u043e\u0442 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a [ carpene et al . , 1985 ; de zwaan et al . , 2002 ] . \u043a\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430 a . inaequivalvis \u0441\u043d\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u044b [ \u0441\u043e\u043b\u0434\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0434\u0440 . , 2005 ] . \u0432\u0438\u0434 . . . [ show full abstract ]\nresource of bivalves in a number of typical mangrove areas in vietnam - ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ee3i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt th\u00e2n m\u1ec1m . . .\nbivalve molluscs are one of species groups which play the important role contributing to high biodiversity of fauna in mangrove ecosystem . research and monitoring results indicated that 66 species of bivalves ( belong to 21 families ) were initially classified in 4 mangrove areas such as ca mau national park ( ca mau ) , long son ( vung tau ) , hung hoa ( nghe an ) , dong rui ( quang ninh ) . among them , . . . [ show full abstract ]\nhabitat description the different life cycle stages of styela plicata ( sea squirt ) have different habitat requirements for survival . the larval and juvenile stages of s . plicata live on marinas and docks , oyster reefs , rocks and coarse woody debris , while the adults prefer marinas , docks and hard rocky substrates ( nemesis , 2006 ) . s . plicata also live in coral reef habitats ( stir , undated ) . s . plicata is found from the low intertidal zone to depths of 30m ( nimpis , 2002 ) .\nuses styela plicata ( sea squirt ) is a host to several different kinds of organisms , including brittle stars , mussels , chitons , sponges , polychaete worms , diatoms , eggs , etc . , that live on its tunic ( howey , 1998 ) .\nnotes as a defence mechanism , styela plicata ( sea squirt ) concentrates deterrant chemical compounds in its gonads so that they may be passed on to larvae , thus protecting them from predation ( pisut & pawlik , 2002 ) . alcohol from the body of s . plicata exhibits anti - hepatitis b properties ( stri , undated ) . s . plicata harbours the amphiped leucothoe spinicarpa and an ascidicolous copepod ( thiel , 1998 ) . cold winters kill s . plicata , limiting its northern distribution to cape hatteras , north carolina . one way this is thought to happen is by dislodgement from substrates during cold ( growth inhibiting ) periods ( fisher , 1976 ) . populations of s . plicata fluctuate ; they may be abundant one year and absent the next ( lambert & lambert , 1998 ) ."]}
{"id": 1502, "summary": [{"text": "dolicholatirus pauli is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family fasciolariidae , the spindle snails , the tulip snails and their allies . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "dolicholatirus pauli", "paragraphs": ["explore what eol knows about dolicholatirus aff . pauli ( mcginty , 1959 ) .\nrosenberg , g . ; moretzsohn , f . ; garc\u00eda , e . f . ( 2009 ) . gastropoda ( mollusca ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 579\u2013699 in : felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico\u2013origins , waters , and biota . texas a & m ; press , college station , texas . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nversion 43 . 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed . my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .\n- note : several protected species are illustrated here only for identification purposes . they are not for sale . - the photos in our gallery are in most cases just a sample from our stock , except when only one specimen is offered . we try to match the original color but it can vary if your screen is not correctly adjusted ( gamma correction ) .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n, select family and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in sealifebase for the family .\n, select country and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in sealifebase for the country .\n, select ecosystem and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in sealifebase for the ecosystem .\ncfm script by , 30 . 11 . 04 , , php script by , 05 / 11 / 2010 , last modified by kbanasihan , 06 / 28 / 2010\nitis canada extends the utility of itis ( usda ) with additional xml output and services . urltoken ; = & p ; _ format = & p ; _ ifx = cbif & p ; _ lang =\nitis is an authoritative taxonomic resource focusing on both new world and global taxonomic lists . urltoken ; _ value = 74219\nitis is an authoritative taxonomic resource focusing on both new world and global taxonomic lists . urltoken ; _ value = 74218"]}
{"id": 1517, "summary": [{"text": "trochomorpha apia is a species of air-breathing land snail , a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family trochomorphidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "this species is endemic to american samoa . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "trochomorpha apia", "paragraphs": ["information on trochomorpha apia is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .\ntrochomorpha apia ( j . b . hombron & c . h . jacquinot , 1852 )\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - trochomorpha ( trochomorpha apia )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - trochomorpha ( trochomorpha apia )\ntitle =\narkive species - trochomorpha ( trochomorpha apia )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nillustration of trochomorpha apia , a snail endemic to samoa and american samoa . it is classified as endangered by the iucn .\nmollusc specialist group ( 1996 ) . trochomorpha apia . 2006 iucn red list of threatened species . downloaded on 7 august 2007 .\ntrochomorpha apia illustration of trochomorpha apia , a snail endemic to samoa and american samoa . it is classified as endangered by the iucn . vector image ( 8 kb ) only available for download by registered users - login or register now ( free & quick ! )\nwikipedia article copyright notice : this article is licensed under the gnu free documentation license . it uses material from the wikipedia article\ntrochomorpha apia\n.\nfacts summary : trochomorpha apia is a species of concern belonging in the species group\nsnails\nand found in the following area ( s ) : american samoa .\nglenn , c . r . 2006 .\nearth ' s endangered creatures - trochomorpha apia facts\n( online ) - licensed article from wikipedia : the free encyclopedia . accessed\ngenus : trochomorpha j . a . albers , 1850 ( db : 53 sp )\n{ author1 , author2 . . . } , ( n . d . ) . trochomorpha apia ( hombron & jacquinot , 1852 ) . [ online ] india biodiversity portal , species page : { name of species field } available at : urltoken [ accessed date jul 9 , 2018 ] .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ngland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) \u2013 australia\u2019s unique reptiles \u2013 including lizards and snakes \u2013 face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .\nthe value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .\na recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nclassified as endangered ( en ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s species and habitats from destruction .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa\n| | best supported on google chrome , firefox 3 . 0 + , internet explorer 8 . 0 + , safari 4 . 0 + , opera 10 + . powered by the open source biodiversity informatics platform . technology partner strand life sciences\ncontribute more detail to this record by adding your own names , classifications or categories via a tag . tags also make this record more findable on search .\nthe development of the auckland war memorial museum online collection is an ongoing process ; updates , new images and records are added weekly . in some cases , records have yet to be confirmed by museum staff , and there could be mistakes or omissions in the information provided .\n- - natureserve explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50 , 000 plants , animals and ecological communtities of the u . s and canada . natureserve explorer provides in - depth information on rare and endangered species , but includes common plants and animals too . natureserve explorer is a product of natureserve in collaboration with the natural heritage network .\nfws digital media library - - the u . s . fish and wildlife service ' s national digital library is a searchable collection of selected images , historical artifacts , audio clips , publications , and video .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\ngenus : bertia c . m . f . ancey , 1887 ( db : 2 sp )\nsubgenus : bertia ( exrhysota ) f . c . baker , 1941 ( db : 1 sp )\nbertia ( exrhysota ) brookei ( a . adams & l . a . reeve , 1848 )\ngenus : brazieria c . m . f . ancey , 1887 ( db : 6 sp )\nbrazieria entomostoma ( j . b . hombron & c . h . jacquinot )\ngenus : coxia c . m . f . ancey , 1887 ( db : 1 sp )\ngenus : hogolua f . c . baker , 1941 ( db : 1 sp )\ngenus : kondoa f . c . baker , 1941 ( db : 3 sp )\ngenus : trochositala a . a . schileyko , 2002 ( db : 1 sp )\ngenus : videna h . adams & a . adams , 1855 ( db : 28 sp )\ngenus : vitrinoconus j . o . semper , 1873 ( db : 2 sp )\nthis article is only an excerpt . if it appears incomplete or if you wish to see article references , visit the rest of its contents here .\nback in october , the toledo zoo received new additions to their creature family . . . two orphaned cougar cubs , rescued from washington state when they were 3 weeks old .\nlist of all endangered animals . list of all endangered plants . list of all endangered species ( animals & plants ) . by species group ( mammal , birds , etc ) . . . united states endangered species list . browse by country , island , us state . . . search for an endangered species profile .\nare you inspired by endangered animals ? check out our games and coloring pages ! more to come soon .\nthis page is based on a wikipedia article written by authors ( here ) . text is available under the cc by - sa 3 . 0 license ; additional terms may apply . images , videos and audio are available under their respective licenses .\nthe ian / umces symbol and image libraries are provided completely cost and royalty free for any use , with attribution , except redistribution or sales . required attribution : author name , integration and application network , university of maryland center for environmental science urltoken\nif you need to use our images without the attribution ( credit ) , you can purchase non - attribution rights to many of our images by clicking the add to cart link once you are registered and logged in . home : : register : : faq : : login browse all : : album list : : last uploads : : last comments : : most viewed : : most downloaded : : top rated : : lightbox : : advanced search\nbrowser sidebar for easier navigation and searching . library guide - contains a list of instructions on navigating , uploading and downloading files . ian symbol libraries - download all ( or a custom set ) of the vector illustrations in our image library ."]}
{"id": 1529, "summary": [{"text": "the cape hairy bat , also known as little brown bat , temminck 's mouse-eared bat , cape myotis , tricoloured mouse-eared bat , cape hairy myotis , temminck 's hairy bat and three-coloured bat ( myotis tricolor ) is a species of vesper bat that is found in sub-saharan africa . ", "topic": 25}], "title": "cape hairy bat", "paragraphs": ["zool . cape hairy bat [ myotis tricolor , syn . : vespertilio tricolor ]\na young / baby of a cape hairy bat is called a ' pup ' . a cape hairy bat group is called a ' colony or cloud ' .\napproximately 18 species of bats have been recorded in the fynbos biome of the cape peninsula including the insectivorous schreiber\u2019s long - finger bat , cape serotine bat , darling\u2019s horseshoe bat and temminck\u2019s hairy bat and the fruit - eating straw coloured fruit bat and wahlberg\u2019s epauletted fruit bat .\nzool . hairy - faced bat [ myotis annectans , syn . : pipistrellus annectans ]\ncape of good hope ( cape town ) research report : mammals 1978 : 23\u201341 .\nthe cape hairy bat is listed as least concern . does not qualify for a more at risk category . widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category , on the iucn red list of threatened species\nrecords from the western cape . vernon ( 1972 ) recorded a collection from little brak\ncape province : descriptions of some new subgenera and subspecies . annals of the south african museum\npellets from 10 or more western cape province quarter - degree squares . white circles indicate dominance in\nzool . northern long - eared bat [ myotis septentrionalis , syn . : myotis keenii septentrionalis , vespertilio gryphus septentrionalis ] [ north american bat species ]\nafrica ( avery et al . 2002 , 2003 ) , examines for the first time all western cape\ncape province quarter - degree squares . white circles indicate dominance in squares yielding remains of at least 100\nin the southern cape province , south africa . annals of the south african museum 86 : 183\u2013374 .\nmills g , hes l . 1997 . the complete book of southern african mammals . cape town :\npellets from the western cape province ( list according to bronner et al . 2003 and musser and carleton 1993\nsouthern cape . in : vogel jc , editor . late cainozoic palaeoclimates of the southern hemisphere . rotterdam :\n. in : mills g , hes l , editors . the complete book of southern african mammals . cape\nlynch cd . 1989 . the mammals of the north - eastern cape province . memoirs of the national museum\nstuart ct , lloyd ph . 1978 . preliminary distribution maps of the cape province ( excluding chiroptera , cetacea\nzool . kashmir cave bat [ myotis longipes , syn . : vespertilio longipes ]\nzool . singapore whiskered bat [ myotis oreias , syn . : vespertilio oreias ]\nzool . sakhalin bat [ myotis petax , syn . : myotis daubentonii petax ]\nstuart ct , palmer ng , munnik bm . 1978 . a preliminary report on the vertebrate fauna of cape provincial\nzool . brandt ' s bat [ myotis brandtii , syn . : myotis brandti ]\nzool . daubenton ' s bat [ myotis daubentonii , syn . : myotis daubentoni ]\nzool . eastern water bat [ myotis petax , syn . : myotis daubentonii petax ]\nif a bat flies into your house open the doors and windows and quietly watch until it leaves . the bat is most likely young , lost and eager to leave .\nde hoog rj . 1967 . a survey of small mammals at the provincial wildlife farm , de hoop . cape provincial\nzool . malagasy mouse - eared bat [ myotis goudoti , syn . : vespertilio goudotii ]\nzool . eastern small - footed bat [ myotis leibii , syn . : vespertilio leibii ]\nzool . western small - footed bat [ myotis ciliolabrum , syn . : vespertilio ciliolabrum ]\ndepending on the type of bat , their life span is between 4 and 30 years .\nlawson ab . 1982 . notes on the mammals of the gamka mountain reserve , cape province . bontebok 2 : 1\u20138 .\nzool . formosan mouse - eared bat [ myotis taiwanensis , syn . : myotis adversus taiwanensis ]\nzool . maghreb mouse - eared bat [ myotis punicus , syn . : myotis blythi punicus ]\nzool . maghrebian mouse - eared bat [ myotis punicus , syn . : myotis blythi punicus ]\nlarge - spotted genet genets are associated with fynbos in the southern cape . they feed on insects , rodents , birds and reptiles .\nwe first checked the bat house where the one yellow house bat had been seen on my previous visit . to my surprise this bat house was again occupied with a colony of angolan free - tailed bats \u2013 perhaps 150 of them . then we went to the bat house where we hoped to find out what type of yellow house bats had caused me such confusion the last time i was there .\na medium sized antelope with a long hairy coat . the colour of mountain reedbuck varies from grey to reddish - brown and the neck is always brown . the belly is white , the tail bushy with white underneath . . .\ncorrespondence : iziko south african museum , p . o . box 61 , cape town , 8000 south africa . email : mavery @ urltoken\ngrindley j , siegfried wr , vernon cj . 1973 . diet of the barn owl in the cape province . ostrich 44 : 266\u2013267 .\nhen suddenly at about 18 . 45 hrs \u2013 about 25 minutes after the emergence of the angolan free - tailed bat from other bat houses , there was a sudden thump into the upper mist net and we were confident that we indeed had something unusual on account of size alone . i rushed to remove the bat from the mist net in case it might free itself . with the light available from our torches i could see that it was a yellow house bat and that this would not be the normal yellow house bat on account of the much greater size . we had , indeed , captured the first giant yellow house bat ,\nlarge grey mongoose ( cape ichneumon ) these mongoose occur in various vegetation types , but they\u2019re always associated with rivers . they feed on rodents , birds , reptiles , snakes , frogs and insects . the cape grey mongoose and the water mongoose are lso fairly common in the knysna area .\nzool . bechstein ' s bat [ myotis bechsteinii , syn . : m . bechsteini , vespertilio bechsteinii ]\nin response to the early success of the superman in action comics , bob kane of national publications ( later dc comics ) created the ' bat - man ' , a caped crusader , fighting crime whilst incorporating the imagery of a bat in order to frighten criminals . he wore a scallop - hem cape , a cowl covering most of the face featuring a pair of batlike ears , a stylized bat emblem on the chest , and the ever - present utility belt .\nzool . rufous mouse - eared bat [ myotis bocagii , syn . : m . bocagei , vespertilio bocagii ]\nzool . bat volute [ cymbiola vespertilio , syn . : c . ( cymbiola ) vespertilio , voluta vespertilio ]\nbut the whole story started on 12th october 2004 when i was doing some work in the komatipoort area in preparation for a documentary on a breeding colony of sundevall\u2019s leaf - nosed bats . in a moment of spare time i was checking on some bat houses that i had previously supplied to a time - share resort . i was concerned that while these bat houses had been occupied by well - established colonies of angolan free - tailed bats , mops condylurus , it now seemed that these bats may have left these bat houses . so when checking in one bat house i could only find a single yellow house bat tucked in high up between the crevices within the bat house .\nthe intermediate slit - faced bat ( nycteris intermedia ) , wood ' s slit - faced bat ( nycteris woodi ) , and n . aurita are considered by the iucn to be lower risk / near threatened . the javan slit - faced bat ( nycteris javanica ) and ja slit - faced bat ( nycteris major ) are considered vulnerable , the former because of declining range , the latter because of restricted range . too little is known about the madagascar slit - faced bat ( nycteris madagascariensis ) to assess its conservation status , and it is listed as data deficient .\nbatman was really bruce wayne , who lived in wayne manor . when he is needed , gotham city police would activate a searchlight with a bat - shaped insignia over the lens called the bat - signal , which shines into the night sky , creating a bat - symbol on a passing cloud . on a clear night , gotham city police commissioner gordon would call him on the bat - phone , situated in the study with an extension into the batcave .\nzool . rickett ' s big - footed bat [ myotis pilosus , syn . : myotis ricketti , vespertilio ricketti ]\nthe vampire bat is a fascinatingly unique creature in many ways . here ' s something more about it . . .\nvampire bats do indeed feed on blood , however , rather than being the huge monstrous creatures depicted in fiction and film , they are actually not larger than a mouse . there are only three species of bats that have this feeding habit\u2015the desmodus rotundus , or the common vampire bat , the diphylla ecuadata , or the hairy legged vampire bat , and the diaemus youngi , or the white winged vampire bat . and all these species are in the americas , in the regions of mexico , chile , brazil , and argentina . amongst these , as is evident from its name , the common vampire bat is the species that is most widespread . these bats feed on cattle , birds , horses , pigs , donkeys , goats , and so on .\nnever touch or pick up a bat : it may bite in self - defense , just like any other wild animal .\nthe banana bat is a tiny bat which is 77 mm long and weighs 4 . 0 grams . the dense fur on the back can be various shades of brown , whereas the undersides are always of a lighter shade than the dorsal colouration . . .\nsharpe ' s grysbok is a shy antelope , which is slightly smaller than the cape grysbok , and which has a thick - set body and a rich rufous - coloured coat . . .\nwhether in the folklore of central and south america , where the vampire bat is mainly found , as well as the mythology of european cultures and various others too , or in popular film and fiction , vampire bats have always been depicted as monstrous blood - sucking creatures . it was the movie ' dracula ' , based on bram stoker ' s novel , featuring count dracula , with his bat - like cape and fangs , prowling for victims to suck blood from in the dead of the night , while he slept all day long , which also featured bats , that has left lasting images of the vampire bat .\nbats have teeth and chew their food . seventy percent of all bats eat insects . one bat can eat more than a thousand insects in 1hr !\nto continue benefitting from having bats nearby , but not in your roof , you can construct a \u2018bat box\u2019 to provide them with a vital roosting site . for instructions on how to construct a bat box go to the endangered wildlife trust\u2019s website : urltoken or email kathp @ urltoken for more information .\nwidespread in savanna woodlands of sub - saharan africa from sierra leone in the west through east africa and north to the middle east on either side of the red sea ; occur south in africa to the cape .\ni debated in my mind the best way to check out my hunch . i concluded that it would be essential to have some companions with me who were active bat workers with good knowledge to help out . i contacted lientjie cohen and koos de wet , who regularly work with us on bat outings and who do a lot of bat work within their department duties . we agreed to meet at ngwenya lodge , near komatipoort , in the late afternoon of monday 25th october .\nfor the record the average forearm length of the four captured bats was about 79 . 76mm and their average weight ( mass ) with empty stomachs prior to evening feeding was 84 . 95gms ( about three times the weight of the standard yellow house bat , scotophilus dinganii ) while considering that the three females were probably in about mid pregnancy . these figures reveal that this species is the second largest insectivorous bat in south africa with the commerson\u2019s leaf - nosed bat , hipposideros commersoni , being somewhat larger .\nalthough the average bat weighs just about 40 grams , it usually drinks more than 20 grams of blood in a 20 - minute feeding session . this adds another element of complexity , since this weight would make flying after a session of feeding quite impossible . but , the bat ' s digestive system has adapted itself to process its food rapidly and digest it .\nthe mention of bats does not usually evoke feelings of love and warmth in most people . misconceptions about bats have not made them very popular creatures even though they play a vital role in maintaining biodiversity and in the sustainability of the environment . bats are the only mammals that can fly and south africa boasts some 7 fruit - eating bat species and 65 insect - eating bat species .\nthe female cape hare is slightly larger than the male . the mass varies from 1 . 5 - 2 . 5 kg . the fur is pale brownish - grey . the long ears and black - and - white tail is most obvious in flight . . .\nbut for girlie , it was not just a matter of eating as much as she could . she also had a number of engagements to fulfil ; she had to attend a committee meeting and meet the members , she had an appointment with a visiting bat zoologist from cape town , who needed an extra biopsy from the wing for dna information to go towards a phd and to trace the wing shape to assess manner of flight , and she was to visit the taxonomist at the transvaal museum for an acquaintance , but she was not destined to remain there . ( to the inexperienced eye i believe from the wing shape that this is a very fast flying bat ) .\ncape clawless otter these otters always live near water ( fresh or salt ) and they\u2019re often seen playing and hunting in the breakers . they do sometimes wander onto dry land in search of food , which includes crabs , frogs , fish , small mammals , insects and birds .\nbut by having now supplied the transvaal museum with a specimen of the species of the giant yellow house bat , there is now no necessity for another of this species to be collected from that same region .\nbody stripes of the burchells zebra are less numerous and broader than that of the cape mountain zebra , whereas body stripes extend around the belly . leg striping is less prominent . measures 1 . 3 to 1 . 4 metres at the shoulder and weighs 300 - 320 kg . . .\ndespite these , and many more , fantastic benefits of bats over one fifth of all bat species are threatened and some people still consider them loathsome creatures . below is a list of myths and misconceptions about bats ;\nthe cape clawless otter is larger than the only other species which occurs in southern africa , the spotted - necked otter . it is long - necked , sleek - furred and short - legged with a long , flattened but pointed - tipped tail which it uses as a rudder . . .\nwith lientjie , koos and me were my wife , rose , who was also our photographer , and adam palmer , who was again kindly helping us with ladders and other logistics . koos looked up at the bat house and noticed that a large lizard was in the bat house with it\u2019s head sticking out . this dampened our spirits , as we were worried that something unexpected may be interfering with our hopes to make a strange finding .\nthe bat - eared fox has a shoulder height of only 30cm , a length of about 75cm and weighs less than 5 kilograms . it has a beautiful silver - gray fluffy coat with a black - tipped bushy tail . . .\nthere are approxiamately 900 species of bat worldwide , all with a unique lifestyle as different from each other as a cheetah from a leopard . they are divided into two sub - orders . most of the species found in namibia belong to :\nbats do not suck blood and are not vampires . only 3 bat species , all from south america , feed on cow , horse and chicken blood by making a small incision on their skin and licking \u2013 not sucking - the blood .\na medium - sized bat ; forearm ranging 1 . 6\u20132 in ( 4 . 2\u20135 . 1 cm ) ; weight 0 . 2\u20130 . 4 oz ( 7\u201312 g ) . long , fine fur is gray to red . large ears .\nin typical manner girlie devoured a full meal of scarab and dung beetles on the evening of 17th november , and then i returned her into the bat house from which she had been captured 22 days earlier . we were always conscious that we did not want to take a female bat that was likely to be pregnant at that time of the year as a scientific voucher for museum records . by the time that girlie was released , there was every indication that she was indeed well pregnant .\nthe vampire bat has developed a unique social behavioral pattern which can be seen in their reciprocal altruism , wherein , bats that feed successfully come back to their roost and regurgitate some of the blood to a hungry bat . according to studies , it has been found that this behavior of blood sharing by regurgitation occurs amongst both related as well as unrelated bats in a group . in fact , they even set up a buddy system , wherein , pairs of bats form relationships based on blood sharing .\nlike all so - called ' free - tailed ' bats , the distal portion of the tail of the ansorgi ' s free - tailed bat is not encased in the interfemoral membrane , and thus presents as a protrusion above the flying membrane . . .\nmost species of slit - faced bats occur in africa , one ranging from the north ( israel and adjacent countries ) to the south ( the cape ) . two other species occur in southeast asia , from myanmar , thailand , and malaysia to sarawak , sumatra , java , borneo , and bali . one species has been reported from madagascar .\nafrican elephant large herds of elephant roamed the cape until well into the 19th century . in 1876 the local forestry officer reported that there were between 400 and 600 elephants in the knysna - tsitsikamma district . but hunting , poaching , the great fire of 1869 , and human encroachment on their environment almost wiped out the elephants of the southern cape . a few survivors still range freely in the knysna area , and although they ' re associated with the forests , reay smithers noted in his mammals of the southern africa sub - region that \u201celephants are not a forest species , and their occurrence in the knysna forest appears to be due to their being forced into this unnatural environment by man . \u201d\nas implied by the popular name , the lesser yellow house bat is similar in general appearance to its sister species , but is slightly smaller and leaner with a total head - to - tail length of 120 mm and a body mass of about 16 gr . . .\n. . . data based on records in the durban natural science museum ) . similarly , d . capensis was relatively infrequently sampled through barn owl ( tyto alba ) pellets in the western cape province ( avery et al . 2005 ) . as a wetland specialist that rarely emerges from the wetlands , it is trap - shy and thus difficult to monitor . . . .\naldridge , h . d . j . n . , m . obrist , h . g . merriam , and m . b . fenton .\nroosting , vocalizations and foraging by the african bat , nycteris thebaica .\njournal of mammalogy 71 ( 1990 ) : 242\u2013246 .\nrose and i returned to gauteng with the one female giant yellow house bat . she became a bit of a celebrity over the next three weeks as keen members wished to view the bat , take photographs and try to get some echolocation records . the bat , called \u2018girlie\u2019 over that period , performed wonderfully by impressing visitors with her rugged ability to decimate the biggest and hardest beetles available . for the 3 to 3 . 5gm rhino beetles and similar sized scarabs , she would ambush them in her cage with rapid powerful chomps with her well developed mouthful of incisors and molars . with these large beetles she would seize the prey in her teeth , then hang up by her thumbs on the cage mesh and devour the beetle with noisy chewing within the chamber formed by her interfemoral membrane . she was able to consume five standard size chafer beetles every thirty seconds .\nthis paper provides a basis for conservation work by detailing the micromammalian taxa occurring in the northern cape province . it presents new evidence from 30 barn owl pellet collections , augmented by previously published material from trapping or observation ( here called \u2018conventional\u2019 reports ) and owl roosts , divided into pre - 1930 , 1930\u20131979 and 1980 and newer as an indication of . . . [ show full abstract ]\nthe bat is a mouse - like flying mammal . it belongs to the order chiroptera which is greek for ' hand wing ' . it ' s forelimbs are modified to form wings , consisting of mainly elongated fingers between which the wing membrane , ( a double layer of skin ) is stretched .\nthen on monday 25th october 2004 we had a major breakthrough in the positive finding of a species of bat that had never been located before in south africa . in fact , it is a very poorly known species throughout it\u2019s distribution range almost throughout sub saharan africa . so the species is only recorded from isolated spots , with nine known records from nine different countries . these separate records are from senegal , ghana , nigeria , sudan , eastern congo , malawi , zimbabwe , mozambique and now south africa . but in some of those discoveries more than a single bat of the species was encountered but only at single localities .\nand then i went to check another of the same type of bat house , and when i opened the bottom cleaning door , i saw the rapid shuffling away and up into the crevices of several yellow house bats that just looked very unusual to me as they seemed larger than usual . but i did not have any reference literature with me and it was frustrating to not be able to search for some explanation on what i had just seen . i was aware , though , from memory , that there was another larger species of yellow house bat , but i would have to wait until i returned to gauteng to consult the literature .\nthe blood plasma , which has no nutritive value , is absorbed rapidly by the lining of the stomach , which is then swiftly taken to the kidneys by the circulatory system . from there , it goes into the bladder and is excreted . in fact , the common vampire bat begins expelling extremely dilute urine , mainly comprising blood plasma , within 2 minutes of starting to feed .\nthen it goes back to its roost , settling down for the remaining part of the night to digest its meal of blood . but , it now faces a new digestive problem . since blood is basically protein , it creates a large amount of urea which has to be eliminated . therefore , the bat ' s urinary system utilizes a number of hormones which makes the urine very concentrated , containing less water and more urea .\nthey may not depend upon to find their prey , relying instead on sound cues such as the songs or footfalls of prey . slit - faced bats also take flying prey . accumulations of discarded pieces of prey under feeding roosts provide biologists with a picture of the diets of slit - faced bats . unlike other species of bat , slit - faced bats are warm - blooded and cannot enter torpor , a state of total inactivity .\nlight brown above , ventral side is lighter brown or grayish white . medium - sized bat with large ears and well - developed calcar . muzzle has deep median furrow . head and body length 3 . 8\u20134 . 3 in ( 9 . 7\u201311 cm ) , tail length 1 . 8\u20132 . 2 in ( 4 . 7\u20135 . 8 cm ) , forearm length 1 . 6\u20131 . 9 in ( 4 . 3\u20134 . 7 cm ) .\nat the back of my mind , has been that some four to five years ago , dr brian whiting and i , who have put in many hours working with and studying the bats at ngwenya together , had on two occasions sighted single much larger insect eating bats that had exited from a bat house , but we were never able to find out what we had seen . were we about to get to the moment of unravelling this puzzle ?\nthe best way to attract bats to your area or garden is to provide them with feeding sites . bats like a diversity of habitat and are more likely to forage in gardens planted with a diverse collection of indigenous vegetation . there is little or no danger or risk of disease if bats live in your roof , in fact , having a resident bat colony may go a long way in reducing mosquito problems ! here are some tips to help you live harmoniously with bats in your area ;\nother animals that feed on blood , such as leeches and ticks , do not have the same problem , because they can go for weeks , or months , and sometimes even years without feeding themselves . however , since the vampire bat is a warm - blooded animal , the necessity of it staying warm means that if it fasts it can die soon . this is one of the reasons why they are not found in the cooler regions of north , or central , or south america .\nhowever , the common vampire bat does have the ability of maneuvering on the ground as well as in the air . and they have strong pectoral muscles which they use , along with their long thumb and their hind knees to launch themselves into the air , catapulting about 4 feet high . once airborne , it transitions into flight in a single fluid motion , all of which takes just 30 milliseconds . as they need to feed close to the ground , this rapid take - off is highly advantageous .\nthe saliva is one of the most important elements used in their system of feeding . it contains a number of ingredients which help in prolonging bleeding . one of them is an anticoagulant , called draculin , that prevents clotting . another ingredient prevents red blood cells from sticking together , while a third prevents the veins at the wound from constricting . it then uses its tongue to lap up the blood , and not suck it , as is the common misconception . each bat requires about 2 tablespoons of blood per day .\nmany fruit bats are responsible for pollinating flowing and fruit trees , including bananas , mangos , wild guavas and even the iconic african baobab . bat guano , or faeces , is considered one of the most nutrient - rich types of plant fertilizer and is sold all over the world . research is currently underway to use unique anticoagulant , extracted from the saliva of south american vampire bats , to help stroke and heart attack victims and studies of bats\u2019 use of echolocation have resulted in the design of navigation systems for the blind .\n. . . barn owl ( tyto alba ) pellets from de hoop nature reserve contained all seven species of bats but in small proportions relative to the proportions of other species of prey taken . amongst bat species , more n . capensis are taken by owls ( avery et al . , 2005 ) probably because , as a clutter - edge forager , it combines relatively slow flight with foraging at the edge of vegetation rather than under its cover . bats have been reported to reduce or suppress activity in bright light with increased activity on cloudy and moonless nights , leading to the inference of predation as the cause of the behavioural changes ( reith , 1982 ; welbergen , 2006 ) . . . .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nthis species has been patchily recorded in sub - saharan africa . in west africa the species has currently only been reported from the northwestern uplands of liberia ( koopman 1995 ) , while in central africa it is known only from a few records in the democratic republic of the congo and rwanda ( hayman et al . 1966 ; baeten et al . 1984 ) . the species is much more widely recorded in east africa , ranging from ethiopia in the north , through uganda , kenya , tanzania , malawi , zambia , mozambique and zimbabwe through to southern south africa .\nit has been recorded from the virunga national park in the democratic republic of the congo ( baeten et al . 1984 ) and in view of its east african range , it seems likely that it is present in additional protected areas . further studies are needed into the range of this species in west and central africa .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nthis species has been patchily recorded in sub - saharan africa . in west africa the species has currently only been reported from the northwestern uplands of liberia ( koopman 1995 ) , while in central africa it is known only from a few records in the democratic republic of the congo and rwanda ( hayman\n1984 ) . the species is much more widely recorded in east africa , ranging from ethiopia in the north , through uganda , kenya , tanzania , malawi , zambia , mozambique and zimbabwe through to southern south africa .\nclassification from integrated taxonomic information system ( itis ) selected by jakob fahr - see more .\njakob fahr marked the classification from\nintegrated taxonomic information system ( itis )\nas preferred for\nmyotis tricolor ( temminck , 1832 )\n.\njakob fahr set\nimage of myotis tricolor\nas an exemplar on\nmyotis tricolor ( temminck , 1832 )\n.\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nsimmons , nancy b . / wilson , don e . , and deeann m . reeder , eds .\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 3rd ed . , vols . 1 & 2\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 2nd ed . , 3rd printing\nwith contributions by bernadette n . graham , adam p . potter , and mariana m . upmeyer\ncomments : includes eptesicus loveni , see schlitter and aggundey ( 1986 ) . see taylor ( 2000a ) for distribution map\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nwelcome to itis , the integrated taxonomic information system ! here you will find authoritative taxonomic information on plants , animals , fungi , and microbes of north america and the world . we are a\n) ; other organizations ; and taxonomic specialists . itis is also a partner of\nzool . temminck ' s myotis [ myotis tricolor , syn . : vespertilio tricolor ]\nbot . granny vine / grannyvine [ ipomoea tricolor , syn . : i . rubro - coerulea , violacea , pharbitis rubro - caerulea , p . tricolor ]\nbot . tricolored morning glory [ am . ] [ ipomoea tricolor , syn . : i . rubro - coerulea , violacea , pharbitis rubro - caerulea , p . tricolor ]\nbot . heavenly - blue morning glory [ ipomoea tricolor , syn . : i . rubro - coerulea , violacea , pharbitis rubro - caerulea , p . tricolor ]\nbot . flying saucers { pl } [ treated as sg . ] [ ipomoea tricolor , syn . : i . rubro - coerulea , violacea , pharbitis rubro - caerulea , p . tricolor ]\nbot . three - colored morning glory [ am . ] [ ipomoea tricolor , syn . : i . rubro - coerulea , violacea , pharbitis rubro - caerulea , p . tricolor ]\nzool . rickett ' s big - footed myotis [ myotis pilosus , syn . : myotis ricketti , vespertilio ricketti ]\nzool . northern myotis [ myotis septentrionalis , syn . : myotis keenii septentrionalis , vespertilio gryphus septentrionalis ]\nbot . silver ( tree ) fern [ cyathea dealbata , syn . : alsophila tricolor ]\nbot . silver treefern / tree fern [ cyathea dealbata , syn . : alsophila tricolor ]\nbot . kaponga [ nz ] [ cyathea dealbata , syn . : alsophila tricolor ] [ silver tree fern ]\nbot . ponga [ nz ] [ cyathea dealbata , syn . : alsophila tricolor ] [ silver tree fern ]\nzool . bechstein ' s myotis [ myotis bechsteinii , syn . : m . bechsteini , vespertilio bechsteinii ]\nzool . brandt ' s myotis [ myotis brandtii , syn . : m . brandti , vespertilio brandtii ]\nzool . david ' s myotis [ myotis davidii , syn . : vespertilio davidii ]\nunter folgender adresse kannst du auf diese \u00fcbersetzung verlinken : urltoken tipps : doppelklick neben begriff = r\u00fcck - \u00fcbersetzung \u2014 neue w\u00f6rterbuch - abfrage : einfach jetzt tippen ! suchzeit : 0 . 362 sek .\n) , m\u00f6glichst mit einem guten beleg im kommentarfeld . wichtig : bitte hilf auch bei der\nlimited input mode - mehr als 1000 ungepr\u00fcfte \u00fcbersetzungen ! du kannst trotzdem eine neue \u00fcbersetzung vorschlagen , wenn du dich einloggst und andere vorschl\u00e4ge im contribute - bereich \u00fcberpr\u00fcfst . pro review kannst du dort einen neuen w\u00f6rterbuch - eintrag eingeben ( bis zu einem limit von 500 unverifizierten eintr\u00e4gen pro benutzer ) .\ndieses deutsch - englisch - w\u00f6rterbuch basiert auf der idee der freien weitergabe von wissen . mehr informationen ! enth\u00e4lt \u00fcbersetzungen von der tu chemnitz sowie aus mr honey ' s business dictionary ( englisch / deutsch ) . vielen dank daf\u00fcr ! links auf dieses w\u00f6rterbuch oder einzelne \u00fcbersetzungen sind herzlich willkommen ! fragen und antworten\nenglish - german online dictionary developed to help you share your knowledge with others . more information ! contains translations by tu chemnitz and mr honey ' s business dictionary ( german - english ) . thanks on that account ! links to this dictionary or to single translations are very welcome ! questions and answers\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nspecies can be found everywhere in namibia from the orange river into the namib desert ( including sossusvlei ) , the kalahari desert , etosha national park and as far north as the zambezi region ( formerly the caprivi strip ) .\nbats are amazing animals . they can see , they ' re harmless , nocturnal and are the only mammals that can truly fly . other types of mammals , such as flying lemurs , sugar gliders ( marsupials commonly found in australia ) and flying squirrels , glide . african bats are not vampires nor do they transmit parasites to human beings .\ndepending on the species , bats can be grey , brown , white or reddish brown .\nbats sleep upside down . they use their feet to grasp onto a twig or board , and when it is cold , they hang close together .\nso off he would go in the batmobile and more often that not , a battle of wits would ensue in a contest with his ' most implacable foe ' - ' the joker ' - who represents everything batman opposes . the batman stories have been told in many forms over the years . to this day the master sleuth and scientist remains a popular rival to superman - who of course wears his underpants over his tights !\na privately owned game farm , with a good variety of wildlife just a short distance south of windhoek .\nthis lodge is very popular amongst those seeking leopard and cheetah viewing close to windhoek . regular feedings guarantee great sightings and photographic opportunities\nopposite the windhoek international airport , close enough to be extremely convenient but far enough away that planes are not a distraction . great for those arriving late or leaving early , as cuts out the 45km drive from windhoek /\none of namibia ' s most popular spas with the added bonus of top game viewing .\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\nbeen augmented periodically ever since . the present paper follows vernon ( 1972 ) and grindley et al .\nrepresentation of some species and rainfall , either its amount per annum or its seasonality . variation\nsuggests that mean size in this species may be influenced by rainfall seasonality . although the vlei rat ,\nowls are more nearly opportunistic while in others they appear to be considerably more selective .\nafrica to attract the attention of european naturalists . unfortunately , few of the rec\nsome 70 years later the first systematic collections were made in southern africa by c . b .\n( shortridge and carter 1938 ; shortridge 1942 ) . during the last 40 years publication has\nafrican national parks staff or concerning reserves administered by these bodies ( e . g . de\nhoog 1967 ; robinson 1976 ; stuart and braack 1978 ; stuart et al . 1978 ; lawson 1982 ; de\ngraaff and rautenbach 1983 ; avery et al . 1990 ) . apart from the preliminary distri\nriver near mossel bay and grindley et al . ( 1973 ) reported collections from\nof the samples discussed here in other contexts ( e . g . avery 1977 , 1982 , 1992 , 1999 ; avery\nthree areas regular collections were made over a period of years . these latter are the west\npotberg ) and vrolijkheid nature reserve . in cases where regular collections were made , the\nidentification methods is given in avery et al . ( 2002 ) . the nomenclature of bronner et al .\nexamined for evidence of changes in population structure . estimates of age at death were\non discrete changes in the pattern of the teeth as wear progresses ( e . g . hanney 1963 ) . in\nsurface and maximum length of tooth was calculated as a proportion of the latter . the\nobserved range in this occlusal index has been found to be between 0 . 50\n( neo - natal ) animals to zero in old animals ( avery 1984 ) . the age of the old animals\ntaken as 24 months ) . this function was employed to accommodate the fact that occlusal\nlength does not increase at a steady rate throughout life . ages were estimated to the nearest\nin 3318da ( philadelphia ) and 9945 in 3318aa ( west coast national park ) . in all , 56\nmandibles and maxillae , number of mandibles and maxillae measured ; map , mean annual precipitation . % win ,\nandriesgrond ; bbs , blombos ; kfn , kraaifontein ; stb , stellenbosch airfield .\nrepresented ( total ) and is dominant ( dom . ) , with the range of percentage representation of the dominant species\nanimals ( classes 5\u20138 ) are not well represented at any time of the year . when estimat\nborn in a given month varied between 4 . 3 % in june and 11 . 3 %\npresent data add to what was previously known . however , stuart and lloyd\u2019s ( 1978 )\nsquares . white circles indicate dominance in squares yielding remains of at least 100 individuals .\nseen ; it is also readily identifiable because of the stripes along its back .\n( friedmann and daly 2004 ; venturi et al . 2004 ) although it is not\nin the de hoop nature reserve ( 3420ad ) . present data confirm that the species has\n7 ) , is apparently affected by rainfall seasonality rather than by amount . its\nmm , no more than about 65 % of which falls in winter . this reflects the fact that these\nand climate variables in the de hoop nature reserve ( geelbek and bottelary ) . ( a ) same - season rainfall and\nmean annual precipitation increasing from left to right . sfn and sfs , steenbokfontein north and south\nbreeding is offset by a month or more from rainfall . according to the pres\ncan re - grow . conversely , the low proportion of births in june at geelbek could reflect\nrainfall in late summer . it is probably less likely that night - time temperatures are sufficien\nbe expected in the unpredictable climate of the north - west coast . it would appear therefore\nrainfall , diversity is also relatively low despite quite high numbers of species . in this case the\nequable climate of the area . there are , however , extensive reed - beds round a series of lakes ,\nwhich are likely to be favoured hunting grounds for the owls . in this case , therefore , it is not\npellets from the west coast national park ( avery 1992 ) . at the time this was\ntaken as evidence that the species concerned inhabited the same or nearby microhabitats . it\nspecies in a single pellet than are the larger species . however , the commonly co - occurri\namong the dense reed beds and thick grass . in this case the quite high numbers of\nprincipal co - occurrence among 10 best represented species at four sites in different parts of the province .\neach sample has a dominant species ( dom sp . ) representing approximately one - fifth to one - quarter of the sample\n( % dom sp . ) . the sample size is the number of micromammalian prey individuals in each sample .\npossible , as more samples are studied , to confirm or modify conclusions reached so far .\nmr r . k . brooke , and ms a . scott and co - workers at the\nl . avenant , national museum bloemfontein , and dr g . malan , tshwane university of\ntechnology , offered useful comments on a previous draft . the ongoing project of which\nwillem pretorius nature reserve , free state , south africa . south african journal of wildlife research\nthe korannaberg conservancy . in : singleton gr hinds la krebs cj spratt dm , editors . rats , mice &\nprovince , south africa : new information . annals of the south african museum 74 : 201\u2013209 .\navery dm , avery g , colahan bd . 2003 . micromammal distribution in the free state , south africa : barn owl\navery dm , avery g , roberts a . 2002 . a contribution from barn owl pellets to\ndistributions in kwazulu - natal , south africa . african zoology 37 : 131\u2013140 .\navery dm , rautenbach il , randall rm . 1990 . an annotated checklist of the land mammal fauna of the west\nbronner gn , hoffmann m , taylor pj , chimimba ct , best pb , matthee ca , robinson tj . 2003 . a revised\nsystematic checklist of the extant mammals of the southern african subregion . durban museum novitates\ndavis dhs . 1974 . the distribution of some small southern african mammals ( mammalia : insectivora , rodentia ) .\ndavis rm , meester j . 1981 . reproduction and postnatal development in the vlei rat ,\nde graaff g . 1981 . the rodents of southern africa . durban : butterworths .\nde graaff g , rautenbach il . 1983 . a survey of mammals in the newly proclaimed karoo national park , south\nfriedmann y , daly b editors . 2004 . red data book of the mammals of south africa : a conservation assessment .\nascertaining population dynamics of rodent prey . annals and magazine of natural history ( series 13 )\n. in : mills g , hes l , editors . the complete book of southern african\nlongland ws . 1985 . comments on preparing owl pellets by boiling in naoh . bird - banding 56 : 277 .\nlynch cd . 1983 . the mammals of the orange free state . memoirs of the national museum bloemfontein\nmeester j , lambrechts a von w . 1971 . the southern african species of\nmeester jaj , lloyd cnv , rowe - rowe dt . 1979 . a note on the ecological role of\nmeester jaj , rautenbach il , dippenaar nj , baker cm . 1986 . classification of southern african mammals .\nmusser gg , carleton md . 1993 . family muridae . in : wilson de , reeder dm , editors . mammal species of the\nrautenbach il . 1982 . the mammals of the transvaal . pretoria : ecoplan .\nrobinson ga . 1976 . notes on mammals encountered in the tsitsikama national parks . koedoe 19 : 145\u2013152 .\nrookmaker lc . 1989 . the zoological exploration of southern africa 1650\u20131790 . rotterdam : balkema .\nshortridge gc , carter d . 1938 . a new genus and new species and subspecies of mammals from little\nskinner jh , smithers rhn . 1990 . the mammals of the southern african subregion . 2nd ed . pretoria : university\nsmuts j . 1832 . dissertation zoologica , ennumerationem mammalium capensium . leiden : cyfveer .\nstuart ct , braack hh . 1978 . preliminary notes on the mammals of the bontebok national park . koedoe\nthomas o , schwann h . 1906 . the rudd exploration of south africa . iv . list of mammals obtained by mr\nat knysna . proceedings of the zoological society of london 1906 ( i ) : 159\u2013168 .\nvelleman pf . 1988 . datadesk 6 . 0 statistics guide . ithaca ( ny ) : data description .\nventuri fp , chimimba ct , van aarde rj , fairall n . 2004 . the distribution of two medically and agriculturally\nvernon cj . 1972 . an analysis of owl pellets collected in southern africa . ostrich 43 : 109\u2013124 .\n. . . as they are nocturnal , they are often preyed on by barn owls ( tyto alba ) as documented in studies analysing owl pellets ( avenant 2005 ; avery et al . 2005 ) . they live in burrows or crevices ( de graaf 1981 ; armstrong & van hensbergen 1996b ) , and can also swim ( hickman & machin\u00e9 1986 ) . . . .\n. . . ecosystem and cultural services : they have been recorded as a forage species for owls ( dean 1978 ; avery et al . 2002avery et al . , 2003 avery et al . , 2005 ; avery & avery 2011 ) . previously they were considered susceptible to plague which occurs sporadically in free - living populations but the national institute for communicable diseases ( 2005 ) did not list them as plague - carrier . . . .\na conservation assessment of mystromys albicaudatus . the 2016 red list of mammals of south africa , swaziland and lesotho .\n. . . micromammals are suitable as palaeoenvironmental in - dicators due to their limited territorial ranges , precise ecological requirements and their role as primary consumers in the food chain . analyses of modern micromammal samples have demonstrated close correlation between relative abundance of species and composition of vegetation substrate in the vicinity of sample sites ( andrews , 1990 ; reed , 2003reed , , 2005 avery et al . , 2005 ) . local alterations in vegetation substrate and climatic conditions may thus be reflected in presence / absence and / or variations in proportions of micromammal species in an archaeological assem - blage . . . .\n. . . reed ( 2005 ) and matthews ( 2008 ) found similar ranges of micromammal species when comparing modern spotted eagle owl and african barn owl pellets . both species are claimed to be nocturnal ( andrews , 1990 ) , however modern pellet samples show that they hunt species such as otomyinae ( diurnal ) and r . pumilio ( crepuscular ) ( avery et al . , 2005 ; matthews , 2008 ; matthews et al . , 2011 ) . certain micromammal taxa are found in relatively high frequencies in spotted eagle owl and african barn owl pellets . . . .\n. . . certain micromammal taxa are found in relatively high frequencies in spotted eagle owl and african barn owl pellets . species typical for the south coast are otomyinae , gerbillinae and soricids ( avery et al . , 2005 ; matthews , 2008 ; matthews et al . , 2011 ) . . . .\n. . . the interaction between the southern hemisphere tropical and temperate climate systems are the main cause of the current rainfall pattern in southern africa [ 35 ] . bbc is situated in an intermediate gradient rainfall zone ( yrz ) , characterized by aseasonal rainfall with 54 % precipitation during the winter half year [ 36 ] ( fig 1 ) . to the west of this region is a winter rainfall zone ( wrz ) where more than 60 % of precipitation occurs during the winter months . . . ."]}
{"id": 1530, "summary": [{"text": "paziella pazi , common name : paz 's murex , is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family muricidae , the murex snails or rock snails . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "paziella pazi", "paragraphs": ["you selected poirieria ( paziella ) pazi ( crosse , 1869 ) . this is a synonym for :\nspecimen shell : paziella pazi each seashell we have have been carefully picked to ensure the highest seashells quality . these shells come from all over the philippines , provided by fishermen ( usa - florida , dry tortugas ) , divers , muricidae specimen shell : paziella pazi crosse , 1869\nsea shell information on : ts135436 - muricidae paziella - > pazi . this specimen is of muricidae . the specimen shell of groupe : paziella . shell found on the philippines . shell is of exceptional quality . more sea shell information\n( of paziella ( paziella ) pazi ( crosse , 1869 ) ) merle d . , garrigues b . & pointier j . - p . ( 2011 ) fossil and recent muricidae of the world . part muricinae . hackenheim : conchbooks . 648 pp . page ( s ) : 164 [ details ]\nrosenberg , g . ; moretzsohn , f . ; garc\u00eda , e . f . ( 2009 ) . gastropoda ( mollusca ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 579\u2013699 in : felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico\u2013origins , waters , and biota . texas a & m ; press , college station , texas . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nmerle d . , garrigues b . & pointier j . - p . ( 2011 ) fossil and recent muricidae of the world . part muricinae . hackenheim : conchbooks . 648 pp . page ( s ) : 164 [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nversion 43 . 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed . my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322c1faa - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322fc869 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322fc9b6 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 32336b46 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 3282cec0 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 3282d04a - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 3682cceb - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nbieler r . bouchet p . dijkstra h . faber m . finn j . garcia - alvarez o . gofas s . la perna r . marshall b . moretzsohn f . neubauer t . a . rosenberg g . sartori a . f . schneider s . taylor j . ter poorten j . j . & vos c . ( eds ) . ( 2018 ) . worms mollusca : molluscabase ( version 2018 - 06 - 06 ) . in : roskov y . , abucay l . , orrell t . , nicolson d . , bailly n . , kirk p . m . , bourgoin t . , dewalt r . e . , decock w . , de wever a . , nieukerken e . van , zarucchi j . , penev l . , eds . ( 2018 ) . species 2000 & itis catalogue of life , 30th june 2018 . digital resource at urltoken species 2000 : naturalis , leiden , the netherlands . issn 2405 - 8858 .\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 129829cd - 6387 - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\n. if you continue to use the site we will assume that you agree with this .\ndescription : f + , rare today ! found in 1960 ` s by j . r . black\n- note : several protected species are illustrated here only for identification purposes . they are not for sale . - the photos in our gallery are in most cases just a sample from our stock , except when only one specimen is offered . we try to match the original color but it can vary if your screen is not correctly adjusted ( gamma correction ) .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nshells for sale , shells online \u00ab shells for sale , conchology , inc .\nthe star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :\nwe want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only , as we handle very few foreign shells in general . as time goes , the system will become more and more performant .\nenter your email address and we will send you an email with your username and password .\ne - mail jecilia sisican if you do not receive your email with your username and password .\nclick on an image to view all the information : family , species , author , date , and full locality .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 1 . 008 seconds . )\nhow to buy ? if you want to buy an item , click the\nbuy now\nbutton on this page . once you ' ve pressed the\nbuy now\nitem , you will be forwarded to a fill - up form page . after filling up the form and when you submit your order , the item will be reserved for you automatically after a few hours .\nterms of payment / shipping all prices are in us dollars and the shipment cost is not include . all orders will be confirmed by e - mail with the cost of shells and postage included . the parcel will be sent via registered air mail at the cost price following receipt of payment .\n\u00bb species poirieria ( poirieria ) syrinx b . a . marshall & houart , 1995 represented as poirieria syrinx b . a . marshall & houart , 1995\nsubgenus poirieria ( panamurex ) woodring , 1959 accepted as calotrophon ( panamurex ) woodring , 1959 represented as calotrophon hertlein & a . m . strong , 1951\nsubgenus poirieria ( pazinotus ) accepted as pazinotus e . h . vokes , 1970\nspecies poirieria azami kuroda , 1929 accepted as murexsul multispinosus ( g . b . sowerby iii , 1904 ) ( synonym )\njousseaume , f . p . ( 1880 ) . division m\u00e9thodique de la famille des purpurid\u00e9s . le naturaliste . 2 ( 42 ) : 335 - 338 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 335 [ details ]\ngofas , s . ; le renard , j . ; bouchet , p . ( 2001 ) . mollusca . in : costello , m . j . et al . ( eds ) , european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . patrimoines naturels . 50 : 180 - 213 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nbarco , a . ; marshall , b . ; houart , r . ; oliverio , m . ( 2015 ) . molecular phylogenetics of haustrinae and pagodulinae ( neogastropoda : muricidae ) with a focus on new zealand species . journal of molluscan studies . 81 ( 4 ) : 476 - 488 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ntulane university journal publishing is an open access , peer - reviewed journal publishing service which provides a web - based platform for scholarly and academic publishing to the tulane community .\ntulane studies in geology and paleontology was devoted primarily to the geology and paleontology of the coasts and adjacent land areas of the gulf of mexico and the caribbean sea . each number\nthe journal was published between 1962 and 1997 . this is a collection of the entire run of the journal .\nfor all scientific names see vol . 10 , no . 4 ( taxonomic index to vol . 1 - 10 ) ; vol . 20 , no . 4 ( taxonomic index to vol . 11 to 20 ) ; vol . 30 , no . 4 ( taxonomic index to vol . 21 to 30 ) .\nthe past half century has seen dramatic changes in the world of scientific publishing ; changes that will continue in the next few decades . the newest generations of ( geo ) scientists have come of age in an environment where the research literature is almost entirely accessed online and visits to physical library collections are becoming increasingly rare . on one hand , these developments have led to the proliferation of new journals , most of which only exist online , and many of the latest additions are open - access journals . on the other hand , several older publication venues have come to a close .\nit is now 20 years ago that the last issue of tulane studies in geology and paleontology ( initially known as tulane studies in geology ) appeared . coincidental or not , 1997 was right around the time that scientific publishing rapidly migrated to the internet . initiated in 1962 , tsgp has published more than 5000 pages of peer - reviewed research , in many cases by faculty members and graduate students in tulane\u2019s department of geology . series like tsgp proliferated for many years , in part based on the extensive exchange schemes that existed between academic libraries . editing was carefully done in house , constituting a major time commitment for the faculty members who served as editors . even though the series was discontinued a while ago , the research published in tsgp has had a lasting impact . it continues to be cited on a regular basis and typically accrues 20 to 30 citations annually according to the web of science .\nthe tulane undergraduate research journal is a peer - reviewed research journal publishing articles from multiple academic fields . our goal is to unite the best undergraduate research from the tulane community and represent all academic fields producing a spectrum of high - quality and diverse work .\nan online undergraduate journal featuring case studies authored by the newcomb scholars , an elite cohort of undergraduate women at tulane university .\nthe journal of community health promotion and research , sponsored by the tulane prevention research center ( prc ) , was planned to share information about public health work and disease - prevention programs focusing on the physical and social environment in the new orleans area .\nthe mission of the tulane prc is to address the physical and social environmental factors influencing the obesity epidemic and its behavioral determinants ( physical activity and diet ) through participatory research on these factors and ways to modify them ; collaboration with community partners and policy - makers ; communication about these factors with public health practitioners , policy - makers , and community partners ; and training of public health professionals , paraprofessionals , and community members .\nthe tulane journal of international affairs is a newly formed undergraduate research journal at tulane university . publishing once a year , the journal promotes outstanding undergraduate work relating to its three sections : international security , international political economy , and human rights .\nsecond line is a peer - edited journal at tulane university committed to the publication of original and intellectual undergraduate scholarship that engages in the various aspects of literary conversation .\nthe tulane review is a literary and art journal published by the tulane literary society twice a year . submissions are judged by review boards in an anonymous selection process and final choices are made by the editors . for submission information , consult the submissionguidelines here : urltoken\ntulane studies in zoology and botany is published by the tulane museum of natural history . and is issued irregularly . manuscripts dealing with all aspects of ecology , evolution , and systematics are encouraged . all manuscripts are reviewed .\n\u00a9 2012 howard - tilton memorial library , tulane university | 7001 freret st . , new orleans , la 70118 | ( 504 ) 865 - 5605 | email us\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , world , geography , . . . more\nusing cookies on urltoken shellauction uses cookies only for technical reasons and to facilitate and speed up your site navigation . by continuing to browse , you accept the use of cookies ; if you do not wish to receive them please disable them or not navigate this website further . more info cookies on urltoken\nutilizzo dei cookies su urltoken shellauction utilizza i cookies esclusivamente per ragioni tecniche e per facilitare e velocizzare la navigazione del sito . continuando a navigare accetti l ' utilizzo dei cookies , se non desideri riceverli ti invitiamo a disabilitarli oppure a non navigare questo sito ulteriormente . altre informazioni sui cookies di urltoken"]}
{"id": 1535, "summary": [{"text": "the hooded chameleon , calumma cucullatum , is a vulnerable species of chameleon endemic to north-east madagascar ; its geological type locality is madagascar .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "it can be found in humid forests over an area of 17,432 km \u00b2 ( 6,731 sq mi ) between 400 and 720 m ( 1,310 and 2,360 ft ) above mean sea level . ", "topic": 18}], "title": "hooded chameleon", "paragraphs": ["full - body shot of an adult hooded chameleon on a branch in masoala national park , madagascar .\nready - to - assemble , aluminum screen cages are perfect for your chameleon .\ncuadrado , mariano and loman , jon . 1997 . mating behaviour in a chameleon\nloman , jon . 1985 . social organization in a population of the hooded crow . ardea 73 : 61 - 75 .\ncome see a wide assortment of veiled chameleons , baby veileds , and veiled chameleon morphs for sale .\ncharacterization of microsatellite loci from a south african endemic , the cape dwarf chameleon ( brad . . .\n- - calumma , brevicornis , c . brevicornis profile . short - horned chameleon . calumma , cucullata ,\nmorphology , ornaments and performance in two chameleon ecomorphs : is the casque bigger than the bite . . .\nwith the proper setup and consistent care , your veiled chameleon should do very well . the veiled chameleon is a striking , beautiful and hardy captive , which is excellent for the first time chameleon owner . their relatively simple care requirements , impressive features and odd behavior make them an interesting and conversation starting display for any dedicated enthusiast .\nthe veiled chameleon ( chamaeleo calyptratus ) , also known as the yemen chameleon , is a relatively large chameleon species originally from saudi arabia and yemen in the middle east . more recently , this species has been introduced and has established small populations in areas such as the island of maui in hawaii . in its natural range , the veiled chameleon lives in coastal mountain slopes , which experience significant rainfall , and some live in slightly more arid \u201cwadis\u201d with year - round water and vegetation .\nwater mist four times daily or as needed to maintain the recommended humidity level as well as allow the chameleon to drink .\nwilliams ka . behavioral plasticity in hooded warblers ( setophaga citrina ) : linking behavior , environmental context and reproductive success . doctoral dissertation , ohio university . 2013 . available : urltoken\nloman , jon . 1984 . breeding success in relation to parent size and experience in a population of the hooded crow . ornis . scand . 15 : 183 - 187 .\nis occurs only in southern florida . other common names it is known by are american chameleon , carolina anole , red - throated anole , and tree lion\ni had originally identified this chameleon as calumma malthe . chameleon expert ardith abate of the chameleon information network was kind enough to correct my identification . in her words , calumma cucullata\nis distinguished from malthe by the slightly longer occipital lobes , longer head , and the broad , light - colored stripe extending from the corner of the mouth across the occipital lobes and flanks to the tail .\nshe included a photo of c . malthe from mantadia national park that made these differences clear .\nit is important to keep in mind that veiled chameleons do best as primarily display animals . while different veiled chameleons will tolerate handling to different degrees based on their individual personality , veiled chameleons should not be handled like a bearded dragon . they can be carefully held for short periods but tend to get stressed with excess handling . with time you will learn what your veiled chameleon\u2019s personality is like and what your chameleon will tolerate . when you do handle your veiled chameleon , do not restrain it but rather let the chameleon walk on you from hand to hand . you should be aware that veiled chameleons are most comfortable when they are high up so often times when they are being held , they will attempt to walk up your arm and try to go onto your head . for long - term success with all chameleon species , limited handling is recommended .\nburning reduced the grinnellian niche space of hooded warblers in our burned study site . male hooded warblers that occupied territories in the burn habitat primarily foraged , sang and displayed . we detected additional males singing or foraging in the burn ; however , these individuals flew to adjacent non - burned habitat so were not included in analyses . one female each year nested in the burn habitat ( the first year in a ravine characterized by l . tulipifera , plantus occidentalis ( sycamore ) and l . benzoin that was unburned ) , but both nests failed because of predation during egg laying ; therefore , the grinnellian niche space for the hooded warbler was absent in the burn two years post burn . we occasionally observed other females in the burn habitat early in the breeding season but not by late may . in other southeastern ohio forests , hooded warbler and ovenbird ( seiurus aurocapilla ) either declined in burned habitat , using only portions of the habitat that were unaffected by burning for nesting , or they abandoned the habitat all together [ 55 ] . although burned forests may provide habitat structure for foraging hooded warblers , there is a diminishment of the grinnellian niche space in these stands due to lack of sufficient nesting substrate .\nthe name\nchameleon\nis derived from the greek words chamai ( on the ground , on the earth ) and leon ( lion ) so their name means\nearth lion .\n) . contrary to popular belief , a chameleon typically does not change colors to match its surroundings . instead , color is usually used to convey emotions , defend territories , and communicate with mates .\nwe found that the habitat used by female hooded warblers differed in relation to differences in habitat structure . in the harvested habitat , female nest sites were located in habitat space with increased understory complexity , using a subset of the available ( random ) habitat space (\ndescription : the approximately 180 species of chameleon come in a range of colours , and many species have the ability to change colours . chameleons are distinguished by their zygodactylous feet ; their very long . . .\nhere , we evaluate the habitat space occupied by a population of breeding hooded warblers ( setophaga citrina ) among structurally different forest habitats . because many forests exhibit variation in disturbance , we chose forest sites with altered structural features in different strata ( e . g . , understory and subcanopy ) to determine the relationship among habitat structure and reproductive success . because adult hooded warblers were observed in all three ( unaltered , harvested and burned ) habitats during the breeding season , we predicted that individual warblers should track components of their grinnellian niche across the habitat gradient .\nwe captured hooded warblers using mist nets during late april through mid july in 2010 and 2011 . each captured bird was banded with a usgs numbered band and a unique combination of color bands for individual identification in the field . we also individually marked and weighed nestlings when they were between four to six days of age .\nveiled chameleons can be sexed from the day they hatch . veiled chameleon males are born with a small nub on their back foot called a tarsal spur that females lack . veiled chameleon males of this species tend to exhibit more colors as well as a larger casque then female veiled chameleons and on average live 6 - 8 years . females of this species typically show less vibrant colors and live on average 4 - 6 years because even when not bred , they will produce infertile clutches of eggs , which take a lot of energy .\nin some areas malagasy fear chameleons . they are also the subject of some well - known local proverbs including \u201cmanaova toy ny dian - tana jerena ny aloha , todihina ny afara , \u201d which translates to\nlike the chameleon , one eye on the future , one eye on the past\n;\nratsy karaha kandrondro ,\nmeaning\nugly as a chameleon\n;\nmahatsidia vokon ' anjava kely izy fa mafoaka ,\na warning to walk carefully so as not to step on a brookesia , which would bring great misfortune .\nkrysko , k . l . , k . m . enge , and f . w . king . 2004 . the veiled chameleon , chamaeleo calyptratus dum\u00e9ril and bibron 1851 ( sauria : chamaeleonidae ) : a new exotic species in florida . florida scientist 67 : 249 - 253 .\nhooded warblers are a neotropical migrant species that inhabit mature deciduous forests across the eastern united states during the breeding season . these forests are typically dominated by quercus spp . ( oak ) , carya spp . ( hickory ) , acer spp . ( maple ) and fagus spp . ( beech ) and have a well - developed understory and shrub layer for nesting [ 24 ] . despite considerable variation in plant species composition across the breeding range , there are similarities in the habitat structure associated with the forested habitats occupied by hooded warblers . these structural similarities include forests with a high tree species diversity in the canopy and subcanopy and high density of stems in the shrub layer compared to more even aged forests with a high coverage of large saplings and understory trees [ 25 ] .\nin many species , males and females are known to require sex - specific habitat characteristics [ 26 \u2013 28 ] . for example , when there are differences between sexes in behavior contexts such as foraging [ 29 ] ; males and females may use different cues to select habitat . male hooded warblers that have been captive reared preferentially orient toward vertical structure while captive reared females orient toward oblique structure [ 30 ] . furthermore , male and female hooded warblers use structurally different habitat during the winter [ 26 , 31 ] . during the breeding season , hooded warbler males sing in the midstory and favor territories with greater vertical structure ( e . g . , mature forest with an open midstory ) to enhance territorial defense and their ability to attract mates . in contrast , females use habitats with increased understory structure ( e . g . , complex , oblique structure like in brier thickets ) for nest concealment in the shrub layer and do not exclusively use their social partner\u2019s territory during the breeding season [ 32 ] . although nest concealment was not associated with nest survival [ 33 ] , high understory coverage at the scale of the territory may increase foraging opportunities for the female and fledged young and decrease predation because predators have more substrate to search .\nbeing arboreal , veiled chameleons do not typically encounter standing water such as a water dish . as a result , they typically do not recognize water dishes as a source of water for hydration . they drink water from morning dew and rain as it falls onto leaves . as a result , it is important to mist your veiled chameleon with a spray bottle twice a day for approximately two minutes getting all the leaves and branches wet in the enclosure . your chameleon will lap water up from the leaves . you can also create a drip system to provide water over a prolonged period . by taking a clean plastic water jug and poking a couple small holes in the bottom , water will slowly drip out over a period of time and fall onto leaves in the enclosure below . finally , while waterfalls may seem like a nice addition to an enclosure and like they would help with humidity , chameleons are attracted to moving water sources to defecate . as a result , waterfalls quickly before cesspools filled with bacteria and can be extremely detrimental to your chameleon\u2019s health .\nthe cape dwarf chameleon ( bradypodion pumilum ) is an endemic south african species that is currently threatened by habitat loss and fragmentation of its natural habitat through urbanization and agriculture . to conduct studies that will assist in understanding these anthropogenic effects on gene flow , population structure , and genetic diversity , we developed eight microsatellite loci using an . . . [ show full abstract ]\nthe evolution of ecomorphs within a species may represent either unique evolutionary events or multiple convergent events in similar environments . functional studies of differing morphological traits of ecomorphs have been important to elucidate their role in adaptive radiations . the cape dwarf chameleon , bradypodion pumilum , has two ecomorphs : a large , brightly colored , ornate form found in . . . [ show full abstract ]\nveiled chameleons do well in captive environments with consistent care . the first step toward successfully keeping your chameleon happy and healthy is to set up their enclosure . veiled chameleons do best in screen sided enclosures because of the increased airflow . glass tanks , on the other hand , are difficult to find in appropriate sizes and create stagnant air , which can lead to upper respiratory infections . with adult veiled chameleons , the general rule is that bigger is better as far as their enclosure is concerned . an adult male would ideally be housed in a screen enclosure around 2\u2019 x 2\u2019 x 4\u2019 tall , although they can tolerate somewhat smaller enclosures . female would ideally be kept in a screen enclosure around 18\u201d x 18\u201d x 3\u2019 tall . babies and juveniles can be kept in smaller screen enclosures ( 16\u201d x 16\u201d x 30\u201d ) until they are approximately 8 - 10 months old , at which point they will need to be moved into a larger enclosure . if you are purchasing a baby chameleon , it is best to start with a small enclosure and then move up to a larger cage when the chameleon gets older . finally , it is generally best to keep chameleons individually after they reach sexual maturity at around 8 - 10 months old to avoid potential stress and fighting .\nother easily noted characteristics of chameleons include bulging eyes that move independently of one another , feet fixed in a grasping position , and the existence of horns or crests on the heads of many species . additionally , arboreal species have prehensile tails used for grasping objects when climbing and moving . finally , some species have long extensile tongues for catching insects or small vertebrates at a distance sometimes greater than the length of the chameleon .\nveiled chameleons can change colors when they are excited , stressed , frightened or trying to blend into the environment . their eyes move independently of each other , allowing them to see two things at once . they have long , sticky tongues up to one and a half times their body length . they eat mostly live insects and are most active during the day . they are solitary , so keep only one chameleon per habitat .\ncan change color to various shades of green and brown . they tend to turn dark brown when stressed or ill . when content , warm , and healthy , they tend to be green . yet this is an not always the case , their color can also be affected by environmental conditions and even food items . because of their color changing abilities they are sometimes called the\namerican chameleon\n, but they are not related to true\nveiled chameleons are a large , colorful species , which are easily recognized by the large casque or helmet of males on the top of the head . with males reaching a total length of as much as 2 feet and females reaching a total length of approximately 18 inches , this is one of the larger chameleon species seen in captivity and one of the most beautiful . adults of this species exhibit coloration including different shades of green , orange , yellow , blue , browns and black with a combination of strips and spotted patterns .\n. . . nevertheless , chameleon morphology has been shown to correlate with performance in particular habitats . for example , chameleons in closedcanopy habitats , such as forests and woodlands , tend to possess relatively longer tails and larger feet than do chameleons in open - canopy habitats , such as grasslands and heathlands ( hopkins & tolley 2011 ) . this may enable them to grip harder on the broader perches found there ( losos , walton & bennett 1993 ; herrel et al . 2011 herrel et al . , 2013 ) . . . .\na common misconception with chameleons is that they are very difficult animals to keep in captivity . fortunately , captive bred veiled chameleons purchased from a reputable breeder are actually quite hardy when provided with consistent care and a proper enclosure . in the past , it was difficult to obtain chameleons that were not wild caught . these wild caught chameleons are difficult to acclimate to captivity and often did poorly , even for experienced reptile keepers . now that dedicated , reputable chameleon breeders are reliably producing high quality veiled chameleons , this stigma is no longer an issue .\nwe quantified the habitat space of males ( territory centered habitat characteristics ) and females ( nest site habitat characteristics ) during the breeding season in three structurally different forest habitats within an 80\u2013100 yr old second growth forest . one habitat was undisturbed , a second was subjected to prescribed burns , and a third forest habitat that was subjected to a selective harvest by mechanical thinning . we used this variation to determine whether individuals selected similar features across sites . moreover , we investigated whether there were differences in habitat space use between the sexes . we hypothesize that male and female hooded warblers should exploit different environmental characteristics within a habitat contingent on behavioral contexts ( e . g . , foraging , reproduction ) . we predicted each sex requires a similar habitat space along the foraging axis , but require different habitat characteristics along the territorial defense ( male ) and nesting ( female ) niche axes . we also had specific predictions for each forest habitat based on the type of disturbance . fire results in the near complete elimination of the shrub layer , which reduces the habitat space available for foraging and nest placement . thus , we predicted that males would sing and defend territories in the burned habitat but that reproductive success would be low as a consequence of unfavorable understory structure required for nest placement . overall , we predicted a reduction of the grinnelian niche space in burned habitats . mechanical thinning entails removing a fraction of the basal area of a forest to increase the amount of sunlight that penetrates the canopy and reaches the forest floor . thinned forests have increased growth in the shrub and understory layers which results in a more heterogeneous and structurally complex understory . hooded warblers are associated with canopy gaps [ 34 , 35 ] and often invade selectively logged forests 1\u20135 years post logging [ 35 \u2013 37 ] . therefore , we predicted that there would be increased reproductive success in the harvested habitat . in addition , we predicted that the habitat space would be larger and the position in habitat space would include more complex understory vegetation in the harvested habitat compared to undisturbed habitat . finally , we determined if reproductive success , as estimated by the number of fledged young per nest , is related to habitat structure . we predicted that hooded warbler nest success would be positively correlated with complex understory vegetation structure .\nwe established and measured habitat characteristics in 104 habitat plots ( 11 . 3 m radius circle = 0 . 04 ha each ) that portrayed different types of use by hooded warblers following the bbird protocol [ 43 ] . we described the structure and composition of habitat available to warblers by selecting 10 random plots ( \u201crandom plot\u201d ) in each forest habitat , 100 m apart ( using a random number generator ) . we also measured vegetation characteristics in habitat plots used by hooded warblers : habitat plots were established in the center of each male ' s territory ( \u201cterritory plot\u201d ) and centered on each nest ( \u201cnest plot\u201d ) after breeding was completed . only nine random plots were retained for analysis in the harvested habitat because one territory overlapped with a random plot . the smaller size ( ~ 20 ha ) of the burn site prevented us from establishing more than five random habitat plots that were 100 m apart . we modified the bbird protocol slightly ( change in size class assignment , below ) in our estimation of canopy , shrub , and sapling cover . we recorded trees by species and size class ( 10\u201323 cm , 23\u201338 cm , > 38 cm dbh ) in the 11 . 3 m radius vegetation plots . we recorded all shrubs and saplings in a 5 m radius plot ( centered within the 11 . 3 m radius plot ) by species . we recorded the number of vertical stems at 10 cm above the ground by species and assigned to three size classes ( < 3 cm , 3\u20136 cm , and 6\u201310 cm ) .\ndelimiting the habitat characteristics describing the environmental conditions required by a species has become a critical tool for predicting organismal responses to environmental change . grinnell emphasized the effects of environmental factors on the ability of a population to maintain a positive growth rate , yet few studies have included demographic or reproductive data in analyses of the grinnellian niche . identifying differences in habitat exploitation patterns in response to structural variation in the environment presents an incomplete description of the ability of species to adapt to changing habitats if demographic traits are not included . we estimated the vegetation characteristics used by individuals within a population of hooded warblers ( setophaga citrina ) across a spatial transect that includes three structurally different forest habitats . we predicted individuals should select similar structural characteristics within each habitat and have similar reproductive success across sample sites . in the two years post burn , adults were present but no young fledged indicating the habitat requirements necessary for reproduction were absent in this habitat . we found significant differences in habitat space occupied by individuals in unaltered and harvested habitats . nesting habitats used by female warblers differed from available habitat . fledging success was lower in the harvested habitat 10 to 12 years post - harvest . in the harvested habitat , fledging success was greater on mesic slopes but decreased along a habitat gradient to xeric ridgetops , suggesting compensation in habitat use does not ameliorate fitness costs . in contrast , there was no difference in the number of fledged young along this gradient in the unaltered habitat . based solely on occupancy data , traditional ecological niche models would incorrectly conclude the environmental characteristics found across the three forested habitats are included in the grinnellian niche of the hooded warbler . however , examination of demographic and environmental data simultaneously allows differentiation between occupied habitat space and niche space .\nwe engaged in an exhaustive search for nests and territorial birds starting in early may through mid - july during the 2010 and 2011 breeding seasons . we varied the direction and starting location on each visit to ensure that locations within the forest were sampled at different times of day throughout the breeding season . we georeferenced all hooded warbler observations and nest locations . when observed , we identified individuals by their unique color band combinations . male territories were defined by the detection of an individual in a location on at least three survey days spanning a period greater than 10 days apart . we also used behavioral interactions ( e . g . , territorial defense ) with neighboring males following bibby et al . [ 42 ] . we monitored nests every one to three days following the breeding bird research and monitoring database program ( bbird ) protocol [ 43 ] to determine nest fate .\nthe interior of the enclosure should be furnished with medium sized vines and foliage for the chameleons to hide in . the medium sized vines provide important horizontal perches for the chameleon to rest , bask and travel on . synthetic plants with plastic leaves ( not silk ) can be used in conjunction with common , non - toxic plants to provide ample foliage . commonly used non - toxic plants that can be used include ficus , schefflera , hibiscus and pothos . these live plants not only provide cover but they also help to maintain humidity inside the enclosure . the bottom of the enclosure should not have a substrate as substrates can cause impaction , provide a hiding place for feeders and harbor bacteria and fungus . instead the floor of the enclosure can be kept bare or have a layer of paper towels , which should be changed regularly .\nthe approximately 180 species of chameleon come in a range of colours , and many species have the ability to change colours . chameleons are distinguished by their zygodactylous feet ; their very long , highly modified , rapidly extrudable tongues ; their swaying gait ; and crests or horns on their distinctively shaped heads . most species , the larger ones in particular , also have a prehensile tail . chameleons\u2019 eyes are independently mobile , but in aiming at a prey item , they focus forward in coordination , affording the animal stereoscopic vision . chameleons are adapted for climbing and visual hunting . they are found in warm habitats that range from rain forest to desert conditions , various species occurring in africa , madagascar , southern europe , and across southern asia as far as sri lanka . they also have been introduced to hawaii , california , and florida , and often are kept as household pets .\nveiled chameleons can be fed a staple diet of crickets . in general , crickets should be as long as your chameleon\u2019s head is wide . baby and juvenile veiled chameleons should be fed once or twice a day and have almost constant access to food . as they get older , you can feed slightly less often with adults being fed every other day . it is important to supplement your crickets with calcium and vitamins ( reptivite ) to help promote proper growth and health . this is especially important for reproductive females and growing babies and juveniles . for babies and juveniles you will need to dust your crickets with calcium two to three times a week and dust with vitamins once every two weeks . as adults , this dusting regiment can be decreased . it also helps to provide your crickets with nutritious food including collard greens , mustard greens , squash , orange and / or commercial cricket diets .\nwithin a population of hooded warblers , we detected differences in the habitat space occupied in relation to habitat characteristics in structurally different forest habitats . we found no difference in the size ( volume ) of habitat space used by males ( territory ) or by females ( nesting ) ; however there were differences among the centroids of habitat space in the three habitats . the centroids of the habitat space used by males and females in the unaltered and harvested habitats compared to the available habitat also suggest differences in the habitat characteristics selected by males and females . the habitat characteristics at nest locations in the harvested habitat were characterized by canopy white oaks with increased complexity in the shrub layer ( increased q . alba and q . rubra saplings and rubus spp . ) . in contrast , habitat characteristics at nests in the unaltered habitat were characterized by complex canopy structure with q . prinus in the canopy and a shrub layer dominated by smilax spp . . we also found that variation in habitat characteristics explained variation in the number of fledged young in the selective harvest but not the unaltered habitat . consistent with our prediction , females in the harvested habitat occupied habitat space that was characterized by increased understory vegetation ; however , the reduced fledging success indicates a potential reduction in niche space in this habitat . the ability to identify differences in habitat use and any corresponding differences in fitness measures can improve our understanding of how structurally different habitats affect demographic parameters within populations .\n. . . analyses of limb kinematics in chameleons are restricted to chamaeleo calyptratus , despite the fact that other genera of chameleons exhibit extensive diversity in ecology and morphology ( bickel & losos , 2002 ) . for example , there is considerable variation in species from the southern african genus bradypodion , highlighted by the recent studies of their performance , morphology , and ecology ( butler , 2005 ; resinger , stuart - fox & erasmus , 2006 ; measey , hopkins & tolley , 2009 ; stuart - fox , 2009 ; herrel et al . , 2011 herrel et al . , , 2013b hopkins & tolley , 2011 ; measey et al . , 2011 ; carne & measey , 2013 ; da silva & tolley , 2013 ; da silva et al . , 2014 ) . it has been noted that populations of the cape dwarf chameleon , bradypodion pumilum , occupy different types of habitat ( open fynbos habitat or closed canopy woodland habitats ) ( fig . 1 ) and they exhibit corresponding differences in morphology ( measey et al . , 2009 ; hopkins & tolley , 2011 ) , habitat use ( herrel et al . , 2011 ) , and locomotor performance ( herrel et al . , 2011 ) . . . .\nwe monitored habitat use and reproductive success of hooded warblers at tar hollow state forest ( 39\u00b033\u20190\u201dn , 82\u00b076\u20197\u201dw ) , which is located in southern ohio within the unglaciated allegheny plateau . the primary canopy species include quercus alba ( white oak ) , quercus prinus ( chestnut oak ) , carya spp . ( hickories ) , and quercus rubus and quercus velutina ( red and black oak ; [ 38 ] ) . understory vegetation includes smilax spp . ( greenbrier ) , viburnum acerifolium ( maple - leaf viburnum ) , rubus spp . , lindera benzoin ( spicebush ) and many small - diameter saplings ( i . e . , < 10 cm dbh [ diameter at breast height ] ) . we established study sites ( 20\u201330 ha ) at three locations within the forest . we selected sites with divergent physical structure that mimicked different stages of disturbance , yet attempted to control for other environmental characteristics ( e . g . , moisture , slope , elevation ) . one site had experienced no logging for the past 80\u2013100 years ( unaltered habitat ) . another site had been thinned from below in 2001 and resulted in an approximately 25 % reduction in basal area ( harvested habitat ) . the selective harvest focused on removing midstory and subcanopy trees [ 39 ] . this manipulation created canopy gaps , but did not change overall canopy height and the density of canopy trees ( > 38 cm dbh ) . the main effect of the disturbance was to alter the understory vegetation density and species composition [ 40 ] . for example , there was an increase in early - successional saplings such as liriodenron tulipifera ( tulip tree ) and sassafrass albidum ( sassafras ) and an increase in rubus spp . the third site ( burned habitat ) had been burned during the winter or early spring prior to leaf - out in 2001 , 2005 , and 2010 . this study site had reduced understory vegetation structure and low shrub cover [ 40 , 41 ] in the years immediately following burning ( e . g . , 2010 , 2011 ) .\nan organism ' s phenotype is to some extent influenced by costs and benefits in terms of natural and sexual selection . the intensity of natural selection can in part be driven by habitat structure , which may result in varying levels of crypsis and / or selection on traits related to maximizing performance in that habitat . this may be countered by sexual selection , which can lead to sexual dimorphism in body size and / or the expression of conspicuous ornamentation relating to maximizing reproductive success . the intensity of these forces can also be different between the sexes , resulting in complex patterns of phenotypic variation . with this in mind , we examined morphological variation within the cape dwarf chameleon , bradypodion pumilum . the species inhabits two geographically disjunct habitat types and , in the present study , we demonstrate that chameleons from the two habitats show morphological differences . large , conspicuous individuals inhabit closed vegetation , whereas small , drab individuals inhabit open vegetation . however , when morphological traits are size - adjusted , the open vegetation morph displays many traits that are larger for its body size than the closed vegetation morph , especially for characters related to locomotion ( limbs ) and bite force ( head width ) . sexual dimorphism is also present , although the degree and number of dimorphic characters was very different between the two morphs , with size - adjusted male - biased dimorphism much more pronounced in the closed morph . overall , our findings suggest that natural selection in open habitats limits both body size and conspicuous characters , although sexual selection in closed habitats favours the development of ornamentation related to display . \u00a9 2011 the linnean society of london , biological journal of the linnean society , 2011 , 102 , 878\u2013888 .\nspecies account : this species is native to the southwestern coastal regions of saudi arabia and western yemen , where it inhabits mountainous coastal regions , inland river valleys , and agricultural lands where there is more moisture . in a 1 - year period , > 100 individuals of all size classes ( including hatchlings representing several clutches ) have been captured at 1 site in ft . myers ( krysko et al . 2004 ) . males reach 61 cm ( 24 in ) total length , but females are only half as large . the male has a small spur on the heel of the hind foot , and the casque on back of the head is taller than that of a female . coloration is highly variable and changes rapidly depending upon environmental conditions and the mood of the individual . males typically have vertical body bands of bright gold , green , and blue mixed with yellow , orange , or black . females are typically light green with a mottled pattern of white to gold spots on the body and light blue on the dorsal crest . in captivity , 30 - 60 ( up to 85 ) eggs are typically laid per clutch , and 3 - 5 clutches may be laid annually . females are sexually mature at ca . 5 - 6 months old , and a female that is receptive to breeding will often develop bright blue spots ( fife 1999 ) . in the presence of males , gravid females change from light green to almost black with bright mustard and turquoise markings . chameleon eggs often go through a diapause , or rest , period , and they typically take 6 - 8 months to hatch ( fife 1999 ) . the vacant lot where the population was first established has been heavily collected , but the population has probably expanded into the adjacent neighborhood .\nnote : tdwg regions are generated automatically from the text in the distribution field and not in every cases it works well . we are working on it .\ntype species : chamaeleon cucullatus gray 1831 is the type species of the genus calumma gray 1865 .\nthe genus has been named after the latin transcription of the greek \u201ckalymma\u201d = veil or hood , referring to the large occipital lobes ofthe type species ofthis genus .\nandreone f . , randrianirina j . , jenkins p . d . & aprea g . 2000 . species diversity of amphibia , reptilia and lipotyphla ( mammalia ) at ambolokopatrika , a rainforest between the anjanaharibe - sud and marojejy massifs , ne madagascar . biodiversity and conservation 9 : 1587\u20131622\nboulenger , g . a . 1889 . descriptions of new reptiles and batrachians from madagascar . ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 6 ) 4 : 244 - 248 - get paper here\ndum\u00e9ril , a . m . c . and g . bibron . 1836 . erpetologie g\u00e9n\u00e9rale ou histoire naturelle complete des reptiles . vol . 3 . libr . encyclop\u00e9dique roret , paris , 528 pp . - get paper here\ngehring , p . - s . , f . m . ratsoavina & m . vences 2010 . filling the gaps \u2013 amphibian and reptile records from lowland rainforests in eastern madagascar . salamandra 46 ( 4 ) : 214 - 234 - get paper here\nglaw , f . & vences , m . 1994 . a fieldguide to the amphibians and reptiles of madagascar . vences & glaw verlag , k\u00f6ln ( isbn 3 - 929449 - 01 - 3 )\nglaw , f . 2004 . die herpetofauna madagaskars : vielfalt , lebensweise und gef\u00e4hrdung . draco 5 ( 19 ) : 4 - 21 - get paper here\nglaw , f . 2015 . taxonomic checklist of chameleons ( squamata : chamaeleonidae ) . vertebrate zoology 65 ( 2 ) : 167\u2013246 - get paper here\ngray , j . e . 1831 . description of a new species of chamaeleon discovered by capt . owen in africa . zoological miscellany 1 : 7 . - get paper here\ngray , j . e . 1831 . a synopsis of the species of class reptilia . in : griffith , e & e . pidgeon : the animal kingdom arranged in conformity with its organisation by the baron cuvier with additional descriptions of all the species hither named , and of many before noticed [ v whittaker , treacher and co . , london : 481 + 110 pp . [ 1830 ]\nlutzmann , n . 2004 . calumma cucullatum ( gray ) . sauria 26 ( 4 ) : 2 - get paper here\nlutzmann , n . & lutzmann , h . 2004 . das grammatikalische geschlecht der gattung calumma ( chamaeleonidae ) und die n\u00f6tigen anpassungen einiger art - und unterartbezeichnungen . reptilia ( m\u00fcnster ) 9 ( 48 ) : 4 - 5 ( addendum in issue 5 : 13 ) - get paper here\nnecas , petr 1999 . chameleons - nature ' s hidden jewels . edition chimaira , frankfurt ; 348 pp . ; isbn 3 - 930612 - 04 - 6 ( europe ) < br / > isbn 1 - 57524 - 137 - 4 ( usa , canada )\nraxworthy , c . j . & nussbaum , r . a . 2006 . six new species of occipital - lobed calumma chameleons ( squamata : chamaeleonidae ) from montane regions of madagascar , with a new description and revision of calumma brevicorne . copeia 2006 ( 4 ) : 711 - 734 - get paper here\nschmidt , w . ; tamm , k . & wallikewitz , e . 2010 . cham\u00e4leons - drachen unserer zeit . natur und tier verlag , 328 pp . [ review in reptilia 101 : 64 , 2013 ] - get paper here\nwalbrol , u . ; walbrol , h . d . 2005 . additional remarks on the nomenclature of the genus calumma gray , 1865 . sauria 27 ( 2 ) : 33 - 35 - get paper here\nwerning , h . & n . lutzmann 2014 . illegalen wildtierhandel kann man nicht mehr verbieten . reptilia ( m\u00fcnster ) 19 ( 106 ) : 14 - 22\nthis database is maintained by peter uetz ( database content ) and jakob hallermann , zoological museum hamburg ( new species and updates ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 3 . 2 / / en\n- - luke ' s madagascar homepage . people pedestrian signs lemurs birds chameleons frogs\n- - calumma . classification of genus calumma . calumma andringitraensis ; calumma boettgeri ;\nhome | photos index | search | about | contact unless otherwise noted , all content and images are the property of rhett butler , content copyright 2004 - 2008 . all rights reserved .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nif is associated with an alamy account you ' ll receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password .\nenter your log in email address and we\u0092ll send you a link to reset your password .\n5100 x 3414 px 17 x 11 . 4 inches ( 300 dpi ) 49 . 8 mb\nsorry , this image isn ' t available for this licence . please refer to the license restrictions for more information .\non the alamy prints site ( powered by art . com ) choose your frame , the size and finish of your photo .\nenter your log in email address and we ' ll send you a link to reset your password .\nexcellent pattern quality the modern printing technology perfectly reproduces colors , ensuring photographic quality and image sharpness .\nmaterial durability quality , thick paper with a weight of 240g / m2 guarantees durability and makes the posters perfectly adhere to the wall and equally perfectly sit in frames and glass clip frames .\nsemi - 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not you to the product . at pixers , you decide on everything . we will customize your order for you .\nyou are entitled to have an unlimited choice , so we offer you an infinite number of images .\ndecorating your home should be quick , easy and pleasant and we make this possible .\nwe respect your right to change your mind - we give you 365 days for returns .\nwe look after the environment and your health , that ' s why we use only eco - friendly technologies .\nwe will do everything in our power to guarantee a pleasant shopping experience , long before and after you open the package .\noops ! an error occurred . refresh the page and try adding the pattern to your cart again .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 / / en\nurltoken\nveiled chameleons need two forms of light for approximately 12 hours a day . first , they need access to a light heat source to bask and regulate their body temperature . heat rocks , heat tape , ceramic heat emitters , etc . , do not provide veiled chameleons with a heat source they recognize so it is important to provide them with a basking spot using a heat bulb and an incandescent fixture . next , they need a special fluorescent bulb that provides uvb light waves . uvb , which is usually provided by natural sunlight , is important in calcium metabolism pathways but is filtered out by glass and therefore must be provided by artificial lights to help prevent disorders such as metabolic bone disease ( mbd ) . as tempting as many bulbs that provide both uvb and heat may be , studies have shown that chameleons are able to regulate their body temperature and their uvb exposure independently so it is important to provide heat and uvb separately . both these lights should be placed on the top of the enclosure with the closest perches approximately 6 - 8\u201d below .\nveiled chameleons , like other reptiles regulate their own body temperature and it is thus important to provide them with a temperature gradient inside their enclosure . the best ambient temperature during the day for veiled chameleons is room temperature , between 72 and 80 degrees fahrenheit . by placing the basking bulb approximately 6 - 8 inches away from a basking perch inside the enclosure , a basking spot of approximately 85 - 95 degrees fahrenheit is achieved . this arrangement provides the warmest temperatures directly under the heat bulb and cooler temps lower down in the enclosures . additionally , chameleons do well with a night temperature drop so no additional heat source is needed at night as long as your temps stay above the mid to high 40s and the chameleons are able to bask in the morning . if your night temperatures do necessitate a heat source , it is important not to use one that emits light . instead , a ceramic heat emitter should be utilized from a safe distance ."]}
{"id": 1540, "summary": [{"text": "vokesimurex elenensis , common name the ( santa ) elena murex , is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family muricidae , the murex snails or rock snails . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "vokesimurex elenensis", "paragraphs": ["vokesimurex elenensis ( dall , 1909 ) . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 25 april 2010 .\nmurex plicatus g . b . sowerby ii , 1834 ( invalid : junior homonym of murex plicatus gmelin , 1791 ; m . elenensis is a replacement name )\nhouart ( 1999 ) transferred 14 indo - pacific species and three subspecies of haustellum in the genus vokesimurex .\nspecies haustellum sobrinus ( a . adams , 1863 ) accepted as vokesimurex sobrinus ( a . adams , 1863 )\nhaustellum sobrinus ( a . adams , 1863 ) : synonym of vokesimurex sobrinus ( a . adams , 1863 )\nspecies haustellum bellegladeensis ( e . h . vokes , 1963 ) accepted as vokesimurex bellegladeensis ( e . h . vokes , 1963 )\nspecies haustellum malabaricum ( e . a . smith , 1894 ) accepted as vokesimurex malabaricus ( e . a . smith , 1894 )\nspecies haustellum rubidum ( f . c . baker , 1897 ) accepted as vokesimurex rubidus ( f . c . baker , 1897 )\nhaustellum malabaricum ( e . a . smith , 1894 ) : synonym of vokesimurex malabaricus ( e . a . smith , 1894 )\nspecies haustellum dentifer ( r . b . watson , 1883 ) accepted as vokesimurex dentifer dentifer ( r . b . watson , 1883 )\nspecies haustellum gallinago ( g . b . sowerby iii , 1903 ) accepted as vokesimurex gallinago ( g . b . sowerby iii , 1903 )\nspecies haustellum mindanaoensis ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1841 ) accepted as vokesimurex mindanaoensis ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1841 )\nspecies haustellum multiplicatus ( g . b . sowerby iii , 1895 ) accepted as vokesimurex multiplicatus ( g . b . sowerby iii , 1895 )\nspecies haustellum rectirostris ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1841 ) accepted as vokesimurex rectirostris ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1841 )\npetuch ( 1994 ) introduced vokesimurex for the american long - canalled haustellum sensu vokes ( 1990 ) , such as murex messorius sowerby , 1841 .\nhaustellum gallinago ( g . b . sowerby iii , 1903 ) : synonym of vokesimurex gallinago ( g . b . sowerby iii , 1903 )\nhaustellum mindanaoensis ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1841 ) : synonym of vokesimurex mindanaoensis ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1841 )\nhouart r . ( 2014 ) . living muricidae of the world . muricinae . murex , promurex , haustellum , bolinus , vokesimurex and siratus . harxheim : conchbooks . 197 pp .\nhouart r . ( 2014 ) . living muricidae of the world . muricinae . murex , promurex , haustellum , bolinus , vokesimurex and siratus . harxheim : conchbooks . 197 pp . [ details ]\n( of brontes montfort , 1810 ) houart r . ( 2014 ) . living muricidae of the world . muricinae . murex , promurex , haustellum , bolinus , vokesimurex and siratus . harxheim : conchbooks . 197 pp . [ details ]\n( of brontesia reichenbach , 1828 ) houart r . ( 2014 ) . living muricidae of the world . muricinae . murex , promurex , haustellum , bolinus , vokesimurex and siratus . harxheim : conchbooks . 197 pp . [ details ]\n( of haustellaria swainson , 1833 ) houart r . ( 2014 ) . living muricidae of the world . muricinae . murex , promurex , haustellum , bolinus , vokesimurex and siratus . harxheim : conchbooks . 197 pp . [ details ]\n( of murex plicatus g . b . sowerby ii , 1834 ) houart r . ( 2014 ) . living muricidae of the world . muricinae . murex , promurex , haustellum , bolinus , vokesimurex and siratus . harxheim : conchbooks . 197 pp . [ details ]\nas currently defined , haustellum is represented by eight to nine species . members of haustellum generally differ from those of vokesimurex in having a globose and low - spired shape , a more rounded aperture , a smooth columella , a less deep anal notch , and no cord spine .\nhouart , r . ( 1999 ) . review of the indo - pacific species of haustellum schumacher , 1817 and comments on vokesimurex petuch , 1994 ( gastropoda : muricidae ) with the description of h . bondarevi n . sp . apex 14 ( 3 - 8 ) : 81 - 107 .\nmerle d . , garrigues b . & pointier j . - p . ( 2011 ) fossil and recent muricidae of the world . part muricinae . hackenheim : conchbooks . 648 pp . [ details ]\n( of murex plicatus g . b . sowerby ii , 1834 ) petit , r . e . ( 2009 ) . george brettingham sowerby , i , ii & iii : their conchological publications and molluscan taxa . zootaxa . 2189 : 1\u2013218 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nversion 43 . 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed . my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .\nmurex plicatus sowerby , g . b . ii , 1834 : c america ( renamed )\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nthe source code for museums victoria collections is available on github under the mit license .\nthis amount includes applicable customs duties , taxes , brokerage and other fees . this amount is subject to change until you make payment . for additional information , see the global shipping program terms and conditions - opens in a new window or tab\nthis amount includes applicable customs duties , taxes , brokerage and other fees . this amount is subject to change until you make payment . if you reside in an eu member state besides uk , import vat on this purchase is not recoverable . for additional information , see the global shipping program terms and conditions - opens in a new window or tab\ndelivery time is estimated using our proprietary method which is based on the buyer ' s proximity to the item location , the shipping service selected , the seller ' s shipping history , and other factors . delivery times may vary , especially during peak periods .\nany international shipping and import charges are paid in part to pitney bowes inc . learn more - opens in a new window or tab\ninternational shipping and import charges paid to pitney bowes inc . learn more - opens in a new window or tab\ninternational shipping paid to pitney bowes inc . learn more - opens in a new window or tab\nany international shipping is paid in part to pitney bowes inc . learn more - opens in a new window or tab\nan item that has been used previously . see the seller\u2019s listing for full details and description of any imperfections . see all condition definitions - opens in a new window or tab\n$ 1 . 00 shipping for each additional eligible item you buy from shellmama .\nthis item will be shipped through the global shipping program and includes international tracking . learn more - opens in a new window or tab\nthere are 1 items available . please enter a number less than or equal to 1 .\n* estimated delivery dates - opens in a new window or tab include seller ' s handling time , origin zip code , destination zip code and time of acceptance and will depend on shipping service selected and receipt of cleared payment - opens in a new window or tab . delivery times may vary , especially during peak periods .\nqualifying purchases could enjoy no interest if paid in full in 6 months on purchases of $ 99 or more . other offers may also be available .\ninterest will be charged to your account from the purchase date if the balance is not paid in full within 6 months . minimum monthly payments are required . subject to credit approval . see terms - opens in a new window or tab\nif the item differs greatly from the description or photos your money will be happily refunded .\ncopyright \u00a9 1995 - 2018 ebay inc . all rights reserved . accessibility , user agreement , privacy , cookies and adchoice\nthis section is empty . you can help by adding to it . ( april 2010 )\nschumacher c . f . ( 1817 ) . essai d ' un nouveau syst\u00e8me des habitations des vers testac\u00e9s . schultz , copenghagen . iv + 288 pp . , 22 pls . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 64 , 213 [ details ]\nmerle d . , garrigues b . & pointier j . - p . ( 2011 ) fossil and recent muricidae of the world . part muricinae . hackenheim : conchbooks . 648 pp . page ( s ) : 63 [ details ]\nponder w . f . & vokes e . h . ( 1988 ) a revision of the indo - west pacific fossil and recent species of murex s . s . and haustellum ( mollusca : gastropoda : muricidae ) . records of the australian museum suppl . 8 : 1 - 160 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nlike many other genera within the muricidae , the genus has been redefined several times .\nponder & vokes ( 1988 ) and vokes ( 1990 ) included american and indo - pacific species in haustellum , which differs from murex sensu stricto by lacking a labral spine .\nthere is no record of extinct species in the geological register . the oldest member is the type species haustellum haustellum from the indo - pacific province . it is recorded from the miocene of borneo ( beets , 1941 ) , the pliocene of java , indonesia and the plio - pleistocene of the malaysian archipelago .\nhouart , r . ; gofas , s . ( 2009 ) . bolinus brandaris ( linnaeus , 1758 ) . in : bouchet , p . ; gofas , s . ; rosenberg , g . world marine mollusca database . accessed through the world register of marine species at urltoken on 2010 - 08 - 31\nschumacher c . f . ( 1817 ) . essai d ' un nouveau syst\u00e8me des habitations des vers testac\u00e9s . schultz , copenghagen pp . [ iv + 288 + 22 pl . ]\nbeets , c . ( 1941 ) . eine jungmioc\u00e4ne mollusken fauna von der halbinsel mangkalihat , ost borneo . verhandelingen geologisch - mijnbouwkunig genootshap nederland en kolonien . geologisch serie 13 ( 1 ) : 1 - 218 .\nmerle , d . , garrigues , b . & pointier , j . - p . ( 2011 ) . fossil and recent muricidae of the world , part muricinae . 648 pp . , 182 colour plates , hackenheim . isbn 978 - 3 - 939767 - 32 - 9 .\npetuch , e . j . ( 1994 ) . atlas of florida fossil shells . 394 pp . chicago .\nponder , w . f . & vokes , e . h . ( 1988 ) . a revision of the indo - west pacific fossil and recent species of murex s . s . and haustellum ( mollusca : gastropoda : muricidae ) . records of the australian museum , suppl . 8 : 1 - 160 .\nvokes , e . h . ( 1990 ) : cenozoic muricidae of the western atlantic region , part viii - murex s . s . , haustellum , chicoreus , hexaplex ; additions and corrections . tulane studies in geology and paleontology 23 ( 1 - 3 ) : 1 - 96 .\nthis article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 1 / 23 / 2016 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , world , geography , . . . more\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nsee the world ( and its fossils ) with ucmp ' s field notes .\ngastropods are one of the most diverse groups of animals , both in form , habit , and habitat . they are by far the largest group of molluscs , with more than 62 , 000 described living species , and they comprise about 80 % of living molluscs . estimates of total extant species range from 40 , 000 to over 100 , 000 , but there may be as many as 150 , 000 species ! there are about about 13 , 000 named genera for both recent and fossil gastropods . they have a long and rich fossil record from the early cambrian that shows periodic extinctions of subclades , followed by diversification of new groups .\ngastropods have figured prominently in paleobiological and biological studies , and have served as study organisms in numerous evolutionary , biomechanical , ecological , physiological , and behavioral investigations .\nthey are extremely diverse in size , body and shell morphology , and habits and occupy the widest range of ecological niches of all molluscs , being the only group to have invaded the land .\ngastropods live in every conceivable habitat on earth . they occupy all marine habitats ranging from the deepest ocean basins to the supralittoral , as well as freshwater habitats , and other inland aquatic habitats including salt lakes . they are also the only terrestrial molluscs , being found in virtually all habitats ranging from high mountains to deserts and rainforest , and from the tropics to high latitudes .\ngastropod feeding habits are extremely varied , although most species make use of a radula in some aspect of their feeding behavior . they include grazers , browsers , suspension feeders , scavengers , detritivores , and carnivores . carnivory in some taxa may simply involve grazing on colonial animals , while others engage in hunting their prey . some gastropod carnivores drill holes in their shelled prey , this method of entry having been acquired independently in several groups , as is also the case with carnivory itself . some gastropods feed suctorially and have lost the radula .\nmost gastropods have separate sexes but some groups ( mainly the heterobranchia ) are hermaphroditic . most hermaphroditic forms do not normally engage in self - fertilization . basal gastropods release their gametes into the water column where they undergo development ; derived gastropods use a penis to copulate or exchange spermatophores and produce eggs surrounded by protective capsules or jelly ( see busycon spiratus photo below ) .\nthe first gastropod larval stage is typically a trochophore that transforms into a veliger and then settles and undergoes metamorphosis to form a juvenile snail . while many marine species undergo larval development , there are also numerous marine taxa that have direct development , this mode being the norm in freshwater and terrestrial taxa . brooding of developing embryos is widely distributed throughout the gastropods , as are sporadic occurrences of hermaphrodism in the non - heterobranch taxa .\nthe basal groups have non - feeding larvae while veligers of many neritopsines , caenogastropods , and heterobranchs are planktotrophic . egg size is reflected in the initial size of the juvenile shell or protoconch and this feature has been useful in distinguishing feeding and non - feeding taxa in both recent and fossil taxa .\ngastropods are characterized by the possession of a single ( often coiled ) shell , although this is lost in some slug groups , and a body that has undergone torsion so that the pallial cavity faces forwards . they have a well - developed head bearing a pair of cephalic tentacles and eyes that are primitively situated near the outer bases of the tentacles . in some taxa the eyes are located on short to long eye stalks . the mantle edge in some taxa is extended anteriorly to form an inhalant siphon and this is sometimes associated with an elongation of the shell opening ( aperture ) \u0097 this is shown in the photo of the caenogastropod\nthe shell is typically coiled , usually dextrally , the axis of coiling being around a central columella to which a large retractor muscle is attached . the uppermost part of the shell is formed from the larval shell ( the protoconch ) . the shell is partly or entirely lost in the juveniles or adults of some groups , with total loss occurring in several groups of land slugs and sea slugs ( nudibranchs ) .\nfrom left , a whelk , busycon spiratus , almost entirely out of its shell \u0097 the yellowish disc is the operculum ; another busycon spiratus individual , entirely withdrawn inside its shell , with the operculum sealing off the aperture ; egg capsules being deposited on the sand by busycon spiratus ; a larval harp shell , morum oniscus , begins building its shell ( protoconch ) .\nexternally , gastropods appear to be bilaterally symmetrical . however , they are one of the most successful clades of asymmetric organisms known . the ancestral state of this group is clearly bilateral symmetry ( e . g . , chitons , cephalopods , bivalves ) , but gastropod molluscs twist their organ systems into figure - eights , differentially develop or lose organs on either side of their midline , and generate shells that coil to the right or left . the best documented source of gastropod asymmetry is the developmental process known as torsion .\nthere is still controversy about the phylogenetic position of some gastropod clades . though the clades discussed below are well supported in many modern analyses , their relationships to each other remain somewhat unclear .\nin particular , the neritopsina are placed below the vetigastropoda in some analyses ( thus they become the sister group of vetigastropoda + caenogastropoda + heterobranchia ) . also , the enigmatic taxon cocculinidae is still uncertain . it may actually be a member of the neritopsina clade , as some characters indicate . most likely it is the sister clade to neritopsina , though .\nneritopsina neritopsina contains several families which have marine , freshwater , and terrestrial members . the largest family , neritidae , includes many marine , brackish , and freshwater lineages . this family alone has probably invaded freshwater habitats at least six times ( holthuis 1995 ) . the two terrestrial families , helicinidae and hydrocenidae , can be found as far back as the devonian .\nneritopsines come in all shapes and sizes and can have coiled to limpet - shaped shells , with one species ( titiscania ) being a slug . this group was previously included within the\narchaeogastropoda .\nthe shell is never nacreous and an operculum is present in adults . the radula has many teeth in each row .\nvetigastropoda the vetigastropoda is a diverse group that includes the keyhole and slit - limpets ( fissurellidae ) , abalones ( haliotiidae ) , slit shells ( pleurotomariidae ) , the top shells ( trochids ) , and about 10 other families .\nall are marine , and have coiled to limpet - shaped shells . this group was also previously included within the\narchaeogastropoda .\nthe shell is nacreous in many of these taxa and an operculum is usually present . the radula has many teeth in each row .\nassorted vetigastropods : from left , abalone ; puncturella longifissa , a keyhole limpet \u0097 note the hole or\nkeyhole\njust above the apex of the shell through which water is expelled ; margarites marginatus , a trochid ; and the radula of the vetigastropod snail sinezona rimuloides , greatly magnified .\ncaenogastropods were previously comprised of the\nmesogastropoda\nand\nneogastropoda\nwithin the\nprosobranchia .\nof these two groups only the neogastropoda remains as a monophyletic group . the shell is never nacreous and an operculum is present in adults . apart from members of the neogastropoda , the radula usually has only seven teeth in each row . the radula of neogastropods has five to one tooth in each row and is absent in some species .\nheterobranchia heterobranchia is a very large group that has only recently been recognized as a clade within gastropoda . several marine and one freshwater group ( valvatidae ) that were previously included in the\nmesogastropoda\nand two very large groups previously given subclass status , the opisthobranchia and pulmonata ( collectively the euthyneura ) , were found to be related lineages in a recent phylogenetic analysis . the more basal members comprise about a dozen families that are mostly small - sized , poorly - known operculate groups .\nthe opisthobranchs comprise about 25 families and 2000 species of the bubble shells ( many families ) and the sea slugs ( many families ) as well as the sea hares ( aplysiidae ) . virtually all opisthobranchs are marine with the majority showing shell reduction or shell loss and only some of the\nprimitive\nshell - bearing taxa having an operculum as adults .\nassorted heterobranchs : clockwise from top left , the bubble shell hydatina physis from the canary islands ; the clown nudibranch , triopha catalinae , from off the santa barbara coast ; the ragged sea hare , bursatella leachii , from off the florida coast ; the siphonariid physella heterostropha from northeastern florida ; euglandina rosea , a carnivorous terrestrial spiraxid pulmonate from florida ; the florida leatherleaf , leidyula floridana , a veronicellid from florida , about 8 cm long ; and the pond snail lymnaea stagnalis .\nthe file limpet , lottia limulata ( left ) , and a group of colisella ( lottia ? ) sp . limpets , from the intertidal off california .\na visit to almost any rocky intertidal habitat in the world will reveal these wonderful , cap - shaped gastropods , the true limpets . tenaciously clinging to the rocks with their hard shells to protect them , they have many different behaviors in their environments associated with their feeding strategies . but the true limpets are not restricted to the intertidal , they can be found beneath the waves , in the deep sea associated with hydrothermal vent habitats , and there are even some species which live exclusively on drift - wood that has sunk to the bottom of the ocean .\nall are marine and limpet - shaped and many live in the intertidal zone . this group was previously included within the\narchaeogastropoda .\nthe shell is nacreous in some taxa and the operculum is absent in adults . their radula has several teeth in each row , some of which are strengthened by the incorporation of metallic ions such as iron .\ncocculinidae cocculinids are a group of simple white limpets that occur on waterlogged wood and other organic substrates in the deep sea .\nthe relationships of cocculinidae are unclear . several recent phylogenetic analyses place them as closely related to the neritopsina , or as the sister group to the clade that includes caenogastropoda and neritopsina . some authors believe , however , that they are members of the neritopsina . further systematic research is needed to clarify the relationships of this enigmatic group .\nholthuis , b . v . 1995 . evolution between marine and freshwater habitats : a case study of the gastropod suborder neritopsina . ph . d . thesis , university of washington .\noriginal text by paul bunje , ucmp . partula taeniata by carole hickman , ucmp ; abalone and colisella ( lottia ? ) sp . by sherry ballard , \u00a9 1999 california academy of sciences ; sinezona rimuloides radula \u00a9 2004 dr . daniel l . geiger ; ; triopha catalinae \u00a9 2002 larry jon friesen ; lottia limulata by e . eugenia patten , \u00a9 california academy of sciences . all other photos courtesy of urltoken , with pteropurpura trialata by roger clark , nerita fulgurans by marlo krisberg , and bursatella leachii by joel wooster ."]}
{"id": 1541, "summary": [{"text": "cillenus is a genus of beetles in the family carabidae , containing the following species : cillenus albertisi ( putzeys , 1875 ) cillenus formosanus dupuis , 1912 cillenus sauteri ( jedlicka , 1958 ) cillenus sinicus andrewes , 1938 cillenus lateralis samouelle , 1819 cillenus adelaideae lindroth , 1980 cillenus aestuarii ( habu & ueno , 1954 ) cillenus albovirens ( sloane , 1903 ) cillenus angustatum baehr , 1995 cillenus foochowense lindroth , 1980 cillenus kasaharai habu , 1978 cillenus mastersi sloane , 1895 cillenus sumaoi ( morita , 1981 ) cillenus yakushimanum sasakawa , 2007", "topic": 18}], "title": "cillenus", "paragraphs": ["( of cillenus laterale ( samouelle ) ) hayward , p . j . ; ryland , j . s . ( ed . ) . ( 1990 ) . the marine fauna of the british isles and north - west europe : 1 . introduction and protozoans to arthropods . clarendon press : oxford , uk . isbn 0 - 19 - 857356 - 1 . 627 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of cillenus laterale ( samouelle ) ) muller , y . ( 2004 ) . faune et flore du littoral du nord , du pas - de - calais et de la belgique : inventaire . [ coastal fauna and flora of the nord , pas - de - calais and belgium : inventory ] . commission r\u00e9gionale de biologie r\u00e9gion nord pas - de - calais : france . 307 pp . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nhayward , p . j . ; ryland , j . s . ( ed . ) . ( 1990 ) . the marine fauna of the british isles and north - west europe : 1 . introduction and protozoans to arthropods . clarendon press : oxford , uk . isbn 0 - 19 - 857356 - 1 . 627 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nmuller , y . ( 2004 ) . faune et flore du littoral du nord , du pas - de - calais et de la belgique : inventaire . [ coastal fauna and flora of the nord , pas - de - calais and belgium : inventory ] . commission r\u00e9gionale de biologie r\u00e9gion nord pas - de - calais : france . 307 pp . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nhaghebaert , g . ( 1989 ) . coleoptera from marine habitats , in : wouters , k . ; baert , l . ( ed . ) ( 1989 ) . proceedings of the symposium\ninvertebrates of belgium\n. pp . 301 - 308 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\ncheng , l . ( ed . ) . ( 1976 ) . marine insects . north - holland publishing company : amsterdam , the netherlands . isbn 0 - 444 - 11213 - 8 . xii , 581 pp . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nmedin . ( 2011 ) . uk checklist of marine species derived from the applications marine recorder and unicorn . version 1 . 0 . [ details ]\nmaris , t . ; beauchard , o . ; van damme , s . ; van den bergh , e . ; wijnhoven , s . ; meire , p . ( 2013 ) . referentiematrices en ecotoopoppervlaktes annex bij de evaluatiemethodiek schelde - estuarium studie naar \u201cecotoopoppervlaktes en intactness index\u201d . monitor taskforce publication series , 2013 - 01 . nioz : yerseke . 35 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndescription : a 3 - 4mm long yellowish ground beetle with metallic green foreparts . on sheltered tidal mud or sand of saltmarshes and estuaries , under ulva and litter on the strandline .\nworld distribution : a suboceanic southern - temperate species ( 82 ) found on coasts from southern denmark and the british isles south to the iberian peninsula and north africa but not in the eastern mediterranean .\nirish status : restricted to sheltered inlets and estuaries but very widespread and fairly common .\necology : stenotopic for sheltered , usually estuarine , mudflats with fine sand or gravel on the upper middle and upper shores . typically found under stones or deposits of ulva and enteromorpha on or near the strandline , but can withstand considerable periods of immersion in saltwater . found closer to the open sea on estuaries than either b . lunatum or b . maritimum . it feeds largely on talitrids .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis media file is licensed under the creative commons attribution license - version 3 . 0 .\n. note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own license , and they may or may not be available for reuse . click on an image or a media link to access the media data window , which provides the relevant licensing information . for the general terms and conditions of tol material reuse and redistribution , please see the\neach tol leaf page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a leaf at the tip of the tree of life . the major distinction between a leaf and a branch of the tree of life is that a leaf cannot generally be further subdivided into subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages .\nfor a more detailed explanation of the different tol page types , have a look at the structure of the tree of life page .\ntree of life design and icons copyright \u00a9 1995 - 2004 tree of life project . all rights reserved .\neach tol branch page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a branch of the tree of life . the major distinction between a branch and a leaf of the tree of life is that each branch can be further subdivided into descendent branches , that is , subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages .\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\n. if you continue to use the site we will assume that you agree with this .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with nbn atlas , please upload using the upload tools ."]}
{"id": 1560, "summary": [{"text": "agaronia acuminata , common name the pointed ancilla , is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family olividae , the olives . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "agaronia acuminata", "paragraphs": ["agaronia acuminata by lambert m . surhone , mariam t . tennoe , susan f . henssonow\n( of agaronia acuminata acuminata ( lamarck , 1811 ) ) vervaet f . & recourt p . pers . com . , january 2010 [ details ]\nolividae \u00bb agaronia acuminata , id : 178115 , shell detail \u00ab shell encyclopedia , conchology , inc .\na new javan species of agaronia gray , 1839 ( neogastropoda , olividae ) .\n( pdf ) a new javan species of agaronia gray , 1839 ( neogastropoda , olividae ) .\n( of agaronia acuminata acuminata ( lamarck , 1811 ) ) lamarck [ j . b . m . de ] . ( 1811 ) . suite de la d\u00e9termination des esp\u00e8ces de mollusques testac\u00e9s . annales du mus\u00e9um national d ' histoire naturelle . 16 : 300 - 328 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : page 323 , species 48 . [ details ]\nagaronia ( anazola ) acuminata boavistensis ( burnay & concei\u00e7\u00e3o , 1986 ) live taken , fine + + + , small nick on the lip ; beautiful ! ; 20 . 4 mm ; cape verde islands , boavista , praia de cabral ; scuba diving at 6 - 8m . ; july 2013 . [ oli116 ]\na new species of olivid neogastropod from west java , agaronia johnabbasi sp . nov . , is described according to conchological characters . it is distinguished from congeners by means of its distinctive morphology and colouration .\nteso v . & pastorino g . ( 2011 ) a revision of the genus olivancillaria ( mollusca : olividae ) from the southwestern atlantic . zootaxa 2889 : 1\u201334 . [ details ]\nlamarck [ j . b . m . de ] . ( 1811 ) . suite de la d\u00e9termination des esp\u00e8ces de mollusques testac\u00e9s . annales du mus\u00e9um national d ' histoire naturelle . 16 : 300 - 328 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : page 323 , species 48 . [ details ]\nburnay & conceicao ( 1986 ) . contribuicao para o estudo da fauna malacol\u00f3gica do arquip\u00e9lago de cabo verde . familia olividae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . urltoken orta s\u00e9r . zool . 2 ( 1 - 2 ) page 25 - 39 , tav . 1 - 6 . [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nversion 43 . 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed . my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nteso v . & pastorino g . ( 2011 ) a revision of the genus < i > olivancillaria < / i > ( mollusca : olividae ) from the southwestern atlantic . < i > zootaxa < / i > 2889 : 1\u201334 .\nvervaet f . & recourt p . pers . com . , january ( 2010 ) vervaet f . & recourt p . pers . com . , january 2010\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthe star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :\nwe want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only , as we handle very few foreign shells in general . as time goes , the system will become more and more performant .\nenter your email address and we will send you an email with your username and password .\ne - mail jecilia sisican if you do not receive your email with your username and password .\nst . thomas and principe islands . sao tome . northwest of lagoa azul . in sand . october 2014 .\nfrom quite to the south and offshore , highly selected , these are fine + to gem .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 0 . 001 seconds . )\nshell gallery view \u00ab shell encyclopedia , conchology , inc . \u00bb conchological megadatabase on mollusks\nclick on an image to view all the information : family , species , author , date , and full locality .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 3 . 822 seconds . )\nsenegal . casamance . from fisherman , trawled on a sand bottom . 1990 .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 0 . 002 seconds . )\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322c1faa - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322fc869 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322fc9b6 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 32336b46 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 325e44fa - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 32634421 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 38483098 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nbieler r . bouchet p . dijkstra h . faber m . finn j . garcia - alvarez o . gofas s . la perna r . marshall b . moretzsohn f . neubauer t . a . rosenberg g . sartori a . f . schneider s . taylor j . ter poorten j . j . & vos c . ( eds ) . ( 2018 ) . worms mollusca : molluscabase ( version 2018 - 06 - 06 ) . in : roskov y . , abucay l . , orrell t . , nicolson d . , bailly n . , kirk p . m . , bourgoin t . , dewalt r . e . , decock w . , de wever a . , nieukerken e . van , zarucchi j . , penev l . , eds . ( 2018 ) . species 2000 & itis catalogue of life , 30th june 2018 . digital resource at urltoken species 2000 : naturalis , leiden , the netherlands . issn 2405 - 8858 .\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 9732ef74 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\n. if you continue to use the site we will assume that you agree with this .\nolividae a semi - precious family with about 400 species , subspecies and forms . olividae thank their success among collectors to the high brilliance of the shells and to the large degree of variability within one species . their taxonomy is difficult and the nomenclature chaotic . because members of the genus oliva , apart from a few exceptions , all live in shallow water , usually in colonies . very popular among collectors are large porphyria and rubrolabiata .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 0 . 055 seconds . )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\nnov . , is described according to conchological characters . it is distinguished from congeners by\nwest java , in late 2009 , at a depth of about 60m . their\nsize as two of the paratypes ( figs 7 - 8 ) . a closer\npp . i - v + 1 - 154 + a1 - a4 + 29 pl . virginia ( coastal\n( r\u00f6ding , 1798 ) , east pangandaran bay , java , indonesia , 31mm ( juvenile ) .\nclassification of the caenogastropoda and heterostropha\u2014a list of the family - group names and higher taxa . mala - cological review\nsterba , g . h . w . , 2004 . olividae a collectors guide . pp . 1 - 172 . hackenheim ( conchbooks ) .\nparatype 1 , dpc r . ga1000 , 41mm ; 5 - 6 . paratype 4 , nmnh unreg\nholotype , mnhn 23267 , 38mm ; 3 - 4 . paratype 1 , dpc r . ga1000 , 41mm ; 5 - 6 . paratype 4 , nmnh unreg . , 31mm .\nolsson , a . a . , 1956 . studies on the genus olivella . proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia , 108 : 155 - 225 .\nnew caribbean molluscan faunas . pp . i - v + 1 - 154 + a1 - a4 + 29 pl\npetuch , e . j . , 1987 . new caribbean molluscan faunas . pp . i - v + 1 - 154 + a1 - a4 + 29 pl . virginia ( coastal education and research foundation ) .\nstudies on alien and invasive species of molluscs in the maltese islands , with a particular focus on lessepsian immigrant bivalves and non - marine gastropods .\na new species of chloritis beck , 1837 ( pulmonata : camaenidae ) from sulawesi , indonesia .\nthe camaenid pulmonate chloritis johannisi n . sp . is described from the island of peleng , sulawesi , indonesia , by means of conchological characteristics . it can be distinguished from the sympatric congener chloritis gruneri by the presence of periostracal hair and from the similar chloritis talabensis by size , colour , hair density and whorl number .\ndescription of a new species of amphidromus albers , 1850 from sumba , indonesia ( gastropoda pulmonata . . .\nthe camaenid amphidromus ( syndromus ) iunior n . sp . from an isolated forest in the east of sumba island in the indonesian archipelago is described . its closest named relative is amphidromus ( syndromus ) abbasi chan et tan , 2010 , and some conchological features are common for both species . however , the new species is smaller , with consistent differences in shell thickness , pattern and pigmentation .\non the presence of the alien freshwater gastropod ferrissia fragilis ( tryon , 1863 ) ( gastropoda : plan . . .\nan established population of the north - american freshwater gastropod ferrissia fragilis ( tryon , 1863 ) is recorded from the island of malta ( central mediterranean ) for the first time . this population was found in an anthropogenic habitat at the northeast of malta . ferrissia fragilis is an invader of several freshwater habitats throughout europe and beyond . if released into the wild , it could . . . [ show full abstract ]\ncontributions to the malacology of malta , iii : first record of planorbella duryi ( wetherby , 1879 ) ( g . . .\nthe freshwater and allochthonous species planorbella duryi ( wetherby , 1879 ) ( gastropoda planorbidae ) ( = helisoma duryi wetherby , 1879 ) is reported from the island of comino ( maltese archipelago ) . this is the first record of a freshwater species and also of an allochthonous species for the third largest island of the maltese archipelago .\nusing cookies on urltoken shellauction uses cookies only for technical reasons and to facilitate and speed up your site navigation . by continuing to browse , you accept the use of cookies ; if you do not wish to receive them please disable them or not navigate this website further . more info cookies on urltoken\nutilizzo dei cookies su urltoken shellauction utilizza i cookies esclusivamente per ragioni tecniche e per facilitare e velocizzare la navigazione del sito . continuando a navigare accetti l ' utilizzo dei cookies , se non desideri riceverli ti invitiamo a disabilitarli oppure a non navigare questo sito ulteriormente . altre informazioni sui cookies di urltoken"]}
{"id": 1565, "summary": [{"text": "cicindela sylvicola is a species of ground beetle native to europe , where it can be found in austria , belgium , bosnia and herzegovina , bulgaria , croatia , the czech republic , mainland france , germany , hungary , mainland italy , luxembourg , the republic of macedonia , moldova , poland , romania , southern russia , slovenia , switzerland , ukraine and former yugoslavia . ", "topic": 28}], "title": "cicindela sylvicola", "paragraphs": ["no one has contributed data records for cicindela sylvicola yet . learn how to contribute .\nhans - martin braun added the german common name\nberg - sandlaufk\u00e4fer\nto\ncicindela sylvicola\n.\nscientific name : cicindela ( cicindela ) sylvicola dejean , 1822 body length : variability : distribution : type locality : original description : ssp . : synonymy : \u00e3\u00e5\u00ed\u00e8\u00f2\u00e0\u00eb\u00e8\u00e8 :\nenter the name or part of a name you wish to search for . the asterisk character * can be used as wildcard . e . g . ' papilio * ' . keep in mind that the search is only based on the full taxon name .\nwe are still having problems with the search feature . unfortunately we cannot give a timeline when the advanced search will be fixed .\nthe id resolving service for stable taxon ids is currently under maintenance . meanwhile , please use the name search in order to find the taxon page .\nmuseum f\u00fcr naturkunde leibniz - institut f\u00fcr evolutions - und biodiversit\u00e4tsforschung invalidenstr . 43 10115 berlin germany e - mail : fauna - eu ( at ) mfn - berlin . de website : urltoken\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nscientists aim to describe a single ' tree of life ' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things . however , evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery , and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named . eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific ' classifications ' . some species have been named more than once . such duplicates are listed under synonyms . eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .\nhristovski , slav\u010do & gu\u00e9orguiev , borislav , 2015 , annotated catalogue of the carabid beetles of the republic of macedonia ( coleoptera : carabidae ) , zootaxa 4002 ( 1 ) , pp . 1 - 190 : 28\n; drovenik & peks 1999 : 6 ; hristovski et al . 2002 : 122 ( \u0161ar planina ) ; hristovski et al . 2010 : 56 ( jablanica ) ; mitev et al . 2010 : 42 ( ko\u017euf ) .\nno known copyright restrictions apply . see agosti , d . , egloff , w . , 2009 . taxonomic information exchange and copyright : the plazi approach . bmc research notes 2009 , 2 : 53 for further explanation ."]}
{"id": 1572, "summary": [{"text": "bostrycapulus pritzkeri is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family calyptraeidae , the slipper snails or slipper limpets , cup-and-saucer snails , and chinese hat snails . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "bostrycapulus pritzkeri", "paragraphs": ["no one has contributed data records for bostrycapulus pritzkeri yet . learn how to contribute .\ncollin r . 2005 . development , phylogeny , and taxonomy of bostrycapulus ( caenogastropoda : calyptraeidae ) , an ancient cryptic radiation . zoological journal of the linnean society 144 ( 1 ) : 75 - 101 , available online at urltoken [ details ]\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\ncopyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved\nenter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\ntypical shell - length 25 mm . lives intertidally to offshore on rocks . native . endemic to eastern , western and northern australia ( wa , nt , qld , nsw and tas ) . there are as yet no confirmed records of this species in tasmanian waters , although its presence here would not be surprising .\nthe web - pages on this web - site are generated from an underlying database . these can be cited as\nrespectively . whilst great care is taken to accurately identify specimens featured on this web - site and to allocate all records to the most appropriate taxonomic names available , no guarantee is offered that all identifications are accurate , nor that the taxa to which they have been allocated are currently valid . commentaries on habitat , distribution and biology are also subject to change as new information comes to light . if you have any enquiries , or any comments that will help improve the content or appearance of these pages , then please follow the links from ' contact ' on the left - hand panel .\n\u201ctropical forests are the result of an accident of history . \u201d - carlos jaramillo .\nwhite - faced capuchin monkeys in panama\u2019s coiba national park habitually use hammer and anvil stones to break hermit crab shells , snail shells , coconuts and other food items , according to visiting scientists at the smithsonian tropical research institute ( stri ) . this is the first report of habitual stone - tool use by cebus monkeys .\nmany in the stri community will remember joan siedenburg , who died on june 9 at 92 years of age , as a wonderful friend of tropical research in panama . her yearly visits to stri gave her a chance to participate directly in both the discovery process and in outreach to local communities .\nas researchers ask which disease - carrying mosquito species will rule panama\u2019s azuero penninsula ( and perhaps the world ) , they discover culinary delights along the way .\nstri took a gamble on a carbon offset program in partnership with an indigenous community in eastern panama . ten years later , it has successfully met offset goals , empowered women , built environmental stewardship capacity , created a long - term research platform and offered hope for a community\u2019s threatened forest - based traditions .\nstri is hosting dr . anna me\u017eaka , originally from latvia and currently employed at the university of marburg ( umr ) , germany , who is doing a project called \u201clife on a leaf : species interactions and community dynamics in epiphyll communities\u201d funded by a marie sk\u0142odowska - curie global fellowship from the european union .\nthe guna , ember\u00e1 and cattle - ranching communities of eastern panama share the same threatened landscape but have been divided for generations over territorial disputes . a series of filmmaking workshops and film festivals have brought some members of the community together in ways not previously considered possible .\ndesigned to share a hands - on - science experience , the new , brightly - painted van will make it possible for kids and adults to participate in the excitement of the discovery process in cities and towns across panama .\nwhen he\u2019s not racing his bike cross - country , milton garcia is in demand for his expertise flying drones . in the last month , he monitored mangrove deforestation on panama\u2019s pacific coast , mapped a new research station in coiba national park and tracked blooming trees on barro colorado island , the first plot in an international network of forest monitoring sites .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en\nexcept where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence ."]}
{"id": 1573, "summary": [{"text": "brachycythara biconica , common name the biconic top turrid , is a species of very small sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family mangeliidae . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "brachycythara biconica", "paragraphs": ["brachycythara biconica ( c . b . adams , 1850 ) biconic top - turris\nbrachycythara biconica ( c . b . adams , 1850 ) - let ' s talk seashells !\nworms - world register of marine species - brachycythara biconica ( c . b . adams , 1850 )\nturridae - mangeliidae \u00bb brachycythara biconica , id : 303656 , shell detail \u00ab shell encyclopedia , conchology , inc .\nin abbott it ' s listed as mangelia ( brachycythara woodring , 1928 ) biconica c . b . adams , 1850 ( # 3187 ) . marlo\nel complejo brachycythara biconica ( c . b . adams , 1850 ) ( mollusca : gastropoda : turridae ) en cuba , con la descripcion de una nueva especie\nbrachycythara alba ( adams c . b . , 1850 ) . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 8 august 2011 .\nrol\u00e1n e . & espinosa j . ( 1999 ) el complejo brachycythara biconica ( c . b . adams , 1850 ) ( mollusca : gastropoda : turridae ) en cuba , con la descripci\u00f3n de una nueva especie . bollettino malacologico 34 : 43\u201349 . [ details ]\nrol\u00e1n , e . & espinosa , j . ( 1999 ) el complejo brachycythara biconica ( c . b . adams , 1850 ) ( mollusca : gastropoda : turridae ) en cuba , con la descripcion de una nueva especie . bollettino malacologico , 34 , 43\u201349 .\nrol\u00e1n e . & espinosa j . ( 1999 ) . el complejo brachycythara biconica ( c . b . adams , 1850 ) ( mollusca : gastropoda : turridae ) en cuba , con la descripci\u00f3n de una nueva especie . bollettino malacologico , 34 ( 1 - 4 ) : 43 - 49\nto biodiversity heritage library ( 5 publications ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 7 publications ) ( from synonym mangelia biconica c . b . adams , 1850 ) to encyclopedia of life to usnm invertebrate zoology mollusca collection to itis\n( of mangelia biconica c . b . adams , 1850 ) adams , c . b . 1850 . description of supposed new species of marine shells which inhabit jamaica . contributions to conchology , 4 : 56 - 68 , 109 - 123 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nif you are generating a pdf of a journal article or book chapter , please feel free to enter the title and author information . the information you enter here will be stored in the downloaded file to assist you in managing your downloaded pdfs locally .\nthank you for your request . please wait for an email containing a link to download the pdf .\nsign up to receive the latest bhl news , content highlights , and promotions .\nbhl relies on donations to provide free pdf downloads and other services . help keep bhl free and open !\nthere was an issue with the request . please try again and if the problem persists , please send us feedback .\nrosenberg , g . ; moretzsohn , f . ; garc\u00eda , e . f . ( 2009 ) . gastropoda ( mollusca ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 579\u2013699 in : felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico\u2013origins , waters , and biota . texas a & m ; press , college station , texas . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n- note : several protected species are illustrated here only for identification purposes . they are not for sale . - the photos in our gallery are in most cases just a sample from our stock , except when only one specimen is offered . we try to match the original color but it can vary if your screen is not correctly adjusted ( gamma correction ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nversion 43 . 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed . my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .\nwe ' ve updated our privacy policy and by continuing you ' re agreeing to the updated terms .\nwhen you visit our site , preselected companies may use cookies or other certain information on your device to serve relevant ads and for analytics purposes . learn more\ndiscussions , photo series , how to identify or distinguish a species or between species .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nolsson , a . a . & mcginty , t . l . 1958 . recent marine mullusks from the caribbean coast of panama with the description of some new genera and species . bulletins of american paleontology vol . 39 n\u00ba304\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthe star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :\nwe want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only , as we handle very few foreign shells in general . as time goes , the system will become more and more performant .\nenter your email address and we will send you an email with your username and password .\ne - mail jecilia sisican if you do not receive your email with your username and password .\npanama . caribbean sea . escudo de veraguas island . dredged at 120 m . 2002 .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 0 . 001 seconds . )\n( caribbean ) panama ( 5 mm . ) | digital images by david kirsh\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nrubellatoma rufocincta ( e . a . smith , 1882 ) [ extralimital ? ]\nthis section needs expansion . you can help by adding to it . ( april 2017 )\ntucker , j . k . 2004 catalog of recent and fossil turrids ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . zootaxa 682 : 1 - 1295 .\nespinosa , jos\u00e9 , et al .\nmoluscos marinos . reserva de la biosfera de la pen\u00ednsula de guanahacabibes .\ninstituto de oceanolog\u00eda , la habana , cuba ( 2012 ) .\ntext is available under the creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . by using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy . wikipedia\u00ae is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation , inc . , a non - profit organization .\nbollettino malacologico : v . 34 : no . 1 : fasc . 1 - 4 ( 1998 )\ndescription of a new species of conidae fleming , 1822 from the mediterranean sea : conopleura aliena n . sp\nbhl ' s existence depends on the support of its patrons . help us keep this free resource alive !\ng . quadrata can be found in atlantic waters , ranging from the eastern coast of florida and the gulf of mexico , south to brazil , and also surrounding bermuda . ; in the gulf of mexico , the caribbean sea and the lesser antilles .\nthe size of the shell varies between 4 mm and 6 . 8 mm .\nin order to access this website , please configure your browser to support cookies .\n877 . 705 . 1878 ( toll - free , u . s . & canada ) 773 . 753 . 3347 ( international )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n, select family and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in sealifebase for the family .\n, select country and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in sealifebase for the country .\n, select ecosystem and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in sealifebase for the ecosystem .\ncfm script by , 30 . 11 . 04 , , php script by , 05 / 11 / 2010 , last modified by kbanasihan , 06 / 28 / 2010\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , world , . . . more\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nphillip j . jr . fallon research associate academy of natural sciences of philadelphia , drexel university , philadelphia , usa .\nabbott , r . t . ( 1958 ) the marine mollusks of grand cayman island , british west indies . academy of natural sciences of philadelphia , monograph , 11 , 1\u2013138 , 5 pls .\nabbott , r . t . ( 1968 ) a guide to field identification seashells of north america . golden press , new york , 280 pp .\nabbott , r . t . ( 1974 ) american seashells . van nostrand reinhold , new york , 663 pp .\nabbott , r . t . & dance , s . p . ( 1982 ) compendium of sea shells . e . p . dutton , new york , ix + 411 pp .\nabbott , r . t . & morris , p . a . ( 1995 ) a field guide to shells atlantic and gulf coasts and the west indies . 4 th edition . houghton mifflin co . , boston , xxxiii + 350 pp . , 74 pls .\nabsal\u00e3o , r . s . ( 1986 ) moluscos da comiss\u00e3o oceanogr\u00e1fica geocosta rio i , rj , brazil . revista brasileira de biologica , 46 , 27\u201331 .\nabsal\u00e3o , r . s . ( 2007 ) appendix 3 molluscs recorded during the abrolhos rap survey . in dutra , g . e . , allen , g . r . , werner , t . & mckenna , s . a . ( eds . ) , a rapid marine biodiversity assessment of the abrolhos bank , bahia , brazil . university of chicago press , chicago , pp . 126\u2013133 .\nabsal\u00e3o , r . s . , pimenta , a . d . & caetano , c . h . s . ( 2005 ) turridae ( mollusca , neogastropoda , conoidea ) coletados no litoral sudeste do brasil , programa revizee\nscore\ncentral . bioci\u00eancias , porto alegre , 13 ( 1 ) , 19\u201347 .\nadams , c . b . ( 1850 ) description of supposed new species of marine shells , which inhabit jamaica . contributions to conchology , 4 , 56\u201368 .\nadams , h . & adams , a . ( 1853\u20131858 ) the genera of recent mollusca ; arranged according to their organization . john van voorst , london , xl + 484 pp .\naltena , c . o . van r . ( 1975 ) the marine mollusca of suriname ( dutch guiana ) holocene and recent . part iii . gastropoda and cephalopoda . zoologische verhandelingen , 139 , 3\u2013104 .\nanimalbase project group ( 2005\u20132015 ) animalbase . early zoological literature online . - world wide web electronic publication . available from : urltoken ( accessed 25 january 2016 )\narango y molina , r . ( 1878 ) contribucion a la fauna malacologica cubana . g . montiel y comp . , havana , 280 pp . , 35 pls .\narnow , l . , st . clair , f . & arnow , t . ( 1963 ) the mollusca of a lagoonal area at playa de vega baja , puerto rico . caribbean journal of science , 3 ( 2\u20133 ) , 163\u2013172 .\nbarros , j . c . n . , de lima , s . f . b . , da silva , s . v . , santos , m . c . f . & cabrel , e . ( 2005 ) sobre fam\u00edlia turridae swainson , 1840 em dep\u00f3sito no labor\u00e1t\u00f3rio de malacologia da ufrpe e os tipos brasileiros presentes na cole\u00e7\u00e3o malacol\u00f3gica do national museum of natural history - smithsonian institution . boletim t\u00e9cnico cient\u00edfico do cepene , 13 , 143\u2013149 .\nbartsch , p . ( 1933 ) station records of the first johnson - smithsonian deep - sea expedition . smithsonian miscellaneous collections , 91 ( 1 ) , 1\u201331 , pl . 1 .\nbartsch , p . ( 1934 ) new mollusks of the family turritidae . in : reports on the collections obtained by the first johnson - smithsonian deep - sea expedition to the puerto rican deep . smithsonian miscellaneous collections , 91 ( 2 ) , 1\u201329 .\nbartsch , p . ( 1943 ) a review of some west atlantic turritid mollusks . memorias de la sociedad cubana de historia natural\nfelipe poey\u201d , 17 ( 2 ) , 81\u2013122 , pls . 7\u201315 .\nbartsch , p . & rehder , h . a . ( 1939 ) new turritid mollusks from florida . proceedings of the united states national museum , 87 , 127\u2013138 , pl . 17 . urltoken\nbieler , r . & bradford , b . ( 1991 ) annotated catalog of type specimens in the malacological collection of the delaware museum of natural history . nemouria occasional papers of the delaware museum of natural history , 36 , 1\u201348 .\nboatman , e . & harasewych , m . g . ( 2014 ) yo , ho , ho and a bottle of shells . smithsonian national museum of natural history department of invertebrate zoology news \u2013 no bones , blog post . available from : urltoken no _ bones / 2014 / 10 / yo - ho - ho - and - a - bottle - of - shells - 1 . html ( accessed 24 october 2014 )\nboettger , o . ( 1895 ) die marinen mollusken der philippinen ( iv ) nach den sammlungen des herrn jos\u00e9 florencio quadra in manila . iv . die pleurotomiden . nachrichtsblatt der deutschen malakozoologischen gesellschaft , 27 , 1\u201320 .\nborn , i . ( 1778 ) index rerum naturalium musei caesarei vindobonensis . pars i . testacea . officina krausiana , wien , xlii + 458 + [ 82 ] pp . , 1 pl .\nborn , i . ( 1780 ) testacea musei caesari vindobonensis . born , vienna , xxxvi + 442 + [ 17 ] pp . , 18 pls .\nbouchet , p . , kantor , yu . i . , sysoev , a . & puillandre , n . ( 2011 ) a new operational classification of the conoidea ( gastropoda ) . journal of molluscan studies , 77 , 273\u2013308 . urltoken\nbouchet , p . & strong e . ( 2010 ) historical name - bearing types in marine mollusks : an impediment to biodiversity studies ? in : polaszek , a . ( ed . ) , systemae naturae 250 . crc press , london , pp . 63\u201374 .\nbouge , l . j . & dautzenberg , p . ( 1914 ) les pleurotomid\u00e9s de la nouvelle cal\u00e9donie et de ses d\u00e9pendances . journal de conchyliologie , 61 , 123\u2013214 .\nboyko , c . b . & cordeiro , j . r . ( 2001 ) catalog of recent type specimens in the division of invertebrate zoology , american museum of natural history . v . mollusca , part 2 . bulletin of the american museum of natural history , 262 , 1\u2013170 .\nbritton , j . c . ( 1975 ) the shallow water marine mollusks of the swan islands , honduras . bulletin of the american malacological union , 33\u201340 .\ncampbell , l . , campbell , d . , colquhoun , d . , ernissee , j . & abbott , w . ( 1975 ) plio - pleistocene faunas of the central carolina coastal plain . geological notes south carolina development board division of geology , 19 , 51\u2013124 .\ncampbell , l . d . ( 1993 ) pliocene molluscs from the yorktown and chowan river formations in virginia . publication 127 . virginia division of mineral resources , charlottesville , virginia , vii + 259 pp .\ncampbell , l . d . , campbell , d . c . & carter , j . g . ( 1995 ) molluscs of the natural well locality , duplin stratotype , near magnolia , north carolina , and rediscovery of carinorbis quadricostata ( emmons , 1858 ) ( gastropoda : amathinidae ) . tulane studies in geology and paleontology , 27 , 165\u2013177 .\ncarnes , s . f . ( 1975 ) mollusks from southern nichupt\u00e9 lagoon , quintana roo , mexico . sterkiana , 60 , 1\u201340 .\ncarr - brown , b . & frampton , j . ( 1979 ) an outline of the stratigraphy of trinidad . 4th latin american geological congress : field guide , 1979 , 7\u201319 .\nchang , c . - k . ( 2001 ) small turrids of taiwan , a cd - book . internet hawaiian shell news , hawaii , iv + 248 pp .\nchemnitz , j . h . ( 1795 ) neues systematisches conchylien - cabinet . raspe , n\u00fcrnberg , 312 pp . , pls . 174\u2013213 .\nchenu , j . c . ( 1859 ) manuel de conchyliologie et de paleontogogie conchyliologique . vol 1 . masson , paris , vii + 508 pp .\nconquiliologistas do brasil ( 2016 ) an association created on september 19 , 1989 , in s\u00e3o paulo , brazil , with the main goal of spreading and increasing conchology , the study of mollusc shells . available from : urltoken ( accessed 1 january 2016 )\ncronin , t . m . ( 1991 ) pliocene shallow water paleoceanography of the north atlantic ocean based on marine ostracodes . quaternary science reviews , 10 , 175\u2013188 . urltoken\ndaccarett , e . y . & bossio , v . s . ( 2011 ) colombian seashells from the caribbean sea . grafiche scarponi , osimo , 400 pp .\ndall , w . h . 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( 1846a ) descriptions of new species of shells . proceedings of the zoological society of london , 1845 , 108\u2013119 . [ published february , 1846 ]\nreeve , l . a . ( 1846b ) monograph of the genus pleurotoma . conchologia iconica , 1 , pls . 34\u201340 , , index and errata . [ published january - april , 1846 ]\nreeve , l . a . ( 1846c ) descriptions of new species of shells . proceedings of the zoological society of london , 1846 , 3\u20136 . [ published may , 1846 ]\nrehder , h . a . ( 1981 ) the audubon society field guide to north american seashells . alfred a . knopf , new york , 894 pp .\nrice , w . h . & kornicker , l . s . ( 1965 ) mollusks from the deeper waters of the northwestern campeche bank , mexico . publications of the institute of marine science , 10 , 108\u2013172 .\nrios , e . c . ( 1970 ) coastal brazilian seashells . funda\u00e7\u00e3o cidade do rio grande museu oceanografico de rio grande , rio grande , brazil , 255 pp . , 60 pls .\nrios , e . c . ( 1975 ) brazilian marine mollusks iconography . funda\u00e7\u00e3o universidade do rio grande , rio grande , xii + 331 pp . , 91 pls .\nrios , e . c . ( 1979 ) novas ocorr\u00eancias de moluscos para o\natol das rocas\n. anais do 5o . encontro dos malacologistas brazileiros . publica\u00e7\u00f5es avulsas da funda\u00e7\u00e3o zoobot\u00e2nica porto alegra , 4 , 109\u2013111 .\nrios , e . c . ( 1985 ) seashells of brazil . funda\u00e7\u00e3o universidade do rio grande , rio grande , xii + 328 pp . , 102 pls .\nrios , e . c . ( 1994 ) seashells of brazil . 2nd ed . funda\u00e7\u00e3o universidade do rio grande , rio grande , 368 pp . , 113 pls .\nrios , e . c . ( 2009 ) compendium of brazilian sea shells . evangraf , rio grande , rs , viii + 668 pp .\nrosenberg , g . , moretzsohn , f . & garc\u00eda , e . f . ( 2009 ) gastropoda ( mollusca ) of the gulf of mexico . in : felder , d . l . & camp , d . k . ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico\u2013origins , waters , and biota . texas a & m press , college station , texas , pp . 579\u2013699 .\nrosenberg , g . & salisbury , r . ( 2014 ) seven new species of thala ( gastropoda : costellariidae ) from the indo - pacific . proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia , 163 , 179\u2013223 . urltoken\nsander , f . & lalli , c . m . ( 1982 ) a comparative study of mollusk communities on the shelf - slope margin of barbados , west indies . veliger , 24 ( 4 ) , 309\u2013318 , 1 pl .\nsaras\u00faa , h . ( 1970 ) prosobranquios marinos nuevos para la fauna de cuba ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . poeyana , 72 , 1\u201320 .\nschwengel , j . s . ( 1940 ) new mollusca from florida . the nautilus , 54 , 49\u201352 , pl . 3 .\nschwengel , j . s . & mcginty , t . l . ( 1942 ) some new and interesting marine shells from northwest florida . the nautilus , 56 ( 1 ) , 13\u201318 .\nshelton , d . n . ( 1997 ) a systematic list of mollusks in the northern gulf of mexico off the coast of alabama ( alabama malacological research center , mobile ) . unpublished . available from : urltoken ( accessed 1 april 2014 )\nsiam ( 2010 ) sistema de informati\u00f3n ambietal marina . an on - line database of the museo de historia natural marina de colombia ( mhnmc ) , investigaciones marinas y costeras ( invemar ) division . available from : urltoken ( accessed 1 january 2016 )\nsimpson , c . t . ( 1887a ) record of a two days ' dredging cruise in tampa bay , florida . conchologists ' exchange , 1 ( 44 ) , 52\u201353 .\nsimpson , c . t . ( 1887c ) contributions to the mollusca of florida . proceedings of the davenport academy of natural sciences , 5 , 45\u201372 .\nsmith , e . a . ( 1882 ) diagnoses of new species of pleurotomidae in the british museum . annals and magazine of natural history , series 5 , 10 , 206\u2013218 .\nsmith , e . a . ( 1888 ) diagnoses of new species of pleurotomidae in the british museum . annals and magazine of natural history , series 6 , 2 , 300\u2013317 .\nsmith , m . ( 1937 ) east coast marine shells . edwards brothers , inc . , ann arbor , michigan , vii + 308 pp .\nsmith , m . ( 1940 ) world - wide sea shells . edwards brothers , inc . , ann arbor , michigan , xviii + 139 pp .\nsowerby , g . b . i . ( 1825 ) a catalogue of the shells contained in the collection of the late earl of tankerville , arranged according to the lamarckian conchological system ; together with an appendix , containing descriptions of many new species . e . j . stirling , london , vii + 92 + xxxiv pp . , 9 pls .\nsunderland , k . ( 1991 ) atlantic and caribbean turridae . american conchologist , 19 ( 1 ) , 14\u201315 .\nsunderland , k & sunderland , l . ( 1993 ) atlantic and caribbean turridae . american conchologist , 21 ( 2 ) , 14\u201315 .\nsunderland , k & sunderland , l . ( 1999 ) western atlantic turridae . american conchologist , 27 ( 3 ) , 16\u201317 .\nsutty , l . ( 1986 ) seashell treasures of the caribbean . e . p . dutton , new york , 128 pp .\ntabb , d . c . & manning , r . b . ( 1961 ) a checklist of the flora and fauna of northern florida bay and adjacent brackish waters of the florida mainland collected during the period july , 1957 through september , 1960 . bulletin of marine science of the gulf and caribbean , 11 ( 4 ) , 552\u2013649 .\ntapparone - canefri , c . ( 1878 ) catalogue des coquilles rapport\u00e9es de la nouvelle - guin\u00e9e par m . raffray . bulletin de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 zoologique de france , 3 , 244\u2013277 , pl . 6 .\ntaylor , j . d . , kantor , y . i . & sysoev , a . v . ( 1993 ) foregut anatomy , feeding mechanisms , relationships and classification of the conoidea ( = toxoglossa ) ( gastropoda ) . bulletin of the natural history museum , london ( zoology ) , 59 ( 2 ) , 125\u2013170 .\ntenison - woods , j . e . ( 1876 ) on some new species of tasmanian shells . papers and proceedings of the royal society of tasmania , 1875 , 134\u2013162 . urltoken\ntenison - woods , j . e . ( 1877 ) on some new tasmanian marine shells . papers and proceedings and report of the royal society of tasmania , 1876 , 131\u2013159 .\ntippett , d . l . ( 1995 ) taxonomic notes on the western atlantic turridae ( gastropoda : conoidea ) . the nautilus , 109 ( 4 ) , 127\u2013138 .\ntippett , d . l . ( 2006 ) taxonomic notes on some indo - pacific and west african drillia species ( conoidea : drilliidae ) . iberus , 24 ( 1 ) , 13\u201321 .\ntippett , d . l . ( 2007 ) two new gastropod species ( neogastropoda : drilliidae , turridae ) from the western atlantic ocean . the nautilus , 121 ( 4 ) , 210\u2013213 .\ntreece , g . d . ( 1980 ) bathymetric records of marine shelled mollusca from the northeastern shelf and upper slope of yucatan , mexico . bulletin of marine science , 30 ( 3 ) , 552\u2013570 .\ntrew , a . ( 1987 ) james cosmo melvill ' s new molluscan names . national museum of wales , cardiff , 84 pp .\ntryon , g . w . jr . ( 1884 ) conidae , pleurotomidae . manual of conchology , structural and systematic , with illustrations of the species . tryon , philadelphia , 413 pp . , 34 pls .\ntucker , j . k . ( 2004 ) catalog of recent and fossil turrids ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . magnolia press , auckland , 1295 pp .\ntunnell , j . w . , jr . , andrews , j . , barrera , n . c . & moretzsohn , f . ( 2010 ) encyclopedia of texas seashells : identification , ecology , distribution & history . texas a & m university press , college station , xi + 512 pp .\nturgeon , d . d . , bogan , a . e . , coan , e . v . , emerson , w . k . , lyons , w . g . , pratt , w . l . , roper , c . f . e . , scheltema , a . , thompson , f . g . & williams , j . d . ( 1988 ) common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks . american fisheries society special publication , 16 , 1\u2013277 .\nturgeon , d . d . , quinn , j . f . , jr . , bogan , a . e . , coan , e . v . , hochberg , f . g . , lyons , w . g . , mikkelsen , p . m . , neves , r . j . , roper , c . f . e . , rosenberg , g . , roth , b . , scheltema , a . , thompson , f . g . , vecchione , m . & williams , j . d . ( 1998 ) common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks , 2 nd edition . american fisheries society special publication , 26 , 1\u2013526 .\nvanderven , k . ( 2004 ) the beach gypsies : an exploring adventure to cat island , bahamas . american conchologist , 32 ( 4 ) , 8\u201311 .\nvermeij , g . j . ( 1978 ) biogeography and adaptation patterns of marine life . harvard university press , cambridge , massachusetts , xi + 332 pp .\nvokes , e . h . ( 1971 ) catalogue of the genus murex linn\u00e9 ( mollusca : gastropoda ) ; muricinae , ocenebrinae . bulletins of american paleontology , 61 , 1\u2013141 .\nvokes , h . e . & vokes , e . h . ( 1983 ) . distribution of shallow - water marine mollusca , yucatan peninsula , mexico . middle american research institute publication , 54 , 183 pp .\nwarmke , g . l . & abbott , r . t . ( 1961 ) caribbean seashells a guide to the marine mollusks of puerto rico and other west indian islands , bermuda and the lower florida keys . dover publications , inc . , new york , 348 pp .\nwatson , r . b . ( 1881 ) mollusca of h . m . s . challenger expedition . parts viii\u2013x . journal of the linnean society ( london ) , 15 , 388\u2013475 . urltoken\nwatson , r . b . ( 1882a ) mollusca of h . m . s . challenger expedition . part xi . journal of the linnean society ( london ) , 16 , 247\u2013254 . urltoken\nwatson , r . b . ( 1882b ) mollusca of h . m . s . challenger expedition . part xiii . journal of the linnean society ( london ) , 16 , 358\u2013372 . urltoken\nwatson , r . b . ( 1886 ) report on the scaphopoda and gasteropoda collected by the h . m . s . challenger during the years 1873\u201376 . report on the scientific results of the voyage of the challenger ( zoology ) , 15 , 1\u2013756 , 50 pls .\nweinkauff , h . c . & kobelt , w . ( 1875\u20131887 ) die familie pleurotomidae . systematisches conchylien - cabinet von martini und chemnitz . vol . 4 . bauer & raspe , n\u00fcrnberg , 248 pp . , pls . a , 1\u201342 .\nweisbord , n . e . ( 1962 ) late cenozoic gastropods from northern venezuela . bulletins of american paleontology , 42 , 1\u2013672 .\nwells , f . e . ( 1991 ) a revision of the recent australian species of the turrid genera clavus , plagiostropha , and tylotiella ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . journal of the malacological society of australia , 12 , 1\u201333 .\nwells , f . e . ( 1995 ) a revision of the drilliid genera splendrillia and plagiostropha ( gastropoda : conoidea ) from new caledonia , with additional records from other areas . m\u00e9moires du museum national d ' histore naturelle , 167 , 527\u2013556 .\nwenz , w . ( 1943 ) gastropoda . prosobranchia . in : shindewolf , o . h . , ( ed . ) , handbuch der pal\u00e4ozoologie . vol . 6 . gebr\u00fcder borntraeger , berlin , pp . 1201\u20131505 , figs . 3417\u20134211 .\nwilliams , m . a . s . ( 2005 ) shallow - water turridae of florida and the caribbean . williams , tallevast , florida , 223 pp .\nwilliams , m . a . s . ( 2006 ) shallow - water turridae of florida and the caribbean , version 3 . williams , tallevast , florida , 233 pp .\nwilliams , m . a . s . ( 2009 ) shallow - water turridae of florida and the caribbean , version 3 . williams , tallevast , florida , 230 pp .\nwoodring , w . p . ( 1928 ) miocene mollusks from bowden , jamaica . part ii . gastropods and discussion of results . carnegie institute of washington , washington , d . c . , vii + 564 pp . , 40 pls .\nwoodring , w . p . ( 1970 ) geology and paleontology of canal zone and adjoining parts of panama : description of tertiary mollusks ( gastropods : eulimidae , marginellidae to helminthoglyptidae ) . united states geological survey professional paper , 306 - d , 299\u2013452 .\nworms ( 2016 ) worms editorial board 2016 . world register of marine species . available from : urltoken ( accessed 15 january 2016 )"]}
{"id": 1587, "summary": [{"text": "bullockus pseudovarai is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family fasciolariidae , the spindle snails , the tulip snails and their allies . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "bullockus pseudovarai", "paragraphs": ["have a fact about bullockus pseudovarai ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for bullockus pseudovarai ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\n- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - species : bullockus pseudovarai w . g . lyons & snyder , 2008 - id : 1972655769\nbelongs to bullockus according to w . g . lyons and m . a . snyder 2008\nafter more than 2 years of preparations , the diatombase portal is now officially launched . . . .\nlast week - on may 30 and 31st \u2013 8 thematic experts on talitridae came together for the first time during a lifewatch - worms sponsored workshop . the workshop took place at the hellenic centre for marine research in crete , where it was organized back - to - back with the 8th international sandy beaches symposium ( isbs ) . the group focused on identifying relevant traits for the talitridae , and adding this data through the amphipoda species database . . . .\non 23 april 2018 , a number of editors of the world register of introduced species ( wrims ) started a three day workshop in the flanders marine institute ( vliz ) . these three days were used to evaluate , complete and improve the content of this worms thematic register ( tsd ) . . . .\nthe 2nd worms early career researchers and 3rd worms achievement award were granted respectively to fran\u00e7ois le coze and geoff read . congratulations ! . . .\nin 2018 , to celebrate a decade of worms ' existence , it was decided to compile a list of our top marine species , both for 2017 and for the previous decade . . . .\nthe scleractinian corals are now accessible though their own list portal . this world list contains over 1 500 accepted names of extant species and is one of the most complete existing resources for scleractinian taxa . . .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\nfull reference : w . g . lyons and m . a . snyder . 2008 . new genera and species of peristerniinae ( gastropoda : fasciolariidae ) from the caribbean region , with comments on the fasciolariid fauna of bermuda . the veliger 50 ( 3 ) : 225 - 240\naverage measurements ( in mm ) : shell 82 . 3 x 27 . 7\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nthe newsfeed for this eol taxon page gathers updates associated with items shown on it , including curator actions and comments from eol users .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nnew genera and species of peristerniinae ( gastropoda : fasciolariidae ) from the caribbean region , with comments on the fasciolariid fauna of bermuda veliger 50 225 - 240 .\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation ."]}
{"id": 1612, "summary": [{"text": "littorinoidea are a superfamily of both sea snails and land snails which have a gill and an operculum , terrestrial and marine gastropod mollusks in the clade littorinimorpha .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "the terrestrial family within this group , the pomatiidae , are sometimes called \" land winkles \" because the group originated in the sea and the closely related family littorinidae are known as \" winkles \" . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "littorinoidea", "paragraphs": ["kento furui added the japanese common name\n\u30bf\u30de\u30ad\u30d3\u4e0a\u79d1\nto\nlittorinoidea\n.\nno one has contributed data records for littorinoidea yet . learn how to contribute .\nreview of the hispaniolan parachondria ( chondropomorus ) complex ( gastropoda : littorinoidea : annulariidae ) .\nreview of the hispaniolan parachondria ( chondropomorus ) complex ( gastropoda : littorinoidea : annulariidae ) . - pubmed - ncbi\nty - jour ti - a preliminary review of the annulariidae ( gastropoda : littorinoidea ) of the lesser antilles t2 - the nautilus . vl - 128 is - 3 ur - urltoken pb - american malacologists , inc . , etc . cy - melbourne , fla . , etc . , py - 2014 sp - 65 ep - 90 sn - 0028 - 1344 au - watters , g thomas er -\nthe littorinoidea are operculate , gilled snails , both marine and terrestrial . there are five extant families , but only one contains terrestrial species , pomatiidae , with two subfamilies , annulariinae and pomatiinae . some authors consider the annulariinae to be a separate family ( annulariidae ) . the genera with terrestrial species are listed below , by family . distributions were taken from compendium of landshells by r . tucker abbott , the discover life web site , and the malacos . chez web site .\n@ article { bhlpart220910 , title = { a preliminary review of the annulariidae ( gastropoda : littorinoidea ) of the lesser antilles } , journal = { the nautilus . } , volume = { 128 } , copyright = { in copyright . digitized with the permission of the rights holder } , url = urltoken publisher = { melbourne , fla . , etc . , american malacologists , inc . , etc . } , author = { watters , g thomas } , year = { 2014 } , pages = { 65 - - 90 } , }\n< mods xmlns : xlink =\nurltoken\nversion =\n3 . 0\nxmlns : xsi =\nurltoken\nxmlns =\nurltoken\nxsi : schemalocation =\nurltoken urltoken\n> < titleinfo > < title > a preliminary review of the annulariidae ( gastropoda : littorinoidea ) of the lesser antilles < / title > < / titleinfo > < name > < namepart > watters , g thomas < / namepart > < / name > < typeofresource > text < / typeofresource > < genre authority =\nmarcgt\n> < / genre > < note type =\ncontent\n> 128 < / note > < relateditem type =\nhost\n> < titleinfo > < title > the nautilus . < / title > < / titleinfo > < origininfo > < place > < placeterm type =\ntext\n> melbourne , fla . , etc . , < / placeterm > < / place > < publisher > american malacologists , inc . , etc . < / publisher > < / origininfo > < part > < detail type =\nvolume\n> < number > 128 < / number > < / detail > < extent unit =\npages\n> < start > 65 < / start > < end > 90 < / end > < / extent > < date > 2014 < / date > < / part > < / relateditem > < identifier type =\nuri\n> urltoken < / identifier > < accesscondition type =\nuseandreproduction\n> in copyright . digitized with the permission of the rights holder < / accesscondition > < / mods >\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience on our website . by continuing to use our website , you are agreeing to our use of cookies . you can change your cookie settings at any time .\noxford university press is a department of the university of oxford . it furthers the university ' s objective of excellence in research , scholarship , and education by publishing worldwide\nfor full access to this pdf , sign in to an existing account , or purchase an annual subscription .\nbouchet p . & rocroi j . - p . ( 2005 ) . classification and nomenclator of gastropod families . malacologia . 47 ( 1 - 2 ) : 1 - 397 isbn 3 - 925919 - 72 - 4 . [ details ]\nkento furui added the japanese common name\n\u30aa\u30ab\u30bf\u30de\u30ad\u30d3\u79d1\nto\npomatiidae newton , 1891\n.\nmaggie whitson set\nfile : pomatiasidae - pomatias elegans - 001 . jpg\nas an exemplar on\npomatias\n.\nmaggie whitson added the english common name\na genus of round mouthed snails\nto\npomatias\n.\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\ndepartment of evolution , ecology , and organismal biology , the ohio state university , 1315 kinnear road , columbus , ohio 43212 usa . ; email : watters . 1 @ osu . edu .\nthe parachondria ( chondropomorus ) complex in hispaniola is reviewed . nineteen species are recognized including eight new species : parachondria anatolensis n . sp . , parachondria arcisensis n . sp . , parachondria daedalus n . sp . , parachondria heatheraikenae n . sp . , parachondria isabellinus n . sp . , parachondria muchai n . sp . , parachondria silvaticus n . sp . , and parachondria stigmosus n . sp . distributional and habitat notes are given for additional taxa . chondropoma marinum\nweinland\nreeve , 1863 , is regarded as a nomen dubium . chondropoma ( chondropomorus ) moroni bartsch , 1946 , is reidentified as crossepoma emilianum ( weinland , 1862 ) . chondropoma simplex pfeiffer , 1852 , regarded by bartsch ( 1946 ) as a chondropomorus , is considered a chondropoma .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njamaica , martinique is . , guyana , guatemala , trinidad , guadeloupe , antigua , barbuda , jamaica\n\u00a9 2012 university of illinois board of trustees . all rights reserved . for permissions information , contact the illinois natural history survey .\nmelbourne , fla . , etc . , american malacologists , inc . , etc .\nbiodivlibrary july is # nationalblueberrymonth ! the w . a . cox nursery co . of mississippi ' s 1920s catalog proclaimed # blueberries to\u2026 urltoken\nbiodivlibrary @ jzed _ trees @ kew _ laa awesome ! we ' re so honored to have this treasure in # bhlib . thanks @ kew _ laa ! now we can enjoy p\u2026 urltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\nsee also beesley 1998 , bouchet et al . 2005 , harzhauser 2004 , harzhauser 2007 , marquet 1997 , ponder and war\u00e9n 1988 and todd 2001\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 0775c000 - 45dc - 4176 - 9811 - 6af5247bed63\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 35b036f9 - 6c06 - 474a - 8020 - f6621c77d9e1\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 282983\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nin continuing your browsing of this site , you accept the use of cookies to offer you suitable content and services and realize visits statistics . learn more about cookies .\nlittoraria glabrata ( philippi , 1846 ) : deuss et al . ( 2013 ) [ statut pour mayotte ] deuss , m . , richard , g . & verneau , n . 2013 . mollusques de mayotte . naturalistes de mayotte , mamoudzou . 380 pp .\nlittorina kraussi rosewater , 1970 : jay et al . ( 2009 ) [ statut pour la r\u00e9union ] jay , m . , bidgrain , p . , drivas , j . , hoareau , g . & martin , j . c . 2009 . site internet ' vie oc\u00e9ane ' : urltoken version du 23 mars 2009 , t\u00e9l\u00e9charg\u00e9e le 15 novembre 2010 . [ urltoken ]\nnational inventory of natural heritage , website : https : / / inpn . mnhn . fr .\nen poursuivant votre navigation sur ce site , vous acceptez l\u2019utilisation de cookies pour vous proposer des contenus et services adapt\u00e9s et r\u00e9aliser des statistiques de visites . en savoir plus \u00e0 propos des cookies .\nadamsiella crenulata martinensis coomans , 1967 : coomans ( 1967 ) : 126 . [ description originale ] coomans , h . e . 1967 . the non - marine mollusca of st . martin ( lesser antilles ) . studies on the fauna of cara\u00e7ao and other caribbean islands , 24 ( 94 ) : 118 - 145 .\ncoomans ( 1967 ) : fig . 39 - 41 . [ illustration originale ] coomans , h . e . 1967 . the non - marine mollusca of st . martin ( lesser antilles ) . studies on the fauna of cara\u00e7ao and other caribbean islands , 24 ( 94 ) : 118 - 145 .\ncoomans ( 1967 ) [ statut pour saint - martin ] coomans , h . e . 1967 . the non - marine mollusca of st . martin ( lesser antilles ) . studies on the fauna of cara\u00e7ao and other caribbean islands , 24 ( 94 ) : 118 - 145 .\ndiplopoma crenulatum martinensis ( coomans , 1967 ) : questel ( 2017 ) [ statut pour saint - martin ] questel , k . 2017 . les escargots terrestres de saint - barth\u00e9lemy . le bulletin de l\u2019agence territoriale de l ' environnement de saint - barth\u00e9lemy , 1 : 10 - 13 .\nquestel ( 2017 ) [ statut pour saint - barth\u00e9lemy ] questel , k . 2017 . les escargots terrestres de saint - barth\u00e9lemy . le bulletin de l\u2019agence territoriale de l ' environnement de saint - barth\u00e9lemy , 1 : 10 - 13 .\ninventaire national du patrimoine naturel , site web : https : / / inpn . mnhn . fr .\nechinolittorina angustior ( m\u00f6rch , 1876 ) : lamy & pointier ( 2018 ) [ statut pour la martinique ] lamy , d . & pointier , j . - p . 2018 . mollusques marins et dul\u00e7aquicoles des antilles fran\u00e7aises . plb editions . 788 pp .\nlamy & pointier ( 2018 ) [ statut pour la guadeloupe ] lamy , d . & pointier , j . - p . 2018 . mollusques marins et dul\u00e7aquicoles des antilles fran\u00e7aises . plb editions . 788 pp .\nlamy & pointier ( 2018 ) [ statut pour saint - martin ] lamy , d . & pointier , j . - p . 2018 . mollusques marins et dul\u00e7aquicoles des antilles fran\u00e7aises . plb editions . 788 pp .\nquestel & le quellec ( 2012 ) [ statut pour saint - barth\u00e9lemy ] questel , k . & le quellec , f . 2012 . la faune terrestre et aquatique de saint - barth\u00e9lemy ( antilles fran\u00e7aises ) . synth\u00e8se bibliographique et quelques donn\u00e9es in\u00e9dites . version 1 . 2 . la r\u00e9serve naturelle de saint - barth\u00e9lemy , alsophis et universit\u00e9 des antilles et de la guyane . 65 pp .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en\nexcept where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence .\n\u00bb genus cremnobates w . t . blanford , 1863 accepted as cremnoconchus w . t . blanford , 1869 ( invalid : junior homonym of cremnobates swainson , 1855 , and cremnobates gunther , 1861 ; cremnoconchus is a replacement name )\n\u00bb genus lacunaria dall , 1885 accepted as lacuna w . turton , 1827 ( non conrad , 1866 )\n\u00bb genus lacunitunica golikov & gulbin , 1978 accepted as lacuna w . turton , 1827\n\u00bb genus bacalia h . adams & a . adams , 1854 accepted as littorina f\u00e9russac , 1822\n\u00bb genus littorina - capsula accepted as peasiella g . nevill , 1885 ( unavailable name : established for the egg capsules of various littorinids )\n\u00bb genus tectarium p . fischer , 1885 accepted as tectarius valenciennes , 1832 ( unjustified emendation )\ngenus tamanella [ sic ] accepted as temanella rovereto , 1899 accepted as lacuna w . turton , 1827\n( of lacunidae gray , 1857 ) bouchet p . & rocroi j . - p . ( 2005 ) . classification and nomenclator of gastropod families . malacologia . 47 ( 1 - 2 ) : 1 - 397 isbn 3 - 925919 - 72 - 4 . [ details ]\nthe genus gyraxis in hispaniola is reviewed , currently only known from the area of the bah\u00eda de saman\u00e1 in the dominican republic . it includes three taxa : gyraxis samana ( clench , 1966 ) , g . sericata ( pilsbry , 1903 ) and g . excalibur new species . the radular morphology and isolation from cuban gyraxis suggest they may yet require a new genus\nwatters also , when dealing with the nomen inquirendum cylindrella gouldiana pfeiffer , 1853 , indicated this taxon has never been figured and that crosse subsequently mentioned the first precise locality for the species ( \u201cr\u00e9gion dominicaine : rochers du tablaso , pr\u00e8s san cristobal ( a . sall\u00e9 ) \u201d ) . watters expressed \u201cit is not clear how he knew this\u201d . this answer is simple : crosse always indicated behind his localities the collector of the material , in this case sall\u00e9 . the material which crosse saw may either have been returned to sall\u00e9 or have ended up in the crosse collection . both collections have been dispersed after their owner\u2019s death , and the current depository of the material is unknown .\nreference : watters , g . t . , 2018 . the genus gyraxis pilsbry , 1903 ( gastropoda : urocoptidae ) from bah\u00eda de saman\u00e1 area of the dominican republic . \u2013 journal of conchology , 43 : 103 - 108 .\nsalles et al . just published a paper on the tropical helicarionid snail ovachlamys fulgens ( gude , 1900 ) for which they used brazilian material to redescribe the species .\nthe authors have done a thorough morphological and anatomical study , which will undoubtedly help to identify this species in future .\nreference : salles , a . c . a . , oliveira , c . d . c . & absal\u00e3o , r . s . , 2018 . redescription of the jumping snail ovachlamys fulgens ( gude , 1900 ) ( gastropoda : helicarionoidea : helicarionidae ) : an anatomical and conchological approach . \u2013 the nautilus , 132 ( 1 ) : 19 - 29 .\njust published : the revised nomenclator and classification of gastropod families ( and above ) by bouchet et al . , 2017 . it is an update of the first version , now more than 10 years ago , plus an addition of monoplacophoran families .\nj . morris & lycett , 1851 , under art . 70 . 3 ;\ng . o . sars , 1878 , under art . 70 . 3 ;\nchevreux , 1906 ( january ) [ amphipoda ] ; yuopisthonematidae n\u00fctzel , nom . nov . , and\nyu , 1974 , non gill , 1862 [ pisces ] . the new family - group name burnupiidae albrecht is established in this work ; and the names scolodontina and orthalicoidei are first used here to denote , respectively , a suborder containing the family scolodontidae , and an infraorder containing the superfamily orthalicoidea\nthis important work will serve as a guide for the correct classification of higher levels in these groups , and also as a rich source for data . the references contain several collations providing publication dates for different parts of works .\nrevised classification , nomenclator and typification of gastropod and monoplacophoran families . \u2013 malacologia , 61 ( 1 - 2 ) : 1 - 526 .\nincidentally i found on the net a very useful document , explaining the use of biological ( i . e . zoological ) names and also of relevant articles in the iczn code .\neven those who are familiar with the code can find bits of information that are enlightening . personally i was happy to see a further explanation of art . 11 . 6 which rules the names published as junior synonym ( p . 68 - 69 ) . as francisco welter - schultes wrote to me , this is especially for malacologists a hot topic and needs further action from the commission . but the 5th edition of the code is only expected in 2020 or later , so in the meantime one has to cope with the situation by trying to keep nomenclature as stabile as possible .\nthe document can be found at http / / www . gbif . org / orc / ? doc _ id = 2784 or at urltoken\njust published : a paper on jousseaume\u2019s tautonyms by leo van gemert and myself .\nwe present a short biography of f\u00e9lix - pierre jousseaume ( 12 april 1835 - 3 november 1921 ) and an addition to his bibliography . he published in total 138 malacological and 21 non - malacological articles or books . in the appendix additional references are listed in comparison with an earlier published preliminary bibliography . jousseaume received many comments from other malacologists , especially for his tautonyms . critical remarks from weinkauff , tryon , woodward and mellvill , and one comment from jousseaume , are cited .\nin total jousseaume published 28 new species - level taxa as primary , absolute taunonyms ( new genus and new species ) and 24 secondary ones ( 22 with a new genus and 2 with a new species name ) . the virtual tautonyms ( with almost identical genus and species names ) are not discussed . however , for four taxa of jousseaume it is unclear if the taxon is a tautonym or a virtual tautonym . in our view the problems were caused by carelessness of jousseaume . these four taxa are discussed extensively and a conclusion is presented on the correct name . the results are shown in the tables with the original name ( invariably the tautonym ) , source of the original name , and the present view on the taxon with the source and ( explanatory ) remarks\nreference : gemert , l . j . van & breure , a . s . h . , 2017 . the tautonyms of jousseaume : a taxonomical studt . \u2013 folia conchyliologica , 42 : 14 - 23 .\nas an advance online publication , recently appeared the paper by sei et al . on the phylogenetic relationships within the sagdoidea .\nthis is a nice piece of research for which the authors did extensive dna research with 3 loci and divergence time analysis . this resulted in a major taxonomical revision of the group , defining the pleurodontidae and erecting the labyrinthidae and zachrysiidae .\nreference : sei , m . , robinson , r . g . , geneva , a . j . & rosenberg , g . , 2017 . doubled helix : sagdoidea is the overlooked sister group of helicoidea ( mollusca : gastropoda : pulmonata ) . \u2013 biological journal of the linnean society , xx : 1 - 32 [ advance online publication , hence the correct reference will be different ] .\ntaxonomy of fossils and recent species sometimes intertwines as demonstrated by a new publication of kadolsky .\nreference : kadolsky , d . , 2017 . on the type species of the genus galactochilus sandberger , 1875 , with a review of the identity of helix cornumilitare linnaeus , 1758 and of its misidentifications ( gastropoda : helicoidea ) . \u2013 archiv f\u00fcr molluskenkunde , 146 : 97 - 110 .\nprivacy & cookies : this site uses cookies . by continuing to use this website , you agree to their use . to find out more , including how to control cookies , see here : cookie policy"]}
{"id": 1621, "summary": [{"text": "amphorella melampoides is a species of air-breathing land snail , a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family ferussaciidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "this species is endemic to madeira , portugal . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "amphorella melampoides", "paragraphs": ["pesi portal - amphorella ( amphorella ) melampoides ( r . t . lowe , 1831 )\ninformation on amphorella melampoides is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - amphorella ( amphorella melampoides )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - amphorella ( amphorella melampoides )\ntitle =\narkive species - amphorella ( amphorella melampoides )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive photo - < i > amphorella melampoides < / i > shell specimen\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive photo - < i > amphorella melampoides < / i > shell specimen\ntitle =\narkive photo - < i > amphorella melampoides < / i > shell specimen\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive photo - < i > amphorella melampoides < / i > shell specimen\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive photo - < i > amphorella melampoides < / i > shell specimen\ntitle =\narkive photo - < i > amphorella melampoides < / i > shell specimen\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive photo - < i > amphorella melampoides < / i > shell specimen\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive photo - < i > amphorella melampoides < / i > shell specimen\ntitle =\narkive photo - < i > amphorella melampoides < / i > shell specimen\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ngland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) \u2013 australia\u2019s unique reptiles \u2013 including lizards and snakes \u2013 face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .\nthe value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .\na recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .\nclassified as vulnerable ( vu ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s species and habitats from destruction .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u2019s species and habitats from destruction .\nnational museum & galleries of wales biodiversity & systematic biology national museum & galleries of wales cathays park cardiff cf10 3np united kingdom tel : + 44 ( 0 ) 2920 573244 fax : + 44 ( 0 ) 2920 239829 harriet . wood @ urltoken http : / / www . urltoken\nthis work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - share alike 3 . 0 license\npesi is funded by the european union 7th framework programme within the research infrastructures programme . contract no . ri - 223806 . activity area : capacities . period 2008 - 2011 - website hosted & developed by vliz banner picture : gannet ( morus bassanus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) by karl van ginderdeuren - contact pesi\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nshell gallery view \u00ab shell encyclopedia , conchology , inc . \u00bb conchological megadatabase on mollusks\nthe star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :\nwe want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only , as we handle very few foreign shells in general . as time goes , the system will become more and more performant .\nenter your email address and we will send you an email with your username and password .\ne - mail jecilia sisican if you do not receive your email with your username and password .\nclick on an image to view all the information : family , species , author , date , and full locality .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 1 . 376 seconds . )\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 1 . 464 seconds . )\nthe iucn red list of threatened species . version 2018 - 1 . < urltoken > . downloaded on 09 july 2018 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > ."]}
{"id": 1627, "summary": [{"text": "anoura is a genus of leaf-nosed bats from central and south america .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "note that anoura , the bat genus , should not be confused with neither ' anura ' , an order of amphibians , nor ' anoures ' , the original spelling of this order . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "anoura", "paragraphs": ["anoura caudifer ( e . geoffroy , 1818 ) \u2013 tailed tailless bat , tailed tailless bat\nbaumgarten , j . , e . vieira . 1994 . reproductive seasonality and development of anoura geoffroyi ( chiroptera : phyllostomidae ) in central brazil .\ngeographie distribution of anoura fistulata ( black triangles ) on eastern and western slopes of andes , ecuador . type locality is marked with a square .\nanoura was a female cerean information broker for the bothan businessman elwis bontraar . her death caused her sister zascha to enact revenge on elwis and kidnap his daughter .\nheideman , p . , p . deoraj , f . bronson . 1992 . seasonal reproduction of a tropical bat , anoura - geoffroyi , in relation to photoperiod .\nto cite this page : fackler , k . 2005 .\nanoura geoffroyi\n( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken\nlip morphology of anoura fistulata . a ) lateral view of noseleaf , lip , and partially extended tongue with papillae ; and b ) dorsal view of noseleaf and lip .\nmeasurements ( in mm ) and body masses ( in g ) of specimens of adult anoura fistulata , a . caudifer , a . geoffroyi , and a . cultrata .\ncranial and dental morphology of anoura fistulata ( from holotype , epn 9713 ) . a ) dorsal and b ) palatal view of skull , and c ) lateral view of skull and mandible .\nduring the reign of the galactic republic , anoura worked as an information broker for the bothan elwis bontraar , a wealthy businessman who lived on the planet coruscant and was best known for the annual galactic costume extravaganza , a costume party where guests would swap information anonymously . anoura was eventually killed on a routine mission for elwis which brought much grief to her force - sensitive sister , zascha .\ndiagnosis . \u2014 this is a medium - sized species of anoura ( forearm 35\u201340 mm ) . distinguishing characteristics include an elongated , tubelike lower lip ( extending 3 . 3\u20134 . 8 mm beyond upper lip ; fig . 2 ) and an extremely long tongue ( 6\u20138 cm in fresh individuals ) . the interfemoral membrane is relatively wide ( 3 . 3\u20137 . 5 mm ) with an inverted v - shaped margin ( versus narrow and u - shaped in other anoura ) . the tail , which is normally absent or rudimentary in other anoura , protrudes slightly beyond the edge of the interfemoral membrane .\nmantilla - meluk , h . and baker , r . j . 2006 . systematics of small anoura ( chiroptera : phyllostomidae ) from colombia , with description of a new species . occasional papers museum of texas tech university 261 .\necology . \u2014 anoura fistulata inhabits midelevations of outer slopes of the andes . one specimen was captured in the numbala caves , where it was roosting with 4 other individuals . all specimens have been collected in mature cloud forest habitat .\nnathan muchhala , mena v . patricio , albuja v . luis ; a new species of anoura ( chiroptera : phyllostomidae ) from the ecuadorian andes , journal of mammalogy , volume 86 , issue 3 , 6 june 2005 , pages 457\u2013461 , urltoken ; 2\nmantilla - meluk , h . and baker , r . j . 2010 . new species of anoura ( chiroptera : phyllostomidae ) from colombia , with systematic remarks and notes on the distribution of the a . geoffroyi complex . occasional papers museum of texas tech university 292 .\nwe examined approximately 300 museum specimens of anoura . of these , we measured 16 individuals of the new species , 25 of a . caudifer , 25 of a . geoffroyi , and 10 of a . cultrata ( appendix i ) . in addition , we have external measurements and information on collection locality for 4 individuals of the new species , which were captured with mist nets and released . the museum specimens listed above include 9 anoura n . sp . and 5 a . caudifer that we collected ; these were captured with mist nets and euthanized by cervical dislocation . all procedures were in accordance with guidelines of the american society of mammalogists for the capture , handling , and care of mammals ( urltoken ) .\ncomments : includes lonchoglossa ; see cabrera ( 1958 ) . keys to species of anoura were provided by tamsitt and nagorsen ( 1982 ) and handley ( 1984 ) , but usefulness of these keys has been reduced by subsequent descriptions of new species ( i . e . , by handley [ 1984 ] and molinari [ 1994 ] ) and suggestions that other undescribed species exist ( emmons , 1997 )\nin a study of the bat fauna of cloud forests in the cordillera del c\u00f3ndor and cordillera de cutuc\u00fa in southwestern ecuador , one of us ( pmv ) collected a series of 8 anoura that he could not identify . muchhala independently encountered individuals of this species during studies of bat pollination in several cloud forest sites on the eastern and western slopes of the andes . subsequent research in museum collections ( appendix i ) revealed additional individuals misidentified as either a . caudifer or a . geoffroyi .\nanoura geoffroyi ( 25 ) : ecuador : provincia el carchi : gruta de rumichaca , 2 , 690 m , 00\u00b049\u2032n , 77\u00b040\u2032w ( epn 1616\u20131624 ) . provincia manab\u00ed : san sebasti\u00e1n , 350 m , 01\u00b036\u2032s , 78\u00b042\u2032w ( epn 732 ) . provincia pichincha : amagua\u00f1a , 2 , 650 m , 00\u00b022\u203222\u2033s , 78\u00b030\u203214\u2033w ( epn 1676\u20131685 ) ; antisana , 3 , 250 m , 00\u00b025\u2032s , 78\u00b022\u2032w ( epn 1674 , 1675 ) ; el palmito , 1 , 600 m , 00\u00b006\u203236\u2033n , 78\u00b037\u203212\u2033w ( epn 1670 , 1671 , 1673 ) .\ncranium and mandibles similar in shape to those of a . caudifer , with most measurements approximately 10 % larger ( table 1 ) . mandibular suture protrudes anteriorly ( fig . 1 ) . gap ( 0 . 54 mm , n = 6 ) often present between 1 st and 2nd lower premolar . dental formula identical to that of other species of anoura ( i 2 / 0 , c 1 / 1 , p 3 / 3 , m 3 / 3 , total 32 ) . postpalatal spine relatively short ( 0 . 3 mm , n = 6 ) , although length is highly variable . zygomata complete in all specimens examined .\nanoura cultrata ( 10 ) : ecuador : provincia el carchi : el pail\u00f3n , 1 , 450 m , 01\u00b002\u2032n , 78\u00b015\u2032w ( epn 1583 ) . provincia esmeraldas : km 3 on road to lita , 600 m , 00\u00b052\u203248\u2033n , 78\u00b028\u203212\u2033w ( epn 1580 , 1581 ) ; luis vargas torres , 10 km south of r\u00edo santiago , 300 m , 00\u00b049\u2032n , 78\u00b045\u2032w ( epn 1582 ) . provincia morona - santiago : uuntsuants , 1 , 000 m , 02\u00b033\u203201\u2033s , 77\u00b054\u203237\u2033w ( epn 9855 ) . provincia orellana : alto coca , 450 m , 00\u00b005\u2032s , 77\u00b015\u2032w ( epn 1585 ) . provincia pastaza : mera , 1 , 150 m , 01\u00b026\u2032s , 78\u00b006\u203207\u2033w ( epn 1579 ) ; cavernas mera , 1 , 150 m , 01\u00b027\u2032s , 78\u00b007\u203207\u2033w ( epn 1584 ) . provincia pichincha : estaci\u00f3n biol\u00f3gica maquipucuna , 1 , 200 m , 00\u00b007\u203230\u2033n , 78\u00b037\u203236\u2033w ( epn 1586 ) . provincia zamora chinchipe : mayaicu alto , 900 m , 03\u00b058\u203257\u2033s , 78\u00b037\u203247\u2033w ( epn 9856 ) .\nanoura fistulata ( 17 plus 4 released ) : ecuador : provincia morona santiago : uuntsuants , 1 , 300 m , 02\u00b033\u20329\u2033s , 77\u00b053\u203248\u2033w ( epn 9806 ) ; rio cristalino , 1 , 061 m , 03\u00b031\u203212\u2033s , 78\u00b025\u203248\u2033w ( epn 9700 ) . provincia napo : cotundo , 1 , 870 m , 00\u00b038\u203230\u2033s , 77\u00b050\u203215\u2033w ( epn 9539 ) ; el salado , alto coca , 1 , 800 m , 00\u00b015\u2032s , 77\u00b041\u2032w ( epn 1531 , 1537 ) . provincia pichincha : , bellavista , 2 , 200 m , 00\u00b000\u20328\u2033s , 78\u00b041\u20322\u2033w ( qcaz 7500 plus 2 released ) ; guajalito , 2 , 000 m , 00\u00b013\u20329\u2033s , 78\u00b048\u20320\u2033w ( qcaz 3427 , 3424 ) ; pahuma , 2 , 275 m , 00\u00b001\u20324\u2033s , 78\u00b038\u2032w ( 1 released ) ; yanayacu , 2 , 075 m , 00\u00b035\u20323\u2033s , 77\u00b052\u20328\u2033w ( 1 released ) . provincia zamora chinchipe : la herradura , 1 , 750 m , 04\u00b002\u203202\u2033s , 78\u00b034\u203212\u2033w ( epn 9714\u20139716 ) ; chinapinza , 1 , 700 m , 04\u00b002\u203219\u2033s , 78\u00b035\u203240\u2033w ( mecn 572 ) ; cuevas de numbala , 1 , 890 m , 04\u00b032\u203248\u2033s , 79\u00b004\u203205\u2033w ( epn 1561 ) ; destacamento militar condor mirador , 1 , 750 m , 03\u00b038\u20328\u2033s , 78\u00b023\u203222\u2033w ( epn 9710\u20139713 ; holotype and paratypes ) .\nanoura caudifer ( 25 ) : ecuador : provincia el carchi : el pail\u00f3n , 1 , 450 m elevation , 01\u00b002\u2032n , 78\u00b015\u2032w ( epn 1522 ) . provincia esmeraldas : r\u00edo piedras , 1 , 400 m , 00\u00b032\u2032n , 78\u00b038\u2032w ( epn 1519 ) . provincia morona santiago : destacamento militar etza , 1 , 440 m , 03\u00b003\u203241\u2033s , 77\u00b056\u203240\u2033w ( epn 9805 , 9806 ) . provincia napo : archidona , 1 , 600 m , 00\u00b038\u203248\u2033s , 77\u00b049\u203225\u2033w ( epn 1105 ) ; cavernas jumandi , tena , 650 m , 00\u00b056\u2032s , 77\u00b050\u2032w ( epn 5053 ) ; cascada san rafael , 1 , 400 m , 00\u00b054\u203254\u2033s , 77\u00b034\u203228\u2033w ( epn 1515 ) ; el salado , alto coca , 1 , 700 m , 00\u00b011\u2032s , 77\u00b042\u2032w ( epn 1537 ) ; guaman\u00ed , 900 m , 00\u00b043\u203206\u2033s , 77\u00b036\u203242\u2033w ( epn 1526\u20131528 ) . provincia pastaza : mera , 1 , 150 m , 01\u00b026\u2032s , 78\u00b006\u2032w ( epn 1516 ) ; mera , 1 , 200 m , 01\u00b027\u2032s , 78\u00b007\u2032 w ( epn 1518 ) ; arajuno , 400 m , 01\u00b028\u203215\u2033s , 77\u00b026\u2032w ( epn 1577 ) . provincia sucumbios : marian , 300 m , 00\u00b001\u2032s , 76\u00b019\u2032w ( epn67 ) . provincia orellana : tarapoa , 180 m , 01\u00b005\u203255\u2032s , 75\u00b038\u203258\u2033w ( epn 831 ) . provincia zamora chinchipe : tiink , 1 , 150 m , 03\u00b019\u203240\u2033s , 77\u00b027\u2032 21\u2033w ( epn 9807 ) ; la herradura , 1 , 750 m , 04\u00b002\u203202\u2033s , 78\u00b034\u203212\u2033w ( epn 9857\u20139861 ) ; mayaicu alto , 900 m , 03\u00b058\u203257\u2033s , 78\u00b037\u203247\u2033w ( epn 9862\u20139864 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\n( \u00e9 . geoffroy saint - hilaire , 1818 ) [ orth . error ]\naccording to the code of the international commission on zoological nomenclature ( simmons 2005 ) .\nbased on morphological and distributional differences between a . caudifer caudifer and a . c . aequatoris , mantilla - meluk and baker ( 2006 ) elevated the latter to specific level .\njustification : this species is listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , presumed large population , and because it is unlikely to be declining at nearly the rate required to qualify for listing in a threatened category .\nthis species occurs in colombia , venezuela , the guianas , suriname , brazil , ecuador , peru , bolivia , paraguay and northwestern argentina ( simmons 2005 , griffiths and gardner 2008 ) . although the species definition by simmons ( 2005 ) was challenged by mantilla - meluk and baker ( 2006 ) , its distribution remains almost unchanged . further studies are necessary to establish the taxonomic and geographic limits in regard to a . aequatoris .\nover most of its geographic range , northern and central andes , the species is not rare , at the brazilian cerrado capture rates are often reported to be low ( zort\u00e9a 2003 ) . it is rare in argentina and the abundance of this species seems to decrease southwards , becoming difficult to capture ( barquez et al . 1999 ) .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nbased on the morphological distinction observed between a . g . peruana and a . g . geoffroyi , as well as the ecological differentiation of the areas inhabited by these two taxa , mantilla - meluk and baker ( 2010 ) elevated a . peruana to specific level .\narroyo - cabrales , j . , mantilla - meluk , h . & molinari , j .\njustification : this species is listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , presumed large population , occurrence in a number of protected areas and because the population is likely to be stable .\nthis species is common and widespread ( emmons and feer 1997 ) , and broadly tolerant of human disturbance ( handley 1976 ) .\nthere are no major threats to this species . cave mining and tourism could be a threat . there is habitat loss in mexico ( j . arroyo - cabrales pers . comm . ) .\nit occurs in a number of protected areas throughout its range . recommended conservation actions include the identification and protection of caves where this species is found . also , further research on the taxonomic distinction among putative species and subspecies of this species - complex should be enforced ( jarrin and kunz 2008 ) .\nmedell\u00edn , r . ( chiroptera red list authority ) & schipper , j . ( global mammal assessment team )\njustification : listed as data deficient in view of the absence of recent information on its extent of occurrence .\nthis species occurs throughout the ecuadorian andes , including the eastern and western slopes of the andes of northern ecuador , and the slopes of the cordillera de c\u00f3ndor and cordillera del cutuc\u00fa in southern ecuador . its known distribution is restricted to higher elevations ( 1 , 300 - 1 , 890 m on the eastern and 2 , 000 - 2 , 275 m on the western slopes ) , where it inhabits montane cloud forests ( muchhala et al . , 2005 ) .\nalthough widespread , this species is uncommon , as demonstrated by the low rate of capture in mist nets and its relative rarity in museum collections ( muchhala et al . , 2005 ) .\nthe ecosystem on which it is highly dependant is very fragile and the rate of destruction is high ( mantilla pers . comm . ) .\nthe species range is within two protected areas in which it is likely to occur although there are no records ( burneo pers . comm . )\njustification : this species is listed as least concern because of its wide distribution , presumed large population , occurrence in a number of protected areas and as it is unlikely to be declining at nearly the rate required to qualify for listing in a threatened category .\nthis species has a discontinuous range . it occurs in venezuela , guyana , colombia and peru ( simmons 2005 ) . the elevation range is 50 to 2 , 100 m asl in venezuela ( linares 1998 ) .\nin venezuela and colombia , it is not common ( linares 1998 , mantilla pers . comm . ) .\nit is strongly associated with tropical evergreen forest ( handley 1976 ) . it feeds on nectar , insects , fruit and pollen . it roosts in small groups in caves or tree hollows and is found in lowland rainforest , deciduous forest , gardens and plantations . it is common only where there are caves or rock crevices , and rare or perhaps absent from lowland amazonian forests lacking high ground , rocks and caves ( emmons and feer 1997 ) .\nthere are no major threats but the habitat is under threat in some areas ( molinari pers . comm . ) .\nprovides high - quality tailored services & products by adding value through creativity , analysis and result .\n, geoffroy ' s tailless bat , is found from central mexico to central south america and in trinidad and grenada .\nhave been reported occur in tropical rain forests and in savanna - like cerrado near trees .\n( baumgarten and vieira , 1994 ; heideman , et al . , 1992 ; zortea , 2003 )\ngeoffroy ' s tailless bats have a dull - brown color when viewed from above and a gray - brown color when viewed from below . they usually have a silvery - gray color on the shoulders and neck . no tail is present . nowak ( 1999 ) describes the calcar as rudimentary and the cheek teeth as narrow and elongate . the tongue is long and has papillae , and the muzzle is elongate . the average mass for\nis 15 . 2 g . in peru body length ranges from 61 to 71 mm , skull length ranges from 24 . 3 to 26 . 6 mm , and forearm length ranges from 41 to 45 mm .\nin central brazil , males and females were reported to be about the same size . mean male mass , forearm length and wing area were 14 . 9 g , 42 . 1 mm and 91 . 43 cm2 respectively ; mean female mass , forearm length and wing area were 14 . 7 g , 42 . 3 mm and 91 . 77 cm2 respectively . however , in central trinidad , heideman observed that \u201cfemales had slightly longer forearms than males ( females 42 . 3 \u00b1 0 . 1 mm , males 39 . 9 \u00b1 0 . 3 mm ) . \u201d this difference in forearm length may be related to reproduction , since females carry a single pup until it is ready to fly on its own .\n( baumgarten and vieira , 1994 ; heideman , et al . , 1992 )\n. this may be because they are small , nocturnal , and fly - - making it difficult to observe mating and courtship .\nin trinidad may have evolved to accommodate the simultaneous occurrence of lactation and food abundance .\nhad a seasonal monoestrous cycle . however , birthing and pregnancy timing differed between the two study sites . both study sites had wet and dry seasons , but the sites experienced the seasons in different months . nowak ( 1999 ) stated that pregnant\nhave been collected in nicaragua during july , in costa rica during march , and inperu during june , and that lactating females have been collected july , november and december in mexico . unless lactation lasts for more than 6 months , this may indicate that in some places the bats undergo two reproductive cylces per year , having young both in summer and late autumn months .\nlikely breeds once a year , although females in some populations may have two young per year .\nmore research is needed to understand the father\u2019s role ( if any ) in postpartum care of offspring . adult males may sometimes use different roosts than females and young . baumgarten et al . ( 1994 ) found that the number of adult male bats decreased in the cave when pregnant females or females with young were present .\nit is likley that like all microchiropterans , these bats live longer than other mammals of similar size . although there are no data on maximum lifespan , or population age composition , one member of this species in captivity is known to have lived longer than 10 years .\nis a dexterous flier and is able to hover . members of this species may roost alone or in groups . roosting groups may include both sexes or may seasonally include colonies of different sexes . heideman et al . ( 1992 ) reported\nin a cave in trinidad that left the cave \u201cwithin 40 minutes of sunset\u201d and \u201creturned from midnight to about dawn . \u201d\n( heideman , et al . , 1992 ; nowak , 1999 ; tamsitt and nagorsen , 1982 )\n. a tracking study in central brazil suggests that individual bats roost in the same cave for more than a year .\nphyllostomids use calls for echolocation and communication . heideman et al . ( 1992 ) described the eyes of\nas large and suggested that the bat relies on vision in addition to echolocation . in addition to use of echolocation , these bats likely have some vocal communication , as is common in the family . scent probably plays some role in communication , as it does in most mammals , during reproduction . tactile communication undoubtedly occurs between mothers and their offspring as well as between mates . this for of communication may occur between bats in the roost .\neats insects , fruit , nectar and pollen . although this bat is a generalist , it prefers fruit and arthropods in central brazil .\ncan be considered a foliage gleaner because it eats insects that are on leaves , nectar and flowers .\n. it is likely that small mammals , snakes , and birds of prey could take these bats as prey items . because they are gleaners , taking isects from surfaces , and feeders on fruit and nectar , they are relatively slow in flight , making them more susceptible to aerial predators .\neats insects and pollinates plants . in brazil it is sympatric with two other nectarivorous bats ,\nhost macronyssid mites that cause periodontal disease . this may result in the first premolars being lost .\neats insects and pollinates plants . however , whether it polinates crops or controls pest populations is not known .\ndoes not appear on the iucn red list . no data were returned on searches for\nkim fackler ( author ) , university of alaska fairbanks , link e . olson ( editor , instructor ) , university of alaska fairbanks , nancy shefferly ( editor ) , animal diversity web .\nliving in the southern part of the new world . in other words , central and south america .\nyoung are born in a relatively underdeveloped state ; they are unable to feed or care for themselves or locomote independently for a period of time after birth / hatching . in birds , naked and helpless after hatching .\nhaving body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves . animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides , as well as anterior and posterior ends . synapomorphy of the bilateria .\nused loosely to describe any group of organisms living together or in close proximity to each other - for example nesting shorebirds that live in large colonies . more specifically refers to a group of organisms in which members act as specialized subunits ( a continuous , modular society ) - as in clonal organisms .\nthe process by which an animal locates itself with respect to other animals and objects by emitting sound waves and sensing the pattern of the reflected sound waves .\nanimals that use metabolically generated heat to regulate body temperature independently of ambient temperature . endothermy is a synapomorphy of the mammalia , although it may have arisen in a ( now extinct ) synapsid ancestor ; the fossil record does not distinguish these possibilities . convergent in birds .\noffspring are produced in more than one group ( litters , clutches , etc . ) and across multiple seasons ( or other periods hospitable to reproduction ) . iteroparous animals must , by definition , survive over multiple seasons ( or periodic condition changes ) .\nthe area in which the animal is naturally found , the region in which it is endemic .\nrainforests , both temperate and tropical , are dominated by trees often forming a closed canopy with little light reaching the ground . epiphytes and climbing plants are also abundant . precipitation is typically not limiting , but may be somewhat seasonal .\nthe region of the earth that surrounds the equator , from 23 . 5 degrees north to 23 . 5 degrees south .\na terrestrial biome . savannas are grasslands with scattered individual trees that do not form a closed canopy . extensive savannas are found in parts of subtropical and tropical africa and south america , and in australia .\na grassland with scattered trees or scattered clumps of trees , a type of community intermediate between grassland and forest . see also tropical savanna and grassland biome .\na terrestrial biome found in temperate latitudes ( > 23 . 5\u00b0 n or s latitude ) . vegetation is made up mostly of grasses , the height and species diversity of which depend largely on the amount of moisture available . fire and grazing are important in the long - term maintenance of grasslands .\nreproduction in which fertilization and development take place within the female body and the developing embryo derives nourishment from the female .\ngould , e . 1977 . echolocation and communication . pp . 247 - 279 in r baker , k jones , jr . , d carter , eds .\nzortea , m . 2003 . reproductive patterns and feeding habits of three nectarivororus bats ( phyllostomidae : glossophaginae ) from the brazilian cerrado .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\ncan ' t find a community you love ? create your own and start something epic .\nthese are far from the tiniest bats , but an individual at the top of the weight range weighs only about half an ounce ( 18 g ) . unlike many bats , they have hairy legs and feet and small , hairy tail membranes , which undoubtedly collect pollen - to eat , but also to spread from plant to plant . they have long , narrow muzzles and no lower incisor teeth , which probably helps them stick their tongues way into a blossom to gather nectar . they also eat insects and fruit .\nthese bats are found in lowland forests and fruit groves and at elevations as high as 2 , 500 meters . they roost in caves and tunnels ; about 75 were counted roosting in small clusters in one tunnel .\ngray , j . e . , 1838 . magazine of zoology and botany ( jardine ) , 2 : 490 .\nmammal species of the world ( opens in a new window ) . mammalian species , american society of mammalogists ' species account ( opens in a new window ) .\ncould contain two species ( l . davalos pers . comm . ) . includes brevirostrum and werckleae ; see nagorsen and tamsitt ( 1981 ) .\njustification : this species is assessed as least concern because of its wide distribution throughout is geographic range ; although it might be locally rare , there are no specific requirements for its occurrence . this species is highly dependent on very fragile ecosystems , with a high rate of transformation ; however , these impacts are not noticeable on their populations or distribution .\nthis species occurs in humid high montane cloud forest in costa rica , panama , venezuela , colombia , ecuador , peru , and bolivia ( simmons 2005 ) .\nthe species seems to be rare in colombia , peru and bolivia , but locally common in costa rica and panama .\nit is strongly associated with humid montane cloud forest ( minimum 1 , 000 m throughout most of the andes , but can occur lower where this habitat is present ) ( h . mantilla - meluk , pers . comm . ) . it feeds on nectar , pollen occasionally insects and fruit . it roosts in small groups in caves , commonly found with other species in the genus . it also roosts in tunnels or tree hollows ( tamsitt and nagorsen 1982 ) .\nthere are no major direct threats throughout its range , but as with other species from andean forest , there is a great risk because of reduction of forest cover associated to expansion of agriculture and human populations .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; no other information is captured .\nin general , only the information that you provide , or the choices you make while visiting a web site , can be stored in a cookie . for example , the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it . allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer , and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ncirranello , andrea , nancy b . simmons , sergio solari , and robert j . baker\nmammals of south america , vol . 1 : marsupials , xenarthrans , shrews , and bats\nnogueira , marcelo r . , isaac p . lima , adriano l . peracchi , and nancy b . simmons\nsimmons , nancy b . / wilson , don e . , and deeann m . reeder , eds .\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 3rd ed . , vols . 1 & 2\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 2nd ed . , 3rd printing\ncopyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved\nenter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience on our website . by continuing to use our website , you are agreeing to our use of cookies . you can change your cookie settings at any time .\ndepartment of biology , university of miami , p . o . box 249118 , coral gables , fl 33124 , usa\nmass was taken in the field with a pesola scale ( pesola ag , baar , switzerland ) and rounded to the nearest 0 . 5 g . external dimensions also were measured in the field with a plastic ruler , to the nearest 0 . 5 mm , or to the nearest 0 . 1 mm with dial calipers . external measurements include forearm length , from the elbow ( tip of the olecranon process ) to the wrist ( including the carpals ) ; total length , from tip of muzzle to tip of tail ; tail length , from base of tail to tip of last caudal vertebra ; uropatagium width , from base of tail to center of margin of interfemoral membrane ; vibrissae length , length of longest rostral vibrissa ; ear length , length of pinna from base of antitragus ; and hind foot length , from ankle to tip of claw .\ncraniodental dimensions were measured from cleaned skulls with dial calipers , to the nearest 0 . 1 mm . these include total skull length , from the posteriormost point of the occiput to the anteriormost point of the premaxillae ; condylobasal length , a line connecting the posterior margins of the occipital condyles to the anteriormost point of the premaxillae ; zygomatic breadth , greatest breadth across the zygomatic arches ; postorbital breadth , least breadth across the frontals posterior to the postorbital process ; braincase breadth , greatest breadth of the globular part of the braincase ; palatal length , from the posteriormost margin of the upper medial incisor alveolus to the posteriormost point of the palate ( including the postpalatal spine , when present ) ; maxillary tooth - row length , from the anteriormost face of the canine to the posteriormost face of the crown of the 3rd molar ; mandible length , from the anteriormost point of the mandible to the posteriormost point of the mandibular condyle ; mandibular tooth - row length , from the anteriormost face of the canine to the posteriormost face of the 3rd molar ; breadth across molars , greatest breadth across the outer edges of the crowns of the 3rd upper molars ; and breadth across canines , greatest breadth across the outer edges of the crowns of the upper canines .\nholotype . \u2014 adult male ( epn 9713 ) , preserved in alcohol with skull removed ( fig . 1 ) , collected 6 may 2003 by p . mena v . ( original number cm009 ) , on the condor mirador ( near the destacamento militar ; 3\u00b038\u203208\u2033s , 78\u00b023\u203222\u2033w ) of the cordillera del condor , 1 , 750 m , zamora chinchipe province , ecuador .\nparatypes . \u2014 the 3 paratypes were collected by p . mena v . at the type locality , and include an adult female ( epn 9710 ) , skin and skull , collected 24 june 2003 ; an adult male ( epn 9711 ) , skin and skull , collected 5 may 2003 ; and an adult female ( epn 9712 ) , preserved in alcohol , collected 6 may 2003 .\ndistribution . \u2014 we recorded a . fistulata in 10 localities throughout the ecuadorian andes ( fig . 3 ) , including the eastern and western slopes of the andes of northern ecuador , and the slopes of the cordillera de condor and cordillera del cutuc\u00fa in southern ecuador . its known distribution is restricted to higher elevations ( 1 , 300\u20131 , 890 m on the eastern and 2 , 000\u20132 , 275 m on the western slopes ) , where it inhabits montane cloud forests . although widespread , this species is uncommon , as demonstrated by the low rate of capture in mist nets and its relative rarity in museum collections . given the proximity of several collection sites to the peruvian border , it is highly likely that a . fistulata also occurs to the south in peru , and it may occur to the north in colombia , as well .\netymology . \u2014 the specific epithet for this species is derived from the latin word for tube ( fistula ) , and refers to the characteristic tubelike lower lip . an appropriate common name for the species is the tube - lipped nectar bat .\nspecimens examined . \u2014 the following specimens used in this study are preserved in the escuela polit\u00e9cnica nacional , quito , ecuador ( epn ) ; the museo de zoolog\u00eda of the pontificia universidad cat\u00f3lica del ecuador , quito , ecuador ( qcaz ) ; and the museo ecuatoriano de ciencias naturales , quito , ecuador ( mecn ) . sample size is given in parentheses .\noxford university press is a department of the university of oxford . it furthers the university ' s objective of excellence in research , scholarship , and education by publishing worldwide\nfor full access to this pdf , sign in to an existing account , or purchase an annual subscription ."]}
{"id": 1629, "summary": [{"text": "marginella liparozona is a species of colorful small sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the marginellidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "the species is endemic to s\u00e3o tom\u00e9 and pr\u00edncipe . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "marginella liparozona", "paragraphs": ["marginella liparozona tomlin & shackleford , 1913 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .\nmarginella jousseaumei locard , 1897 : synonym of marginella subturrita p . fischer , 1884\nmarginella jousseaumi locard , 1897 : synonym of marginella subturrita p . fischer , 1884\nmarginella gorii t . cossignani , 2012 : synonym of marginella gemma a . adams , 1850\nmarginella unifasciata turton , 1932 : synonym of marginella munda e . a . smith , 1904\nmarginella tomlini shackleford , 1916 : synonym of marginella bicatenata g . b . sowerby iii , 1914\nmarginella nimbosus s . g . veldsman , 2013 : synonym of marginella nimbosa s . g . veldsman , 2013\nmarginella intermedia g . b . sowerby ii , 1846 : synonym of marginella floccata g . b . sowerby iii , 1889\nmarginella savignyi . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .\nmarginella suezensis . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .\nmarginella arcana s . g . veldsman , aiken & j . h . veldsman , 2014\nmarginella mzimayiensis s . g . veldsman , aiken & j . h . veldsman , 2015\nmarginella obliqua s . g . veldsman , aiken & j . h . veldsman , 2014\nmarginella umzumbeensis s . g . veldsman , aiken & j . h . veldsman , 2016\nmarginella amydrozona melvill . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .\nmarginella persicula linnaeus . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .\nmarginella pygmaea issel , 1869 : synonym of marginella isseli g . nevill & h . nevill , 1875 : synonym of granulina isseli ( g . nevill & h . nevill , 1875 )\nmarginella lamarck , 1799 . 6 december 2010 . retrieved through : world register of marine species .\nmarginella epipolia tomlin 1921 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .\nmarginella pachista tomlin 1913 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .\nmarginella barnardi tomlin , 1919 : synonym of gibberula differens ( e . a . smith , 1904 )\nmarginella borealis verrill , 1884 : synonym of prunum boreale ( a . e . verrill , 1884 )\nmarginella deburghi a . adams , 1864 : synonym of persicula deburghi ( a . adams , 1864 )\nmarginella evelynae bayer , 1943 : synonym of prunum evelynae ( f . m . bayer , 1943 )\nmarginella ithychila tomlin , 1918 : synonym of gibberula dulcis ( e . a . smith , 1904 )\nmarginella lactea kiener , 1841 : synonym of volvarina abbreviata ( c . b . adams , 1850 )\nmarginella mirabilis h . adams , 1869 : synonym of glabella mirabilis ( h . adams , 1869 )\nmarginella nobiliana bayer , 1943 : synonym of prunum nobilianum ( f . m . bayer , 1943 )\nmarginella taylori shackleford , 1916 : synonym of gibberula differens ( e . a . smith , 1904 )\nmarginella virginiana verrill , 1885 : synonym of dentimargo smithii ( a . e . verrill , 1885 )\nmarginella adamkusi bozzetti , 1994 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .\nmarginella amazona bavay , 1912 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .\nmarginella anapaulae massier , 2004 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .\nmarginella anna jousseaume , 1881 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .\nmarginella aurantia lamarck , 1822 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .\nmarginella bavayi dautzenberg , 1910 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .\nmarginella belcheri hinds , 1844 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .\nmarginella broderickae hayes , 2001 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .\nmarginella caterinae bozzetti , 1991 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .\nmarginella cosmia bartsch , 1915 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .\nmarginella croukampi hayes , 1996 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .\nmarginella emmae bozzetti , 1998 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .\nmarginella eucosmia bartsch , 1915 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .\nmarginella felixi massier , 2004 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .\nmarginella festiva kiener , 1841 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .\nmarginella fishhoenkensis massier , 2004 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .\nmarginella gabrielae bozzetti , 1998 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .\nmarginella geraldi lussi , 2006 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .\nmarginella gloriosa jousseaume , 1884 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .\nmarginella hayesi bozzetti , 1993 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .\nmarginella helmatina rang , 1832 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .\nmarginella huberti clover , 1972 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .\nmarginella hybrida cossignani , 2006 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .\nmarginella irrorata menke , 1828 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .\nmarginella joanae bozzetti , 2001 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .\nmarginella joanmassierae bozzetti , 1992 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .\nmarginella lamarcki boyer , 2004 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .\nmarginella limbata lamarck , 1822 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .\nmarginella lineatolabrum gaskoin , 1840 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .\nmarginella lineofasciata bozzetti , 1992 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .\nmarginella marocana locard , 1897 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .\nmarginella millardi lussi , 1993 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .\nmarginella monicae bozzetti , 1997 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .\nmarginella musica hinds , 1844 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .\nmarginella natalcinerea massier , 1993 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .\nmarginella nevillana kilburn , 1977 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .\nmarginella ornata redfield , 1870 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .\nmarginella orstomi coomans , 1975 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .\nmarginella peelae bozzetti , 1993 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .\nmarginella petitii duval , 1841 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .\nmarginella piperata hinds , 1844 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .\nmarginella pseudornata bozzetti , 1992 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .\nmarginella pseudosebastiani mattavelli , 2001 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .\nmarginella purpurea cossignani , 2006 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .\nmarginella rosea lamarck , 1822 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .\nmarginella roseafasciata massier , 1993 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .\nmarginella roseolineata turton , 1932 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .\nmarginella senegalensis clover , 1990 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .\nmarginella sergioi bozzetti , 1997 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .\nmarginella stuarti kilburn , 1977 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .\nmarginella tuguriana lussi , 1993 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .\nmarginella verrilli morrison , 1967 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .\nmarginella vexillum redfield , 1852 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .\nmarginella werneri bozzetti , 1993 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .\nmarginella westhuizeni massier , 1993 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .\nmarginella decaryi bavay , 1920 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .\nmarginella delphinica bavay , 1920 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .\nmarginella virgula jousseaume , 1922 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .\nmarginella granum philippi , 1849 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .\nmarginella angustata sowerby , 1846 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .\nmarginella burnupi sowerby , 1897 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .\nmarginella cherubini bavay , 1922 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .\nmarginella henrikasi bozzetti , 1995 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .\nmarginella lantzi jousseaume , 1875 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .\nmarginella marianae bozzetti , 1999 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .\nmarginella pulchella kiener , 1834 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .\nmarginella pumila redfield , 1870 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .\nmarginella sandwicensis pease , 1860 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .\nmarginella alabaster reeve , 1865 : synonym of volvarina fauna ( g . b . sowerby i , 1846 )\nmarginella albina gaskoin , 1853 : synonym of mesoginella turbinata ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1846 )\nmarginella attenuata weinkauff , 1879 : synonym of austroginella translucida ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1846 )\nmarginella candida bivona ant . , 1832 : synonym of ringicula auriculata ( m\u00e9nard de la groye , 1811 )\nmarginella ignota jousseaume , 1875 : synonym of dentimargo neglecta ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1846 )\nmarginella imperatrix sykes , 1905 : synonym of glabella pseudofaba ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1846 )\nmarginella inflexa sowerby g . b . i , 1846 : synonym of volvarina mitrella ( risso , 1826 )\nmarginella leia cotton , 1944 : synonym of mesoginella turbinata ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1846 )\nmarginella lepta bartsch , 1915 : synonym of gibberula burnupi ( g . b . sowerby iii , 1897 )\nmarginella marianae bozzetti , 1999 : [ 123 ] synonym of prunum pyrumoides lussi & g . smith , 1999\nmarginella multizonata krauss , 1848 : synonym of hyalina cylindrica ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1846 )\nmarginella pattisoni cotton , 1944 : synonym of mesoginella turbinata ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1846 )\nmarginella pellucida weinkauff , 1879 : synonym of volvarina fauna ( g . b . sowerby i , 1846 )\nmarginella petterdi beddome , 1883 : synonym of ovaginella ovulum ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1846 )\nmarginella reevei krauss , 1852 : synonym of dentimargo neglecta ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1846 )\nmarginella rufula gaskoin , 1853 : synonym of dentimargo neglecta ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1846 )\nmarginella volutiformis reeve , 1865 : synonym of austroginella translucida ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1846 )\nmarginella claudoni bavay , date unknown . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .\nmarginella scalariformis duclos , date unknown . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .\nmarginella bellii sowerby ii , 1846 : synonym of glabella bellii ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1846 )\nmarginella harpaeformis sowerby ii , 1846 : synonym of glabella harpaeformis ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1846 )\nmarginella pseudofaba sowerby ii , 1846 : synonym of glabella pseudofaba ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1846 )\nmarginella aequinoctialis boyer & simbille , 2004 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .\nmarginella aronnax bouchet & war\u00e9n , 1985 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .\nmarginella carquejai gofas & fernandes , 1994 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .\nmarginella celestae massier & rosado , 2008 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .\nmarginella chalmersi tomlin & shackleford , 1912 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .\nmarginella cloveri rios & matthews , 1972 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .\nmarginella colomborum ( bozzetti , 1995 ) . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .\nmarginella desjardini marche - marchad , 1957 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .\nmarginella gemma a . adams , 1850 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .\nmarginella gemmula bavay in dautzenberg , 1913 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .\nmarginella genessi h . fisher , 1901 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .\nmarginella gilva goud & neefs , 1996 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .\nmarginella glabella ( linnaeus , 1758 ) . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .\nmarginella himburgae massier & zettler , 2009 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .\nmarginella immelmani hart m . , 2001 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .\nmarginella impudica p . fischer , 1883 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .\nmarginella joostei liltved & millard , 1994 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .\nmarginella lemaitrei liltved & millard , 1994 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .\nmarginella luculenta gofas & fernandes , 1994 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .\nmarginella lussii hayes & millard , 1995 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .\nmarginella marimba gofas & fernandes , 1994 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .\nmarginella mauretanica boyer & neefs , 1999 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .\nmarginella melvilli tomlin & shackleford , 1913 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .\nmarginella minuscula ( turton , 1932 ) . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .\nmarginella poppei boyer & neefs , 1999 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .\nmarginella simulata gofas & fernandes , 1994 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .\nmarginella spinacia gofas & fernandes , 1988 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .\nmarginella spiralineata b . hayes , 1994 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .\nmarginella subturrita p . fischer , 1883 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .\nmarginella susanae veldsman & jooste , 2009 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .\nmarginella undulans gofas & fernandes , 1994 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .\nmarginella verdascai hayes & rosado , 2007 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .\nmarginella xhosa liltved & millard , 1994 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .\nmarginella eveleighi tom & schackelford , 1913 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .\nmarginella extra ( jousseaume , 1894 ) . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .\nmarginella lateritia melvill & sykes , 1903 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .\nmarginella reeveana ( petit , 1851 ) . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .\nmarginella signali dautzenberg & fischer , 1896 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .\nmarginella angustata sowerby , 1846 : [ 115 ] synonym of volvarina angustata ( g . b . sowerby , 1846 )\nmarginella cypraeoides tenison - woods , 1878 : synonym of ovaginella ovulum ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1846 )\nmarginella cleryi petit de la saussaye , 1836 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .\nmarginella matthewsi van mol & tursch , 1967 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .\nmarginella abbreviata c . b . adams , 1850 : synonym of volvarina abbreviata ( c . b . adams , 1850 )\nmarginella algoensis e . a . smith , 1901 : synonym of crithe algoensis ( e . a . smith , 1901 )\nmarginella burnupi sowerby , 1897 : [ 116 ] synonym of gibberula burnupi ( g . b . sowerby iii , 1897 )\nmarginella carinata e . a . smith , 1891 : synonym of alaginella carinata ( e . a . smith , 1891 )\nmarginella differens e . a . smith , 1904 : synonym of gibberula differens ( e . a . smith , 1904 )\nmarginella fallax e . a . smith , 1903 : synonym of canalispira fallax ( e . a . smith , 1903 )\nmarginella fluctuata c . b . adams , 1850 : synonym of gibberula fluctuata ( c . b . adams , 1850 )\nmarginella guillaini petit de la saussaye , 1851 : synonym of glabella obtusa ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1846 )\nmarginella ingloria e . a . smith , 1910 : synonym of volvarina ingloria ( e . a . smith , 1910 )\nmarginella onychina a . adams & reeve , 1850 : synonym of cryptospira onychina ( a . adams & reeve , 1850 )\nmarginella pygmaea g . b . sowerby , 1846 : synonym of mesoginella pygmaea ( g . b . sowerby , 1846 )\nmarginella rubella c . b . adams , 1845 : synonym of volvarina rubella ( c . b . adams , 1845 )\nmarginella shepstonensis e . a . smith , 1906 : synonym of persicula shepstonensis ( e . a . smith , 1906 )\nmarginella walkeri e . a . smith , 1899 : synonym of dentimargo walkeri ( e . a . smith , 1899 )\nmarginella diadochus a . adams & reeve , 1848 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .\nmarginella goodalli g . b . sowerby , 1825 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .\nmarginella mosaica g . b . sowerby , 1846 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .\nmarginella munda e . a . smith , 1904 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .\nmarginella nebulosa ( bolten in r\u00f6ding , 1798 ) . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .\nmarginella punctilineata e . a . smith , 1899 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .\nmarginella sebastiani marche - marchad & rosso , 1979 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .\nmarginella inconspicua g . b . sowerby ii , 1846 : synonym of mesoginella inconspicua ( g . b . sowerby , 1846 )\nmarginella vignali dautzenberg & fischer , 1896 : [ 132 ] synonym of gibberula vignali ( dautzenberg & h . fischer , 1896 )\nmarginella bairstowi g . b . sowerby iii , 1886 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .\nmarginella bicatenata g . b . sowerby iii , 1914 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .\nmarginella floccata g . b . sowerby iii , 1889 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .\nmarginella lineolata g . b . sowerby iii , 1886 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .\nmarginella lutea g . b . sowerby iii , 1889 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .\nmarginella curta g . b . sowerby i , 1832 : synonym of prunum curtum ( g . b . sowerby i , 1832 )\nmarginella cylindrica g . b . sowerby ii , 1846 : synonym of hyalina cylindrica ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1846 )\nmarginella electrina g . b . sowerby iii , 1892 : synonym of hyalina electrina ( g . b . sowerby iii , 1892 )\nmarginella evanida g . b . sowerby ii , 1846 : synonym of volvarina evanida ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1846 )\nmarginella fauna g . b . sowerby i , 1846 : synonym of volvarina fauna ( g . b . sowerby i , 1846 )\nmarginella neglecta g . b . sowerby ii , 1846 : synonym of dentimargo neglecta ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1846 )\nmarginella obtusa g . b . sowerby ii , 1846 : synonym of glabella obtusa ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1846 )\nmarginella ovulum g . b . sowerby ii , 1846 : synonym of ovaginella ovulum ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1846 )\nmarginella perminima g . b . sowerby iii , 1894 : synonym of granulina perminima ( g . b . sowerby iii , 1894 )\nmarginella ponsonbyi g . b . sowerby iii , 1897 : synonym of hyalina cylindrica ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1846 )\nmarginella princeps g . b . sowerby iii , 1901 : synonym of closia princeps ( g . b . sowerby iii , 1901 )\nmarginella ringicula g . b . sowerby iii , 1901 : synonym of dentimargo rincigula ( g . b . sowerby iii , 1901 )\nmarginella robusta g . b . sowerby iii , 1904 : synonym of persicula robusta ( g . b . sowerby iii , 1904 )\nmarginella sauliae g . b . sowerby ii , 1846 : synonym of volvarina sauliae ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1846 )\nmarginella taeniata g . b . sowerby ii , 1846 : synonym of volvarina taeniata ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1846 )\nmarginella translucida g . b . sowerby ii , 1846 : synonym of austroginella translucida ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1846 )\nmarginella turbinata g . b . sowerby ii , 1846 : synonym of mesoginella turbinata ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1846 )\nmarginella picturata g . nevill & h . nevill , 1874 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 31 may 2010 .\nmarginella isseli g . nevill & h . nevill , 1875 : synonym of granulina isseli ( g . nevill & h . nevill , 1875 )\nmarginella bella auct . : synonym of volvarina lactea ( kiener , 1841 ) : synonym of volvarina abbreviata ( c . b . adams , 1850 )\nmarginella jousseaumi rochebrune , 1881 : synonym of prunum sauliae ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1846 ) : synonym of volvarina sauliae ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1846 )\nmarginella is a genus of small tropical and temperate sea snails , marine gastropod molluscs in the family marginellidae , the margin snails . it is the type genus of the family . [ 1 ]\nmarginella pseustes e . a . smith , 1904 : synonym of granulina pseustes ( e . a . smith , 1904 ) : synonym of cystiscus pseustes ( e . a . smith , 1904 )\nmalacolog ( four marginella species names are listed for the western atlantic ocean , one name is not available ) . malacolog is created by dr . gary rosenberg , the academy of natural sciences , philadelphia\nthe higher classification of the family marginellidae has long been in a state of confusion . many popular works still treat all members of this family under the single genus marginella , basing them primarily on superficial similarities of the shell .\ntomlin j . r . le b . & shackleford l . j . 1913 . description of new species of marginella and mucronalia from s\u00e3o thom\u00e9 . journal of conchology , 14 : 43 , pl . 1 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 43 [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ngland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) \u2013 australia\u2019s unique reptiles \u2013 including lizards and snakes \u2013 face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .\nthe value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .\na recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .\ncossignani t . ( 2006 ) . marginellidae & cystiscidae of the world . l ' informatore piceno . 408pp . [ details ]\ngofas s . & fernandes f . 1988 . the marginellids of s\u00e3o tom\u00e9 , west africa . journal of conchology 33 ( 1 ) : 1 - 30 , pls . 1 - 2 . page ( s ) : 8 - 9 [ details ]\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nlabel : s . thom\u00e9 . tomlin , 1913 : island of sao thom\u00e9 .\nt & s ( pl . i . , f . 5 , 6 ) , and\nt . & s . ( pl . i . , 1 , 2 ) . \u201d two paratypes - nmw 1955 . 158 . 01177\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nscientists aim to describe a single ' tree of life ' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things . however , evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery , and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named . eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific ' classifications ' . some species have been named more than once . such duplicates are listed under synonyms . eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nthe source code for the wiki 2 extension is being checked by specialists of the mozilla foundation , google , and apple . you could also do it yourself at any point in time .\nwould you like wikipedia to always look as professional and up - to - date ? we have created a browser extension .\nit will enhance any encyclopedic page you visit with the magic of the wiki 2 technology .\ni use wiki 2 every day and almost forgot how the original wikipedia looks like .\nof perfecting techniques ; in live mode . quite the same wikipedia . just better .\nthe shells of species in this genus are rounded , smooth and glossy , with a large aperture that appears to be toothed because it shows the edge of the columellar folds . in many species the shells are colorful . the glossy surface of the shell results from the fact that the mantle covers most of the shell when the animal is active . as is typical in the neogastropoda , the animal has a long siphon . when the animal is active , the foot extends much further out than the edge of the shell .\nas is also typical for the neogastropoda , species in this genus are carnivorous and predatory .\nthe shells of the species in this genus have spires which range from moderately elevated to flattened . the surface of the shell is glossy and porcellaneous , and it is often but not always colourful . the columella has four definite , subequal plaits on its anterior half . the outer lip is thickened , and generally denticulate inside , with distinct teeth or folds . [ 2 ] the siphonal canal is not deeply incised .\nin the living animal , the mantle only partly extends over the shell when the animal is moving .\nthe head is bifurcated , with slender tentacles and eyes in small bulges lateral to the base of tentacles . the siphon is large and protrudes over the head . the foot is large and flat , and when it is extended is slightly longer than the shell .\nbartsch , p . 1915 . report on the turton collection of south african marine mollusks , with additional notes on other south african shells contained in the united states national museum . bulletin of the united states national museum , issued july 28 , 1915 .\ncossignani t . ( 2006 ) . marginellidae & cystiscidae of the world . l ' informatore piceno . 408pp\nthis page was last edited on 27 march 2018 , at 16 : 59 .\nbasis of this page is in wikipedia . text is available under the cc by - sa 3 . 0 unported license . non - text media are available under their specified licenses . wikipedia\u00ae is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation , inc . wiki 2 is an independent company and has no affiliation with wikimedia foundation .\nmarginellidae , or the margin shells , are a taxonomic family of small , often colorful , sea snails , marine gastropod molluscs in the clade neogastropoda .\nthe confusion over the classification stems from the fact that the earlier classifications were based rather crudely on shell characters . although many good differential shell characters do exist within this group , those characters were generally misinterpreted or not recognized as significant . such information as did exist on the radulae and the external anatomy of the living animals was widely scattered in the scientific literature , and internal anatomical descriptions were not available until fairly recently .\nthe shell of marginellidae is usually small , but varies in different species from minute to medium - sized . the external color of the shell can be white , cream , yellow , orange , red , or brown , and can be uniformly colored , or patterned in various ways . the protoconch is paucispiral . the lip of the shell is thickened , and can be smooth or denticulate . an external varix may be present or absent , a siphonal notch may be present or absent . the columella may have 2 - 6 plications . the operculum is absent in this family .\nsubfamily granulininae : this subfamily was originally placed in family cystiscidae by coovert & coovert ( 1995 ) but placed back in marginellidae , following la perna ( 1999 ) and based on the morphology of living animals ."]}
{"id": 1638, "summary": [{"text": "acanthinucella spirata is a species of predatory sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family muricidae , the murex snails or rock snails . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "acanthinucella spirata", "paragraphs": ["so it appears that in this ecosystem at least , the pieces are not interchangeable . the players in an ecosystem have a shared history . spot - bellied rock crabs , acanthinucella whelks , and olympia oysters have had a long time to work things out . the crabs have evolved an effective predatory strategy ; the whelks have evolved a well - founded fear of crabs .\nto the native whelk acanthinucella , a crab is a crab . they avoid the exotic green crab as they do the native rock crab . when the green crabs are in the oyster beds , the whelks opt to feed on barnacles instead . but the oyster drills had evolved in a habitat free of competently predatory crabs . they were , as the researchers put it , na\u00efve ; they had no idea how to react to a crab .\n( of purpura spirata blainville , 1832 ) blainville h . m . d . de . ( 1832 ) . disposition m\u00e9thodique des esp\u00e8ces r\u00e9centes et fossiles des genres pourpre , ricinule , licorne et concholepas de m . de lamarck , et description des esp\u00e8ces nouvelles ou peu connues , faisant partie de la collection du mus\u00e9um d ' histoire naturelle de paris . nouvelles annales du mus\u00e9um d ' histoire naturelle . 1 : 189 - 263 , pls 9 - 12 . page ( s ) : 252 , pl . 12 fig . 8 [ details ]\n( of acanthina spirata ( blainville , 1832 ) ) turgeon , d . ; quinn , j . f . ; bogan , a . e . ; coan , e . v . ; hochberg , f . g . ; lyons , w . g . ; mikkelsen , p . m . ; neves , r . j . ; roper , c . f . e . ; rosenberg , g . ; roth , b . ; scheltema , a . ; thompson , f . g . ; vecchione , m . ; williams , j . d . ( 1998 ) . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks . 2nd ed . american fisheries society special publication , 26 . american fisheries society : bethesda , md ( usa ) . isbn 1 - 888569 - 01 - 8 . ix , 526 + cd - rom pp . ( look up in imis ) page ( s ) : 90 [ details ]\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nmicrobes represent the most diverse and abundant group of organisms on this planet . they are also known to impact everything from organismal physiologies and metabolism to the functioning of ecological systems and biogeochemical processes . yet we still know very little about the microbial communities associated with marine invertebrate species . we have recently initiated a research project that will quantify ( i ) how the microbiomes of marine mollusks vary across large spatial and environmental gradients ( ii ) how such patterns have evolved and ( iii ) how they are affected by anthropogenic impacts such as coastal eutrophication and climate change .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nversion 43 . 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed . my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .\npurpura lapilloides aurantia dall , w . h . , 1908 : s california , usa\nturgeon , d . ; quinn , j . f . ; bogan , a . e . ; coan , e . v . ; hochberg , f . g . ; lyons , w . g . ; mikkelsen , p . m . ; neves , r . j . ; roper , c . f . e . ; rosenberg , g . ; roth , b . ; scheltema , a . ; thompson , f . g . ; vecchione , m . ; williams , j . d . ( 1998 ) . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks . 2nd ed . american fisheries society special publication , 26 . american fisheries society : bethesda , md ( usa ) . isbn 1 - 888569 - 01 - 8 . ix , 526 + cd - rom pp . ( look up in imis ) page ( s ) : 90 [ details ]\njessie kai : acidic mucus\u2026 do native c . gracilis crabs care ? trait - mediated interaction between a native crab and an introduced sea slug\njennifer panlilio : size - based predation of cancer spp . on the invasive european green crab , c . maenas\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation under grant no . 0453251 . any opinions , findings , and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author ( s ) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the national science foundation .\nbodega marine laboratory | 2099 westshore rd | po box 247 | bodega bay , ca 94923 | 707 . 875 . 2211\ncopyright \u00a9 the regents of the university of california , davis campus . all rights reserved .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ncrabs , whelks , and oysters : life in tomales bay\u2019s food chain . category : columns from the berkeley daily planet\nwe\u2019re surrounded by non - native plants and animals , most of which would qualify as what biologists and resource managers call invasive exotics . the thistles in your garden , the possum in your garage , the house sparrows nesting under your eaves , the argentine ants in your kitchen , the blue gum eucalyptus up the hill\u2014all are invasives . san francisco bay has been called the world\u2019s most invaded estuary , the adopted home of aquatic creatures native to the east coast , europe , asia , and elsewhere . many have displaced native species that filled a similar ecological niche .\nyou might wonder what difference that process makes in terms of overall ecosystem function . are exotic and native species interchangeable parts in the great machine ? what happens when one kind of ant or clam or shrub replaces another ?\nit has become pretty clear that such substitutions can have far - reaching consequences . exotic species can change what ecologists call the trophic flow\u2014the way nutrients travel from primary producer to secondary consumer to predator to scavenger - within natural systems . they can increase the frequency and intensity of wildfires . they can affect human health and livelihood .\nsome references call it the angular unicorn snail or spotted thorn drupe . the whelk in turn was preyed on by the spot - bellied rock crab ( cancer antennarius ) , which peels open the shells of its victims .\nkimbro and his co - authors posit that the crabs are indirect benefactors of the oysters . on one hand , a large enough crab population will keep the whelks in check and reduce predation pressure on the tasty bivalves . on the other , the whelks have evolved anti - crab defensive behavior , namely avoiding areas - including oyster beds\u2014where the rock crabs are likely to be .\nenter the invasives . years ago , when the native oyster population had been depleted , growers introduced eastern oysters to supplement them . with the eastern oysters came another predatory whelk , the oyster drill ( urosalpinx cinerea ) . the founding oyster drills at tomales bay originated in long island sound . the european green crab ( carcinus maenas ) arrived in san francisco bay in 1989 and spread north to tomales . both the drill and the green crab can tolerate fresher water than their native counterparts and are more common in the inner portion of the bay , near creek outflows .\nthat would make the drills easy pickings for the rock crabs . but the green crabs were another story . they\u2019re more generalist feeders , augmenting their mollusk diet with seaworms and algae . instead of peeling off the shells of their prey , they use their claws to crush them . this works for juvenile whelks of both species , but not for adults . once a whelk grows large enough , green crabs are no longer a threat .\nthe na\u00efve oyster drills , then , are not deterred from preying on oysters by crab avoidance . the rock crabs could potentially control them , but where the green crabs have replaced the native rock crabs , the top - down pressure is off and the oysters bear the brunt . the effect of removing a top tidal - zone predator in tomales bay is similar to what happens on land when , say , coyotes are killed off and foxes , freed from their own predator , wipe out ground - nesting birds .\nswitch whelks and the oyster beds are no longer a no - go zone . switch crabs and you get a top predator that\u2019s incapable of controlling the lesser predator ; to paraphrase marx , the big bully is no longer picking on the little bully . ( groucho in night at the opera , that is . ) either of those changes is bad news for the oysters , and for anyone who\u2019s trying to raise them .\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience on our website . by continuing to use our website , you are agreeing to our use of cookies . you can change your cookie settings at any time .\nandrew v . suarez , neil d . tsutsui ; the value of museum collections for research and society , bioscience , volume 54 , issue 1 , 1 january 2004 , pages 66\u201374 , urltoken ; 2\nthe strongest link between museum collections and national security is probably in the realm of public health and safety . collections are often used to track the history of infectious diseases and identify their sources or reservoirs . the most obvious examples are collections of known viruses and bacteria that are stored for comparison with emerging infections . for example , researchers from the centers for disease control and prevention ( cdc ) compared isolates from the 2001 anthrax attack in the united states with stored specimens collected from the 1960s and 1970s to differentiate and identify the strain used ( hoffmaster et al . 2002 ) .\nthe enormity of the 1918 influenza outbreak is difficult to comprehend by today ' s standards : 20 million to 40 million people were killed worldwide , including 675 , 000 people in the united states ( crosby 1989 ) . at its peak , people were dying at a rate of more than 10 , 000 per week in some american cities ( crosby 1989 ) . how can we protect ourselves from such devastating pandemics in the future ? one of the most important steps is to identify the origin and causes of previous pandemics .\nin 1993 , a mysterious pulmonary syndrome appeared in the southwestern united states , killing 70 percent of afflicted individuals . the causative agent was quickly identified as a hantavirus , but its origin remained less certain . although the virus had been found in deer mice in the southwest before the human outbreak , little was known about its abundance in natural populations or the causes for its sudden jump into human populations ( yates et al . 2002 ) . some citizens expressed concern that the new human infections might be linked to military weapons testing at nearby fort wingate ( horgan 1993 ) .\nthe financial impact of agricultural pests is enormous : in the united states , arthropod crop pests cost growers over $ 14 billion per year , and arthropod pests of lawns , gardens , and golf courses add another $ 1 . 5 billion to this figure ( pimentel et al . 2000 ) . deliberate introductions of highly damaging species could lead to a frightening jump in agricultural damage , agricultural costs , and lost revenue . these potential costs , coupled with the vulnerability of agricultural resources , have led to a recent appreciation of the threat posed by agricultural bioterrorism ( gewin 2003 , nrc 2003 ) .\nnatural history collections have long been indispensable resources for studies of earth ' s biodiversity , and the need to maintain them has recently taken on greater urgency ( davis 1996 , ponder et al . 2001 ) . museums offer a unique perspective , providing data over a vast time span ranging from millions of years ago ( paleontological collections ) to the present . three broad areas of study related to species decline and the loss of biodiversity have become crisis disciplines and depend heavily on the baseline information that museum collections offer : species ' response to habitat loss and fragmentation , biological invasions , and the consequences of global climate change .\nthere is widespread agreement that global climate change threatens the survival of ecological communities and individual species , including humans ( hughes 2000 , ipcc 2001 , mccarty 2001 , walther et al . 2002 ) . by examining museum specimens , researchers have documented the effects of climate change on a variety of organisms and furnished a glimpse of future impacts . the contributions of these studies fall primarily into two categories : ones that document changes in the distribution of species through time ( including their extinction ) and ones that document changes in the biology of particular species in response to climate changes .\nmuseum collections have also shown that the effects of global warming have altered the biology of some species . for example , dunn and winkler ( 1999 ) examined 3450 nest records of tree swallows ( tachycineta bicolor ) in north america ( from a survey of over 21 , 000 nest record cards in museums , universities , and ornithological societies ) and found that the egg - laying date advanced by about 9 days between 1959 and 1991 , most likely as a result of higher air temperatures during the spring breeding season .\nthe use of museum collections is so widespread , and the scope of research they benefit is so varied , that it would be impossible to review even a small fraction of individual cases . only by considering the frequency with which museums are used can their vast contributions to the biological sciences be properly appreciated ( tables 1 , 2 ) .\nscientists often travel to museums to use their collections , and museums loan many specimens to interested researchers ( table 1 ) . for example , in 2002 , the entomology department of the smithsonian institution ' s national museum of natural history hosted 266 visitors , for a total of 3663 visitor days ( scott miller , smithsonian institution , washington , dc , personal communication , 10 february 2003 ) . between 1976 and 1986 , the smithsonian ' s entomological collection loaned , on average , over 100 , 000 specimens each year ( miller 1991 ) . the california academy of sciences ' entomological collection currently has about 750 , 000 specimens on loan to over 40 countries ( norman penny , california academy of sciences , san francisco , personal communication , 4 april 2003 ) .\nthe knowledge disseminated by the curators of these museums is immense and often stems from the reference collections themselves . for example , one curator ( philip s . ward ) from one museum ( bohart museum , university of california\u2013davis ) studying one family of insects ( formicidae\u2014ants ) typically identifies 3000 to 4000 specimens each year for other institutions ( philip s . ward , university of california\u2013davis , personal communication , 9 january 2003 ) . when extrapolated across curators of all museums in the united states , how many hundreds of thousands of such identifications are made each year ?\nmuseums save time and money . first , as centralized storehouses of reference material , museums act as \u201cbiological libraries\u201d\u2014sites of accumulated knowledge and resources that eliminate the need for costly , time - consuming ( and sometimes dangerous ) fieldwork . given the costs of traveling to remote locales to collect specimens , it is easy to believe that museum collections save the scientific community many millions of dollars , a savings that is passed on to citizens whose tax dollars often support scientific research .\nsecond , as with literary libraries , museums eliminate the wastefulness of duplication and redundancy . just as a library liberates borrowers from the expense of purchasing every book they wish to read , museums free researchers from the time and expense of curating all the specimens necessary for a functional reference collection . although a fiscal analysis of the savings achieved by the nation ' s biological collections is not available , a comparison with other collections provides an insightful approximation . the us library of congress , which curates a large collection of reading material , saves the nation ' s libraries $ 268 million a year by cataloging more than 250 , 000 books and serials annually and supplying the bibliographic record ( librarian of congress 2000 ) .\nhow can the survival of these assets and the untapped knowledge they contain be guaranteed ? first , these collections must be well curated and maintained , which will require a commitment to support and train taxonomists and to maintain modern facilities . second , the benefit of these collections to society must be maximized by stepping up the rate at which this information is entered in databases and made accessible .\nwe would like to thank colin favret , dina fonseca , richard grosberg , penny gullan , scott miller , craig moritz , norman penny , george roderick , ted schultz , david wake , phil ward , and two anonymous reviewers for support and insightful discussion . we would also like to thank chip clark for providing the wonderful images that accompany this article . financial support was provided by the university of california\u2013davis , center for population biology ( n . d . t . ) , and the miller institute for basic research in science ( a . v . s . ) .\ntable 1 . examples of some of the largest entomological collections in the united states , including approximate collection size ( number of processed specimens ) and a yearly estimate of loaned material .\ntable 2 . the number of articles from some leading journals that relied on museums for support and data .\nornithologist roxie laybourne amid the bird collection at the national museum of natural history ( smithsonian institution ) . photograph : chip clark .\negg collections such as these from the national museum of natural history ( smithsonian institution ) have provided insight into the effects of toxin accumulation in the environment ( ratcliffe 1967 , hickey and anderson 1968 ) . photograph : chip clark .\nmuseum collections of small mammals have been used to identify reservoirs of hantavirus ( yates et al . 2002 ) , reconstruct community structure in relation to habitat modification ( pergams and nyberg 2001 ) , and even build a predictive framework for crop pests ( sanchez - cordero and martinez - meyer 2000 ) . photograph : chip clark .\na section of the fish collection at the national museum of natural history ( smithsonian institution ) . stored specimens such as these have allowed scientists to reconstruct the history of contaminants ( such as mercury ) in our food supply ( e . g . , barber et al . 1972 , miller et al . 1972 ) . photograph : chip clark .\noxford university press is a department of the university of oxford . it furthers the university ' s objective of excellence in research , scholarship , and education by publishing worldwide\nfor full access to this pdf , sign in to an existing account , or purchase an annual subscription ."]}
{"id": 1648, "summary": [{"text": "harpago chiragra , common name the chiragra spider conch , is a species of very large sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family strombidae , the true conchs . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "harpago chiragra", "paragraphs": ["zool . chiragra spider conch [ harpago chiragra , syn . : lambis chiragra , l . harpago , l . undulata , pterocera kochii , strombus chiragra ]\nmolluscabase - harpago chiragra rugosus ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1842 )\nlambis chiragra chiragra ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ( chiragra spider conch ) and subspecies l . chiragra arthritica ( r\u00f6ding , 1798 ) ( arthritic spider conch ) .\nhans - martin braun added the german common name\nchiragra - spinnenschnecke\nto\nharpago chiragra ( linnaeus , 1758 )\n.\nhans - martin braun added the english common name\nchiragra spider conch\nto\nharpago chiragra ( linnaeus , 1758 )\n.\nworms - world register of marine species - harpago chiragra rugosus ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1842 )\ngbif , 2015 harpago chiragra ( linnaeus , 1758 ) . urltoken [ accessed 5 / 8 / 2015 ] .\nhans - martin braun added the german common name\ngro\u00dfer bootshaken\nto\nharpago chiragra ( linnaeus , 1758 )\n.\n' harpago chiragra ' . hardy ' s internet guide to marine gastropods . accessed on jan 27 , 2013 . url : urltoken\nobis , 2015 harpago chiragra ( linnaeus , 1758 ) . obis search interface . urltoken [ accessed 4 / 29 / 2015 ] .\nharpago chiragra . ( 2012 , september 29 ) . in wikipedia , the free encyclopedia . retrieved 20 : 17 , january 28 , 2013 , from urltoken\n' < i > harpago chiragra < / i > ' . hardy ' s internet guide to marine gastropods . accessed on jan 27 , 2013 . url : urltoken\nbouchet , p . ( 2012 ) . harpago chiragra ( linnaeus , 1758 ) . accessed through : world register of marine species at urltoken on 2013 - 01 - 28 .\nyou selected lambis chiragra ( linnaeus , 1758 ) . this is a synonym for :\n< i > harpago chiragra < / i > . ( 2012 , september 29 ) . in wikipedia , the free encyclopedia . retrieved 20 : 17 , january 28 , 2013 , from urltoken\nbouchet , p . ( 2012 ) . < i > harpago chiragra < / i > ( linnaeus , 1758 ) . accessed through : world register of marine species at urltoken on 2013 - 01 - 28 .\n( of harpago chiragra chiragra ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) liverani v . ( 2014 ) the superfamily stromboidea . addenda and corrigenda . in : g . t . poppe , k . groh & c . renker ( eds ) , a conchological iconography . pp . 1 - 54 , pls 131 - 164 . harxheim : conchbooks . [ details ]\nsmithsonian institution , 2014 lambis chiragra linnaeus , 1758 . urltoken ; = all [ accessed 19 / 12 / 2014 ] .\n{ author1 , author2 . . . } , ( n . d . ) . harpago chiragra ( linnaeus , 1758 ) . [ online ] india biodiversity portal , species page : { name of species field } available at : urltoken [ accessed date jul 10 , 2018 ] .\n, commonly called the chiragra spider conch , is a large marine true conch distributed from the east indian ocean to east polynesia .\n( of lambis ( harpago ) chiragra ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) zhang s . - p . [ suping ] . ( 2016 ) . fauna sinica . invertebrata 56 . mollusca : gastropoda : strombacea and naticacea . beijing : science press . 317 pp . , 10 pls . [ details ]\nflorida museum of natural history , 2014 lambis chiragra ( linnaeus , 1758 ) . dataset : invertebrate zoology , accessed via urltoken on 2015 - 07 - 15 .\nin addition to the so called l . wheelwrighti , to date the following lambis hybrids have been documented : l . lambis x l . chiragra chiragra , l . lambis x l . millipeda , l . lambis x l . scorpius scorpius , l . scorpius scorpius x l . millepeda , and l . scorpius scorpius x l . crocata crocata ; thus involving six of the nine species in the genus .\n( of lambis chiragra ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) walls , j . g . ( 1980 ) . conchs , tibias and harps . a survey of the molluscan families strombidae and harpidae . t . f . h . publications ltd , hong kong . [ details ]\n( of pterocera chiragra ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) walls , j . g . ( 1980 ) . conchs , tibias and harps . a survey of the molluscan families strombidae and harpidae . t . f . h . publications ltd , hong kong . [ details ]\n( of harpago rugosa [ sic ] ) dekkers a . m . ( 2012 ) a new genus related to the genus lambis r\u00f6ding , 1798 ( gastropoda : strombidae ) from the indian ocean . gloria maris 51 ( 2 - 3 ) : 68 - 74 . [ 8 april 2012 ; title page erroneously dated 11 march ] [ details ]\n( of lambis chiragra ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of strombus chiragra linnaeus , 1758 ) linnaeus , c . ( 1758 ) . systema naturae per regna tria naturae , secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis . editio decima , reformata . laurentius salvius : holmiae . ii , 824 pp . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of lambis chiragra ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) dautzenberg , ph . ( 1929 ) . contribution \u00e0 l ' \u00e9tude de la faune de madagascar : mollusca marina testacea . faune des colonies fran\u00e7aises , iii ( fasc . 4 ) . soci\u00e9t\u00e9 d ' editions g\u00e9ographiques , maritimes et coloniales : paris . 321 - 636 , plates iv - vii pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of pterocera kochii freyer , 1855 ) albano p . & de mattia w . ( 2010 ) . rediscovery of the holotype of pterocera kochii freyer 1855 ( gastropoda : strombidae ) . journal of conchology . 40 ( 2 ) : 163 - 167 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nliverani v . ( 2014 ) the superfamily stromboidea . addenda and corrigenda . in : g . t . poppe , k . groh & c . renker ( eds ) , a conchological iconography . pp . 1 - 54 , pls 131 - 164 . harxheim : conchbooks . [ details ]\n( of lambis rugosa ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1842 ) ) walls , j . g . ( 1980 ) . conchs , tibias and harps . a survey of the molluscan families strombidae and harpidae . t . f . h . publications ltd , hong kong . [ details ]\n( of pterocera rugosa g . b . sowerby ii , 1842 ) walls , j . g . ( 1980 ) . conchs , tibias and harps . a survey of the molluscan families strombidae and harpidae . t . f . h . publications ltd , hong kong . [ details ]\nto biodiversity heritage library ( 23 publications ) ( from synonym pterocera rugosa g . b . sowerby ii , 1842 )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nversion 43 . 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed . my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\ndescribes average size , max , range ; type of size ( perimeter , length , volume , weight . . . ) .\nshell very thick , robust and heavy with a distinct anterior notch ; lirate columella and aperture ; flaring , thick outer lip and canals with six long and curved marginal digitations . females usually larger than males .\ndescribes the general appearance of the taxon ; e . g body plan , shape and color of external features , typical postures . may be referred to as or include habit , defined as the characteristic mode of growth or occurrence associated to its environment , particularly for plants . comprising its size , shape , texture and orientation . example : tree , shrubs , herbs . may also be referred to include anatomy .\nsummary of general nature of feeding interactions . for example , basic mode of nutrient uptake ( autotrophy , heterotrophy , coprophagy , saprophagy ) , position in food network ( top predator , primary producer , consumer ) , diet categorization ( detritovore , omnivore , carnivore , herbivore ) . specific taxa are treated under associations ( specifying predators or prey ) and associatedtaxa .\nmarine : coral reefs , in littoral and sublittoral zones , in tidal pools and low tide levels to a depth of around 25 m .\ngeneral description of the sites where the species is found ( ecosystem , forest , environment or microhabitat ) . includes realm ( e . g terrestrial etc ) and climatic information ( e . g boreal ) ; also includes requirements and tolerances ; horizontal and vertical ( altitudinal ) distribution . also includes information referring to territorial extension of the individual or group in terms of its activities ( feeding , mating , etc . ) , associated mostly to vertebrates .\ndescribes the likelihood of the species becoming extinct in the present day or in the near future . population size is treated under population biology , and trends in population sizes are treated under trends . however , this is the preferred element if an object includes all of these things and details about conservation listings .\nlisted in cites : no . listed in wildlife ( protection ) act : yes . schedule : 1 appendix : part iv ( b ) mollusca\nlegal regulations or statutes relating to the taxon - international , national or regional . this could include proposed or existing laws or a group of laws .\nlocally collected for human consumption . industrially used in lime production . also sold as decorative items .\nknown or potential benefits of the species for humans , at a direct economic level , as instruments of education , prospecting , eco - tourism , etc . it includes published material or suggestions from the author or others . in any event , the source must be explicitly quoted . can include ecosystem services . however , benefits to ecosystems not specific to humans are best treated under risk statement ( what happens when the organism is removed )\n' protected species of mollusca ' . malacology division , zoological survey of india , kolkatta , west bengal , india . url : urltoken\non the molluscan fauna of lakshadweep included in various schedules of wildlife ( protection ) act of in . . .\nout of the 24 species of marine molluscs included in schedule i and iv of the wildlife ( protecti . . .\nthis species is protected under schedule iv of wildlife protection act 1972 and not under schedule i part iv b .\n| | best supported on google chrome , firefox 3 . 0 + , internet explorer 8 . 0 + , safari 4 . 0 + , opera 10 + . powered by the open source biodiversity informatics platform . technology partner strand life sciences\nin continuing your browsing of this site , you accept the use of cookies to offer you suitable content and services and realize visits statistics . learn more about cookies .\nthank you for your contribution to the improvement of the inpn . the information submitted has been sent to an expert for verification and correction .\nwarning : the data available reflects the progression status of knowledge or the availability of the inventories . it should never be considered as comprehensive .\nnational inventory of natural heritage , website : https : / / inpn . mnhn . fr .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthe star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :\nwe want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only , as we handle very few foreign shells in general . as time goes , the system will become more and more performant .\nenter your email address and we will send you an email with your username and password .\ne - mail jecilia sisican if you do not receive your email with your username and password .\nphilippines . palawan . 10 - 20 m . collected by local fishermen . 2010 .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 0 . 001 seconds . )\nzool . ( common ) spider conch [ lambis lambis , syn . : l . adamii , l . cerea , l . hermaphrodita , l . laciniata , l . lamboides , l . lobata , l . maculata , pterocera lambis , strombus lambis ]\nzool . smooth spider conch [ lambis lambis , syn . : l . adamii , l . cerea , l . hermaphrodita , l . laciniata , l . lamboides , l . lobata , l . maculata , pterocera lambis , strombus lambis ]\nzool . giant spider conch [ lambis truncata , syn . : l . bryonia , l . truncata sebae , pterocera bryonia , strombus truncatus ]\nzool . giant spider stromb [ lambis truncata , syn . : l . bryonia , l . truncata sebae , pterocera bryonia , strombus truncatus ]\nzool . scorpion spider conch [ lambis scorpius , syn . : pterocera nodosa , p . scorpius , strombus scorpius ]\nzool . inkfish [ coll . ] [ loligo vulgaris , syn . : l . affinis , l . berthelotii , l . breviceps , l . mediterranea , l . microcephala , l . neglecta , l . pulchra , l . rangii ]\nzool . common squid [ loligo vulgaris , syn . : l . affinis , l . berthelotii , l . breviceps , l . mediterranea , l . microcephala , l . neglecta , l . pulchra , l . rangii ]\nzool . european squid [ loligo vulgaris , syn . : l . affinis , l . berthelotii , l . breviceps , l . mediterranea , l . microcephala , l . neglecta , l . pulchra , l . rangii ]\nzool . inshore squid [ loligo vulgaris , syn . : l . affinis , l . berthelotii , l . breviceps , l . mediterranea , l . microcephala , l . neglecta , l . pulchra , l . rangii ]\nzool . cape hope squid [ loligo vulgaris , syn . : l . affinis , l . berthelotii , l . breviceps , l . mediterranea , l . microcephala , l . neglecta , l . pulchra , l . rangii ]\nzool . long - finned squid [ loligo vulgaris , syn . : l . affinis , l . berthelotii , l . breviceps , l . mediterranea , l . microcephala , l . neglecta , l . pulchra , l . rangii ]\nzool . sea arrow [ loligo vulgaris , syn . : l . affinis , l . berthelotii , l . breviceps , l . mediterranea , l . microcephala , l . neglecta , l . pulchra , l . rangii ] [ common squid ]\nbot . bloomfell [ lotus corniculatus , syn . : l . ambiguus , l . arvensis , l . balticus , l . caucasicus , l . major , l . tauricus ]\nbot . birdfoot deervetch [ lotus corniculatus , syn . : l . ambiguus , l . arvensis , l . balticus , l . caucasicus , l . major , l . tauricus ]\nbot . cat ' s clover [ lotus corniculatus , syn . : l . ambiguus , l . arvensis , l . balticus , l . caucasicus , l . major , l . tauricus ]\nbot . ground honeysuckle [ lotus corniculatus , syn . : l . ambiguus , l . arvensis , l . balticus , l . caucasicus , l . major , l . tauricus ]\nbot . bacon and eggs [ lotus corniculatus , syn . : l . ambiguus , l . arvensis , l . balticus , l . caucasicus , l . major , l . tauricus ]\nbot . crowtoes { pl } [ treated as sg . ] [ lotus corniculatus , syn . : l . ambiguus , l . arvensis , l . balticus , l . caucasicus , l . major , l . tauricus ]\nbot . bird ' s - foot deervetch [ lotus corniculatus , syn . : l . ambiguus , l . arvensis , l . balticus , l . caucasicus , l . major , l . tauricus ]\nunter folgender adresse kannst du auf diese \u00fcbersetzung verlinken : urltoken tipps : doppelklick neben begriff = r\u00fcck - \u00fcbersetzung \u2014 neue w\u00f6rterbuch - abfrage : einfach jetzt tippen ! suchzeit : 0 . 533 sek .\n) , m\u00f6glichst mit einem guten beleg im kommentarfeld . wichtig : bitte hilf auch bei der\nlimited input mode - mehr als 1000 ungepr\u00fcfte \u00fcbersetzungen ! du kannst trotzdem eine neue \u00fcbersetzung vorschlagen , wenn du dich einloggst und andere vorschl\u00e4ge im contribute - bereich \u00fcberpr\u00fcfst . pro review kannst du dort einen neuen w\u00f6rterbuch - eintrag eingeben ( bis zu einem limit von 500 unverifizierten eintr\u00e4gen pro benutzer ) .\ndieses deutsch - englisch - w\u00f6rterbuch basiert auf der idee der freien weitergabe von wissen . mehr informationen ! enth\u00e4lt \u00fcbersetzungen von der tu chemnitz sowie aus mr honey ' s business dictionary ( englisch / deutsch ) . vielen dank daf\u00fcr ! links auf dieses w\u00f6rterbuch oder einzelne \u00fcbersetzungen sind herzlich willkommen ! fragen und antworten\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nabbott , r . t . 1961 ,\nthe genus lambis in the indo - pacific\n, indo - pacific mollusca , vol . 1 , no . 3 , pp . 147 - 174\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 157a1a8f - b998 - 4c9e - 9859 - b0d5f7645fdf\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 477f88aa - 99ac - 4937 - add6 - 24f7c2409bbe\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : a2332426 - ca0e - 4d11 - a5f5 - 743659272819\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 625064\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\ndescription distinctive shell , up to 20 cm , with six projections ( including the long siphonal canal ) . colour white , with brown . . .\ndescription distinctive shell , up to 20 cm , with six projections ( including the long siphonal canal ) . colour white , with brown mottling and streaks . columella dark brown with pale pleats . habitat : sandy bottoms in shallow areas . distribution : indo - pacific . regional names : port . aranha - de - cinco - dedos . ( richmond , 1997 ) . [ details ]\n( spider conchs ) of the family strombidae . found exclusively in the indo - pacific region , its species readily exhibit traits not so easily recognizable in other genera / families .\none such trait is sexual dimorphism of shells . the females of some species , lambis lambis ( linnaeus , 1758 ) as an example , are generally much larger , have more well developed knobs on the dorsum , and have the spines angled upward ( occasionally nearly vertical ) . the males of the species are generally much smaller , occasionally much more colorful , less knobby , with the spines being near horizontal .\nanother very interesting , if not well understood , trait of the genus is the propensity for hybridization . while hybridization is not an uncommon phenomenon in nature , it is poorly documented for marine gastropods . the limited studies which have thus far have been conducted suggest that it does in fact occur in other families ( specifically west american haliotidae ) . there is even evidence that some of the hybrids were capable of producing offspring .\nvirtually all popular shell book authors accept the existence of nine valid species , divided into three sub - genera . these include :\nlambis crocata crocata ( link , 1807 ) ( orange spider conch ) and subspecies l . crocata pilsbryi abbott , 1961 ( pilsbry ' s spider conch )\nlambis truncata truncata ( humphrey , 1786 ) ( truncate spider conch ) and subspecies l . truncata sebae ( kiener , 1843 ) ( seba ' s spider conch )\nlambis scorpius scorpius ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ( scorpion conch ) and subspecies l . scorpius indomaris abbott , 1961 ( lesser scorpion conch )\na potential tenth species , in all likelihood a hybrid resulting from the mating of l . truncata sebae and l . millipeda , which has gained some acceptance as a valid species , was originally described by shikama in 1971 as lambis arachnoides . this same morph was named l . wheelwrighti by joel green in 1978 . the latter binomen has gained wider acceptance due to some inconsistencies in shikama ' s original description .\nbased upon availability from retail specimen shell dealers , it would appear that so called l . wheelwrighti and the l . lambis x l . millepeda hybrids are the most common . however , in light of the fact that fairly close examination is necessary in certain instances to distinguish a hybrid from the dominant parent species , this may only reflect the energy and skill applied to the supply side of the equation .\nthis extensive hybridization by the lambis does beg one question . we have a genus containing but nine species , all large and distinctive looking , with each species being easily identifiable by any amateur , and some hybrids being rarely seen . considering that hybridization is known to occur in other families , one might ask what is the possibility that some of the described species in other families such as conus and cypraea ( families in which there is often little difference between species ) might too in fact only be hybrid , especially when the species is known / described from only a few specimens .\nthat aside , next time you find yourself in a shell store catering to tourists and have a plethora of lambis at your disposal , you may want to invest a few moments to take a closer look . you never know what you might find ; especially if they are from the philippines , which for some reason seems to be the source of most lambis hybrids .\nabbott , r . tucker , 1961 . the genus lambis in the indo - pacific , indo - pacific mollusca , 1 ( 3 ) : 147 - 174 , photographic plate 121 .\nabbott , r . tucker and s . peter dance 1986 . compendium of seashells , american malacologists , inc . , melbourne , fl , 411 pp .\nkronenberg , g . c . , 1993 . on the identify of lambis wheelwrighti green , 1978 and l . arachnoides shikama , 1971 , vita marina , 42 ( 2 ) : 41 - 55 .\nwalls , jerry g . 1980 . conchs , tibias , and harps , tfh publications , inc . ltd . , new york , ny , 191 pp .\nto organize and save selections in a folder you must first register or log in . registration is free !\nlogin or register ! to organize the photos in galleries you must first register or login . registration is free !\nour monthly packs allow you to download hi - res photos and vector files whenever you want within a month , with just one simple price for all files .\nif you don ' t use all your downloads , they simply roll over to the next month for as long as your pack is active or renewed .\nthe author of this picture , gguerao also has 29 images in the same series .\nto download this image , you can buy fotolia credits , a monthly pack or purchase a subscription plan and benefit from the amazing price of $ 0 . 19 per image .\nwith the standard license , images can be used for any illustrative purpose in any type of media . examples : websites , web banners , newsletters , pdf documents , blogs , emails , slide shows , tv and video presentations , cell phones , splash screens , movies , magazine articles , books , advertising , brochures , document illustrations , booklets , billboards , business cards , packaging , etc .\nthe extended license gives you all the rights granted by the standard license , but also the ability to print our creative files more than 500 , 000 times and allows you to use them on your own products . an extended license lets you create derivative products or services intended for resale or distribution . examples : postcards , calendars , posters , t - shirts , print & presentations templates , video clips intended for resale , video applications , and any project where the fotolia file lends primary value to the product intended for resale or distribution .\nyou ' ll get access to all the essential fotolia content and so much more .\nadobe stock offers an incredible range of exceptional images , videos , and templates plus 3d , editorial , and premium assets to make your work stand out .\npreview watermarked images inside your designs to make sure they look just right . then license and manage them directly within photoshop cc , illustrator cc , indesign cc , and other adobe desktop apps for a seamless workflow .\n{\ninterception\n: {\nipc\n: false ,\nii\n:\n1\n} ,\nfotolia _ tooltip\n: {\nlicenses _ label\n:\nlicenses :\n} ,\nfotolia\n: {\nhost _ base\n:\nurltoken\n} ,\nsearch\n: {\nheader - search\n: {\nautocomplete _ container _ id\n:\nsearch - 5b43c1a6768bd\n,\nautocomplete _ url\n:\nhttps : \\ / \\ / autocomplete . urltoken \\ / ? language _ id = 2\n} } }\nour new search experience requires javascript to be enabled . please enable javascript on your browser , then try again .\nsave spider conch shell to get e - mail alerts and updates on your ebay feed .\nreal lambis lambis spider conch sea shell seashell beach nautical decor 7 . 5\nbuonanni - spider conch shells . 3 - 311 - 1681 cabinet of curiosities engraving\nnatural vintage spider conch sea shell 15 . 0cm x 7 . 8cm x 4 . 70cm ( 86 )\nebay determines this price through a machine - learned model of the product ' s sale prices within the last 90 days .\ncopyright \u00a9 1995 - 2018 ebay inc . all rights reserved . user agreement , privacy , cookies and adchoice\namounts shown in italicized text are for items listed in currency other than canadian dollars and are approximate conversions to canadian dollars based upon bloomberg ' s conversion rates . for more recent exchange rates , please use the universal currency converter\nthis page was last updated : 09 - jul 16 : 01 . number of bids and bid amounts may be slightly out of date . see each listing for international shipping options and costs .\ndoctype html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nstrombidae , or the conchs are one of the more familiar of the molluscan groups . though many larger molluscan species are commonly referred to as conchs , the strombs or generically , strombus are the true conch shells . the number of species in the family numbers around 60 species , which is small in comparison with other molluscan families . yet the size difference between the largest and smallest strombus species is huge . a few grow to be the largest and heaviest of the marine mollusks such as eustrombus goliath\n. the largest recorded shell is around 380 millimeters . at the other end of the size spectrum is\n, a species that rarely reaching 25 millimeters in length . a comprehensive display of strombs are quite beautiful . some of the species can vary considerably in color and make for an\nsearch urltoken search urltoken - enter search word . avoid using the word\nshell\n- e . g . , use conch instead of conch shell . * * * google strombidae on the internet\nclick on the thumbnail images for an enlarged view . images will open up in a separate , resizeable window .\n* turn off your browser ' s pop - up blocker to see enlarged pictures and links . *\ntaxonomic ref . : ponder & lindberg . 1997 . towards a phylogeny of gastropod molluscs ; an analysis using morphological characters . zoological journal of the linnean society , 119 83 - 265 .\ndillwyn , 1817 - philippines , 27 - 36mm - found in a rainbow of varied colors and patterns .\ndillwyn , 1817 - philippines , 28mm - a striking solid orange color form .\ndillwyn , 1817 - tulear , madagascar , 47mm - at 47mm , this specimen is considered well above average in size .\nsowerby , 1842 - mozambique , 29 - 34mm - intertidal sand dweller found in the western indian ocean & red sea .\nsowerby , 1842 - marshall islands , 15 - 17mm - found scuba diving among sand and rubble . the species has an interesting red operculum with a serrated edge .\nkiener , 1843 - hawaii , 19mm - an unusual orange color form . this species is the smallest of the genus .\nduclos , 1844 - mozambique , 39mm - the geographical range of this subspecies is the indian ocean from east africa to vietnam . it can be found in relatively shallow water . the illustrated shell represents a very shouldered form .\nswainson , 1821 - madagascar , 23mm - the color and patterns of this species varies considerably throughout its indo - pacific range , as well as within individual populations as illustrated here .\nlinn\u00e9 , 1758 - philippines - the shell is found in a array of color forms . in nature the shell is often covered with a thick periostracum and organic growth that masks the color . lip color can be white or black , though the lighter colored shells tend to have a white lip .\nlinn\u00e9 , 1758 - philippines - black color form . the species is quite variable with a number of subspecific names applied to geographical forms .\nwood , 1828 - vanuatu , 18 - 20mm - dwarf adult specimens . the subspecies is restricted to a portion of melanesia .\nsowerby , 1842 - madagascar , 32 - 33mm - one of many forms widely varying forms found throughout the range of the species from the eastern mediterranean through the indian ocean . the form coniformis is found from mauritius through east africa .\nduclos , 1844 - philippines , 39mm - this form is limited to the southern pacific . it is differentiated from typical d . dilatatus by the shorter canal at the aperture .\n( reeve , 1850 ) , - vietnam , 65 - 67mm - a form limited to the indian ocean . taken in trawl nets of a commercial fishing boat .\n( swainson , 1821 ) - philippines , 31mm - distributed through the western pacific , but not found in the indian ocean , where the nominate form is found .\n( r\u00f6ding , 1798 ) - australia , 65mm - as with many species of the genus , this is an intertidal dweller .\npilsbry , 1917 - hawaii , 92mm - a fresh dead collected specimen . the subspecies is very rare in this size and condition , and is endemic to the hawaiian islands .\npilsbry , 1917 - hawaii , 65 . 7mm - also dead taken . the lip is immature , but rarely seen this dark and beautiful . the species is a sand dweller .\n( linn\u00e9 , 1758 ) - mahe island , seychelles , 57 . 3mm - the nominate form of gibberulus gibberulus [ synonym : strombus gibberulus ] .\nm\u00f6rch , 1850 - saudi arabia , 43mm - a pale form . [ synonym : strombus gibberulus albus ]\nr\u00f6ding , 1798 - coral sea , 40 - 46mm - these specimens were taken near east diamond island , way out in the middle of nowhere ! a geographical morph with a dark band below the suture line on the body whorl is more typical at this location ( middle specimen ) , though a wider range of coral sea color forms is illustrated here . [ synonym : strombus gibberulus gibbosus ]\nm\u00f6rch , 1852 , pterocera anton , 1839 ( non lamarck , 1799 ) ; subgenus : millepes m\u00f6rch , 1852 .\nlinn\u00e9 , 1758 - philippines , 121 - 132mm - dwarf adult specimens of a species that typically grows to over 200mm in length . the depth of aperture color and pattern on the dorsum varies considerably .\n( linn\u00e9 , 1758 ) - mellish reef , coral sea , 76mm - a pure white color form . taken scuba diving in \u00b135 feet of water on sand , during a night dive .\n( r\u00f6ding , 1798 ) - davao , philippines , 97 . 2mm - an extremely large specimen for the species . closely related to l . canarium .\nr\u00f6ding , 1798 , pterocera lamarck , 1799 , pteroceras link , 1807 ( err . ) , pteroceres montfort , 1810 ( err . ) , digitator fabricius , 1823 ( nom . nud . ) , pterocerus brongniart , 1829 ( err . ) , heptadactylus m\u00f6rch , 1852 .\n( link , 1807 ) - philippines , 128mm - the nominate form of the species . digits are proportionately shorter than the localized form l . c . pilsbryi .\nabbott , 1961 - marquesas , 254mm - a huge specimen , 4 . 2mm smaller than the largest recorded size for the species . the subspecies is limited to french polynesia .\n( linn\u00e9 , 1758 ) - philippines , 129 - 137mm - the illustrated specimens exhibit extremely dark coloration .\n( swainson , 1821 ) - tahiti , 131mm - endemic to polynesia . the dark - tipped digits are characteristic of this uncommon species .\n( born , 1778 ) - madagascar , 39 - 40mm - species is limited to the western indian ocean and the rea sea ; forms from the latter location have been described as subspecific . knobby and smooth - shouldered forms are found throughout its range .\n( roding , 1798 ) - davao , philippines , 52mm - orange color form .\niredale , 1921 ; aliger thiele , 1929 ; eustrombus wenz , 1940 . .\n( linn\u00e9 , 1758 ) - cabo rojo , puerto rico . the famed rooster tail conch is found in a variety of colors ; this specimen has shades of pink . [ synonym : strombus gallus ]\n( gmelin , 1791 ) - aguadilla , puerto rico - 77mm . a gerontic specimen with a blackened lip . strombs found along the west coast of puerto rico seem to be prone to this type of discoloration . [ synonym : strombus raninus ]\n( gray , 1852 ) - andaman sea , 109mm - once considered one of the rarest shells , now it is commonly trawled off the coast of thailand and burma ( myanmar ) , a by - product of commercial fishing boats . m . listeri is the only species in the genus .\n( linn\u00e9 , 1758 ) - philippines , 163mm - grows to over 200mm . the shell is heavy with a thick calcareous shell .\n( emerson , 1965 ) - somalia , 95mm - a dead taken specimen . live specimens rarely surface in trawling nets .\n( emerson , 1965 ) - somalia , 101 . 7mm - a beautiful shell with mature , fully developed wing .\n, or cap shell attached to the body whorl , which when removed leaves an crater - like indentation in the shell .\nstrombus linn\u00e9 , 1758 ; vaught , 1989 : 31 ; le renard , 1996 : 41 , strombella schl\u00fcter , 1838 , conomurex fischer p . , 1884 ex bayle ms , strombus ( conomurex ) ; vaught , 1989 : 31 .\ngmelin , 1791 - florida keys , 87 - 100mm - a relatively large and variably colored species . it is common throughout its range .\ngmelin , 1791 - florida keys , 81 - 88mm - two distinct color forms from the same locale .\nlinn\u00e9 , 1758 - florida keys , 89mm - typical specimens have longer spines on the spire than does strombus alatus .\n: kronenberg , g . c . & g . j . vermeij . terestrombus and tridentarius , new genera of indo - pacific strombidae ( gastropoda ) , with comments on included taxa and on shell characters in strombidae . vita malacologica ( 1 ) 49 - 54 .\n( r\u00f6ding , 1798 ) - philippines , 30 - 40mm - the thin , shiny shell is characteristic of this species . do not confuse with\nsowerby ii , 1842 - philippines , 36 - 41mm - typical form with taller spire .\n( sowerby , 1842 ) - philippines , 34mm - an unusual solid orange color form .\n( lightfoot , 1786 ) - somalia , 114 . 5mm - the coloring varies widely ; this specimen has an unusual dark striped pattern on the back . [ synonym : strombus tricornis ]\n( lightfoot , 1786 ) - somalia , 128 . 7mm - a specimen with an extremely dark dorsum coloring . typically the species exhibits a much lighter color .\n( linn\u00e9 , 1758 ) - solomon islands , 32mm - the type species of the genus . the color - pattern of the body whorl varies .\nstrombidae on this page click name to view image - click \u00bb to view caption below .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nsyn . : digitata fabricius , 1823 : 86 [ nom . nud . fide abbott , 1960 ]\noriginal diagnosis of the genus pterocera by lamarck , 1799 , p . 72 :\npteroc\u00e8re . pterocera . coq . ventrue , termin\u00e9e inf\u00e9rieurement par un canal along\u00e9 ; bord droit se dilatant avec l ` age , en aile digit\u00e9e , et ayant un sinus vers sa base .\nmillepes by refering to klein , 1753 . species were : pterocera ( millepes ) millepeda , pterocera ( millepes ) scorpius\nheptadactylus by refering to klein , 1753 . species were : pterocera ( heptadactylus ) crocata , pterocera ( heptadactylus ) yoldii , pterocera ( heptadactylus ) lambis , pterocera ( heptadactylus ) radix bryoniae\nalvarado , r . , & bautista , c . ( 1977 ) . las colecciones malacologicas del museo nacional de ciencias naturales de madrid [ espana ] . revision del genero lambis roeding , 1798 ( estirpe strombacea , familia strombidae ) . boletin de la real sociedad espanola de historia natural . seccion biologica , 75 .\nkronenberg , g . c . ( 2008 ) . an intergeneric hybrid ( gastropoda : caenogastropoda : strombidae ) with remarks on the subdivision of indo - pacific tricornis . basteria , 72 ( 4 - 6 ) , 331 - 343 .\nm\u00f6rch , o . a . l . 1852 . catalogus conchyliorum qu\u00e6 reliquit d . alphonso d ' aguirra & gadea comes de yoldi . fasciculus primus . cephalophora . - pp . [ 1 - 4 ] , 1 - 170 , [ 1 - 2 ] . hafni\u00e6 .\nwoodward , m . f . 1894 . on the anatomy of pterocera , with some notes on the crystalline style . proceedings of the malacological society of london 1 : 143 - 150 + 1 pl , fulltext\na . strummeri a newly discovered species of spiky - shelled , deep - sea snails .\ni ' ve seen granny go out in the chicken yard and get a chicken and so on , and so on , until she had made a perfect chicken pot pie .\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322c1faa - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322fc869 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322fc9b6 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 3242651f - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 3262ea26 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 32630206 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 349fc894 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nbieler r . bouchet p . dijkstra h . faber m . finn j . garcia - alvarez o . gofas s . la perna r . marshall b . moretzsohn f . neubauer t . a . rosenberg g . sartori a . f . schneider s . taylor j . ter poorten j . j . & vos c . ( eds ) . ( 2018 ) . worms mollusca : molluscabase ( version 2018 - 06 - 06 ) . in : roskov y . , abucay l . , orrell t . , nicolson d . , bailly n . , kirk p . m . , bourgoin t . , dewalt r . e . , decock w . , de wever a . , nieukerken e . van , zarucchi j . , penev l . , eds . ( 2018 ) . species 2000 & itis catalogue of life , 30th june 2018 . digital resource at urltoken species 2000 : naturalis , leiden , the netherlands . issn 2405 - 8858 .\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 91967608 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\n. if you continue to use the site we will assume that you agree with this .\nclick on an image to view all the information : family , species , author , date , and full locality .\nstrombidae a semi - precious family and now one of the most popular ones . no members of the strombidae are really small and all have an attractive shape and nice colours . some of the strombidae belong to the famous shells . strombus listeri was only known by one specimen for more than 300 years until its habitat was discovered ( thailand ) at the beginning of the seventies . at the beginning of the eighties strombus oldi was rediscovered in somalian waters . rarest among known strombidae is the small strombus scalariformis from the philippines .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 0 . 071 seconds . )\nabbott , r . t . , 1991 seashells of south east asia . graham bash , singapore . 145 p .\nabubakr , m . m . , 2004 the republic of yemen marine biotic ecosystem ( resources - habitats and species ) . the republic of yemen , ministry of water and environment , environment protection authority , 128p .\nal - ansi , m . a . and j . a . al - khayat , 1999 preliminary study on coral reef and its associated biota in qatari waters , arabian gulf . qatar univ . sci j . 19 : 294 - 311 .\nal - khayat , j . a . , 1997 the marine mollusca of the qatari waters , arabian gulf . qatar univ . sci . j . 17 ( 2 ) : 479 - 491 .\nal - yamani , f . y . , v . skryabin , n . boltachova , n . revkov , m . makarov , v . grinstov and e . kolesnikova , 2012 illustrated atlas on the zoobenthos of kuwait . kuwait institute for scientific research .\nalcolado , p . m . , 1976 crecimiento , variaciones morfol\u00f3gicas de la concha y algunos datos biol\u00f3gicos del\ncobo\nstrombus gigas l . ( mollusca , mesogastropoda ) . acad . cienc . cuba . ser . oceanol . 34 : 1 - 36 .\nalfaro , a . c . , w . l . zemke - white and w . nainoca , 2009 faunal composition within algal mats and adjacent habitats on likuri island , fiji islands . journal of the marine biological association of the united kingdom 89 ( 2 ) : 295 - 302 .\nallan , g . r . and g . s . stone , 2005 rapid assessment survey of tsunami - affected reefs of thailand . final technical report 02 - 05 : 124 p .\nallen , g . r . and r . steene , 1996 indo - pacific coral reef field guide . tropical reef research , singapore , 378 p .\nallen , g . r . and s . a . mckenna , 2001 a marine rapid assessment of the togean and banggai islands , sulawesi , indonesia . rap bulletin of biological assessment 20 , conservation international , washington , dc .\nalter , c . and v . von mach , 2010 annual reef check survey of kalawy house reef , safaga , egypt . reef check germany , bremen .\n\u00e1lvarez - le\u00f3n , r . , f . d . p . guti\u00e9rrez - bonilla , j . f . ospina - arango and e . chiquillo - esp\u00edtia , 2007 in the colombian caribbean : monographic revision . the queen conch , strombus gigas , ( linnaeus , 1758 ) status report . bolet\u00edn cient\u00edfico . centro de museos . museo de historia natural 11 ( 1 ) : 301 - 332 .\nanaluddin , k . , nasarudin , w . masa , w . o . sarlyana and s . rahim , 2013 the spatial trends in the community structure of gastropod assemblages the coastal area of tomia island , wakatobi marine national park , indonesia . international journal of development research 3 ( 11 ) : 162 - 167 .\nanam , r . and e . mostarda , 2012 field identification guide to the living marine resources of kenya . fao species identification guide for fishery purposes , rome : fao , 357 p .\nannamary , s . and j . mohanraj , 2014 by - catch landing of lambis gastropods in gulf of mannar coast , tamil nadu . indian journal of science and technology 7 ( 10 ) : 1509 - 1512 .\nans , academy of natural sciences , 2007 academy of natural sciences malacology database . accessed through gbif data portal , urltoken 13 / 09 / 2007 .\nappeldoorn , r . s . , 1988 age determination , growth , mortality and age of first reproduction in adult queen conch , strombus gigas l . , off puerto rico . fisheries research 6 ( 4 ) : 363 - 378 .\nappeldoorn , r . s . , 1992 development of a combined model of growth in weight for juvenile and adult queen conch ( strombus gigas ) and its application to the population off la parguera , puerto rico . in : proceedings of the gulf and caribbean fisheries institute , 42 , pp . 13 - 20 .\nappeldoorn , r . s . , 1990 growth of juvenile queen conch , strombus gigas l . , off la parguera , puerto rico . j . shellfish res . 9 : 59 - 62 .\nappeldoorn , r . s . and q . b . rodr\u00edguez ( eds . ) , 1994 queen conch biology , fisheries and mariculture . fundaci\u00f3n cient\u00edf\u00efca los roques , caracas , venezuela . 356 p .\nappukuttan , k . k . , 1996 marine molluscs and their conservation . pp . 66 - 79 . in n . g . menon and c . s . g . pillai ( eds . ) , marine biodiversity conservation and management . cmfri , cochin .\nappukuttan , k . k . , 1977 trochus and turbo fishery in andamans . seafood export journal 9 ( 12 ) : 21 - 25 .\nappukuttan , k . k . and k . ramadoss , 2000 edible and ornamental gastropod resources . pp . 525 - 535 . in v . n . pillai and n . g . menon ( eds . ) , marine fisheries research and management , cmfri , cochin 682 014 , kerala , india .\narg\u00fcelles - tic\u00f3 , a . , \u00e1lvarez , f . , & alcaraz , g . , 2010 shell utilization by the hermit crab clibanarius antillensis stimpson 1862 ( crustacea anomura ) in intertidal rocky pools at montepio , veracruz , mexico . tropical zoology 23 ( 1 ) : 63 - 73 .\narumugam , m . , a . shanmugam , t . balasubramanian , l . kannan and s . ajmalkhan , 2010 studies on molluscan diversity of great nicobar island - a pre tsunami scenario . recent trends in biodiversity of andaman and nicobar islands\natmadja , w . s . , 1977 notes on the distribution of red algae ( rhodophyta ) on the coral reef of pari islands , seribu islands . marine research in indonesia 17 : 15 - 27 .\naustralian biological resources study , 2000 australian faunal directory . world wide web electronic publication . urltoken\navila poveda , o . h . and e . r . baqueiro cardenas , 2009 reproductive cycle of strombus gigas linnaeus 1758 ( caenogastropoda : strombidae ) from archipelago of san andres , providencia and santa catalina , colombia . invertebrate reproduction & development 53 ( 1 ) : 1 - 12 .\navila - poveda , o . h . and e . r . baqueiro - c\u00e1rdenas , 2006 size at sexual maturity in the queen conch strombus gigas from colombia . bol . invest . mar . cost . 35 : 223 - 233 .\nbaker , n . , r . s . appeldoorn and p . a . torres - saavedra , 2016 fishery - independent surveys of the queen conch stock in western puerto rico , with an assessment of historical trends and management effectiveness . marine and coastal fisheries 8 ( 1 ) : 567 - 579 .\nbaldwin , j . and w . r . england , 1982 the properties and functions of alanopine dehydogenase and octopine dehydrogenase from the pedal retractor muscle of strombidae ( class gastropoda ) . pacific science 36 ( 3 ) : 381 - 394 .\nbarnes , d . k . a . , a . corrie , m . whittington , m . a . carvalho and f . gell , 1998 coastal shellfish resource use in the quirimba archipelago , mozambique . journal of shellfish research 17 ( 1 ) : 51 - 58 .\nbartley , d . m . ( comp . / ed . ) , 2006 introduced species in fisheries and aquaculture : information for responsible use and control ( cd - rom ) . rome , fao .\nbatoy , c . b . , 2050 survey of the marine macrobenthic invertebrate fauna of coastal waters in selected places in leyte and vicinity . department of plant protection , visayas state college of agricultre , visca , baybay , leyte 7127 . pp 1 - 284 .\nbayne , c . j . , b . h . cogan , a . w . diamond , j . frazier , p . grubb , a . hutson , m . e . d . poore , d . r . stoddart and j . d . taylor , 1970 geography and ecology of cosmoledo atoll . atoll research bulletin 136 : 37 - 56 .\nberg , c . j . , 1976 growth of the queen conch strombus gigas , with a discussion of the practicality of its mariculture . marine biology 34 ( 3 ) : 191 - 199 .\nberry , c . , r . l . hill and b . k . walker , 2016 demographics of a nearshore mating queen conch ( lobatus gigas ) aggregation on the southeast florida reef tract . bulletin of marine science 92 ( 1 ) : 59 - 73 .\nberthou , p . , j . m . poutiers , p . goulletquer and j . c . dao , 2009 shelled molluscs . in fisheries and aquaculture , from encyclopedia of life support systems ( eolss ) , developed under the auspices of the unesco , eolss publishers , oxford , uk , [ http : / / www . eolss . net ] .\nbisby , f . a . , m . a . ruggiero , k . l . wilson , m . cachuela - palacio , s . w . kimani , y . r . roskov , a . soulier - perkins and j . van hertum , 2005 species 2000 & itis catalogue of life : 2005 annual checklist . cd - rom ; species 2000 : reading , u . k .\nboletzky , s . v . and r . t . hanlon , 1983 a review of the laboratory maintenance , rearing and culture of cephalopod molluscs . 44 : 147 - 187 . in c . f . e . roper , c . c . lu and f . g . hochberg ( eds . ) memoirs of the national museum of victoria : proceedings of the workshop on the biology and resource potential of cephalopods , melbourne , australia , 9 - 13 march , 1981 .\nboyko , c . b . , 2003 the endemic marine invertebrates of easter island : how many species and for how long ? in p . 155 - 175 loret , j . ; tanacredi , j . t . ( eds ) . 2003 . easter island scientific exploration into the world ' s environmental problems in microcosm . kluwer academic / plenum publishers , new york . 240p .\nbranch , g . m . , c . l . griffiths , m . l . branch and l . beckley , 2005 two oceans : a guide to marine life in southern africa . struik publishers , cape town , 360 p .\nbright , t . j . , 2010 a list of species from glover ' s reef atoll , belize . wildlife conservation society . urltoken ; = 1207 & language ; = en - us [ accessed 22 / 11 / 2010 ] .\nbrook , f . j . , 1998 the coastal molluscan fauna of the northern kermadec islands , southwest pacific ocean . journal of the royal society of new zealand 28 ( 2 ) : 185 - 233 .\nbrown , d . p . , 2011 marine gastropods of american samoa . micronesica 41 ( 2 ) : 237 - 252 .\nbrownell , w . n . , 1977 reproduction , laboratory culture , and growth of strombus gigas , s . costatus and s . pugilus in los roques , venezuela . bulletin of marine science 27 ( 4 ) : 668 - 680 .\nbrownell , w . n . and j . m . stevely , 1981 the biology , fisheries , and management of the queen conch , strombus gigas . us nat . mar . fish . serv . mar . fish . rev . 43 ( 7 ) : 1 - 12 .\nbrunt , m . a . and j . e . davies , 2012 the cayman islands : natural history and biogeography . springer science and business media , 604 pp .\nbryceson , i . and a . massinga , 2002 coastal resources and management systems influenced by conflict and migration : mecufi , mozambique . ambio 31 ( 7 / 8 ) : 512 - 517 .\nbubble vision , 2016 mucky secrets - part 20 - sap - sucking slugs , headshield slugs , sea hares and flatworms - lembeh strait . urltoken [ accessed 14 / 03 / 2016 ] .\nbujang , j . s . , m . h . zakaria and a . arshad , 2006 distribution and significance of seagrass ecosystems in malaysia . aquatic ecosystem health and management 9 ( 2 ) : 1 - 14 .\ncamp , d . k . , w . g . lyons and t . h . perkins , 1998 checklists of selected shallow - water marine invertbrates of florida . florida marine reasearch istitute technical reports tr - 3 .\ncaras , t . , 2001 environmental management and biodiversity conservation of forests , woodlands , and wetlands of the rufiji delta and floodplain . status of the marine habitat and resources adjacent to the rufiji river outflow . rufiji environmental management project technical report ( 27 ) : 37 p .\ncarpenter , k . e . and n . de angelis ( eds . ) , 2016 the living marine resources of the eastern central atlantic . vol . 2 : bivalves , gastropods , hagfishes , sharks , batoid fishes , and chimaeras . fao species identification guide for fishery purposes , rome , fao . pp . 665 - 1509 .\ncash , e . , 2013 assessment of queen conch , lobatus gigas , density , middens and permitting requirements , in south eleuthera , bahamas . doctoral dissertation , auburn university .\nchongpeepien , t . , 1988 bivalve mollusc culture research in thailand . worldfish , 170p .\nchou , l . m . and k . s . tan , 2008 corals , worms , and molluscs : cnidaria , playhelminthes , nemertea , annelida , brachiopoda , mollusca . in pp . 39 - 61 , davison , g . w . h . ; ng , p . k . l . ; ho , h . c . , 2008 . the singapore red data book : threatened plants and animals of singapore . singapore : the nature society , 285pp .\ncimt eis / oies , 2015 chapter 3 , affected environment marine biology . retrieved from urltoken\ncites , 2009 appendices i , ii and iii valid from 22 may 2009 . unep .\ncites , 2010 appendices i , ii and iii valid from 23 june 2010 . unep .\ncites , 2011 appendices i , ii and iii valid from 27 april 2011 . unep .\ncites , 2012 appendices i , ii and iii valid from 3 april 2012 . unep .\ncites , 2015 the checklist of cites species website . appendices i , ii and iii valid from 05 february 2015 . cites secretariat , geneva , switzerland . compiled by unep - wcmc , cambridge , uk . http : / / checklist . cites . org . [ accessed 04 / 11 / 2015 ] .\ncites , unep - wcmc , 2016 the checklist of cites species website . appendices i , ii and iii valid from 10 march 2016 . cites secretariat , geneva , switzerland . compiled by unep - wcmc , cambridge , uk . urltoken [ accessed 23 / 06 / 2016 ] .\ncites , unep - wcmc , 2017 the checklist of cites species website . appendices i , ii and iii valid from 04 april 2017 . cites secretariat , geneva , switzerland . compiled by unep - wcmc , cambridge , uk . urltoken [ accessed 01 / 08 / 2017 ] .\ncmfri , 2015 annual report 2014 - 15 . central marine fisheries institute , cochin . 353 p .\ncob , z . c . , j . s . bujang and m . a . ghaffar , 2009 age , growth , mortality and population structure of strombus canarium ( gastropoda : strombidae ) : variations in male and female sub - populations . journal of applied science 9 ( 18 ) : 3287 - 3297 ."]}
{"id": 1651, "summary": [{"text": "palace music ( april 12 , 1981 \u2013 january 7 , 2008 ) was an american thoroughbred racehorse and a champion sire who won group/grade 1 stakes in both europe and the united states . ", "topic": 22}], "title": "palace music ( horse )", "paragraphs": ["palace line was sired by palace music out of the dam mamarracha palace line was foaled on 01 of august in 1998 .\nfor everything you need to know about horse racing . free horse racing tips from professional punters and betting secrets to increase your horse racing profits .\npalace music , whose son cigar became the world ' s richest racehorse , was euthanized .\nall the latest horse racing form , betting odds , news , breeding , jockey and trainer information for good music . good music is a mare born in 2010 september 22 by primus out of naturalist\ni got the music from this one thanks entirely to this post on boing boing by david pescovitz . this is the first episode where the music ( horse ) led the cart ( story ) . i wanted to write a story that fit this music . because it is incredible .\nseattle slew was a great horse , and the only undefeated kentucky derby and triple corwn winner . he was truly a horse of class .\nenjoy finest chamber music and orchestra concerts with compositions of mozart and his contemporaries .\npalace line is a 18 year old gelding . palace line is trained by peter shaw , at singapore and owned by .\ntabletop games like dungeons & dragons or pathfinder can be incredibly immersive with the right music . this playlist has all the music you\u2019ll ever need to paint a picture for your party .\npalace line has a 62 % win percentage and 69 % place percentage . palace line ' s last race event was at singapore .\npalace music finished second in both the breeders ' cup mile ( gr . it ) in 1985 - 86 , but was disqualified in the 1985 running and placed ninth .\nwelcome to horseracing . com . au , australia ' s premier site for horse racing news .\npalace music was the leading sire by progeny earnings in 1995 . cigar , who earned a career total of $ 9 , 999 , 815 , was both horse of the year and champion older male in 1995 - 96 , plus a 1996 champion in dubai . unfortunately for paulson , he proved sterile at stud . he resides at the kentucky horse park near lexington .\nbred in kentucky by mereworth farm , palace music first raced for nelson bunker hunt and bruce mcnall ' s summa stable . paulson later came aboard as a part owner with hunt .\npalace music retired in 1986 with seven wins from 21 races and earnings of $ 918 , 700 . in france , where he initially raced , he was a multiple group iii winner .\n\u201che was the best of his generation and certainly the best horse i ever rode , \u201d bailey said .\nthis year\u2019s july falls exactly 40 years after part - owner rick nidd\u2019s equine favourite jamaican music won the big race .\npalace music , whose son cigar became the world ' s richest racehorse , was euthanized jan . 7 at rangal park stud in the australian state of victoria . the pensioned son of the minstrel was 27 .\nthree winners on wednesday of last week were from mares by palace music , a world class racehorse who was responsible as a sire himself for outstanding performers in both hemispheres , in particular naturalism in australia and cigar in america .\nthis palace doubled as the trapp family estate in the film . the picturesque pond in front of the palace was where the children took their boat ride and fell into the water . the palace\u2019s \u201cvenetian room\u201d also served as the inspiration for the ballroom in the film . leopoldskron palace is located only five kilometers from the hotel . you can get there using public transport or by bicycle .\npleased to meet you , ma ' am : spain ' s king felipe vi greets the monarch warmly during wednesday ' s official welcome ceremony on horse guards parade . the royal party will now make their way to buckingham palace\nhowever , the major success that day for offspring of daughters of palace music was provided by the eye - catching victory of for valour in the listed ramornie , the historic sprint at the annual grafton carnival . he is by beautiful crown , the former dashing american sprinter who has done such a good job for andrew and lasca bowcock at their alanbridge stud , a near neighbour of vinery in the hunter valley , and from the non - winning palace music mare quick glance .\nused in america and at segenhoe stud ( now vinery ) near scone , the 1981 foaled palace music , won group1 middle distance races in england and america and finished second in the breeders ' cup mile and third in the washington international .\ncigar , the 1990 son of palace music , had an impressive racing career with 16 consecutive wins , including the 1995 breeders ' cup classic , and earnings of $ 9 , 999 , 815 . after twice earning the eclipse horse of the year award , cigar was inducted into the hall of fame in 2002 . he retired to ashford stud in 1997 but after failing to impregnate a single mare was later moved to the kentucky horse park ' s hall of champions in lexington where he became a visitor favorite .\nthe queen was joined by king felipe vi in a state carriage as the royal procession made their way from horse guards parade to buckingham palace . the action - packed tour will see the king and queen enjoy a private lunch with the british royals\nnow that ' s a welcome ! the kings troop royal horse artillery fire a 41 gun salute in green park this morning to kick off the state visit . following a ceremonial welcome , the royal party proceeded to buckingham palace for a private lunch\n' the duke of edinburgh and i are delighted to welcome you and queen letizia to buckingham palace this evening .\npalace line ' s exposed form for its last starts is 0 - 2 - 6 - 6 - 1 .\npalace music stood one season at hunt ' s bluegrass farm near lexington before heading to brookside . during his career , he also stood in australia , new zealand , and japan . his 33 stakes winners included australian champion naturalism , plus palace line , a champion in south africa and singapore , as well as several other group i winners . ric chapman contributed to this story .\npalace line\u2019s last race event was at 25 / 08 / 2002 and it has not been nominated for any upcoming race .\npalace glow , by palace music . 3 wins - 2 at 2 - at 1000m , 1100m , a $ 128 , 500 , vrc il globo rete italia h . , vatc hurricane sky 2yo h . , 2d vatc swinburne alumni h . , 3d vrc red roses s . , l , vatc gwyn nursery s . , l . dam of 13 named foals , 11 to race , 5 winners , inc : -\npalace line career form is 8 wins , 1 seconds , thirds from 13 starts with a lifetime career prize money of $ .\npalace music ( usa ) ch . h , 1981 { 13 - b } dp = 9 - 6 - 19 - 2 - 0 ( 36 ) di = 2 . 13 cd = 0 . 61 - 21 starts , 7 wins , 7 places , 2 shows career earnings : $ 918 , 700\nthe king and queen of spain will formally bid farewell to the queen and the duke of edinburgh at buckingham palace in the morning .\nthe royal visit began one day later than is usual , meaning theresa may will miss prime minister ' s questions in the commons in order to attend the horse guards welcome .\nthis palace right outside the walls of salzburg was built in the 17th century . on the grounds of hellbrunn\u2019s expansive park , you can still find the pavilion where liesl and franz first met . the elegant palace and gardens of hellbrunn are within walking distance of the hotel .\nsalzburg is where you will find the famous shooting locations for the \u201cthe sound of music . \u201d let these stunningly beautiful places work their magic as you follow in the footsteps of the trapp family !\npalace ' s $ 140 , 000 weanling filly , hip no . 18 , at the 2017 fasig - tipton november sale - photo by z\ncigar proved infertile as a stallion and lived out the remainder of his retirement at the kentucky horse park\u2019s hall of champions . he died oct . 7 , 2014 at the age of 24 .\nthe highest - earning colt at stud by the prolific sire , city zip , sprint star palace won six stakes\u2014four graded , including two grade one events .\npalace music , who was produced from the prince john mare come my prince , was both a grade / group i winner . he captured the 1984 dubai champion stakes ( eng - i ) over the top english filly pebbles . his u . s . grade i win came in the 1986 john henry handicap ( gr . it ) while trained by charles whittingham .\nthe queen and the duke of edinburgh formally welcomes the king and queen on horse guards parade . presentations were made , the guard of honour gave a royal salute and the spanish national anthem was played .\ntwo of the winners extending the excellence of palace music through his daughters last week were successful at the eagle farm meeting in the shape of mellifluous ( a representative of the first crop of two - year - olds by the kingmambo american champion grass performer king cugat , another visitor to the widden stud ) and checkit ( a filly by the deceased danehill sire lion hunter ) .\nthe background music featured a nod to the spanish guests , with tunes such as lady of spain - a 1931 song which became popular in the late 1940s - and the roi d ' espagne , the royal spanish waltz .\nthis entry was posted in bloodstock and tagged allen paulson , cigar , horse racing , new vocations , new vocations racehorse adoption program , thoroughbred , thoroughbred aftercare , thoroughbred retirement by press release . bookmark the permalink .\npalace music stood at allen paulson ' s brookside farms near versailles , ky . , the year he sired cigar . bred and raced by paulson , cigar went on a winning rampage starting in 1994 that resulted in a record - tying 16 straight wins . included in those scores was the 1995 breeders ' cup classic ( gr . i ) and the inaugural dubai world cup in 1996 .\npalace music raced in both europe and north america . as a 3 and 4 year old in europe , he raced 10 times winning 4 times . he was then sent to north america where he raced 11 times winning three times . his overall race record is 21 7 - 5 - 3 with earnings , gbp 111 , 163 , us $ 584 , 300 and 729 , 350 ff .\nthe easiest way to hit all these \u201csound of music\u201d locations during your stay in salzburg is to take a \u201csound of music\u201d tour . you will be accompanied by a knowledgeable travel guide . after taking the tour , you can enjoy a live performance of the songs of the \u201ctrapp family singers\u201d in salzburg . make the amadeo hotel your home base in salzburg as you wander in the footsteps of the trapps ! you can make a non - binding room request here .\nletizia , felipe , charles and camilla leave the me hotel , on the strand , where they are believed to have stayed last night . following their awkward encounter this morning , they headed to horse guards parade for the welcome ceremony\nthe queen greets theresa may as they await the spanish royals at horse guards parade . the prime minister appeared to have got into a spot of bother after her liz helix hat was blown off in the wind as she made her entrance\nfrankie dettori , the most successful royal ascot jockey currently riding with 56 winners at the meeting , suffered an injury scare only a week before opening day when he was thrown from a horse in the parade ring at yarmouth on tuesday .\nfelipe greets the queen on horse guards parade . ahead of the meticulously - planned ceremony , the mall was decked out in spanish flags this week and gun salutes were fired from green park and the tower of london to welcome the spanish royals\nthis afternoon , the queen and the duke of edinburgh will formally welcome the king and queen on horse guards parade where presentations will be made , the guard of honour will give a royal salute and the spanish national anthem will be played .\ntake a stroll through the same scenes and scenery you saw in your favorite movie \u2026 more than 300 , 000 \u201csound of music\u201d fans come to this city every year so as to walk in the footsteps of the trapp family at the original shooting locations .\nfollowing a private lunch at buckingham palace , the monarch invited the king and queen of spain to view an exhibition in the picture gallery of items from the royal collection relating to spain .\nin the evening the queen will give a state banquet at buckingham palace for the king and queen . the queen and the king will both make speeches at the start of the banquet .\nking felipe vi and queen letizia gathered with the queen and the duke of edinburgh in the opulently decorated buckingham palace ballroom as the countess of wessex ' s string orchestra provided the musical entertainment .\nin his second come back run , in a 1600m event on the greyville turf , he announced himself as a horse who could go to the top as his long stride carried him to an eyecatching victory . he duly won three of his next five starts and was strongly fancied for the gr 2 peermont emperor\u2019s palace charity mile at turffontein . however , much to the disappointment of connections , he was made first reserve and didn\u2019t get a run .\nthe vip visitors enjoy a military ceremonial welcome on horse guards parade to mark the start of their visit to britain . the captain of the guard of honour major charlie gair , irish guards , presented his guard of honour to the king of spain in spanish\nthe kings troop royal horse artillery make sure they are perfectly turned out before firing their 41 gun salute in green park . the much anticipated state visit is the first of its kind in 31 years - king juan carlos visited the uk in 1986 before addicating\nletizia travelled to the palace in the state landau - the carriage which was built for the coronation of king edward vii in 1902 - alongside prince philip , while her husband travelled with the queen .\nqueen letizia and the duchess of cambridge both plumped for family heirlooms as they dazzled in diamonds at an extravagant state banquet at buckingham palace in king felipe and queen letizia ' s honour on wednesday night .\npalace is very good value . i see a lot of similarities to the good city zips . we have four , and he ' s upgrading his mares .\n\u2014 jody huckabay , elm tree farm\nthe action - packed first day saw the king and queen enjoy a private lunch at buckingham palace , afternoon tea at clarence house - and culminated in the state banquet with senior members of the royal family .\nthe duchess of cornwall chats to queen letizia at their hotel in central london this morning , before heading to buckingham palace flanked by a grand military procession . they enjoyed tea together at clarence house later this afternoon\nthe royal mews staff were decked out in their full state livery \u2013 a uniform that has changed little in over 200 years - ahead of the ceremonial welcome , while horses were hitched to their respective carriages , ready to be inspected by the master of the horse before departing .\nfollowing a private lunch at buckingham palace , given by the queen , her majesty invited the king and queen of spain to view an exhibition in the picture gallery of items from the royal collection relating to spain .\npalace tycoon . 2 wins at 2000m , 2200m , a $ 116 , 840 , in 2015 - 16 , 2d vrc saintly h . , mrc wilson medic one h . , 3d mrc helen egan h .\nbuckingham palace said the last foreign royal to be invested as a knight of the garter was king harald v of norway in 2001 . the decision demonstrates the cordial nature of the royals ' relations with their spanish counterparts .\ncity zip has a multiple graded stakes winner from a mare by a son of sadler\u2019s wells , who might be introduced in the u . s . through el prado and sons medaglia d\u2019oro and kitten\u2019s joy , and through horse chestnut , broodmare sire of city zip grade one winner zipessa .\nit is also the largest reception held at buckingham palace , requiring hours of intricate planning by the master of the household and the marshal of the diplomatic corps , as well as the commandeering of almost every member of waiting staff .\nthe prince of wales and the duchess of cornwall greeted the spanish royal couple on behalf of the queen , at their hotel , the me on the strand , on wednesday morning . their royal highnesses then travelled with their majesties to horse guards parade , where the king and queen received a ceremonial welcome .\nthe reigning monarchs make their way to the palace . felipe , 49 , is expected to raise the thorny issue of gibraltar during his stay this week . he will deliver an address at westminster from the royal gallery to parliamentarians on wednesday\nthe spanish king , followed by the duke of edinburgh , inspects the guard of honour , the 1st battalion irish guards . afterwards , he joined the queen and duke of edinburgh for a state carriage procession along the mall to buckingham palace\nafter a gloomy arrival at luton airport on tuesday night , the sun came out for king felipe ( pictured ) and wife letizia for today ' s ceremonial welcome . after arriving at buckingham palace they headed inside to enjoy a lunch reception\nletizia , 44 , travelled to buckingham palace in the state landau - the carriage which was built for the coronation of king edward vii in 1902 - alongside the duke of edinburgh . the sunny weather saw the royals travelling with the roof down\nthe queen and prince philip arrive at buckingham palace . later this week , the king will attend a uk - spain business forum at mansion house with the duke of york , visit westminster abbey accompanied , and meet theresa may at downing street\nonce inside the palace , the king and queen enjoyed a private lunch with the royal family where they were served laureate ' s choice , a sherry selected by poet carol ann duffy . a poem inspired by the sherry appears on the label .\nwatchful eye : police officers are seen on the roof of buckingham palace before a procession along the mall on wednesday . the couple ' s trip to london is the first state visit to take place since the recent terror attacks in manchester and london\nthese stately gardens were created in the 18th century . take a leisurely stroll past the statue of the winged horse pegasus . in the film , this is where maria and the children sang \u201cdo - re - mi\u201d and danced together . you can easily get to the mirabell gardens from the amadeo hotel using public transport .\nsaratoga dancer has won over 2000m before , but howells does admit the 2200m trip of the july might \u201cstretch him . \u201d he is the lowest rated horse in the race on 95 and has once again had bad luck with the draw , so is not surprisingly the biggest outsider with betting world at 66 / 1 .\ntoday ' s carriage procession marks the start of an action - packed first day . later on , the royal couple are expected to meet prince harry and the duke and duchess of cambridge when they are feted with the grand state banquet in palace ballroom\nonce inside , the spanish royals enjoyed a private lunch with the royal family where they were served laureate ' s choice , a sherry selected by poet carol ann duffy . a poem inspired by the sherry appears on the label , according to buckingham palace\nthis , bonheur\u2019s best - known painting , shows the horse market held in paris on the tree - lined boulevard de l\u2019h\u00f4pital , near the asylum of salp\u00eatri\u00e8re , which is visible in the left background . for a year and a half bonheur sketched there twice a week , dressing as a man to discourage attention . bonheur was well established as an animal painter when the painting debuted at the paris salon of 1853 , where it received wide praise . in arriving at the final scheme , the artist drew inspiration from george stubbs , th\u00e9odore gericault , eug\u00e8ne delacroix , and ancient greek sculpture : she referred to the horse fair as her own\nparthenon frieze .\n\u201cduring his last race he was hit by another horse behind and hurt his leg , \u201d de royer - dupr\u00e9 said . \u201chis career is not finished but ascot and the gold cup will come too soon . we will see how he recovers , but the plan could now be the goodwood cup [ on 1 august ] . \u201d\nthe pair share a laugh as they exit the carriage at buckingham palace . according to the olive press , felipe is fluent in english because his mother spoke it to him - and he speaks only english at home so that his daughters will also grow up bilingual\nthe royal couple , who are staying at buckingham palace , are expected to meet prince harry and the duke and duchess of cambridge when they are feted with the grand state banquet in the ballroom on wednesday evening . it will be the first state visit for harry\nhowells , who also has ten gun salute in the race , has only had one previous july runner . he was happy with saratoga dancer\u2019s july gallop and his overall preparation . the best of this horse has likely not been seen and he could surprise a few people . chris winter concluded , \u201cjust remember leicester city won the league ! \u201d\nwell known kzn - racing couple rodney and jane trotter had a dream come true when the horse they spelled and own , the duncan howells - trained saratoga dancer , was included in the vodacom durban july final field . it was also a momentous occasion for two other part - owners , passionate kzn - based racing fans rick and thora nidd .\nthe king , accompanied by the duke of edinburgh , inspected the guard of honour , which are the 1st battalion irish guards . afterwards , the king and queen joined the queen and the duke of edinburgh for a state carriage procession along the mall to buckingham palace .\nthe spanish king , accompanied by the duke of edinburgh , inspected the guard of honour , which are the 1st battalion irish guards . afterwards , the king and queen joined the queen and the duke of edinburgh for a state carriage procession along the mall to buckingham palace .\nwhile it ' s understood to be prince philip ' s last - ever state banquet before he retires this autumn , it was prince harry ' s first as he moves into a more full - time royal position . the duke of cambridge attended his first palace banquet last year\nthe trapp family lived in salzburg before emigrating to the usa . thus , the film \u201cthe sound of music\u201d is also set in the midst of this spectacular region . equipped with background information from the amadeo hotel salzburg , you can embark on a journey of discovery to the most important shooting locations of the film . you will also receive background on the true story of the trapp family .\nnamed after a navigational intersection for airplanes by aerospace magnate allen paulson , cigar was foaled at country life farm near bel air , md . after enjoying modest success early in his career , cigar won back - to - back horse of the year awards , compiled a 16 - race win streak and retired with the all - time record for purse earnings in north america .\nqueen letizia joins prince philip in the state landau as the travel to the palace . this week ' s visit is seen as a significant step in securing relations with spain as the uk leaves the eu ; the last incoming state visit by a spanish king was 31 years ago in 1986\na member of the grenadier guards is seen at the mall at the start of spanish king felipe vi and queen letizia ' s three - day state visit . letizia , 44 , wil travel to buckingham palace in the state landau with her husband - the carriage which was built in 1902\nthe same year of jamaican music\u2019s july win , chris winter was playing rugby for natal u20 . chris had followed horseracing since his junior school days and he and his friends often found ways to get their place accumulators on . he began buying horses as soon as he could afford them . he had a break from owning for some time , but since coming back ten years ago howells has always been his trainer .\nafterwards , the king and queen will visit the palace of westminster , where they will be welcomed by the speaker of the house of commons and the lord speaker . the king will deliver an address in the royal gallery to parliamentarians and other guests , followed by a reception with members and invited guests .\neurope\u2019s oldest german - speaking cloister , nonnberg abbey was also featured in the \u201cthe sound of music . \u201d this was the location for the scene in which maria arrives late for mass and then sings the song \u201cmaria . \u201d in real life , this is where maria and the baron were married in 1927 . the abbey is also easily accessible from the amadeo hotel via public transport . the footpath up to the mountain is particularly scenic .\nguests at the spanish state banquet dined on medallion of scottish beef and truffles in a madeira sauce as they gathered in the opulently decorated buckingham palace ballroom as the countess of wessex ' s string orchestra provided the musical entertainment - including curious tunes such as the theme from the bond film skyfall and coldplay ' s viva la vida .\nthe playlist , curated by spotify user kingslayer133 , features nearly 500 tracks of ambient , instrumental music that fits right in with a fantasy , renaissance theme . some tracks are the kind you might hear the bard playing at the inn , while others set the stage while fighting an epic enemy on a mountaintop . if you\u2019re building a tabletop campaign or just want to put something on in the background at work , you can find tons of great tracks in here .\nafterwards , the king and queen will visit the palace of westminster , where they will be welcomed by the speaker of the house of commons and the lord speaker . the king will deliver an address in the royal gallery to parliamentarians and other guests , followed by a reception with members and invited guests ahead of tonight ' s state banquet .\nthe minstrel was horse of the year in england and victories include larkspur s . ( ire ) , dewhurst s . gr . 1 ( gb ) , irish 2000 guineas gr . 1 ( ire ) , derby s . gr . 1 ( gb ) , irish sweeps derby gr . 1 ( ire ) , king george vi and queen elizabeth diamond s . gr . 1 ( gb ) . 3rd 2000 guineas gr . 1 ( gb ) .\njane trotter bought the gary player stud - bred saratoga dancer at the national yearling sales for r95 , 000 with the aim of selling him on at the emperor\u2019s palace ready to run sale . jane is one of the country\u2019s most respected pre - trainers and backed and prepared him for the latter sale from the trotter\u2019s ambleway thoroughbred stables farm near pietermaritzburg .\ncigar ' s halter was generously donated to new vocations by halters for hope , an organization that collects leather halters worn by famous thoroughbred and standardbred racehorses around the nation and then sells them to fans and collectors to raise proceeds for horses in need . all proceeds of every sale , 100 percent , go to charitable horse rescue organizations . for more information on available halters or donating a halter from a famous racehorse , follow them on facebook and leave a message .\nwhile it ' s understood to be prince philip ' s last - ever state banquet before he retires this autumn , it was prince harry ' s first as he moves into a more full - time royal position . the duke of cambridge attended his first palace banquet last year , while prince charles was 20 at his first state banquet in the london residence .\nthe film\u2019s opening scenes were shot on the shores of the fuschlsee ( lake fuschl ) , which is on the way to the town of st gilgen . in this spectacular region of alpine lakes , known as the salzkammergut , lies the \u201cmoon lake\u201d or mondsee . here you will find the church where maria and the baron held their wedding in the film . the distance from the amadeo hotel is about 30 - 40 kilometers . you can also explore the salzkammergut with a guided \u201csound of music\u201d bus tour .\nhowever , there was not much interest and howells ended up buying him on behalf of the trotters for r140 , 000 . the probable reason for the lack of interest was his one knee being offset . however , jane revealed the horse had not had a single day of unsoundness in his entire life to date . the only reason there have been a couple of gaps in his racing career was due to howells always believing he would make a better four - year - old .\nrick recalled standing to win a lot of money on this popular ralph rixon - trained grey in 1974 and was so confident he had asked a motor car company to have the car he intended buying with the winnings polished and ready for him to collect the following monday . in those days rick and his family used to huddle around the radio to listen to the july and he could not believe what he was hearing when commentator ernie duffield broke the news shortly after the start that jamaican music had dislodged his jockey .\nhe duly won by a comfortable two lengths and a subsequent third in a handicap on the poly was enough to qualify him for the r3 , 85 million emperors palace ready to run cup , which was at that stage the richest race even run in south africa . he finished a decent 1 , 5 length sixth , but had a tough race and returned to ambleway for a rest .\namong o\u2019brien\u2019s major candidates for next week\u2019s meeting , only caravaggio , an 11 - 10 chance for friday\u2019s commonwealth cup , is now widely available at odds - against . churchill and winter , who completed doubles for the trainer in the english and irish guineas last month , are respectively top - priced at 8 - 11 and 4 - 6 for the st james\u2019s palace stakes and the coronation stakes .\n\u201cthe great cigar overcame a lot in his long life , year after year after year , and gave back so much to his millions of fans . so it seems fitting that he continue to give to other horses , less celebrated but no less valuable , who are in need today , \u201d shared halters for hope founder andrew cohen . \u201cif the proceeds of the sale of this halter help just a few of those horses get through the coming winter it will be a wonderful tribute to a horse that always seemed to try his hardest even when the odds against him seemed great . \u201d\nnorth american auction listings are included for the progeny and covered mares of all featured stallions . expand each sale by clicking the + symbol to the left of the sale name . entries include hip number , name ( when applicable ) , sex , year of birth , type [ a = stallion ; b = broodmare ; c = stallion season ; d = broodmare prospect ; e = racing or broodmare prospect ; f = racing or stallion prospect ; g = stallion prospect ; h = horse ; i = racing prospect ; s = stallion share ; w = weanling ; y = yearling ; 2 ( or other numeral ) = age of hip ] , sire , dam , broodmare sire , and consignor . cover sire information is available for broodmares that have been bred by hovering the cursor over the \u201cb\u201d designation .\nat 3 : dubai champion s . ( eng - g1 ) , prix daphnis ( fr - g3 ) , 2nd prix jacques le marois ( fr - g1 ) , la coup de de maisons - laffite ( fr - g3 ) , prix messidor ( fr - g3 )\nat 4 : la coup de de maisons - laffite ( fr - g3 ) , 3rd dubai champion s . ( eng - g1 ) , 4th benson & hedges gold cup ( eng - g1 )\nat 5 : john henry h . ( g1t ) , bay meadows h . ( g2t ) , colonel f . koester h . , 2nd breeders ' cup mile ( g1 ) , inglewood h . ( g3 ) , 3rd washington d . c . international ( g1 ) , hill rise h .\nwon or placed in 14 stakes . concluded his career with a win in the bay meadows handicap ( g2 )\nstood in 1996 at yushun stallion station , hokkaido , on 1 - year lease from segenhoe stud .\ndied on january 7 , 2008 , at rangal park stud , vic australia . ( close )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwinx ' s staying power as one of the world ' s top rac . . .\njason servis is on the best run of his career , wi . . .\nt . j . comerford , assistant trainer for aidan o ' brie . . .\njockey : fernando toro trainer : charles e . whittingham owner : hunt & paulson breeder : mereworth farm\n* current year statistics include all north american races and dubai world cup day . career statistics include results from all countries .\n* current year includes north american and dubai world cup day statistics ; all previous years include results from all countries .\nracing achievements and top 100 rankings include north american ( u . s . , canada and puerto rico ) thoroughbred races only .\nequibase company is the official supplier of racing information and statistics to america ' s best racing , breeders ' cup , daily racing form , ntra , the jockey club , tra , tvg and xpressbet .\nproprietary to and \u00a9 2018 equibase company llc . all rights reserved . the terms of use for this web site prohibit the use of any robot , spider , scraper or any other automated means to access the contents of this site . the terms of use also expressly prohibit the republication or dissemination of the contents of this screen without the prior written consent of equibase company llc .\nhe was by the nijinsky ' s english derby winning three - quarter brother the minstrel and from the prince john mare come my prince , a close relation of johann quatz , a sadler ' s wells sire who shuttled to the widden stud .\nthe six - year - old gelded for valour has been a very tough , sound galloper , typical of the progeny of beautiful crown , a son of chief ' s crown , one of the best racing and sire sons of danzig . for valour has to date won seven races including two stakes , the ramornie and ajc june stakes , and been second seven times , third on five occasions ( two stakes ) and fourth in three stakes .\nbred by his part owner peter jensen , croyden park , nsw and trained at warwick farm by michel hudson , for valour is one of 33 winners in the first crop of beautiful crown , a sire represented all told by 166 individual winners of over 400 races and $ 8 . 8million . he should finish the current racing year with about 80 winners of 140 races and $ 1 . 7million and once again has been one of the leading sources of earners of cheques in the nsw bonus scheme , bobs .\nthoroughbrednews is an independently owned and operated industry news platform with 25 years of experience of working with industry partners and publishing news content from around the world .\nthis season\u2019s leading moonee valley hoop craig newitt was seen at his desperate best when exceed and excite led throughout to win the mazda 72 955m sprint at moonee valley tonight . newitt come into the meeting on eight wins , one ahead of both dwayne dunn and luke nolen . those two rode earlier winners dunn ( anjea ) [ \u2026 ]\nearly favourite to take out saturday\u2019s group 1 $ 1 , 000 , 000 robert sangster stakes ( 1200m ) in adelaide , local hope viddora has come up trumps with barrier one in the morphettville feature .\nthe world\u2019s best racehorse , winx , has been celebrated by the australian turf club ( atc ) getting the warwick stakes renamed in her honour .\nthe championships day 2 results will be known shortly and you can stay up to date with all the news at horseracing . com . au .\none of america ' s top sprinters from 2014 - 15 : won saratoga ' s $ 500 , 000 forego s . [ g1 ] , saratoga ' s $ 350 , 000 vanderbilt h . [ g1 ] , and belmont ' s $ 250 , 000 true north h . [ g2 ]\nwinning efforts in 1 : 08 . 29 ( true north h . ) , 1 : 08 . 56 ( vanderbilt h . ) , and 1 : 08 . 97 ( hudson h . ) at six furlongs , and 1 : 21 . 95 ( forego ) at seven furlongs\none of the fastest winner of the prestigious vanderbilt h . since eclipse champion & leading sire speightstown ( 1 : 08 . 04 ) ; faster than rock fall , war front , majesticperfection , etc .\nan allowance race at aqueduct ( 6 . 5f , defeating pearl of wisdom , jeter , towering moon , lord of love , preachintothedevil , greeley ' s law , ezzy )\nan allowance race at aqueduct ( 7 . 5f , defeating tug of war , what ' s the record , cap the moment , ground force , fortitude , lil o ' s expression )\nchowder ' s first s . at saratoga ( 6f , by 3 lengths , defeating the lumber guy , night maneuver , spa city fever , even got quiet , n . f . ' s destiny )\nalfred g . vanderbilt h . at saratoga ( g1 , 6f , defeating happy my way , falling sky , vyjack , capo bastone , lemon drop dream , bahamian squall ) .\nbelmont sprint championship s . at belmont park ( g3 , 7f , to clearly now , defeating salutos amigos , moonlight song , dads caps , central banker , mezzano , big screen , declan ' s warrior )\ngold and roses s . at belmont park ( 6f , to moonlight song , defeating night maneuver , dan ' s gold , uncle t seven , bug juice )\nhudson h . at belmont park ( 6 . 5f , defeating captain serious , weekend hideaway , drama king , noble cornerstone , loki ' s revenge , john ' s island , tug of war , ostrolenka )\ngravesend s . at aqueduct ( 6f , to green gratto , defeating alex the terror , jake n elwood , fabulous kid ) .\nfrank j . de francis memorial dash at laurel park ( 6f , to gentlemen ' s bet , trouble kid , defeating stallwalkin ' dude , sonny inspired , sir rockport , spring to the sky , cutty shark ) .\njohn morrissey s . at saratoga ( 6 . 5f , to moonlight song , john ' s island , defeating noble cornerstone , readbytheline , smooth bert ) .\ndosage profile : dp = 11 - 4 - 5 - 0 - 0 ( 20 ) di = 7 . 00 cd = 1 . 30\ncity zip has been extremely successful with mares from the storm cat line , getting graded stakes winner city to city out of a mare by storm cat himself ; grade one winner collected out of a mare by johannesburg ; future storm , stormin fever , forest wildcat , tactical cat and stormy atlantic , so most storm cat line mares should suit here . the danzig branch of northern dancer has supplied the dams of four city zip stakes winners . there are city zip stakes winners out of mares by dixieland band , and his son citidancer , which also suggests dixie union . city zip is half - brother to ghostzapper , a son of awesome again ( by deputy ministe r ) , and city zip has stakes winners out of mares deputy minister and his son , touch gold .\ncity zip\u2019s champion sprinter , work all week , is out of a mare by the roberto stallion , repriced , and this strain could be brought in through lear fan , dynaformer , red ransom , kris s . and silver hawk . roberto is a hail to reason line stallion , and from the halo branch of that line , city zip has a graded stakes winner out of a mare by more than ready , as well as stakes winners out of mares by devil\u2019s bag and saint ballado .\ncity zip carries blushing groom through his sire , city zip , and he has seven stakes winners with blushing groom inbreeding . city zip is out of a mare by relaunch , but he has already sired a grade one winner out of a mare by relaunch line stallion tiznow , and a stakes winner out of a mare by relaunch son honour and glory .\nfinest city , by city zip , is out of a mare by lemon drop kid , from his own mr . prospector line , and has also worked with this cross through distorted humor , street cry , thunder gulch , lemon drop kid and broken vow .\nseason inquiries to : des dempsey : 859 . 509 . 2106 mark toothaker : 859 . 421 . 0151 brian lyle : 859 . 519 . 6477 garry cuddy : + 61 410 451 595 ( australia )\n884 iron works pike | lexington ky 40511 ( map ) farm phone : 859 . 294 . 0030 | fax : 859 . 294 . 0050 toll free : 888 . 816 . 8787\nwelcome to the middle ages ! hohensalzburg fortress is a powerful symbol and offers a fascinating journey back to the middle ages .\nhere you will find your ideal accommodations , sightseeing tours of salzburg , special events and tickets , along with all the benefits of the salzburg card .\nthe many - and - varied cultural events represent the heart & soul of salzburg . book your tickets right here :\nthe salzburg card provides you with free or discounted admission to numerous sightseeing attractions , along with free use of public transportation .\nby checking the box , you consent to the processing of the aforementioned personally identifiable data for the purposes of sending you an email newsletter based upon your expressed agreement and until such point as you wish to revoke or rescind your consent .\nwelcome to our featured playlist series . each week , we\u2019ll share a new themed playlist , embedded for your convenience ! you can copy the track list to your service of choice , or listen right here . have a sweet playlist of your own ? share it with us in the comments below !\nkinja is in read - only mode . we are working to restore service .\nstays from \u20ac 108 , - in a double room incl . parking , breakfast and wifi internet access .\nthis website uses cookies that are necessary for full use of the website . detailed information about the use of cookies on this website can be found in our data privacy policy . . there , the use of cookies can also be declined .\nartist : rosa bonheur ( french , bordeaux 1822\u20131899 thomery ) date : 1852\u201355 medium : oil on canvas dimensions : 96 1 / 4 x 199 1 / 2 in . ( 244 . 5 x 506 . 7 cm ) classification : paintings credit line : gift of cornelius vanderbilt , 1887 accession number : 87 . 25\ninscription : signed and dated ( lower right ) : rosa bonheur 1853 . 5\n[ ernest gambart , london , 1855\u201357 ; bought from the artist for fr 40 , 000 ; sold for fr 30 , 000 to wright ] ; william p . wright , weehawken , n . j . ( 1857\u201366 ; sold to stewart ) ; alexander t . stewart , new york ( 1866\u2013d . 1876 ) ; his widow , cornelia m . stewart , new york ( 1876\u2013d . 1886 ; her estate sale , american art association , new york , march 23\u201328ff . , 1887 , no . 217 , for $ 53 , 000 to samuel p . avery for vanderbilt ) ; cornelius vanderbilt , new york ( 1887 )\none met . many worlds . the metropolitan museum of art . vol . 7 , europe in the age of enlightenment and revolution the metropolitan museum of art : masterpiece paintings the metropolitan museum of art guide ( spanish ) the metropolitan museum of art guide ( russian ) the metropolitan museum of art guide ( portuguese ) the metropolitan museum of art guide ( korean ) the metropolitan museum of art guide ( japanese ) the metropolitan museum of art guide ( italian ) the metropolitan museum of art guide ( german ) the metropolitan museum of art guide ( french ) the metropolitan museum of art guide ( chinese ) the metropolitan museum of art guide ( arabic ) the metropolitan museum of art guide the metropolitan museum of art guide masterpieces of the metropolitan museum of art masterpieces of the metropolitan museum of art masterpieces of european painting , 1800\u20131920 , in the metropolitan museum of art french paintings : a catalogue of the collection of the metropolitan museum of art . vol . 2 , nineteenth century european paintings in the metropolitan museum of art by artists born before 1865 : a summary catalogue a concise catalogue of the european paintings in the metropolitan museum of art the artist project : what artists see when they look at art the artist project art and the empire city : new york , 1825\u20131861\nlearn more about the curatorial staff and the scientists and conservators who collaborate to study , exhibit , and care for the objects in the met collection .\nstay up - to - date on the museum ' s open access initiative , which makes more than 375 , 000 images of public - domain artworks from the met collection available for free and unrestricted use .\nexplore publications and products inspired by the met collection , which spans 5 , 000 years of culture from around the world .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\n/ / urltoken\nnumber of refugees accepted into the u . s . falls below the rest of the world combined for the first time since 1980\nkate , 35 , donned the diamond and pearl cambridge lover ' s knot tiara so beloved by william ' s late mother , diana , princess of wales - which she also wore to her first state banquet last year . the duchess looked resplendent in a dusky marchesa pink dress offset with her favourite pearl and diamond earrings .\nqueen letizia also wore her husband ' s mother ' s tiara ; the piece is called the fleur de lys tiara or la buena . made in 1906 as a wedding gift from king alfonso xiii to queen victoria eugenia , the great - granddaughter of queen victoria , it was passed down the generations to felipe ' s mother , queen sofia .\nthe spanish queen plumped for her country ' s national colour and stunned in a bejewelled red gown , which accentuated her curves .\nthe spanish royals were hosted by the queen and prince philip last night along with duchess of cambridge , princes william and harry , prince charles and camilla , with britain treating them to the full pomp and pageantry traditionally rolled out for visiting heads of state .\nkate looked chic in a custom made marchesa gown with a plunging v - neck in blush lace , bell sleeves and shirred ballgown skirt at tonight ' s state banquet . this is second time in the last few months that the duchess has worn marchesa to a public engagement\nit was all about the high - octane glamour at tonight ' s state banquet celebrating the first official visit of king felipe vi and queen letizia , with the duchess looking her usual resplendent self in a blush pink lace dress by marchesa ."]}
{"id": 1681, "summary": [{"text": "vellonifer is a genus of moths belonging to the subfamily tortricinae of the family tortricidae .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it contains only one species , vellonifer doncasteri , which is found in india ( assam ) and china . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "vellonifer", "paragraphs": ["html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nby t . m . gilligan 1 , j . baixeras 2 , j . w . brown 3 , and k . r . tuck 4\nurltoken is pleased to offer the complete world catalogue of the tortricidae ( t @ rts ) ! this is a complete list of all world species , utilizing the world catalogue published in 2005 as the foundation for the database . version 3 . 0 of the online catalogue contains 15 , 099 records representing 10 , 883 species . more than 1 , 600 records have been updated from ver 2 . 0 ( jul , 2012 ) , and more than 3 , 000 records have been updated from the original catalogue . the database is completely searchable and contains photos of over 1 , 200 type specimens .\nt @ rts will be updated regularly both with corrections from the original world catalogue and with additions since its publication . as such , these pages will serve as the most up to date information on current tortricid nomenclature . if you find any errors in the data presented here or have any questions / comments , please use the contact form to send the authors an email .\nwe are indebted to all of the original authors of the world catalogue ( j . w . brown , j . baixeras , r . brown , m . horak , f . komai , e . metzler , j . razowski , and k . tuck ) for providing the basis for this project . we would also like to thank the dozens of individuals who have provided corrections or updates to the database since it was first placed online in 2007 .\ngilligan , t . m . , j . baixeras , j . w . brown & k . r . tuck . 2014 . t @ rts : online world catalogue of the tortricidae ( ver . 3 . 0 ) . urltoken\n1 colorado state university , bioagricultural sciences and pest management , 1177 campus delivery , fort collins , co 80523 , usa 2 institut cavanilles de biodiversitat i biologia evolutiva , universitat de valencia , apartat oficial 2085 , 46071 valencia , spain 3 systematic entomology laboratory - usda [ retired ] , smithsonian institution , p . o . box 37012 , national museum of natural history , washington , dc 20013 , usa 4 curator - microlepidoptera [ retired ] , entomology department ( dc2 - 2n ) , natural history museum , cromwell road , london sw7 5bd , uk\nunless noted , all images on these pages are copyright \u00a9 2003 - 14 by todd gilligan . please do not download , copy , print , or otherwise distribute any images from these pages without the permission of the author . contact form .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nyou just need to enter the word you are looking for a rhyme in the field . in order to find a more original version you can resort to fuzzy search . practically in no time you will be provided with a list of rhyming words according to your request . they will be presented in blocks depending on the number of letters .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a fact about vellore institute of technology ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for vellore institute of technology ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation ."]}
{"id": 1708, "summary": [{"text": "benthesicymus is a genus of prawns , containing the following species : benthesicymus altus spence bate , 1881 benthesicymus armatus macgilchrist , 1905 benthesicymus bartletti smith , 1882 benthesicymus brasiliensis spence bate , 1881 benthesicymus cereus burkenroad , 1936 benthesicymus crenatus spence bate , 1881 benthesicymus howensis dall , 2001 benthesicymus investigatoris alcock & anderson , 1899 benthesicymus iridescens spence bate , 1881 benthesicymus laciniatus rathbun , 1906 benthesicymus seymouri tirmizi , 1960 benthesicymus strabus burkenroad , 1936 benthesicymus tanneri faxon , 1893 benthesicymus tirmiziae crosnier , 1978 benthesicymus urinator burkenroad , 1936 a single fossil species , formerly included in the genus benthesicymus , is now placed in a separate genus , palaeobenthesicymus .", "topic": 26}], "title": "benthesicymus", "paragraphs": ["the status of benthesicymus laciniatus rathbun ( decapoda , penaeoidea , benthesicymidae ) in the northeastern pacific .\ndeep - sea shrimps of the genus benthesicymus ( decapoda : dendrobranchiata ) from the western north pacific .\ncarapace length distribution of benthesicymus tanneri faxon , 1893 , by sex . white , juveniles ; grey , males ; black , females .\nnew record of benthesicymus carinatus smith , 1884 ( decapoda : benthesicymidae ) , with some notes on its morphology deduced from sem observations .\ncharacters used by kikuchi and nemoto ( 1991 ) in their definition of group i and ii included the position of the branchiostegal spine , the shape of the second maxilliped and of the dactylus of third maxilliped , and the relative size of pereiopods\u2019 exopod . their group ii includes five species , two of which have been recorded in deep waters of the mexican pacific : benthesicymus altus spence bate , 1881 , and benthesicymus tanneri faxon , 1893 ( see hendrickx 1996 ) . although similar in their general shape , benthesicymus altus and benthesicymus tanneri are easy to separate based on the structure of the thelycum and petasma . kikuchi and nemoto\u2019s ( 1991 ) group i included 10 species , one of them also reported off western mexico , benthesicymus laciniatus rathbun , 1906 , which distinctively features small spines on the posterolateral margin of the fifth abdominal somite .\nbenthesicymus tanneri faxon , 1893 . a dorsal view of one of the syntypes used by faxon ( 1893 ) ( from faxon 1895 ) b fresh specimen female , cl 30 mm , lateral view ( emu - 8904 ) .\nlocalities in the mexican pacific where benthesicymus tanneri faxon , 1893 has been collected , including the talud project sampling stations and the localities corresponding to the type material collected during the \u201calbatross\u201d cruises and used by faxon ( 1893 ) .\nbenthesicymus tanneri faxon , 1893 . petasma of a fully mature male ( cl 35 . 7 mm ) ( emu - 8147 ) a posterior view b same , detail of ventral margin c anterior view d same , detail of ventral margin .\n( of benthesicymus longipes bouvier , 1906 ) bouvier , e . - l . , 1906a . suite aux observations sur les gennadas ou p\u00e9n\u00e9ides bathyp\u00e9lagiques . \u2014 comptes rendus hebdomadaires des s\u00e9ances de l\u2019acad\u00e9mie des sciences 142 : 746 - 750 . [ details ]\nhendrickx me , papiol v ( 2015 ) distribution of benthesicymus tanneri faxon , 1893 ( dendrobranchiata , benthesicymidae ) off the west coast of mexico and notes on its morphology . zookeys 473 : 119\u2013136 . doi : 10 . 3897 / zookeys . 473 . 8956\nbenthesicymus tanneri faxon , 1893 . a lateral view of syntypic specimen ( mcz - 4662 ) b lateral view of female ( cl 40 . 6 mm ) ( emu - 10436 ) . circles indicate area where a hepatic spine is observed in some species of the genus .\ncurrently known distribution , depth range and maximum size for the species of benthesicymus worldwide . species list updated according to fransen and de grave ( 2014 ) . mw , midwater trawl ; bt , benthic trawl ; ik , isaac kid midwater trawl ; at , agassiz ( benthic ) trawl .\n( of benthesicymus mollis spence bate , 1888 ) spence bate , c . ( 1888 ) . report on the crustacea macrura collected by the challenger during the years 1873 - 76 . eport on the scientific results of the voyage of h . m . s . \u201dchallenger\u201d during the years 1873 - 76 . 24 : i - xc , 1 - 942 , plates 1 - 157 . [ details ]\n( of benthesicymus pleocanthus spence bate , 1888 ) spence bate , c . ( 1888 ) . report on the crustacea macrura collected by the challenger during the years 1873 - 76 . eport on the scientific results of the voyage of h . m . s . \u201dchallenger\u201d during the years 1873 - 76 . 24 : i - xc , 1 - 942 , plates 1 - 157 . [ details ]\n( of benthesicymus longipes bouvier , 1906 ) t\u00fcrkay , m . ( 2001 ) . decapoda , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 284 - 292 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of benthesicymus moratus smith , 1886 ) smith , s . i . , 1886a . report on the decapod crustacea of the albatross dredgings off the east coast of the united states during the summer and autumn of 1884 . \u2014 report of the commissioner for 1885 , united states commission of fish and fisheries 13 : 605 - 705 , plates 1 - 20 . [ preprint issued in 1886 , published in journal in 1887 ] [ details ]\nbenthesicymus tanneri faxon , 1893 . anterior view of petasma ( a\u2013e ) of males of different carapace length ( a\u2013d emu - 10498 ; e emu - 6004 - a ) and thelycum ( f ) of a mature female ( emu - 10441 ) . a cl 29 . 9 mm ; b cl 22 . 3 mm ; c cl 17 . 5 mm ; d cl 16 . 4 mm ; e cl 11 . 2 mm ; f cl 36 . 6 mm .\n( of benthesicymus longipes bouvier , 1906 ) de grave , s . & c . h . j . m . fransen . ( 2011 ) . carideorum catalogus : the recent species of the dendrobranchiate , stenopodidean , procarididean and caridean shrimps ( crustacea : decapoda ) . zool . med . leiden . 85 ( 9 ) : 30 . ix . 2011 : 195 - 589 figs 1 - 59 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of benthesicymus moratus smith , 1886 ) de grave , s . & c . h . j . m . fransen . ( 2011 ) . carideorum catalogus : the recent species of the dendrobranchiate , stenopodidean , procarididean and caridean shrimps ( crustacea : decapoda ) . zool . med . leiden . 85 ( 9 ) : 30 . ix . 2011 : 195 - 589 figs 1 - 59 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of benthesicymus mollis spence bate , 1888 ) de grave , s . & c . h . j . m . fransen . ( 2011 ) . carideorum catalogus : the recent species of the dendrobranchiate , stenopodidean , procarididean and caridean shrimps ( crustacea : decapoda ) . zool . med . leiden . 85 ( 9 ) : 30 . ix . 2011 : 195 - 589 figs 1 - 59 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of benthesicymus pleocanthus spence bate , 1888 ) de grave , s . & c . h . j . m . fransen . ( 2011 ) . carideorum catalogus : the recent species of the dendrobranchiate , stenopodidean , procarididean and caridean shrimps ( crustacea : decapoda ) . zool . med . leiden . 85 ( 9 ) : 30 . ix . 2011 : 195 - 589 figs 1 - 59 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nmaterial collected in mexican waters during the talud cruises iii - vii ( 1991\u20132001 ) in the se gulf of california was reported by hendrickx ( 2001 ) and hendrickx ( 2004 ; distribution maps ) , adding many new records and increasing the known distribution range of this species . a large series of specimens , however , was collected during subsequent research cruises off the pacific coast of mexico and has not yet been reported . this series is included herein . this contribution provides and updated distribution of benthesicymus tanneri for the mexican pacific and new data related to the petasma and thelycum of this species . additionally , a taxonomic key for the species occurring in the american pacific is provided .\nthe material on which this study is based was collected by the r / v \u201cel puma\u201d of the universidad nacional aut\u00f3noma de m\u00e9xico ( unam ) , between 1991 and 2014 . specimens of benthesicymus tanneri were captured during sampling operations off the west coast of the baja california peninsula ( talud xv , july - august 2012 ; talud xvi - b , may - june 2014 ) , in the gulf of california ( a total of nine cruises : talud iii , september 1991 ; talud iv , august 2000 ; talud v , december 2000 ; talud vi , march 2001 ; talud vii , june 2001 ; talud viii , april 2005 ; talud ix , november 2005 ; talud x , february 2007 ) , and off the sw coast of mexico , from jalisco to guerrero ( talud xii , march - april 2009 ) . during these cruises , a total of 228 localities were sampled , from 377 to 2394 m depth . positional coordinates for each sampling station were obtained using a gps navigation system . depth was measured with an edowestern analogic recorder ( talud iii - viii ) or a digital recorder ( talud ix - xvi - b ) . all the specimens were captured with benthic gear , including an agassiz dredge ( 2 . 5 m width , 1 m high ) and a standard benthic sledge ( 2 . 35 m width , 0 . 9 m high ) , both equipped with a modified shrimp net ( ca 5 . 5 cm stretched mesh size ) with a ca 2 . 0 cm ( 3 / 4\u201d ) internal lining net . the material collected during this survey is deposited in the regional collection of marine invertebrates ( emu ) , at unam in mazatl\u00e1n , mexico . the size ( carapace length , cl ) of all the specimens was measured to the nearest 0 . 1 mm and size distributions of benthesicymus tanneri were explored by sex for the entire population sample in the mexican pacific . sexual differences in cl were tested using a mann - whitney u test ( mann and whitney 1947 ) . abbreviations are : st . , sampling station ; cl , carapace length ; m , male ; f , female ; ad , agassiz dredge ; bs , benthic sledge .\nspence bate , c . ( 1881 ) . on the penaeidae . the annals and magazine of natural history . ( 5 ) 8 : 169 - 196 , plates 11 - 12 . [ details ]\n( of bentheocetes smith , 1884 ) smith , s . i . , 1884 . report on the decapod crustacea of the albatross dredgings off the east coast of the united states in 1883 . \u2014 reports of the united states fisheries commission 10 : 345 - 426 , plates 1 - 10 . [ details ]\nt\u00fcrkay , m . ( 2001 ) . decapoda , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 284 - 292 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nwebber , w . r . ; fenwick , g . d . ; bradford - grieve , j . m . ; eagar s . g . ; buckeridge , j . s . ; poore , g . c . b . ; dawson , e . w . ; watling , l . ; jones , j . b . ; wells , j . b . j . ; bruce , n . l . ; ahyong , s . t . ; larsen , k . ; chapman , m . a . ; olesen , j . ; ho , j . ; green , j . d . ; shiel , r . j . ; rocha , c . e . f . ; l\u00f6rz , a . ; bird , g . j . ; charleston , w . a . ( 2010 ) . phylum arthropoda subphylum crustacea : shrimps , crabs , lobsters , barnacles , slaters , and kin , in : gordon , d . p . ( ed . ) ( 2010 ) . new zealand inventory of biodiversity : 2 . kingdom animalia : chaetognatha , ecdysozoa , ichnofossils . pp . 98 - 232 . [ details ]\nde grave , s . & c . h . j . m . fransen . ( 2011 ) . carideorum catalogus : the recent species of the dendrobranchiate , stenopodidean , procarididean and caridean shrimps ( crustacea : decapoda ) . zool . med . leiden . 85 ( 9 ) : 30 . ix . 2011 : 195 - 589 figs 1 - 59 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of bentheocetes smith , 1884 ) de grave , s . & c . h . j . m . fransen . ( 2011 ) . carideorum catalogus : the recent species of the dendrobranchiate , stenopodidean , procarididean and caridean shrimps ( crustacea : decapoda ) . zool . med . leiden . 85 ( 9 ) : 30 . ix . 2011 : 195 - 589 figs 1 - 59 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\ncrosnier , a . ( 1985 ) . crevettes p\u00e9n\u00e9ides r\u00e9colt\u00e9es dans l ' oc\u00e9an indien lors des campagnes benthedi , safari i et ii , md 32 / r\u00e9union . bull . mus . natn . hist . nat . , paris vol . 4 , ser . 7 p . 839 - 877 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\np\u00e9rez farfante , i . ; kensley , b . ( 1997 ) . penaeoid and sergestoid shrimps and prawns of the world . keys and diagnoses for the families and genera . m\u00e9moires du mus\u00e9um national d\u2019histoire naturelle . 175 : 1 - 233 . [ details ]\nfelder , d . l . , \u00e1lvarez . f . , goy , j . w . & lemaitre , r . ( 2009 ) . decapoda ( crustacea ) of the gulf of mexico , with comments on the amphionidacea , . felder , d . l . , and camp , d . k . ( eds ) , gulf of mexico - origins , waters , and biota . vol . 1 . biodiversity . pp . 1019\u20131104 ( texas a & m ; university press : college station , texas ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nintergovernmental oceanographic commission ( ioc ) of unesco . the ocean biogeographic information system ( obis ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nfaxon , w . ( 1893 ) . reports on the dredging operations off the west coast of central america to the galapagos , to the west coast of mexico , and in the gulf of california , in charge of alexander agassiz , carried on by the u . s . fish commission steamer \u201dalbatross\u201d , during 1891 , lieut . commander z . l . tanner , u . s . n . , commanding . vi . preliminary descriptions of new species of crustacea . bulletin of the museum of comparative zoology at harvard college . 24 : 149 - 220 . [ details ]\nsmith , s . i . , 1882 . reports on the results of dredging under the supervisi\u00f3n of alexander agassiz , on the east coast of the united states during the summer of 1880 , by the u . s . coast survey steamer\nblake\n, commander j . r . bartlett , u . s . n . , commanding . bulletin of the museum of comparative zoology at harvard college , 10 ( 1 ) : 1 - 108 , plates 1 - 16 . [ details ]\npohle , g . w . 1988 . a guide to the deep - sea shrimp and shrimp - like decapod crustacea of atlantic canada . canadian technical report of fisheries and aquatic science 1657 , 29 p . [ details ]\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\n1 laboratorio de invertebrados bent\u00f3nicos , unidad acad\u00e9mica mazatl\u00e1n , instituto de ciencias del mar y limnolog\u00eda , universidad nacional aut\u00f3noma de m\u00e9xico , p . o . box 811 , mazatl\u00e1n , sinaloa , 82000 , mexico\ncorresponding author : michel e . hendrickx ( xm . manu . lymci . alo @ lehcim )\nthis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license ( cc by 4 . 0 ) , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .\ntalud iii . material reported by hendrickx ( 2001 ) . additional material . st . 14a ( 24\u00b038 ' 48\nn ; 108\u00b026 ' 54\nw ) , aug 19 , 1991 , 1m ( cl 32 . 5 mm ) , ad , 1016\u20131020 ( emu - 4418 ) ; st . 14b ( 24\u00b039 ' 12\nn ; 108\u00b037 ' 48\nw ) , aug . 19 , 1991 , 1f ( cl 31 . 9 mm ) , ad , 1188\u20131208 m ( emu - 2609 ) ; st . 17 ( 24\u00b033 ' 0\nn ; 108\u00b050 ' 54\nw ) , aug 19 , 1991 , 1m ( cl 22 . 1 mm ) , ad , 770 m ( emu - 4417 ) ; st . 24a ( 25\u00b045 ' 12\nn ; 109\u00b046 ' 48\nw ) , aug 24 , 1991 , 2m ( cl 29 . 0\u201330 . 8 mm ) , ad , 1027\u20131060 m ( emu - 100 ) .\ntalud v , st . 5 ( 22\u00b00 ' 57\nn ; 106\u00b040 ' 0\nw ) , dec 13 , 2000 , 1f ( cl 36 . 3 mm ) , bs , 1515\u20131620 m ( emu - 5540 - a ) ; st . 6 ( 22\u00b0n ; 106\u00b048 ' 5\nw ) , dec 13 , 2000 , 1f ( cl 41 . 1 mm ) , bs , 1950\u20132010 m ( emu - 5540 - b ) ; st . 19 ( 23\u00b017 ' 30\nn ; 107\u00b029 ' 51\nw ) , dec 15 , 2000 , 1m ( cl 31 . 1 mm ) , 3f ( cl 29 . 1\u201336 mm ) , bs , 1180\u20131200 m ( emu - 5523 - a ) ; st . 26 ( 24\u00b015 ' 18\nn ; 108\u00b024 ' 6\nw ) , dec 16 , 2000 , 2m ( cl 29\u201330 . 7 mm ) , 2f ( cl 32\u201334 . 2 mm ) , bs , 1280\u20131310 m ( emu - 5523 - b ) .\ntalud vi , st . 12 ( 23\u00b018 ' 36\nn ; 107\u00b026 ' 56\nw ) , mar 14 , 2001 , 1m ( cl 32 . 5 mm ) , 1f ( cl 34 . 8 mm ) , bs , 1050\u20131160 m ( emu - 5539 - a ) ; st . 19 ( 24\u00b016 ' 24\nn ; 108\u00b024 ' 18\nw ) , mar 15 , 2001 , 1f ( cl 50 . 4 mm ) , bs , 1160\u20131200 m ( emu - 5539 - b ) ; st . 26 ( 24\u00b056 ' 18\nn ; 109\u00b06 ' 42\nw ) , mar 16 , 2001 , 1m ( cl 33 . 4 mm ) , 1f ( cl 25 . 2 mm ) , bs , 1190\u20131270 m ( emu - 5997 - a ) ; st . 27 ( 25\u00b01 ' 12\nn ; 109\u00b011 ' 36\nw ) , mar 16 , 2001 , 1f ( cl 32 . 3 mm ) , bs , 1580\u20131600 m ( emu - 5539 - c ) ; st . 34 ( 25\u00b043 ' 50\nn ; 109\u00b053 ' 59\nw ) , mar 17 , 2001 , 1m ( cl 31 . 9 mm ) , 2f ( cl 3025\u201333 . 6 mm ) , bs , 1240\u20131270 m ( emu - 5997 - b ) , and 7m ( cl 31 . 4\u201334 . 8 mm ) , 12f ( cl 30 . 5\u201342 . 5 mm ) , and 3 unsexed specimens ( 14 . 5\u201321 . 4 mm ) .\ntalud vii , st . 4 ( 22\u00b03 ' 18\nn ; 106\u00b034 ' 42\nw ) , jun 5 , 2001 , 1f ( cl 37 . 8 mm ) , bs , 1190 m ( emu - 5541 ) ; st . 19 ( 24\u00b016 ' 12\nn ; 108\u00b023 ' 42\nw ) , jun 7 , 2001 , 1m ( cl 11 . 2 mm ) and 1f ( cl 34 . 7 mm ) , bs , 1160\u20131180 m ( emu - 6004 - a ) ; st . 33b ( 26\u00b06 ' 30\nn ; 110\u00b06 ' 42\nw ) , jun 9 , 2001 , 1f ( cl 23 . 0 mm ) , bs , 1260\u20131300 m ( emu - 6004 - b ) .\ntalud viii , st . 10 ( 24\u00b058 ' 12\nn ; 110\u00b016 ' 6\nw ) , apr 17 , 2005 , 1m ( cl 30 . 4 mm ) , and 1f ( cl 11 . 2 mm ) , bs , 1500 m ( emu - 8143 ) ; st . 3 ( 24\u00b032 ' 36\nn ; 109\u00b030 ' 30\nw ) , apr 16 , 2005 , 2m ( cl 31 . 9\u201334 . 7 mm ) , 3f ( cl 29 . 2\u201335 . 7 mm ) , bs , 1100 m ( emu - 8147 ) .\ntalud ix , st . 20b ( 25\u00b058 ' 7\nn ; 110\u00b040 ' 4\nw ) , nov 14 , 2005 , 2f ( cl 33 . 7\u201336 . 2 mm ) , bs , 1229\u20131343 m ( emu - 8236 ) .\ntalud x , st . 10 ( 27\u00b050 ' 5\nn ; 112\u00b010 ' 7\nw ) , feb 10 , 2007 , 1f ( cl 32 . 3 mm ) , bs , 1399\u20131422 m ( emu - 8030 ) ; st . 18 ( 27\u00b09 ' 6\nn ; 111\u00b046 ' 54\nw ) , feb 12 , 2007 , 1f ( cl 31 . 3 mm ) , bs , 1526 m ( emu - 8118 ) ; st . 30 ( 26\u00b036 ' 50\nn ; 110\u00b021 ' 10\nw ) , feb 15 , 2007 , 1m ( cl 29 . 9 mm ) , bs , 1203\u20131213 m ( emu - 8203 ) .\ntalud xii , st . 5 ( 16\u00b058 ' 28\nn ; 100\u00b055 ' 20\nw ) , mar 28 , 2008 , 1f ( cl 53 . 3 mm ) , bs , 1925\u20131977 m ( emu - 8872 ) ; st . 9 ( 17\u00b010 ' 15\nn ; 101\u00b037 ' 23\nw ) , mar 28 , 2008 , 6f ( cl 30 . 1\u201335 . 3 mm ) , bs , 1392\u20131420 m ( emu - 8874 ) ; st . 10 ( 17\u00b011 ' 18\nn ; 101\u00b028 ' 30\nw ) , mar 29 , 2008 , 3f ( cl 21 . 1\u201338 . 7 mm ) , bs , 1180\u20131299 m ( emu - 10500 ) ; st . 13 ( 17\u00b045 ' 16\nn ; 102\u00b00 ' 29\nw ) , mar 30 , 2008 , 1f ( cl 30 mm ) , bs , 1198 m ( emu - 8904 ) ; st . 28 ( 18\u00b050 ' 19\nn ; 104\u00b034 ' 14\nw ) , apr 2 , 2008 , 1f ( cl , 38 . 1 mm ) , bs , 1101\u20131106 m ( emu - 10499 ) ; st . 29 ( 19\u00b019 ' 37\nn ; 105\u00b026 ' 20\nw ) , apr 2 , 2008 , 1f ( cl 44 . 7 mm ) , bs , 1609\u20131643 m ( emu - 8873 ) .\ntalud xv , st . 1 ( 23\u00b018 ' 40\nn ; 111\u00b019 ' 37\nw ) , aug 4 , 2012 , 1f ( cl 40 . 2 mm ) , bs , 750\u2013850 m ( emu - 10435 ) ; same station , 5m ( cl 17 . 9\u201329 . 1 mm ) and 7f ( cl 25 . 3\u201341 . 1 mm ) , bs , 750\u2013850 m ( emu - 10434 ) ; st . 2 ( 23\u00b012 ' 2\nn ; 111\u00b020 ' 50\nw ) , aug 4 , 2012 , 4m ( cl 32\u201333 . 9 mm ) , 5f ( cl 23 . 2\u201340 . 6 mm ) and 1juv . ( cl 12 . 4 mm ) , bs , 1118\u20131150 m ( emu - 10436 ) ; st . 3 ( 23\u00b09 ' n ; 111\u00b020 ' w ) , aug 4 , 2012 , 1f ( cl 36 . 4 mm ) , bs , 1395\u20131465 m ( emu - 10433 ) ; st . 5c ( 23\u00b016 ' 42\nn ; 110\u00b054 ' 55\nw ) , aug 5 , 2012 , 8m ( cl 20 . 5\u201335 . 5 mm ) , bs , 980\u20131036 m ( emu - 10496 - a ) ; same station 25f ( cl 20 . 3\u201340 . 5 mm ) , 1m ( cl 13 . 4 mm ) , bs , 980\u20131036 m ( emu - 10496 - b ) ; st . 5f ( 22\u00b058 ' 15\nn ; 110\u00b040 ' 17\nw ) , aug 5 , 2012 , 1f ( cl 39 . 3 mm ) , bs , 1035\u20131108 m ( emu - 10432 ) ; st . 8 ( 24\u00b025 ' 48\nn ; 112\u00b038 ' 6\nw ) , jul 30 , 2012 , 1m ( cl 29 . 8 mm ) , 3f ( cl 23 . 2\u201341 . 1 mm ) , bs , 1212\u20131235 m ( emu - 10431 ) ; st . 24 ( 27\u00b05 ' 42\nn ; 114\u00b035 ' 30\nw ) , aug 1 , 2012 , 2f ( cl 25\u201332 . 6 mm ) , bs , 772\u2013786 m ( emu - 10430 ) .\ntalud xvi - b , st . 3 ( 28\u00b042 ' 36\nn ; 115\u00b050 ' 42\nw ) , may 23 , 2014 , 2f ( cl 30 . 1\u201331 . 0 mm ) , bs , 1350\u20131365 m ( emu - 10623 ) st . 6 ( 29\u00b008 ' 9\nn ; 115\u00b033 ' 25\nw ) , may 24 , 2014 , 10m ( cl 16 . 4\u201329 . 9 mm ) and 9f ( cl 16 . 7\u201329 . 5 mm ) , bs , 1004\u20131102 m ( emu - 10498 ) ; st . 8 ( 29\u00b023 ' 28\nn ; 115\u00b045 ' w ) , may 31 , 2014 , 1m ( cl 35 . 4 mm ) , 1f ( cl 27 mm ) , bs , 1416\u20131480 m ( emu - 10438 ) ; st . 16 ( 29\u00b051 ' n ; 116\u00b09 ' w ) , may 29 , 2014 , 4f ( cl 23 . 2\u201337 . 2 mm ) , bs , 1425\u20131360 m ( emu - 10441 ) ; st . 23 ( 30\u00b056 ' n ; 116\u00b040 ' 33\nw ) , may 27 , 2014 , 1m ( cl 33 . 3 mm ) , 2f ( cl 30 . 1\u201332 . 7 mm ) , bs , 1296\u20131340 m ( emu - 10439 ) ; st . 26 ( 31\u00b046 ' 3\nn ; 116\u00b058 ' 12\nw ) , may 26 , 2014 , 1f ( cl 31 . 4 mm ) , bs , 982\u2013989 m ( emu - 10437 ) ; st . 27 ( 31\u00b042 ' 21\nn ; 117\u00b013 ' w ) , may 27 , 2014 , bs , 1394\u20131397 m , 1f ( cl 34 . 7 mm ) ( emu - 10440 ) and 1 f ( cl 30 . 5 mm ) ( emu - 10497 ) .\nwith 187 specimens available ( 61 males , cl 11 . 2\u201335 . 5 mm ; 122 females , cl 16 . 7\u201353 . 3 mm ; 3 unsexed ; and 1 juvenile , cl 12 . 4 ) ( m : f = 1 : 2 ) , the collection of\n) . the largest specimens measured 103 mm ( male ; talud xv , st . 5c ) and 116 mm ( female ; talud xii , st . 5 ) total length , the latter constituting the largest specimen collected to date . the size of individuals differed across sexes ( mann - whitney\nis known from san diego , california , usa , to chile . the material currently examined slightly increases the distributional range of\n) . in the mexican pacific it is a widely distributed and frequently captured species .\nthe material examined herein was collected between 750 and 2010 m depth with bottom sampling gear . one specimen ( talud iii , st . 17 ) was collected with a mid - water trawl hauled from surface to 770 m depth , in a locality where total depth was 1560 m . all species of\npossesses a hepatic spine , a character that separates this species from the other four species of their group ii .\ndoes ( p . 437 ) , which is an error due to the illustration process in the editorial office . in his preliminary description of\n: 205 ) repeats essentially the same statement as in 1893 , and his lateral illustration of the carapace ( plate h 1a ) does not indicate the presence of a hepatic spine , although the lower extension of the cervical carina could easily be confused with a strong spine . besides , this drawing does not include the presence of the pterygostomial spine either , which is definitively present in\n: 52 ) . revision by dr . rafael lemaitre of part of the material used by\n) in his syntypic series and deposited at the national museum of natural history , washington , dc ( usnm 21214 ; syntypes from the gulf of california , mexico ) confirms the fact that there is no trace of a hepatic spine on the specimens examined . another revision by adam baldinger of one of the syntypes of\nhave to be altered because all species of group ii as defined by these authors in their key lack the hepatic spine which is otherwise present in seven of the ten species of their group i . moreover , the identification key proposed by\n) . the smallest male with visible petasma was 11 . 2 mm cl , in which a small bud without any elaborated structure could be seen . a slightly larger male ( cl 16 . 4 mm ) had a similar petasma ( figure\n) . however , another young male from station 19 of talud vii cruise with cl 11 . 2 mm ( i . e . , smaller than the male of figure\n, is not yet developed in males of cl 17 . 5 mm ( figure\n) . in a male of cl 29 . 9 mm the two sections ( left and right ) of the petasma are well developed ( figure\n( cl \u2265 35 mm ) is clearly distinct from known petasma of mature males of nine species of the genus in the presence of the lateral crescent - shape process . in\nburkenroad , 1936 , probably a juvenile . this figure lacks a lateral crescent - shape process but , as in the case of\n) , this process may appear later during the growth of the species . of the remaining three species of\n) is known only from the two females of the type material . we were not able to locate an illustration of the petasma of\nmacgilchrist , 1905 . another question remains open as far as illustrations of petasma in literature are concerned .\n; however , the figure caption is the same as the one inserted in figure 25 of the same monograph ( i . e . for\n( spence bate , 1888 ) ) and it was therefore difficult to assess to which species of the genus this figure actually belongs to . a search by rose gulledge , museum specialist at the us national history museum , smithsonian institution crustacean department , maryland , usa , was successful in finding the original plates prepared by the illustrator of\n, and that \u201cspecies in book is wrong [ . . . ] must say\n) . a small tuft of setae is clearly observed arising from each minute pit of the thelycum middle plate ( sternite xiii ) . of the two groups of species considered by\n, group i possesses a \u201cthelycum without well - defined receptacles between the twelfth and the thirteenth sternites , the scutes of the twelfth and thirteenth sternites being simple and unexpanded\u201d . group ii posseses \u201cwell - defined cavities between the twelfth and the thirteenth sternites , the scutes of the thirteenth sternites being broadly expanded to overlap the sternal surface proper\u201d . based on these criteria\n. the large patch of bright blue color on the back of the abdominal somites 2\u20134 mentioned by faxon ( op . cit . ) and also observed by\nactually corresponds to the gonads of mature specimens that extend backward from the thoracic area ( pers . observ . ) .\nalthough it reaches a size ( i . e . , over 115 mm total length ) comparable with other species of\nis not currently subject to any commercial exploitation . it has been considered a potential fisheries resource for the area ( see\n) to a large extent because it occurs together with other species of established potential for deep - water fisheries ( e . g . ,\nin this area , but none was considered of importance to fishery , even as a potential resource , probably because this genus has nowhere been reported to be abundant . the 15 species of\n) but are all from deep - water , thus rending any exploitation attempt very complex .\npetasma ventral margin strongly convex , without lateral crescent - shape process . thelycum sternite xiii plate smooth , without small pits and setae\npetasma ventral margin straight to slightly concave , with or without lateral crescent - shape process . thelycum sternite xiii plate bearing small pits\npetasma with strong ventrolateral crescent - shape process . thelycum sternite xiii plate longer than wide , shallow anterior notch\npetasma without ventrolateral crescent - shape process . thelycum sternite xiii plate wider than long , deep anterior notch\nship time was provided by the instituto de ciencias del mar y limnolog\u00eda , unam ( talud iii ) , by the coordinaci\u00f3n de la investigaci\u00f3n cient\u00edfica , unam ( talud iv - xvi - b ) , and partly supported by conacyt ( project 179467 for the talud xv and xvi - b cruises ) . the talud project has received laboratory and field work support from the dgapa ( papiit in - 217306\u20133 and papiit in - 203013\u20132 ) and from conacyt ( project 31805 - n for the talud iv - vii cruises ; project 179467 for the talud xv and xvi - b cruises ) , mexico . the authors thank all scientists , students and crew members who took an active part in the talud cruises . we also thank dr . rafael lemaitre , national museum of natural history , maryland , usa , for revising type material of\nand the final version of the manuscript . we also thank ana k . barrag\u00e1n ( sni iii assistant , conacyt ) for her help with laboratory work during this study and jos\u00e9 salgado b . for photograph of figure\n. work by vanesa papiol was supported by a dgapa , universidad nacional aut\u00f3noma de m\u00e9xico , postdoctoral grant .\nbarriga e , salazar c , palacios j , romero m , rodr\u00edguez a . ( 2009 )\ndistribuci\u00f3n , abundancia y estructura poblacional del langostino rojo de profundidad haliporoides diomedeae ( crustacea : decapoda : solenoceridae ) frente a la zona norte de per\u00fa ( 2007\u20132008 ) .\nthe living marine resources of the western central pacific . vol . 2 . cephalopods , crustaceans , holothurians and sharks\n. master thesis , universidad de guayaquil , facultad de ciencias naturales , guayaquil , ecuador .\ncrustac\u00e9s d\u00e9capodes p\u00e9n\u00e9ides aristeidae ( benthesicyminae , aristeinae , solenocerinae ) . faune de madagascar .\ncrosnier a . ( 1985 ) crevettes p\u00e9n\u00e9ides d\u2019eaux profondes r\u00e9colt\u00e9es dans l\u2019oc\u00e9an indien lors des campagnes benthedi , safari i et ii , md 32 / reunion .\ncarideorum catalogus : the recent species of the dendrobranchiate , stenopodidean , procarididean and caridean shrimps .\nthe brazilian species of the family aristeidae wood - mason ( crustacea : decapoda ) .\nreports on the dredging operations off the west coast of central america to the galapagos , to the west coast of mexico , and in the gulf of california , in charge of alexander agassiz , carried on by the u . s . fish commission steamer \u201calbatross\u201d , during 1891 , lieut . commander z . l . tanner , u . s . n . , commanding . vi . preliminary descriptions of new species of crustacea .\nreports on an exploration off the west coast of mexico , central and south america , and off the galapagos islands , in charge of alexander agassiz , carried on by the u . s . fish commission steamer \u201calbatross\u201d , during 1891 , lieut . commander z . l . tanner , u . s . n . , commanding . xv . the stalk - eyed crustacea .\nthe subfamily benthesicyminae bouvier , 1908 ( decapoda , dendrobranchiata ) in northern chile ( 18\u00b0 to 22\u00b0s ) .\nin : fischer w , krupp f , schneider w , sommer c , carpenter ke , niem vh . ( eds )\ngu\u00eda fao para la identificaci\u00f3n de especies para los fines de la pesca . pac\u00edfico centro - oriental . vol . i . plantas e invertebrados\nlos camarones penaeoidea bent\u00f3nicos ( crustacea : decapoda : dendrobranchiata ) del pac\u00edfico mexicano .\ncomisi\u00f3n nacional para el conocimiento y uso de la biodiversidad e instituto de ciencias del mar y limnolog\u00eda , unam , m\u00e9xico , df , 148 pp .\noccurrence of a continental slope decapod crustacean community along the edge of the minimum oxygen zone in the southeastern gulf of california , mexico .\ndistribution and estimation of body size and weight of four species of deep water shrimps in the se gulf of california , mexico .\n. comisi\u00f3n nacional para el conocimiento y uso de la biodiversidad e inst . cienc . mar y limnol . , unam , m\u00e9xico , df , 157 pp .\njamieson aj , fujii t , solan m , matsumoto ak , bagley pm , priede ig . ( 2009 )\nkameya a , castillo r , escudero l , tello e , blaskovic v , c\u00f3rdova j , hooker y , guti\u00e9rrez m , mayor s . ( 1997 )\nlocalizaci\u00f3n , distribuci\u00f3n y concentraci\u00f3n de langostinos rojos de profundidad crucero bic humboldt 9607\u201308 . 18 de julio a 06 de agosto de 1996 .\nthe south african museum\u2019s meiring naude cruises . part 5 . crustacea , decapoda , reptantia & natantia .\ndeep - sea shrimps and lobsters ( crustacea : decapoda ) from northern japan collected during the project \u201cresearch on deep - sea fauna and pollutants off pacific coast of northern japan\u201d .\nxxvii . natural history notes from the r . i . m . s . \u2018investigator , \u2019 capt . t . h . henning , r . n . ( retired ) , commanding . series iii . , no . 6 . an account of the new and some of the rarer decapod crustacea obtained during the surveying seasons 1901\u20131904 .\non a test of whether one of two random variables is stochastically larger than the other .\nclaves de identificaci\u00f3n y distribuci\u00f3n de los langostinos y camarones ( crustacea : decapoda ) del mar y r\u00edos de la costa del per\u00fa .\nreports on the results of dredging , under the supervision of alexander agassiz , in the gulf of mexico ( 1877\u201378 ) , in the caribbean sea ( 1878\u201379 ) , and along the atlantic coast of the united states ( 1880 ) , by the u . s . coast survey steamer \u201cblake\u201d , lieut . - com . c . d . sigsbee , u . s . n . , and commander j . r . bartlett , u . s . n . , commanding . 44 . les p\u00e9n\u00e9ides et st\u00e9nopides .\npenaeoid and sergestoid shrimps and prawns of the world . keys and diagnoses for the families and genera .\nin : hendrickx me . ( ed . ) contributions to the study of east pacific crustaceans\n] . instituto de ciencias del mar y limnolog\u00eda , unam , m\u00e9xico , df , 195\u2013208 .\nthe marine decapod crustacea of california with special reference to the decapod crustacea collected by the united states bureau of fisheries steamer \u201calbatross\u201d in connection with the biological survey of san francisco bay during the years 1912\u20131913 .\nrecent samples of mainly rare decapod crustacea taken from the deep - sea floor of the southern west europe basin .\nchecklist of penaeoid and caridean shrimps ( decapoda : penaeoidea , caridea ) from the eastern tropical pacific .\nan updated checklist of benthic marine and brackish water shrimps ( decapoda : penaoidea , stenopodidea , caridea ) from the eastern tropical pacific .\n] instituto de ciencias del mar y limnolog\u00eda , unam , m\u00e9xico , df , 49\u201376 ."]}
{"id": 1726, "summary": [{"text": "baird 's tapir ( tapirus bairdii ) , also known as the central american tapir , is a species of tapir native to mexico , central america and northwestern south america .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "it is one of four latin american species of tapir . ", "topic": 3}], "title": "baird ' s tapir", "paragraphs": ["baird ' s tapir is classified as a vulnerable species by the iucn ( 1996 ) .\nbaird ' s tapir ( jan . 2011 - may 2012 , in aza 2011 ) :\nfor more pictures of baird ' s tapirs , check out ' more tapir photos ' .\nthe south american or brazilian tapir ( tapirus terrestris ) is one of five species in the tapir family , including : the mountain tapir , the malayan tapir , the baird ' s tapir , and the kabomani tapir .\nnew year\u2019s day was extra special at franklin park zoo \u2026 a baird\u2019s tapir , named abby , gave birth to a female calf .\nterwilliger , v . 1978 . natural history of baird ' s tapir on barrow colorado island , panama canal zone .\nbaird ' s tapir foraging and swimming . click on image above for video . audio and video from arkive . some rights reserved\nhere\u2019s an animal you don ' t see everywhere , but you can see it during your vacation in costa rica\u2014baird\u2019s tapir ( tapirus bairdii ) spanish name : danto , danta .\nwith the addition of the new calf , the zoo is now home to three baird\u2019s tapirs . a total of four baird\u2019s tapirs have been born at nashville zoo since the species was introduced there in 2008 .\nthe baird ' s tapir ( tapirus bairdii ) , like this one in guatemala ' s laguna del tigre national park , is central america ' s largest land mammal , and depends intimately upon surface water for survival .\nsouth american tapirs are one of five species of tapirs living today . the others are the mountain tapir , malayan tapir , baird\u2019s tapir , and kabomani tapir . they have short prehensile snouts , which aid in grabbing tender foliage to eat .\nhybrid tapirs from the baird ' s tapir and the brazilian tapir were bred at the san francisco zoo around 1969 and produced a second generation around 1970 ( tg 2007b ) .\nthough an adult baird\u2019s tapir\u2019s coat is solid brown , babies are born with unique markings , similar to brown and white - striped watermelons . juvenile tapirs lose these markings after one year .\nbaird ' s tapir is the largest land mammal in central and south america . baird ' s tapirs average 6 . 5 feet ( 2 m ) in length . they are generally between 2 . 4 to 4 feet ( 73 to 120 cm ) in height . adult baird ' s tapirs range between 330 and 880 lbs . ( 150 and 400 kg ) .\nour research has shown with photos like the one above and through finding tapir tracks in the mud that the baird ' s tapir is not extinct on the atlantic coast of nicaragua .\nfoerster , c . , c . vaughan . 2002 . home range , habitat use , and activity of baird ' s tapir in costa rica .\nbreeding season baird ' s tapirs can breed anytime of the year but likely breed just prior to the rainy season .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - baird ' s tapir ( tapirus bairdii )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - baird ' s tapir ( tapirus bairdii )\ntitle =\narkive species - baird ' s tapir ( tapirus bairdii )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nbreeding interval baird ' s tapirs breed at most once per year , average reproduction attempts per year is 0 . 7 .\nnorton , j . , m . ashley . 2004 . genetic variability and population structure among wild baird ' s tapirs .\nthe baird ' s tapir is easy to track because it often follows previously used paths and it leaves distinctive three - toed tracks ( each toe has a broad hoof ) .\nthe baird ' s tapir project of costa rica is the longest ongoing tapir project in the world , having started in 1994 . it involves placing radio collars on tapirs in costa rica ' s corcovado national park to study their social systems and habitat preferences . [ 36 ]\nthe baby\u2019s arrival was long awaited by the animal care staff , as the gestation period for baird\u2019s tapirs is thirteen months . similar to a deer fawn , baird\u2019s tapir calves are distinctly marked with watermelon like white stripes and spots , which help to camouflage them in the dappled light of the rainforest . the stripes begin to fade between five and six months of age .\nour findings will better inform the scientists and managers who are trying to conserve baird ' s tapirs . our work is showing the opposite of what people thought was true . instead of being extinct , there is a small but thriving population of baird ' s tapirs in our region .\nlength varies among the 5 species - longest in malayan tapir . shortest in brazilian tapir\nas with other tapirs , the short trunk of the baird ' s tapir is composed of nose and upper lip . the tapir uses its trunk to pick up grasses , leaves , and fruit and carry them to the mouth .\njanzen , d . h . ( 1982a ) . wild plant acceptability to a captive costa rican baird ' s tapir . brenesia 19 / 20 : 99 - 128 . [ links ]\ntapirs have considerably reduced in numbers due to hunting for their meat and hide . habitat loss is also a major threat to the tapir . the brazilian tapir and the malayan tapir are now classed as \u2018vulnerable\u2019 . the baird\u2019s tapir and the mountain tapir are both classed as \u2018endangered species\u2019 with the mountain tapir being the most threatened species . there are a number of conservation efforts in progress . the tapir specialist group are currently striving to help the tapir with its survival with programs to save , restore and manage the four species of tapir .\nhernandez - divers , s . , r . aguilar , d . leandro - loria , c . foerster . 2005 . health evaluation of a radiocollared population of free - ranging baird ' s tapirs (\nterwilliger , v . j . ( 1978 ) . natural history of baird ' s tapir on barro colorado island , panama canal zone . biotropica 10 : 211 - 220 . [ links ]\nnashville zoo is pleased to announce the birth of a male baird\u2019s tapir . the yet - to - be - named calf arrived on march 7 and weighed - in at 22 . 8 pounds .\nhybrids of the baird ' s and the brazilian tapirs were bred at the san francisco zoo around 1969 and later produced a backcross second generation . [ 2 ]\njanzen , d . h . ( 1981 ) . digestive seed predation by a costa rican baird ' s tapir ( tapirus bairdii ) . biotropica 13 ( suppl . ) : 59 - 63 . [ links ]\nthis birth is significant because this species is currently listed as \u201cendangered\u201d on the iucn red list . baird\u2019s tapirs are threatened by hunting , population fragmentation and habitat destruction .\nthe research being done by the authors of the virtual rainforest ( dr . gerald urquhart and christopher jordan ) has revealed new scientific insights about baird ' s tapirs . we use camera traps to take photos of wild animals in nicaragua . before our project , some scientists thought that baird ' s tapirs were extinct on the caribbean coast of nicaragua .\nthe baird\u2019s tapirs , at franklin park zoo , make their home in the \u2018tropical forest\u2019 exhibit . the new baby is expected to make her public debut within a few weeks .\nfoerster , c . & amp ; vaughan , c . ( 2002 ) . home range , habitat use and activity of baird ' s tapir in costa rica . biotropica 34 ( 3 ) : 423 - 437 . [ links ]\nbaird ' s tapir can be either diurnal or nocturnal , although in areas where it is hunted most activity occurs during the night . they are very agile and can negotiate steep slopes with ease . the tell - tale sign of baird ' s tapir are repeatedly used paths through the jungle , which the tapirs mark regularly . these tapirs usually stay close to water , and on hot days have been observed submerged with only their heads above the surface . they communicate with shrill whistles .\ntapir gallery ( tg ) . 2007a . tapirs described . the tapir gallery . retrieved september 7 , 2007 .\nhowever , the four other tapir species are on the iucn red list . the mountain tapir and baird\u2019s tapir are listed as endangered because their populations may have declined more than 50 percent in the past three generations ( 33 years ) . it is also thought that they will have a future decline of greater than 50 percent decline in the next three generations .\nit ' s not you , it ' s us . it is possible the page you were looking for may have been moved , updated or deleted\nin some habitats , baird\u2019s tapirs are important seed dispersers . however , because the amount of fruit consumed varies by habitat and region , this role varies as well . it has also been suggested that\nthe little one is bonding with mom behind the scenes . until she goes into the public tapir habitat along the zoo\u2019s tropics trail , she can be seen via the minnesota zoo\u2019s social media channels and a special webcam .\nlike all baby tapirs , a newborn baird\u2019s tapir born august 28 at the nashville zoo looks suspiciously like a brown watermelon with a snout . but rest assured , this little male will eventually sport a smooth , dark brown coat and weigh up to 800 pounds .\ncites \u2013 appendix i ; u . s . esa and iucn \u2013 endangered .\ntapirus is a latinized corruption of tapyra - the tupi name for the tapir ( the tupis are an aboriginal tribe from the amazon ) . w . m . baird was an american naturalist who made an expedition to mexico in 1843 . although baird is credited with its ' discovery ' , this tapir was first documented by w . t . white , another american naturalist .\nhistorically , baird\u2019s tapirs ranged from southeastern mexico through northern colombia to the gulf of guayaquil in ecuador . today they are found in isolated populations in the same range . they are considered extinct in el salvador .\nthe world ' s biggest tapir is found in the old world\u2014southeast asia . the black - and - white malay tapir can grow to 800 pounds . it inhabits the forests and swamps of malaysia and sumatra .\nin the wild , the tapir ' s diet consists of fruit , berries , and leaves , particularly young , tender growth . tapirs will spend many of their waking hours foraging along well - worn trails , snouts to the ground in search of food . baird ' s tapirs have been observed to eat around 40 kg ( 85 lb ) of vegetation in one day .\nin the wild , the tapir\u2019s diet consists of fruit , berries , and leaves , particularly young , tender growth . tapirs will spend many of their waking hours foraging along well - worn trails , snouts to the ground in search of food . baird\u2019s tapirs have been observed to eat around 40 kilograms ( 85 pounds ) of vegetation in one day ( todd and wilson 2001 ) .\nin the wild , the tapir ' s diet consists of fruit , berries , and leaves , particularly young , tender growth . tapirs will spend many of their waking hours foraging along well - worn trails , snouts to the ground in search of food . baird ' s tapirs have been observed to eat around 40 kg ( 85 lb ) of vegetation in one day . [ 24 ]\nsince the announcement was made , there has been much debate about whether the kabomani tapir is a new species or is simply the misidentification of juvenile brazilian tapir . the iucn ' s tapir specialist group has not declared the kabomani tapir a\nunit of conservation importance ,\nand the proposed species has not received a categorization on the iucn red list of threatened species .\npictures of t . bairdii x t . terrestris cross taken by sheryl todd , the tapir gallery , web site of the tapir preservation fund\nbaird ' s tapirs ( tapirus bairdii ) are broad , primitive creatures whose appearance has changed little in thousands of years . a relative of the horse and the rhino , tapirs are the largest land animal in central and south america .\nthe calf\u2019s parents , romeo and juliet , were brought to the nashville zoo from central america to introduce a new genetic line to the zoo - dwelling tapir population .\nthis is the second calf for four - year - old mom , juju . the calf\u2019s father , romeo , passed - away last year . romeo was also the father of tybalt , the nashville zoo\u2019s other male tapir , who was born in august 2016 .\nthis article ' s content derived from wikipedia , the free encyclopedia ( see original source ) .\nbaird\u2019s tapirs are found in most vegetation types at elevations ranging from sea level to 3 , 600 meters . they are found in marsh and swamp areas , mangroves , wet tropical rainforests , riparian woodlands , monsoon deciduous forests , montane cloud forests , and paramo ( treeless alpine plateau ) . food and water availability are important factors in habitat selection . when both primary and secondary forest habitat is available , baird\u2019s tapirs prefer secondary forest due to the increase in understory plants for foraging and protection .\n) are potential predators of young tapirs . baird\u2019s tapirs rely largely on camouflage and their large size for protection against predators : at night they blend in extremely well with leafy shrubs , during the day they resemble stationary objects , such as large rocks .\nchalukian , s . , bustos , m . s . , & amp ; lizarraga , r . l . ( 2013 ) . diet of lowland tapir ( tapirus terrestris ) in el rey national park , salta , argentina . integrative zoology8 : 48 - 56 [ links ]\nthe bairds tapir ranges from southern mexico to northern columbia and are endangered throughout their range . the main threats to the tapir survival is hunting and deforestation .\ntapir gallery ( tg ) . 2007b handsome hybrid in the san francisco zoo , san francisco , california . tapir gallery . retrieved september 7 , 2007 .\nhistorically , baird\u2019s tapirs were an important food source for rural and indigenous people across central america . their rarity makes them no longer a significant game animal . they are large , charismatic animals that can attract ecotourism interest because of their association with pristine tropical forest habitats .\npoaching and habitat loss have caused tapir numbers to decrease dramatically in recent years .\nall tapir species are at - risk largely due to hunting and habitat loss .\ntapir a - z animals . web . accessed on december 14 , 2014 .\nmalayan tapir animal diversity web . web . accessed on january 11 , 2015 .\ntapirs of the world tapir specialist group web . accessed on january 11 , 2015\nworldcat is the world ' s largest library catalog , helping you find library materials online . learn more \u203a\u203a\nwhat ' s a baby ferret called ? how bout a baby eel ? find out here . . .\nthis tapir survives in dry deciduous forest and tropical evergreen forest and other habitats . range this species of tapir can be found from veracruz , mexico down to ecuador .\n\u201cwe are thrilled to share this wonderful news , \u201d said john linehan , zoo new england president and ceo . \u201cgiven the small size of the north american captive population , this is a very important birth for this endangered species . zoo new england is committed to tapir conservation and has supported important field work being done on behalf of baird\u2019s tapirs in nicaragua . \u201d\non january 31 , a female south american tapir calf was born at poland\u2019s wroc\u0142aw zoo . the baby , named sarah , will be part of zoo breeding programs designed to save this vulnerable species .\ntapirs - status survey and conservation action plan . iucn / ssc tapir specialist group .\ns . p . parker . new york : mcgraw - hill . volume 4 , pp . 597 - 608 .\nadult tapirs are large enough to have few natural predators , and the thick skin on the backs of their necks helps to protect them from threats such as jaguars , crocodiles , anacondas , and tigers . the creatures are also able to run fairly quickly , considering their size and cumbersome appearance , finding shelter in the thick undergrowth of the forest or in water . hunting for meat and hides has substantially reduced their numbers and , more recently , habitat loss has resulted in the conservation watch - listing of all four species : both the brazilian tapir and the malayan tapir are classified as vulnerable ; and the baird ' s tapir and the mountain tapir are endangered .\nmalayan / asian tapir ( jan . 2011 - may 2012 , in aza 2013 ) :\nthe baird ' s tapir is the largest american tapir . it is brown to blackish above and paler on the sides of the head and venter . the ears are usually edged in white . the head body length is about 200 cm , the height at the shoulder about 120 cm . it weights 150 - 330 kg . females are slightly heavier . the coat is short , sparse and not concealing the skin in lowland populations , but longer ad thicker in the highland populations of guatemala and costa rica .\na 2013 paper in the journal of mammology announced that a new species of tapir had been discovered in brazil and colombia , although it had been known to local tribes . the kabomani tapir was said to be the largest mammal to be discovered in 100 years , according to world tapir day .\nthe thick hide is covered with a short , bristly - haired , dark brown coat . young animals have a reddish - brown coat brightly marked with white streaks and spots . at higher elevations , animals grow thicker coats as protection from the cold . the throat and cheeks are a light grayish - yellow , and there is usually a dark spot situated below and behind the eye . the edges of the rounded ears are white . the most noticable feature of the tapir is its prehensile nose , which looks and functions like a shortened version of an elephant ' s trunk . baird ' s tapir is the largest and heaviest of the new world tapir species , with a barrel - shaped body and stocky legs . there is no crest on the neck .\nwilliams , k . ( 1984 ) . the central american tapir in northwestern costa rica . ph . d . thesis . michigan state university , east lansing , michigan , u . s . a . 84pp . [ links ]\nadult tapirs are large enough that they have few natural predators , and the thick skin on the backs of their necks helps to protect them from threats such as jaguars , crocodiles , anacondas , and tigers . the creatures are also able to run fairly quickly , considering their size and cumbersome appearance , finding shelter in the thick undergrowth of the forest or in water . hunting for meat and hides has substantially reduced their numbers and , more recently , massive habitat loss has resulted in the conservation watch - listing of all four species : both the brazilian tapir and the malayan tapir are classified as vulnerable ; and the baird\u2019s tapir and the mountain tapir are endangered . tapirs tend to prefer old growth forests and the food sources that can be found in them , making the preservation of primary woodlands a top priority for tapir conservationists .\neisenberg , j . f . ; et al . ( 1990 ) .\ntapirs\n. in parker , s . p .\nauthenticated ( 19 / 6 / 02 ) by sheryl todd . president , tapir preservation fund . urltoken\nwhat can i do ? : visit the tapir preservation fund for information on how you can help .\nthe tapir family is old by mammalian standards . the earliest fossil tapir dates to the early oligocene ( about 30 million years ) , and eocene rocks from as early as 55 million years ago contain a wide range of tapir - like animals , and they have changed little since ( taylor 2007 ) .\nmyers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2006a . the diversity of cheek teeth . the animal diversity web . retrieved june 20 , 2006 .\nthe baird\u2019s tapir is found in forested areas with ponds and streams ( wet tropical rainforest , tropical subdeciduous forest and montane cloud forests ) , palm swamps , paramo , mangrove , riparian forest , and successional vegetation ( caused by natural disturbances ) , as well as in narrow oak - forest strips covering the top of medium - altitude mountains ; from sea level to 3 , 620 m ( brooks et al . 1997 , naranjo and vaughan 2000 ) .\nthe word\ntapir\ncomes from an indigenous brazilian language ; it means\nthick ,\nreferring to the animal ' s hide , according to the san diego zoo .\ntapir\ncan be pronounced at least two ways , according to the random house dictionary ; it can rhyme either with\npaper\nor with\nappear .\nmyers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2006b . the basic structure of cheek teeth . the animal diversity web . retrieved june 20 , 2006 .\nbin momin khan , mohd khan .\nstatus and action plan of the panda tapir ( tapirus indicus )\ntapirs : status survey and conservation action plan published by iucn tapir specialist group , 1997 , page 1\nbin momin khan , mohd khan .\nstatus and action plan of the malayan tapir ( tapirus indicus )\ntapirs : status survey and conservation action plan published by iucn tapir specialist group , 1997 , page 2\nbaird ' s tapir consumed more than 100 plant species in different vegetation types of tropical dry and humid forests of costa rica and panama ( terwilliger , 1978 ; janzen , 1982a ; williams , 1984 ; and naranjo , 1995a ) . in the present study , tapir 132 consumed 126 different plant species . williams and petrides ( 1980 ) found similar results studying t . indicus in malaysia , reporting more than 115 species consumed . chalukian et al ( 2013 ) found t . terrestris fed on 57 species of plants based on fecal samples in el rey national park in argentina .\nmyers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2006 . the diversity of cheek teeth . the animal diversity web ( online ) . retrieved june 20 , 2006 .\naccording to keepers , the new calf and mom , bertie , are doing well . this is the minnesota zoo\u2019s third tapir birth in 6 years . the new calf is also one of only 37 tapirs that are currently housed in zoos across north american .\nmyers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2006 . the basic structure of cheek teeth . the animal diversity web ( online ) . retrieved june 20 , 2006 .\nwilliams , k . 1984 . the central american tapir in northwestern costa rica . ph . d . dissertation .\nin other words , tapir 132 was willing to travel farther and take fewer bites to increase her fruit consumption .\n, the tapir is commonly referred to as\ncipan\n,\ntenuk\nor\nbadak tampong\n.\nbaird\u2019s tapirs are native to mexico , central america , and northern south america , where they are the largest land mammals . they have very few natural predators , but are listed as endangered by the international union for conservation of nature , mainly due to habitat destruction and poaching . tapirs are legally protected in most of their range , but lack of enforcement results in significant losses .\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u2019s species and habitats from destruction .\nsarah\u2019s mother , 23 - year - old sonia , was also born at the wroc\u0142aw zoo . her father is 22 - year - old tapinos .\nok , maybe it ' s you . you may have typed the web address incorrectly . please check the address and spelling to eliminate any spaces .\nmohd , azlan j .\nrecent observations of melanistic tapirs in peninsular malaysia\n. tapir conservation : the newsletter of the iucn / ssc tapir specialist group , june 2002 , volume 11 , number 1 , pages 27 - 28\nthe specimen was scanned along the coronal axis for a total of 395 slices , each slice 1 . 0 mm thick with a 1 . 0 mm interslice spacing . the scanning was done by richard ketcham , cambria denison and matthew colbert on 03 march 1998 . the animations of baird ' s tapir are reduced from the original data for optimal web delivery . see the inspector for unreduced ct data . click on the thumbnail below to see the detail discernible in an unreduced sample slice through the braincase .\nbreed well into their 20\u2019s . a female t . indicus at the san diego zoo gave birth to 15th offspring at age 30 ( barongi 1993 ) .\na healthy female tapir can give birth every 2 years . young tapirs such as the brazilian tapir often have reddish / brown coats that are striped and flecked with white . this pattern provides them with camouflage in the dappled forest shade .\nthe tapir may have evolved from the paleothere hyracotherium ( once thought to be a primitive horse ) . [ 32 ]\n( all - black ) malayan tapirs have been observed . in 1924 , an all - black tapir was sent to\nin thailand , for instance , capture and sale of a young tapir may be worth us $ 5500 . 00 .\nsimon , tamar . \u201cthe tapir : a big unknown\u201d article from discovery channel canadian website , july 22 , 1999 .\ncould serve as a carrier of these diseases to new areas . tapirs also sometimes forage in agricultural areas and have been known to damage corn and other grains . however , this is rare because tapirs generally avoid human - disturbed areas and are few in number . baird\u2019s tapirs often defecate in water and have the potential to affect human water sources downstream , although their rarity makes this a small problem .\nd . m . brooks , r . e . bodmer , and s . matola . iucn , gland , switzerland and cambridge , uk . available online at\na uniquely valuable compendium of taxonomic and distributional data on the world ' s living and historically extinct mammalian species . contributors and editors alike deserve the thanks of all\nhughes , j . 1998 . woman ' s arm bitten off in zoo attack . associated press , november 20 , 1998 . retrieved september 7 , 2007 .\nboza , m . a . ( 1992 ) . parques nacionales de costa ricaincafo , s . a . madrid , espa\u00f1a . 333 p . [ links ]\ntalamoni , s . a . & amp ; assis , m . a . ( 2009 ) . feeding habit of the brazilian tapir , tapirus terrestris ( perissodactyla : tapiridae ) in a vegetation transition zone in southeastern brazil . zoologia curitiba impresso26 : 251 - 254 . [ links ]\nrzss edinburgh zoo keepers are hearing the \u201cpitter - patter\u201d of tiny hooves with the birth of an endangered malayan tapir calf .\nbbc . 2007 . wildfacts sheet on the brazilian tapir ( tapirus terrestris ) . bbc . retrieved september 7 , 2007 .\nbrooks , d . m . , bodmer , r . e . & matola , s . ( 1997 ) tapirs - status survey and conservation action plan . ( english , spanish , portuguese ) iucn / ssc tapir specialist group . iucn , gland , switzerland and cambridge , uk .\nzoo new england is running a naming contest via crowdrise , with donations supporting global wildlife conservation\u2019s nicaragua tapir project . with a $ 5 minimum donation , members of the public can vote for their favorite name for the calf , now through january 31 . follow this link to vote : urltoken\ngoudot , j . 1843 . nouvelles observations sur le tapir pinchaque ( recent observations on the tapir pinchaque ) . comptes rendus vol . xvi , pages 331 - 334 . available online with english translation by tracy metz . retrieved september 7 , 2007 .\ndata collection : tapir 132 was located in the field using a telonics tr - 2 receiver and ra - 14 antenna ( telonics inc . , meza , az . 85204 ) . at five minute intervals , data was collected on diet and foraging activity . because of the relative tranquil nature of tapir 132 , we had a unique opportunity to collect field data . no other tapir 132 in the study area allowed us to collect data as did tapir ; therefore the study is limited to one individual .\n\u201cwe are very excited to welcome this new tapir to the minnesota zoo . malayan tapirs are endangered and this birth is a significant conservation achievement , as it\u2019s estimated that fewer than 1 , 500 exist in the wild . the recent success we\u2019ve had with tapir births over the past six years is an example of the incredible care our zookeeper and veterinary teams provides our animals , \u201d said tropics trail curator , tom ness .\nnote the flexible nose and ears tipped with white ; characteristics shared by all tapir species . image credit : san diego zoo global\nzooborns featured news of the birth in a january 8 post : \u201c new year , new tapir at franklin park zoo \u201d .\npercent observations of different activity states for tapir 132 from july 1995 to april 1996 . numbers in parenthesis are monthly sample sizes .\nperiod of the malayan tapir is approximately 390\u2013395 days , after which a single offspring , weighing around 15 pounds ( 6 . 8 kg ) , is born . malayan tapirs are the largest of the four tapir species at birth and grow more quickly than their\ntapirs are generally shy , but when they are scared they can defend themselves with their very powerful jaws . in 1998 , a zookeeper in oklahoma city was mauled and had an arm severed by a tapir bite , after she attempted to feed the attacking tapir ' s young ( hughes 1998 ) . in 2006 , a 46 - year - old man ( who was the environmental minister at the time ) who was lost in the corcovado national park at costa rica was found by a search party with a\nnasty bite\nfrom a wild tapir .\na malayan tapir and her baby . calves look like brown - and - beige - striped watermelons , which is good for camouflage .\npercent composition of major food items consumed by tapir 132 from june 1995 to april 1996 . numbers in parenthesis are monthly sample sizes .\nthe females are usually larger than the males . like the other types of tapir , they have small stubby tails and long , flexible\nin chinese , korean , and japanese , the tapir is named after a beast from chinese mythology . a feature of this mythical creature is a snout like that of an elephant . it is said to eat people ' s dreams . in chinese , the name of this beast , subsequently the name of the tapir , is m\u00f2 in mandarin and mek in cantonese . the korean equivalent is maek , while it is called baku in japanese .\nwilson & burnie , animal : the definitive visual guide to the world ' s wildlife . dk adult ( 2001 ) , isbn 978 - 0 - 7894 - 7764 - 4\nattentive mother , chiquita , has been protectively caring for her sweet , striped son . the new family , including dad farrusco , is at home in the zoo\u2019s south american exhibit .\ndobson , f . s . & amp ; jinping , y . ( 1993 ) . rarity in neotropical forest mammals revisited . conservation biology7 : 586 - 591 . [ links ]\nwoodland park zoo ( wpz ) . 2007 . animal fact sheet : malayan tapir ( tapirus indicus ) . retrieved september 7 , 2007 .\ntpf news , tapir preservation fund , vol . 4 , no . 7 , july 2001 . see section on study by charles foerster .\nthe malayan tapir ( tapirus indicus ) , also known as the asian tapir , is the largest of four tapir species and is the only old world tapir . they are native to the rainforests of burma , malaysia , sumatra and thailand . their noses and upper lips are extended to form a prehensile proboscis , which they use to grab leaves . tapirs normally measure 1 . 8 to 2 . 5m ( 6 to 8 feet ) in length , with a shoulder height of 0 . 9 to 1 . 1m . ( 3 to 3 . 5 feet ) .\ntheir most distinctive feature is their snout . it is flexible like an elephant ' s trunk . however , the tapir\u2019s trunk is actually its upper lip and nose . tapirs can grab things with their trunks , somewhat like an elephant . they use them to pluck leaves and fruit out of trees , according to national geographic , and then place these goodies in their mouths . and , according to the san diego zoo , when threatened , tapirs will submerge themselves in a river and use their snouts like a snorkel .\nbrooks , d . m . , r . e . bodmer , and s . matola ( compilers ) . 1997 . tapirs - status survey and conservation action plan . ( english , spanish , portuguese . ) iucn / ssc tapir specialist group . iucn , gland , switzerland and cambridge , uk . viii + 164 pp .\nzoo de beauval is pleased to announce the birth of a male brazilian tapir . the handsome three - week - old has been named diego .\nalthough it spends most of its time in the water or lying in the mud , the tapir can move quickly and is an excellent swimmer .\nthe tapir is a herbivore and spends its time browsing for food . the tapir eats leaves , twigs , branches , buds , shoots , berries , fruits and aquatic plants . due to its large size , the tapir has few natural predators in its environment . it is known to be preyed upon by wild cats such as tigers , jaguars and cougars along with large reptiles like crocodiles and even the odd snake . the human is believed to be the most common predator of the tapir as they have been hunted for food and even domesticated in some areas . [ 2 ]\ncheyenne mountain zoo ( cmz ) . 2006 . mountain tapir conservation at the cheyenne mountain zoo . cheyenee mountain zoo . retrieved september 7 , 2007 .\nfrank buck wrote about an attack by a tapir in 1926 , which he described in his book , bring ' em back alive . [ 41 ]\ndenver zoo is happy to announce the birth of umi , an endangered malayan tapir . the female calf , whose name means \u201clife\u201d in malayan , was born to mother rinny and father benny early in the morning on may 6 . she is only the third malayan tapir ever born at the denver zoo .\ntapir 132 was observed for a minimum of 20 hrs . per month from june 1995 to april 1996 , excluding august 1995 . considering that tapir activity was predominantly nocturnal ( foerster & vaughan , 2002 ) , diet and foraging behavior data was collected between 1800 - 0600 hrs . observation periods lasted between two and 11 hrs .\ntapirs are largely nocturnal and crepuscular , although the smaller mountain tapir of the andes is generally more active during the day than its congeners . they have monocular vision .\ntapirs are largely nocturnal and crepuscular , although the smaller mountain tapir of the andes is generally more active during the day than its congeners . they have monocular vision .\nolmos , f . ( 1997 ) . tapirs as seed dispersers and predators . in : brooks , d . m . , bodmer , r . e . , matola , s . ( eds . ) tapirs - status survey and conservation action plan . ( pp . 3 - 9 ) . iucn / ssc tapir specialist group . iucn , gland , switzerland . [ links ]\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .\ntapirs measure between 1 . 8 \u2013 2 . 5 metres ( 6 \u2013 8 . 25 feet ) in length depending on species \u2013 the malayan tapir is the largest and the mountain tapir is the smallest . their weight can vary between 180 \u2013 320 kilograms ( 396 \u2013 704 pounds ) and they can stand around 1 metre ( 3 feet ) at shoulder height . tapirs coats are short and can range in colour from reddish brown to black , with the malayan tapir being the only subspecies to have a white saddle - shaped marking on its back which may help it to camouflage in dimly lit forest undergrowth and the mountain tapir having a more woolly fur covering .\nbites taken during ten minute periods : the study long average for number of bites taken during ten minute periods was 49 , 7 ( n = 147 , s . d . = 30 , 14 ) . the wet and dry season averages for bites taken during ten minute periods were 42 , 1 ( s . d . = 29 , 21 ) and 58 . 2 ( s . d . = 29 , 07 ) respectively . the wet season values for bites per ten minute interval were significantly smaller than dry season paces per ten minute period ( f = 11 , 18 , d . f . = 1 , 145 ; p = 0 , 0011 ) .\nwas estimated to be 0 . 24 individuals per square kilometer in areas where there was low hunting pressure and 0 . 05 tapirs per square kilometer in persistently hunted areas . however , densities can reach up to 0 . 8 individual per square kilometer in areas with lush vegetation . although baird\u2019s tapirs are largely solitary and typically feed alone , social interactions are often observed . individuals have been observed feeding together on occasion and even exchanging non - threatening physical contact . they have also been observed charging each other , but the charges rarely last for more than a few seconds .\nthe asian tapir is classified as endangered due to estimated population decline of more than 50 percent in the next three generations . their endangerment is mostly due to habitat loss .\n. they have four toes on each front foot and three toes on each back foot . the malayan tapir has rather poor eyesight but excellent hearing and sense of smell .\ncozzuol , m . a . ; clozato , c . l . ; holanda , e . c . ; rodrigues , f . v . h . g . ; nienow , s . ; de thoisy , b . ; redondo , r . a . f . ; santos , f . c . r . ( 2013 ) .\na new species of tapir from the amazon\n.\nthe malayan tapir ' s gestation period varies from 390 - 419 days . mothers usually give birth every 2 - 4 years to a single calf , and twins are rare . at birth , a calf weighs approximately 10 - 20 pounds . for the first 6 - 8 months of their life , tapir calves resemble furry watermelons with legs . they are dark brown to black with alternating bands of yellowish - white stripes and spots . young tapirs grow quickly and can weigh as much as 450 pounds at one year of age ; they reach adult size in 2 - 3 years .\nthe tapir is a large pig - like , browsing mammal that belongs to the family : tairidae . tapirs are odd - toes ungulate animals that can be found in the rainforests of south and central america and southeast asia . there are 4 living species of tapir of which three are native to the american rainforests and one native to the asian rainforests .\ngoudot , justin .\nnouvelles observations sur le tapir pinchaque ( recent observations on the tapir pinchaque ) ,\ncomptes rendus , paris 1843 , vol . xvi , pages 331 - 334 . available online with english translation by tracy metz . report contains accounts of wild mountain tapirs shying away from human contact at salt deposits after being hunted , and hiding .\ntapirs have brown eyes , often with a bluish cast to them , which has been identified as corneal cloudiness , a condition most commonly found in malayan tapirs . the exact etiology is unknown , but the cloudiness may be caused by excessive exposure to light or by trauma . [ 17 ] [ 18 ] however , the tapir ' s sensitive ears and strong sense of smell help to compensate for deficiencies in vision .\nthe tapir mostly eats leaves , twigs , fruits , and some seeds . it is an important disperser of seeds for several plants ( e . g . , raphia faedigera ) .\nin indonesia , the animal is called\nbadak ,\nwhich is the same word for rhinos . and in thailand , the word for tapir is\np ' som - sett ,\nwhich means\nmixture is finished ,\nand refers to the belief that the tapir was created from leftover parts of other animals , according to the san diego zoo .\nhouck , m . l . , s . c . kingswood , and a . t . kumamoto . 2000 . comparative cytogenetics of tapirs , genus tapirus ( perissodactyla , tapiridae ) . cytogenetics and cell genetics 89 : 110 - 115 .\nthere are five species of tapir , and they are all relatively similar in size . they range from 29 to 42 inches ( 74 to 107 centimeters ) from foot to shoulder and weigh a hefty 500 to 800 lbs . ( 227 to 363 kilograms ) . the largest species is the malayan tapir , which can grow up 800 lbs . ( 363 kg ) .\ninformation indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher ' s website .\nbodmer , r . e . ( 1990 ) . fruit patch size and frugivory in the lowland tapir ( tapirus terrestris ) . journal of zoology222 : 121 - 128 . [ links ]\na number of conservation projects have been started around the world . the tapir specialist group , a unit of the iucn species survival commission , strives to conserve biological diversity by stimulating , developing , and executing practical programs to study , save , restore , and manage the four species of tapir and their remaining habitats in central and south america and southeast asia . [ 35 ]\nthe malayan tapir has very poor eyesight , making them rely greatly on their excellent sense of smell and hearing to go about in their everyday lives . the malayan tapir has small , beady eyes with brown irises on either side of their face . their eyes are often covered in a blue haze , which is corneal cloudiness thought to be caused by repetitive exposure to light .\ntoday , there are large forest reserves in belize to protect the remaining populations , and the tapir is found in these protected areas with the exception of guanacaste national park and rio blanco . the tapir is an extra special animal for its importance to belize . the protection of these precious first animals is vital and we must all do our part in helping with the conservation process .\njanzen , d . h . ( 1982b ) . seeds in tapir dung in santa rosa national park , costa rica . brenesia 19 / 20 ) : 129 - 135 . [ links ]\nfragosoj . , silviusk . , & correaj . ( 2003 ) . long - distance seed dispersal by tapir increases seed survival and aggregates tropical trees . ecology84 : 1998 - 2006 . [ links ]\ngiven that bark and flower were minor components of tapir 132 ' s diet in most months of the study , variations in monthly percent of fruit in the diet were primarily reflected in negative correlations with percent leaf matter . as a result , where percent fruit was positively associated with mnc observations and paces taken per unit of time , percent leaf was negatively correlated with those same categories . where percent fruit was negatively correlated with sc observations and number of bites per ten minute periods , positive associations were seen with percent leaf consumption . this is the only tapir study combining diet and foraging , therefore it is impossible to compare results and correlations with other research .\nalina bradford is a contributing writer for live science . over the past 16 years , alina has covered everything from ebola to androids while writing health , science and tech articles for major publications . she has multiple health , safety and lifesaving certifications from oklahoma state university . alina ' s goal in life is to try as many experiences as possible . to date , she has been a volunteer firefighter , a dispatcher , substitute teacher , artist , janitor , children ' s book author , pizza maker , event coordinator and much more .\nalger , s . , vaughan , c . & amp ; foerster , c . ( 1998 ) . resting site microhabitat selection by tapirus bairdii during the dry season in corcovado national park , costa rica . vida silvestre neotropical7 : 136 - 138 . [ links ]\ntapirs are related to rhinoceroses and horses . male tapirs are called \u2018bulls\u2019 , females are called \u2018cows\u2019 and a baby tapir is a \u2018calf\u2019 . the name for a group of tapirs is called a \u2018candle\u2019 .\ntapirs have brown eyes , often with a bluish cast to them , which has been identified as corneal cloudiness , a condition most commonly found in malayan tapirs . the exact etiology is unknown , but the cloudiness may be caused by excessive exposure to light or by trauma . however , the tapir ' s sensitive ears and strong sense of smell help to compensate for deficiencies in vision . tapirs have simple stomachs and are hindgut fermenters that ferment digested food in a large cecum .\ntapirs have a gestation period of approximately 13 months . keepers had been closely monitoring juju\u2019s progress and noticed she was restless the day before she gave birth . once juju went into labor , she welcomed her new calf about five minutes later , without the help of keepers .\ngiven the estimated consumption of about 11 , 9 kilos of biomass ( dry wt ) per day or 4 , 307 kilos per year . naranjo ( 1995b ) estimated between 155 - 249 tapirs in cnp . if the total tapir population in cnp was calculated as 200 tapirs , the total biomass consumed by tapirs in the park would be 872 , 400 kilos of biomass ( dry wt ) yearly , which could greatly impact the park ' s vegetation , especially those species consumed .\n, tapirs are seldom hunted for food , as their physical similarity to pigs has made tapir meat a taboo , but in some regions they are hunted for sport or shot accidentally when mistaken for other animals .\ncastellanos , a . , c . roerester , d . lizcano , e . naranjo , e . cruz - alden , i . lira - torres , r . samudio , s . matola , j . schipper , j . gonzalez - maya . 2008 . tapirus bairdii .\nwith all said , the tapir is an extra special animal for its importance to belize . the protection and of these precious animals is vital and we must all do our part in helping with the conservation process .\ncommon tapir characteristics include a large body size , short legs , a flexible proboscis ( nose ) , and rounded ears with white tips . note the differences in adult pelage ( coat ) color for four species .\nnaranjo , e . ( 1995a ) . h\u00e1bitos de alimentaci\u00f3n del tapir ( tapirus bairdii ) en un bosque tropical h\u00famedo de costa rica . vida silvestre neotropical4 ( 1 ) : 32 - 37 . [ links ]\nwitmer , l . , s . d . sampson , and n . solounias . 1999 . the proboscis of tapirs ( mammalia : perissodactyla ) : a case study in novel narial anatomy . journal of zoology london . 249 : 249 - 267 . retrieved september 7 , 2007 .\nfoerster , c . r . ( 1998 ) . comportamiento de forrajeo y dieta de una danta centroamericana en un bosque h\u00famedo tropical de costa rica . m . s . thesis . programa regional en manejo de vida silvestre , universidad nacional , heredia , costa rica . [ links ]\nhartshorn , g . s . ( 1983 ) . plants . in : d . h . janzen ( ed ) . costa rican natural history . ( pp . 119 - 160 ) . the university of chicago press , chicago , illinois , usa . 865 pp . [ links ]\nmarch , i . j . ( 1994 ) . la situaci\u00f3n actual del tapir en m\u00e9xico . centro de investigaci\u00f3n ecol\u00f3gicas del surestemonograf series , no . 1san crist\u00f3bal de las casas , chiapas , m\u00e9xico . [ links ]\nrodr\u00edguez , m . , olmos , f . & amp ; galetti , m . ( 1993 ) . seed dispersal by tapir in southeastern brazil . mammalia 57 ( 3 ) : 460 - 461 . [ links ]\ncastellanos , a . , cruz - ald\u00e1n , e . , foerster , c . r . , gonz\u00e1lez - maya , j . f . , lira torres , i . , lizcano , d . j . , matola , s . , samudio jr , r . & schipper , j .\na terrestrial biome found in temperate latitudes ( > 23 . 5\u00b0 n or s latitude ) . vegetation is made up mostly of grasses , the height and species diversity of which depend largely on the amount of moisture available . fire and grazing are important in the long - term maintenance of grasslands .\nwilliams , k . d . & amp ; petrides , g . a . ( 1980 ) . browse use , feeding behavior and management of the malayan tapir . journal of wildlife management44 : 489 - 494 . [ links ]\nthe minnesota zoo is thrilled to announce the birth of an endangered malayan tapir calf . the little female , named indah , was born on january 6 after an approximately 400 - day gestation period and weighed - in at 16 pounds .\nnaranjo , e . ( 1995b ) . abundancia , uso de h\u00e1bitat y dieta del tapir ( tapirus bairdii ) en un bosque tropical h\u00famedo de costa rica . vida silvestre neotropical4 ( 1 ) : 20 - 30 . [ links ]\nyoung tapirs reach sexual maturity between three and five years of age , with females maturing earlier than males . under good conditions , a healthy female tapir can reproduce every two years ; a single young , called a calf , is born after a gestation of about 13 months . the natural lifespan of a tapir is about 25 to 30 years , both in the wild and in zoos . apart from mothers and their young offspring , tapirs lead almost exclusively solitary lives ."]}
{"id": 1728, "summary": [{"text": "kikihia is a genus of cicada in the family cicadidae .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "most species contained in the genus are endemic to new zealand , with a single australian species ( k. convicta ) .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the genus was established in 1972 by dugdale with eleven species formerly classed within the genus cicadetta . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "kikihia", "paragraphs": ["no one has contributed data records for kikihia yet . learn how to contribute .\nkikihia subalpina is a small new zealand endemic cicada ( body length : . . .\nno one has contributed data records for kikihia angusta yet . learn how to contribute .\nnew zealand cicadas ( troutbum . co . nz ) large photos of kikihia and amphipsalta .\nkathy hill added text to\ntext\non\nkikihia subalpina ( hudson 1891 )\n.\nkikihia peninsularis voucher 01 . mc . bpt . 11 elongation factor 1 alpha ( ef1 alpha ) gene , partial sequence\nkikihia nelsonensis voucher 01 . sd . cul . 02 elongation factor 1 alpha ( ef1 alpha ) gene , partial sequence\nkikihia murihikua voucher 94 . fd . rds . 01 elongation factor 1 alpha ( ef1 alpha ) gene , partial sequence\nkikihia nelsonensis voucher 01 . nn . wrr . 01 cytochrome oxidase subunit ii ( coii ) gene , partial cds ; mitochondrial\nkikihia murihikua voucher 94 . fd . rds . 01 cytochrome oxidase subunit ii ( coii ) gene , partial cds ; mitochondrial\nkikihia nelsonensis voucher 01 . nn . wrr . 01 cytochrome oxidase subunit i ( coi ) gene , partial cds ; mitochondrial\nkikihia murihikua voucher 94 . fd . rds . 01 cytochrome oxidase subunit i ( coi ) gene , partial cds ; mitochondrial\nthe cicada genus kikihia dugdale ( hemiptera , homoptera ) : the new zealand green foliage cicadas . national museum of new zealand\nnotes : \u201cx\u201d indicates crosses for which intermediate song phenotypes have been observed and recorded . kikihia species for which putative hybrids have not yet been identified are not included in the table . boxes shaded in gray indicate taxa within the kikihia muta species complex .\nkikihia scutellaris voucher 97 . to . ope . 60 _ scu elongation factor 1 alpha ( ef1a ) gene , exons 3 through 6 and partial cds\nkikihia cauta voucher 94 . wn . haw . 72 _ cau elongation factor 1 alpha ( ef1a ) gene , exons 3 through 6 and partial cds\nkikihia horologium voucher 11 . mc . car . 01 _ hor elongation factor 1 alpha ( ef1a ) gene , exons 3 through 6 and partial cds\nkikihia scutellaris voucher 07 . ri . ran . 01 _ scu elongation factor 1 alpha ( ef1a ) gene , exons 3 through 6 and partial cds\nkikihia cauta voucher 06 . nd . kau . 01 _ cau elongation factor 1 alpha ( ef1a ) gene , exons 3 through 6 and partial cds\nkikihia paxillulae voucher 06 . nc . loe . 01 _ pax elongation factor 1 alpha ( ef1a ) gene , exons 3 through 6 and partial cds\nmarie - claude lariviere added an association between\nidentification guide to new zealand cicadas ( insecta : hemiptera : cicadidae )\nand\nkikihia\n.\nkikihia ( dugdale ) ( hemiptera , homoptera ) . part 1 . the new zealand green foliage cicadas . natl . mus . n . z . rec\nkikihia sp . ' westlandica south ' voucher 02 . nc . apv . 01 _ wes elongation factor 1 alpha ( ef1a ) gene , exons 3 through 6 and partial cds\ncases of putative song hybrids in the genus kikihia ( e . g . , see fig . 3 ) observed at locations of geographic contact or overlap between the proposed parental species\nthere\u2019s a new paper from sarah e . banker , elizabeth j . wade , and chris simon titled \u201cthe confounding effects of hybridization on phylogenetic estimation in the new zealand cicada genus kikihia\u201d .\nsecond , there\u2019s cicada central\u2019s new zealand cicada website , which features an electronic field guide of new zealand cicada species , a specimen database , and a photo gallery featuring kikihia , amphipsaltas and maoricicada .\nkikihia nelsonensis voucher 01 . nn . wrr . 01 trna - asp gene , partial sequence ; atp synthetase subunit 8 gene , complete cds ; and atp synthetase subunit 6 gene , partial cds ; mitochondrial\nkikihia murihikua voucher 94 . fd . rds . 01 trna - asp gene , partial sequence ; atp synthetase subunit 8 gene , complete cds ; and atp synthetase subunit 6 gene , partial cds ; mitochondrial\nsarah e . banker , elizabeth j . wade , chris simon , the confounding effects of hybridization on phylogenetic estimation in the new zealand cicada genus kikihia , molecular phylogenetics and evolution , volume 116 , november 2017 , pages 172 - 181 , issn 1055 - 7903 , urltoken urltoken\ndavid c . marshall , kathy b . r . hill , john r . cooley , chris simon ; hybridization , mitochondrial dna phylogeography , and prediction of the early stages of reproductive isolation : lessons from new zealand cicadas ( genus kikihia ) , systematic biology , volume 60 , issue 4 , 1 july 2011 , pages 482\u2013502 , urltoken\nhaplotypes representing individuals from three other kikihia species ( or putative species ) nested within sections of the k . muta tree . specifically , one k . paxillulae sequence was found within the t1 clade , the k . longula ( chatham is . ) haplotype grouped with the ae1 clade ( fig . 2a ) , and both tasmani sequences grouped with the wn1 clade ( fig . 2b ) .\na ) chronogram of kikihia ingroup phylogeny with kikihia muta complex haplotypes included ( indicated by gray bars ) . order of taxa is the same as the phylogram in figure 2 . b ) ltt plot for chronogram in a . dotted line highlights apparent recent shift in the rate of lineage splitting expected to correspond to the transition from between - to within - species coalescence patterns ( see methods section ) . this shift corresponds to lineages that diverged during the middle pleistocene ( ca . 1 ma ) according to the divergence time analysis of marshall et al . ( 2008 ) . black stars indicate splits that correlate with species - specific song differences . text discusses evidence that all splits younger than the recent diversification rate shift that correlate with song differences are due to hybridization and mtdna introgression .\nthree of the six loci were found to violate the hwe in no more than 2 of the 15 populations tested . heterozygote deficiency increases due to factors such as inbreeding , population stratification , null alleles , and genotyping errors . it is not surprising that species of kikihia display high levels of inbreeding or population stratification since field observations suggest low dispersal rates . however , these were not explicitly tested here .\nthe large number of potential hybrid zones between multiple species of kikihia makes this genus uniquely suited for the study of hybrid zones . many of these potential hybrid zones are between nonsister species that vary in their divergence times from less than 1 million years to more than 3 million years ( marshall et al . 2008 , 2011 ) . the markers developed in this study will be useful for investigations of the evolutionary past and future of this interesting species radiation .\ncurrent taxonomy and putative species diagnosed by dna - based methods ( see text ) contrasted with putative species diagnosed by male song characters . letter plus number codes refer to mtdna clades shown in figure 2 . type locality information suggests that mtdna clade m1 corresponds to true kikihia muta . gmyc analysis of mtdna branching - rate patterns ( monaghan et al . 2009 ) . statistical parsimony = method of templeton et al . ( 1992 ) with a 95 % reconnection limit .\nnotes : ml ( gtr + i + \u03b3 ) pairwise distances ( substitutions / site ) from the partitioned garli analysis are below the diagonal and p distances ( uncorrected pairwise percentage / 100 ) are above . cells in gray correspond to comparisons of clades with the same song phenotype predominating . outlined cells indicate contrasts for which haplotypes were excluded due to hybridization in contact zones . note that the wn1 , wn2 , and ws clades are only distantly related to the remaining k . muta complex clades in the kikihia mtdna tree ( fig . 1 ) .\nml ( fig . 2 ) analysis of the extended kikihia mtdna data set yielded a tree that differed from the previous results of marshall et al . ( 2008 ) mainly at deeper poorly supported nodes joining major species groups . these deeper level relationships were estimated in marshall et al . ( 2008 ) with a combined nuclear plus mtdna genetic data set and they are not considered further here . the likelihood score of the final ml tree , shown in figure 2 , was \u2212 8501 . 614 , and the total tree length was 1 . 380 substitutions / site ( s / s ) . the estimated substitution model and relative rate parameters are shown in table 2 .\nrecent studies ( e . g . , monaghan et al . 2005 , hart and sunday 2007 ) have applied statistical parsimony using the program tcs ( clement et al . 2000 ) , usually under default settings , as a means to identify candidate taxa . for comparison purposes , we analyzed the complete data set ( k . muta group unique haplotypes plus single exemplars for other kikihia species ) each using tcs version 1 . 2 . 1 under the default ( 95 % ) reconnection limit . statistical parsimony ( templeton et al . 1992 ) uses maximum parsimony to join haplotypes into an unrooted network until the chosen limit of confidence is exceeded ( \u201cparsimony connection limit\u201d ) , depending on sequence length and variability .\na total of 1467 bases were amplified from most of the k . muta complex specimens , 789 from coi and 678 from coii ; 107 unique mitochondrial haplotypes were observed in the concatenated k . muta complex data set and 209 parsimony - informative sites were found across the entire data set ( including the other kikihia taxa and outgroups ) . the alignment was unambiguous and contained no gaps . the tests of homogeneity of base frequencies were nonsignificant in all four tests ( p = 1 ) . gard tests on the two halves of the data set found no evidence of recombination . genbank accession numbers are given in table 1 , and the data matrix has been deposited with treebase at the following address : urltoken : s11130 .\nexamples of putative hybrid songs observed in contact zone sites , with the two proposed parental species . a ) aotea west ( upper song ) , aotea east ( lower song ) , and hybrid ( middle song ) . b ) kikihia muta ( upper song ) , nelsonensis ( lower song ) , and hybrid ( middle song ) . arrows and brackets in a and b highlight characters showing intermediate states and combinations . c ) nelsonensis ( upper song ) , tuta ( lower song ) , and hybrid ( middle song ) . note that tuta lacks an introductory section . the introductory section of the putative hybrid combines qualities of the nelsonensis introduction and the two - part song cue of tuta , and the putative hybrid produces the two - part cue of tuta inconsistently .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nlarivi\u00e8re m - c , larochelle a 2013 - 2015 . identification guide to new zealand cicadas ( insecta : hemiptera : cicadidae ) .\neach factsheet includes more than one species , i . e . species that are most closely similar morphologically but not necessarily closely related phylogenetically ( not necessarily descendants from a single immediate ancestor ) . the geographic areas listed in the range of each species follow crosby\ncopyright \u00a9 2013 - present : m - c larivi\u00e8re , a larochelle , and landcare research new zealand ltd .\nphylogenetic signal and pattern differ dramatically among nuclear genes but always weak on south island .\nthree nuclear species trees support major north island but not south island mitochondrial clades .\nfirst , there\u2019s the new zealand cicadas ( hemiptera : cicadidae ) : a virtual identification guide which features photographs and extensive information about the cicadas of new zealand . the site has an abundance of information , and a wonderful design & layout .\ni asked david marshall of urltoken , \u201cwhen does new zealand cicada season start and end ? \u201d his answer essentially is that it depends on the location , elevation and species , but the best months are between december and april . interestingly , in certain locations k . muta sing every month of the year .\ndavid also mentioned the amphipsalta zelandica ( feb - march ) which calls using wing - clicks ! here is a video .\nread the downloadable article chorus cicada , amphipsalta zelandica ( boisduval ) , males calling with only wing - clicks by kathy b . r . hill , the weta ( 2012 ) 43 ( 1 ) : 15\u201320 , for more information .\nupdate : here\u2019s some google trends data . more people search for cicada & cicadas in february in new zealand .\nurltoken is an excellent source of cicada photos , and it is where i go for cicada photos from new zealand . this is a sample of the cicada photos you will find on urltoken .\nphoto by sid mosdell . auckland new zealand . cc by 2 . 0 .\nphoto by nuytsia @ tas . punakaiki , paporoa national park , new zealand . cc by - nc - sa 2 . 0 .\nphoto by rosino . auckland , new zealand . cc by - sa 2 . 0 .\nphoto by aliceskr . new zealand . cc by - nc - nd 2 . 0 .\nphotos by jon sullivan . auckland , new zealand . cc by - nc 2 . 0 .\nphoto by jon sullivan . auckland , new zealand . cc by - nc 2 . 0 .\nvisit new zealand cicadas ( hemiptera : cicadidae ) : a virtual identification guide for in - depth information about the cicadas of new zealand .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 cicada mania - 22 years of providing cicada information and fun on the web ! all content on urltoken is owned and copyrighted by the content ' s creator . site map | terms & conditions , privacy policy , and help\nflies , caddisflies , craneflies , damselflies dragonflies , gnats , mayflies . midges , mosquitoes\ninsects ( ants , beetles , bugs , cicadas , cockroaches , centipedes , crickets , grasshoppers , lacewings , ladybirds , mantis , millipedes , scale , shield bugs , stick insects , wetas , weevils , etc . ) .\nbug ( shield bug ) ( brown shield bug ) ( dictyotus caenosus ) .\nbug ( shield bug ) ( brown marmorated stink bug ) ( halyomorpha halys ) .\nbug ( shield bug ) ( brown soldier bug ) ( cermatulus nasalis ) .\nbug ( shield bug ) schellenberg ' s soldier bug ( oechalia schellenbergii ) .\nbug ( shield bug ) ( yellow spotted stink bug ) ( erthesina fullo ) .\nbug ( shield bug 5th instar ( brown shield bug ) ( dictyotus caenosus ) .\nreptiles ( frogs , geckos , skinks , snakes , lizards , turtles ) .\ntrees & shrubs ( new zealand native ) botanical names a to f with photo .\ntrees & shrubs ( new zealand native ) botanical names g to l with photo .\ntrees & shrubs ( new zealand native ) botanical names m to q with photo .\ntrees & shrubs ( new zealand native ) botanical names r to z with photo .\ntrees ( new zealand ) hebes and their hybrids & cultivars ( photos ) .\nweeds & escapee plants : a to f ( common names with photo ) .\nweeds & escapee plants : g to l ( common names with photo ) .\nweeds & escapee plants : m to q ( common names and photo ) .\nweeds & escapee plants : r to z ( common names with photo ) .\nthe adult male cicada possesses two ribbed membranes called tymbals , one on each side of its first abdominal segment . by contracting the tymbal muscle , the cicada buckles the membrane inward , producing a loud click . as the membrane snaps back , it clicks again . the two tymbals click alternately . air sacs in the hollow abdominal cavity amplify the clicking sounds . the vibration travels through the body to the tympani , which amplify the sound further .\n\u00a9 copyright 2008 - 2018 - t . e . r : r . a . i . n . all rights reserved . last update : 11 - apr - 18 . site designed & hosted by smokeylemon .\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nformat summary genbank genbank ( full ) fasta asn . 1 xml insdseq xml tinyseq xml feature table accession list gi list gff3\ndb = nuccore | term = % 22kikihia % 22 | query = 1 | qty = 38 | blobid = ncid _ 1 _ 268768777 _ 130 . 14 . 22 . 215 _ 9001 _ 1531167446 _ 863710040 _ 0meta0 _ s _ megastore _ f _ 1 | ismultiple = false | min _ list = 5 | max _ list = 20 | def _ tree = 20 | def _ list = | def _ view = | url = / taxonomy / backend / subset . cgi ? | trace _ url = / stat ?\nfinds sub - sequence or patterns in the sequence and highlights the matching region . the tool works with standard single letter nucleotide or protein codes including ambiguities and can match prosite patterns in protein sequences . more . . .\nmarie - claude lariviere added an association between\nidentification guide to new zealand cicadas ( insecta : hemiptera : cicadidae )\nand\nnotopsalta\n.\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\n1 department of ecology and evolutionary biology , university of connecticut , 75 north eagleville rd . , ct 06269\n2 corresponding author , e - mail : ude . nnocu @ edaw . htebazile\ncopyright \u00a9 the author 2015 . published by oxford university press on behalf of the entomological society of america .\nthis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution non - commercial license ( urltoken ) , which permits non - commercial re - use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original work is properly cited . for commercial re - use , please contact journals . permissions @ urltoken\nphylogenetic and phylogeographic studies using mitochondrial and nuclear gene sequences have provided insight into the evolutionary history of the genus ( arensburger et al . 2004a , b ; marshall et al . 2008 , 2009 , 2011 ) . extensive field study and molecular investigation into this genus identified 20 contact zones between different species that are possible sites of hybridization ( marshall et al . 2011 ) . individuals found in these proposed hybrid zones possess morphological and acoustic traits that are intermediate between parental species found away from the hybrid zones . although species in the genus are estimated to have diverged more than 6 million years ago , hybridization seems confined to species that diverged 2 million years ago or less ( marshall et al . 2008 ) .\ncicada specimens were identified in the field based on morphology and song traits . taxonomic descriptions are pending for many\nspecies as denoted by informal names in quotes . populations located as far from putative hybrid zones as possible were chosen as species - typical or \u201cparental\u201d populations . subsequently , 24\u201336 individuals per species from 1 to 5 largely species - typical populations were investigated to test these new microsatellite markers (\n) . whole body specimens were placed in 95 % ethanol or three legs were removed and stored in 95 % ethanol and the bodies were pinned . all ethanol specimens are stored at \u221220\u00b0c .\n2 . 5 km n . of opawa river on sh1 , s . of grovestown\nspecies nw , k . \u201cnorthwestlandica\u201d ; sw , k . \u201csouthwestlandica\u201d ; mur , k . \u201cmurihikua\u201d ; muta , k . muta , k . \u201cnelsonensis , \u201d k . \u201ctuta , \u201d k . angusta ; n , number of specimens per population ; site code , the first two letters represent new zealand district codes and the last three letters are unique collecting location codes ; lat , latitude ; long , longitude ; e , elevation in meters\n) . pcr amplifications were performed in 15 \u00b5l reactions containing 0 . 4 u\npopulations for the six described primer pairs were multiplex amplified using the qiagen type - it microsatellite pcr kit according to the manufacturer\u2019s instructions ( qiagen , boston , ma ) , including an annealing temperature of 57\u00b0c for all multiplexed pcrs .\nf , forward primer sequence ; r , reverse primer sequence ; label , fluorescent label on 5\u2019 - end of forward primer ; s a , amplicon size range ; mm , multiplex mix ; n a , total number of alleles .\ngenemarker v2 . 2 . 0 ( softgenetics , llc , kalamazoo , mi ) was used to visualize and score alleles .\nfiles were converted between different formats using convert v1 . 31 ( glaubitz 2004 ) . arlequin v3 . 5 . 1 . 2 ( excoffier et al . 2005 ) was used to assess the number of alleles per locus , the allele frequencies , and expected and observed heterozygosity . deviations from hardy\u2013weinberg equilibrium ( hwe ) for each locus in each population were tested with genepop v4 . 2 . 1 ( rousset 2008 ) using the markov chain method . microchecker v2 . 2 . 3 ( van oosterhout et al . 2004 ) was used to test for the presence of null alleles and large allele dropout . microsatellite neutrality was tested using the fst - outlier method implemented in lositan ( beaumont and nichols 1996 , antao et al . 2008 ) . lositan was run for 100 simulations using the neutral mean fst and force mean fst settings for a 0 . 99 confidence interval and infinite alleles model .\n. only one marker , a553 , showed stutter patterns that made scoring of some individuals difficult . the largest peak was used , and individuals that were ambiguous because of stutter were marked as missing data . the other five markers had minimal stuttering that did not influence peak calling . the number of alleles per locus varied from 14 to 47 in a total of 213 individuals from seven species .\nn a , number of alleles ; n p , number of private alleles ; h o , observed heterozygosity ; h e , expected heterozygosity ; x , missing data . h e cells colored gray represent loci that violate hwe .\nantao t . , lopes a . , lopes r . j . , beja - pereira a . , luikart g . 2008 .\nlist of the specimens of homopterous insects in the collection of the british museum . part 1 , british museum ( natural history ) , london\ncopyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved\nenter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience on our website . by continuing to use our website , you are agreeing to our use of cookies . you can change your cookie settings at any time .\nin this paper , we examine a related question\u2014the degree to which clades identified using mtdna exhibit divergence in phenotypic traits functionally connected to reproductive isolation , a central process for many species concepts . in one of the few studies directly addressing this question , monaghan et al . ( 2006 ) found that morphological species of rivacindela beetles diagnosed using male genitalic traits were only loosely correlated with a classification obtained by dna barcoding and that several morphological species were incongruent with the mtdna phylogeny . pons et al . ( 2006 ) also compared results from dna taxonomy ( based on analysis of branch length patterns ) in beetles to results obtained from morphological analyses that included genitalia , and their results suggest that mtdna - based barcoding may be conservative compared with morphology - based methods . in a related analysis , hickerson et al . ( their fig . 5 2006 ) summarized a range of empirical studies and found that pairwise mtdna genetic distances were poor predictors of the degree of reproductive isolation .\nwhen mate - attracting signals can be easily measured ( mainly acoustic , vibratory , visual\u2014and typically of males ) , the characters comprising these signals often distinguish closest relatives more effectively than do genitalia or other morphological attributes , an observation that may be related to ( 1 ) greater evolutionary lability of behavioral traits and ( 2 ) the fact that sexual signals function earlier in the mating sequence ( alexander 1964 , alexander et al . 1997 ) . these qualities make sexual pair - forming signals attractive as taxonomic indicators and potentially useful for examining the correspondence of mtdna phylogeography with early stages of phenotypic divergence and reproductive isolation ( e . g . , salzburger et al . 2002 ) .\nphylogenetic analysis was conducted using maximum likelihood ( ml ) because of the need for good branch - length estimates . maximum parsimony methods do not correct for multiple hits , and branch lengths in bayesian likelihood\u2013based analyses can be strongly affected by choices of prior probability distributions ( e . g . , marshall et al . 2006 , brown 2010 , marshall 2010 ) . we used garli - part version 0 . 97 ( see zwickl 2006 ) to obtain our phylogenetic tree . garli - part allows data partitioning , which has been shown to lead to improvements in phylogenetic inference in bayesian likelihood - based analyses ( e . g . , nylander et al . 2004 , brown and lemmon 2007 ) as well as in genetic distance estimates ( papadopoulou et al . 2010 ) .\nin the ml analysis , five independent partitioned garli runs from random starting trees , using the best - fit model for each data partition , were conducted to verify repeatable convergence on a single best topology and branch length solution . node support was estimated by a nonparametric bootstrap of 100 pseudoreplicates , implemented in a separate garli analysis .\nfield recordings of cicada song were made using a sony tcd - d8 dat digital recorder , a marantz pmd - 660 compact flash recorder , or a marantz pmd - 670 compact flash recorder , combined with a sennheiser me - 62 omnidirectional microphone mounted in a sony pbr - 330 parabolic reflector . songs were sampled at 44 . 1 or 48 khz . canary version 1 . 2 . 1 ( cornell bioacoustics laboratory , ithaca , ny ) was used to visualize song patterns in the form of oscillograms ( plots of sound intensity over time or waveforms ) .\nhomology assessments of song characters are facilitated by knowledge of which male song element elicits female replies ( song structure across the genus is shown in fig . 1 ) . ad hoc trials using simulated female wing - flick replies ( e . g . , finger snaps ) and free - flying males allowed us to determine the correct placement of the female reply for each of the song types . males of all taxa flew readily to the observer when simulated wing flicks were made only after the correct cueing component of the song ( see the caption of fig . 1 ) . in many species , the cue is repeated several times in series and / or alternated with an additional song element ( minor - cue ) that does not elicit female replies .\nthe statistical correlation between song phenotype and mtdna haplotype was examined using arlequin v 3 . 1 . 1 ( excoffier et al . 2005 ) . individual sequences were grouped according to song phenotype ( as coded in fig . 2 of results ) , and an analysis of molecular variance was conducted to estimate the fraction of genetic variation explained by the resulting song groupings . significance was assessed using a null distribution of the test statistic obtained using 1000 random permutations of the data .\nthe gmyc model was fitted to the resulting chronogram in r across the interval range from 0 to 10 ( wider interval settings were explored to confirm that this did not change the outcome ) . both single - and multiple - threshold models were examined using the log - likelihood test provided in the gmyc package . because initial results identified nearly all the tip branches as putative species , we re - ran the analyses with identical haplotypes reduced to single exemplars following ahrens et al . ( 2007 ) . the gmyc package also produced a lineage - through - time ( ltt ) plot , which we visually evaluated for changes in branching rate .\nto compare dna divergence levels of candidate species , pairwise genetic distance values were calculated in paup * for all the mtdna clades identified using the gmyc technique plus three geographically coherent clades identified visually and diagnosed in some preliminary analyses . for each clade , two sequences were selected to represent the maximum and minimum root - to - tip distance within the group . then , the distance between two clades was estimated using the average of the four interclade distances measured between the representative sequences . uncorrected ( p ) pairwise distances were calculated as well as with model - corrected ml distances using the model parameters estimated from the garli analysis . finally , the same pairwise distance relationships were calculated by summing path lengths on the ml tree for comparison with the paup * distances . for these comparisons , haplotypes corresponding to isolated cases of hybridization in contact zones ( see below ) were excluded .\nthe best - fitting model for the first data partition ( first - and second codon positions ) was gtr + i + \u03b3 , whereas gtr + \u03b3 was best fitting for the third codon positions . the akaike information criterion weights for the best - fit model were 0 . 895 and 0 . 760 , respectively , for the first - and second position sites combined and for the third position sites alone .\nnotes : descriptions of characters are as follows : a , introductory section present : 0 = no , 1 = yes ; b , introductory section form : 0 = syllable rate uniform ( \u201cbuzz\u201d ) , 1 = syllable rate accelerating ( \u201czeet\u201d ) ; c , delay before cueing section : 0 = equal to delay between major song cues , 1 = half as long ; d , minor - cue : 0 = absent , 1 = present ; e , primary doublet form : 0 = out - click suppressed , much quieter than in - click , 1 = in - and out - clicks both loud , often equal amplitude . this song character is correlated with a morphological difference in the timbal ( 0 = five ribs , 1 = four ribs ) ; f , extended cueing section : 0 = absent , 1 = present . species with an extended cueing section produce more than 50 repeated cues in the average cueing phrase ; g , amplitude modulation pattern of introductory section : 0 = absent ( steady amplitude ) , 1 = high\u2013low\u2013high , 2 = low\u2013high .\nadditional gmyc analyses conducted with congeneric sequences removed ( all k . muta complex data only , muta group only , and westlandica group only ) did not give the same results as the whole - genus analysis . some tests failed to find a statistically significant shift in branching rate , and all yielded different sets of diagnosed mtdna clades ( data not shown ) .\nthe tcs analysis diagnosed 9 geographically coherent mtdna clades ( fig . 5 ) , 5 of them matching song - defined groups ( note that the clade containing groups m1 and m2 is geographically coherent when the distribution of alluvial lowlands is considered ) . six of these ( n1 , n2 , n3 , aw , t , and ws1 ) corresponded to clades diagnosed using the gmyc method .\nuncorrected mtdna sequence divergence ( concatenated coi + coii ) within the k . muta complex ranged up to 6 . 7 % for comparisons between individuals of the most divergent k . muta groups ( table 6 ) . this maximum corresponds to an ml model\u2013corrected distance of 0 . 104 expected substitutions / site . pairwise distances inferred by summing branch lengths on the ml tree were larger than the paup * - corrected pairwise distances , with the maximum contrast reaching 0 . 116 s / s ( data not shown ) , presumably because of the influence of topological information on model parameter estimates .\nwhen individual cases of likely hybridization and introgression were excluded from consideration ( see below ) , average uncorrected distances between mtdna clades within individual song species ranged from 0 . 7 % to 2 . 4 % in most cases ( 0 . 008\u20130 . 028 s / s , model - corrected distance ) ( see gray cells in table 6 ) . contrasts involving likely hybridization in contact zones ( not shown , and excluded from outlined cells in table 6 ) , involved much larger pairwise distances ranging up to 0 . 060 uncorrected s / s ( 0 . 087 s / s corrected distance ) . no genetic \u201cgap\u201d or break - separated values of within song\u2013species contrasts from between song\u2013species contrasts , and identical values were observed in comparisons of some within - and between - species contrasts ( e . g . , n1 or n2 vs . t3 in table 6 ) .\ncomparatively few species have been described solely on the basis of sexual mate attracting signals . the taxonomic significance of songs in the \u201csinging insects\u201d ( crickets , katydids , and cicadas ) was not recognized until the early 20th century ( e . g . , fulton 1915 , davis 1922 , alexander 1964 ) , and the use of songs in taxonomic studies has been steadily increasing ( e . g . , lloyd 1990 , henry 1994 , otte 1994 , marshall and cooley 2000 , percy et al . 2006 , sueur and puissant 2007 , sueur et al . 2007 , gogala et al . 2008 , tobias et al . 2010 ) . our results validate the anticipated utility of sexual signals for identifying clades in the earliest stages of population differentiation .\nthe genetic distance estimates suggest no clear genetic \u201cbreak , \u201d or bimodal distribution , to support a threshold that could be applied to distinguish \u201cintraspecific\u201d and \u201cinterspecific\u201d comparisons in our mtdna trees ( see also mallet et al . 2007 ) . early studies suggesting that such gaps are prevalent may have suffered from insufficient geographic or population sampling within species ( moritz and cicero 2004 ) , so there may be little hope for automated species delimitation based on such thresholds ( see also meyer and paulay 2005 , vogler and monaghan 2007 ) .\ninterestingly , the gmyc single - threshold model also grouped six of the non - k . muta congeners into three clusters of two species each . one of these splits , k . cutora exulis and k . cutora cutora , involves a kermadec islands subspecies with minimal , if any , song divergence from its north island relative and another , k . rosea rosea and acoustica , involves two taxa with minimal song divergence . the third , murihikua and k . angusta , is a suspected case of recent mtdna introgression ( see above ) . although additional refinements of the gmyc technique are apparently needed before it can be applied in a repeatable manner across data sets , it does appear that the single - threshold method can serve as a useful heuristic tool for detecting independent lineages when used in combination with other information .\nalthough songs in the k . muta complex seem to change reliably soon after lineages begin to diverge ( fig . 4b ) , we know from other groups that song evolution does not always precede significant morphological and / or ecological divergence . for example , r . leptomera , a beach - grass cicada of north island , and r . microdora , a shrub cicada of the eastern north and south islands , are morphologically and ecologically distinctive , yet their complex songs are all but identical ( see also maoricicada iolanthe and m . campbelli \u2014 buckley et al . 2006 ) . failure of advertisement signals to distinguish some morphologically identifiable species was also noted in a recent study of neotropical frogs ( padial et al . 2009 ) . such examples are rare ; however , we are aware of fewer than 10 cases out of the hundreds of morphologically distinctive species that we have recorded .\nthis work was supported by the national science foundation [ deb 05 - 29679 , deb - 04 - 22386 , deb - 06 - 19012 ( reu ) , deb 07 - 20664 , deb 09 - 55849 ] ; the university of connecticut research foundation faculty large grants program ; and the new zealand marsden fund .\nasymmetric viability of reciprocal - cross hybrids between crested and marbled newts ( triturus cristatus and t . marmoratus )\nthe promise of dna taxonomy . philos . trans . r . soc . lond\nrapid morphological radiation and convergence among races of the butterfly heliconius erato inferred from patterns of mitochondrial dna evolution . proc . natl . acad . sci . u . s . a\nevolution of new zealand ' s terrestrial fauna : a review of molecular evidence . philos . trans . r . soc . lond\nthe fate of clades in a world of recurrent climatic change : milankovitch oscillations and evolution . ann . rev . ecol\nlohse k . 2009 . can mtdna barcodes be used to delimit species ? a response to pons . ( 2006 ) . syst . biol . 59 : 439\u2013442\nreverse taxonomy : an approach towards determining the diversity of meiobenthic organisms based on ribosomal rna signature sequences . philos . trans . r . soc . lond\nglacial refugia and reticulate evolution : the case of the tasmanian eucalypts . philos trans . r . soc . lond\npapadopoulou a . , monaghan m . t . , barraclough t . g . , vogler a . p . 2009 . sampling error does not invalidate the yule - coalescent model for species delimitation . a response to lohse ( 2009 ) . syst . biol . 58 : 442\u2013444\nthe nature of the lower north island floristic gap . n . z . j . bot\nenvironmentally - induced modification of the chirp length of males of the true katydid , pterophylla camellifolia ( f . ) ( orthoptera : tettigoniidae )\nconflict between nuclear and mitochondrial dna phylogenies of a recent species radiation : what mtdna reveals and conceals about modes of speciation in hawaiian crickets . proc . natl . acad . sci . u . s . a\nusing new zealand examples to teach darwin ' s \u201corigin of species : \u201d lessons from molecular phylogenetic studies of cicadas . n . z . sci . rev\npaup * . phylogenetic analysis using parsimony ( * and other methods ) . version 4\na cladistic analysis of phenotypic associations with haplotypes inferred from restriction endonuclease mapping and dna sequence data . iii . cladogram estimation\n\u00a9 the author ( s ) 2011 . published by oxford university press , on behalf of the society of systematic biologists . all rights reserved . for permissions , please email : journals . permissions @ urltoken\noxford university press is a department of the university of oxford . it furthers the university ' s objective of excellence in research , scholarship , and education by publishing worldwide\nfor full access to this pdf , sign in to an existing account , or purchase an annual subscription .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; no other information is captured .\nin general , only the information that you provide , or the choices you make while visiting a web site , can be stored in a cookie . for example , the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it . allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer , and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\ncicada season in new zealand begins in november and lasts throughout their summer months .\nthe species maoricicada hamiltoni ( myers , 1926 ) aka hamilton\u2019s cicada , in particular , emerges in november . m . hamiltoni is known for its abundant hair - like setulae ( see an image on this page ) .\nnew zealand cicadas ( hemiptera : cicadidae ) : a virtual identification guide ( landcareresearch . co . nz ) a wonderful web site . includes a visual identification guide , checklist , and image gallery . photos of dozens of species .\ncicada central : new zealand ( uconn . edu ) cicada central\u2019s new zealand cicada pages .\nsuzy\u2019s world cicada page ( suzy . co . nz ) fun , kid - friendly presentation of cicada information .\nan encyclopaedia of new zealand ( teara . govt . nz ) three paragraphs of information .\nintroducing cicadas ( teara . govt . nz ) photos , sounds and 4 paragraphs of information .\nwe have around 40 species of cicada in new zealand , and probably the most familiar to us is the clapping cicada , which is actually two very closely related species that form the basis of our summer soundtrack in much of the country .\nawesome cicada photos from new zealand : steve reekie is a great nature photographer . take a look at some of his cicada photos : gone but not forgotten , chorus cicada , cicada nymph , and little grass cicada\nsave my name , email , and website in this browser for the next time i comment ."]}
{"id": 1731, "summary": [{"text": "onthophagus is a genus of dung beetles in the onthophagini tribe of the wider scarab beetle family , scarabaeidae .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "it is the most species-rich and widespread genus in the subfamily scarabaeinae ( the ' true ' dung beetles ) , with a global distribution . ", "topic": 27}], "title": "onthophagus", "paragraphs": ["habitus ( oblique and lateral views ) of onthophagus males ( holotypes , except 3\u20134 ) . 1\u20132 onthophagus abmisibilus 3\u20134 onthophagus catenatus , vicinity of mt hagen 5\u20136 onthophagus kokodanus kokodanus 7\u20138 onthophagus kokodanus hagenaltus .\nthis scarab could be confused with onthophagus of similar color and medium size ( more than 10 mm ) : onthophagus nigriventris and digitonthophagus gazella .\nonthophagus males ( holotypes , except 13 , 15 , 18 ) . 9\u201311 , 21 onthophagus kokosquamatus ; 12 , 17 onthophagus abmisibilus ; 13 , 18 onthophagus catenatus , vicinity of mt hagen 14 , 15 , 19 onthophagus kokodanus kokodanus , 15 minor male e pt moresby 16 , 20 onthophagus k hagenaltus . 9\u201310 habitus ( oblique and lateral views ) 11\u201316 head and pronotum in dorsofrontal view 17\u201321 parameres in lateral view ( scales 1 mm ) .\nonthophagus nigriventris male genitalia , caudal view ; photo by e . l . engasser\nonthophagus nigriventris male genitalia , lateral view ; photo by e . l . engasser\nonthophagus kokodanus hagenaltus subsp . n . \u2013 papua new guinea ( western highlands )\nr\u00e9vision des onthophagus de l\u2019archipel indo - n\u00e9erlandais , avec description des esp\u00e8ces nouvelles .\n.\nles onthophagus ( coleoptera , scarabaeidae ) des \u00eeles philippines\n. \u2013\nall four species included in the onthophagus catenatus group are formally placed in the nominotypical subgenus .\nonthophagus kokodanus kokodanus subsp . n . \u2013 papua new guinea ( e of port moresby )\n.\nneue onthophagus - arten von neu - guinea and den benachbarten inseln\n. \u2013\nhunt j , simmons lw . status - dependent selection in the dimorphic beetle onthophagus taurus .\nfour new taxa from new guinea are proposed in the dung beetle genus onthophagus latreille , 1802 , all in the operational group of onthophagus catenatus lansberge , 1883 . the group is discussed , defined , and the five taxa included are listed , keyed , and diagnosed . three new species are described : onthophagus abmisibilus ( from west new guinea , indonesia ) , onthophagus kokodanus , onthophagus kokosquamatus ( both from papua new guinea ) . one new species comprises a lowland and an upland subspecies : onthophagus kokodanus kokodanus and kokodanus hagenaltus ( both in papua new guinea ) .\nphylogenetics and biogeography of the dung beetle genus onthophagus inferred from mitochondrial genomes . - pubmed - ncbi\ntaxonomy of papuasian onthophagus : twenty new species and their relatives ( coleoptera : scarabaeidae : scarabaeinae ) .\nnew guinea onthophagus : taxonomy of ten new small , unicolour species ( coleoptera : scarabaeidae : scarabaeinae ) .\nnew guinea onthophagus : taxonomy of ten small , unicolored new species ( coleoptera : scarabaeidae : scarabaeinae ) .\ngenital morphology and fertilization success in the dung beetle onthophagus taurus : an example of sexually selected male genitalia .\nhunt j , simmons lw . maternal and paternal effects on offspring phenotype in the dung beetle onthophagus taurus .\ndiversity in the weapons of sexual selection : horn evolution in the beetle genus onthophagus ( coleoptera : scarabaeidae ) .\nthe mega - diverse subcosmopolitan genus onthophagus is currently represented by approximately 2 , 000 species worldwide ( scarabnet 2009 ) .\ndetails of morphology of onthophagus . 22\u201326 onthophagus abmisibilus , holotype 27\u201332 onthophagus catenatus , male , vicinity of mt hagen 32 female , n pt moresby 22 , 27 , 32 head in dorsal view 23 , 28 pronotum in dorsal view 24 , 29 elytron in dorsal view 25 , 30 protibia , upper side 26 , 31 metatibia , underside . scales 1 mm .\n.\na new record of onthophagus ( sunenaga ) wallacei ( coleoptera , scarabaeidae ) from halmahera , maluku\n. \u2013\nnew guinea onthophagus : taxonomy of ten small , unicolored new species ( coleoptera : scarabaeidae : scarabaeinae ) . - pubmed - ncbi\nthis species could be confused with the similarly colored and medum - sized ( more than 10 mm ) digitonthophagus gazella and onthophagus sagittarius .\n.\nsix new taxon [ sic ] of the subgenus indachoriusof the genus onthophagus ( coleoptera : scarabaeidae ) from borneo\n. \u2013\ndiversity in the weapons of sexual selection : horn evolution in the beetle genus onthophagus ( coleoptera : scarabaeidae ) . - pubmed - ncbi\nmoczek ap , emlen dj . male horn dimorphism in the scarab beetle , onthophagus taurus : do alternative reproductive tactics favour alternative phenotypes ?\nhuijbregts j ( 2012 ) . new guinea onthophagus : taxonomy of ten small , unicolored new species ( coleoptera : scarabaeidae : scarabaeinae ) .\nwhat made you want to look up onthophagus ? please tell us where you read or heard it ( including the quote , if possible ) .\nreiche , l . ( 1840 ) note sur deux esp\u00e8ces d ' onthophagus . revue et magasin de zoologie , pure et appliqu\u00e9e , 3 , 243\u2013244 .\nno reason is provided by smith ( 2009 : 43 ) for treating the senior name onthophagus curvicornis latreille 1812 as synonym of the junior name onthophagus incensus say 1835 . it may be that there is a homonymy , or that the senior name is for some reason unavailable , but further research would be required to determine this\nsimonnet f , moczek ap ( 2011 ) conservation and diversification of gene function during mouthpart development in onthophagus beetles . evol dev 13 : 280 - 289 . doi :\nto cite this page : roof , j . 1999 .\nonthophagus australis\n( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken\ngoogle scholar ( 2016 ) [ digital resource with search terms :\ndigitonthophagus gazella\nor\nonthophagus gazella\n] . available from urltoken [ accessed 25 august 2016 ] .\nonthophagus species are boxed up in red . this picture is taken in the raffles museum of biodiversity research , national university of singapore , singapore . picture by m . y neo .\nas o . semifex is not individually studied till date , many of its ecology habits are not well documented . however , their characteristics can be possibly inferred from the other onthophagus relatives .\nthe red arrows indicate the cupreous appearance on the onthophagus species . this picture is taken in the raffles musuem of biodiveristy research , national university of singapore , singapore . picture is by m . y . neo\ndetails of morphology of onthophagus kokosquamatus ( male holotype ) 45 head in dorsal view 46 pronotum and head armature in dorsal view 47 elytron in dorsal view 48 protibia , upper side 49 metatibia , underside . scales 1 mm .\ndetails of morphology of onthophagus ( holotypes , except 38 , 44 ) . 33\u201338 o . k . kokodanus , 38 female paratype , e pt moresby 39\u201344 onthophagus kokodanus hagenaltus 44 minor male paratype , mt hagen 33 , 38 , 39 , 44 head in dorsal view 34 , 40 pronotum and head armature in dorsal view 35 , 41 elytron in dorsal view 36 , 42 protibia , upper side 37 , 43 metatibia , underside . scales 1 mm .\nscarab beetles of the genus onthophagus latreille north of mexico ( coleoptera : scarabaeidae ) howden h . f . , cartwright o . l . 1963 . proc . u . s . nat . mus . 114 : 1 - 135 .\nkrikken , j . & huijbregts , j . ( 2008 ) . distinguishing the sundaland species in the onthophagus ( parascatonomus ) aurifex group ( coleoptera : scarabaeidae : scarabaeinae ) . tijdschrift voor entomologie . pp . 151 : 173 - 185 .\nemlen , d . j . & nijhout , f . h . ( 1999 ) . hormal control of male horn length dimorphism in the dung beetle onthophagus taurus ( coleoptera : scarabaeidae ) . journal of insect physiology . pp . 45 : 45 - 53 .\nonthophagus fracticornis ( preyssler , 1790 ) : tronquet ( 2014 ) : 387 . [ statut pour la france m\u00e9tropolitaine ] tronquet , m . [ coord . ] 2014 . catalogue des col\u00e9opt\u00e8res de france . revue de l\u2019association roussillonnaise d\u2019entomologie , 23 ( suppl\u00e9ment ) : 1 - 1052 .\nyour discussions , opinions and reviews for this site will be greatly appreciated . if you have any new information on onthophagus semifex that you wish to be added in , do leave your reference material and your contact in the discussion box below . your request will be attended as soon as possible .\nonthophagus is the most diverse tunneling dung beetle genus , with over 2 , 000 species described [ 32 ] . in the united states alone , there are at least 35 native onthophagus spp . [ 32 ] and at least 5 more introduced , naturalized , non - native species [ 33 \u2013 35 ] . all of these species are known to be dung specialists . onthophagus taurus , the bull - headed dung beetle , is one of the most abundant dung beetles specialized on cattle dung . it is a native of the mediterranean , was first found in florida in 1974 [ 36 ] , and has increased its distribution throughout the u . s . ever since [ 37 ] . although native dung beetles such as o . hecate and o . pennsylvanicus are also found in agricultural habitats , o . taurus is the most abundant beetle in these settings . however , o . taurus is uncommon in non - agricultural ecosystems [ 37 ] .\ncitation : estes am , hearn dj , snell - rood ec , feindler m , feeser k , abebe t , et al . ( 2013 ) brood ball - mediated transmission of microbiome members in the dung beetle , onthophagus taurus ( coleoptera : scarabaeidae ) . plos one 8 ( 11 ) : e79061 . urltoken\nthis dataset contains the digitized treatments in plazi based on the original journal article krikken , j . , huijbregts , j . ( 2013 ) : new guinea onthophagus : taxonomy of ten small , unicolored new species ( coleoptera : scarabaeidae : scarabaeinae ) . zootaxa 3619 ( 5 ) : 501 - 525 , doi :\nbianchin , i . , alves , r . g . o . & koller , w . w . ( 1998 ) efeito de carrapaticidas / inseticidas \u201cpour - on\u201d sobre adultos do besouro copr\u00f3fago africano onthophagus gazella fabr . ( coleoptera : scarabaeidae ) . anais da sociedade entomol\u00f3gica do brasil , 27 , 275\u2013279 . urltoken\nthe presence of an isolated conical protrusion right in front of the horns is shared with other new guinea species , like onthophagus heurni gillet , 1930 and joliveti paulian , 1973 , which may be confusing . the males of both these species , however , have on their horns , which are more or less erect , a distinct basal - internal lobe or denticle , and their eyes are narrow .\nthere are currently six onthophagus species that can still be found in the uk ( extant species ) and two that are now thought to be extinct . in many species , males have a noticeably pointed horn on the posterior margin of the head . the beetles can also be sexed by looking at the abdomen \u2013 in females the pygidium is uniform in width and , in males it is narrower in the middle ( see image below ) .\nbased on the nutritionally incomplete diet dung provides , the nesting behavior of the female , and the larval feeding behavior , we hypothesize that a vertically transmitted microbiome is present that is transmitted through the brood ball in the dung beetle , onthophagus taurus . here we use a sterile rearing technique along with culture based and molecular methods to assess the potential for microbiome transmission and inheritance of the bull headed dung beetle , o . taurus , through the brood ball .\nestablished . there is conflicting information regarding the arrival of this species to hawaii . markin and yoshioka ( 1998 ) reported that onthophagus sagittarius was purposely released on oahu in 1957 and 1958 . however , harris et al . ( 1982 ) stated that the species was accidentally introduced . regardless , this scarab is now established on both molokai and oahu , where it is one of the most commonly encountered dung beetles ( nishida , 2002 ; harris et al . , 1982 ) .\nmany of the species on earth have yet to be described or documented , thus they are still unknown and not recognized for their ecological influences on nature and man . luckily for onthophagus semifex , several aspects of its biology are described in the year 2008 , though it is still relatively incomplete and insufficient as compared to many other renowned animals . but to be able to gain an official name , this little dung beetle is fortunate enough to enter the encyclopedia of life before its extinction .\no . semifex , similar to other onthophagus tropical dung beetles , may locate their food resource by smell . they fly in a zig - zag manner , usually one meter or less above ground and land close to the source of the odour . they are also known to be tunnellers , which they bury the dung in preformed burrows . they transport their food fast owing to resource competition by other dung beetles , necrophagous beetles and flies ( hanski , 1989 ; philips et al . , 2004 ) .\nlike related onthophagus species , this nocturnal scarab is a dung tunneler , with the female creating a burrow under or near a fresh dung source ( simmons and emlen , 2008 ) . the burrow is then provisioned with dung in the form of brood balls . each ball is impregnated with an egg ; larval development occurs within the brood ball . this species is confined to tropical areas that experience warm , wet summers , and annual rainfall over 800 mm ( 31 . 5 in ) ( edwards , 2007 ) .\ntill date , there are currently eight dung beetle representatives belonging to the o . aurifex species group , under the genus onthophagus of latreille , 1802 . o . aurifex was made the \u2018type\u2019 of this group . furthermore the group has been divided into two complexes - the o . aurifex complex and the o . sarawacus complex in a recent article published by tarasov et al . ( 2010 ) . in this , the authors classified four representatives in the o . aurifex complex , which are characterized by their shiny metallic upper - side body .\nfigures 1 \u2013 8 . habitus ( oblique view ) of onthophagus species , with indication of body length . 1 , o . acerus , holotype , , 6 mm ; 2 , o . aceroides , holotype , 5 mm ; 3 , o . baiyericus , holotype , 5 mm ; 4 , o . mimikanus , female holotype , 6 mm ; 5 , o . kokopygus , holotype , 3 mm ; 6 , o . daymanus , holotype , 4 . 5 mm ; 7 , o . kokocellosus , holotype , 4 . 5 mm ; 8 , o . bituberoculus , female paratype , timika , 7 mm .\ntotal body length 10 . 0\u201313 . 0 mm ( 0 . 39\u20130 . 52 in ) . body shape oval ; may be caked in dung . color dark brown ; elytra pale brown . medium - sized onthophagus , more than 10 mm . clypeal apex rounded to sinuate ; not strongly produced or reflexed in either sex . head of male with paired tusk - like horns on the clypeus ; female with single horn on the frons . ocular canthus not completely dividing eye . pronotum with anterior angle rounded . pronotum of male with broad , hump - like process ; female with spine - like process . front tibia of male and female similar . scutellum absent .\ndiagnosis . clypeal apex bidentate ; major males have their denticles set on a reflexed lobe ( emargination between denticles not going down to base of lobe ) , this lobe on either side delimited by a sinuate border ( contrary to o . dissidentatus ) . clypeus and frons in both sexes without any further protrusions ( contrary to o . dissidentatus ) . onthophagus kokodentatus usually shiny black ( occasionally with metallic lustre ) ; most of dorsum distinctly , finely punctate , punctation varying in strength . eye foramina narrow . pronotum entirely evenly convex , lateral and basal borders evenly , widely rounded . proximal serrate section of protibia long ( 8 \u2013 10 very small denticles ) . pygidium simply punctate . body length usually 3 . 5 \u2013 4 . 5 mm .\nadults fly into the dung pat to feed and mate . beneath the dung pat , the juvenile life stages of onthophagus taurus are isolated in the brood chamber of the brood balls constructed by the female beetles in tunnels . females lay several brood balls in each tunnel that would all be at the same developmental stage . however , for illustrative purposes all life stages are represented in one tunnel . these stages include the : ( a ) egg , ( b ) 1 st larval instar , ( c ) 2 nd larval instar , ( d ) 3 rd larval instar , ( e ) pupa , and ( f ) an eclosing adult beetle that is tunneling toward the surface . the brood ball chamber is larger with each successive life stage as the larva feeds on the chamber walls within the brood ball . the top inset shows ( g ) the fecal pedestal the egg is positioned upon in brood ball . the bottom inset shows ( h ) the larval instar feeding on the walls of the brood ball chamber .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\n37 in our area , 130 in the new world , > 1500 spp . total\nthe scarabaeoid beetles of nebraska brett c . ratcliffe & m . j . paulsen . 2008 . university of nebraska state museum , vol 22 , 570 pp .\npeterson field guides : beetles richard e . white . 1983 . houghton mifflin company .\nscarab beetles ( coleoptera : scarabaeidae ) of south carolina phillip j . harpootlian . 2001 . clemson university public service .\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\na team dump downloadable identification guide is available , please click here . this guide was produced with funding from a british ecological society outreach grant awarded to dump team member ceri watkins in 2016 .\nthis species tends to be found in locations with a slightly heavier soil type i . e . some clay content . the brood burrows are vertically constructed with no side chambers and the brood balls are stacked one on top of the other .\ndistribution : south to central england and wales , absent from north england and scotland .\nthis beetle was formerly found in good numbers in hampshire but has declined massively in this area . it is now most frequently found in the mendip hills in somerset but , even here it remains rare .\ndistribution : south england , less common central england and wales . absent from scotland .\nthis species prefers alluvial soils and it is therefore most often found on riverside pastures and flood plains .\nthis species was widespread but is now rare . it is a sandy soils specialist \u2013 most often found on sand dunes .\na large and very distinctive looking beetle . the males have two long curved horns which are lacking in the female .\ndistribution : the last mainland record for this species was in the 1800\u2019s . it is still present in the channel islands .\nprivacy & cookies : this site uses cookies . by continuing to use this website , you agree to their use . to find out more , including how to control cookies , see here : cookie policy\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\n1913 ) , which shows a distribution restricted to tropical east african highlands and cool temperate highlands of south africa .\ntunnelling species are predominantly from cattle dung with a few records from buffalo , giant forest hog , zebra , and elephant dung ( australian csiro 1970 - 1986 , unpublished records ) . it has been recorded entirely from finer - grained soils , especially lateritic sandy clay loam , but occasionally also on black cotton clay or sandy loam . all records are from open vegetation , particularly extensive highland pastures and grassland , but it has occasionally been found in pastures within forest or woodland clearings .\nsome environmental characteristics for 48 locality records are as follows : altitude : mean : 1 , 929 \u00b1 357 ( s . d . ) , range : 812 - 2 , 509 m ; annual rainfall : mean : 1 , 004 \u00b1 254 ( s . d . ) , range : 538 - 1 , 623 mm ; annual temperature : mean : 17 . 0 \u00b1 2 . 3 ( s . d . ) , range : 13 . 9 - 23 . 4 o c ( max . + min . / 2 ) .\nalthough this species is clustered around forested highlands , primarily in east africa , it has been frequently collected on cattle dung in open vegetation , which suggests that it is not affected by any major threats to forest habitats .\nthere are no species - specific conservation actions in place for this species , and it is unlikely that any actions are required at present , as it is frequently recorded in the open vegetation of farming areas .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\neast africa . this species is native to moist highlands in eastern africa . it also was introduced to australia ( tyndale - biscoe , 1990 ) .\nnone . this species feeds on dung as both an adult and larva . there are no records of this beetle feeding on live plant tissues .\n( tyndale - biscoe , 1990 ) : adults of this diurnal species live 2\u20134 months . during that time , adults actively fly in search of fresh dung . females create oval - shaped brood balls in burrows constructed under or near dung . development from egg to adult requires 4\u20137 weeks . there are multiple generations per year .\nnone . this species recycles dung and is beneficial for ranching and farming in hawaii . primarily being a dung feeder , this species has never been recorded damaging crop or ornamental plants . additionally , this species is not a threat to native dung beetles because none occur in hawaii or guam .\nestablished . in hawaii , this species was imported in 1975 to big island and maui to combat the horn fly ( haematobia irritans ) , a biting pest of livestock ( markin and yoshioka , 1998 ) . it is established in the highlands of both islands , being rare on maui ( krushelnycky et al . , 2007 ) but more common on big island ( markin and yoshioka , 1998 ) .\nnot established or recorded . there are no records of this species from guam .\nmajor males are readily separated by examining the head armature ( o . nigriventris lacking horns on head versus d . gazella with 2 short , upward curving horns and o . sagittarius with 2 tusk - like horns ) .\nminor males and females can be separated by examining base of the head ( o . nigriventris with a sinuate ridge versus d . gazella with straight , transverse ridge versus o . sagittarius with single horn ) .\nsoutheastern asia . this species is native to southeastern asia , where it has been recorded from malaysia , indochina ( hawaiian entomological society , 1964 ) , india ( chandra , 2000 ) , and sri lanka ( edwards , 2007 ) . this species was introduced to australia ( edwards , 2007 ) .\nnone . this species recycles dung and is beneficial for ranching and farming in hawaii . primarily being a dung feeder , this species has never been recorded damaging crop or ornamental plants . additionally , this scarab is not a threat to native dung beetles because none occur in hawaii or guam .\nmajor males of these species can quickly be distinguished by examination of the head armature ( o . sagittarius with two tusk - like horns on the clypeus versus o . nigriventris without horns or ridges , d . gazella with two short , upward curving horns at the base of the head ) .\nfemales and can be separated by examining the base of the head ( o . sagittarius with a single horn o . nigriventris with a sinuate ridge , d . gazella with a straight , transverse ridge ) .\nthe range of the native dung beetle is over most of southeastern australia . it can be found from southern queensland to tasmania and south australia .\nthe most distinctive feature is the segmented antennae . this antennae forms a club containing three to seven leaves . these leaves can be expanded or folded together to form one compact club . the beetle is brightly colored . the surface of the dung beetle ' s head varies , but it is short , broad , and partially deflexed . the eyes are oval and prominent . the wings are large and well - developed .\nnative dung beetles emerge mainly during late summer into fall . for the first several weeks they are in a\nmaturation feeding stage\n. a majority of beetles are in the adult stage during the winter . ocassionally eggs are laid in the fall , which then emerge in spring .\nit is unclear what the exact function of food balls is in the life cycle of the native dung beetle . while most beetles store dung in food chambers before reproduction , the native dung beetle forms food balls during reproduction . this leads to\nbeing the only beetle found in dung when the first population of bush flies begin oviposition in the spring .\nliving in australia , new zealand , tasmania , new guinea and associated islands .\nhaving body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves . animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides , as well as anterior and posterior ends . synapomorphy of the bilateria .\nthe area in which the animal is naturally found , the region in which it is endemic .\na terrestrial biome . savannas are grasslands with scattered individual trees that do not form a closed canopy . extensive savannas are found in parts of subtropical and tropical africa and south america , and in australia .\na grassland with scattered trees or scattered clumps of trees , a type of community intermediate between grassland and forest . see also tropical savanna and grassland biome .\na terrestrial biome found in temperate latitudes ( > 23 . 5\u00b0 n or s latitude ) . vegetation is made up mostly of grasses , the height and species diversity of which depend largely on the amount of moisture available . fire and grazing are important in the long - term maintenance of grasslands .\nthe beetles of the united states . ross arnett . the american entomological institute . loudonville , new york . 1968 .\nphenology of o . australis . marina tyndale - biscoe and josephine walker . australian journal of zoology . volume 40 ( 3 ) .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nbreeschoten t 1 , doorenweerd c 2 , tarasov s 3 , vogler ap 4 .\ndepartment of life sciences , natural history museum , cromwell road , london sw7 5bd , united kingdom ; naturalis biodiversity center , darwinweg 2 , 2333 cr leiden , the netherlands ; institute biology leiden , leiden university , sylviusweg 72 , 2333 be leiden , the netherlands . electronic address : thijmen . breeschoten @ gmail . com .\nnaturalis biodiversity center , darwinweg 2 , 2333 cr leiden , the netherlands ; institute for biodiversity and ecosystem dynamics , university of amsterdam , science park 904 , 1098 xh amsterdam , the netherlands .\nnational institute for mathematical and biological synthesis , university of tennessee , 1122 volunteer blvd , ste . 106 , knoxville , tn 37996 , usa .\ndepartment of life sciences , natural history museum , cromwell road , london sw7 5bd , united kingdom ; department of life sciences , silwood park campus , imperial college london , buckhurst road , ascot sl5 7py , united kingdom .\ndiscover a faster , simpler path to publishing in a high - quality journal . plos one promises fair , rigorous peer review , broad scope , and wide readership \u2013 a perfect fit for your research every time .\ntowson university , department of biological sciences , baltimore , maryland , united states of america , j . craig venter institute , inc . , plant genomics , rockville , maryland , united states of america ,\ncurrent address : department of ecology , evolution , and behavior , university of minnesota , st . paul , minnesota , united states of america\ncontributed equally to this work with : julie c . dunning hotopp , armin p . moczek\ncopyright : \u00a9 2013 estes et al . this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .\nfunding : this research was supported in part through funds from : the towson university fisher college undergraduate research awards ( kf , ta ) , a towson university undergraduate research award ( kf ) , orchid society of arizona funding ( ame ) , nsf reu dbi0552654 ( mf ) , nsf ios 0445661 ( am ) , nsf ios 0718522 ( am ) , and state of maryland internal funds ( jdh ) . the funders had no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .\nalthough it may seem surprising that such diverse insects have radiated onto a nutritionally - poor resource , mutualistic symbioses between bacteria and their eukaryotic hosts allow animals to feed on a diversity of diets that would otherwise be inaccessible to the host . such beneficial endosymbionts can provide essential amino acids and vitamins lacking in the host diet , or they can synthesize novel enzymes , such as cellulases and hydrolases , to degrade otherwise indigestible materials like cellulose , lignin , and chitin [ 9 , 10 ] . these mutualisms are seen in animals ranging from cellulose feeding vertebrates to wood - , sap - , and blood - feeding insects [ 9 ] . in insects , mutualistic endosymbionts frequently supplement the host with essential amino acids and vitamins missing from their food source [ 10 , 11 ] . this supplementation may be provided primarily by one symbiont species , as in the aphid - buchnera system [ 12 , 13 ] , or by a community of symbionts , such as in termites [ 14 , 15 ] .\nno matter the number of beneficial endosymbionts , the faithful transmission of these specific mutualists from parent to offspring is essential for offspring survival . there are two broad categories of transmission : vertical transmission , where symbionts are acquired from the parent , and horizontal transmission , where they are not [ 9 , 16 ] . in the dung beetle system , horizontal transmission could be from many sources including adult siblings , other insect taxa including other species of dung beetles , and host dung . vertical transmission is the dominant transmission type in evolutionarily stable , obligate insect - bacterial nutritional mutualisms . vertically transmitted endosymbionts are frequently transmitted transovarially , though alternate methods of transmission from parents to offspring are known [ 9 , 16 ] . these include endosymbiont transmission through proctodeal trophallaxis [ 17 ] , milk glands [ 18 , 19 ] , coprophagy [ 20 ] , egg smearing [ 21 , 22 ] , capsules [ 23 ] , and brood chambers [ 24 ] .\nthe clovr pipeline with chimera check [ 51 ] was run on 275 sequences for a 1425 bp amplicon of the 16s rrna gene . clovr uses scripts from qiime [ 52 ] to cluster reads into operational taxonomic units ( otus ) , select representative sequences from each otu , and use the ribosomal database na\u00efve bayesian classifier ( 0 . 5 confidence interval ) to assign each otu to a known taxon [ 53 ] . the nucleotide sequence identity within an otu is 95 % . otu\u2019s ( n = 22 ) that had less than an 80 % confidence with rdp were not classified [ 54 , 55 ] . clovr uses scripts from mothur [ 56 ] to plot rarefaction curves of richness and diversity , which were calculated every five sequences [ 53 , 57 ] .\nto assess the relatedness of 16s rrna sequences , sequences were aligned with muscle v3 . 7 [\n] , visualized and trimmed with bioedit v7 . 1 . 3 . 0 [\nsubstitution model , random seeds of 12345 , and 100 bootstraps . the best tree as ascertained by raxml is shown and is decorated with symbols denoting the key characteristics of the sample . percent similarity was determined between all sequences (\nto compare the microbiome community composition of the cultured isolates to the microbiome community found using molecular methods , all cultured isolates were screened using previously described degenerate primer sets designed for 10 single copy loci . the\n] amplified the majority of the cultured isolates . cultured isolates that amplified with the\namplicons sequenced from cultured bacteria isolated from the dung beetle larval digestive system . for the constrained analysis , the concatenated\nfrom cultured isolates : kf193370 - kf193385 ) . phylogenetic trees and amino acid alignments used for phylogenetic inference have been deposited in dryad\nin order to assess the transmission pattern of the microbiome , dung beetles needed to be both surface sterilized and reared aseptically . beetle offspring were surface sterilized by washing with dilute bleach and detergent followed by two water rinses . no 16s rrna pcr amplicons were observed for dna extracted from the rinse water from surface sterilized beetles ( figure s1 , lane rw ) . under the same conditions , dna extracted from bactrocera oleae , the olive fruit fly , which is known to have bacterial symbionts that amplify with the primer pair 10f - 1507r [ 21 , 62 ] yielded the ~ 1500 bp amplicon and served as a positive control ( figure s1 , lane + ) . the negative control with sterile water as the template did not produce an amplicon ( figure s1 , lane - ) . this experiment was repeated two additional times with the same results .\nto ensure that bacteria were not living or that exogenous dna could not be amplified from the dung , dna was extracted from both frozen and autoclaved dung . the ~ 1500 - bp 16s rrna amplicon could not be obtained from either the frozen or autoclaved dung ( figure s1 , lane fd and ad ) . when the bactrocera oleae positive control was added to these same negative control samples , a 1490 bp product was formed demonstrating that the lack of amplification was not due to the differential presence of inhibitors of the pcr reaction ( figure s1 , lane ad + and ad + + ) . no amplicons were formed from the dna of the autoclaved water or autoclaved soil ( figure s1 , lanes aw and as ) . amplicons were produced in fresh , unautoclaved , unfrozen dung ( figure s1 , lane ug ) and the dna extracted from the homogenized digestive system of the 3 rd larval instar ( figure s1 , lane gut ) . this experiment was repeated two additional times with the same results .\notus were assigned using the clovr pipeline with a 95 % threshold as described in the methods for the 275 16s rrna sequences obtained . predicted chimeric sequences ( n = 4 ) as well as sequences shorter than 470 bp ( n = 6 ) were discarded . from the 265 remaining sequences , 71 otus were identified across 19 individuals . of those 71 otus , 49 otus were classified to the family level , 4 to the phylum level , and 4 could not be classified further than \u201croot\u201d ( figures 3 , 4 , and 5 ) . the most abundant genus found across all samples was enterobacter ( figures 3 , 4 , and 5 ) .\nthe relative abundance of each taxon is shown for each sample . enterobacteriaceae ( bright blue ) were found in 95 % of the samples , in all populations , and all life stages . other major components include bacteria in the comamonadaceae ( green ) and pseudomonadaceae ( bluish purple ) . sample names are abbreviated as follows : 1l ( 1 st instar larva ) , 2l ( 2 nd instar larva ) , 3l ( 3 rd instar larva ) , pu ( pupa ) , ci ( cultured isolates ) , fp ( female parent ) , in ( indiana population ) , and nc ( north carolina population ) . the number after the life stage indicates different individuals sampled .\nbacterial otus identified in qiime are arranged in a bulls - eye configuration with the most commonly occurring group in the yellow center , those occurring in two or more individuals in the blue circle , and those genera occurring only one time in the outermost rim . the lowest common ancestor qiime classification is given and may be at the genus , family , or class level and as such may overlap . enterobacter was found in offspring of all parental females and in 68 % of the individuals . samples denoted with a star are those otus that were found using both culture - dependent and - independent techniques .\nan unrooted phylogenomic tree based on 287 loci from 1095 sequenced bacterial genomes was made as a skeletal tree on which was placed the lepa and gyrb sequences from 16 bacterial cultures isolated from the digestive system of four different 3 rd instar larvae from female parent 2 from the north carolina population . this analysis placed the isolates sister to ( a ) providencia stuartii , ( b ) enterobacter cloacae , ( c ) pusillimonas , ( d ) pedobacter heparinus , and ( e ) lysinibacillus sphaericus .\nseveral offspring and their female parents have bacteria with 100 % identical 16s rrna sequencing , suggesting vertical transmission through the brood ball and its contents ( figure s3 and table s3 ) . for example in the north carolina samples , one sequence was recovered five times from the female parent , four times from the 2 nd instar larva , and five times from the 3 rd instar larvae ( table s3 ) . additionally , otu\u2019s classified as alcaligenes and pasteurella are similar between one of the female parents and the cultured isolates from a different female parent . deeper sequencing of individuals may reveal more shared bacterial otus .\nrarefaction curves of the microbial community in several larvae and the in parental female beetle suggests that additional sampling was needed to identify additional taxa in the microbiome ( figure s4 ) . the rarefaction curves of the nc parental female beetle ( 35 sequenced clones ) and of a second larval instar ( 20 sequenced clones ) suggests that microbiome taxonomic sampling to be close to saturation ( figure s4 ) . the highest bacterial taxonomic richness was isolated from the larval samples and the in parental female , and lower richness was sampled in pupae and in the nc parental female . however , different primer sets and deeper sampling may amplify a wider diversity of bacterial taxa .\nthese initial results suggest that deeper sequencing of individuals may reveal more shared bacterial otus . the primers used are biased for amplifying \u03b3 - proteobacteria , thus additional taxa may be identified using different primers . lastly , some bacteria from the dung also may have a role in the microbiome of beetles in the wild . while , it is not a subject of this study such studies may be fruitful .\ncollectively , the sterile rearing conditions , overlap of the microbiome between female parent and offspring , specialized dung processing behavior , and bacterial colonies found in the matrix on the brood ball chamber walls , but absent from other locations in the brood ball , suggest that the o . taurus microbiome is maternally transmitted via the brood ball .\nthe transmission from mother through the brood ball to offspring may be essential for provisioning specific beetle endosymbionts to the offspring since dung beetles develop in an environment rich with other microbes that were excreted from the digestive tract of the mammalian host , as well as bacteria from the soil . thus , the brood ball provides offspring not only with a safe refuge and food , but it is likely that the female parent additionally provisions a microbiome alongside the egg . however , future experimental validation is needed to further test this hypothesis .\nvertical transmission via the brood ball may favor organisms that are culturable on standard microbiological media , as the bacteria must persist in an external environment prior to ingestion by the larvae . our analyses based on separate loci for the cloning versus culture - based assays reveals shared bacterial taxa , suggesting a portion of the microbiome is culturable . this is in contrast to relative unculturability of the majority of vertically transmitted endosymbionts that have been studied thus far in insects .\nour data suggest that the dung beetle , o . taurus , has endosymbionts that are vertically transmitted in a unique method \u2013 via a brood ball . several of the endosymbionts are culturable . due to the manipulability of the system , the dung beetle symbiosis may be an ideal system to understand how host and microbes co - operate , and perhaps co - evolve , to thrive on nutritionally unbalanced diets . additionally , these data suggest that the essential ecosystem function of dung beetles , the degradation of cellulose - rich dung , may be due to communities of bacterial endosymbionts . whether other dung feeding insects have a specific a vertically transmitted microbiome warrants future studies .\na more detailed version of figure 6 that includes the species or strain names of the taxa used to build the tree .\ndendrogram illustrating sequence identity between 16s rrna sequences relative to the samples . abbreviations are the same as in figure 4 .\nrarefaction curves for selected individuals where the frequency with which diversity is calculated every five sequences .\naccession numbers and ncbi taxonomy of the bacterial genomes used for the phylotyping analysis .\nsequence identity matrix for 16s rrna samples . cells labeled id are where the sequence is compared to itself . cells labeled na were those where the sequence was not long enough for comparison .\nconceived and designed the experiments : ame ecsr djh apm . performed the experiments : ame ecsr mf kf ta djh . analyzed the data : ame djh jcdh . contributed reagents / materials / analysis tools : ame jcdh apm . wrote the manuscript : ame djh jcdh . developed pipeline for phylotyping analysess : djh . collected females from the field : apm ecsr . provided beetle sterile rearing facilities and personnel : apm .\nchin k , gill bd ( 1996 ) dinosaurs , dung beetles , and conifers : participants in a cretaceous food web . palaios 11 : 280 - 285 . doi :\nkrell f - t ( 2006 ) fossil record and evolution of scarabaeoidea ( coleoptera : polyphaga ) . coleopt bull 60 : 120 - 143 .\nholter p , scholtz ch ( 2013 ) elongated hindguts in desert - living dung beetles ( scarabaeidae : scarabaeinae ) feeding on dry dung pellets or plant litter . j morphol 274 : 657 - 662 . doi :\n) subsisting on plant litter in arid south african sand dunes . j arid environ 73 : 1090 - 1094 . doi :\ndavis alv , scholtz ch , philips tk ( 2002 ) historical biogeography of scarabaeine dung beetles . j biogeogr 29 : 1217 - 1256 . doi :\nnichols e , spector s , louzada j , larsen t , amezquita s et al . ( 2008 ) ecological functions and ecosystem services provided by scarabaeinae dung beetles . biol conserv 141 : 1461 - 1474 . doi :\nphilips tk ( 2011 ) the evolutionary history and diversification of dung beetles . ecology and evolution of dung beetles . john wiley & sons , ltd . . pp . 21 - 46 .\nmuller zo ( 1980 ) feed from animal wastes : state of knowledge . fao animal product health 18 : 190 .\nbuchner p ( 1965 ) endosymbiosis of animals with plant microorganisms . new york : interscience publishers .\nzientz e , silva fj , gross r ( 2001 ) genome interdependence in insect - bacterium symbioses . genome biol 2 : 1 - 6 . pubmed :\n, the secondary endosymbiont of tsetse flies . bmc genomics 11 : 1 - 17 . doi :\nmacdonald sj , thomas gh , douglas ae ( 2011 ) genetic and metabolic determinants of nutritional phenotype in an insect\u2013bacterial symbiosis . mol ecol 20 : 2073 - 2084 . doi :\n) of aphids . j mol evol 48 : 77 - 85 . doi :\nhusseneder c , ho hy , blackwell m ( 2010 ) comparison of the bacterial symbiont composition of the formosan subterranean termite from its native and introduced range . open microbiol j 4 : 53 - 66 . doi :\nbright m , bulgheresi s ( 2010 ) a complex journey : transmission of microbial symbionts . nat rev microbiol 8 : 218 - 230 . doi :\nnoda s , kitade o , inoue t , kawai m , kanuka m et al . ( 2007 ) cospeciation in the triplex symbiosis of termite gut protists (\nspp . ) , their hosts , and their bacterial endosymbionts . mol ecol 16 : 1257 - 1266 . doi :\nattardo gm , lohs c , heddi a , alam uh , yildirim s et al . ( 2008 ) analysis of milk gland structure and function in\n: milk protein production , symbiont populations and fecundity . j insect physiol 54 : 1236 - 1242 . doi :\nbalmand s , lohs c , aksoy s , heddi a ( 2013 ) tissue distribution and transmission routes for the tsetse fly endosymbionts . j invert pathol , 112 suppl : s116 - s122 . pubmed :\nbeard cb , cordon - rosales c , durvasula rv ( 2002 ) bacterial symbionts of the triatominae and their potential use in control of chagas disease transmission . annu rev entomol 47 : 123 - 141 . doi :\nerwinia dacicola ,\nswitches from an intracellular existence to an extracellular existence during host insect development . appl environ microbiol 75 : 7097 - 7106 . doi :\nkaltenpoth m , g\u00f6ttler w , herzner g , strohm e ( 2005 ) symbiotic bacteria protect wasp larvae from fungal infestation . curr biol 15 : 475 - 479 . doi :\npeccoud j , simon j - c , mclaughlin hj , moran na ( 2009 ) post - pleistocene radiation of the pea aphid complex revealed by rapidly evolving endosymbionts . proc natl acad sci usa 106 : 16315 - 16320 . doi :\n( coleoptera : scarabaeidae ) . j appl microbiol 105 : 1277 - 1285 . doi :\nspp . ) . fems microbiol ecol 74 : 439 - 449 . doi :\n( coleoptera : scarabaeidae ) . appl environ microbiol 69 : 6659 - 6668 . doi :\negert m , stingl u , bruun ld , pommerenke b , brune a et al . ( 2005 ) structure and topology of microbial communities in the major gut compartments of\nlarvae ( coleoptera : scarabaeidae ) . appl environ microbiol 71 : 4556 - 4566 . doi :\nschreber ( coleoptera : scarabaeidae ) . ann fac . sci agr univ turino 2 : 213 - 378 .\n, latreille north of mexico ( coleoptera : scarabaeidae ) . proc united states natl museum 114 : 1 - 135 . doi :\n( coleoptera : scarabaeidae ) in north america : geographic ranges , diagnoses , and new distributional records entomology . news 108 : 345 - 361 .\n( coleoptera : scarabaeidae ) . j entomol sci 20 : 24 - 25 .\nhowden hf , scholtz ch ( 1986 ) changes in texas dung beetle community between 1975 and 1985 ( coleoptera : scarabaeidae : scarabaeinae ) . coleopt bull 40 : 313 - 316 .\nschreber , new to the us ( coleoptera : scarabaeidae ) . coleopt bull 29 : 349 - 350 .\nprice dl , brenneman lm , johnston re ( 2012 ) dung beetles ( coleoptera : scarabaeidae and geotrupidae ) communities of eastern maryland 114 . entomological society of washington . pp . 142 - 151 .\nhalffter g , edmonds wd ( 1982 ) the nesting behavior of dung beetles ( scarabaeinae ) : an ecological and evolutive approach . publicaciones instituto de ecologia mexico . pp . 1 - 176 .\nmoczek ap , nagy lm ( 2005 ) diverse developmental mechanisms contribute to different levels of diversity in horned beetles . evol dev 7 : 175 - 185 . doi :\nlane dj ( 1991 ) 16s and 23s rrna sequencing in : e . stackenbrandtm . goodfellow . nucleic acid techniques in bacterial systematics . new york , ny : john wiley and sons . pp . 115\u2013148 .\nmateos m , castrezana sj , nankivell bj , estes am , markow ta et al . ( 2006 ) heritable endosymbionts of\nmoran na , dale c , dunbar h , smith wa , ochman h ( 2003 ) intracellular symbionts of sharpshooters ( insecta : hemiptera : cicadellinae ) form a distinct clade with a small genome . environ microbiol 5 : 116 - 126 . doi :\nbeninati t , riegler m , vilcins i - me , sacchi l , mcfadyen r et al . ( 2009 ) absence of the symbiont\nbressan a , arneodo j , simonato m , haines wp , boudon - padieu e ( 2009 ) characterization and evolution of two bacteriome - inhabiting symbionts in cixiid planthoppers ( hemiptera : fulgoromorpha : pentastirini ) . environ microbiol 11 : 3265 - 3279 . doi :"]}
{"id": 1744, "summary": [{"text": "potamon potamios is a semi-terrestrial crab occurring around the eastern mediterranean , including many mediterranean islands , extending as far south and west as the sinai peninsula . ", "topic": 13}], "title": "potamon potamios", "paragraphs": ["subfamily potaminae . seven subspecies of p . potamios have been recognised over the years ( ghiavarini 1934 ; pretzmann 1962 , 1984 , 1986 ; bott 1967 ) mainly to recognise subpopulations of this species that inhabit islands . this taxon was most recently revised as potamon ( potamon ) potamios by brandis et al . ( 2000 ) and it is treated here as potamon potamios .\nphoto of the freshwater crab , potamon potamios , one of the four freshwater crab species found in greece . its distribution is now very limited due to the destruction of its habitat by humans .\nin cyprus , p . potamios is threatened by deforestation , loss of water in its habitat , and pollution from pesticides . protection from these threats may be provided to those populations of crabs that are found in the state forests which are protected areas in the westernmost tip of the island of cyprus that may become part of a national park in the near future .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ncyprus ; egypt ( sinai ) ; greece ( east aegean is . , kriti ) ; israel ; jordan ; lebanon ; palestinian territory , occupied ; syrian arab republic ; turkey ( turkey - in - asia )\nno conservation measures are known to be in place for this species in most parts of its range .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\ndatabase contains : 10 . 643 species ( 763 with photo ) , 1 . 682 genera , 124 families\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken"]}
{"id": 1758, "summary": [{"text": "amiantofusus candoris is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family fasciolariidae , the spindle snails , the tulip snails and their allies . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "amiantofusus candoris", "paragraphs": ["fraussen k . , kantor y . & hadorn r . 2007 . amiantofusus gen . nov . for fusus amiantus dall , 1889 ( mollusca : gastropoda : fasciolariidae ) with description of a new and extensive indo - west pacific radiation . novapex 8 ( 3 - 4 ) : 79 - 101 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nafter more than 2 years of preparations , the diatombase portal is now officially launched . . . .\nlast week - on may 30 and 31st \u2013 8 thematic experts on talitridae came together for the first time during a lifewatch - worms sponsored workshop . the workshop took place at the hellenic centre for marine research in crete , where it was organized back - to - back with the 8th international sandy beaches symposium ( isbs ) . the group focused on identifying relevant traits for the talitridae , and adding this data through the amphipoda species database . . . .\non 23 april 2018 , a number of editors of the world register of introduced species ( wrims ) started a three day workshop in the flanders marine institute ( vliz ) . these three days were used to evaluate , complete and improve the content of this worms thematic register ( tsd ) . . . .\nthe 2nd worms early career researchers and 3rd worms achievement award were granted respectively to fran\u00e7ois le coze and geoff read . congratulations ! . . .\nin 2018 , to celebrate a decade of worms ' existence , it was decided to compile a list of our top marine species , both for 2017 and for the previous decade . . . .\nthe scleractinian corals are now accessible though their own list portal . this world list contains over 1 500 accepted names of extant species and is one of the most complete existing resources for scleractinian taxa . . .\nfraussen , kantor & hadorn , 2007 . accessed through : world register of marine species at : urltoken ; = 456364 on 2018 - 07 - 09\npanama horse conch - triplofusus princeps ( g . b . sowerby i , 1825 ) - classifications - encyclopedia of life\nscientists aim to describe a single ' tree of life ' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things . however , evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery , and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named . eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific ' classifications ' . some species have been named more than once . such duplicates are listed under synonyms . eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nif you do not have an account yet , you can register here first .\nenter your email address and we will send you an email with your username and password .\ne - mail conchbooks office if you do not receive your email with your username and password ."]}
{"id": 1759, "summary": [{"text": "dardanus gemmatus , the jeweled anemone hermit crab , is a species of hermit crab native to tropical reefs surrounding the indo-pacific , typically at depths of 2 \u2013 100 metres ( 10 \u2013 330 ft ) . ", "topic": 18}], "title": "dardanus gemmatus", "paragraphs": ["worms - world register of marine species - dardanus gemmatus ( h . milne edwards , 1848 )\nto barcode of life ( 6 barcodes ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 5 publications ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 8 publications ) ( from synonym pagurus gemmatus h . milne edwards , 1848 ) to biological information system for marine life ( bismal ) ( from synonym pagurus gemmatus h . milne edwards , 1848 ) to biological information system for marine life ( bismal ) to encyclopedia of life to usnm invertebrate zoology arthropoda collection ( 16 records ) to itis\n( of pagurus gemmatus h . milne edwards , 1848 ) mclaughlin , p . a . ; komai , t . ; lemaitre , r . ; listyo , r . ( 2010 ) . annotated checklist of anomuran decapod crustaceans of the world ( exclusive of the kiwaoidea and families chirostylidae and galatheidae of the galatheoidea . part i \u2013 lithodoidea , lomisoidea and paguroidea . the raffles bulletin of zoology . supplement no 23 , 5 - 107 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nlemaitre , r . ; mclaughlin , p . ( 2018 ) . world paguroidea & lomisoidea database .\nreay , p . j . & j . haig ( 1990 ) . coastal hermit crabs ( decapoda : anomura ) from kenya , with a review and key to east african species . bulletin of marine science 46 ( 3 ) : 578 - 589 [ details ]\nliu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nmclaughlin , p . a . ; komai , t . ; lemaitre , r . ; listyo , r . ( 2010 ) . annotated checklist of anomuran decapod crustaceans of the world ( exclusive of the kiwaoidea and families chirostylidae and galatheidae of the galatheoidea . part i \u2013 lithodoidea , lomisoidea and paguroidea . the raffles bulletin of zoology . supplement no 23 , 5 - 107 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\ntoday we are going to talk about a marine creature that is seriously resourceful when it comes to real estate : the hermit crab ! you may already know that hermit crabs are well known swapping their shell homes for newer , bigger ones . like all crabs , the hermit crab possesses an exoskeleton that protects their body and maintains their form . however , hermit crabs take self - protection one step further by finding snail shells and coil their body inside , protecting their softer body parts from predators and environmental elements . when they grow too large for their shell home they will crawl out and find a new snail shell that fits perfectly . anemone hermit crabs go one step further to make their home safe .\njeweled anemone hermit crabs benefit by having extra protection due to the stinging anemone tentacles . the anemones also can be placed on top of cracks or weak spots in the hermit crab\u2019s shell . plus , anemones make for amazing camouflage among the rocks and corals . in return the sea anemone gets scraps from the food that the hermit eats and gets to piggyback to areas that are productive in nutrients . anemones aren\u2019t the only ones hitching a ride . the jeweled hermit crab will also carry flatworms and amphipods , unwittingly housing an entire traveling community on its back !\nposted in zooplankton . tags : creature feature , garden eel cove , jeweled anemone hermit crab , kona airport , mutualistic , symbiosis . 1 comment \u00bb\nprivacy & cookies : this site uses cookies . by continuing to use this website , you agree to their use . to find out more , including how to control cookies , see here : cookie policy\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmclaughlin et al . 2005 . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : crustaceans . american fisheries society special publication 31\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis average sized hermit is reasonably common when we are out diving during the day on the sand outside the reef at mae haad , koh phangan .\nchaloklum diving , 25 / 29 - 30 moo 7 , chaloklum village , koh phangan , suratthani 84280 . thailand .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; no other information is captured .\nin general , only the information that you provide , or the choices you make while visiting a web site , can be stored in a cookie . for example , the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it . allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer , and only the site that created the cookie can read it ."]}
{"id": 1765, "summary": [{"text": "saumarez ( foaled 28 march 1987 in great britain ) is a thoroughbred racehorse who won france 's most prestigious race , the prix de l'arc de triomphe in 1990 . ", "topic": 22}], "title": "saumarez ( horse )", "paragraphs": ["for everything you need to know about horse racing . free horse racing tips from professional punters and betting secrets to increase your horse racing profits .\nthe - racehorse is an online horse racing and breeding magazine with information on horse racing and breeding statistics .\ncrillon was sired by saumarez out of the dam shangrila crillon was foaled on 01 of august in 1996 .\nwelcome to horseracing . com . au , australia ' s premier site for horse racing news .\n\u201che was the perfect racehorse , a beautiful horse with a terrific action . speed , class and a super - intelligent horse to go with it \u2013 he had it all . \u201d aidan o\u2019brien\n1st dam : funsie by saumarez . unraced . dam of 10 foals , 6 to race , 3 winners :\nonly the third horse since nijinsky to land the guineas / derby double following nashwan and sea the stars .\nbyword\u2019s female line descendants , notably peacetime ; horse chestnut & bodrum ( and sisters ) ; cherry pepper & daughters .\ncrillon is a 20 year old bay horse . crillon is trained by e c cowan , at mackay and owned by .\nthe strapline on this article describes charles saumarez smith as the\nnew\ndirector of the national gallery . he was appointed in 2002 .\nrainbow quest ( spectrum , saumarez ) and his sire blushing groom ( jallad , kabool , our casey\u2019s boy , waldoboro , lundy\u2019s liability , comic blush , etc . ) .\nover the last few years , the military collection has been acquiring water - colors and drawings by gerald le marchant saumarez . this talented artist was born in cheltenham , gloucestershire , england , in june 1859 , the son of colonel john st . vincent saumarez , 3rd baron de saumarez and margaret antoinette northey . he came from a long line of guernsey military heroes the most notable being james saumarez , 1st baron de saumarez ( 1757\u20131836 ) who was second in command to nelson at the battle of the nile . gerald himself enlisted in the 3rd battalion of the east kent regiment as a lieutenant at the age of 22 in march 1882 . although he had a very short army career of less than 2 years , he was with the buffs in egypt in the year he enlisted . he resigned his commission in december 1883 . during the first world war , he saw service in france as a lieutenant although by now he was fairly advanced in years . he died a bachelor in london on 16 june , 1941 aged 81 and was buried in brompton cemetery .\neh gombrich ' s simple yet rigorous guide the story of art inspired charles saumarez smith as a student . years later , and the new director of the national gallery , he finds the work as essential as ever\nmossborough ( dupont , casey tibbs , centenary , kabool , saumarez , spectrum , tobe or nottobe ) and other strong backgrounds of the mare selene ( fort wood , kabool , forli , mares from the e - family , etc . ) .\ni was asked to give a talk this morning to an all - staff meeting held in the ra schools . i found myself admiring the cast of a horse which half dominates the space in an unobtrusive manner and wondering about its history . the students in the schools were required to draw from the antique . hence the presence of large numbers of casts of statues from the antique . then they graduated to drawing from the living model . i don\u2019t know if they were also expected , like stubbs , to know and understand the anatomy of a horse . and i haven\u2019t been able to find out much about the history of the horse , apart from the fact that it is sometimes thought \u2013 presumably wrongly \u2013 to be a cast of copenhagen , wellington\u2019s horse at waterloo ; and that it was given to the schools in 1919 by f . w . calderon , who ran a school of animal painting : -\nall the latest horse racing form , betting odds , news , breeding , jockey and trainer information for french connection ( nzl ) . french connection ( nzl ) is a gelding born in 2008 september 8 by volksraad out of plaza doree\nsaumarez ( gb ) dkb / br . h , 1987 { 16 - a } dp = 16 - 0 - 18 - 10 - 4 ( 48 ) di = 1 . 09 cd = 0 . 29 - 9 starts , 5 wins , 1 places , 0 shows career earnings : $ 1 , 398 , 326\nlaura is a keen horsewoman , and has owned her own horses for fifteen years . her two pro bono activities are equine related \u2013 the british equestrian federation and ebony horse club in brixton \u2013 giving her experience of a wide range of equine issues and understanding of related governance in charitable and governing body sectors .\n- saumarez - storoen ( mtoto ) , 4 wins , 211 500 ff . - balliol boy ( nashwan ) , 1 win , 3rd thresher classic trial ( gr . 3 ) , 4th tripleprint derby trial st . ( gr . 3 ) , 4th derby italiano ( gr . 1 ) - caxton star ( soviet star ) , 6 wins , 3rd grand handicap de deauville and 830 982 ff .\ndalmary ( simon\u2019s hoes ) female line descendants , notably sadler\u2019s wells ( fort wood , horse chestnut , casey tibbs , cherry pepper , etc . ) , nureyev ( caesour , wolfhound , tobe or nottobe , var , parade leader , etc . ) , fairy king ( tara\u2019s halls , second empire ) , golden thatch ( goldmark ) , waterville lake , thatching , etc .\nhe ran his last race in paris at the prix des arc de triomphe . dylan thomas won this event at odds of 11 / 2 . authorized heavily backed and sent off at evens was never in contention to win the race , taking the wide outside route . frankie dettori ' s words as he dismounted were\nthis was not the same horse i ' m used to riding\n.\nauthorized was foaled on 14 february 2004 and was sired by montjeu , winner of the irish derby , prix du jockey club and prix de l ' arc de triomphe in 1999 and the king george vi and queen elizabeth stakes in 2000 . authorized\u2019s dam , the unraced funsie , was sired by saumarez , winner of the prix de l ' arc de triomphe in 1990 . funsie is owned by the irish jockey mick kinane , who is one - third of the partnership which bred authorized . kinane would go on to ride against authorized in the 2007 epsom derby , finishing last on archipenko .\nauthorized retired as a racehorse on wednesday 10 october just a few days after his disappointing race in paris . trainer of authorized chapple - hyam hailed the son of montjeu as\nthe king\n. chapple - hyam :\nauthorized is the king . he is the best horse i ' ve ever trained and i ' ll never forget him .\nhe continued :\nhe goes with the best wishes of everyone connected to the yard and i ' m sure he ' ll be a big success as a stallion . i look forward to one day hopefully training his progeny ,\nhe told peterchapplehyam . com .\ni was given my copy of ernst gombrich ' s the story of art , first published in 1950 , when i was 15 . i was studying for history of art a level and the person with whom i was sharing a study at school rightly thought that it might be useful . it has travelled with me ever since , alongside art and illusion and norm and form and gombrich ' s other collected writings , beginning with meditations on a hobby horse and including his brilliant short essay , in search of cultural history . they all still sit in my office on the top shelf , the cornerstone of my art historical library .\n9 races , 5 wins and placed 3 times . won 7 467 024 ff .\nat 3 : prix de l ' arc de triomphe ( gr . 1 - 12 f ) grand prix de paris ( gr . 1 - 10 f ) , prix du prince d ' orange ( gr . 3 - 10 f ) , aldborough st . ( ripon - 8 f ) , harvester graduation st . ( sandown - 8 f ) , 2nd dee st . ( l . ) , 5th breeders ' cup turf ( gr . 1 - belmont - 12 f )\nstretarez - prix vicomtesse vigier ( gr . 2 ) , de barbeville ( gr . 3 ) , ormonde stakes ( gr . 3 ) , prix right royal ( l . ) steward - grand prix de chantilly ( gr . 2 ) , grosser preis der wirtschaft ( gr . 2 ) , grand prix de vichy ( gr . 3 ) , prix d ' h\u00e9douville ( gr . 3 ) loxias - prix jean de chaudenay ( gr . 2 ) , coupe des 3 ans ( l . - lyon , derby de l ' ouest ( l . ) , le lion d ' angers , 2nd prix d ' h\u00e9douville ( gr . 3 ) , 3rd grand prix de saint - cloud ( gr . 1 ) belcore - grosser m\u00fcller brot preis ( gr . 2 ) silver fun - prix de malleret ( gr . 3 ) katun - prix de barbeville ( gr . 3 ) , 2nd prix de barbeville ( gr . 3 ) maroussie - prix fille de l ' air ( gr . 3 ) luna mareza - prix corrida ( gr . 3 ) sacred fire - prix du fonds europ\u00e9en de l ' elevage ( l . ) supreme commander - prix isonomy ( l . ) fuenji - prix ronde de nuit ( l . ) toto le heros - premio botticelli ( l . ) mayaro - grand prix de marseille ( l . ) , prix vulcain ( l . ) , prix lord seymour ( l . ) crillon - prix denisy ( l . ) , 2nd prix jean de chaudenay ( gr . 2 ) , foy ( gr . 2 ) , d ' h\u00e9douville ( gr . 3 ) , 3rd prix vicomtesse vigier ( gr . 2 ) rainer - premio principe amadeo ( l . )\nrippling ring , 3rd south african derby ( gr . 1 ) soreze , 3rd prix gladiateur ( gr . 3 ) gloirez , 2nd prix du carrousel ( l . ) , 3rd prix de barbeville ( gr . 3 ) coventgarden , 3rd prix lord seymour ( l . )\nin jumping races philastre - prix maurice gillois ( st . - gr . 1 ) , prix finot ( hurdles ) , jean granel ( h . ) , g\u00e9n\u00e9ral donnio ( st . ) , 3rd prix hypoth\u00e8se ( h . - gr . 3 ) baleare - prix prince d ' ecouen ( h . - l . ) , christian de tredern ( h . ) , 2nd prix de besan\u00e7on ( h . - l . ) , 3rd prix dawn run ( h . - l . ) , jean bart ( h . - l . ) le prestigieux - prix rose or no ( l . ) , 5th grande course de haies de printemps ( gr . 3 )\nirish dude - 4th gran premio di merano ( gr . 1 ) goldrez - prix hardatit ( h . ) passy - secret d ' etat\n6 wins . prix de l ' arc de triomphe ( gr . 1 ) , coronation cup ( gr . 1 ) , 2nd irish derby ( gr . 1 ) , dewhurst st . ( gr . 1 ) , eclipse st . ( gr . 1 ) , craven st . ( gr . 3 ) , 3rd prix du jockey - club ( gr . 1 ) , 2000 guineas ( gr . 1 ) king george vi and queen elizabeth st . ( gr . 1 ) .\n1st dam fiesta fun , 4 wins , 3rd yorkshire oaks ( gr . 1 ) , hoover mile ( gr . 3 ) . dam of 6 winners :\n- isabelle sharp , 2 wins , 3rd molecomb st . ( gr . 3 ) . broodmare . - chirac , swedish derby ( l . ) , 2nd jockey - klibbens jubileumslopning ( l . )\n- carniola , 4 wins , prix rose de mai ( l . ) and 335 000 ff . broodmare .\n2nd dam antigua 1 win , galtres st . ( l . ) . dam of 8 winners :\n- cedar grove ( relko ) 2 wins . sire . - anegada ( welsh pageant ) , unplaced . dam of :\n- john french , 5 wins , gordon st . ( gr . 3 ) , 3rd benson and hedges gold cup ( gr . 1 ) , princess of wales st . ( gr . 2 ) and won 58 034 pounds . sire in australia . - anacreonte , 6 wins , 3rd premio firenze ( l . ) - flamingo pond , 3 wins , 2nd radley st . ( l . ) , 3rd virginia st . ( l . ) . broodmare . - ruffling point , injured . dam of :\n- brother in law 2 wins , 2nd prix de suresnes ( l . )\n- derrylin ( derring do ) , 6 wins , horris hill st . ( gr . 3 ) , ascot 2000 guineas trial ( gr . 3 ) , greenham st . ( gr . 3 ) , clarence house st . ( l . ) , washington singer st . ( l . ) . sire . - fiesta fun ( welsh pageant ) , see above . - treasure hunter ( full of hope ) 10 wins , 45 683 pounds in flat and jumping races .\n3rd dam nassau 5 wins , lonsdale produce st . ( l . ) , doncaster produce st . ( l . ) , princess st . ( l . ) , 2nd cherry hinton st . ( gr . 3 ) , 3rd king george st . ( gr . 3 ) , 4th queen mary st . ( gr . 3 ) . dam of 6 winners :\n- andros ( borealis ) , 8 wins in gb and denmark ( doncaster produce st . ) . sire . - cuba ( hyperion ) , 3 wins . dam of :\n- fidel 4 wins , newbury autumn cup hdp . ( l . ) . sire . - julieta 2 wins , orleans nursery hdp . ( l . ) . dam of winners . - maracas , placed . dam of :\n- morgan 21 wins , premio giacomo ( l . ) - havana , unplaced , 2nd dam of edelito 4 wins , gran premio nacional derby ( gr . 1 ) , gran premio criadores national ( gr . 1 ) in uruguay ; legador , premio ensayo ( gr . 2 ) in uruguay .\n- murrayfield 9 wins , coventry st . , 3rd dewhurst st . , sussex st . sire .\n2nd dam of : select prince 4 wins , champagne st . ( gr . 1 ) in australia . sire .\n- st lucia ( alycidon ) , 2 wins , coronation st . ( gr . 2 ) , lancashire oaks ( gr . 3 ) , 2nd cheshire oaks ( gr . 3 ) , princess royal st . ( gr . 3 ) , 4th yorkshire oaks ( gr . 1 ) . dam of :\n- executor 10 wins , tattersalls nursery hdp . ( l . ) , 2nd prince of wales ' s st . ( gr . 2 ) , 3rd duke of york st . ( gr . 3 ) - relcia 1 win , 3rd ribblesdale st . ( gr . 2 ) , 4th princess elizabeth st . ( l . ) . dam of :\n- reltop , 1 win . dam of fugitiva , 3 wins in spain , 2nd premio banesto ( oaks - gr . 1 ) , premio ricardo ruiz - benitez de lugo ( l . ) ; brother patrick , 2 wins , 3rd horris hill st . ( gr . 3 ) , 4th solario st . ( gr . 3 ) , italian derby ( gr . 1 ) ; macho boy , 2 wins , 4th solario st . ( gr . 3 ) ; summit , 2 wins , 3rd queen ' s vase ( gr . 3 )\n- ho han wai , 3 wins , prix corrida ( gr . 3 ) . dam of winners .\n- tobago ( borealis ) , 8 wins , 2nd oxfordshire st . ( gr . 2 ) , 3rd white rose st . ( gr . 3 ) . sire . - antigua ( hyperion ) , see above .\nbreeder : mrs e longton ( gb ) winnings : 9 starts : 5 - 1 - 0 , $ 1 , 398 , 326 at 3 : 1\u00ba prix de l\u00b4arc de triomphe ( fr - g1 , 12f , t ) , grand prix de paris ( fr - g1 , 12f , t ) , prix du prince d ' orange ( fr - g3 , 10f , t ) ; 2\u00ba dee stakes ( gb - l , 10f , t ) raced in england , france , ireland and usa champion 3 - year - old colt in france . at stud in 1991 ; stands at haras du quesnay . in 2001 at stud at odessa stud in ceres , western cape , south africa . died 2012 . ( close )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwinx ' s staying power as one of the world ' s top rac . . .\nt . j . comerford , assistant trainer for aidan o ' brie . . .\ncolor : dkb / br height : 1 . 62m ( gb ) . died 2012 ( close )\nearly favourite to take out saturday\u2019s group 1 $ 1 , 000 , 000 robert sangster stakes ( 1200m ) in adelaide , local hope viddora has come up trumps with barrier one in the morphettville feature .\nthe world\u2019s best racehorse , winx , has been celebrated by the australian turf club ( atc ) getting the warwick stakes renamed in her honour .\nthe championships day 2 results will be known shortly and you can stay up to date with all the news at horseracing . com . au .\nopen an account with betfair and bet at least \u20ac5 at min odds of 1 / 5 on the sportsbook . win or lose betfair match your first bet up to \u20ac50 . free bet stakes not returned\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nsky sports news takes you through all of the day ' s racing news , plus alex hammond ' s tip of the day .\nfollow the latest from the written press with the best gossip and speculation from the papers .\nsky has launched a pub finder for eager fans wanting to find a venue to watch sky sports .\nget a sports star to visit your old secondary school as part of our free schools initiative .\nhow right you are ! the cast has been a hugely neglected element of art education for too long .\nof course the v & a has wonderful casts , though not many of humans and animals , and the ashmolean has a very fine collection but , like taxidermy , the cast hafallen from grace somewhat . let\u2019s hope the new ra schools will re - establish it .\nthe best derby winner standing in france who is now a proven g1 sire . a g1 winner from 8 - 12f , he\u2019s sired g1 horses from 8 - 15f including g1 winners ambivalent and seal of approval plus hartnell in australia .\nby montjeu ( 1996 ) prix de l\u2019arc de triomphe ( g1 ) , etc . sire of 1 , 499 foals aged three and up , including authorized , bracelet , camelot , chicquita , fame and glory , frozen fire , gallante , green moon , hurricane run , jan vermeer , joshua tree , jukebox jury , leading light , masked marvel , montare , montmartre , motivator , offer , pour moi , recital , scorpion , speed gifted , st nicholas abbey , tavistock , etc .\nempowered ( c fasliyev ) 3 wins ( 10f - 12f ) at 3 and 4 .\n2nd dam : vallee dansante by lyphard . winner ( 8f ) . dam of 9 winners :\nbrooklyn\u2019s dance ( f shirley heights ) 3 wins at 2 and 3 , prix cleopatre ( g3 ) . dam of :\nsolemia ( f poliglote ) prix de l\u2019arc de triomphe ( g1 ) , prix corrida ( g2 ) , 2nd prix du conseil de paris ( g2 ) , 3rd prix vermeille ( g1 ) .\nprospect park ( c sadler\u2019s wells ) la coupe de maisons - laffitte ( g3 ) , 2nd prix du jockey club ( g1 ) .\nnever green ( f halling ) prix occitanie . grandam of : soustraction ( f lope de vega ) prix d ' aumale ( g3 ) , 2nd prix vanteaux ( g3 ) , 3rd prix saint - alary ( g1 ) .\nbrooklyn\u2019s storm ( f storm cat ) winner . dam of : pollara ( f camelot ) prix de royaumont ( g3 ) . grandam of : silasol ( f monsun ) champion two - year - old filly in france , prix saint - alary ( g1 ) , prix marcel boussac ( g1 ) .\nprincesse dansante ( f king\u2019s best ) winner at 3 , prix joubert . dam of :\nkrissante ( f kris ) winner at 2 , 2nd prix saraca , prix la sorellina . dam of :\nquest of fire ( f rainbow quest ) winner at 3 . dam of :\nquila ( f unfuwain ) winner at 2 . dam of : quijano ( g acatenango ) grosser preis von baden ( g1 ) , gran premio di milano ( g1 ) , twice .\n3rd dam : green valley by val de loir . unraced . dam of 13 winners :\ngreen dancer ( c nijinsky ) poule d\u2019essai des poulains ( g1 ) , observer gold cup ( g1 ) , prix lupin ( g1 ) . champion sire .\nval danseur ( c nijinsky ) golden gate h ( g2 ) , 3rd sunset h ( g1 ) . sire .\nercolano ( c sir ivor ) prix du lys ( g3 ) , prix d ' iena . sire .\nsoviet lad ( c nureyev ) prix de pontarme , 2nd bernard baruch h ( g1 ) . sire .\nalhaarth ( c unfuwain ) champion two - year - old colt in europe , dewhurst s ( g1 ) . sire .\ndhelaal ( f green desert ) unraced . dam of : makfi ( c dubawi ) champion three - year - old colt in europe , 2 , 000 guineas ( g1 ) , prix jacques le marois ( g1 ) . sire .\n, 8f , newbury , beating charlie farnsbarns , medicine path , eagle mountain , thousand words , sunshine kid , regime , petara bay , drumfire .\n, 12f , epsom , by 5l , beating eagle mountain , aqaleem , lucarno , soldier of fortune , salford mill , kid mambo , yellowstone , acapulco , admiralofthefleet , mahler , anton chekhov , regime , petara bay , strategic prince , archipenko .\n, 10\u00bdf , york , beating dylan thomas , notnowcato , duke of marmalade , asiatic boy , hattan , song of hiawatha .\n, 10\u00bdf , york , by 4l , beating raincoat , al shemali , adagio .\n, 10f , sandown , to notnowcato , beating george washington , yellowstone , admiralofthefleet , kandidate , archipenko , champerey .\nall nine of darley ' s stallions in france will be on show at haras du logis on sunday 21 january from 10 . 30am - 4pm .\nall nine of the darley stallions in france will be on show on sunday , 21 january as haras du logis throws open its doors to visitors from 10 . 30am - 4pm as part of normandy\u2019s route des etalons .\npounamu has established himself as one of the form horses of western australian racing , adding the g2 van heemst stakes to a pair of major victories earlier this summer .\npounamu produced one of his typical storming finishes to account for a high - class field in the g1 kingston town classic at ascot , western australia , on 9 december .\nauthorized enjoyed a superb day on saturday , 4 november when he recorded an outstanding three black type winners .\nthe darley stallions have enjoyed another outstanding year on the racecourse , siring 24 g1 winners around the world in 2017 . iffraaj ' s champion miler ribchester heads the line up of new stallions for 2018 .\neuropean champion miler ribchester will stand at kildangan stud for \u20ac30 , 000 in 2018 .\nmultiple g1 winner hartnell returned to racing with a bang on 19 august , producing a brilliant performance at caulfield to win the g2 p b lawrence stakes over seven furlongs .\ndating back to the 1700s , ascot\u2019s royal meeting is one of the centrepieces of the summer social calendar and the highlight of the year for the berkshire racecourse .\ncopyright \u00a9 2000 - 2017 the hong kong jockey club . all rights reserved .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njust as the sibaya yearling sale appears to show a rise in quality offered , so are the entries for the sibaya broodmare sale of higher calibre than we remember from previous years . with the breeding industry facing an apparent shortage of quality mares , there will no doubt be fierce competition for the more promising mares amongst the 58 lots on offer . karel miedema takes a look at their pedigrees , in sire order .\nal mufti ( 32 ) sonora blair is a half sister to 9 winners including highclass travis mcgee and countess michelle . for the pedigree minded , their grandam dance away is inbred 3x3 to davy gordon , himself an inbred stallion , 4x3 to ayrshire\u2019s son symington . davy gordon\u2019s sire mr jinks appears three times in dance away . the common factors between the sires of travis mcgee and countess michelle are nashua , count fleet and raise a native \u2013 which are elements close - up in a major sire : mr prospector . take that one back to sonora blair together with al mufti\u2019s affinity - mate buckpasser and you might be cooking . a sire like seeking the gold ( in lecture ) has them both . lecture has 22 lines of ayrshire in his background as well , nine from seeking the gold . pedigrees can be fun !\nresult of enquiries ( j . o\u2019shea , j . osborne and l . cumani ) heard by the disciplinary panel on thursday 2 february\nin absence \u2013 john o\u2019shea 1 . the disciplinary panel of the british horseracing authority on 2 february 2017 held an enquiry to establish whether or not john o\u2019shea , a licensed trainer , \u2026\nthe main role of the bha\u2019s board is to provide strategic leadership and direction , and assist the executive in delivering the bha\u2019s nine strategic objectives . the board is comprised of twelve directors and meets eight times per year .\nnick rust has over 27 years of experience in the betting and gaming industry , and joined the bha from ladbrokes plc , where he was managing director , retail , in january 2015 . in his previous role he had oversight of around 2 , 500 betting shops and 13 , 000 staff . he re - joined ladbrokes in 2011 , having started at the firm as a cashier in 1987 , and held roles at bskyb between 2002 and 2007 , including as managing director of skybet , and at gala coral from 2007 to 2010 , including as managing director , remote gambling and coral retail . he has extensive experience in industry and corporate affairs , having managed key relationships with government and regulators . nick oversaw the establishment of british racing\u2019s tripartite structure through the members\u2019 agreement , an industry - wide strategy for growth and replacement of the horserace betting levy , and has excellent relationships across british racing . nick is also a non - executive director of york theatre royal .\nandrew merriam is a qualified chartered accountant with more than 30 years\u2019 experience in financial services and banking and 10 years\u2019 experience running the bradfords group , the leading privately - owned supplier of building materials in the uk . andrew is a chairman and a director with a number of other companies , including a director of fakenham racecourse , as well as a trustee of racing to school , retraining of racehorses and the british racing school . andrew is also an independent director and chairman of the point - to - point authority board , as well as chairman of the bha\u2019s rules committee , the stewarding and disciplinary policy committee and the audit committee . he was previously a chairman of the disciplinary panel and a member of the regulatory committee .\nandrew has acted as a racecourse steward at newmarket , cheltenham , fakenham , southwell and yarmouth . andrew merriam was elected to the jockey club in 1997 . he is chairman of jockey club estates and was appointed a steward , for the second time , in 2008 .\nandrew owns and breeds national hunt horses to race under rules and in point - to - points .\nan experienced non - executive director in sports organisations , atholl spent nearly 25 years with the bbc , initially as a journalist and tv news and sports producer , before rising to be head of news and current affairs for the bbc in scotland . he spent four years as director of corporate affairs with scottish water and since 2011 has been executive director of icas , the professional body of chartered accountants . atholl sits on numerous advisory boards , has worked with the government on various business issues and has good knowledge of sports administration and governance . he was a non - executive director of sportscotland for nine years , sat on the scottish sports council trust and currently sits on the board of the hibernian football club community foundation . atholl has been a regular race goer for more than 35 years and is a member of the caledonian racing society .\njulie harrington has considerable knowledge and experience in british horseracing as a result of her eight year career with northern racing . her final appointment was as operations director and prior to that she was managing director of uttoxeter racecourse .\njulie\u2019s early career was with whitbread inns as regional marketing director and then with british airways as retail sector director . previously st george\u2019s park managing director , operations director across the fa\u2019s sites in burton - upon - trent and at wembley stadium , and is now the chief executive officer of british cycling .\nn\u00f6el harwerth and her husband are former breeders who now buy yearlings in britain and ireland and race in britain . n\u00f6el is active in both british and us racing and is involved with the national museum of racing and hall of fame .\nshe was previously a government appointee on the board of the tote and is currently nonexecutive director on a number of high profile financial services organisations , including standard life plc , ge capital bank limited and london metal exchange . from 1998 to 2003 n\u00f6el was the chief operating officer of citibank international and prior to that served as the chief tax officer of citigroup , dun & bradstreet corporation and kennecott copper corporation . she is also a qualified solicitor .\nas the ceo of sports gaming limited , a london - based management consultancy to the gaming industry , joe has for the past 15 years advised and worked closely with lotteries , governments , investment banks and operating companies on strategy , operational restructuring , finance and merger and acquisition . he continues to work with the ontario lottery as a internet gaming expert , helping them move their land - based operations online . in 2012 joe co - founded bede gaming ltd , a provider of technology to the online casino and bingo industries , and one of the fastest growing companies in the north - east . bede gaming is licensed by the uk gambling commission and other international regulatory bodies . joe has an mba from the wharton school of finance , university of pennsylvania , where he was a thouron scholar . joe has a deep rooted passion and understanding of horseracing , having been an avid follower of the industry since the age of eight . he was on the jockey club graduate programme and worked at the racing post . over the past 20 years he has been a regular race goer and has been to more than 200 tracks around the world . he has written extensively about horseracing and gambling for a variety of publications , including the financial times , the times , the telegraph , and bloomberg .\nrupert arnold has been the chief executive of the national trainers federation , the representative body for licensed racehorse trainers in great britain , since 2000 . during this time he has also been a director of the british horseracing board , the horsemen\u2019s group and the british horseracing education and standards trust .\nearlier in his career , after employment as assistant trainer to jeremy hindley , john winter and paul cole , rupert held a trainer\u2019s licence for six years , training in upper lambourn , berkshire .\nvivien currie is chief executive of hamilton park racecourse , where she took up appointment in june 2008 . she is also a member of the development board of the marie curie hospice in glasgow and vice chairman of the rca . prior to this she was part owner of and chief executive of livingston football club having bought the club and taken it out of administration . she also sat on the scottish football league management committee where she was the first female to hold such an appointment in its over 100 year existence . qualifying as a chartered accountant with ernst & young , vivien worked in london , australia and glasgow , including a period advising technology start - ups , before joining telecoms business damovo . starting as director of strategy she was responsible for the integration of the group\u2019s 18 countries\u2019 sales forces before becoming head of global sales and solutions . vivien does a variety of public speaking sharing her life and work experiences of adapting her business skills to different industries .\nsir paul had a highly distinguished career as a police officer over more than 35 years , holding senior command positions in merseyside , lancashire and london . in his roles with the metropolitan police service \u2013 where as commissioner he was the most senior officer in the uk \u2013 he advised governments on issues ranging from counter terrorism to serious organised crime and national police improvements , with a focus on modern , transparent and collaborative policing . he has served as trustee for a number of charities , and is currently a trustee of crimestoppers uk . he leads the bha board\u2019s efforts in its priority areas , ensuring that british racing is regulated to high standards , and seen by all to be fair and clean .\nruth quinn was appointed the british horseracing authority\u2019s director of international racing and racing development in july 2015 , having previously held the post of racing director .\nshe represents bha / british racing with overseas racing authorities on matters relating to the international race programme , international racing development , international handicapping , and the overall management of bha\u2019s complex relationships with its international partners and counterparts . ruth is a keen rider , particularly enjoying working closely with and bringing on young racehorses .\nwill was appointed as executive director in may 2017 , having previously been director of corporate affairs . he is responsible for strategy and stakeholder liaison , and industry people and betting matters .\nhe joined the then british horseracing board as communications executive in 2003 , performing a range of roles in the following years , including as spokesperson for the governing body . he took part in the sport\u2019s graduate development programme in 2001 , and also gained experience in racing journalism and across different racecourses and racecourse groups .\nrichard joined the bha at the beginning of 2016 as chief operations officer , with responsibility for the racing , handicapping , finance , information technology and programme management teams . he has a lifelong interest in racing and , having taken part in the jockey club graduate development programme , began his career as an odds compiler with william hill . having qualified as a chartered accountant working for pricewaterhousecoopers , he became finance director at the british racing school before joining the british horseracing board as assistant racing director in 2004 . he was appointed chief executive of the racehorse owners association in 2012 and , as part of this role , became secretary of the horsemen\u2019s group and a director of racing enterprises limited and british champions series .\ncatherine was appointed as the bha\u2019s director of legal and governance in september 2016 , having joined the bha as head of legal \u2013 governance in november 2015 . catherine is responsible for all aspects of the bha\u2019s general legal counsel , company secretariat , corporate governance and data protection . prior to joining the bha , catherine was a senior member of the dla piper sports team for 10 years . catherine has extensive experience of advising sports governing bodies and rights owners in relation to contentious issues connected with sport , both regulatory and commercial , in proceedings in the high court and before international and domestic sports disciplinary and arbitral tribunals . she also specialises in intellectual property litigation , particularly in relation to sport and media bodies . catherine is a director of the british association for sport and law .\nbrant was appointed chief regulatory officer in april 2018 , having previously been in the post of director of integrity and regulatory operations since september 2016 , and having joined the bha as head of raceday operations in march 2015 .\nbrant is an experienced administrator and regulator having held various senior roles within racing - related industries in britain and australia over the past 20 years . as chief regulatory officer , his reports include the director of equine health and welfare , the chief medical advisor , head of regulation and the head of stewarding . he also has accountability for integrity , licensing and anti - doping , as well as managing the team of equine welfare and integrity officers and overriding responsibility for the judges , starters , clerks of scales , racecourse and inspectors of courses , and the bha\u2019s role in liaison with the point to point , arab racing and pony racing authorities .\nprior to joining the bha , brant was chief operating officer ( 2010 - 2014 ) with harness racing victoria with overall management responsibility for all integrity and racing regulatory functions . brant also holds a bachelor of legal studies ( victoria university ) and graduate diploma sports law ( university of melbourne ) , where he specialised in international sports law and racing industry law & regulation .\ndavid sykes joined the bha in march 2017 as director of equine health and welfare and is responsible for developing an enhanced welfare strategy which encapsulates a thoroughbred\u2019s full lifespan , from birth until well after the end of its racing career . david joins the bha from the united arab emirates ( uae ) where he has held the position of head veterinary officer for the emirates racing authority ( era ) since 2010 , a role which encompasses the welfare and integrity of all flat racing in the uae . in this role he was responsible for implementing and managing anti\u00addoping and medication control programs , equine welfare and health issues , administration of data collection programs for injury surveillance and risk factors associated with racing in the uae .\nin addition , david has held the role of head of the veterinary department for the uae itself since october 2015 , which includes responsibilities for government liaison , quarantine and import / export controls and testing .\nprior to his time at the era regulatory and uae equine quarantine positions , david held positions in sydney , australia , his country of birth and where he established a successful five - veterinarian practice . as well as his regulatory positions , david brings over 20 years of private practice experience to the role .\nmartin fewell took up the post as bha director of communications and corporate affairs in october 2017 , having previously been the director of media & communications at the metropolitan police since 2012 .\nhis responsibilities include media relations , stakeholder and internal communications , corporate affairs , political liaison and building the bha\u2019s digital presence .\nmartin was a journalist at the bbc and itn before joining the met . he was the deputy editor of channel 4 news for ten years and previously edited news programmes on bbc radio 4 and the bbc news channel .\nlike any new website you might come across things that need fixing , please let us know and we will get these resolved as quickly as possible . in the meantime , we would love to hear your feedback . email us at info @ urltoken to tell us what you think .\nthe british horseracing authority uses cookies on this website to help operate our site and for analytics purposes . for more on how and which cookies are used and where you can alter our cookie usage , see more information . by continuing to use our services , you are giving us your consent to use cookies . more info\nseveral of his pictures of egypt and sudan were painted at least four years after he resigned his commission , and it is possible that he returned to north africa after he left the army to follow the conflicts in that region . his paintings show both important events in the region in the 1880s such as start of suakin berbar railway and the parade of officers mentioned at the battle of gemaizah of 1888 , as well as everyday events such as loading horses onto ships and patrols . other scenes show troops on maneuvers in the english countryside , scenes in london and other military genre .\nthe military collection digital archive recently passed a milestone : 25 , 000 images and counting . the first pictures were scanned back in 2004 and through the efforts of many staff and students , we have created the largest digital collection in brown university library . special credit should go to robin ness , ann caldwell , betsy fishman and henry gould for directing this enterprise and creating the thousands of mods records . there are still many images to scan and work is currently underway on the numerous portfolios and other items as well as scanning prints that were missed or need re - scanning . at the same time , the digital archive has been migrated to the brown digital repository ( bdr ) and images can now be searched at : urltoken this is a much more versatile system and will allow corrections and changes to be made to existing data as well as new information that will enhance and contribute to the background and scholarship of the iconography . for example , it is hoped to add details such as publications and references relevant to a particular image or artist , and links to other collections owning similar material . users are encouraged to forward any additional information that might be suitable or suggest any changes or corrections .\nyou are currently browsing the anne s . k . brown military collection update blog archives for july , 2013 .\nanne s . k . brown military collection update is proudly powered by wordpress entries ( rss ) and comments ( rss ) .\nplus gst payment on 42 - day ppt , free return ( conditions apply ) . standing at mapperley stud , nz\nfour - time group winner who won the g1 spring champion , like savabeel and dundeel . by an epsom derby hero and bred on a similar cross to leading sire tavistock .\nby authorized ( 2004 ) champion three - year - old colt in europe , derby s ( g1 ) , juddmonte international s ( g1 ) , etc . sire of 891 foals aged three and up , including complacent , ambivalent , hartnell , pounamu , seal of approval , maygrove , prize money , lacy , rehn\u2019s nest , etc .\n1st dam : insouciance by quest for fame . winner at 2 and 3 . own - sister to dracula . dam of 10 foals , 9 to race , 9 winners :\nataraxia ( g teofilo ) 2 wins at 3 , 2017 , dulcify quality s .\noffhanded ( g lonhro ) 5 wins , 2 to 5 , 3rd alister clark s ( g2 ) , up and coming s ( g3 ) .\ncareless ( g exceed and excel ) 3 wins at 3 and 5 , 2017 , 2nd fernhill h , 3rd gothic s .\nmalaise ( c helmet ) 3 wins at 3 and 4 , 2017 , 2nd cs hayes s ( g3 ) .\n2nd dam : awards ceremony by kaoru star . unraced . dam of 7 winners :\ndracula ( c quest for fame ) champion two - year - old in australia , 7 wins at 2 and 3 , george main s ( g1 ) , sires\u2019 produce s ( g1 ) , champagne s ( g1 ) , fernhill h ( g3 ) . sire .\nthe oscars ( g procol harum ) 3 wins , 2 to 4 , canonbury s .\nsash ( f dr grace ) 5 wins at 3 and 4 , toy show quality h .\nvampire ( g flying spur ) 6 wins , 3 to 6 , 2nd fernhill h ( g3 ) .\nmasked party ( g marscay ) galaxy h ( g1 ) , premiere s ( g2 ) , the angas brut ( g2 ) .\nfestal ( c vain ) elders s ( g1 ) , sovereign print s , 2nd the concorde ( g2 ) . sire .\nla bamba ( f last tycoon ) 2 wins at 4 . dam of :\ninspiration ( g flying spur ) hong kong sprint ( g1 ) , centenary sprint cup .\nwandjina ( c snitzel ) australian guineas ( g1 ) , c s hayes debonair s ( g3 ) , 2nd all aged s ( g1 ) , 3rd caulfield guineas ( g1 ) .\nlucky unicorn ( c redoute\u2019s choice ) chester manifold s , 3rd carlyon cup ( g3 ) . sire .\nprovence ( f redoute\u2019s choice ) great western desirable s , 3rd waltzing lily h . dam of : banaadeer ( c more than ready ) storm bird s , 2nd south african nursery ( g1 ) ; admiration ( c encosta de lago ) the chairman ' s trophy , 3rd jockey club sprint ( g2 ) , twice , hong kong classic mile , the premier cup .\nzoometric ( g unbridled\u2019s song ) tattersall\u2019s cup , fairetha s , perth s , supremacy s , 2nd karrakatta plate ( g2 ) , sires\u2019 produce s ( g3 ) , 3rd lee steere classic ( g3 ) .\nlady danzero ( f danzero ) placed at 3 . dam of : discreet ( f show a heart ) brc calaway gal plate .\njoy ride ( f redoute\u2019s choice ) unraced . dam of : hijack hussy ( f hussonet ) desirable s , 2nd vo rogue plate ( g3 ) , 3rd shelley dale ohs mode s .\nspring champion s ( g1 ) , 2000m , randwick , beating criterion , savvy nature , hooked , liberty\u2019s choice , equator , drago , rock hero , thunder fantasy , fuerza , fast dragon .\ngloaming s ( g3 ) , 1800m , rosehill , beating savvy nature , drago , hooked , fuerza , order of the sun , fast dragon .\nvictoria derby ( g1 ) , 2500m , flemington , to polanski , beating thunder fantasy , criterion , tupac amaru , drago , bring something , epic saga , san diego , pinstripe lane , savvy nature .\nchelmsford s ( g2 ) , 1600m , randwick , beating kermadec , royal descent , hartnell , junoob , pornichet , who shot thebarman , beaten up , imposing , precedence , hawkspur , preferment , magog , moriarty , opinion , tremec .\ncraven plate ( g3 ) , 2000m , randwick , beating hauraki , imposing , moriarty , magog , gallante , foreteller , ruling dynasty , sense of occasion , celtic prince .\nhill s ( g2 ) , 2000m , randwick , to preferment , magic hurricane , beating beaten up , who shot thebarman , bonfire , chance to dance , bohemian lily , gallante , opinion , junoob , precedence , tremec .\nright at the beginning of the story of art , gombrich establishes that he is writing about important issues : how people perceive and appreciate works of art and how works of art depict and represent the world in language that is deliberately and brilliantly straightforward . in the preface , he announces that in planning and writing the book he\nthought first and foremost of readers in their teens who had just rediscovered the world for themselves\n. but i suspect his idea of the average teenager was based on a combination of his own upbringing in a highly educated viennese family ( his parents were friends of schoenberg , freud and mahler ) and that of his son , richard , who was later to become professor of sanskrit at oxford . in other words , the teenager is expected to be precocious and intelligent , interested in the history of ideas as well as art , and certainly male .\nin his introduction , gombrich explores two very characteristic themes essential to an understanding of his subsequent work , and which it is slightly surprising and pleasing to find announced so unequivocally close to the beginning of his scholarly career . the first is the need for the artist to experience freedom from political or religious constraints . he describes this by comparing the two versions of saint matthew that caravaggio undertook as a commission for the church of san luigi dei francesi in rome . the first version was a great work of realism in which the angel is leaning a long , spindly arm towards the relatively rustic hand of saint matthew . the work was rejected as being too naturalistic and was later destroyed by bombs during the second world war . caravaggio then painted a slightly more idealised and conventional version , still in san luigi in rome . gombrich describes how\nthe outcome is still quite a good picture , for caravaggio had tried hard to make it look lively and interesting , but we feel that it is less honest and sincere than the first had been .\ngiven that gombrich was commissioned to write the book while working as a translator for the bbc ' s monitoring service , it is impossible not to recognise his profound belief in the moral freedom of the artist from any form of coercion .\ngombrich ' s second introductory description is of the intense compositional struggle that lay behind raphael ' s painting madonna of the meadow in the kunsthistorisches museum in vienna . art was viewed not as a product of aesthetics , but more as a result of visual observation , which is then ordered and structured by graphic experiment , closely akin in terms of visual procedure to the work of caricature . this announces some of the themes and intellectual interests that later led to his greatest work in art and illusion , and was a consequence of his close friendship with the art historian and psychoanalyst ernst kris ."]}
{"id": 1773, "summary": [{"text": "marstonia scalariformis , previously known as pyrgulopsis scalariformis , common name the moss pyrg , is a species of freshwater snail with a gill and an operculum , aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family hydrobiidae . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "marstonia scalariformis", "paragraphs": ["clade hypsogastropoda clade littorinimorpha | superfamilia = rissooidea | familia = hydrobiidae | subfamilia = nymphophilinae | genus = marstonia | species = m . scalariformis | binomial = marstonia scalariformis | binomial _ authority = ( wolf , 1869 ) | synonyms = pyrgula scalariformis wolf , 1869 pyrgulopsis scalariformis ( wolf , 1869 ) pyrgula scalarif . . .\nsmallest species of freshwater snail known from the tennessee river system rivaled in its small size among eastern snails only by marstonia agarhectra and marstonia castor . features of shell shape similar to marstonia scalariformis , which is a much larger species ( thompson , 2004 ) .\npyrgulopsis agarhecta ( f . g . thompson , 1969 ) - ocmulgee marstonia - marstonia agarhecta f . g . thompson , 1969\npyrgulopsis castor ( f . g . thompson , 1977 ) - beaverpond marstonia - marstonia castor f . g . thompson , 1977\npyrgulopsis halcyon ( f . g . thompson , 1977 ) - halcyon marstonia - marstonia halcyon f . g . thompson , 1977\npyrgulopsis pachyta ( f . g . thompson , 1977 ) - armored marstonia - marstonia pachyta f . g . thompson , 1977\npyrgulopsis arga ( f . g . thompson , 1977 ) - ghost marstonia - marstonia arga - f . g . thompson , 1977\nthe genus marstonia was formerly relegated to the synonomy of pyrgulopsis by hershler and thompson ( 1987 ) , but thompson and hershler ( 2002 ) later re - evaluated eastern north american species assigned to pyrgulopsis and recognized them as distinct species of the genus marstonia .\neastern north american species of pyrgulopsis are considered to be in separate genus marstonia according to the thompson and hershler ( 2002 ) .\npyrgulopsis hershleri f . g . thompson , 1995 - coosa pyrg - marstonia hershleri ( f . g . thompson , 1995 )\npyrgulopsis ogmoraphe ( f . g . thompson , 1977 ) - royal springsnail - marstonia ogmorhaphe ( f . g . thompson , 1977 )\nthompson , f . g . 2005 . two new species of hydrobiid snails of the genus marstonia from alabama and georgia . the veliger 47 ( 3 ) : 175 - 182 .\nthompson , f . g . and r . hershler . 2002 . two genera of north american freshwater snails : marstonia baker , 1926 , resurrected to generic status , and floridobia , new genus ( prosobranchia : hydrobiidae : nymphophilinae ) . the veliger , 45 ( 3 ) : 269 - 271 .\nindex to vols . 1 - 5 . by w . j . mcgee\n: v . 5 , p . 281 - 370\nthere are no reviews yet . be the first one to write a review .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\njavascript is disabled for your browser . some features of this site may not work without it .\n) . this webpage should not be considered an official source . please check with the alabama department of conservation and natural resources for an official copy of the regulation .\nit shall be unlawful to take , capture , kill , or attempt to take , capture or kill , possess , sell , trade for anything of monetary value , or offer to sell or trade for anything of monetary value , the following invertebrate species ( or any parts or reproductive products of such species ) without a scientific collection permit or written permit from the commissioner , department of conservation and natural resources , which shall specifically state what the permittee may do with regard to said species .\nin addition , any required federal permits for federally protected species must be obtained .\nreturn to : top of page alabama mollusks : overview , endangered and candidate species north alabama shell club page curator : deborah wills ( dwills @ hiwaay . net ) this page has been accessed times since 23 december 1998 . last revised : 23 december 1998\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nall information found on this site falls under the inhs ' s internet license agreement . ( note : illinois specific lists are marked with )\nkevin s . cummings , mollusk curator - homepage rachel vinsel , collection manager ( data requests ) jeremy tiemann , malacology staff sarah douglass , malacology staff alison p . stodola , malacology staff chris phillips , terrestrial gastropods\nover 99 % have been identified to species and the names referenced to a literature source . all of the catalogued lots have been databased and 90 % have been geo - referenced ( assigned latitude and longitudinal coordinates ) . there are about 400 type lots : 200 freshwater gastropods , 150 terrestrial gastropods , and 50 freshwater bivalves . over 40 , 000 soft parts of more than 200 species have been preserved ( approximately half in ethanol ) and available for study . about 12 , 000 lots were collected from 1850 - 1950 and 46 , 500 from 1950 - present . we have a backlog of about 5 , 000 lots . we are in the process of imaging the specimens and 4000 lots have been photographed to date . ( july 2017 )\nillinois natural history survey prairie research institute 1816 south oak street , mc 652 champaign , il 61820 217 - 333 - 6880 contact webmaster \u2022 sign in terms of use . email the web administrator with questions or comments . \u00a9 2018 university of illinois board of trustees . all rights reserved . for permissions information , contact the illinois natural history survey\nturgeon , d . d . , j . f . quinn , jr . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , f . g . hochberg , w . g . lyons , p . m . mikkelsen , r . j . neves , c . f . e . roper , g . rosenberg , b . roth , a . scheltema , f . g . thompson , m . vecchione , and j . d . williams . 1998 . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks . 2nd edition . american fisheries society special publication 26 , bethesda , maryland : 526 pp .\napparently it has been collected alive recently only from meramec river , missouri ; shoal creek , lauderdale county , alabama ( where it is likely extirpated ) ; and flint river , madison county , alabama ; also round island creek and piney creek in limestone co . , alabama ( clark , 2007 ) . the subfossil record is much more extensive with shell material from illinois , indiana , and iowa . the extremely limited distribution ( range less than 20 square km ) , declining population trend ( 30 - 50 % recently , 75 - 90 % historically ) , and vulnerability to habitat degradation make the species vulnerable to extinction .\ndue to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to\nappears to have been widely distributed in the mississippi , ohio , and tennessee river systems , at least prehistorically , and was described from pleistocene deposites in illinois . also fossil material below davenport , iowa ( hershler , 1994 ) . burch ( 1989 ) cites shoal creek , near florence , alabama ; illinois river , tazewell co . , and rock river , rock island co . , illinois , as pleistocene fossils . however , apparently has been collected alive only from meramec river , missouri ; shoal creek , lauderdale county , alabama ; and flint river , midson county , alabama ; also round island creek and piney creek in limestone co . , alabama ( clark , 2007 ) . shoal creek population appears extirpated ( hershler , 1994 ; mirarchi et al . , 2004 ) .\nrecently , apparently has been collected alive only from meramec river , missouri ; shoal creek , lauderdale county , alabama ; and flint river , madison county , alabama ( mirarchi , 2004 ) . shoal creek population appears extirpated ( mirarchi et al . , 2004 ) . recently , three new populations were found ; in the flint river at the hayes nature reserve in madison co . , round island creek in limestone co . , and piney creek in limestone co . ( clark , 2007 ) . wu et al . ( 1997 ) list only a single site on the meramec river in crawford co . , missouri .\nthe terrain surrounding the flint river is primarily used for agriculture , but is currently under threat of increasing residential use , as suburbs of huntsville expand eastward . additionally , a golf complex was recently constructed to a reach of creek where the species occurs . it is also susceptible to introduction of pesticides and fertilizers as well as excessive irrigation and sedimentation ( mirarchi et al . , 2004 ) .\nalthough still declining , most declines occurred historically ( hershler , 1994 ) although the shoal creek , lauderdale co . , alabama ( hershler , 1994 ) , population appears to be extirpated .\naccording to hershler ( 1994 ) , it was widely distributed in the mississippi , ohio , and tennessee river systems , at least prehistorically and was described from illinois pleistocene deposits . it was described from empty shells along the tazewell shore of the illinois river in illinois and is also known as dead shells from near the mouth of the rock river below davenport , iowa ( as pyrgulopsis mississippiensis ) and the wabash river at the chains in posey co . , indiana ( as pyrgulopsis wabashensis ) ( hershler , 1994 ) . it was once widespread in alabama but has been reduced to one population in the flint river ( mirarchi , 2004 ) and two in two creeks in limestone co . ( clark , 2007 ) ; plus one population on the meramec river in missouri ( wu et al . , 2007 ) .\nthe flint river population should be monitored periodically and habitat degradation identified and mitigated .\na survey of potential reintroduction sites should be conducted , and a captive propagation and reintroduction program should be considered . if deemed necessary , augmentation of existing populations should also be considered ( mirarchi et al . , 2004 ) .\n( < 100 square km ( less than about 40 square miles ) ) appears to have been widely distributed in the mississippi , ohio , and tennessee river systems , at least prehistorically , and was described from pleistocene deposites in illinois . also fossil material below davenport , iowa ( hershler , 1994 ) . burch ( 1989 ) cites shoal creek , near florence , alabama ; illinois river , tazewell co . , and rock river , rock island co . , illinois , as pleistocene fossils . however , apparently has been collected alive only from meramec river , missouri ; shoal creek , lauderdale county , alabama ; and flint river , midson county , alabama ; also round island creek and piney creek in limestone co . , alabama ( clark , 2007 ) . shoal creek population appears extirpated ( hershler , 1994 ; mirarchi et al . , 2004 ) .\nit primarily occurs in submerged masses of tree rootlets and bryophytes along steep banks adjacent to flowing water in rivers of all sizes ( mirarchi et al . , 2004 ) .\noccurrences are based on some evidence of historical or current presence of single or multiple specimens , including live specimens or recently dead shells ( i . e . , soft tissue still attached without signs of external weathering or staining ) , at a given location with potentially recurring existence . weathered shells constitute a historic occurrence . evidence is derived from reliable published observation or collection data ; unpublished , though documented ( i . e . government or agency reports , web sites , etc . ) observation or collection data ; or museum specimen information .\nseparation barriers are largely based on permanent hydrological discontinuity between water bodies , with distances of 30 meters or greater between maximum high water marks constituting a separation barrier . additional barriers are chemical and / or physical and include any connecting water body ( regardless of size ) with one or more of the following on a permanent basis : no dissolved calcium content , acidity greater than ph 5 , lack of dissolved oxygen , extremely high salinity such as that found in saline lakes and brine waters , or temperature greater than 45 an additional physical barrier , particularly for flowing water , is presence of upland habitat between water connections . high waterfalls and anthropogenic barriers to water flow such as dams are barriers as they limit movement in an upstream direction .\nuse the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .\nzoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .\nburch , j . b . 1989 . north american freshwater snails . malacological publications : hamburg , michigan . 365 pp .\nhershler , r . 1994 . a review of the north american freshwater snail genus pyrgulopsis ( hydrobiidae ) . smithsonian contributions to zoology , 554 : 1 - 115 .\nhershler , r . and f . g . thompson . 1987 . north american hydrobiidae ( gastropoda : rissoacea ) : redescription and the systematic relationships of tryonia stimpson , 1865 and pyrgulopsis call and pilsbry , 1886 . the nautilus , 101 ( 1 ) : 25 - 32 .\nmirarchi , r . e . , j . t . garner , m . f . mettee , and p . e . o ' neil . 2004b . alabama wildlife . volume 2 . imperiled aquatic mollusks and fishes . university of alabama press , tuscaloosa , alabama . xii + 255 pp .\nmirarchi , r . e . , m . a . bailey , j . t . garner , t . m . haggerty , t . l . best , m . f . mettee , and p . o ' neil . 2004d . alabama wildlife . volume four : conservation and management recommendations for imperiled wildlife . university of alabama press , tuscaloosa , alabama . 221 pp .\nmirarchi , r . e . , et al . 2004a . alabama wildlife . volume one : a checklist of vertebrates and selected invertebrates : aquatic mollusks , fishes , amphibians , reptiles , birds , and mammals . university of alabama press : tuscaloosa , alabama . 209 pp .\nwu , s . - k . , r . d . oesch , and m . e . gordon . 1997 . missouri aquatic snails . natural history series , no . 5 . missouri department of conservation : jefferson , missouri . 97 pp .\nthe small print : trademark , copyright , citation guidelines , restrictions on use , and information disclaimer .\nnote : all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve ' s central databases as of november 2016 . note : this report was printed on\ntrademark notice :\nnatureserve\n, natureserve explorer , the natureserve logo , and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve . any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .\ncopyright notice : copyright \u00a9 2017 natureserve , 4600 n . fairfax dr . , 7th floor , arlington virginia 22203 , u . s . a . all rights reserved . each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document . the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .\nnatureserve . 2017 . natureserve explorer : an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ] . version 7 . 1 . natureserve , arlington , virginia . available http : / / explorer . natureserve . org . ( accessed :\nridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely , james zook , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\npatterson , b . d . , g . ceballos , w . sechrest , m . f . tognelli , t . brooks , l . luna , p . ortega , i . salazar , and b . e . young . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson , wes sechrest , marcelo tognelli , gerardo ceballos , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\niucn , conservation international , and natureserve . 2004 . global amphibian assessment . iucn , conservation international , and natureserve , washington , dc and arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union , conservation international and natureserve .\nno graphics available from this server can be used , copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text . any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve . nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication , estoppel , or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve . no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve . except as expressly provided above , nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .\n) . your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users .\nencyclo . co . uk , online since 2007 , is a search engine for english meanings and definitions . the website aims to publish all wordlists , big and small , on the internet , making it much easier to find the word you need . follow us on facebook\n- note : several protected species are illustrated here only for identification purposes . they are not for sale . - the photos in our gallery are in most cases just a sample from our stock , except when only one specimen is offered . we try to match the original color but it can vary if your screen is not correctly adjusted ( gamma correction ) .\ndata and apps idaho fish and wildlife information system bringing information to bear on the management and conservation of fish , wildlife , and plants in idaho .\n> stream x\u009c\u0095z\u00fb\u0092\u00fb\u00b8\u0011 } \u009f\u00af\u00f0\u00f3\u0096 ] e # \u0004x\u00df7\u00fb\u00eb [ * v \\ \u00f6\u00ec\u00e6e ^ ( \u001a ! \u0091h \u00a4f , \u007f } \u009ad\u0083\n\u0081\u0006\u00e5\u00f4v\u00ed\u00f6\u00ee\u00f4\u00e0\u00f2 } \u00fat\u009f\u0006\u00df\u00fe\u00df\u00f1u\u0000\u00ff\u00f0\u0095\u0010\u0019\u0013\u00f1 * \u00e9s\u0096d\u00ab\u00fb\u00e3\u00fd\u00df > \u00f0u\u00be\u00ba\u00df\u00fd \u00ab\u00fb\u00fa . \u00efy \u00af\u00ee\u007f\u00fd\u00bd\u00f8rl\u00e5\u00eb\u00f5\u00fd\u00bf\u00ef\u00b2\u0098 \u00f0\u00bb _ \u00ab\u0017 + \u00fd\u00ff9\u00e3\u00a27qe\u00ff\u0003 . \u00b2\u00f1\u00af\u00f3\u0098\u0005a\u00ff\u00eb ? 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\u0015\u00a6\u0092jh\u00f5 ~ \u0090\u00ee\u00aa\u00efn\u00e2v\u00ec\u00fbl ' gic ) \u00fb8\u0090\u00e8\u00fb\u00ef\u00ba > * \u00eai ) \u00ef\u00e8\u00fd\u0012\u00be\u0092 j\u0098 & l ; \u0099l\u00ee\u0086\u00ea\u009elasi\u00e44\u00fbo\u00ea\u0016\u008ai ) \u00e9\u00ef\u00fa\u00b7 ^ m\u00a2\u00e7\u0017\u00876 # k \b\u00f9 - d\u0092ijy\u00fdc\u00a2\u00b3\u00ab42\u00e2\u00e0\u0001\u009fi\u0089\u00f8\u00e8v\u0082i ) \u00a7\u0099\u00f2\u00f9\u0097w \u00e9\u00fb\u0000h ` \u00e8\u0083\u00f1z } \u0016\u00f6 \\ c\u008c\u009d\u00e4\u007f\u0000\u0016\u008c\u00eat\u0094\u00e5\u00df\u00f5v\u00ab\u00ad\u0017\u00e1\u000f \u00bab ~ * \u00een\u00133xk\u00b0kj : i ) \u00a7\u00f2\u00faszk60\u0092 & } \u00e6tj\u00e8\u00b5ui\u00bc7\u00f4\u0087\u0097i\u00ef\u00e50\u00af $ \u0092\u009ay\u00fd & \u00bc\u00e8 / \u00e1\u00f4 \\ 4 ! o\u001b \u00f13\u00b9\u00ee\u00fe\u00b1\u0095e $ \u0094\u00a4\u0092i % 9\u009do\u00ea\u00e5 = m\u00e1\u00f6\u0082h\u00e3\u00fc\u00e1 u\u009c\u00be\u0099 ^ ] ~ \u0093\u00e4\u00b7o\u00e3\u00edzi % 5\u0099\u0080\u00f6w\u00e8\u0089 \u008d\u00bc\u0099\u008f\u008a\u0007j\u00e8ut\u00a9\u00f4\u0081\u0001\u00fc\u0089 $ ~ + a $ \u0094\u00e7s\u00f0 * \u00a6\u00e3\u0090\u00f0 } c2d\u00f7\u00f2vr\u00b0y\u0095\u001b\u00e4\u0091\u00e1\u00ee > \u0005xi % 5\u007fg0\u0090\u00e7k\u0088\u00e3q\u0098v\u0092i % 5\u007ff\u00d7\u00ea\u00fa\u00f1\u00ef\u008d\u00bb\u00bc\u0092\u00ec\u00e9\u00b5\u00e6m64\u0012\u00f3 - v\u0092ijx\u00f4 } v\u00a6\u009b } q\u00bb | \u00ef\u00f2 [ $ \u00a7 ; \u00abt\u001a\u00ba\u00ae\u00dft\u0013\u00b7\u00880\u00af\u00b1\u0081\u0080\u0001\u00e0\u00f0 ) $ \u0092\u0094\u00a9\u00e6\u00f4\u00e6\u00e6\u0010 \\ n\u009caw\u0012ik5\u00bbd , \u00ec\u009f\u00ab\u0098\u00f9o\u00f5 \u00e9q\u00fc\u00e9w\u00f7\u00ad $ \u0092s _ + \u0005\u0099l\u00f4\u00fe % \u00be\u0012tz\u007fl\u00af\u00a7\u008d\u00b5 \u00eb\u0012o\u00e5 * \u00f2\u008e\u00e1\u00e2js\u00f0\u00fe\u00ae\u00f1\u0086\u00ff\u0000v\u00b6c\u00ec\u00fb\u00a4\u00f7\u00e7\u00bal\u00bf\u00ab\u00b4\u00e6y\u00ebz \u0088\u0003h $ \u00edlx\u0000\u00b4\u00f2ihr\u00f0\u00f9\u0096\u00f2\u00eb\u0000sob\u00aa\u00e3\u00f4v\u00e3\u00e0k\u009f\u0003\u0086\u00ee\u00f1h $ \u0092\u0090\u00e5\u00e2\u00b7 - \u0086\u00b7\u00fd\u0017\b * \u00a7k\u00e8\u0014\u00f4\u00b2mm\u0082d\u0013 $ \u00ef\u00fev\u008ai ) \u00a9\u00f4\u00bau } i\u00bb - \u0004\u00b7\u0098\u00fc\u00e1\u00f9\be\u00e4\u00e4n\u001b\u0005u\u0088kd\u0001\u00ef\u00e5fi % 9y\u00bfv\u00a9\u00ebw\u00a9\u0005\u00ae < \u0096\u00f7\u00f8\u00ab\u00b8\u00b8 \u00e6n\u00e6\u008d\u000f = \u00e7\u00e2\u00ac $ \u0092\u009clo\u00aax\u00f8\u00ee / kt ? \u009b > \u00f4l ? \u00ab\u0094a\u00f8n\u00ad\u00bb ^ | \u008d | \u00b8zi $ \u00a7 # \u00ea\u00a6 > e\u009e\u00b3\u009aw\u00ee\u00e9\u00fc\u00ee ~ \u00f5s\u00a9t\u00aa\u00fa\u0093vz $ l\u00f8 + \u0089 $ \u00a4x\u00f8\u00ed\u00e7hc\u00044\b\u0001\u0011 % \u001b , \u0015\u0089q\u0000\u000e\u00e5 % ! \u00ee\u00e1fs v ia\u00e9\u00bd \u00ae\u009a\u00e3 ] b\u001ay\u00f6u\u00e6\nknown only from the paint rock river from north of estillfork near the tennessee border , south to butler mill , near the tenenssee river , alabama ( thompson , 2005 ) . range has recently been expanded a few km up the paint rock river ( jackson co . ) due to new discoveries ( clark , 2007 ) . threat and trend information is lacking .\nknown only from the paint rock river from north of estillfork near the tennessee border , south to butler mill , near the tenenssee river , alabama ( thompson , 2005 ) . range has recently been expanded a few km up the paint rock river ( jackson co . ) due to new discoveries ( clark , 2007 ) .\n( < 100 square km ( less than about 40 square miles ) ) known only from the paint rock river from north of estillfork near the tennessee border , south to butler mill , near the tenenssee river , alabama ( thompson , 2005 ) . range has recently been expanded a few km up the paint rock river ( jackson co . ) due to new discoveries ( clark , 2007 ) .\ndistinguished by its minute size , slender , elongate in shape with an aperture that is less than half the length of the shell , and flatted whorls that are bordered at the periphery by a distinct angle or cord . the penis bears a terminal small apocrine gland , and has a long slender filament that is about half the length of the penis ( thompson , 2004 ) .\nriver section where the river passes through a narrow gap between limestone outcrops . snails found only on aquatic bryophytes growing on limestone in the faster current ; previously overlooked because small ( thompson , 2005 ) .\nclark , s . a . 2007 . preliminary survey of the hydrobiidae of alabama . final report prepared for alabama department of conservation and natural resources , wildlife and freshwater fisheries division , montgomery , alabama . unpaginated .\npyrgulopsis is a genus of freshwater snails with a gill and an operculum , aquatic gastropod mollusks in the family hydrobiidae .\ngeneric characters of the genus pyrgulopsis are : the shell is minute , conically turreted , somewhat elongated , imperforate and unicarinate . the apex is acute . the aperture is ovate . the peritreme is continuous .\nthe operculum is ovate , thin , corneous and spiral , with polar point well forward and approximating the columella .\nthe radula is like this : odontophore with teeth are arranged in transverse rows , according to the formula 3 + 1 + 3 . formula for denticles of rhachidian :\nthe distribution of the genus pyrgulopsis includes western and south - western united states .\nsnails of species in the genus pyrgulopsis occur in fresh water and in brackish water .\npyrgulopsis is the largest genus of freshwater gastropods in the north america . in 2010 , 133 species were recognized in this genus .\npyrgulopsis pilsbryana ( j . l . baily & r . i . baily , 1952 ) - bear lake springsnail\n\u00a9 university of florida george a . smathers libraries . all rights reserved . terms of use for electronic resources and copyright information powered by sobekcm\nthe following lists were compiled by kevin cummings , jeremy tiemann , alison stodola , and rachel vinsel ( aquatic mollusca ) and chris phillips ( terrestrial mollusca ) . references are cited at the beginning of each list . because of our poor html skills , we have made no effort to show taxonomy using differential tabs , but we have indicated membership of all clades above the superfamily level . note that the membership contains only those clades with illinois species . for information on taxonomy of mollusca , see our phylogenetics of mollusca page .\ndistributional data taken from cummings ( 1991 ) , cummings and mayer ( 1992 ) , tiemann and cummings ( 2010 ) , tiemann and cummings ( 2013 ) , johnson et al . ( 2013 ) , and stodola et al . ( 2014 ) . taxonomy for mussels follows graf and cummings ( 2007 ) , except for gulf mapleleaf , which was not recognized by the authors but later determined to be a valid species ( williams et al . 2008 ) . also , since graf and cummings ( 2007 ) , the gender agreement for\nlilliput , lilliput , and texas lilliput have changed ( williams et al . 2008 ) . common names taken from turgeon et al . ( 1998 ) . scientific and common names for snails follows\ndistributional data taken from range maps of hubricht ( 1985 ) and state lists of perez and cordeiro ( 2008 ) . nomenclature to family level according to bouchet & rocroi ( 2005 ) . common names according to turgeon et al . ( 1998 ) .\ncatinella exile ( leonard , 1972 ) - not listed in turgeon et al . , 1998 1\ncatinella parallela franzen , 1979 - listed in turgeon et al . , 1998 as \u201cclassification uncertain\u201d 1 , 2\noxyloma deprimidum franzen , 1973 - listed in turgeon et al . , 1998 as \u201cclassification uncertain\u201d\ncochlicopa morseana ( doherty , 1878 ) - appalachian pillar ; not known from il , but extreme sw in re : hubricht , 1985 .\nplanogyra asteriscus ( e . s . morse , 1857 ) - eastern flat - whorl\ncolumella simplex ( gould , 1841 ) 4 - listed in turgeon et al . , 1998 as \u201cclassification uncertain\u201d\npupoides albilabris ( c . b . adams , 1841 ) - white - lip dagger\nvertigo ventricosa ( e . s . morse , 1865 ) - five - tooth vertigo\nstriatura milium ( e . s . morse , 1859 ) - fine - ribbed striate\ndiscus macclintocki ( f . c . baker , 1928 ) - pleistocene disc fe , se\nhelicodiscus parallelus ( say , 1821 ) - compound coil \u2013 date incorrect in turgeon et al . , 1998\nhelicodiscus singleyanus ( pilsbry , 1880 ) - smooth coil\u2013 date incorrect in turgeon et al . , 1998\n1 perez and cordeiro ( 2008 ) listed this species as occurring in illinois .\n2 listed in hubricht ( 1985 ) as a synonym of catinella avara , but turgeon et al . ( 1998 ) listed c . avara as a species dubium being based on a juvenile shell and most specimens referred to as c . avara are actually referable to c . vermeta .\n3 turgeon et al . ( 1998 ) cited a . s . kennard ( 1942 . proc . malac . soc . london 25 : 111 - 118 ) to justify the use of cionellidae and cionella instead of cochlicopidae and cochlicopa .\n4 listed in hubricht ( 1985 ) as a valid species citing hubricht ( 1971 . sterkiana 42 : 45 ) .\nbouchet & rocroi , 2005 . classification and nomenclature of gastropod families . malacologia 47 : 1 - 397\ncummings , k . s . 1991 . the aquatic mollusca of illinois . pp . 429 - 439 in l . m . page and m . r . jeffords , eds . our living heritage : the biological resources of illinois . illinois natural history survey bulletin 34 ( 4 ) : 357\u2013477 .\ncummings , k . s . and c . a . mayer . 1992 . field guide to freshwater mussels of the midwest . illinois natural history survey , manual 5 . 194 pp .\ngraf , d . l . and k . s . cummings . 2007 . review of the systematics and global diversity of freshwater mussel species ( bivalvia : unionoida ) . journal of molluscan studies 73 : 291 - 314 .\nhubricht , l . 1985 . the distributions of the native land mollusks of the eastern united states . fieldiana , zoology , n . s . 24 : 1 - 191 .\njohnson , p . d . , a . e . bogan , k . m . brown , n . m . burkhead , j . r . cordeiro , j . t . garner , p . d . hartfield , d . a . w . lepitzki , g . l . mackie , e . pip , t . a . tarpley , j . s . tiemann , n . v . whelan , and e . e . strong . 2013 . conservation status of freshwater gastropods of canada and the united states . fisheries 38 : 247 - 282 .\nperez , k . e . and j . r . cordeiro , eds . 2008 . a guide for terrestrial gastropod identification . marla l . coppolino , illus . american malacological society . carbondale , il .\nstodola , a . p . , s . a . douglass , and d . k . shasteen . 2014 . historical and current distributions of freshwater mussels in illinois . illinois natural history survey technical report 2014 ( 37 ) . 82 pp .\ntiemann , j . s . and k . s . cummings . 2010 . new record for the freshwater snail lithasia geniculata ( gastropoda : pleuroceridae ) in the ohio river , illinois , with comments on potential threats to the population . southeastern naturalist 9 : 171 - 176 .\ntiemann , j . s . , k . s . cummings , and j . e . schwegman . 2013 . first occurrence of the bankclimber plectomerus dombeyanus ( valenciennes , 1827 ) ( mollusca : unionidae ) in illinois . transactions of the illinois state academy of science 106 : 1 - 2 .\nturgeon , d . d . et al . 1998 . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks . second edition . american fisheries society special publication 26 . pp . 526 .\nwilliams , j . d . , a . e . bogan , and j . t . garner . 2008 . freshwater mussels of alabama & the mobile basin in georgia , mississippi & tennessee . university of alabama press , tuscaloosa 908 pp .\n\u00a9 2018 university of illinois board of trustees . all rights reserved . for permissions information , contact the illinois natural history survey .\ncall r . e . & pilsbry h . a . ( 1886 ) . on pyrgulopsis , a new genus of rissoid mollusk , with descriptions of two new forms . proceedings of the davenport academy of natural sciences . 5 : 9 - 14 , pl . 2 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 13 , pl . 2 figs 14 - 16 [ details ]\necho\ntesting that php is running ok . . . success !\n; ?\ncommittee chairs : nathan whelan and jeremy tiemann click here to join fmcs and this committee you can also download a searchable pdf of the document below by clicking here .\nil , mi , mn , ny , oh , vt , wi . canada , on , qc .\nia , mi , mn , ny , oh , vt , wi . canada , mb , on , qc .\nid , mt , or , ut , wa , wy . canada , bc .\nar , ca , co , id , ks , mn , mo , mt , ne , or , sd , tx , ut , wa . canada , ab , bc , mb , sk .\naz , id , ne , nm , sd , tx , wa . canada , ab , bc .\naz , il , in , ks , mi , mn , mo , mt , nd , ne , ny , oh , pa , sd , tx , va , wi , wv , wy . canada , ab , bc , mb , on , sk .\nal , ct , ia , id , il , in , ky , ma , me , mi , mn , mo , ny , oh , or , pa , tn , va , wa , wi , wv . canada , mb , on , qc .\nct , me , mi . canada , ab , bc , mb , nt , nu , on , qc , sk .\nky , md , me , mo , nc , nj , ny , oh , pa , sc , va . canada , on , qc , pe .\nak , al , az , ca , ct , fl , ia , id , il , in , la , ma , md , me , mi , mn , mo , ms , mt , nd , ne , nh , nm , nv , ny , oh , ok , or , pa , ri , sd , tn , tx , ut , vt , wa , wi , wv , wy . canada , ab , bc , mb , nb , ns , nt , nu , on , pe , qc , sk , yt .\nak , al , ar , az , ca , co , ct , de , fl , ga , ia , id , il , in , ks , ky , la , ma , md , me , mi , mn , mo , ms , mt , nc , nd , ne , nh , nj , nm , nv , ny , oh , ok , or , pa , ri , sc , sd , tn , tx , ut , va , vt , wa , wi , wv , wy . canada , ab , mb , nf , ns , nt , sk .\naz , co , ct , ia , id , il , in , ks , ky , la , ma , md , me , mi , mn , mo , mt , nd , ne , nm , nv , ny , oh , ok , pa , sd , tn , tx , ut , va , wi , wy . canada , ab , bc , mb , nt , nu , on , qc , sk .\nco , ct , il , in , ks , ma , me , mi , mo , ne , nm , ny , pa , ut , vt , wv . canada , ab , mb , ns , nt , nu , on , sk .\nar , az , ca , ks , la , mo , ne , nm , nv , ok , tx , ut . canada , ab , bc .\nak , ca , co , ia , id , il , in , ky , me , mi , mn , mt , nd , ny , oh , or , pa , sd , ut , vt , wa , wi . canada , ab , bc , lb , mb , nb , nf , nt , nu , on , qc , sk , yt .\nal , ar , az , ca , ct , fl , ga , hi , ia , id , il , in , ks , ky , la , ma , md , me , mi , mn , mo , ms , nc , nh , nj , nm , ny , oh , ok , or , pa , ri , sc , tn , tx , va , vt , wa , wi , wv , wy . canada , ab , bc , mb , nb , ns , on , qc .\nid , mi , mn , mt , nd , or , sd , wa , wi , wy . canada , bc , on .\nak . canada , ab , bc , lb , mb , nf , nt , nu , on , qc , sk , yt .\nak , al , ca , co , ia , id , il , in , ma , md , me , mn , mo , mt , nd , ne , nm , nv , ny , oh , or , pa , sd , tx , ut , wa , wi , wv , wy . canada , ab , bc , mb , on , sk , yt .\nct , ia , il , in , ma , md , me , mi , mn , mt , nd , nh , nj , ny , oh , or , pa , ri , sd , vt , wa , wi , wy . canada , ab , bc , mb , nb , nt , ns , on , pe , qc , sk .\nak , ca , co , ct , ia id , il , in , ky , ks , ma , me , mi , mn , mo , mt , ne , nd , nh , nm , nj , ny , oh , or , pa , ri , sd , ut , vt , wa , wi , wy . canada , ab , bc , lb , mb , nb , nf , ns , nt , nu , on , pe , qc , sk , yt .\nia , me , mi , mn , nh , ny , nt , oh , pa , vt , wi . canada , nb , on , qc .\nia , il , in , ks , mi , mn , oh , wi . canada , ab , mb , on , qc , sk .\nid , mt , nv , ut , wy . canada , ab , bc .\nca , id , mt , or , ut , wa , wy . canada , ab , bc .\nil , in , mi , mn , ny , wi . canada , mb , on .\nak , co , ct , dc , ia , id , il , in , ma , md , me , mi , mn , mt , nd , ne , nh , nv , ny , oh , or , pa , sd , ut , va , vt , wa , wi , wy . canada , ab , bc , mb , nb , ns , nt , nu , on , pe , qc , sk , yt .\nak , id , mn , mt , nd , wy . canada , bc , mb , nt , nu , on , qc , sk , yt .\nco , id , mt , or , ut , wa , wy . canada , ab , bc , sk .\nak , co , ct , ia , id , il , ma , mi , mn , mt , nd , ne , nv , ny , oh , pa , ri , sd , ut , wa , wi , wy . canada , ab , bc , mb , nt , on , qc , sk , yt .\nct , ma , mi , ny , oh , pa , ri . canada , on , nf .\nct , ma , me , mi , mn , nh , nj , ny , oh , pa , ri , va , vt , wi , wy . canada , nb , nf , qc .\nak , al , ar , az , ca , co , ct , de , fl , ga , ia , id , il , in , ks , ky , la , ma , md , me , mi , mn , mo , ms , mt , nc , nd , ne , nh , nj , nm , nv , ny , oh , ok , or , pa , ri , sc , sd , tn , tx , ut , va , vt , wa , wi , wy . canada , ab , bc , mb , nt , nu , on , qc , sk , yt .\nal , ar , co , ct , fl , ga , ia , il , in , ks , ky , ma , md , me , mo , nc , nh , nj , ny , oh , pa , ri , sc , tn , tx , va , vt , wi , wv , wy . canada , bc , nb , nf , ns , pe , qc .\nco , ia , il , in , ky , mi , mn , nd , ny , oh , pa , sd , tn , tx , vt , wi , wv , wy . canada , bc , mb , on , qc .\nca , id , mi , mt , nv , or , ut , wa , wi . canada , bc .\nca , id , mt , nv , or , ut , wa , wy . canada , bc .\nal , ar , az , ca , co , ct , fl , ga , ia , id , il , in , ks , ky , la , ma , md , me , mi , mo , ms , mt , nc , ne , nm , nv , ny , oh , ok , or , pa , sc , sd , tn , tx , va , vt , wa , wi , wv , wy . canada , ab , bc , on , qc .\nal , ar , az , ca , co , ct , de , fl , ga , ia , id , il , in , ks , ky , la , ma , md , me , mi , mn , mo , ms , mt , nc , nd , ne , nh , nj , nm , nv , ny , oh , ok , or , pa , ri , sc , sd , tn , tx , ut , va , vt , wa , wi , wv , wy . canada , ab , bc , mb , nb , nf , ns , on , pe , qc , sk .\naz , ca , co , ct , id , in , ks , ma , mi , mn , mt , nd , ne , nh , nm , ny , oh , or , pa , sd , ut , vt , wa , wi , wv , wy . canada , ab , bc , mb , nb , ns , nt , on , pe , qc , sk , yt .\nak , ca , id , me , mi , mn , mt , nd , nm , ny , or , vt , wa , wi , wy . canada , ab , bc , mb , nt , on , qc , sk .\nak , ct , ia , id , il , in , ky , ma , md , me , mi , mn , mo , mt , nc , nd , ne , nh , ny , oh , pa , sc , sd , va , wa , wi , wy . canada , ab , bc , lb , mb , nb , nf , ns , nt , nu , on , pe , qc , sk , yt .\nak , al , ar , az , ca , co , ct , de , fl , ga , ia , id , il , in , ks , ky , la , ma , md , me , mi , mn , mo , ms , mt , nc , nd , ne , nh , nj , nm , nv , ny , oh , ok , or , pa , ri , sc , sd , tn , tx , ut , va , vt , wa , wi , wv , wy . canada , ab , bc , lb , mb , nb , nf , nt , ns , nu , on , pe , qc , sk , yt .\nak , al , ar , az , ca , co , ct , de , fl , ga , ia , id , il , in , ks , ky , la , ma , md , me , mi , mn , mo , ms , mt , nc , nd , ne , nh , nj , nm , nv , ny , oh , ok , or , pa , ri , sc , sd , tn , tx , va , vt , wa , wi , wv , wy . canada , ab , bc , mb , nb , nt , ns , on , pe , qc , sk , nu .\nal , ar , ct , de , fl , ga , ia , il , in , ks , ky , la , ma , md , mn , mo , ms , nc , nj , ny , oh , ok , pa , ri , sc , tn , tx , va , vt , wi , wv . canada , on , qc .\nak , ca , id , mt , or , ut , wa . canada , ab , bc .\nal , ar , ca , ct , fl , ga , ia , il , in , ky , la , ma , md , me , mo , ms , nc , nh , nj , ny , oh , ok , pa , ri , sc , tn , tx , va wv . canada , ns , on .\nct , ia , il , in , ma , me , mi , mn , nd , ny , oh , pa , vt , wi . canada , mb , nb , nf , ns , on , pe , qc , sk .\nma , mi , mn , mt , nd , ny , oh , pa , wi . canada , ab , mb , on , nb , qc , sk .\nak , ca , co , id , mn , mo , mt , nd , nm , nv , or , sd , ut , wa , wy . canada , ab , bc , mb , nt , nu , on , sk , yt .\nak , al , ar , ca , co , ct , de , fl , ga , ia , id , il , in , ks , ky , la , ma , md , me , mi , mn , mo , ms , mt , nc , nd , ne , nh , nj , ny , oh , pa , ri , sc , sd , tn , tx , ut , va , vt , wi , wv , wy . canada , mb , nb , nf , ns , nu , on , pe , qc , sk .\nal , ar , ct , fl , ga , ia , il , in , ky , la , ma , md , me , mi , mn , mo , ms , mt , nc , nd , ne , nh , nj , ny , oh , pa , ri , sc , sd , tn , va , vt , wi . canada , ab , bc , mb , nb , nt , ns , nu , on , pe , qc , sk , yt .\nmt , nd , nm , sd , wy . canada , ab , bc , mb , nt , on , sk , yt .\nak , ar , az , ca , co , ct , ga , ia , id , il , in , ks , ky , ma , me , mi , mn , mt , nc , nd , ne , nh , nm , nv , ny , oh , ok , or , pa , sd , tn , tx , ut , va , vt , wa , wi , wy . canada , ab , bc , mb , nb , nt , ns , nu , on , pe , qc , sk , yt .\nak , ca , co , id , il , in , ks , mn , mt , nd , ne , nm , nv , ny , oh , ok , or , pa , sd , ut , wa , wi , wy . canada , ab , bc , mb , on , sk .\nal , ar , ct , ga , ia , il , in , ky , la , ma , md , me , mi , mn , ms , nc , nd , ne , nh , nj , ny , oh , ok , pa , ri , sc , tn , tx , va , vt , wi , wv . canada , mb , nb , ns , on , qc .\nal , ar , ct , fl , ga , ia , il , in , ky , la , ma , md , mi , mn , mo , ms , nc , nj , ny , oh , pa , sc , tn , va , vt , wi . canada , on , qc .\nal , ar , co , ct , ia , il , in , ks , ky , la , ma , md , me , mi , mn , mo , ms , mt , nc , nd , ne , nh , nj , nm , ny , oh , ok , pa , ri , sc , sd , tn , ut , va , vt , wi , wy . canada , ab , mb , nb , ns , on , pe , qc , sk , lb , nf .\nal , ct , ga , ma , md , ms , nc , nj , ny , pa , sc , va , vt . canada , nb , ns .\nmi , mn , ny , oh , pa , vt , wi . canada , qc , mb , on .\nct , fl , ma , md , me , nh , nj . canada , nb .\nal , ar , ia , il , in , ga , ky , mi , mn , mo , ms , ny , oh , pa , tn , vt , wi , wv . canada , mb , on , qc .\nal , ar , il , in , ks , ky , la , me , md , mi , mn , mo , ms , nd , ne , ny , oh , ok , pa , sd , tn , tx , va , vt , wi . canada , mb , on , sk .\nia , il , in , ma , me , mi , mn , ny , oh , pa , vt , wi . canada , mb , on , nt , qc , nb .\nal , ar , ia , il , in , ks , ky , la , me , mi , mn , mo , ms , mt , nc , nd , ne , ny , oh , ok , pa , sd , tn , tx , wi . canada , ab , mb , nt , nu , on , qc , sk .\nmd , nc , nj , ny , pa , sc , va , vt , wv . canada , on .\nia , il , in , ky , mi , ny , oh , pa , vt , wi . canada , on , qc .\nar , ia , il , in , ks , ky , la , mi , mn , mo , ms , ne , ny , oh , pa , tn , vt , wi , wv . canada , on , qc .\nal , ar , ct , de , ga , fl , ia , il , in , ks , ky , la , ma , md , mi , mn , mo , ms , nc , nj , nm , ny , oh , ok , pa , sc , sd , tn , tx , va , wi , wv . canada , on , qc .\naz , ca , co , id , mt , nv , or , ut , wa , wy . canada , bc .\nak , ia , in , me , mi , mn , mt , ny , vt , wa , wi . canada , ab , bc , lb , mb , nb , nf , ns , nt , on , pe , qc , sk , yt .\nil , in , mi , ny , oh , pa , wi . canada , on .\nak , co , ct , ia , id , il , in , ma , me , mi , mn , mt , nc , nd , nh , ny , pa , sd , vt , wi , wy . canada , ab , bc , lb , mb , nt , nu , on , qc , sk , yt .\nar , ct , ia , id , il , in , ks , ky , ma , md , me , mi , mn , mt , nd , ne , nh , nj , ny , oh , pa , ri , sd , va , vt , wa , wi , wy . canada , ab , bc , mb , nb , nt , on , qc , sk .\nspecies in this classification . to view subspecies , varieties and populations select the species ."]}
{"id": 1776, "summary": [{"text": "cyatta is a genus of ant in the subfamily myrmicinae containing the single species cyatta abscondita .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it is considered the most recent ancestor of all fungus-farming ants and a living fossil . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "cyatta", "paragraphs": ["richness of cyatta species ( countries with darker colours are more species - rich ) . for a list of species and subspecies see the checklist of cyatta species or for valid names only see cyatta species .\ncyatta sosa - calvo , schultz , brand\u00e3o et al . , 2013 : 4 . type - species : cyatta abscondita , by original designation .\nthe new species of fungus - growing ant from brazil has been named cyatta abscondita .\nchamber with a fungus garden grown by cyatta abscondita . image credit : ted schultz / smithsonian .\nexpansion of the geographic range of cyatta abscondita sosa\u2011calvo et al . , 2013 ( hymenoptera : formicidae )\ncyatta abscondita : taxonomy , evolution , and natural history of a new fungus - farming ant genus from brazil .\ncyatta abscondita is considered to be a \u2018living fossil , \u2019 which can reveal ways in which early attini ants may have lived .\nexpansion of the geographic range of cyatta abscondita sosa\u2011calvo et al . , 2013 ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) | ramos | check list\nnew distribution records of the savanna specialist fungus - farming ant cyatta sosa - calvo et al . ( hymenoptera : formicidae : myrmicinae )\ncyatta abscondita : taxonomy , evolution , and natural history of a new fungus - farming ant genus from brazil . - pubmed - ncbi\nnew distribution records of the savanna specialist fungus - farming ant cyatta sosa - calvo et al . ( hymenoptera : formicidae : myrmicinae )\nan excavated cyatta fungus garden , showing the cultures suspended from a chamber ceiling . ( modified from sosa - calvo et al 2013 fig . 6 ) .\nholotype worker ( usnment00758173 ) ( a , c , e ) and paratype gyne ( usnment00758174 ) ( b , d , f ) of cyatta abscondita .\ntaxonomic treatments database ( 2012 ) . cyatta abscondita : taxonomy , evolution , and natural history of a new fungus - farming ant genus from brazil . checklist dataset\ncensus records can tell you a lot of little known facts about your cyatta ancestors , such as occupation . occupation can tell you about your ancestor ' s social and economic status .\nbut cyatta is not just another trachymyrmex . this new ant occupies an unusual space in the attine tree . cyatta , along with its sister kalathomyrmex , doesn\u2019t share recent ancestry with other attines , instead tracing its origin to near the origin of the whole tribe . as such , it will provide another perspective from which to triangulate our inferences of how ant agriculture developed .\ncyatta abscondita was first recognized by jeffrey sosa - calvo and his colleagues as a single misidentified specimen in 2003 in the collections of the museum of zoology at the university of sao paulo in brazil .\ncensus records can give you a fascinating window into the day - to - day lives of your cyatta ancestors - like hours worked per week , level of education , veteran status , employers , and more .\nthe ghost ant , formally cyatta abscondita , is considered a living fossil , the most recent ancestor of all fungus farming ants , that researchers hope will unveil new clues about how early attine ants may have lived .\nuse census records and voter lists to see where families with the cyatta surname lived . within census records , you can often find information like name of household members , ages , birthplaces , residences , and occupations .\nsosa - calvo j et al . 2013 . cyatta abscondita : taxonomy , evolution , and natural history of a new fungus - farming ant genus from brazil . plos one 8 ( 11 ) : e80498 ; doi : 10 . 1371 / journal . pone . 0080498\nurltoken on the basis of the extreme amount of morphological divergence and the outcome of the divergence relationship explanations ( see below ) , we have chosen to describe cyatta like a new genus in place of to describe it as a variety within the genus kalathomyrmex discovery history .\nthe genus name , cyatta , is a neologism constructed in part from the brazilian tupi language word cy , meaning \u2018sister , \u2019 and the name of the ant genus atta . the specific name , abscondita , means \u2018hidden ant\u2019 and refers to the exceedingly secretive nature of the new species .\nan unusually short lifespan might indicate that your cyatta ancestors lived in harsh conditions . a short lifespan might also indicate health problems that were once prevalent in your family . the ssdi is a searchable database of more than 70 million names . you can find birthdates , death dates , addresses and more .\ncyatta is a neologism constructed in part from the brazilian tupi language word cy , meaning\nsister ,\nreferring to its status , along with the genus kalathomyrmex , as the sister clade to the remaining genera of the informal clade neoattini , to which the genus atta , the most conspicuous member of the neoattini , belongs .\nted schultz , curator of ants at the national museum of natural history , studies the nest and behavior of the newly discovered fungus - farming ant species , cyatta abscondita , in brazil . the new species is a \u2018living fossil\u2019 which can help scientists reveal the way in which the first fungus - farming ant may have lived .\n( a , b ) fazenda agua limpa ( faz ) . ( a ) excavation of nest jsc100412 - 01 in dormitory garden area . ( b ) cerrado senso stricto , where colonies were found on the side of the road . ( c , d ) nest entrance of cyatta abscondita ( white arrows ) . ( c ) worker entering nest . ( d ) nest entrance of cyatta abscondita , consisting of an inconspicuous ~ 1mm diameter hole in the ground . ( e ) chamber with pendant fungus garden . ( f ) excavation of nest 4 ( jsc110920 - 01 ) . black bars indicate two chambers , the lower one 104 cm below the surface .\nsosa - calvo j , schultz tr , brand\u00e3o crf , klingenberg c , feitosa rm , et al . ( 2013 ) cyatta abscondita : taxonomy , evolution , and natural history of a new fungus - farming ant genus from brazil . plos one 8 ( 11 ) : e80498 . doi : 10 . 1371 / journal . pone . 0080498\nsosa - calvo j , schultz tr , brand\u00e3o crf , klingenberg c , feitosa rm , et al . ( 2013 ) cyatta abscondita : taxonomy , evolution , and natural history of a new fungus - farming ant genus from brazil . plos one 8 ( 11 ) : e80498 . doi : 10 . 1371 / journal . pone . 0080498\nfor example , cyatta gardens resemble those of kalathomyrmex and mycocepurus , strengthening our inference that simple suspended gardens were the form used by the ancestor of all neoattines . and the presence of larval anchor hairs employed in other genera to hang larvae along the sides of the nest chamber ( see clint penick\u2019s research ) , suggests that brood - hanging may have been present in the early attines but was subsequently lost .\n@ misc { sosa - calvo _ cyattaabscondita : , author = { jeffrey sosa - calvo and ted r . schultz and carlos r . f . br and christiana klingenberg and rodrigo m and christian rabeling and maur\u00edcio bacci and cau\u00ea t . lopes and heraldo l . vasconcelos } , title = { cyatta abscondita : taxonomy , evolution , and natural history of a new fungus - farming ant genus from brazil } , year = { } }\nmost notably , cyatta differs from all other attine genera and species by the following autapomorphies : ( i ) mandible of the worker and gyne with four teeth ; ( ii ) in ventral view , metapleura of the worker and gyne with two piniform processes between the mid and hind coxae , apparently absent in the male ; ( iii ) apical margin of the pygidium medially emarginate , v - shaped ; and ( iv ) forewing of the male with a closed discal cell .\nsosa - calvo , j . , t . r . schultz , c . r . f . brand\u00e3o , c . klingenberg , r . m . feitosa , c . rabeling , m . m . jr . bacci , c . t lopes and h . l . vasconcelos . 2013 . cyatta abscondita : taxonomy , evolution , and natural history of a new fungus - farming ant genus from brazil . plos one 8 ( 11 ) : e80498 . doi : 10 . 1371 / journal . pone . 0080498\nthe genus cyatta shares with other members of the neoattine clade : ( i ) the antennal scape of the male long , longer than the sum of the length of antennal funicular segments i\u2013iii ; ( ii ) the first funicular segment ( pedicel ) of the antenna of the male longer than second funicular segment ; ( iii ) the petiole in workers somewhat sessile ; ( iv ) the lack of hypostomal teeth in workers and gynes ; and ( v ) the maxillary palp of the larva widely removed laterad from the galea .\nthis dataset contains the digitized treatments in plazi based on the original journal article jeffrey sosa - calvo , ted r . schultz , carlos r . f . brandao , christiana klingenberg , rodrigo m . feitosa , christian rabeling , mauricio bacci jr . , caue t . lopes , heraldo l . vasconcelos ( 2013 ) : cyatta abscondita : taxonomy , evolution , and natural history of a new fungus - farming ant genus from brazil . plos one 8 ( 11 ) : 1 - 20 , doi : doi : 10 . 1371 / journal . pone . 0080498\nsosa - calvo , j . , schultz , t . r . , brand\u00e3o , c . r . f . , klingenberg , c . , feitosa , r . m . , rabeling , c . , bacci , m . jr . , lopes , c . t . , heraldo , l . vasconcelos , h . l . 2013 . cyatta abscondita : taxonomy , evolution , and natural history of a new fungus - farming ant genus from brazil . plos one 8 ( 11 ) : e80498 . doi : 10 . 1371 / journal . pone . 0080498 .\ncyatta shares with its sister genus , kalathomyrmex , ( i ) the lack of a tubercle or spine on the inferior lateral margin of the pronotum , a symplesiomorphy shared with the paleoattine clade ; ( ii ) the clypeus with a pair of lateral transverse carinae , each extending from the frontal lobe to the mandibular insertion and each medially developed into a lamella perpendicular to the clypeal face , thus forming a wall that divides the clypeus laterally into anterior and posterior areas ; and ( iii ) the mandibles of the male with three teeth , of which the apical and preapical teeth are the largest and have a multidentate ( sawlike ) margin .\ncyatta differs from its sister genus kalathomyrmex , however , by ( i ) having , on the forewing of the male ( forewing of gyne unknown ) , a closed marginal cell ( open in the forewings of both the male and gyne of kalathomyrmex [ klingenberg and brand\u00e3o , therein as radial cell ] ) ; ( ii ) the mesoscutum of the male with strongly impressed notauli ( absent in the male of kalathomyrmex ) ; ( iii ) the pronotum of the male with lateral pronotal tubercles present , pyramidal ( the pronotum in the male of kalathomyrmex lacks any tubercles ) ; and ( iv ) the psammophore absent in the worker , the gyne , and the male .\nthe ghost ant , a new genus and species described in the journal plos one reveals clues about one of the world ' s earliest agricultural specialists .\nscientists know of more than 240 ants in the group attine that evolved more than 50 million years ago , capable of growing elaborate fungal gardens as a source of food within nests for their colonies .\nthe c . abscondita was first recognized in 2003 , when researchers working with a museum species collection in sao paulo , brazil realized it was a misidentified species . based on where this misidentified species was located , the researchers traced it back to two biomes : caatinga , an under explored desert - like region populated widely by small thorny vegetation , and cerrado , a tropical savanna region known among experts as a biodiversity hotspot .\nit took years of work and numerous large holes for the researchers to confirm the ghost ant was indeed a new species . the work to identify the ants by their intricate nests required the researchers to dig holes as deep as two meters in the ground .\nthe ghost ants grow fungus gardens on the walls of chambers in their nest . while the fungus may not require the ants to survive , it ' s clear the ants depend on the fungus for their own survival .\nyou must log in to access this functionality . you may create an account , or log in anonymously , here .\ngyne . preocular carina absent . mandible 4 - toothed , apical tooth nearly twice as long as preapical tooth . parapsidal lines inconspicuous .\nmale . mandibles broadly triangular with apical and subapical teeth present . anterior margin of clypeus ( clypeal apron ) convex , projecting over mandibles , and with a long median seta . discal cell present in forewing .\nantweb content is licensed under a creative commons attribution license . we encourage use of antweb images . in print , each image must include attribution to its photographer and\nfrom urltoken\nin the figure caption . for websites , images must be clearly identified as coming from urltoken , with a backward link to the respective source page . see how to cite antweb .\nantweb is funded from private donations and from grants from the national science foundation , deb - 0344731 , ef - 0431330 and deb - 0842395 . c : 1\nan international group of entomologists has described a new genus and species of fungus - farming ant from brazil .\nfungus - growing ants ( tribe attini ) make up a group of more than 240 species . they evolved more than 50 million years ago , growing elaborate fungal gardens as a source of food within nests for their colonies .\nthese ants are nocturnal and forage for organic debris to grow their fungus gardens , which hang in curtain - like columns from the ceilings of their hidden underground chambers .\nthe fungi that the attini ants cultivate are probably not completely dependent upon their ant partners to survive and reproduce ; they may be capable of surviving independently . the ants , however , are obligatorily dependent on the fungi for their survival .\nwhile theories about the origin of attini ants\u2019 relationships with fungi remain a topic of debate , entomologists generally support the hypothesis that ants first began to interact with fungi by sharing overlapping habitats .\nbased on where the specimens had been collected , the entomologists traced the location of the species to two separate , highly threatened , biomes in brazil : caatinga , an underexplored desert - like region populated widely by small thorny vegetation , and cerrado , a tropical savanna region known among experts as a biodiversity hotspot .\n\u201cafter discovering such an informative species in caatinga and cerrado , we are very excited to return to these regions to learn more about this fascinating group of ants , \u201d said study second author dr ted schultz of smithsonian\u2019s national museum of natural history .\n\u201cwith the majority of the world\u2019s invertebrates still waiting to be identified , the age of discovery is only just beginning . \u201d\n\u201cbrazil is a key steward in understanding our planet\u2019s incredible natural history and biodiversity , and it plays a vital role in making findings like this possible , \u201d dr schultz concluded .\njuvenile australopithecus climbed trees , 3 . 32 - million - year - old foot fossil shows\n\u00a9 2011 - 2018 . sci - news . com . all rights reserved . | back to top\nthis page was last modified on 20 january 2014 , at 06 : 27 .\nsosa - calvo , schultz , brand\u00e3o , klingenberg , feitosa , rabeling , bacci , lopes & vasconcelos 2013 . yes , that\u2019s the full name . modified from sosa calvo et al 2013 figure 1 .\nfigure 7 from sosa - calvo et al 2013 . this phylogeny is based on 4 nuclear protein - coding genes .\none final gripe - because i always have a gripe - is that all authors of the paper are also listed as authors of the genus and species . this makes the formal name for the new ant an impressive :\nthis moniker will be a handful for people who handle taxonomic databases , or for taxonomists who will need to write about this ant . i doubt all authors contributed equally to the written description embedded in the paper ; surely a separate , smaller authorship for the description would have made for a less cumbersome name .\nin that vein , does anyone know if there is a longer authorship for any animal species ? this is the largest i\u2019ve seen .\nall text and images appearing on myrmecos . net , except where indicated , are copyrighted \u00a9 2002 - 2018 alexander wild . image use policy copyright infringement policy\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nby jeffrey sosa - calvo , ted r . schultz , carlos r . f . br , christiana klingenberg , rodrigo m , christian rabeling , maur\u00edcio bacci , cau\u00ea t . lopes , heraldo l . vasconcelos\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nthe website you are about to visit is progenealogists \u00ae , operated by tgn services , llc , a subsidiary of ancestry .\nthis page needs javascript enabled in order to work properly . click here for instructions on how to enable it in your browse\nhistorically , surnames evolved as a way to sort people into groups - by occupation , place of origin , clan affiliation , patronage , parentage , adoption , and even physical characteristics ( like red hair ) . many of the modern surnames in the dictionary can be traced back to britain and ireland .\na monotypic genus closely allied with the attine genus kalathomyrmex . the single known species is a fungus growing ant .\nspecies richness by country based on regional taxon lists ( countries with darker colours are more species - rich ) . view data\nthe following information is derived from barry bolton ' s new general catalogue , a catalogue of the world ' s ants .\nunless otherwise noted the text for the remainder of this section is reported from the publication that includes the original description .\npreocular carina absent . mandible 4 - toothed , apical tooth nearly twice as long as preapical tooth . parapsidal lines inconspicuous .\nmandibles broadly triangular with apical and subapical teeth present . anterior margin of clypeus ( clypeal apron ) convex , projecting over mandibles , and with a long median seta . discal cell present in forewing .\nthis page was last modified on 26 june 2017 , at 18 : 40 .\na couple weeks ago a media guy from our college of natural sciences , thomas swafford , stopped in to shoot a short piece promoting the insect collection . have a look !\ni have never been more pleased to report a taxonomic name change than this one . long called \u201c tetramorium caespitum\u201d , then \u201c tetramorium species e\u201d once it became clear the eurasian t . caespitum was a complex of cryptic forms , the pavement ant has spread across the world and is now among most common urban ants in north america . after decades of confusion , herbert wagner has published a fine monograph on the taxonomy of the species complex . among wagner\u2019s many discoveries was that santschi\u2019s 1927 \u201c immigrans\u201d was valid for this world - traveller . an apt change , and a fine resolution of a long - standing problem .\nwagner , h . c . et al ( 2017 ) . light at the end of the tunnel : integrative taxonomy delimits cryptic species in the tetramorium caespitum complex ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) \u201d . myrmecological news 25 : 95 - 129\nconcluding , among many results , that a slate of socially parasitic genera had evolved from within their host genera . the names of parasitic genera were subsequently sunk . inclusion of derived groups in their parent genera has been standard practice for decades as a way to keep names consistent with ancestry .\nwe contend that banning all paraphyletic groups while simultaneously executing binominal linnaean nomenclature results in a taxonomy going off the rails .\nstill , given the volumes of vituperative ink spilled a half - century ago in the cladism wars , and the weight of the pro - monophyly consensus among all biologists , i suspect this renegade group of ant scientists will be fighting an uphill battle .\ndisclosure : i eclosed as a myrmecologist from phil ward\u2019s lab , so of course i am not without my allegiances .\nsources : seifert , b . et al 2016 . banning paraphylies and executing linnaean taxonomy is discordant and reduces the evolutionary and semantic information content of biological nomenclature . insectes sociaux doi : 10 . 1007 / s00040 - 016 - 0467 - 1\nward , p . s . et al 2015 . the evolution of myrmicine ants : phylogeny and biogeography of a hyperdiverse ant clade ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) . systematic entomology , 40 : 61\u201381 . doi : 10 . 1111 / syen . 12090\n, an australian myrmicine . the narrow , two - segmented waist is characteristic of this subfamily .\nwe\u2019re only halfway through the year , but already 2014 will be remembered as pivotal for studies of ant evolution and classification . following right on the heels of schmidt & shattuck\u2019s massive ponerine revision comes\nfrom the ant tree of life group . ward , brady , fisher , and schultz ( 2014 ) have reconstructed the first thorough genus - level phylogeny of the great ant subfamily myrmicinae .\nroughly half of all ants are myrmicines , both in abundance and in species diversity . their numbers include fire ants , harvester ants , leafcutter ants , big - headed ants , acrobat ants , and so on , to the tune of some 6 , 000 + species .\nso\u2026 boom ! suddenly , we\u2019ve been given a detailed picture of the evolution of half the ants . this is big . it is so big i cannot cover the paper in detail . instead , i\u2019ll just give a few preliminary thoughts , as follows :\nthe myrmicine big picture . ( sharpie on office paper , 2014 , limited edition print available , unless i recycle it ) .\ndistressingly , fuzzy resolution in a data set with this many markers and taxa means achieving proper resolution , if at all , will likely be expensive . myrmicines may have speciated so explosively that we may never be able to reconstruct what happened with confidence .\n4 . the authors correct a few of the more obvious instances of paraphyly . notably , the new world \u201c\nmost of the identified problems - such as what to do with monomorium and aphaenogaster \u2013 were left for targeted future research .\n5 . remember the dispute over pyramica vs . strumigenys ? the argument was fundamentally over how ant mandibles evolve . apparently , high energy trap - jaws arise easier than anyone imagined . according to ward et al , not only is the assemblage of trap - jaw ants formerly included in dacetini a polyphyletic splatter , even within the genus strumigenys the trap jaw has arisen at least twice .\n, modified from figure 1 in ward et al 2014 , showing strong support for the parallel evolution of trap - jaws in the genus .\nof the neotropics , sitting on a distant branch of the ant tree . peas in a poneromorph pod\u2026\nultimately , ward et al have crafted a sobering view of how little we still know about ant evolution , and how much remains to be done .\n. systematic entomology , online early . doi : 10 . 1111 / syen . 12090\ndisclosure : i received my ph . d . from phil ward\u2019s lab where much of this study was completed , and i contributed a few of the samples , but i was long gone by the time the study was initiated and have had no other involvement with the research .\na monumental day for ant taxonomy ! the mythical schmidt & shattuck ponerine revision , long rumored to be in the works , has emerged from the mists of legend and lore . it\u2019s real ! all 242 pages are in\nyou might think such large changes would invite controversy , but i anticipate that the new scheme will be widely accepted and largely stable .\nin the big picture , schmidt & shattuck have put this important group of ants on a stronger taxonomic foundation . in the small picture , we are faced with the mundane realities of re - memorization .\npachyondyla apicalis ? no longer . get used to neoponera apicalis . pachycondyla stigma ? nope . it\u2019s pseudoponera stigma . plus , there\u2019s brachyponera , pseudoneoponera , mesoponera\u2026\nsource : schmidt , ca , shattuck , so ( 2014 ) the higher classification of the ant subfamily ponerinae ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) , with a review of ponerine ecology and behavior . zootaxa 3817 ( 1 ) : 001\u2013242 .\nurban ant collectors across temperate north america are undoubtedly familiar with the pavement ant tetramorium caespitum * . this small brown insect is as common as dirt along sidewalks .\nthe pavement ant is not native here . rather , it is a european species that proliferates in the novel habitats where americans added cement and paving stone to previously uncapped , pavement - free soils . since we love our sidewalks and our asphalt , we have created a lot of ant habitat and a lot of pavement ants .\nthis diagnosis failed in the 1980s when an extremely similar species was introduced to st . louis . the newcomer , the japanese pavement ant\n. on average , the new introduction is slightly smaller and with slightly larger propodeal spines . your chances of nailing the id based on a single worker aren\u2019t great .\nthere is one easy identification trick that works pretty well at low magnification in the field , though . the trick is worth learning , because tetramorium tsushimae appears to be more aggressively invasive than the common pavement ant and may become more common as it spreads from missouri and illinois .\ncolonies of the japanese pavement ant usually host a great deal more color variation in the workers .\nwhile older t . tsushimae are uniformly dark , the same as their european counterparts , younger workers are strongly bicolored , with a light thorax , giving colonies a more varied appearance . this difference should be visible in the photograph above .\nnow that you can spot the difference , keep an eye out for t . tsushimae . it could show up many places where t . caespitum is currently king .\n* sometimes called \u201c tetramorium sp . e . \u201d , for reasons too lengthy to discuss here .\nsource : steiner , florian m . , birgit c . schlick - steiner , james c . trager , karl moder , matthias sanetra , erhard christian , and christian stauffer . 2006 . tetramorium tsushimae , a new invasive ant in north america . biological invasions 8 ( 2 ) : 117 - 123 .\nthis book is not a book . it\u2019s an unpublished student thesis from the university of texas at el paso .\napparently bibliogov , a publishing company that scrapes state websites and repackages content to sell to unsuspecting buyers , has picked up the deposited thesis and is printing it on demand . the research was not completed to the point of submission to a peer - reviewed journal , and neither the student nor her adviser intended to publish the work . at least , not in the current form . the thesis was merely filed as a requirement for the student to graduate .\nthis sort of robo - publishing would not normally be a problem but for the legalistic nature of how taxonomic names are regulated . publishing is a formal act that makes taxonomic names available . third party printing potentially legitimizes taxonomic proposals never intended for release . not good . taxonomy already has enough chaos without robots jumping the gun .\nshould the practice of scraping and publishing theses become common , either the international commission on zoological nomenclature will have to adopt a set of rules suppressing involuntary publication , or students of taxonomy should be uniquely exempt from filing dissertations with unpublished results .\n[ update : to clarify , these robo - books don\u2019t automatically make a name available under iczn rules . a couple other conditions about the timing and deposition of the content must be met that may or may not be the case . ]\nif you\u2019re going to fail at taxonomy , you may as well fail big .\nsnelling , borowiec , and prebus 2014 from jasper ridge biological reserve , california , usa .\nwith the humous assistance of matt prebus and marek borowiec . the paper provides an illustrated key to species , range maps , and descriptions of ten new taxa . among the newbies is\nthat nests in trees\u201d . at last ! a real name . the etymology of this entomology is given as :\nwhen hern\u00e1n cort\u00e9z was conquering central mexico , the nahua speaking people related to him tales of a fabulous land , ruled by women , far to the northwest that was rich in gold and gems . they named this land \u201ccaguat\u00e1n\u201d , the land of women . this tale presumably inspired cort\u00e9z and other avaricious conquistadors to search for this marvelous land , ultimately leading the spaniards to the californias .\nif you\u2019ve ever wondered why no single easy reference book exists for identifying north america\u2019s ants , this is the reason . the state of taxonomy remains more rudimentary than you\u2019d think , with many species still nameless or poorly understood . a few dozen more studies like roy\u2019s and someone will finally be able to give our ants a decent guide .\nsource : snelling r , borowiec m , prebus m ( 2014 ) studies on california ants : a review of the genus temnothorax ( hymenoptera , formicidae ) . zookeys 372 : 27 - 89 . doi : 10 . 3897 / zookeys . 372 . 6039\nthe most infamous ant in the world is surely the tropical american bullet ant , paraponera clavata . this conspicuous insect is known for an unusually painful sting . it is not the only big rainforest ant , however , and other species are frequently mistaken for it .\nhere is how to make sure that big ant you saw was really a bullet ant .\n1 . check your location : in the wild , bullet ants are only found in low - elevation forests from honduras south to paraguay . if you are not in central or south america , you don\u2019t have a bullet ant . ( source )\n2 . check the size : bullet ants are not just large , they are massive \u2013 over an inch long . they look like plastic toy ants brought to life .\n3 . check for the characteristic thoracic horns . bullet ants have a pair of blunt horns on the first segment of the thorax . no other ant its size has the horns .\n4 . check the shape of the petiolar node . the waist of the bullet ant has a sharp , forward - leaning triangular node .\nsouth america ? check . massive ? check . horns ? check . forward - pointing waist segment ? check .\nis an ubiquitous big rainforest ant with a shape confusingly similar to that of the bullet ant . but\nis too small , as are the horns , and the waist segment is the wrong shape .\nis common and also packs a painful sting , but this large species is not big enough to be a bullet ant and it lacks the horns .\nleafcutter ant soldiers are big and even have the thoracic horns , but they aren\u2019t big enough , they lack the right waist shape , and are their overall body proportions are different .\nblack turtle ants are common and conspicuous , but they are much smaller than bullet ants and have sharp spines rather than blunt horns .\nis not quite big enough , its horns are more forward on the thorax , and it doesn\u2019t have the right waist shape .\nwith any luck , you should now be able to check the identification of your purported bullet ant without having to run a sting test .\nbaudoin m ( 1975 ) host castration as a parasitic strategy . evolution 29 : 335\u2013352\nbolton b ( 2014 ) an online catalog of the ants of the world .\nboomsma jj , nash d ( 2014 ) evolution : sympatric speciation the eusocial way . curr biol 24 : r798\u2013r800\nboomsma jj , husz\u00e1r db , pedersen js ( 2014 ) the evolution of multiqueen breeding in eusocial lineages with permanent physically differentiated castes . anim behav 92 : 241\u2013252\nbourke afg , franks nr ( 1991 ) alternative adaptations , sympatric speciation and the evolution of parasitic , inquiline ants . biol j linn soc 43 : 157\u2013178\nbourke afg , franks nr ( 1995 ) social evolution in ants . princeton university press , princeton\nbrand\u00e3o crf ( 1991 ) adendos ao cat\u00e1logo abreviado das formigas da regi\u00e3o neotropical ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) . rev brasil entomol 35 : 319\u2013412\nbrown wl jr ( 1973 ) a comparison of the hylean and congo - west african rain forest ant faunas . in : meggers bj , ayensu es , duckworth wd ( eds ) tropical forest ecosystems in africa and south america : a comparative review . smithsonian institution press , washington dc , pp 161\u2013185\nbruch c ( 1928 ) estudios mirmecol\u00f3gicos . anales del museo nacional de historia natural buenos aires 34 : 341\u2013360\nforel ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) in laboratory colonies . neotrop entomol 31 : 469\u2013473\nbuschinger a ( 1986 ) evolution of social parasitism in ants . trends ecol evol 1 : 155\u2013160\nbuschinger a ( 2009 ) social parasitism among ants : a review ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) . myrmecol news 12 : 219\u2013235\ncabrera al , willink a ( 1980 ) biogeograf\u00eda de am\u00e9rica latina . segunda edici\u00f3n . monograf\u00eda 13 , serie biolog\u00eda . programa regional de desarrollo cient\u00edfico y tecnol\u00f3gico , organizaci\u00f3n de los estados americanos , p 122\ncaldera e , poulsen m , suen g , currie cr ( 2009 ) insect symbioses\u2014a case study of past , present , and future fungus - growing ant research . environ entomol 38 : 78\u201392\ncalero - torralbo m , valera f ( 2008 ) synchronization of host - parasite cycles by means of diapause : host influence and parasite response to involuntary host shifting . parasitology 135 : 1343\u20131352\n( roger , 1863 ) and other congeneric species : taxonomic implications . plos one 8 : e59784\nsp . n . ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) : a new social parasite of leaf - cutting ants in brazil . insect sci 14 : 251\u2013257\nforel 1893 , em cacauais ( formicidae , myrmicinae , attini ) . anais da sociedade entomolocica do brasil 18 : 193\u2013197\nem ilh\u00e9us , bahia : primeiro registro para os tr\u00f3picos . paper presented at the iv international symposium on pest ants and xi encontro de mirmecologia , belo horizonte , minas gerais , brazil\ndella lucia tmc ( 2011 ) formigas cortadeiras : da bioecologia ao manejo . editora da ufv , vi\u00e7osa\nforel , 1893 ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) . anais da sociedade entomolocica do brasil 15 : 377\u2013378\nfowler hg ( 1981 ) on the emigration of leaf - cutting ant colonies . biotropica 13 : 316\ngallardo a ( 1916 ) notes syst\u00e9matiques et \u00e9thologiques sur les fourmis attines de la r\u00e9publique argentine . anales del museo nacional de historia natural buenos aires 28 : 317\u2013344\ngotwald wh ( 1969 ) comparative morphological studies of the ants , with particular reference to the mouthparts ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) . memoirs of the cornell university agricultural experiment station 408 : 1\u2013150\nherre ea , knowlton n , mueller ug , rehner sa ( 1999 ) the evolution of mutualisms : exploring the paths between conflict and cooperation . trends ecol evol 14 : 49\u201353\nh\u00f6lldobler b , wilson eo ( 1990 ) the ants . harvard university press , cambridge\nh\u00f6lldobler b , wilson eo ( 2010 ) the leafcutter ants\u2014civilization by instinct . w . w . norton & company , new york\n( pergande ) ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) . j kansas entomol soc 66 : 127\u2013128\n( l . ) ( hymenoptera , formicidae ) from laboratory cultures . entomol mon mag 113 : 97\u201398\nkempf ww ( 1972 ) cat\u00e1logo abreviado das formigas da regi\u00e3o neotropical . studia entomologica 15 : 3\u2013344\nn . gen . ( formicidae : myrmicinae : attini ) . zootaxa 2052 : 1\u201331\nkusnezov n ( 1954 ) phyletische bedeutung der maxillar - und labialtaster der ameisen . zool anzeig 153 : 28\u201338\nkutter h ( 1950 ) \u00fcber eine neue , extrem parasitische ameise . mitteilungen der schweizerischen entomologischen gesellschaft 23 : 81\u201394\nkutter h ( 1969 ) die sozialparasitischen ameisen der schweiz . neujahrsblatt der naturforschenden gesellschaft in z\u00fcrich 171 : 1\u201362\nlambardi d , dani fr , turillazzi s , boomsma jj ( 2007 ) chemical mimicry in an incipient leaf - cutting ant social parasite . behav ecol sociobiol 61 : 843\u2013851\nmayh\u00e9 - nunes aj ( 1995 ) filogenia de los attini ( hym . , formicidae ) : un aporte al conocimiento de las hormigas fung\u00edvoras . universidad sim\u00f3n bol\u00edvar , caracas , venezuela , p 274\nmayh\u00e9 - nunes aj , jaff\u00e9 k ( 1998 ) on the biogeography of attini ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) . ecotropicos 11 : 45\u201354\nm\u00f6ller a ( 1893 ) die pilzg\u00e4rten einiger s\u00fcdamerikanischer ameisen . botanische mittheilungen aus den tropen 6 : 1\u2013142\nmueller ug , gerardo nm , aanen dk , six dl , schultz tr ( 2005 ) the evolution of agriculture in insects . ann rev ecol evol syst 36 : 563\u2013595\nnash dr , boomsma jj ( 2008 ) communication between hosts and social parasites . in : hughes dp , d\u2019ettorre p ( eds ) sociobiology of communication : an interdisciplinary perspective . oxford university press , oxford , pp 55\u201379\nnonacs p , tobin je ( 1992 ) selfish larvae : development and the evolution of parasitic behavior in the hymenoptera . evolution 46 : 1605\u20131620\npagnocca fc , masiulionis ve , rodrigues a ( 2012 ) specialized fungal parasites and opportunistic fungi in gardens of attine ants . psyche j entomol . doi :\nrabeling c , bacci m ( 2010 ) a new workerless inquiline in the lower attini ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) , with a discussion of social parasitism in fungus - growing ants . syst entomol 35 : 379\u2013392\nrabeling c , schultz tr , pierce ne , bacci m jr ( 2014b ) a social parasite evolved reproductive isolation from its fungus - growing ant host in sympatry . curr biol 24 : 2047\u20132052\nsavolainen r , veps\u00e4l\u00e4inen k ( 2003 ) sympatric speciation through intraspecific social parasitism . proc natl acad sci usa 100 : 7169\u20137174\nants are social parasites that attack old host colonies . j evol biol 27 : 2396\u20132407\nschmid - hempel p ( 2011 ) evolutionary parasitology : the integrated study of infections , immunology , ecology , and genetics . oxford university press , new york\nschultz tr , brady sg ( 2008 ) major evolutionary transitions in ant agriculture . proc natl acad sci usa 105 : 5435\u20135440\nschultz tr , meier r ( 1995 ) a phylogenetic analysis of the fungus - growing ants ( hymenoptera : formicidae : attini ) based on morphological characters of the larvae . syst entomol 20 : 337\u2013370\nnew species : an incipient social parasite of fungus - growing ants . insect soc 45 : 457\u2013471\nschultz tr , mueller ug , currie cr , rehner sa ( 2005 ) reciprocal illumination : a comparison of agriculture in humans and ants . in : vega f , blackwell m ( eds ) ecological and evolutionary advances in insect - fungal associations . oxford university press , new york , pp 149\u2013190\nseifert b ( 2010 ) intranidal mating , gyne polymorphism , polygyny , and supercoloniality as factors for sympatric and parapatric speciation in ants . ecol entomol 35 : 33\u201340\n: number , relatedness and longevity of reproducing individuals . j evol biol 7 : 71\u201395\n: taxonomy , evolution , and natural history of a new fungus - farming ant genus from brazil . plos one 8 ( 11 ) : e80498\nsumner s , hughes woh , boomsma jj ( 2003a ) evidence for differential selection and potential adaptive evolution in the worker caste of an inquiline social parasite . behav ecol sociobiol 54 : 256\u2013263\nsumner s , nash dr , boomsma jj ( 2003b ) the adaptive significance of inquiline parasite workers . proc r soc lond ser b biol sci 270 : 1315\u20131322\nleaf - cutting ants : a test of emery\u2019s rule . insect soc 51 : 37\u201342\ntschinkel wr ( 1996 ) a newly - discovered mode of colony founding among fire ants . insect soc 43 : 267\u2013276\nwcislo wt ( 1987 ) the roles of seasonality , host synchrony , and behaviour in the evolutions and distributions of nest parasites in hymenoptera ( insecta ) , with special reference to bees ( apoidea ) . biol rev 62 : 515\u2013542\nweber n ( 1957 ) dry season adaptations of fungus - growing ants and their fungi . anat rec 128 : 638\nweber na ( 1972 ) gardening ants : the attines . memoirs of the american philosophical society , philadelphia\nwheeler wm ( 1907 ) the fungus - growing ants of north america . bull am mus nat hist 23 : 669\u2013807\n, with an analysis of the anatomical parasitic syndrome ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) . insect soc 31 : 316\u2013334\nyek sh , boomsma jj , poulsen m ( 2012 ) towards a better understanding of the evolution of specialized parasites of fungus - growing ant crops . psyche . doi :\nsantschi , 1925 ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) . revista de biolog\u00eda del uruguay 1 : 151\u2013165\n( emery , 1887 ) ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) . revista de biolog\u00eda del uruguay 2 : 37\u201357\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\n\u201cthrough our dna analysis , we learned that the new species is very closely related to the first ant ancestor that began growing fungal gardens , \u201d said sosa - calvo . \u201cgiven this relationship , we can infer that some of c . abscondita \u2019s unique physical and behavioral characteristics hint at what the first agricultural ants and their predecessors looked and acted like . \u201d\nthe discovery of the new species entailed a multiyear excavation of intricate nests , delving down to a maximum of two meters beneath the surface . these nests were made up of a network of fragile tunnels and chambers that could be less than a millimeter in diameter .\nghost ants are nocturnal and forage for organic debris to grow their fungus gardens , which hang in curtain - like columns from the ceilings of their hidden underground chambers . the fungi that the ghost ants cultivate are probably not completely dependent upon their ant partners to survive and reproduce ; they may be capable of surviving independently . the ants , however , are obligatorily dependent on the fungi for their survival .\nwhile theories about the origin of attine ants\u2019 relationships with fungi remain a topic of debate , scientists generally support the hypothesis that ants first began to interact with fungi by sharing overlapping habitats . over the course of millions of years , this coincidental overlap between the two species developed into a tentative partnership ; a relationship in which the fungi and the ants could both survive and reproduce without closely interacting with each other . since its origin 50 million years ago , this relationship between fungi and ants has become obligatory in many attine species : neither the fungal species nor the ant species in the relationship can live without the other . this complex process of one organism evolving in concert with another is called coevolution .\nunderstanding how attine ants developed their agricultural relationship with fungi could be extrapolated to improve human farming activities , including sustainable agriculture efforts and crop disease or pest management .\nthe publication is the result of an international collaboration amongst research institutions based in the u . s . , brazil and germany .\nwhat did the t . rex say when challenged to an arm - wrestling contest ?\nprivacy & cookies : this site uses cookies . by continuing to use this website , you agree to their use . to find out more , including how to control cookies , see here : cookie policy\nwe moved to illinois from tucson in 2008 . the naturalist in me cringed at the relocation . tucson is surrounded by rich natural deserts , national parks , and state forests . champaign - urbana is buried in a monotony of industrial corn / soy production . illinois nature was more than 90 % plowed under years ago and hasn\u2019t returned .\nyet the midwest has its buggy bright points . what\u2019s left of the local ant fauna remains mostly native and hosts an array of fascinating social parasites . the famous 13 - year periodical cicadas emerged again in 2011 . and the fireflies ! the common eastern firefly photinus pyralis launches a tremendous show in june and july . western fireflies for the most part don\u2019t glow as adults . i missed them when i live in arizona .\ni\u2019d been telling mrs . myrmecos every year since the move , \u201cthis is the summer i finally shoot the fireflies ! \u201d and then , for various reasons , i fail to follow through . for a specialized insect photographer to not have photographs of the most spectacular local insect phenomenon was getting ridiculous .\nmy schedule this past summer finally conspired to allow plenty of evening firefly time , though , so i went at them with a vengeance . if you haven\u2019t seen the results , i\u2019ve uploaded them here :\nlearning to shoot fireflies on the wing wasn\u2019t easy , but i can distill the strategy down to one key point : spend a few evenings watching the animals behave . each species has a particular courtship pattern , this pattern is predictable , and if you learn it you\u2019re much more likely to know where to put the camera and when to time the shot . photinus pyralis males have a six - second cycle : swoop upward while lit , hover for a couple seconds to watch for a female return signal , the fly forward a few feet to begin the next run .\nafter some practice hand - holding a pre - focused camera rig and flash , i was able to not only get a flying firefly in focus , i was able to plan for particular backdrops . the photograph above shows a male at the height of his ascent , watching for females .\nif you\u2019d like a print , this photograph is one of 30 i\u2019ve included in the holiday print sale , running until january 1 .\ncanon ef 50mm f / 1 . 4 usm & 12mm extension tube on a canon eos 6d\nthe next series of posts - behind the photo \u2013 will feature the stories behind images i\u2019ve included in this year\u2019s print sale . first up : the brutish male dung beetles in this 2009 creation .\nthese insects were given to me by biologist emilie snell - rood , who at the time was working in armin\u2019s moczek\u2019s evo - devo lab , with the hope that i might photograph live animals of different shapes and sizes for use in moczek lab papers , web pages , and talks . live photos make compelling stories , after all , and onthopagus taurus has an especially interesting one . it\u2019s about how new body parts evolve .\nmales of this species employ varying strategies to reach females . the larger ones sport horns and fight over mates , while the smaller hornless ones bear a striking enough resemblance to females to slip past their rivals unrecognized as males . since beetles that are otherwise genetically identical either sprout horns as they develop or don\u2019t , they\u2019ve become a fantastic model for questions about why and how new structures form . biologists can watch the horns grow , or not grow , all within a single sex of a single species . they can also examine the process in related beetles , and make comparisons that allow inferences about how ecology interacts with genomes to produce new horns . if you\u2019re intrigued , you can catch up with the research\nmy photograph of the dueling male beetles is not a natural scene , of course . wild beetles fight in underground tunnels , face - to - face , not in the gleaming open air of a photography studio , so this scene is less documentation of real world behavior that a stylized illustration of male variation .\nthe challenge of taking this photograph was two - fold . first , dung beetles are shiny . to capture the subtleties of texture on such a reflective animal , i needed extremely soft lighting . so i fired an upward - facing flash off in a white box . a white box is what it sounds like - a box that\u2019s all white on the inside . the box i used for the above photo is pictured at left , an old toilet paper box with printer paper taped to the inside .\nthe second challenge was the hyperactivity of the beetles themselves . getting two feisty insects to perform for a well - composed shot took a long time and a lot of attempts . here is a sample of mostly throwaways from the session :\nif you\u2019d like to purchase a print , the dueling beetles photograph is one of 30 i\u2019ve included in the holiday print sale , running until january 1 . i have reprocessed the image up from the original raw file just for this event .\ncanon 100mm f / 2 . 8 macro lens on a canon eos 20d .\nvelvet ant ; 12\u00d718\u2033 print on a 3 / 4\u2033 standout mount . sale price $ 15 . 99 / $ 42 . 99 unmounted / mounted . ( regular $ 60 / $ 120 )\ni am pleased to announce the return of the holiday print sale ! this year\u2019s selection features 30 favorite photographs reduced up to 70 % off regular pricing . have a look :\nusing high - quality papers and archival photo inks . these are not simple posters ! bay photo will also custom mount , mat & frame images if you choose \u201cadd frames & more\u201d when you check out .\nwhy the sale ? i know a portion of my photos go to biology students looking for something buggy to hang on their walls , and to parents of budding young entomologists , and these folks are not in the demographic that typically plays in the fine art market . so i\u2019ve assembled an affordable gallery of some of my best known and biologically informative natural history images priced near cost . an 8\u00d712\u2033 print , for example , is just $ 9 . 99 . i hope you enjoy them !"]}
{"id": 1779, "summary": [{"text": "the smoky shrew ( sorex fumeus ) is a medium-sized north american shrew found in eastern canada and the northeastern united states and extends further south along the appalachian mountains . ", "topic": 12}], "title": "smoky shrew", "paragraphs": ["\u00a9 copyright roger barbour . all rights reserved . sorex _ fumeus - - smoky shrew\nnorth american least shrew , northern short - tailed shrew , and southern short - tailed shrew have shorter tails .\na shrew mole or shrew - mole is a mole that resembles a shrew . species with that name include :\nother small mammals of maine include species of several different families . these include the following : hairy - tailed mole , star - nosed mole , water shrew , smoky shrew , long - tailed shrew , pygmy shrew , cinereus shrew , and the northern short - tailed shrew .\nthe smoky shrew , known for its 2 color molts , occurs in middle and eastern tennessee .\nsmoky shrew - sorex fumeus smoky shrews travel and forage in underground tunnel systems , but they usually nest in stumps or logs . # wildohio # ohiom\u2026 | pinterest\n. it is also known as gibb ' s shrew mole and least shrew mole .\na mole shrew is a shrew that resembles a mole . species with that name include :\nthe asian house shrew (\nsuncus murinus\n) grey musk shrew , asian musk shrew , or money shrew is a widespread , adaptable species of shrew found mainly in south asia but introduced widely throughout asia and eastern africa .\nthe eurasian pygmy shrew (\nsorex minutus\n) , often known simply as the pygmy shrew , is a widespread shrew of northern eurasia . it is the only shrew native to ireland .\nthe panay shrew (\ncrocidura panayensis\n) is a species of shrew from the philippines .\nthe sibuyan shrew (\ncrocidura ninoyi\n) is a species of shrew from the philippines .\nthe batak shrew (\ncrocidura batakorum\n) is a species of shrew from the philippines .\ncompared with the cinereus shrew , the smoky shrew is more selective in habitat , favoring cool and moist sites , and is less often found in drier forested stands .\nthe arizona shrew (\nsorex arizonae\n) is a species of shrew native to north america .\nthe cinereus shrew or masked shrew (\nsorex cinereus\n) is a small shrew found in alaska , canada and the northern united states . this is the most widely distributed shrew in north america , where it is also known as the common shrew .\nthe eurasian least shrew (\nsorex minutissimus\n) , also called the lesser pygmy shrew , is the second - smallest mammal after the etruscan shrew .\nthe vagrant shrew (\nsorex vagrans\n) , also known as the wandering shrew , is a medium - sized north american shrew . at one time , the montane shrew and the orizaba long - tailed shrew were considered to belong to the same species .\nthe sardinian shrew (\nasoriculus similis\n) is an extinct species of shrew from europe ( sardinia ) .\nlike all shrew - moles , the stomach size of this shrew mole in inversely proportional to its body weight .\nthe cyrenaica shrew or alexander ' s shrew (\ncrocidura aleksandrisi\n) is a species of white - toothed shrew in the family soricidae which is endemic to libya .\nthe long - tailed shrew or rock shrew (\nsorex dispar\n) is a small north american shrew found in atlantic canada and the north - eastern united states .\nthe african black shrew (\ncrocidura nigrofusca\n) is a species of shrew . it is native to africa , where it is widespread . other common names include tenebrous shrew .\nhome range has not been reported for smoky shrews , and territory size also is unknown .\nkozlov ' s shrew (\nsorex kozlovi\n) is a red - toothed shrew found only at the mekong river , tibet , china . this shrew listed as a\ndata deficient\n.\nmountain species of shrew found from southeastern canada west to the great lakes and south to the smokies is known as the smoky shrew . mainly nocturnal , the smoky shrew is active day and night and has a head and body that grows up to three inches in length . they are found in cool moist and shady birch or hemlock forests that have lots of leaf and fern growth .\nthe long - tailed shrew has a slender body , long snout , small eyes and a long , thick tail . its body averages to 2 . 75 inches in length , and its tail can be between 2 . 2 to 2 . 5 inches long . the long - tailed shrew is dark gray with slightly paler under parts . these shrews are often confused with the smoky shrew , but the smoky shrew has a wider body and a shorter , bicolored tail .\nthe smoky shrew lives in extensive burrows in the leaf mold of the forest floor and are active in even the coldest weather . they constantly twitter as they forage .\nfelix , z . , l . gatens , y . wang , c . schweitzer . 2009 . first records of the smoky shrew ( sorex fumeus ) in alabama .\nwhen smoky shrews are disturbed , they release a high - pitched squeaking noise , throw themselves onto their backs , and wave their limbs . when searching for food , smoky shrews produce a faint twittering noise .\nsmoky shrews are insectivores who prey on many insects and their larvae . they are also prey for snakes , owls , weasels , hawks and larger shrews . smoky shrews are hosts to many parasites including mites (\nsmoky shrews molt their fur twice annually so they have brown with a hint of yellow coat in the summer and gray and white in the winter which provides cryptic coloration . smoky shrews dwell mostly on the forest floor , small enough to maneuver leaf and other vegetative matter . this habitat allows them natural camouflage . when disturbed , smoky shrews produce a high - pitched noise . the main predators of smoky shrews are bobcats (\nlaerm , j . , w . ford , b . chapman . 2007 . smoky shrew . pp . 95 - 98 in m trani , w ford , b chapman , eds .\nwhitaker , j . o . , jr . 1999 . smoky shrew . pages 22 - 23 . in : wilson , d . e . and s . ruff ( editors ) .\nwhen smoky shrews are disturbed , they emit a high - pitched squeaking noise , throw themselves onto their backs , and wave their limbs . when searching for food , smoky shrews produce a faint twittering noise , which might be a crude form of echolocation . this has not largely been studied in smoky shrews , but other shrews in\nis flat and it does not have an elongated crown , like shrew do .\nthe smoky shrew has brown fur in the summer and gray fur in the winter months . they have lighter gray under parts and a long tail that is brown on top and yellow underneath .\njuvenile and adult smoky shrews are distinguished by weight and tooth , tail , and hair wear . because smoky shrews do not breed within the year they are born , they most often survive until the subsequent breeding season and live a total of 14 to 17 months . the lifespan on smoky shrews in captivity has not been reported and is not currently known .\nthe smoky shrew is primarily a northern and mountain species and is found throughout the northeastern united states and adjacent canada , south in the appalachian mountains to northern georgia , and west to central ohio and kentucky .\nsmoky shrews are listed as a species of \u201cleast concern\u201d on the iucn red list . cites and the us federal list list smoky shrews as no special status . the michigan natural features inventory states that smoky shrews are\nthreatened ,\nbecause there have been fewer than half a dozen captures of these individuals in the state . current management efforts are in place to maintain forest cover and leaf litter on the forest floor . it ' s likely that these efforts positively impact smoky shrews .\n) . the smokey shrew is near the southern limit of its range in the park .\ncinereus shrew is browner , has a smaller body , and has a relatively longer tail .\nsmoky shrews were named for their slate - gray or blackish - gray winter coat , which develops by the end of october .\n: during the summer , the smoky shrew is a medium - sized , uniformly dull brown . during the winter , the pelage of the smoky shrew is usually a uniform gray . the bi - colored tail is brownish above and yellowish below . shrews possess long tapering snouts and tiny eyes and ears . hearing and smell are acute . the tips of the incisor teeth are dark chestnut in color . shrews have five toes on each foot .\nsmith , t . r . and j . m . mouzon . 1985 . small mammal survey in the spruce - fir zone of great smoky mountains national park . typewritten final research report . in library of great smoky mountains national park , gatlinburg , tennessee .\n, which means that it lives in loosely organized communities of about 12 to 15 shrew moles .\nsmoky shrews prefer moist hardwood forests with decaying logs , thick leaf litter , and moss - covered rocks ; frequently found in higher elevations .\nlong - tailed shrew has a longer , thicker tail with more hair and is dark gray all year .\nthe long - tailed shrew is a mid - sized shrew with a slender body and long tail . it lives in cool , rocky , forested areas and can be found year - round in the appalachian mountains .\ndig with their forepaws held directly below their body , but shrew - moles dig using lateral - strokes .\n: smoky shrews are found at all elevations . they are most abundant in cool , damp woodlands with a deep layer of leaf mold on the ground .\n: all plants and animals are protected within great smoky mountains national park . collection requires a permit which is usually granted only for research or educational purposes .\nsipe , t . , r . browne . 2004 . phylogeography of masked ( sorex cinereus ) and smoky shrews ( sorex fumeus ) in the southern appalachians .\nlinzey , d . w . 1995a . mammals of great smoky mountains national park . blacksburg , virginia : the mcdonald & ; woodward publishing company , inc .\nforsman , k . , m . malmquist . 1988 . evidence for echolocation in the common shrew , sorex araneus .\namerican shrew - moles are described to be\ncommon\nthroughout their range ( wilson and ruff , 1999 ) .\ndue to these factors , it is common for shrew - moles to forage through tunnels that have been dug by other shrew - moles because it is more energetically efficient and more prey might be present in tunnels that have been abandoned .\nonly turns into bone in the adults and the roots of the upper molars are exposed in immature shrew - moles .\nmr . animal helps you better understand the wild one animal at a time . this episode talks about the smokey shrew .\nhorvath , o . 1965 . arboreal predation on bird\u2019s nest by masked shrew . journal of mammalogy , 46 : 495 .\nthe smoky shrew is active at all times during day and night throughout the year , though populations are at their peak between july and october . like many other small mammals , populations are cyclical from year to year and surveys should be conducted for several consecutive years to obtain the most reliable results .\nwhitaker , j . o . , jr . 1999 . smoky shrew ( sorex fumeus ) . pages 22 - 23 in d . e . wilson and s . ruff , editors . the smithsonian book of north american mammals . smithsonian institution press in association with the american society of mammalogists , washington .\nsmoky shrews are deemed in need of management by both twra and tennessee department or environment and conservation . they are uncommon in the state , but can be abundant in some areas .\nit is believed by some that the sound that the wind produces as it goes through the bottle scares the shrew - moles away .\nlinzey , d . w . 1995b . mammals of great smoky mountains national park - 1995 update . journal of the elisha mitchell scientific society 111 ( 1 ) : 1 - 81 .\nwhen underground shrew - moles can suffer from a low levels of oxygen , high levels of carbon dioxide , and high levels of humidity .\nkomarek , e . v . and r . komarek . 1938 . mammals of the great smoky mountains . bulletin of the chicago academy of science 5 ( 6 ) : 137 - 162 .\nthe average total length of smoky shrews is 111 . 4 millimeters , with an average weight of 7 . 6 grams . average tail length is 43 . 8 millimeters , and their hind feet are , on average , 13 . 2 millimeters long . both male and female shrews are similar in size . newborn shrews are blind , toothless , lack fur and weigh 0 . 14 grams . by one month old , they weigh 4 grams . smoky shrews have a generally flattened skull . like all shrews , the snout of smoky shrews is elongated , and they have ears that are often concealed within their fur . smoky shrews have 32 teeth with a dental formula of incisors 1 / 1 , canines 5 / 1 , premolars 1 / 1 , and molars 3 / 3 .\nyoung born in the spring often breed later in the same year . the average life span of a masked shrew is less than 14 months .\nthe nest of the smoky shrew is the size of a baseball , created out of grasses and leaves about twenty inches below ground , in stumps and logs . adult females have two to three litters per year with five to six young in each litter . young leave the nest after about a month . most adults don ' t survive their second winter which is why juveniles are usually the only ones found in the wintertime . this highly aggressive shrew only has a lifespan of 14 - 17 months\nusing bait is another method used to control these shrew - moles . the bait usually consists of some type of cereal grain that is treated with chemicals .\nvery little is known about the ecology and population status of smoky shrews in minnesota . the preferred habitat of the species is currently not uncommon in northern minnesota , so it is possible that habitat is not a limiting factor for the species in the state . the minnesota biological survey targeted smoky shrews in their 2003 survey , and documented six new locations , expanding the known range of the species in minnesota west into lake county . it is not known , however , if smoky shrews inhabited this area historically and simply remained undetected until recently . future surveys are needed to determine the full extent of the species ' distribution and population in the state .\nthe shrew - mole makes permanent tunnels by digging with its forelimbs and using its forefeet to soften the soil that will be removed to make a hollow tunnel .\nin order to cope with these conditions , shrew - moles contain lungs that can hold large volumes and sometimes even more than 20 % of their body weight .\nthe short - tailed shrew is the only north american mammal with a poisonous bite . that ' s a cool fact , but too bad for an unfortunate snake !\nthere are also many home remedies that are used to get rid of these shrew - moles , but whether or not these methods are successful are usually not evident .\nthe presence of smoky shrews is related to soil moisture and mesic habitats , with more individuals being found in larger ( mcshea et al . 2003 ) , older patches of habitat ( kuttner and malcolm 2001 ) . because of this and the fact that little is known about the species ' ability to recolonize areas after logging , the potential presence of smoky shrews should be considered when mesic forests in the vicinity of documented occurrences of this species are slated for harvest .\n. males use high - pitched vocalizations to complete with other males when looking for mates . usually in groups of three , the male masked shrews will jump in a breeding chase . it\u2019s likely that smoky shrews have a similar mating system .\nlaerm , joshua ; ford , w . mark ; chapman , brian r . 2007 . smoky shrew , sorex fumeus . in : trani , margaret k . ; ford , w . mark ; chapman , brian r . , eds . the land manager ' s guide to mammals of the south . durham , nc : the nature conservancy ; atlanta , ga : u . s . forest service : 95 - 98 .\nthe long - tailed shrew\u2019s range extends from nova scotia , canada to eastern tennessee and north carolina . in the chesapeake bay watershed , they are particularly abundant in the appalachian mountains .\nshrew - moles usually live in areas where it is difficult to cultivate so they are usually economically neutral , but there are some cases where they do damage people ' s homes .\nthe smoky shrew is a small mammal ( 4 . 3 to 5 . 0 in / 11 to 12 . 6 cm in length ) with an elongated head , pointed nose , tiny eyes , and short dark fur . the tail is two - toned , dark on top and yellowish - tan below , and is between 1 . 7 and 2 . 0 inches ( 4 . 2 and 5 . 2 cm ) in length .\nthroughout its range , smoky shrews occur in deciduous and coniferous forests , bogs , and swamps . moist habitats are important ( mcshea et al . 2003 ) and the preferred microhabitat includes a cool , damp forest floor with a thick litter layer , mossy covered rocks , and decaying debris ( owen 1984 ) . in minnesota , smoky shrews have been found in glacial boulder streams ; second - growth black spruce , fir , paper birch forests ( jannett and oehlenschlager 1994 ) ; mossy , talus slopes ; and sphagnum bogs .\nsmoky shrews are insectivores feeding on various invertebrates . a north carolina study reported that centipedes ( 36 . 5 % of stomach contents , by volume ) were the most common food item , followed by earthworms ( 19 % ) and adult lepidopterans ( 19 . 5 % ) , and ground beetles in the family scarabidae ( 10 % ) . insects ( adults and larvae ) , spiders , isopods , and some fungi are included in the diets of smoky shrews . in captivity , the shrews also could eat salamanders and snails .\nthe fact that males lack a scrotum and the female ' s vagina is sealed , makes it difficult to determine the sex of shrew - moles that are not breeding without performing a dissection .\nlinzey , d . w . and a . v . linzey . 1973 . notes of food of small mammals from great smoky mountains national park , tennessee - north carolina . journal of the elisha mitchell scientific society 89 ( 1 and 2 ) : 6 - 14 .\ndoucet , g . j . and j . r . bider . 1974 . the effects of weather on the activity of the masked shrew . journal of mammalogy , 55 : 348 - 363 .\nas the shrew - mole continues to dig through the soil , the amount of prey in the soil is significantly less than the amount present in soil that has not been dug through by them .\nthe coloration of smoky shrews is an identifying feature among similar species . in the summer months , the dorsal fur is brown , with a yellow tint , and the ventral fur is pale brown . their winter coat is dark gray on the dorsal side with silver hues on the ventral side . smoky shrews molt twice annually , once in preparation for winter and again in preparation for summer . the molt for winter happens in october for a thicker fur as well as a change of color to accommodate surroundings ; the other in preparation for summer happens in april or may for a thinner coat with brown fur . the tail of smoky shews is consistently bicolored , following the different hues among the months . the tail is a light brown with yellows hues in the summer months , and dark brown with silver hues in the winter months .\nus forest service . influence of elevation and forest type on community assemblage and species distribution of shrews in the central and southern appalachian mountains . none . none provided : international society of shrew biologists . 2005 .\nsmoky shrews typically either take over other small mammals burrows to make use of them for themselves , or build rounded nests ca . 5 . 08 centimeters in diameter on the forest floor , often underneath forest debris . nests are built using various mammal hair and vegetative matter on sheltered forest floors .\njannett , f . j . , jr . , and r . j . oehlenschlager . 1994 . range extension and first minnesota records of the smokey shrew sorex fumeus . american midland naturalist 131 : 364 - 365 .\nsmoky shrews are constantly active through all hours of the day , and throughout the year . colder temperatures do not semm to be limiting , as they have been captured in the snow . these shrews typically are not social , but clustering of captures suggest that they might live in colonies . they do not migrate .\nis found in western north america , from mid - california to lower british columbia . it ranges from the pacific ocean to the cascade and sierra nevada mountains . shrew - moles are also found on destruction island , washington ( campbell , 2001 ) .\ndo have an effect on controlling bark beetles and other harmful insects in their own habitats . but this is of minimal economic benefit , because most areas where the shrew - mole is found are bad sites for logging or farming ( dalquest , 1942 ) .\nshrews tend to have short lifespans , and it is estimated that long - tailed shrew live up to two years in the wild . they are active both during the day and at night throughout the year . they are generally solitary animals and spend almost all of their time foraging .\nprefer soils that are easy to dig , and where there is plenty of organic matter . they are mostly found in the temperate rainforests of northwest north america , where soils are soft and deep . shrew - moles can also be found in areas that are moist and weedy or brushy ( campbell , 2001 ) .\ndue to their small size and active lifestyles , long - tailed shrews need to eat almost constantly , often consuming twice their body weight in a day . above , a long - tailed shrew in woburn , mass . , on may 11 , 2014 . ( photo courtesy sylvia scharf under a cc by - nc license )\ndalquest ( 1942 ) observed that if a shrew - mole is scared into hiding , it will reemerge in search of food in less than a minute . this makes them an easy target for predators , though they are not the major diet of any species ( racey , 1929 ) . owls seem to be their biggest predator ( carraway , 1991 ) .\nthe long - tailed shrew\u2019s major predators include snakes , weasels , other small mammals and birds of prey . in order to avoid predators , long - tailed shrews tend to feed at night and remain under forest debris . since they are small and can be confused for mice , they also have a distinct musky odor that could serve as a deterrent for predators .\nsmoky shews are often found in higher elevations , typically above 700 m , in or around deciduous montane forests . at the southern edge of their geographic range , it ' s been reported that they exists at elevations as low as 300 m . they occur in a variety of forest types , on talus slopes , and occasionally some wetter areas ( bogs , swamps , bankside of rivers ) . however , although it appears that they are more abundant in moisture - rich forests , they are much less common ( or absent ) in seasonally or permanently inundated wetland habitats .\nthe shrew - mole also makes shallow surface runways by moving the front part of its body 45 degrees to the right and then to the left . then back again to the right , then left , and so on . when it moves to the right , the left forepaw is thrust up rapidly lifting soil in the process and when it moves to the left , the right forepaw is thrust up to lift soil .\nfood and feeding behavior : little information is available about the food preferences of the rock shrew , but what is known suggests a diet of insects , spiders , and centipedes . activity and movement : the seasonal and daily activity patterns are unknown . reproduction : only a handful of specimens offer clues about breeding habits . these indicate litter size may vary from 2 - 5 , and that the reproductive season extends from early spring , april or may , until late summer , through august .\nshrew - mole has a relatively long breeding season . reproduction happens once a year and lasts from late february to august . the length of the gestation period is unknown , but is assumed to be at least four weeks long ( yates , 1982 ) . the nests are built above ground , although one nest was observed in a stump about a meter off the ground ( dalquest , 1942 ) . the babies are born blind and weigh less than a gram ( wilson and ruff , 1999 ) .\nthe masked shrew displays characters typical of all shrews . the slender , cylindrical body has a short , velvety , directionless fur . the long , tapered head ends in a flexible , tubular snout , with the narrow nostrils located on the outer edges of the tip . the small external ears are barely visible or are completely hidden by the fur . the eyes are tiny , the tail scantily haired , and the limbs short . all are features adapting shrews to a semi - fossorial life between the interface of soil particles and plant debris .\nis the smallest species of new world talpidae ( wilson and ruff , 1999 ) . its hair is black or blue - black and not as plush as other moles ( dalquest , 1942 ) . shrew - moles ' forefeet are slightly broadened , not webbed and modified for digging only ( wilson and ruff , 1999 ) . the external ears are absent . eyes are greatly reduced , and these animals have a flat , elongated nose ( carraway , 1991 ) . the tail is about half as long as the body and reasonably wide ( reed , 1951 ) .\nsocial system - the social behavior of all north american shrews is little known . a few causal observations of a male near a pregnant or lactating female suggest the masked shrew may be monogamous . studies completes in other parts of the species\u2019 range indicate a home range of 0 . 2 - 0 . 6 ha ( 0 . 5 - 1 . 5 acre ) which overlap conspecifics . densities vary from 2 . 5 - 100 per ha ( 1 - 40 per acre ) with 3 - 25 per ha ( 1 - 10 per acre ) being more common , and may change dramatically from one year to the next within any particular area .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference ( book , 2005 ) [ worldcat . org ]\nyour web browser is not enabled for javascript . some features of worldcat will not be available .\nyour list has reached the maximum number of items . please create a new list with a new name ; move some items to a new or existing list ; or delete some items .\nnote : citations are based on reference standards . however , formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study . the specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher , classroom teacher , institution or organization should be applied .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) field is required . please enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) you entered is ( are ) not in a valid format . please re - enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\ni thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference author : don e wilson ; deeann m reeder publisher : baltimore : johns hopkins university press , \u00a92005 . isbn / issn : 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc : 57557352\nwilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of\ninformation indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher ' s website .\nplease choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours .\nthis indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\na uniquely valuable compendium of taxonomic and distributional data on the world ' s living and historically extinct mammalian species . contributors and editors alike deserve the thanks of all\nadd tags for\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference\n.\nyou may have already requested this item . please select ok if you would like to proceed with this request anyway .\nwilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher ' s website .\nworldcat is the world ' s largest library catalog , helping you find library materials online . learn more \u203a\u203a\ndon ' t have an account ? you can easily create a free account .\n( cassola , 2016 ; hamed and laughlin , 2015 ; owen , 1984 ; felix , et al . , 2009 )\n( cassola , 2016 ; choate , et al . , 1994 ; laerm , et al . , 2007 ; merritt , 1987 ; nowak , 1999 ; owen , 1984 ; webster , et al . , 2004 )\nolder shews tend to have fur with whiter tips . the younger shrews are distinguished from the older shrews not only because they are smaller , but also because they have long hairs on the tips of their tails that disappear once maturing to adults .\n( best and dusi , 2014 ; choate , et al . , 1994 ; kurta , 1995 ; merritt , 1987 ; naughton , 2012 ; owen , 1984 )\n( brown , 1997 ; elbroch and rinehart , 2011 ; laerm , et al . , 2007 ; merritt , 1987 ; naughton , 2012 ; owen , 1984 )\nthe mothers groom , nurse , and regurgitate food for their young . females take care of the young for up to a month after the young are fully weaned . young stay in the nest until the mother leaves to mate again . at this point , the young leave the nest to find new nesting sites . beyond mating , males have no parental investment .\nare able to use echolocation to find objects up to 200 mm away . echolocation is especially helpful to shrews when they inhabit abandoned burrows , as it allows them to sense if the burrow is empty . it is also used to aid in finding protective cover when being pursued by a predator .\nhave been found to beat 800 - 1200 beats per minute . due to a high metabolism , shrews must feed day and night to support their appetites .\n( choate , et al . , 1994 ; laerm , et al . , 2007 ; owen , 1984 ; sipe and browne , 2004 ; webster , et al . , 2004 ; whitaker jr . and hamilton jr . , 1998 )\n( choate , et al . , 1994 ; clark , 2002 ; hamilton jr . , 1941 ; laerm , et al . , 2007 ; merritt , 1987 ; owen , 1984 )\n( choate , et al . , 1994 ; laerm , et al . , 2007 ; merritt , 1987 ; owen , 1984 )\n( dent , 2000 ; fryxell , et al . , 2014 ; whitaker jr . and hamilton jr . , 1998 )\nmakayla beckner ( author ) , radford university , karen powers ( editor ) , radford university , alex atwood ( editor ) , radford university , marisa dameron ( editor ) , radford university , tanya dewey ( editor ) , university of michigan - ann arbor .\nliving in the nearctic biogeographic province , the northern part of the new world . this includes greenland , the canadian arctic islands , and all of the north american as far south as the highlands of central mexico .\nyoung are born in a relatively underdeveloped state ; they are unable to feed or care for themselves or locomote independently for a period of time after birth / hatching . in birds , naked and helpless after hatching .\nhaving body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves . animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides , as well as anterior and posterior ends . synapomorphy of the bilateria .\na wetland area rich in accumulated plant material and with acidic soils surrounding a body of open water . bogs have a flora dominated by sedges , heaths , and sphagnum .\nhaving markings , coloration , shapes , or other features that cause an animal to be camouflaged in its natural environment ; being difficult to see or otherwise detect .\nthe process by which an animal locates itself with respect to other animals and objects by emitting sound waves and sensing the pattern of the reflected sound waves .\nanimals that use metabolically generated heat to regulate body temperature independently of ambient temperature . endothermy is a synapomorphy of the mammalia , although it may have arisen in a ( now extinct ) synapsid ancestor ; the fossil record does not distinguish these possibilities . convergent in birds .\nforest biomes are dominated by trees , otherwise forest biomes can vary widely in amount of precipitation and seasonality .\nreferring to a burrowing life - style or behavior , specialized for digging or burrowing .\noffspring are produced in more than one group ( litters , clutches , etc . ) and across multiple seasons ( or other periods hospitable to reproduction ) . iteroparous animals must , by definition , survive over multiple seasons ( or periodic condition changes ) .\nthis terrestrial biome includes summits of high mountains , either without vegetation or covered by low , tundra - like vegetation .\nthe area in which the animal is naturally found , the region in which it is endemic .\na wetland area that may be permanently or intermittently covered in water , often dominated by woody vegetation .\nthat region of the earth between 23 . 5 degrees north and 60 degrees north ( between the tropic of cancer and the arctic circle ) and between 23 . 5 degrees south and 60 degrees south ( between the tropic of capricorn and the antarctic circle ) .\nreproduction in which fertilization and development take place within the female body and the developing embryo derives nourishment from the female .\ncassola , f . 2016 .\nsorex fumeus\n( on - line ) . iucn red list of threatened species 2016 : e . t41396a22312838 . accessed september 12 , 2016 at urltoken .\nchoate , j . , k . jones jr , c . jones . 1994 .\nclark , r . 2002 . diet of the timber rattlesnake , crotalus horridus .\nhamed , k . , t . laughlin . 2015 . small - mammal mortality caused by discarded bottles and cans along a us national forest service road in the cherokee national forest .\nhamilton jr . , w . 1941 . the food of small forest mammals in eastern united states .\nmaier , t . , k . doyle . 2006 . aggregations of masked shrews ( sorex cinereus ) : density - related mating behavior ? .\nmerritt , j . , s . vessey . 2000 . shrews - small insectivores with polyphasic patterns . pp . 235 - 251 in s halle , n stenseth , eds .\n, vol . 141 . new york , new york : springer - verlag berlin heidelberg .\nto cite this page : beckner , m . 2017 .\nsorex fumeus\n( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nbiokids is sponsored in part by the interagency education research initiative . it is a partnership of the university of michigan school of education , university of michigan museum of zoology , and the detroit public schools . this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation under grant drl - 0628151 . copyright \u00a9 2002 - 2018 , the regents of the university of michigan . all rights reserved .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthey eat leaf litter , insects , earthworms , centipedes , millipedes , snails and salamanders . because they travel in tunnels and runways created by moles and voles\nsearch of their prey , they have a tendency to eat more worms than most shrews .\n: cosby ccc camp ( 2 , 050 feet ) ; near cosby ranger station ( 2 , 500 feet ) ; indian camp creek trail ( 3 , 000 feet ) ; low gap ( 3 , 400 feet , 4 , 242 feet ) ; inadu knob ( 5 , 700 feet ) ; old black mountain ( 6 , 300 feet ) .\n: foothills parkway ( 1 , 100 - 2 , 400 feet ) ; huskey gap trail ( 2 , 100 feet ) ; greenbrier ( 2 , 200 - 4 , 800 feet ) ; sugarland mountain ; newfound gap road ( 2 , 800 - 5 , 000 feet ) ; little river - elkmont ( 2 , 900 feet ) ; chimneys campground ; fort harry cliffs ( 3 , 200 feet ) ; eagle rocks creek ( 3 , 500 feet ) ; chapman prong ; grassy patch - alum cave parking areaa ( 4 , 000 feet ) ; west prong , little pigeon river ( 3 , 200 - 4 , 000 feet ) ; buck fork ( 4 , 200 - 5 , 000 feet ) ; walker prong ; rocky spring gap ; trillium gap trail ; indian gap ( 5 , 200 feet ) ; mt . guyot ( 6 , 300 feet ) .\n: appalachian trail between low gap and mt . cammerer ( 4 , 700 feet ) ; dry sluice gap ; mt . kephart ; clingman ' s dome ( 6 , 400 feet ) .\n: smokemont ; ekaneetlee creek ( 2 , 300 feet ) ; moore springs shelter ( 4 , 750 feet ) ; thomas ridge ( 4 , 800 feet ) ; newfound gap road ( 4 , 000 - 4 , 800 feet ) ; welch ridge ( 5 , 050 feet ) ; newfound gap ( 5 , 050 feet ) ; round bottom ( 5 , 400 feet ) ; hughes ridge ; forney ridge ( 6 , 000 feet , 6 , 400 feet ) .\nstreamsides , both in evergreen and deciduous forests , are favored . this species accouned for 12 . 6 % of all small mammals captured in a study in the spruce - fir forest (\ntwo or three litters of 3 to 7 young are produced during the female ' s second year of life . the young are born in a nest of shredded vegetation located in a stump or beneath a log or rock .\npregnant and / or nursing females have been recorded in the park from march 30 through october 12 .\nreproductively active\nindividuals were recorded for mid - august through september in the spruce - fir region (\nstomach analyses of three females taken at 2 , 400 feet in cosby ( cocke co . ) during june and july revealed millipedes and arachnids comprising 98 . 6 % of the total volume of food (\nthe home range of shrews probably covers an area of 1 / 4 to 1 acre .\npredators include snakes , owls , hawks , and carnivorous mammals such as opossums , foxes , bobcats , weasels , and skunks .\n. blacksburg , virginia : the mcdonald & ; woodward publishing company , inc .\n. mammalian species no . 215 : 1 - 8 . american society of mammalogists .\n, and are active throughout the year , even in the coldest temperatures . as with other shrews , they echolocate , emitting a constant twittering sound as they forage .\nmiller , g . s . , jr . , 1895 . the long - tailed shrews of the eastern united states , p . 50 . north american fauna , 10 : 35 - 36 .\nmammal species of the world ( opens in a new window ) . mammalian species , american society of mammalogists ' species account ( opens in a new window ) .\nchristian , d . p . , and j . m . daniels . 1985 . distributional records of rock voles , microtus chrotorrhinus , in northeastern minnesota . canadian field - naturalist 99 : 356 - 359 .\nde vos , a . 1964 . range changes of mammals in the great lakes region . american midland naturalist 71 : 210 - 231 .\nkuttner , b . g . , and j . r . malcom . 2001 . small mammal responses to clearcut logging in northeastern ontario . abstract of presentation given at symposium on old - growth forest in canada , october 2001 , sault ste . marie , ontario .\nmcshea , w . j . , j . p . pagels , j . orrock , e . harper , and k . koy . 2003 . mesic deciduous forest as patches of small - mammal richness within an appalachian mountain forest . journal of mammalogy 84 : 627 - 643 .\ntimm , r . m . 1975 . distribution , natural history , and parasites of mammals of cook county , minnesota . bell museum of natural history occasional papers 14 . university of minnesota , minneapolis . 56 pp .\nupdated 5 / 15 / 2018 . information is summarized from mnfi ' s database of rare species and community occurrences . data may not reflect true distribution since much of the state has not been thoroughly surveyed .\nthis species inhabits northern hardwood and boreal forests with thick leaf litter over loosely packed soils . in michigan , it has only been documented on sugar island along the st . mary ' s river between ontario and mainland chippewa county . there it was found in a mesic northern forest dominated by sugar maple . in ontario , it is also known to inhabit ( but doesn ' t necessarily prefer ) cedar swamps , bogs , and other mixed coniferous forests with saturated soils .\nfor each species , lists of natural communities were derived from review of the nearly 6 , 500 element occurrences in the mnfi database , in addition to herbarium label data for some taxa . in most cases , at least one specimen record exists for each listed natural community . for certain taxa , especially poorly collected or extirpated species of prairie and savanna habitats , natural community lists were derived from inferences from collection sites and habitat preferences in immediately adjacent states ( particularly indiana and illinois ) . natural communities are not listed for those species documented only from altered or ruderal habitats in michigan , especially for taxa that occur in a variety of habitats outside of the state .\nnatural communities are not listed in order of frequency of occurrence , but are rather derived from the full set of natural communities , organized by ecological group . in many cases , the general habitat descriptions should provide greater clarity and direction to the surveyor . in future versions of the rare species explorer , we hope to incorporate natural community fidelity ranks for each taxon .\nmaintaining forest canopy cover and thick leaf litter would be beneficial to this species .\nmichigan natural features inventory . 2007 . rare species explorer ( web application ) . available online at urltoken [ accessed jul 9 , 2018 ]\nbaker , r . h . 1983 . michigan mammals . michigan state university press , east lansing .\nkurta , a . 1995 . mammals of the great lakes region . the university of michigan press , ann arbor .\nwilson , d . e . , f . r . cole , j . d . 1996 . measuring and monitoring biological diversity - standard methods for mammals . smithsonian institution press , washington d . c .\nmsu extension programs and materials are open to all without regard to race , color , national origin , gender , religion , age , disability , political beliefs , sexual orientation , marital status or family status . .\na very small mammal with a cone - shaped nose , tiny eyes , cylindrical body , and short , slender legs . their short , dense fur is brownish in the summer and dark gray to blackish - gray in the winter ; belly is lighter in both coats . the long tail is distinctly bi - colored , grayish - brown above and yellowish or tan below .\nconsumes a wide variety of insects ; also eats spiders , earthworms , and centipedes .\nmating season begins in march and by the end of the breeding season in october they can have up to 3 litters . nests of leaf litter are constructed in hollow logs or under rocks prior to the birth of the blind and furless young . females deliver 2 - 8 ( average 6 ) young after a gestation period of less than 3 weeks . the pair mates again as soon as the first litter is born .\nbest places to see in tennessee : moist woods with deep leaf litter and moss - covered rocks in the appalachian mountains . for more information : sources : owens , j . g . 1984 . sorex fumeus . mammalian species , 215 : 1 - 8 . whitaker , jr . , j . o . 1980 . the audubon society field guide to north american mammals . alfred a . knopf , inc . , new york .\ncookie policy : we use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website . if you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with these terms .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 3rd ed . , vols . 1 & 2\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nin nc , it ranges throughout the mountains , but is absent farther to the east . unlike most northern shrews , it occurs only in the northeastern states and adjacent canada , south in the appalachians to northern ga .\ncommon to very common within its range in the state , and not seemingly local .\nfavors cool coniferous or mixed forests , at mid - to high elevations , such as spruce - fir , spruce - hardwoods , and hemlock - hardwoods . areas with moss , logs , and rocks are favored within the habitat .\nnc map map depicts all counties with a report ( transient or resident ) for the species .\nclick on county for list of all database records for species in that county .\nin : trani , margaret k . ; ford , w . mark ; chapman , brian r . , eds . the land manager ' s guide to mammals of the south . durham , nc : the nature conservancy ; atlanta , ga : u . s . forest service : 95 - 98 .\nnote : this article is part of a larger document . view the larger document\ncheck the northern research station web site to request a printed copy of this publication .\nplease contact sharon hobrla , shobrla @ urltoken if you notice any errors which make this publication unusable .\nwe recommend that you also print this page and attach it to the printout of the article , to retain the full citation information .\nthis article was written and prepared by u . s . government employees on official time , and is therefore in the public domain .\nfrom : saunders , d . a . 1988 . adirondack mammals . state university of new york , college of environmental science and forestry . 216pp .\nthis slender - bodied , slate gray insectivore named for its long tail or habitat , depending on which common name one chooses , holds center stage among some small mammal specialists . entire chapters of its basic life history remain unknown . the sketchy information that is available results from several hundred trapped specimens .\nsocial behavior : the behavioral ecology , social organization , mating system , and means of communication are unknown , but are likely to exhibit some unique specializations for a life among dark , damp stones ."]}
{"id": 1788, "summary": [{"text": "pachydactylus labialis , commonly known as the calvinia thick-toed gecko , western cape gecko , or western cape thick-toed gecko , is a gecko species endemic to the western and northern cape in south africa , often found taking shelter under stones . ", "topic": 27}], "title": "pachydactylus labialis", "paragraphs": ["pachydactylus waterbergensis bauer & lamb 2003 pachydactylus weberi acuminatus \u2014 mertens 1955 : 49 ( part . ) pachydactylus weberi werneri \u2014 griffin 2003 : 33 ( part . ) pachydactylus waterbergensis \u2014 bauer et al . 2006 pachydactylus waterbergensis \u2014 mashinini & mahlangu 2013\npachydactylus capensis ( a . smith , 1846 ) \u2013 cape thick - toed gecko\npachydactylus gaiasensis steyn & j . mitchell , 1967 \u2013 brandberg thick - toed gecko\npachydactylus\n. the reptile database . www . reptile - database . org .\npachydactylus is a genus of insectivorous geckos , endemic to africa , and commonly known as thick - toed geckos .\npachydactylus is a genus of arboreal insectivorous geckos , endemic to africa , and commonly known as thick - toed geckos .\nneue / new pachydactylus - art / species p . boehmei online ( 4 : 43 pm , 11 / 25 / 2010 )\nthe geographic range of the genus pachydactylus is centred on southern africa , some reaching east africa , the northernmost limit of their distribution .\npachydactylus kochii v . fitzsimons , 1959 = colopus kochi ( v . fitzsimons , 1959 ) \u2013 koch ' s thick - toed gecko\npachydactylus bibronii ( a . smith , 1846 ) = chondrodactylus bibronii ( a . smith , 1846 ) \u2013 bibron ' s thick - toed gecko\nthe genus pachydactylus is characterised by dilated toe tips , usually with undivided scansors . body scales are small , granular and non - overlapping , with scattered , large keeled tubercles .\na lineage accumulation in the pachydactylus group . the plot depicts ltt curves for 1000 trees randomly sampled from the beast posterior distribution . b histogram of \u03b3 statistic estimates for the 1000 ltt curves depicted in ( a )\nbauer , a . m . & lamb , t . 2003 . a new species of the pachydactylus weberi - group ( reptilia : squamata : gekkonidae ) from the waterberg plateau , namibia . cimbebasia 19 : 1 - 12\nbeolens b , watkins m , grayson m . 2011 . the eponym dictionary of reptiles . baltimore : johns hopkins university press . xiii + 296 pp . isbn 978 - 1 - 4214 - 0135 - 5 . ( pachydactylus barnardi , p . 17 ) .\nbeolens b , watkins m , grayson m . 2011 . the eponym dictionary of reptiles . baltimore : johns hopkins university press . xiii + 296 pp . isbn 978 - 1 - 4214 - 0135 - 5 . ( pachydactylus barnardi , p . 17 ) .\nmaximum snout\u2013vent length for species in the genera pachydactylus , chondrodactylus , colopus , and elasmodactylus . values are based on literature sources along with observations of field - collected and museum - preserved specimens . the small - bodied species p . geitje and large - bodied p . namaquensis are illustrated\nbranch , william r . ; aaron m . bauer , todd r . jackman , and matthew heinicke 2011 . a new species of the pachydactylus weberi complex ( reptilia : squamata : gekkonidae ) from the namibrand reserve , southern namibia . breviora ( 524 ) : 1 - 15 . - get paper here\nbauer am , lamb t , branch wr . 2006 .\na revision of the pachydactylus serval and p . weberi groups ( reptilia : gekkota : gekkonidae ) of southern africa , with the description of eight new species\n. proc . california acad . sci . 57 ( 23 ) : 595 - 709 .\nbauer , aaron m . lamb , trip . branch , william r . 2006 . a revision of the pachydactylus serval and p . weberi groups ( reptilia : gekkota : gekkonidae ) of southern africa , with the description of eight new species . proc . cal . acad . sci . 57 ( 12 - 24 ) : 595 - 709 . - get paper here\nthe results are consistent with a model in which lineages more likely to become geographically isolated diversify to a greater extent , although some patterns also resemble those expected of an adaptive radiation in which ecological divergence acts as a driver of speciation . therefore , the pachydactylus group may represent an intermediate between clades in which radiation is adaptive versus those in which it is non - adaptive .\nwe test whether body size or habitat preference is associated with the formation of geographic isolation in the pachydactylus group in a phylogenetic context . we have generated a comprehensive time - calibrated multi - locus phylogeny of the group , and obtained body size and habitat preference trait data for all ingroup species . geographic range size estimates are produced for all species , and the association between trait data and range size is quantified . we also estimate patterns of lineage accumulation through time and trait - associated estimates of diversification . our data show that both body size and habitat preference affect range size , and that variation in these traits is also correlated with variation in diversification rate , suggesting that allopatric divergence following isolation has played a key role in speciation in the pachydactylus group .\ntime - calibrated phylogeny of pachydactylus and related genera . the topology is the maximum clade credibility tree estimated in beast with non - gekkotan outgroups cropped for clarity . support values ( bayesian posterior probabilities / ml bootstrap ) are given at nodes ; asterisks indicate nodes with bayesian support values = 1 . 0 and ml bootstrap values > 95 . named species groups and genera are given to the right . geologic epochs and eras are indicated on the timescale ; post - miocene epochs ( pliocene , pleistocene , holocene ) are not labeled\nboth body size and habitat use are inferred to have shifted multiple times across the phylogeny of the pachydactylus group , with large size and generalist habitat use being ancestral for the group . geographic range size is correlated with both of these traits . small - bodied species have more restricted ranges than large - bodied species , and rock - dwelling species have more restricted ranges than either terrestrial or generalist species . rock - dwelling and small body size are also associated with higher rates of diversification , and subclades retaining ancestral conditions for these traits are less species rich than subclades in which shifts to small body size and rocky habitat use have occurred . the phylogeny also illustrates inadequacies of the current taxonomy of the group .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nmaritz , b . , de silva , r . , milligan , h . t . , wearn , o . r . , wren , s . , zamin , t . , sears , j . , wilson , p . , lewis , s . , lintott , p . & powney , g .\njustification : widespread and common with no major threats ; hence this species is assessed as least concern .\nendemic to south africa . it occurs in western portions of the western and northern cape provinces , from fonteinskop in the ceres karoo northwards to gelykwerf in the richtersveld national park ( bauer and branch 2003 [ 2001 ] ) .\nthe population is stable . an estimate of the number of existing subpopulations is not possible .\nfound in moderately mesic situations in a diversity of habitat types that provide suitable rocky or vegetative ground cover . prefers coastal habitats and river valleys with sandy substrates . occurs from sea level to at least 800 m ( branch 1998 , bauer and branch 2003 [ 2001 ] ) .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nrepublic of south africa ( cape province ) type locality : steinkopf , little namaqualand .\nbates , m . f . ; branch , w . r . , bauer , a . m . ; burger , m . , marais , j . ; alexander , g . j . & de villliers , m . s . ( eds . ) 2014 . atlas and red list of the reptiles of south africa , lesotho , and swaziland . suricata 1 . south african national biodiversity institute , pretoria , 512 pp .\nbauer , a . m . , and branch , w . r . 2003 . the herpetofauna of the richtersveld national park , northern cape province , republic of south africa . herpetological natural history 8 : 111 - 160 [ 2001 ]\nfitzsimons , v . f . m . 1938 . transvaal museum expedition to south - west africa and little namaqualand , may to august 1937 - reptiles and amphibians . ann . transvaal mus . ( pretoria ) 19 ( 2 ) : 153 - 209 - get paper here\nloveridge , a . 1947 . revision of the african lizards of the family gekkondiae . bull . mus . comp . zool . harvard 98 : 1 - 469 - get paper here\nmashinini , p . l . and mahlangu , l . m . 2013 . an annotated catalogue of the types of gekkonid lizards ( reptilia : squamata : gekkonidae ) in the herpetology collection of the ditsong national museum of natural history , south africa . annals of the ditsong national museum of natural history 3 : 165 - 181\nr\u00f6sler , h . 2000 . kommentierte liste der rezent , subrezent und fossil bekannten geckotaxa ( reptilia : gekkonomorpha ) . gekkota 2 : 28 - 153\nthis database is maintained by peter uetz ( database content ) and jakob hallermann , zoological museum hamburg ( new species and updates ) .\nwestern cape . [ photo price w . \u00a9 , from sarca virtual museum ]\nwestern cape . [ photo dorse c . & van rooyen s . \u00a9 , from sarca virtual museum ]\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / de\nurltoken\nfitzsimons , v . f . m . ( 1938 ) : transvaal museum expedition to south - west africa and little namaqualand , may to august 1937 . reptiles and amphibians . \u2014 ann . transvaal mus . , 19 ( 2 ) : 168 , fig . 7 \u2014 terra typica : steinkopf , little namaqualand , 23 august 1937\nfour specimens were collected : t . m . 18052 - 18055 , at steinkopf , little namaqualand , 23 august 1937 . type . t . m . 18055 .\ncolour . above , grey to greyish brown with dark markings arranged irregularly , in transverse series or in thin longitudinal stripes over back ; a dark band on side of head from second upper labial through eye and over temporal region above ear and then curving inwards round occiput , but not quite meeting its fellow behind ; a dark streak from nostril to just above eye ; labials largely infused with dark brown ; below , creamy white to greyish . tail more or less distinctly barred with dark brown to blackish ; reproduced tails spotted .\ndimensions . type , t . m . 18055 , h . and b . 44 , tail ( partly reproduced ) 38 , length head 10 , 5 , breadth head 7 , 5 , forelimb 11 , hindlimb 15 mm .\nfield notes . taken under loose stones lying on the ground on the slopes of and along the bottom of a valley among the hills .\ncopyright \u00a9 2009 m . barts & c . schneider | impressum powered by website baker | xhtml 1 . 1 transitional | css | design by dcarter\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\ndiscrete geographic regions , both continentally and on islands , often have biotas dominated by a relatively small number of species - rich lineages . the most obvious of these dominant groups are adaptive radiations in which a single ancestral species has given rise to descendants filling numerous niches , examples of which include galapagos finches ( 14 sp . , 58 % of breeding songbird species in the archipelago ) , lake victoria cichlids ( 169 sp . , 67 % of ray - finned fishes in the lake ) , and west indies\n] . however , there are many other less - known examples of regionally prominent radiations . among lizards , one of the most striking are geckos of the genus\n( 2 species ) . by species number , these geckos are the most successful radiation of lizards in southern africa . sixty four of 66 species occur in the southern african subcontinent , defined as that part of africa south of the zambezi and kunene rivers , and most are endemic to this region . these species occupy all major habitat types in southern africa , and many species in the group display morphological novelties such as loss of adhesive toe pads or the evolution of interdigital webbing [\nnumerous possible causative factors have been posited or shown to explain the relative success of species - rich organismal groups . in classic adaptive radiations , the rapid evolution of morphological disparity may be the key process in spurring lineage accumulation [\n] . in other cases , the evolution of a novel trait may allow organisms possessing that trait to access underutilized resources , with utilization promoting ecological diversification and lineage accumulation . examples include the evolution of antifreeze proteins in antarctic icefishes and evolution of the pharyngeal jaw structures in parrotfishes [\nand its relatives , none of these potential explanations are likely to fully account for the observed species diversity .\n] , each of which is believed to be monophyletic , and each of which is morphologically conservative . the degree of morphological disparity between these groups is not of a magnitude expected in a classic adaptive radiation [\n] . this is not to say that there is no morphological variation within the genus . some morphological novelties have evolved , including the previously mentioned foot characteristics as well as variation in scalation . however , such morphological novelties do not appear to be strong drivers of speciation in the group . for example , the most species - rich radiation of\nmany geckos do have visual display systems or other traits which could theoretically promote diversification via divergent sexual selection . examples include the semaphore geckos (\n] . in these genera , males are boldly patterned and use signaling behaviors to defend territories or attract mates .\nand its relatives are strictly nocturnal , however , and typically have a drab pattern . nor are any other prezygotic isolating mechanisms evident that could plausibly be hypothesized to be under sexual selection . finally , the relative age of\n] , which also occurs mainly in southern africa but includes only nine species .\nand its relatives , then traits promoting the formation of geographic isolation should affect both species\u2019 range sizes and diversification rate . the heritability of range size has been a matter of debate , but increasing numbers of studies demonstrate its heritability [\nand its relatives , two variable traits of interest that may promote geographic isolation are body size and habitat preference . there is substantial body size variation in\nvaries , with species showing preferences ranging from sand dunes to rocky cliffs to houses . in southern africa , the periodic advance and retreat of kalahari and namib sands over geological time is linked to climatic variation [\n] ; this process has likely allowed intermittent connections to form between adjacent rocky habitats , but the prevailing pattern is that terrestrial habitats are relatively continuous while rocky habitats are more discontinuous . as a result , a preference for rocky habitats may be expected to be associated with geographic isolation and smaller range sizes . such substrate specialization has been suggested to facilitate speciation in the\nspecies to serve as a near outgroup . an additional 18 gekkotan and 4 non - gekkotan taxa (\n) were included as more distant outgroups , with outgroup species choice partially determined based on utility for molecular clock calibration . nearly all ingroup sequences are associated with vouchered museum specimens . sequences for four species (\n) are exceptions , with sequences derived from genetic material obtained from captive - bred individuals ; in these cases the live specimens were viewed by the authors to confirm identification and associated genetic material has been deposited in the cryogenic collection at the museum of comparative zoology , harvard university .\n) . all newly generated sequences were deposited in genbank ( accession numbers ky224166\u2013ky224347 ) .\nfor new sequences generated in this study , dna was obtained from frozen or ethanol - preserved tissue samples using qiagen dneasy tissue kits under the manufacturer\u2019s protocol . pcr ( polymerase chain reaction ) amplification of fragments was performed in 25 \u03bcl reactions , under standard reaction conditions [\n] . pcr purification was performed using ampure magnetic beads , followed by cycle sequencing and purification using cleanseq magnetic beads . capillary electrophoresis was performed on an applied biosystems 3730xl sequencer . sequence assembly was performed using bioedit [\nphylogenetic analyses were performed using maximum likelihood ( ml ) and bayesian ( bi ) optimality criteria . for each analysis , model and partition choices were separately identified under the bayesian information criterion using partitionfinder [\n] . in each case considered models of evolution were limited to those models that can be implemented by the programs used for phylogeny estimation . greedy search schemes were employed and thirteen potential data blocks were considered : twelve data blocks corresponding to the three codon positions for each of the four protein - coding genes and the trna data comprising the thirteenth data block .\n] . one hundred independent searches were implemented on the original data set to identify the best tree , followed by 1 , 000 non - parametric bootstrap replicates to assess branch support . based on the partitionfinder results , the data were divided into eight partitions , each using one of two models : nd2 codon position 1 , nd2 codon position 2 , trnas , and ( pdc position 1 + 2 + rag1 position 1 + 2 ) used the gtr ( general time reversible ) + i + \u03b3 model , while nd2 position 3 , ( pdc position 3 + rag1 position 3 ) , ( kif24 position 1 + 2 ) and kif24 position 3 used the gtr + \u03b3 model .\n] , using a yule tree prior and uncorrelated lognormal relaxed clock . based on the partitionfinder results , the data were divided into ten partitions employing six distinct models : nd2 position 1 , nd2 position 2 , and trnas used the gtr + i + \u03b3 model . nd2 position 3 used the gtr + \u03b3 model . rag1 position 1 + 2 used the trn ( tamura - nei ) + i + \u03b3 model . rag1 position 3 and kif24 position 1 + 2 used the hky ( hasegawa - kishino - yano ) + \u03b3 model . pdc position 3 and kif24 position 3 used the k80 ( kishino 1980 ) + \u03b3 model . pdc position 1 + 2 used the trnef + i + \u03b3 model . four replicate analyses were run for 50 million generations , sampled every 1000 generations . the first 5 million generations were discarded as burn - in . effective sample sizes were estimated in tracer 1 . 5 ( > 300 for all parameters in each run ) to confirm the chain length was adequate .\nbeast 1 . 8 . 2 was also used to estimate divergence times simultaneously with phylogenetic relationships . the root prior ( lepidosauria - archosauria divergence ) was given a normal distribution ( mean = 275 ma [ million years ago ] , sd = 15 ) encompassing the range of estimates for this divergence [\n] . maximum body size was treated in two ways depending on analysis . when possible , svl ( snout - vent length ) was treated as a continuous character and the log - transformed maximum svl was used . however , when treatment of size as a continuous character was not computationally feasible we instead treated size as a binary character . in\n) . those species with a maximum snout\u2013vent length ( svl ) < 70 mm comprised the \u201csmall\u201d category , and those with a maximum svl > 75 mm comprised the \u201clarge\u201d category . habitat preference was divided into three categories . those species that primarily shelter in burrows or under surface debris ( logs , loose stones , aloe leaves , etc . ) , and forage actively on the ground , were classified as \u201cterrestrial . \u201d species that primarily shelter in rock cracks and forage on cliff faces or boulders were classified as \u201crupicolous . \u201d finally , unspecialized species that both shelter and forage on a variety of surfaces ( rock faces , tree trunks , buildings , etc . ) were classified as \u201cgeneralist climbers . \u201d\n] . eoo was calculated as the area of the minimum convex polygon enclosing distribution records for each respective taxon . aoo was initially calculated as the sum of the total area of the quarter degree grid squares within which at least one record occurs . the final aoo was adjusted to an estimate of the actual suitable habitat within the occupied quarter degree squares based on the literature and the authors\u2019 field knowledge of each species . for all endemic south african species and for most species with a portion of their distribution occurring in south africa , eoo and aoo values were previously estimated as part of the red list evaluation carried out in association with the atlas and red list of the reptiles of south africa , lesotho and swaziland [\n] . calculated eoo usually provides the broadest possible interpretation of the space used by a species , whereas the aoo represents a quite conservative estimate . however , for taxa known from single localities or several localities that are very close to one another , aoo as calculated above may yield a greater area than eoo . we used eoo or aoo , which ever was the greater , as our estimates of species\u2019 ranges . these values were log transformed when used in analyses .\nwe performed a variety of comparative analyses to investigate the relationship among phylogeny , divergence times , trait data , and range sizes . all comparative analyses were completed in replicate on both the beast maximum clade - credibility tree and on 1000 post - burnin trees randomly sampled from the beast posterior distribution . these trees were pruned to remove outgroups ( for which we have incomplete taxon sampling and no trait data ) . the package phytools [\n] , which allows for tests of correlation between a multistate vs . continuous trait in a phylogenetic context . because body size evolution and habitat choice may be coupled [\n] , we also tested for auto - correlation between these two traits , for a total of three analyses : ( 1 ) svl vs . range size , ( 2 ) habitat vs . range size , and ( 3 ) svl vs . habitat . svl was treated as a multistate ( binary ) trait in test ( 1 ) , but was treated as a continuous trait in test ( 3 ) to facilitate analysis . in all three cases , we tested the hypothesis that the optimum continuous trait value ,\n, differed depending on the identity of the multistate trait value , i . e . whether large - and small - bodied species differ in range size ( test 1 ) , whether species differing in habitat use differ in range size ( test 2 ) , or whether species differing in habitat use differ in body size ( test 3 ) . we performed these tests by estimating ancestral states of the multistate character on the phylogeny , and then fitting values of\n( rate of change of trait ) for the continuous trait under two model regimes . the null brownian motion ( bm ) model regime estimated single values of\nthat did not depend on the state of the multistate character . this was tested against a more complex ornstein - uhlenbeck ( ou ) model in which there were multiple\nparameters , one per multistate character state . we used \u03b4aicc ( corrected akaike information criterion ) values to identify which model provided a better fit for the data . all three tests were performed on 1000 trees randomly sampled from the post - burnin beast posterior distribution , and on each of these 1000 trees we performed 100 ancestral reconstructions of the multistate trait using stochastic character mapping [\n] implemented in phytools , resulting in a total of 100 , 000 model fits per test , each with a unique combination of phylogeny and ancestral state estimate .\n] model for habitat data implemented in diversitree . because hypothesis testing in a bisse or musse framework can have a high type i error rate [\n] , we refrain from explicitly testing the statistical significance of character - associated variation in model parameter estimates . instead , we fit models in which each trait was given individual\nparameters strictly to determine estimates of these model parameters . model fitting was performed in an markov chain monte carlo ( mcmc ) framework with runs lasting 1100 generations and the first 100 discarded as burn - in . these estimates were obtained for each of 1000 trees randomly sampled from the beast posterior distribution , resulting in each parameter estimate being obtained from 1 , 000 , 000 observations .\nthe phylogenies estimated in both the ml and bi analyses are very similar ( fig .\n) , and most branches receive strong support . as expected , the grouping of\nis monophyletic ( bi / ml support values 1 . 0 / 97 ) and these are in turn most closely related to\n] , which included 26 fewer ingroup taxa and was estimated from ~ 1 , 600 fewer nucleotide sites , but there are some notable differences . most notably , both the genera\ngroup ( support values 1 . 0 / 93 ) , a set of four species represented by a single taxon in [\nspecies being its closest relatives ( support values 0 . 76 / 54 ) , although there is strong support for its association with\nbeing more closely related , but with poor support ( 0 . 37 / 46 ) . within\n] are recovered as monophyletic with strong support as are many of the species - level relationships within these groups . however , within the speciose\nand northwestern groups , in which many new taxa have been added , species relationships are more highly modified . in the first of these , the basal division into reciprocally monophyletic\ngroups is not supported , and the former makes the latter paraphyletic . relationships among species groups in\nremain unresolved , with most groups connected by exceptionally short internodes . there are two exceptions . the\noccurred in the early cenozoic ( 66\u201343 ma ) . this is a similar pattern as observed in other gekkonids , in which relatively species - rich regional radiations undergo initial diversification in the early cenozoic ( e . g . [\nspecies groups are indicative of a relatively high diversification rate in the mid - cenozoic ~ 30\u201335 ma . the lineage through time ( ltt ) plot shows that the rate of lineage accumulation remains steady or slowly increases to this point after which there is a noticeable decline ( fig .\n) . the overall trend is of significantly decreasing lineage accumulation through time ( mean \u03b3 value = \u22125 . 8 , p < 1 x 10\ngroup suggests that being large - bodied is ancestral for the group ( fig .\n) . a shift to small body size occurred once early in the evolutionary history of the group , and there have been only two reversals . reconstruction of habitat preference is more equivocal , but the common ancestor of the group is most commonly reconstructed as a generalized climber ( in 80 % of reconstructions ) . what is clear is that more shifts in habitat preference have occurred than shifts in body size , with approximately 26 transitions indicated in total , most commonly between rock - dwelling and terrestrial habitat preferences . although both habitat and body size are estimated to have shifted multiple times , including reversals , correlation between the two traits is not particularly strong based on fits of bm and ou models \u2014 out of 100 , 000 model fits , the bm model incorporating only a single global svl optimum was favored according to the aic 31 % of the time ( fig .\nancestral states for body size and habitat preference , based on 100 stochastic character maps for each trait on the maximum clade credibility tree . range size values for each species are given to the right of each terminal branch\nhistogram of aicc values for model fits of brownian motion ( bm ) and ornstein - uhlenbeck ( ou ) models of trait diversification estimated in ouwie . a habitat preference vs . svl . b habitat preference vs . range size . c svl vs . range size\nin contrast , both body size and habitat preference are strongly correlated with range size ( fig .\n) . range size displays significant phylogenetic signal based on pagel\u2019s \u03bb ( \u03bb = 0 . 46 , p = 0 . 13 ) , but the estimate of\n) . trait - associated estimates of speciation and extinction rates are less variable ( fig .\n) . small - bodied species are estimated to have slightly higher speciation ( mean \u03bb [ small - bodied ] = 0 . 055 ; mean \u03bb [ large - bodied ] = 0 . 040 ) and lower extinction rates , but there is extensive overlap . habitat - associated estimates of diversification rate also overlap , especially between terrestrial species and generalized climbers , although rock - dwelling species are estimated to have speciated at somewhat higher rates ( mean \u03bb [ generalized climber ] = 0 . 032 ; mean \u03bb [ terrestrial ] = 0 . 012 ; mean \u03bb [ rock - dwelling ] = 0 . 065 ) .\ntrait - associated estimates of speciation and extinction generated using diversitree . intermediate colors indicate overlap . a habitat - associated speciation rate . b habitat - associated extinction rate . c body size - associated speciation rate . d body - size associated extinction rate\n] . in many cases , these factors may be interlinked . in this study , we focus on two traits , body size and habitat requirements , that were expected to affect dispersal ability either directly because smaller organisms , including some lizards , may disperse shorter distances [\ngroup the smaller - bodied species occupying more patchily distributed habitats are the species with the smallest geographic ranges . other studies that have measured dispersal ability directly have shown that reduced dispersal ability does not always lead to reduced range size [\nand its relatives our data suggest that dispersal ability and range size are correlated . traits affecting dispersal ability are likely not the only factors affecting range size , however . minimally , it is likely that geographic barriers , including major river systems and mountain ranges , also play a significant role in restricting the ranges occupied by individual species . for example , the species\ngroup is similar to patterns documented in many lineages that are often attributed to reduced ecological opportunity through time as niches are filled ( e . g . [\ngroup , a general pattern of morphological conservatism within species groups , exemplified by the small number of shifts in body size ( fig .\n] through time is in line with expectations if ecological opportunity has decreased through time . however , shifts in habitat use are more frequent , and the number of co - occurring\ngroup species varies from 1 to 13 , suggesting that ecological niche space has not been exhausted . an alternative explanation that may also partly explain the observed rate slowdown is a geographic model as described above . in clades dominated by allopatric speciation , diversification rates may decline as vicariance events affect fewer species as species\u2019 geographic ranges decline through time [\n, which includes mostly large - bodied habitat generalists ( i . e . , species with large geographic ranges ) , compared to\nas indicated above , a jump in lineage accumulation coincident with the appearance of habitat - specialist clades in the mid - cenozoic ~ 30\u201335 ma is contrary to the general pattern of declining diversification rate through time . it is possible that climatic or geomorphic processes active at this time were especially favorable for isolating lineages , resulting in increased speciation . major periods of tectonic uplift in eastern and southern africa did not commence until approximately the oligocene - miocene boundary ( 23 ma ) [\n] , making large - scale geomorphological change incompatible with the observed rate increase . however , a major climatic regime shift did occur at the eocene - oligocene boundary : a global cooling associated with antarctic glaciation [\ngroup geckos , potentially facilitating rapid radiation . a similar pattern occurs in forest - adapted chameleons , where rapid radiation is coincident with wide availability of suitable habitat , in the case of chameleons during the eocene [\n] , which is why we refrain from ascribing statistical significance to these results . alternate methods of trait - dependant diversification ( e . g . [\n] ) likewise are best suited to larger data sets . one possible way to increase data set size is to incorporate taxa from across the afro - malagasy clade of geckos , but the interrelationships of genera within this large radiation are still poorly resolved and relevant trait data are missing for many species . finally , range size estimates are based on known collection localities and a correct interpretation of species - level taxonomy in the group . collecting effort varies greatly by country , with , for example , less than 10 , 000 amphibian and reptile collection records in angola , 38 , 000 in namibia , and > 100 , 000 in south africa [\n] . some species also vary phenotypically and have named subspecies that further study may reveal to warrant specific status ( e . g . ,\n] ) . however , given that trait - associations with range size varied by orders of magnitude , we do not expect refinement of species\u2019 range limits or taxonomy to strongly influence our results .\nbeyond interpretation of evolutionary patterns , the results of this study also have significant implications for taxonomy and conservation . the phylogenetic results indicate that\n. performing a shimodaira - hasegawa ( sh ) test also shows that the likelihood of our best - scoring tree ( lnl \u221297035 . 168404 ) is not significantly higher than the likelihood of a tree in which\n] . thus , we suggest that taxonomic decisions regarding these species be delayed until each species\u2019 phylogenetic position is better established . we refer both\ngroup inheriting traits promoting smaller ranges also inherit traits promoting greater rarity . however , our analyses show these same traits to be associated with higher rates of diversification . given the difficulty in estimating extinction rates from phylogenies [\ngroup . notwithstanding this difficulty , these results stress the importance of defining a frame of reference when measuring evolutionary \u201csuccess . \u201d in the case of the\ngroup , more widespread , common species tend to belong to relatively species - poor subclades .\ngroup points to a history of geographic isolation contributing significantly to the group\u2019s species richness compared to other african geckos . even so , some aspects of diversification in the\ngroup , including early evolution of divergent traits within the group , are consistent with patterns observed in classic adaptive radiations . in this sense , the process of diversification of\n] ) on the other . it is likely that many other species - rich groups share this same intermediate pattern .\nwe thank the late donald g . broadley , mirko barts , jon boone , william r . branch , marius burger , and krystal tolley for providing access to some specimens used in the study . johan marais , bill branch , werner conradie , trip lamb , don broadley , randy babb , paul moler , ross sadlier , glenn shea , jens vindum , and many villanova university masters students participated in collecting .\nthis project was funded by the university of michigan ( mph ) , nsf deb - 0515909 ( amb , trj ) , deb - 0844523 ( amb , trj ) , deb - 1019443 ( amb ) , deb - 1556255 ( amb ) , deb - 1556585 ( mph ) , and ef - 1241885 ( subaward 13\u20130632 ) ( amb ) . funding bodies played no role in study design or implementation .\nmph and amb designed the project . data were collected by mph , trj , and amb . data analysis was performed by mph . mph wrote the paper with input from trj and amb . all authors read and approved the final manuscript .\nuse of animals to obtain tissue samples for genetic analysis was reviewed and approved by the villanova university institutional animal care and use committee . field work in southern africa that generated the tissues used in this work was made possible by permits ( 1987\u20132014 ) to amb from the relevant wildlife authorities of south africa , namibia and zimbabwe .\nthis article is distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution 4 . 0 international license (\n) , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided you give appropriate credit to the original author ( s ) and the source , provide a link to the creative commons license , and indicate if changes were made . the creative commons public domain dedication waiver (\n) applies to the data made available in this article , unless otherwise stated .\nfroese r , pauly d . fishbase , version ( 10 / 2015 ) .\nlamb t , bauer am . footprints in the sand : independent reduction of subdigital lamellae in the namib\u2013kalahari burrowing geckos . proc r soc lond b biol sci . 2006 ; 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{"id": 1792, "summary": [{"text": "marionia levis is a species of dendronotid nudibranch .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is a marine gastropod mollusc in the family tritoniidae and is found in shallow water in the red sea and indian ocean . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "marionia levis", "paragraphs": ["what type of species is marionia levis ? below , you will find the taxonomic groups the marionia levis species belongs to .\nwhich photographers have photos of marionia levis species ? below , you will find the list of underwater photographers and their photos of the marine species marionia levis .\nhow to identify marionia levis marine species ? below , you will find the list of main identification criteria and physical characteristics of marine species marionia levis . for each identification criteria , the corresponding physical characteristics of marine species marionia levis are marked in green .\nwhere is marionia levis found in the world ? below , you will find the list and a world map of the geographic distribution where the marine species marionia levis can be found .\nhi bill , concerning the message on marionia levis from mombasa [ # 13785 ] : i attached a photo of what i believe to be a marionia levis from the red sea . i ' m not sure though . these nudis are very common around here lately .\nwhich taxonomic groups does the genus marionia belong to and what are the different marionia species ? below , you will find the taxonomic groups the genus marionia belongs to and the taxonomic tree with all the different species .\ndear bill , concerning the message [ # 13785 ] about marionia levis , here is one from eilat , israel , we get to see it from time to time .\nhi bill , as you requested [ message # 13830 ] , here is a photo of marionia levis on its food coral - the soft coral formerly known as parerythropodium fulvum .\ntritoniid nudibranchs similar to this description are quite common in our area . if they are all marionia levis , that will clear up a big question for a lot of us .\nupper : eliot ( 1904 ) , original illustration of marionia levis . plate 4 , fig . 4 . lower : eilat bay , israel , red sea . photographer : oren lederman\na new species of marionia ( opisthobranchia : nudibranchia : tritoniidae ) from the tropical south atlan . . .\ndear val\u00e9rie , this is marionia levis . nathalie yonow ( 2000 ) reported on an animal from the red sea but apart from that little is known of it . it was originally described from est africa . best wishes , bill rudman\n. . . this new species can be distinguished readily from other species of marionia based on coloration . for instance , marionia cyanobranchiata ( r\u00fc ppell and leuckart , 1828 ) , and m . platyctenea ( willan , 1988 ) have dark green brown or black gills . marionia distincta bergh , 1905 , m . levis eliot , 1904 , m . elongoreticulata smith and gosliner , 2007 , and m . elongoviridis smith and gosliner , 2007 , have transverse light or dark lines on the dorsum . . . .\n( of marioniopsis fulvicola avila , kelman , kashman & benahayu , 1999 ) rudman , w . b . ( 2005 ) . marionia levis eliot , 1904 . [ in ] sea slug forum . australian museum , sydney . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nwhich are the most common photographed marionia species ? below , you will find the list of species commonly photographed by underwater photographers .\ndear val\u00e9rie and bill , when i saw your message [ # 13785 ] about marionia levis , it reminded me of a lot about the animals i photographed in mayotte , the comoros , 2 years ago . until now i considered them as unnamed species , but i would be happy to put a name on these guys . bill , do you think they fit this species too ?\non the recent taxonomy see worms : molluscabase ( 2018 ) . marionia vayssi\u00e8re , 1877 . accessed through : world register of marine species at : urltoken ; = 138579 on 2018 - 05 - 07 -\ni have been surprised by the almost immediate deluge of message concerning the tritoniid which i have identified as marionia levis [ # 13785 , # 13832 , # 13830 , # 13809 ] . by coincidence , i have a manuscript in preparation discussing the identity of this species and was planning to leave the discussion of a nomenclatural problem until that was published , but now that the species has attracted such interest it seems silly not to discuss it here .\n. . . within the family tritoniidae , marionia is the only genus with the digestive gland divided into two distinct masses . marioniopsis , t ritonia , paratritonia , t ritoniella , and t ritoniopsis possess one single mass in the digestive gland ( odhner , 1934 , 1936 , 1963 ; willan , 1988 ) . furthermore , marionia and marioniopsis are the only two genera with hard stomach plates ( odhner , 1934 , 1936 , 1963 ) . . . .\n. . . avila et al . ( 1999 ) focused on the genus marioniopsis and a new species ; jensen ( 1994 ) went further and added the data for marionia , along with a new species . smith & gosliner ( 2005 , 2007 ) added newly described species and paratritonia lutea . we have combined the available data in an updated table of the species of marionia , marioniopsis , paratritonia and our proposed species ( table 1 ) . . . .\n. . . usually they feed on a single species of soft corals or gorgonians ( smith and gosliner 2003 ) . within the family tritoniidae , marionia is the only genus with the digestive gland divided into two distinct masses , while marioniopsis , tritonia , paratritonia , tritoniella and tritoniopsis possess one single mass in the digestive gland ( odhner 1934 , 1936 , 1963 ; willan 1988 ) . our specimens possess only one digestive gland mass , and thus , the genus marionia was discarded . . . .\nhowever there are some a major differences in the internal anatomy . for example the radular formula of m . levis is approx 47 x 80 + 1 . 1 . 1 . + 80 and m . fulvicola is 40 x 42 + 1 . 1 . 1 + 42 . another difference are the number of gizzard / stomach plates , approximately 30 in m . fulvicola and approx 150 in m . levis . the benayahu specimens i have looked at match the anatomical description of avila et . al . it would seem there are either two species , very similar externally , but quite different internally , or that eliot ' s description of the internal anatomy is wrong .\n. . . so far the species is known only from the intertidal zone . d i s c u s s i o n tables comparing characters of the internal anatomy and morphology of marioniopsis , marionia and paratritonia were presented in four papers ( jensen , 1994 ; avila et al . , 1999 ; smith & gosliner , 2005 , 2007 ) . avila et al . ( 1999 ) focused on the genus marioniopsis and a new species ; jensen ( 1994 ) went further and added the data for marionia , along with a new species . . . .\n. . . within the genus marioniopsis , eight valid species exist , none of which have the characteristics of our specimens ( tables 2 and 3 ) . six of the described species possess a warty dorsal surface , while only m . levis ( eliot , 1904 ) , m . platyctenea willan , 1988 , and our species have a smooth surface . the species with warty dorsal surface di er from m . fulvicola sp . . . .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwestern indian ocean [ comoro ids , tanzania , kenya , red sea ] .\noriginally described from east africa , there are reports now on the forum from much of the tropical western indian ocean . in a separate message [ # 13842 ] i discuss why marioniopsis fulvicola avila , kelman , kashman & benayahu , 1999 , described from eilat , red sea is a synonym .\navila , c . , kelman , d . , kashman , y . , and benayahu , y . ( 1999 ) an association between a dendronotid nudibranch ( mollusca , opisthobranchia ) and a soft coral ( octocorallia , alcyonaria ) from the red sea . journal of natural history 33 : 1433 - 1449 .\neliot , c . n . e . ( 1904 ) on some nudibranchs from east africa and zanzibar . part v . proceedings of the zoological society of london , 1904 ( 2 ) : 83 - 105 , pls . 3 - 4 .\nyonow , n . ( 2000 ) red sea opisthobranchia 4 : the orders cephalaspidea , anaspidea , notaspidea and nudibranchia : dendronotacea and aeolidacea . fauna of arabia , 18 : 87 - 131 .\neliot , c . n . e . ( 1904 ) . on some nudibranchs from east africa and zanzibar , part v . proceedings of the zoological society of london . 2 ( 83 ) , 3 - 4 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of marioniopsis fulvicola avila , kelman , kashman & benahayu , 1999 ) avila , kelman , kashman & benahayu ( 1999 ) . j . of natural history 33 ( 10 ) : 1433 - 1449 [ details ]\nto barcode of life ( 1 barcode ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 3 publications ) to encyclopedia of life ( from synonym marioniopsis fulvicola avila , kelman , kashman & benahayu , 1999 ) to encyclopedia of life to genbank ( 3 nucleotides ; 2 proteins ) to sea slug forum ( via archive . org )\nin continuing your browsing of this site , you accept the use of cookies to offer you suitable content and services and realize visits statistics . learn more about cookies .\nany reuse of one or more photographs on this site is subject to an authorization request from the author . link to the code of intellectual property ( legifrance )\nthank you for your contribution to the improvement of the inpn . the information submitted has been sent to an expert for verification and correction .\nwarning : the data available reflects the progression status of knowledge or the availability of the inventories . it should never be considered as comprehensive .\nnational inventory of natural heritage , website : https : / / inpn . mnhn . fr .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 50eea8a1 - b30e - 4689 - 8b54 - 6168ca3a6cfa\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 893a9c75 - 11b5 - 4fb9 - afe6 - f370989145ba\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 8fb234ac - 1048 - 4219 - 95a5 - b02afc8d9eb4\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 82013df2 - 30cb - 4fdb - 86f7 - 54fab2654197\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 506975\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\neliot , c . n . e . ( 1904 ) . on some nudibranchs from east africa and zanzibar , part v . < em > proceedings of the zoological society of london . < / em > 2 ( 83 ) , 3 - 4 .\neliot , c . n . e . ( 1904 ) on some nudibranchs from east africa and zanzibar , part v : proceedings of the zoological society of london . 2 ( 83 ) , 3 - 4\nthe colour of the body ranges from grey to brown or green and there is a pattern of dark brown transverse lines across the mantle . the up to 9 gills are arranged in pairs , the first pair exending out almost horizontally , the next pair stading vertically , and the rest in alternating position the gills coloration is not uniform , variable in color , in the shade of dark green , dark purple . . . but always darker than the notum the bases of the gills and rhinophores and the oral veil were spotted with dark brown the mantle edge is clearly delineated by a small ridge usually outline in white\nthere are sometimes white lines or rows of white dots across the mantle . there is usually a similar colour pattern on the sides of the body .\nthere are colour forms to match the variable colour of the soft coral on which they are found . this colour match , and their gills , which look remarkably like the extended polyps of the soft coral , make them extremely well camouflaged .\navila , c . , kelman , d . , kashman , y . , and benayahu , y . ( 1999 ) an association between a dendronotid nudibranch ( mollusca , opisthobranchia ) and a soft coral ( octocorallia , alcyonaria ) from the red sea . journal of natural history 33 : 1433 - 1449 . eliot , c . n . e . ( 1904 ) on some nudibranchs from east africa and zanzibar . part v . proceedings of the zoological society of london , 1904 ( 2 ) : 83 - 105 , pls . 3 - 4 . yonow , n . ( 2000 ) red sea opisthobranchia 4 : the orders cephalaspidea , anaspidea , notaspidea and nudibranchia : dendronotacea and aeolidacea . fauna of arabia , 18 : 87 - 131 .\nwe parsed the following live from the web into this page . such content is managed by its original site and not cached on discover life . please send feedback and corrections directly to the source . see original regarding copyrights and terms of use .\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\n. . . the last quarter century have seen the number increase further with the descriptions of new species ( rudman , 1982 , 1983 , 1986 , 1987a , 1987b , 1990 ; willan , 1988 ; miller & willan , 1986 ) . intensive intertidal and subtidal field work by the writer and colleagues , and deeper water survey work in bass strait by museum victoria , have revealed additional new records and new species . . . .\nmore than 100 morphological , anatomical and histological characters pertaining to the nudibranchia are discussed in the course of a phylogenetic analysis . based on our own investigations on anatomy , histology and published literature , the polarity of each character is assessed by comparing its expression with outgroups , chiefly the pleurobranchoidea , but also with other opisthobranch taxa . . . [ show full abstract ]\ndesde que as \u00faltimas listas dos gastr\u00f3podos eutineuros da costa brasileira foram publicadas , o n\u00famero de esp\u00e9cies , nomeadamente o dos opistobr\u00e2nquios , aumentou consider\u00e0velmente . por outro lado , algumas esp\u00e9cies foram reconhecidas como id\u00eanticas a outras enumeradas , e certas esp\u00e9cies tinham entrado no cat\u00e1logo da malacofauna brasileira , porque as suas proced\u00eancias , p . e . abrolhos , flores , st . . . . [ show full abstract ]\nhypselodoris jacksoni , a new species from the south - western pacific ocean ( nudibranchia : chromodorid . . .\na new species of hypselodoris ( chromodorididae ) is described from the subtropical and temperate south - western pacific ocean ( eastern australia , lord howe island , norfolk island ) . the colouration of hypselodoris jacksoni sp . nov . is distinctive , though highly variable intraspecifically . hypselodoris jacksoni belongs to the indo - pacific hypselodoris clade ( for which the key synapomorphy is a . . . [ show full abstract ]\nscientists aim to describe a single ' tree of life ' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things . however , evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery , and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named . eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific ' classifications ' . some species have been named more than once . such duplicates are listed under synonyms . eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nsorry , preview is currently unavailable . you can download the paper by clicking the button above .\nenter the email address you signed up with and we ' ll email you a reset link .\nfabricius and alderslade ' s book\nsoft corals and sea fans\n( published in 2001 by aims ) has a very similar picture on page 88 ( and thanks to my friend dr . jacob dafni for bringing that to my attention ) . according to the text , all species of parerythropodium were reclassifed in rhytisma ( alderslade , 2000 ) .\nlocality : eilat , lighthouse beach , israel . red sea ( gulf of eilat ) . depth : 9 m . length : ca . 1 cm . 25 may 2005 ( night ) . corals and rubble . photographer : binyamin and shulamit koretz\ndear binyamin , thanks for this - wouldn ' t life be wonderful if all requests were answered so dutifully ! is this a soft coral that has its polyps extended at night or during the day ? why i ask is that a specimen i was sent of this species some years ago had its gut packed full of polyps , each of which had been neatly cut off at the base of the stalk . this species apparently feeds only on extended polyps . best wishes , bill rudman\nlocality : eilat , israel . red sea . depth : 27 m . length : 5 cm . 2 may 2004 . photographer : ilan ben tov\none complication i think worth mentioning is the degree of variation in color and pattern , which has led me to wonder whether we ' re seeing 1 , 2 or 3 species , although the gills are similarly patterned among most of them , and there may be examples that can ' t be easily sorted out .\nthe most common variation is whitish with purple lines and a clear demarcation of the dorsum . another fairly common type is quite greenish top and bottom , often with a cross - hatch pattern . the third type is quite reddish with white speckling , and with a bright white underside . i ' ve attached one example from each type for illustration .\nlocality : eilat , israel , red sea . all depths . length : up to 3 cm . various dates . all types of locality . photographer : binyamin and shulamit koretz\nas i discuss in a separate message [ # 13842 ] , this species was described from eilat , as a new species , quite recently . it wouold be interesting to try and get some photos of it on its host soft coral .\nlocality : ' bouzi ' , m ' sap\u00e9r\u00e9 , mayotte island , comoro ids , indian ocean . depth : 10 m . lengths : upper - 27 - 30mm ; lower left - 29 mm ; lower right - 27 - 30 mm . 12 november 2003 . night dive . photos : marina poddubetskaia\ni stopped taking photos of this species months ago , so i don ' t remember the exact place , date , and depth for this one . sorry .\ndear oren , thanks for this record . from it and the other messages i am posting today you can see it is quite variable in colour , but there are always transverse brown lines across the back and often dark brown specks on the gill stalks . some appear to be narrower than others , but i assume that it a question of what position they are in when photographed . best wishes , bill rudman\ndear bill , during a stay in kenya ( march 2005 ) , i ' ve saw this sea slug that i couldn ' t identify : is it a tritonidae ? ? ? diani , mombasa south , kenya , 14 march 2005 , size 5 cm , depth 15m , coral reef . photo : val\u00e9rie besnard thank you very much for your help ! best regards , val\u00e9rie\nside ( figure 8 ) . the stomach is small , less than 0 . 5 cm\n14 july 1683 ( bertsch , 2011 ) ; no ruins are known to exist .\n. , j . l . 1935 . the first pacific conchologist . the nautilus\neusebio kino , s . j . : faith , maps , sea shells and mission\na new species of tritonia from okinawa . ( mollusca : nudibranchia ) and its association with a gorgonian octocoral\ndiversidad y distribuci\u00f3n de los gaster\u00f3podos opistobranquios del oc\u00e9ano atl\u00e1ntico . un enfoque biogeogr\u00e1fico global\ndescription of the first tritoniid nudibranch found feeding on a zoanthid anthozoan , with a prelimin . . .\nif you think that the photo or video is inappropiate or violates copyrights send us a description of the abuse and we will remove it . we will then contact the user who uploaded this media .\nstay up do date with our latest news and articles , promotions and our best media content .\nmy phd work explores the evolutionary relationships of two marine gastropod groups using molecular phylogenetics . i will employ a transcriptome - based exon - capture approach to generate a phylogeny a\u2026\n[ more ]\nthis project aims to understand how molecular homology and multiple sequence alignment effect doridina phylogenetic estimates . we will estimate molecular phylogenies of the nudibranch suborder do\u2026\n[ more ]\nwe anticipate that dermatobranchus represents both specialised and generalist feeders and contains greater cryptic diversity than what is previously described . this project aims to confirm whether \u2026\n[ more ]\nthis project investigates the role of ecology and natural selection in driving the formation of new species , a process known as ecological speciation . specifically , it examines how corals play a ro\u2026\n[ more ]\nsystematics and preliminary phylogeny of bornellidae ( mollusca : nudibranchia : dendronotina ) based on . . .\nmistaken identities : on the discordoridae genera hoplodoris and carminodoris ( opsithobranchia : nudib . . .\nsystematics and preliminary phylogeny of bornellidae ( mollusca : nudibranchia : dendronotina ) based on . . .\nin this study all available species of the nudibranch family bornellidae ( bornella gray , 1850 , pseudobornella baba , 1932 ) are re - examined anatomically and their status re - evaluated . of these , b . hancockana kelaart , 1859 syn . nov . , b . arborescens pease , 1871 syn . nov . , b . caledonica crosse , 1875a syn . nov . , and b . marmorata collingwood , 1881 syn . nov . are considered to be new synonyms of b . . . . [ show full abstract ]\nphylogenetic systematics of okenia , sakishmaia , hopkinsiella and hopkinsia ( nudibranchia : goniodorid . . .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n, select family and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in sealifebase for the family .\n, select country and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in sealifebase for the country .\n, select ecosystem and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in sealifebase for the ecosystem .\ncfm script by , 30 . 11 . 04 , , php script by , 05 / 11 / 2010 , last modified by kbanasihan , 06 / 28 / 2010\n> stream x\u009cuu\u00e9r\u00f3 @ \u0010\u00adl\u0006\u00ea\u00b1q\u0002d\u00f8r\u0012y \u0091\u00e8\u00f1\u00ech\u00bdr\u0090\u00037\u00aa | # \u009c\u00a8\u00e2\u00e0\u008d\u00ff\u00bf\u00f0\u00e6\u00f5h \u0005\u0097\u008e\u00f3\u00f3\u00fb { \u00bd\u00e8\u00f7\u00e8\u00e11\u008d\u00b4\u008e\u000e ? 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\u00a4\u008c\u00aey\u0095a\u00f8\u00ef\u0087\u00f1\u00d7\u00f1 \u00bb\u0096r ] endstream endobj 728 0 obj <\n> stream x\u009c ] \u0094\u00ebn\u00e2 @ \u0010e\u00bf\u0080\u007f\u00e8ef\u0011\u00e1\u00ae ~ \u0018 $ \u0084\u0004 $ \u0091x\u00eccc\u00e6\u0003\u00e0n2\u0096\u0006c\u0019g\u00e1\u00dfo\u00df\u00ba\u009d\u008c4 \u00f0u\u00b9 \u00a7\u00af\u00ed\u009a\u00ef\u00f6o\u00fb\u00be\u009b\u00ec\u00fc\u00e7xm\u000ei2\u00e7\u00aeo\u00e7t\u00bb\u00be\u008fm2\u00a7\u00f4\u00f6\u00f5\u00e6\u008ai\u00bbf * w\u00fa\u00df \\ \u008e\u0083\u0099\u00e7\u00e2\u00e3\u00fd6\u00a5\u00eb\u00be ? _ \u00edje\u00e6 ? \u00f3\u00ed\u00fb4\u00fe 6\u00ed\u00f5\u0094\u00be\u0098\u00f9\u00f7\u00b1mc\u00d7\u00bf = \u00fc\u00fa \u00f2\u00e5\u00e1 } \u0018\u00fe\u00a4k\u00ea ' s\u0099\u00f5\u00fa\u00b4\u00e9\u009c\u00fb | = \u000e\u00df\u008e\u0097d\u00e6z\u00f5\u00b8o\u00f3\u00fdn\u00ba ? \u00e6\u009a\u007f\u0019\u00af\u00f7 ! \u0019\u00e1\u00f5\u00ec\u0016\u0088k\u009bn\u00e3\u00b1i\u00e3\u00b1\u007fk\u00b3ue\u00d7\u00ab ( \u00eby\u00ea\u00fb\u00ffny\u0016\u009c\u00ee % s\u0096k\u00b3\u0092m\u00fe\u00ab\u00aa\u00baz\u00efv\u00ae\u00ea\u00fay 8 x\u0004\u0082\u0006\u00e2 & \u0007\u00e26\u00eb\u00b0c ] ew : \u00e4\u00a3\u00fdb\u00f1\u00f1\u00be\u00f9 } \u0095\u0003e\u0082 > \u0095\u00a8\u000e \u00fa\u00a9\u00f6 ho 9\u00e6 ? ag\u00ea\u0017\u00e8\u009az\u0007\u00bd v\u00f0k\u00f6\u00f4\u00fa - \u00e3\u0016z\u00e7\u00b8 @ ? sk\u00fe \u00f52k [ 1 _ 59 } \u0084 & \u00a7\u007f\u0086 . \u009c ` \u00b6\u00e4t\u00b0\u00e0\u0016n\u00f5\u00e4 zk\u00eez\u00f3\u00e9\u0019qfk\u00ee\bn [ \u00ec\u0006\u008f % st\u00062\u00d7\u009a\u00f3\u00e48\u00f8 - \u00f9 # < \u00b1\u00e4\u008f\u00e8 / \u00e4\u008f\u00f0g\u00e8 \u00e1 \u00e4\u008f\u00f0a\u00e8 1k\u00e8 \u00e1\u00a1\u0090\u00bf\u00e6 \\ ! \u007f\u00e4y\u00a5\u00f0c\u00ae\u0090\u00bf\u00f6\u009e \u00b3\u0086 & \u00a7\u00d7 r\u008a\u00f6 $ g\u00ad9\u00e4t\u00e8q\u00e4q8\u0097 # o\u00f0\u00f7\u008as\u0005\u00fe8\u00ee\u00150\u00b82w\u00e3\u00f4\u00ed\u00a3\u00a7\u00a3o\u0002fg \u00a7\u009a < \u000egt\u00e4qzk \u0007 ~ wx\u00e0\u009b\u00a7o\u0002 ? } y\u00ee [ \u00e8\u00f2 ~ b\u0096 ' \u00a7sm\u00df\u0002\u00fc\u00f4\u00f4m4\u00bf\u00f0k\u00bc\u00f8\u0086\u00f7\u00e1\u0093\u00dfi\u00ee\u0092 _ 8 = \u00f9\u009d\u00ee % \u007f\u00f0 | \u00f2 \u00fc\u00f1\u00e5o\n> stream x\u009c ] \u0090mj\u00e40 o\u0090 ; h9 ] v < \u00a5\u0010 e\u00ba\u00e9\u00a2 ? 4\u00ed\u0001 [ i \u008dm\u0014g\u0091\u00fb\u00d7v\u00e2\u0014\u00ba\u00b0\u00f9\u0084\u00f4\u009e b\u00d7\u00ee\u00b9s6\u0002 { ' \u00af { \u008c0zg\b\u0017\u00bf\u0092f\u0018p\u00b2\u000ej\u0001\u00e6\u00eaxt\u00e5\u00d7\u00b3 \u00e0\u0092\u00b8\u00df\u0096\u0088s\u00e7f\u000fm \u00ec # 5\u0097h\u00fb\u00e9\u00e9\u00f8\u0001\u00ef\u0080\u00bd\u0091a\u00b2n : } ] \u00fbt\u00f6k\b ? 8\u00a3\u008b\u00e0aj08 & \u009b\u0017\u0015 ^ \u00f5\u008c\u00e0\u008a\u00ea\u00fc\u0099\u00f4\u00b7q ; ' \u00ed\u00df\u00e4\u00e7\u0016\u0010d\u00ae\u00ab\u00fa\b\u00e1 . ai $ \u00e5 & \u00acz ^ \u00eb\u00967\u00b2bg\u00fe\u00b5\u009a ] 0\u008c\u00fa [ q\u0019\u0084\u0096s\u00e1ebq\u00f8rg\u00be\u00ec\u00fc\u0090\u00f9 ~ \u00e7\u00e7\u00ec\u00ed\u00ee\u00a2x . yk\u00be\u00e2 - \u00bd ^ \u0089r\u00f0 | \u00aa\u00128g\u00b5\u000eo\u00e7 > @ \u0012\u00e5\u00f7 p\u0011ww endstream endobj 733 0 obj <\n> stream x\u009c ] p1n\u00e4 \u0010 | \u0081\u00ff\u00b0\u00e5 ] q\u0002\u00fb\u00eau\b ) r\u001a\u0017\u0097dq\u00f2\u0000 k r h\u008d \u00ff > @ \u00ac\u008b\u0094\u00024\u00a3\u00f9\u0019\u00ed . \u00eb\u00fa\u0097\u00fe\u00f9\b\u00ec\u009d\u00bc 0\u00e2d\u009d ! \\ \u00fdf\u001aa\u00e4\u00f9 : \u00a8\u001b0v\u00e7\u0083\u0095 _ / * \u0000k\u00e6a _ # . \u00bd\u009b < \b\u0001\u00ec # \u0089k\u00a4\u00fd\u00f4l\u00fc\u0088g ` od\u0090\u00ac\u009bo _ \u00fd\u0090\u00e8\u00b0 \u00f0\u008d \u00ba\b \u00a4\u0004\u0083s\u008a\u00b9\u00a9\u00f0\u00aa\u0016\u0004v \\ \u0097\u00fe $ \u00fd\u00e6\u00fd\u0092 < \u007f\u0013\u009f { @ h2\u00af\u00ea\u00a3\u00847\u00b8\u0006\u00a5\u0091\u0094\u009b\u00b1\u0012\u00bc\u0096\u0082\u00b7\u00b2bg\u00fei\u00ed\u00afa\u009c\u00f4 ] q\u0019\u0004\u00e1y\u00e3e\u00e2m\u00e1\u00d7k\u00e6m\u00e1o ] \u00e98\u00a6sz\u00fe\u00f6\u00f1rod\u00a9 ` > i ) \u0096 + y\u0087\u008f\u00a3\u0005 \u0099\u00f2\u00fb\u0001\u009f\u009fr\u00ed endstream endobj 735 0 obj <\n> stream x\u009c ] \u0093\u00fbn\u00a30\u0010\u0086\u009f \u00ef\u00e0\u00eb\u00eee\u0005 > ` r ! q\u00f2j\u00b9\u00f8\u00836\u00fd\u0007 0i\u0091\u001a\u0083 r\u0091\u00b7 _ \u00ff3\u00b4 + \u00ede\u00f0g\u00fb\u009f\u00e9\u00875d\u00ed ~ \u00b7\u000f\u00e3\u00a2\u00b2 _ q\u00ea\u000f\u00b4\u00a8\u00f3\u0018\u0086h\u00d7\u00e9\u0016 { rg : \u008fai\u00a3\u0086\u00b1 _ \u00f6\u0015 ? \u00fbk7\u00ab , \u0015 \u00ee\u00d7 . \u00fbp\u009atu\u00a9\u00ecw : \u00bc . \u00f1\u00fe\u00f0 \u00f3\u0091\u00be\u00a9\u00ecg ( \u008e\u00e1\u00fc\u00f0\u00a7 = \u00a4\u00e5\u00e16\u00ef t\u00a1\u00b0\u00a8 \\ \u00f5\u00b5\u001a\u00e8\u0094\u00fa | \u00ef\u00e6 \u00fd t\u00e6u\u008f\u00fb ! \u009d\u008f\u00eb\u00fd1\u00f5\u00fck\u00bc\u00fdgr\u0006\u00eb\u008d ^ % \u00a6\u0081\u00aes\u00d7s\u00ec\u00e2\u00996u\u00ae\u00eb\u00ea\u00e6\u00f5\u0086\u00e2\u00f0\u00df\u00f1zp < \u00adi\u00bd\u00adu\u00a5\u009f\u00f2 # \u00efm\u00e1\u0015\u009fg\u00ee } f\u00fb\u00f7 . rs\u00a4l\u00ea [ \u00e5f * \u0098\u00ad\u00ec\u00bf\u0080\u009d\u00ec [ p\u0091\u00f8\u00e4\u00e6\u0080 = \u00ef\u00bb \u00b8d\u00f6\u001a\u00bce . 9 # \u0016\u00fe \u00fc , \u00fc n \u00b9\u00ff\u008b\u00e4\u00b9\u00ff\u00ab0 t . \u0019\u00f4\u00f1\u00e2\u00e9 [ \u00b0x\u0096\u0005x < = \u00b3x\u0096\u000e \\ \u00883\u00d7\u008a\u00a7\u00e5 } \u00f1\u00b4 [ p\u00e3 \\ \u00e0\u007f\u00b5\u00b8y\u00f8\u00eb\u0096\u00dfqs ~ ' \u0019f\u00f1t % x < - \u00f8\u00ac\u009e\u00e8\u0018\u00f1\u00b4x _ # \u009e\u000e = \u008dx\u00bag\u00b0x : \u00b8\u0019\u00f1\u00f4 x < \u001b\u00ee\u0088\u00a7\u0083\u009b\u0091\u00fbtxw # \u00f7\u00f9\u00f0\u00be\u00f8 { \u00e6\u00f5n\u00f9g\u00ee\u00b6d\u0007\u00f8\u001b\u00ef = x\u00bdgf\u00f17\u00e8x\u00f1o\u008a2 ) < \u0019\u00982 | \u0005 _ \u00f3\u00fb\u00dfbl\u0083\u008bo \u0007\u0016\u00a3 : \u0006\u00fa\u00fa\u0098\u00e6iv\u00a9\b\u00bf\u00bf\u00f4 ? \u00e0\u0013 endstream endobj 737 0 obj <\n> stream x\u009c ] \u0094m\u008e\u009b @ \u0010 o\u00e0 ; \u00f4r\u00b2\u0018\u0001\u00fd \u008c % \u0084\u00e4\u00b1 = \u0092\u0017\u00f9q < 9\u0000\u0086\u00b6\u0083\u0014\u0003\u00e2x\u00e1\u00fb\u00a7 _ \u00bd\u009a\u0089\u0094 \u00f1\u0007\u00bc * \u00be . \u00fc $ \u00fb\u00e3\u00ee0\u00f4\u008bi ~ \u00ecc { \u008b9\u00f7c7\u0087\u00fbx\u009f\u00fb ` n\u00e1\u00f2\u000f & \u00b3\u00a6\u00eb\u00fbe\u00ef\u00e4\u00f8 ^ \u009b\u00e9 $ \u00b1\u00f8\u00f8\u00b8 - \u00e1z\u0018\u00ee\u00a3\u00a9 * \u0093\u00fc\u008c7o\u00eb\u00fcx\u00fat\u00e3 ) | 1\u00e9\u00f7\u00b9 s ? \\ \u009e ~ m\u008f\u00f1\u00f4x\u009f\u00a6 ? \u00e1\u001a\u0086\u00e5\u00a4\u00a6\u00aem\u0017\u00ee\u00b1\u00ed\u00d7f\u00fa\u00f6 \\ \u0083i\u00a4\u00ea\u00f9\u00f0\u00e5\u00fb\u00fd\u00f2x\u008e5\u00ff\u0012\u00ef\u008f ) \u0018\u008b\u00f3u\u00a6\u0012c\u0017ns\u00f3\u0086\u00b9\u0019 . au\u00a5y ] \u00f9u\u00bd c\u00f7\u00df - - 8\u009d5\u00e9\u00f6\u00b5\u00a9\u00fc [ < \u00a4\u00a9sr\u00f1q\u00afx\u007fd\u00fb\u00df\u00ed , m\u0091\u00b2i \u00f9\u0092w ` ' \\ \b { a / \u009c\u00f3z\u0006 . \u0084k . y } ~ ! \u00bf\u0081\u00d7\u00e4 = \u00f8u8\u00f7\u00e0 - k \u00f7 | \u00ee\u0016l\u00eb\u0012 > yjv ` z\u00169\u0098\u009e\u0005\u00f2\u0019 = s\u00e9\u00f3\u00b3\u0090\u00bcz\u00be\u0080\u00f5sj\u00e9i\u00e1\u0093\u00a9 ' 2zz\u00e9ox \u00eb\u00ea\u00e8l\u00b1\u00ael\u009d w\u009c\u00898\u00f0\u00dfk \u00f5 /\n[ \u00fa { \u00f4\u00b1\u00ea\u00bf\u0001\u00ab\u00bfd\u00e8\u00ef \u00e9 _ \u00e2\u00e1\u00f2\u00dfb\u0086\u0096\u00fe\u00e5 + x\u00fd \u00e9\u00ef\u00f0 . , \u00fd\u009d\u00f4\u00f2\u00dfa\u00bd\u0096\u00fen\u009ek\u007f\u008f\u00f9x\u00fa\u0097rk\u007f\u0087\u0019z\u00fd\u00d7 ` \u008d\u008e\u00fe\u000e\u00fe\u008e\u00fe yg\u007f / \u0019\u009d ? z : \u00fa\u00e7x\u0096\u00f3\u00f9\u0097 ` \u00fa { \u00f88\u00fa { \u00e9\u00f0\u00df\u00e3 ] 8\u00fa\u0097\u0092\u00a7\u007f . \u00fd\u00f5 \u00f3q\u00f4\u00ef u\u00fe\u00e8 { zz\u00f4\u00f7\u00f4\u00ec\u00f1\u00f3\u00f33\u00e7 ; \u00f2 : g\u00ec\u00f3\u00ab\u00a70 = \u009d\u00e4\u00e9\u0099ko\u009d\u00b30 = - \u00f6\u00eeu\u00ee\u00a5\u00ee * \u00f9e\u00f8\u0091\u00f8b | \u00ee\u00f4\u00f6 > \u00efq\u0093\u00e3\u00b3\n\u009b\u001b\u00fb\u00ba \u00e2\u00e7\u0087g\u001a ' \u0013\u008b\u00f0\u00fb \u001b\u0089\u001bm endstream endobj 743 0 obj <\n> stream x\u009c ] \u0090 = \u008e\u00e3 \u0010 o\u00e0 ; l\u0099\u0014\u0011\u0098\u001a ! e\u00f9\u00e6\u00e5\u00fe ( \u00fe \u0000\u00e3\u00f8\u008b\u0014\u0003\u001a\u00e3\u00e2\u00b7 _ v\n\u00a5\u0000\u00f1\u00f4\u00fe7z \u00bbt \u009dw \u00f8\u000f\u0005\u00f3c\u0082\u00f1yk\u00b8\u0084\u0095 \u00e2\u0080\u0093\u00f3\u00f0 \u00b0\u00ee\u00a4 ] \u00f5\u00fb\u00ec : \u0002\u00ebp\u00bf - \u00e7\u00ee\u008f\u0001\u00a4\u0004v\u00ed\u00e6\u0092h ; \u009cm\u0018\u00f0\b\u00ec\u009b , \u0092\u00f3\u00f3\u00e1v\u00e9\u00b3\u00ec\u00d7\u0018\u00ef8\u00a3o\u00e0a ) \u00b08\u00e61\u009f : ~ \u00e9\u0019\u0081u\u00ea\u00f4\u00f9\u00ec\u00bb\u00b4\u009d2\u00f3j\u00fcn\u0011a\u0014\u00fd\u00b4 { \u0089 ` q\u0089\u00fa i ? a # y\u00ab $ \u0017\u00aaao\u00df , \u00f1\u0000\u0086\u00f1\u00fci\u00aaa\u0090\u009c \u00ae\u009a\u0002\u00f4\u00f7\u00b9r { \u00a2l ( ? | 63 + q . u\u00f6p\u00eb\u0094\u001a\u00ee\u00e3sq1d\u00e8p9\u00ff\u00fb\u008cp\u0096 endstream endobj 749 0 obj <\n> stream \u0000\u0000\u0000 jp \u0087 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0014ftypjp2 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000jp2 \u0000\u0000\u0000yjp2h\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0016ihdr\u0000\u0000 \u0005\u0000\u0000 ! \u0000\u0001\u0007\u0007\u0001\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u000fcolr\u0001\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0011\u0000\u0000\u0000 , res \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0012resd\u000f \u0080\u0000\u000f \u0080\u0000\u0005\u0005\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0012resc\u000f \u0080\u0000\u000f \u0080\u0000\u0005\u0005\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000jp2c\u00ffo\u00ffq\u0000 ) \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 ! \u0000\u0000 \u0005\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 ! \u0000\u0000 \u0005\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0001\u0007\u0001\u0001\u00ffr\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0001\u0000\u0005\u0004\u0004\u0000\u0000\u00ff \\ \u0000 #\nw v\u00eav\u00eav\u00bco\u0000o\u0000n\u00e2glglgdp\u0003p\u0003pew\u00f2w\u00f2wa\u00ffd\u0000\u0011\u0000\u0001kakadu - v6 . 3 . 1\u00ffd\u0000y\u0000\u0001kdu - layer - info : log _ 2 { delta - d ( mse ) / [ 2 ^ 16 * delta - l ( bytes ) ] } , l ( bytes ) - 55 . 5 , 1 . 7e + 004 \u00ff\u0090\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000c * \u0000\u0001\u00ff\u0093\u00ef\u00e5\u00f4\u00fa\u007f - \u00a5\u00fe ^ \u00f8 ? 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{"id": 1811, "summary": [{"text": "environment friend ( foaled 19 march 1988 ) was a british thoroughbred racehorse and sire best known for his win in the 1991 running of the eclipse stakes , one of the united kingdom 's most important weight-for-age races .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "after winning the second of his races as a two-year-old he established himself as a top-class colt with a five length win in the dante stakes in may 1991 .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "he ran poorly in the epsom derby but then defeated a strong field to win the eclipse as a 28/1 outsider .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "environment friend never won again , but remained in training until the age of seven , and was placed in several important races including the coronation cup ( twice ) , the champion stakes and the irish champion stakes .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "from 1993 until 1995 his time was divided between standing as a breeding stallion and competing as a racehorse .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "environment friend died in 2012 at the age of twenty-four . ", "topic": 14}], "title": "environment friend", "paragraphs": ["here are 20 ways that you can live green and be a better friend to the environment .\nour best friend award is designed to recognise volunteers who make an outstanding contribution through exceptional dedication as a friend .\ncourse - specialist was privileged to speak with james fanshawe recently , to recall the early career of environment friend .\nnyanza environment friend coop produces plants in tree nursery about 76000 of\nmaracuja , papayer , agrume\nper year .\nann maine , senior lecturer in biology , won the friend of the environment award for the 10th congressional district of illinois .\nwith neither rival giving way , a thrilling race reached its conclusion with environment friend just getting his head in front for a second surprise victory .\nseeman te , mcewen bs . impact of social environment characteristics on neuroendocrine regulation .\nnext to the rails , sanglamore went into the lead with three furlongs to race , with stagecraft his closest pursuer . to the wide outside , environment friend began to creep closer .\nputting a nail in bathroom is not environment friendly because it could be stepped on .\ncozzene sired canadian champions cozzene\u2019s prince , hasten to add , and santa amelia ; english champion environment friend ; italian champion grey way ; and admire cozzene , a three - time champion in japan .\non a warm , sunny afternoon , the pacemaker green\u2019s ferneley cut out the early running , tracked by sanglamore and marju , with stagecraft to the outside , while george duffield and environment friend raced last .\nnote that environment sound is not an option . it\u2019s clearly ungrammatical , i guess because sound doesn\u2019t take any kind of complement : policies that are sound to the environment is wrong .\nnicro , s . , friend , r . , and pradubsuk , s eds . 2011 . environmental governance in asia : independent assessments of national implementation of rio declaration\u2019s principle 10 thailand environment institute : nonhtaburi .\nbetween the two usages , environmentally - friendly carries the greater risk of morphing into this improves the environment , while environment - friendly just may or may not be factual , where provable .\nafter such an anti - climax at epsom downs , james considered giving environment friend a confidence - boosting run in a conditions race at doncaster . however , the colt was entered in the group 1 coral eclipse stakes and having worked well at home , and will mr gredley keen to take his chance at sandown park , environment friend was set to take on his peers and the cream of the older horses that first saturday in july .\nlowry ' s efforts on behalf of the environment won him endorsements and awards . the league of conservation voters , friends of the earth , and the sierra club all endorsed his 1988 candidacy . in 1984 the seattle audubon society named him an\nenvironment friend\nand , in 1990 ,\nenvironmentalist of the year .\nhaving shown promise on his debut when sixth in a sandown park maiden , environment friend won a division of the westley maiden stakes at newmarket\u2019s cambridgeshire meeting in september 1989 , a race with a history for producing high class racehorses .\nthe race on the knavesmire gave the public a very different insight into environment friend\u2019s ability , as he caused an upset , coming from off the pace to beat hailsham and two sir henry cecil fancies in peter davies and perpendicular .\nsubsequent group one winners to have contested this race in the last three years are elmaamul , environment friend and selkirk , the first two showing that if this mile event is an indicator , it is , rather strangely , to the eclipse stakes .\nthe trainer , in his first season of training , won the second division with sapieha for good measure \u2013 and while that horse went on to land the horris hill stakes at newbury the following month , environment friend was put away for the year .\nwhen the conservatives came to power in 1979 , mrs thatcher appointed mr heseltine secretary of state for the environment .\nstagecraft soon passed sanglamore and it was environment friend that came to challenge the new leader . at the furlong pole , stagecraft still held a clear advantage , but duffield rousted the grey along and he responded well , turning the final furlong into a fascinating battle .\nreed , s . o . , friend , r . m . , vu , c . t . , thinphanga , p . , sutarto , r . and singh , d . , 2013 . shared learning for urban climate resilience . environment and urbanization .\nword choice -\nenvironmentally - friendly\nvs .\nenvironment - friendly\n- english language & usage stack exchange\npost the hugely successful soccer career , he was appointed as a un ambassador for ecology and the environment in 1992 .\n\u201ca friend said to me i\u2019d never turn up at royal ascot looking like that , so we had a bet , and i did it . \u201d\ni hesitate to ask\nwhat ' s so special about the environment ?\n, but there it is being asked .\nwikipedia redirects\nenvironment friendly\nto\nenvironmentally friendly\nand points out\neco - friendly\nas a synonym .\n\u201cthe following year we were busy getting the place sorted out and it operated as a livery yard for sir michael . i also managed to break my neck that year . our first yearlings arrived in the autumn of 1989 and environment friend was among them , \u201d he recalls .\n\u201cbill and i set off in the dreadful beige stretch limousine lincoln with the velour seats ! environment friend had worked well but went there as an outsider , but even so , i felt he would run a good race and he had come to himself , \u201d james recalls .\na friend of mine has seen him and declared him\nvery nice !\n. i ' m sure he is because smallwood only stands nice stallions !\nsomething that is not principally a solution or spray but may be an annoyance or danger might be labelled\nenvironment friendly\n.\nin 1991 , a grey three year old called environment friend , made his mark with a first group 1 success for his young trainer . the horse gained a popular following over the ensuing years and became a regular fixture in the eclipse stakes , competing on no fewer than four occasions .\ni agree that there is a nicer rhythm / meter to the first but i think there is only one stressed syllable in environment .\nspeaking for myself , i ' d any day prefer a battery that claims to be environment - friendly , not environmentally - friendly .\ntaylor se , repetti rl , seeman t . health psychology : what is an unhealthy environment and how does it get under the skin ?\na friend and colleague who was at nasa at the time told me they were just starting to replace their original pcs in the mail room with 12mhz 286 systems in 1991 .\naccording to google , i ' m in good company . at least , the ' allies ' massively outnumber those who say\nenvironment - friendly\n.\na superb field assembled for that 1991 coral eclipse stakes , with environment friend facing a formidable challenge : marju , who had beaten environment friend in the craven stakes , has since finished second in the derby before landing the st james\u2019s palace stakes ; sanglamore had won the previous year\u2019s prix du jockey club and after injury , had made a winning return in the group 1 prix d\u2019ispahan ; in the groove had won the previous year\u2019s irish 1 , 000 guineas , juddmonte international stakes and champion stakes ; terimon had finished second to nashwan in the 1989 derby and sir michael stoute\u2019s progressive four year old stagecraft had won his last four races , including the group 2 prince of wales\u2019s stakes at royal ascot .\nhenceroth , j . , friend , r . m . , thinphanga , p . , tran , p . v . g . and nghiem , t . p . , 2015 . lessons from self - assessments within urban climate resilience programs . international journal of disaster resilience in the built environment , 6 ( 1 ) , pp . 86 - 101 .\nboth environment - friendly and environmentally - friendly are not only correct , but in fact required , so they ' re both bound to show up on google .\nthe paint in the can itself might be environment - friendly , if it has so much lead , so much tin , so much phosphorous , and so on . this here means this product will not damage the environment . ( well , ' not any more than we ' re legally permitted to ' at least . )\nfriend , r . m . , 2009 . fishing for influence : fisheries science and evidence in water resource development in the mekong basin . water alternatives , 2 ( 2 ) , p . 167 .\nthe thompsons have always been horse farmers rather than horse fanciers . like their friend and competitor in new zealand , sir patrick hogan , they\u2019ve relied on the stock they produce and the stallions they stand .\n\u201clooking back it was a fantastic day ; but environment friend had a tough race that day and never won again . but he did run very well to finish second to suave dancer in the irish champion stakes and was also twice second in the coronation cup when bill and nigel wright took over his career as both a stallion and a racehorse , \u201d he concludes .\nhe admits to making mistakes , and plenty of them . he didn\u2019t see why environment friend should retire from racing when the horse took up stallion duties : after the eclipse he ran 24 times over four seasons without winning . and for a brief spell in the early 1990s he had his horses trained at stetchworth park stud . his desire to challenge convention became evident .\nwhy is this ? environment seems like a straightforward noun . all the other - friendly constructions i can think of just bolt on to the uninflected noun . . .\nlater . . . note that my focus is on why the inflected form apparently ' just happens ' to be used with environment , but not with other nouns .\nnorth fm , syme sl , feeney a , shipley m , marmot m . psychosocial work environment and sickness absence among british civil servants : the whitehall ii study .\nfriend , r . and moench , m . , 2013 . what is the purpose of urban climate resilience ? implications for addressing poverty and vulnerability . urban climate , 6 , pp . 98 - 113 .\nthis is probably also informed by the fact that your\nenvironment\ncan be any number of things from your immediate surroundings up , but\nenvironmental\nas an adjective pretty much always refers to something that takes care of\nthe environment\n. we call conservationists\nenvironmentalists\n, not\nenvironmentists\n. when you ' re\nenvironmentally aware\n, you ' re aware of how your actions affect the environment and are aware of ways to minimize your damages . when you ' re\nenvironment - aware\n, you simply are aware of your surroundings - that is a term i see passed around my school ' s computer science labs concerning their robots .\ni offer no evidence to the following , but there may also be a cadence - preference to separate stress in syllables . consider environmentally friendly vs . environment - friendly .\nwhen you start seeing\nenvironment - friendly\non any number of american products , you ' ll see my point . sorry you didn ' t find this helpful .\njarvie , j . and friend , r . m . , 2016 . \u201curbanization , inclusion and social justice\u201d in accelerating the transition to sustainable cities : the state of the world report 2016 worldwatch institute : washington dc\nagreed ; hyphens aren ' t needed to attach an adverb to the adjective that follows it - - it ' s assumed that the adverb is modifying the adjective . it ' s needed in\nenvironment - friendly\n, however , to explicitly tie the noun to the following adjective , as an abbreviation of\nfriendly towards its environment .\nsend your nominations by email to friendsvic @ urltoken or by post to : victorian environment friends network , c / o vnpa , level 3 , 60 leicester st carlton 3053 .\nb\u00e9n\u00e9 , c . and friend , r . m . , 2009 . water , poverty and inland fisheries : lessons from africa and asia . water international , 34 ( 1 ) , pp . 47 - 61 .\nfriend , r . and moench , m . , 2015 . rights to urban climate resilience : moving beyond poverty and vulnerability . wiley interdisciplinary reviews : climate change , 6 ( 6 ) , pp . 643 - 651 .\nb\u00e9n\u00e9 , c . and friend , r . m . , 2011 . poverty in small - scale fisheries old issue , new analysis . progress in development studies , 11 ( 2 ) , pp . 119 - 144 .\nfriend , r . m . , thinphanga , p . , macclune , k . , henceroth , j . , tran , p . v . g . and nghiem , t . p . , 2015 . urban transformations and changing patterns of local risk : lessons from the mekong region . international journal of disaster resilience in the built environment , 6 ( 1 ) , pp . 30 - 43 .\nthe first top - class horse he bred and raced was 1991 eclipse stakes winner environment friend . the grey was followed a year later by user friendly , who won three classics before she surrendered her unbeaten record by a scant neck in the 1992 prix de l\u2019arc de triomphe . in big orange , gredley now has another homebred to point at the big races \u2013 starting with the gold cup at ascot .\nrichard friend joined the environment department in 2016 . he has a background in social anthropology and development studies , with a phd from the university of bath ( uk ) based on extensive ethnographic fieldwork in southern thailand . he has over twenty - five years experience working in asia \u2013 thailand , cambodia , laos , myanmar , vietnam , bangladesh , india and nepal . he speaks thai fluently and is proficient in lao .\nwhether it ' s a general rule or not , the hyphen is not commonly used with the sequence of words environmentally friendly , whereas it is typically used with the sequence environment friendly .\ni don\u2019t think there\u2019s anything grammatically wrong with environment friendly . it sounds a little funny only because we hear environmentally friendly so much more often , and i think the reason for that is historical .\nhis best friend and roommate at tottenham was the captain gary mabbutt . the pair make for an interesting contrast . mabbutt stayed loyal to tottenham , turning down offers from manchester united , liverpool and arsenal . klinsmann was loyal to his own ambitions .\na year after her defeat in the oaks , in the groove returned to contest the coronation cup over the same course and distance . cauthen sent her into the lead approaching the final furlong and she won the race from terimon , rock hopper and the 1990 epsom derby winner quest for fame . in the following month she started second favourite for the eclipse stakes , but finished fourth of the seven runners behind the 28 / 1 outsider environment friend .\narthur , r . i . and friend , r . m . , 2011 . inland capture fisheries in the mekong and their place and potential within food - led regional development . global environmental change , 21 ( 1 ) , pp . 219 - 226 .\n\u201cnobody makes me do anything i don ' t want to do . it ' s my decision . so the biggest devil is me . i ' m either my best friend or my worst enemy . and that ' s how i have to deal with it . \u201d\nfriend , r . m . and blake , d . j . , 2009 . negotiating trade - offs in water resources development in the mekong basin : implications for fisheries and fishery - based livelihoods . water policy , 11 ( s1 ) , pp . 13 - 30 .\nsmallwood farm is now standing the tb stallion friend or foe . does anyone know much about him as he is relatively new off the track ? yes , i did send an email of inquiry to smallwood , but interested to see what anyone else knows about him as well .\ni am australian and environment - friendly sounds wrong to me , i can ' t recall ever hearing it in common speech . however a google search revealed several reputable sources using it , including an australian government information page .\nenvironmentally - friendly\nsounds completely normal to me . so does\nenvironment - friendly\n. but i ' m pretty sure i favour the former ( despite the fact that i normally prefer the shorter of any two equivalent terms ) .\nappointed iran ' s first woman vice - president by president khatami in 1997 , massoumeh ebtekar , 47 , later became an inspired environment minister . she made a name for herself in 1979 as the 19 - year - old revolutionary student who became chief interpreter in the 444 - day us embassy siege in tehran . she left government office in 2005 , is now a tehran city councillor and heads the centre for peace and the environment . anything green has taken a back seat since mahmoud ahmadinejad took power , and iran ' s cities are choked with incredible pollution - but because of ebtekar there are now thousands of environment groups led by women seeking change . ' we need to put spiritual and ethical values into the political arena . . . you don ' t see the power of love , you don ' t see the power of the spirit , and as long as that goes on , the environment is going to be degraded and women are going to be in very difficult circumstances ,\nshe says .\nfriend , r . , jarvie , j . , reed , s . o . , sutarto , r . , thinphanga , p . and toan , v . c . , 2014 . mainstreaming urban climate resilience into policy and planning ; reflections from asia . urban climate , 7 , pp . 6 - 19 .\nbut the climate stakes have risen with every new scientific report , and the politicians and environment groups have moved on . as the urgency for a global agreement has grown , so c & c has emerged as one of the favourites to break the international impasse .\n' i had at the end my personal battles with christian gross , but that was also because the environment was very tense . spurs were struggling against relegation , and i thought it had to go this way and he thought it had to go that way .\nfriend , r . , choosuk , c . , hutanuwatr , k . , inmuong , y . , kittitornkool , j . , lambregts , b . , promphakping , b . , roachanakanan , t . , thiengburanathum , p . and siriwattanaphaiboon , s . , 2016 . urbanising thailand : implications for climate vulnerability assessment .\nmy first west ham game was a 1 - 1 draw against newcastle on 1 april 1960 . i went with my friend next door and his father . we stood high up on the north bank corner . there was no one in front of us so we had a great view . i was hooked and have been going ever since .\nwhat you say may very well be true , but i didn ' t ask about - friendly . i ' m interested to know why in this particular case we mostly precede it by environmentally , rather than just environment , following the pattern of similar constructions as given in op .\nthe mountain access project is an initiative of comhairle na tuaithe , the national body with responsibility for outdoor recreation , which is resourced through the department of environment , community and local government . the macgillycuddy reeks , along with binn shl\u00e9ibhe in co . galway , is one of two pilot areas where a permissive access model is being piloted , based on awareness of , and respect for , private land . this project is being supported by the department of the environment , community & local government - rural recreation section and the interreg ivb rural alliances programme , through south kerry development partnership .\nsince karasek introduced the \u201cdemand / control\u201d model to characterize the psychosocial work environment ( karasek and theorell , 1990 ) , many empirical studies have tested the predictive validity of the model with respect to the physical health of workers . job strain\u2014the combination of a psychologically demanding workplace and low job control\u2014is hypothesized as leading to adverse health outcomes . studies using both dimensions generally have provided better predictions than studies using either dimension alone . however , job control\u2014the opportunity to use and develop skills and to exert authority over workplace decisions\u2014 emerged as the more robust component of a health - promoting work environment .\nin the spring of 1991 , peter davies was regarded as a serious contender for the derby stakes and began his season in the dante stakes ( a major trial for the epsom classic ) over ten and a half furlongs at york racecourse . ridden by lester piggott he started favourite and led from the start , but after being overtaken three furlongs from the finish he dropped back quickly and finished seventh of the eight runners behind environment friend . after a break of four month he returned in a minor race over one mile at newbury racecourse in september . he took the lead in the last quarter mile but was outpaced in the closing stages and finished fourth .\nsince 1990 , ccrf and superior surgical have been working with warner bros . in bringing the looney tunes characters to the medical setting . bugs bunny , daffy , sylvester and their friends are bringing smiles to all children in hospitals . matti knew she had reached her goal of creating a friendly and warmer environment when ucla medical center reported that the kids loved the gowns and were\nstealing\nthem ! continuing matti ' s efforts to create a warmer medical environment , bugs bunny and daffy duck are now on the\nwhat ' s up doc ?\ndoctor ' s lab coats .\nthe forum was set up after more than ten months of intensive consultation with key partners such as the landowners , responsible local and statutory agencies and authorities - kerry county council , national parks & wildlife service , department of the environment , community and local government , community groups , recreational users , etc .\neta : rereading , i realize this could be taken as a knock on reputed testamony . i was not referring to him in any way , more just addressing the objection to friend or foe ( who i know nothing about except what i ' ve read here and seen online . ) rt is an interesting horse , but not particularly fashionable for a track - producing stallion .\nthe first steps were really to talk to women ,\nshe explains ,\nand to convince them that we could do something about their environment . they didn ' t have firewood , they didn ' t have clean drinking water and they didn ' t have adequate food . a tree brings transformation .\ni only put the gay one in to humour a gay friend who remembers the old days when gays would be well advised to check such attitudes before ordering a pint and settling down . today ' s youngsters would probably think it ' s a bit like talking about drinker - friendly bar .\nwow ! - is it really ? we really must go and check it out !\n.\nken livingstone , 62 , has dragged the capital to the top of the major world cities ' environment league . he shocked the more timid tony blair and gordon brown when he set an ambitious 60 % co2 reduction target by 2025 - and now he is championing renewables , energy from waste , heat and power systems , and ways\nbut it ' s what germany does at home that gives merkel authority . a quantum chemistry researcher brought up by a lutheran pastor in communist east germany , she was made german environment minister in 1994 . the country now leads the world in turning away from coal and oil , and setting the highest targets for renewables and emission cuts .\neven so , pan ' s warnings that the economic miracle will end soon because the environment can no longer keep pace have goaded china ' s leadership into action . he has also warned that 26 % of the water in the seven biggest river systems is so polluted that it has\nlost the capacity for basic ecological function\n.\npeter garrett , 54 , is the former punk lead singer of the disbanded australian rock group midnight oil , who continued his weird journey from radical muso to establishment politician when he was appointed australia ' s environment minister in november . he began with gigs outside exxon offices and protests at the sydney olympics about aboriginal rights , and found himself labelled a turncoat by some at the election . however , he was nominated here by jonathon porritt , for being\ninstrumental in shaping the australian labour party ' s climate change and environment policies\n. within days of his taking office , australia signed up to the kyoto climate change treaty , and has broken with the obstructivist policies of president bush .\nccrf was started with the inception and implementation of a remarkable project that would help change the medical environment for all children . through the combined efforts of ccrf , superior surgical mfg . co . , inc . , and the walt disney company , mickey and minnie mouse along with other disney characters were imprinted on pediatric hospital gowns throughout the country .\nfriend , r . m . , anwar , n . h . , dixit , a . , hutanuwatr , k . , jayaraman , t . , mcgregor , j . a . , menon , m . r . , moench , m . , pelling , m . and roberts , d . , 2016 . re - imagining inclusive urban futures for transformation . current opinion in environmental sustainability , 20 , pp . 67 - 72 .\ntewolde egziabher , 67 , a slight , gandhian figure , is a uk - trained biologist who runs ethiopia ' s environment protection agency and has proved himself an extraordinarily effective negotiator . at 2am at the 2002 earth summit , he made one of the most impassioned speeches heard at a global meeting . it had looked certain that the world ' s politicians would back a us proposal giving the world trade organisation the power to override international environment treaties , but he shamed the ministers into voting it down . no one could remember a personal intervention having such an impact , and his battles on behalf of developing countries to protect them from patents , unfettered free trade and gm crops are legendary . he was nominated by vandana shiva .\nthe reason why i referred to 1991 earlier as a year of transition is that while we had windows , most people who were using pc ' s considered it brand spanking new , as 3 . 0 was the first version that was considered to be actually usable . windows wasn ' t the predominant application environment . no , that honor went to ms - dos .\nmy guess is that it ' s not that you ' re being friendly to the environment . it ' s that you ' re being friendly in an environmental way . it ' s actually odd for me to see the dash in\nenvironmentally - friendly\n, because the first word in the pair is simply the adverb explaining in what way you are being friendly .\nno one can doubt the persuasive powers of wangari maathai , nobel peace prize - winner and 67 - year - old former assistant minister of the environment in kenya . it is she who has coaxed the mexican army , japanese geishas , french celebrities , 10 , 000 malaysian schools , the president of turkmenistan and children in rotherham to roll up their sleeves , dig a hole and plant a tree .\nthe consultation was carried out by slr consulting ireland ( slr ) as part of a mountain access development assessment for the reeks , initiated on behalf of south kerry development partnership , dept . of environment , community and local government and failte ireland . the slr report , finalised in march 2014 , identified the need for the establishment and resourcing of an appropriate local management structure to oversee the macgillycuddy reeks mountain access scheme .\nthere was also debate over leonardo dicaprio . it would be easy to sniff at someone who seemed to have merely pledged to forgo private jets and made a couple of films about the environment , but we felt the hollywood superstar who has grabbed the green agenda had to be included because of the worldwide influence he is expected to have . thanks to his massive celebrity status dicaprio could be a crucial figure in persuading and leading the next generation .\nicebergs are becoming a recurring theme in the life of 33 - year - old leonardo dicaprio . first , his acting career went stellar after playing the lead in titanic . now it is dramatic footage of icebergs and polar bears , both threatened by climate change , that is a striking feature of his documentary the 11th hour ( released in the uk next month ) , a powerful call to arms for our species to protect the environment a great deal better .\nhaving seen the courage , strength and need of the children , matti found a new way to bring fresh hopes and more than a few smiles to the children with cancer and their families . founded in 1987 by contopulos , children ' s cancer research fund ( ccrf ) is a non - profit organization dedicated to two important goals : to provide support on a national level for clinical research in pediatric cancer and to improve the medical environment for all children .\nmohammed valli moosa , 50 , was south africa ' s environment minister from 1999 to 2004 . he has campaigned for transnational african\npeace parks\nfor wildlife and pushed for reduced use of plastic bags . but he may play a much greater role in the global environment debate as chairman of eskom , the state - owned power company that runs south africa ' s only nuclear plant and , starting in 2008 , is hoping to build dozens of fourth - generation small - scale nuclear stations . known as pebble bed modular reactors , these are smaller , cheaper and reportedly safer than other designs and valli moosa says they could be the base of the 21st eco - economy - ideally for desalination plants and creating the raw material for the heralded but slow to appear hydrogen economy . south africa has some of the world ' s greatest reserves of uranium : put them with the technology and it could start looking like a superpower .\nthen the guardian ' s science , environment and economics correspondents met to add their own nominations and establish a final 50 . great names were argued over , and unknown ones surfaced . should al gore be on the list ? he may have put climate change on the rich countries ' agenda , but some felt his solution of trading emissions is not enough and no more than what all major businesses and western governments are now saying . but in the end he squeaked through .\nhe has played a prominent role in conducting research and facilitating participatory processes and multi - stakeholder dialogues around water resource management , hydropower , fisheries and local livelihoods in the mekong region \u2013 acting as a consultant and advisor to the asian development bank ( adb ) in the 3s river basin ( reta 6367 ) , the mekong river commission and the world bank , and as theme leader on fisheries and livelihoods for the mekong programme on water , environment and resilience ( m - power ) research network .\npatriarch bartholomew i , archbishop of constantinople and new rome , is the spiritual leader of 300 million orthodox christians around the world . he ' s also extremely green , each year taking church leaders of all denominations to areas of the world beset with environmental problems - including the amazon , the arctic and the danube . after announcing , on an island in the aegean , that attacks on the environment should be considered sins , he called pollution of the world ' s waters\na new apocalypse\nand led global calls for\ncreation care\n. way ahead of his time , he has made the environment an increasingly powerful strand of christian thinking in britain - and latterly the us , where traditionally right wing churches have followed his lead and now openly counter president bush ' s stance . bartholomew , 67 , is now heavily influencing the pope and has shared a green stage with him several times in rome . it all suggests institutional christianity is greening up fast after centuries of ambivalence and outright hostility .\nhis professional work has involved a range of responsibilities - programme management , capacity building , and policy - oriented action research . he has worked in senior management and advisory positions for the thailand environment institute ( tei ) , the institute of social and environmental transition , the international union for the conservation of nature ( iucn ) and the worldfish centre , and taken on consultancy roles for a range of ngos ( including oxfam , save the children ) , un agencies ( undp , fao and uncdf ) and bilateral donors ( including dfid , danida and sida ) .\nfamily characteristics that could undermine the health of children and adolescents include a family environment that is conflictual , angry , violent , or abusive ; parent / child relationships that are unresponsive and lacking in cohesiveness , warmth , and emotional support ; and parenting styles that are either overly controlling and dominating or that offer little imposition of rules and structure ( taylor et al . , 1997 ) . long - term exposure to such conditions contributes to deficits in emotional understanding , difficulties with appropriate expression of emotion , increased emotional reactivity to conflict , and maladaptive coping strategies for managing stressful events in general .\nwell , i can only give one upvote to your answer , but i have to say it looks pretty convincing to me . the environment became more of an issue to forward - thinkers thru the 70 ' s and 80 ' s , but marketing departments only really started pushing their products '\ngreen\ncredentials in the last couple of decades . by the time they got on the bandwagon , responsible , sensitive , concious , etc . , had already staked out the lexical territory . most of those earlier conjunctives required - ally anyway , so the ad - men were just going with the tide of linguistic history . . .\nto come up with a list of the 50 people most able to prevent the continuing destruction of the planet , we consulted key people in the global environment debate . our panel included scientists - former world bank chief scientist and now the british government ' s scientific adviser on climate change , bob watson , indian physicist and ecologist vandana shiva , kenyan biologist and nobel prize - winner wangari maathai ; activists - guardian columnist george monbiot and head of greenpeace international gerd leipold ; politicians - green party co - leader and mep caroline lucas , and london mayor ken livingstone ; sustainable development commissioner for the uk government jonathon porritt and novelist philip pullman .\nshe ' s not so popular with greens , who accuse her of being a lackey to nuclear power and a friend of bush , but they accept that she gets things done . ten years ago , she shocked people when she said germany should aim to raise the proportion of its electricity generated from renewable energy to 50 % by 2050 . it ' s now 12 % - compare britain ' s 3 % - and is on track to be 20 % in 12 years ' time . she asked germans to believe her when she said renewables would provide more jobs . there are now nearly 250 , 000 people working in the sector . and at the un meeting at bali last month , she told the eu it had to stick together and be ambitious . it led the fight against president bush .\nwith regard to specific disease outcomes , the relationship between ses and cardiovascular disease has received the most attention . ses appears to be an important factor in the development and progression of cardiovascular disease ( kaplan and keil , 1993 ) , the leading cause of death in this country ( national center for health statistics , 1992 ) . the british whitehall study of civil servants found that those in the lowest grades of employment were at highest risk for heart disease ( marmot et al . , 1991 ) and that low levels of personal control in the work environment could explain much of this association ( bosma et al . , 1997 ; marmot et al . , 1997 ) .\nyet just a few weeks later he had the english media , and the nation at large , queuing up to praise his self - deprecating wit , his multilingual sophistication and his sublime talent . he was no longer a mercenary thespian , but a down - to - earth guy who drove a vw beetle , gave money to charity and was concerned about the environment . the transformation was perfectly captured by two pieces in the guardian . one , written , in june 1994 , was entitled ' why i hate j\u00fcrgen klinsmann ' . the other , published a couple of months later , was headed ' why i love j\u00fcrgen klinsmann ' . they were written by the same writer , and that writer was me .\nseveral experimental studies have investigated the link between the social relationship and cardiovascular reactivity . kamarck et al . ( 1990 ) found that participants asked to complete a laboratory task alone exhibited significantly greater systolic blood pressure and heart rate reactivity than did those who were allowed to have a friend with them . lepore et al . ( 1993 ) varied the degree of social support available to participants asked to give a speech . the three social conditions were to give the speech alone , to give it in the presence of a nonsupportive confederate , and to give it in the presence of a supportive confederate . participants in the last group exhibited the smallest increase in systolic pressure , followed by participants who gave their speeches alone . links between neuroendocrine measures , cardiovascular reactivity , and blood pressure and social relationships might constitute potential pathways by which social networks , support , and engagement influence important health outcomes .\ncarlo petrini , 58 , is the only anti - mcdonald ' s activist who has been welcomed to the offices of david cameron , david miliband , prince charles , al gore and barack obama . the founder of the international slow food movement , nominated here by vandana shiva , is idolised by rich and leisured foodies for promoting high - quality , small - scale farming and organising a relaxed life around long lunches . but petrini , an italian leftie of the old school , has a far more serious purpose than saving the pilchard or parma ham . the slow food movement has now expanded across 100 countries and is throwing poisoned darts at the whole fast food culture and the multinational food producers that between them have wrecked so much of the environment .\njockin arputham , 60 , has lived in a slum outside mumbai since 1963 . as president of the national slum dwellers association and slum dwellers international , he is rallying the world ' s poorest city dwellers to improve their environment . urban squalor is one of the biggest problems of the age , and by 2030 the number of slum dwellers is projected to reach two billion - a recipe for poverty , disease and political instability . arputham has pioneered a way to help the poor negotiate with city authorities to secure land ownership - the greatest barrier to improving slums . dozens of other new urban groups are working in 70 countries and hundreds of thousands of people have benefited . global urbanisation is inevitable , and these new federations will have more and more ecological influence .\nmichael\nmike\nlowry served 21 years in elective offices in washington - - 1976 to 1978 in the king county council , 1979 to 1989 representing the 7th district in congress , and 1993 to 1997 as governor . a vociferous , table - pounding liberal , he came from a family of new deal democrats in the palouse , and he was respected by friend and foe because they knew where he stood . he was variously described as\nmercurial ,\nfrumpy ,\nearthy ,\nand\nirascible\n( anderson ) . in 1995 , a former staff member charged him with sexual harassment and he did not seek re - election as governor . he remained active in a range of public - sector projects , primarily in migrant housing and the homeless . he also served in various volunteer capacities , such as co - chair of the king county charter review commission and co - chair of the washington wildlife and recreation coalition .\nin some cases it ' s also sometimes tough to take a call on which is more correct . is an\nelectric car\nenvironmentally - friendly , or is it environment - friendly ? there ' s as much semantics in r & d as in marketing & advertising . company a might claim the former , while company b might object . and while the government , the companies and the scientists go about interminably to reach a consensus , marketing and q3 targets cannot wait . so , a convenient eco - friendly is used instead . this doesn ' t make it explicit if it means ecologically - friendly , or ecology - friendly , so the guys in legal like it . it ' s also shorter , so adland likes it . run with it .\nandrew kimbrell , 51 , was a concert pianist and music teacher in new york before he joined an emerging breed of activist lawyers forcing governments to take the environment much more seriously . last year in the us supreme court , he defeated the bush administration ' s policy of refusing to regulate global warming . it was a defining moment in the american debate and forced bush to regulate carbon dioxide pollution from motor vehicles under the clean air act . kimbrell is now working with others to devise a new concept of ' natural law ' based on the idea that humans are just one part of a wider community of beings and that the welfare of each member of that community depends on the welfare of the earth as a whole . it sounds heretical now , but is traditional in many societies and one to watch in the west .\nmany of these saplings may not survive more than a few weeks , and the numbers are not to be trusted , but the billion tree campaign shows that maathai - a professor of biology and mother of three children - has gone from being almost unknown in 2003 to a global treasure in just a few years . there is now barely a president or prime minister in europe , asia or africa who has not invited maathai to endorse their plans or tried to sign her up as a goodwill ambassador to show off their newfound enthusiasm for the environment . she has addressed the un general assembly , carried the flag at the olympic games , and received sackfuls of citations and awards . maathai has succeeded in putting deforestation high on the agenda in developing countries , just as al gore made people in rich countries aware of climate change .\ndespite enormous improvements in sanitary engineering , which have contributed to the sharp increase in life expectancy observed among all socioeconomic groups during the past century , the socioeconomic gradient in health status persists . it has been proposed that the ses gap is still attributable to effects of crowded and unsanitary housing , air and water pollution , inadequate food supply , poor working conditions , and other such deficits that disproportionately affect those in the lower socioeconomic strata . studies that incorporate assessments of material deprivation and the physical environment will be important to sort out the degree to which this is an important pathway . however , inasmuch as the gradient in morbidity and mortality persists even between middle - class and well - to - do men and women and even in societies in which material conditions are very good , it seems unlikely that gradients are solely the result of these material circumstances .\nunderstanding why \u201cpoor people behave poorly\u201d ( lynch et al . , 1997a ) requires recognition that specific behaviors once thought of as falling exclusively within the realm of individual choice occur in a social context . the social environment influences behavior by shaping norms ; enforcing patterns of social control ( which can be health promoting or health damaging ) ; providing or not providing environmental opportunities to engage in particular behaviors ; and reducing or producing stress , for which engaging in specific behaviors might be an effective short - term coping strategy ( berkman and kawachi , 2000 ) . environments , especially social contexts , place constraints on individual choice . incorporating the social context into behavioral interventions led to a new array of clinical trials that take advantage of communities , schools , and worksites to achieve behavioral change ( see sorensen et al . , 1998 ; chapter 6 , this volume ) .\njia zhangke , 37 , is among the most prominent artists raising awareness about the environment . his film still life , which won the 2006 golden lion award at venice , is a tale of social upheaval and ecological destruction set against the backdrop of the three gorges dam in china - one of the world ' s biggest hydroelectric projects which has forced millions of people to move . it tells the story of a man and a woman who are searching for their spouses in a town that has been flooded by the rising waters of the mighty reservoir behind the barrier . the film was passed by the chinese censors despite its portrayal of official corruption , land seizures and thuggish violence . this is the best - known cinematic critique of the ecological destruction in china , but many other artists and film - makers are now addressing the problems of the country ' s breakneck race for economic growth .\nmarina silva , 49 , is brazil ' s environment minister . the daughter of a brazilian rubber tapper , she spent her childhood collecting rubber from the amazon forest and demonstrating against the destruction wrought by illegal loggers . in one of the great political journeys , she rose from being illiterate at 16 to become brazil ' s youngest senator , and is now the woman most able to prevent the amazon ' s wholesale ruin . under her watch , deforestation has reduced by nearly 75 % and millions of square miles of reserves have been given to traditional communities . last year 1 , 500 companies were raided and one million cubic metres of illegally felled timber were confiscated . but the future , says silva , is peril ous . the only way that long - term loss will be averted is with foreign help .\nwe don ' t want charity , it ' s a question of ethics of solidarity ,\nshe says .\nthe aim of the mas was to formally agree recreational access with landowners on a mountain / mountain range or in selected uplands area , to facilitate recreational access to those uplands . the mas would map out designated access points , provide indemnity to landowners against specified claims , provide adequate parking and related facilities and any additional infrastructure required to support the specified recreational activities . access to upland areas should be carried out only in a manner that protects and enhances the natural environment , local habitats and ecosystems , while supporting rural development and development of the economic potential of local assets for the benefit of landowners , local communities and other stakeholders . the mas should also leverage the available public and private funding resources , including investigation of user charges / licensing / donations / philanthropy , commercial sponsorship and / or levies or contributions from commercial operators and beneficiaries . the overall aim is to ensure that use of the mountain access area and its associated facilities and services can be marketed and promoted , with clarity and confidence .\nat the moment , he is making his own meticulous study of coaching methods . hence his appearance at his friend bruce arena , the us team coach ' s training session . ' i always look at coaches and think what can i learn from them . many american coaches actually know far more than some european coaches because they ' re constantly studying and learning . they use the resources of the university system , and get the update on speed and psychology . i know some coaches in europe who still do the same sprint training as 15 years ago because they were successful then . but these coaches are looking at new developments . that ' s why it ' s very exciting to live here . if i want to look at ucla research , i can . i know that no club in europe will do that . ' he thinks football should learn from us sports , such as basketball . ' look at how they react as soon as they shoot a basket . they defend right away . they don ' t even think about it . but soccer players lose a ball and start thinking\nwhat do i have to do now ?\n. . . i think in europe we ' re a little bit too football focused ."]}
{"id": 1813, "summary": [{"text": "japalura is a genus of lizards in the family agamidae .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "species of japalura are native to pakistan , india , myanmar , china , vietnam , taiwan , and japan .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "china has the most species , including many endemics . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "japalura", "paragraphs": ["japalura swinhonis chapaensis bourret 1937 : 62 japalura swinhonis chapaensis \u2014 wermuth 1967 : 68 japalura chapaensis \u2014 ota 1989 japalura chapaensis \u2014 barts & wilms 2003 japalura chapaensis \u2014 wang et al . 2017\nhave armattan done it again ? meet the japalura . 3\narmattan japalura review\nhave armattan done it again ? meet the japalura . 3\narmattan japalura review - youtube\nmahony , stephen 2009 . a new species of japalura ( reptilia : agamidae ) from northeast india with a discussion of the similar species japalura sagittifera smith , 1940 and japalura planidorsata jerdon , 1870 . zootaxa 2212 : 41\u201361 - get paper here\nwei sy , lin jy . behavioral study of japalura swinhonis formosensis ( sauria : agamidae )\nthe armattan japalura is a 130mm quadcopter frame designed for 3\npropellers and 1407 sized motors .\nota h . a new species of japalura ( agamidae : lacertilia : reptilia ) from taiwan .\nagamidae ; < i > japalura < / i > ; taxonomy ; yunnan ; china ; < i > japalura < / i > < i > brevicauda < / i > spec . nov . ; < i > japalura < / i > < i > yulongensis < / i > spec . nov . ; < i > japalura < / i > < i > flaviceps < / i > ; < i > japalura < / i > < i > batangensis < / i > ; < i > japalura < / i > < i > zhaoermii < / i >\ngao zf , hou m . description of a new japalura species from western sichuan province , china .\nfor information on the following species , see the agamidae : japalura page at the tigr reptile database .\nwow . beautiful build ! im building a japalura with the same kiss aio . i can ' t wait ! !\nmorphological comparisons of japalura laeviventtris sp . nov . , j . iadina sp . nov . , and phenotypically similar congeners\nreptile theme was chris ' s idea . we wanted to name the japalura the gecko , but it was already taken .\nli c , deng qx , wu y , wang y . a new species of japalura from sichuan ( agamidae gray .\nota h , chen sl , shang g . japalura luei : a new agamid lizard from taiwan ( reptilia : squamata )\nseveral specimens from historical collections made in yunnan ( pr china ) were found to be inconsistent with hithertoknown species of japalura . two species are described as new : japalura brevicauda spec . nov . and japalura yulongensis spec . nov . diagnostic features for the new species are compiled and a key to closely related species is produced . the geographical distribution of these species is outlined and discussed .\nsoon after the description of the sail mountain dragon ( japalura vela ) from eastern tibet , china , two more new species of japalura , namely j . laeviventris and j . iadina , were described from the approximate same region in the hengduan mountain range of china .\nli c , deng qx , wu y , wang y . 2001 . a new species of japalura from sichuan ( agamidae gray . japalura ) . journal of sichuan teachers college ( natural sciences ) , 22 ( 4 ) : 329 - 331 . ( in chinese )\ntanaka , satoshi ; nishihira , moritaka 1981 . notes on an agamid lizard , japalura polygonata . biological magazine okinawa 19 : 33 - 39\nthere are some twenty species of lizards in the genus japalura . one of the general common names for this agamid genus is mountain lizard .\nhabitat of japalura iadina sp . nov . in the dry - hot valley of lancang river , deqin , northwest yunnan , china ( photo by kai wang )\nk\u00e4stle w , schleich hh . 1998 studies on the systematics and biology of the genus japalura ( sauria : agamidae ) . notes on comparative ethology and taxonomy of the genus japalura . in : k\u00e4stle w , schleich hh ( ed . ) . the contributions to the herpetology of south asia ( nepal , india ) ,\nota h . 1989 . a new species of japalura ( agamidae : lacertilia : reptilia ) from taiwan . copeia , 1989 ( 3 ) : 569 - 576 .\nwei sy , lin jy . 1981 . behavioral study of japalura swinhonis formosensis ( sauria : agamidae ) . tunghai journal of biology , 22 : 33 - 48 .\npreferred microhabitat of japalura laeviventris sp . nov . near the nujiang bridge , baxoi county , qamdo prefecture , eastern tibet , china ( photo by ya - qiang sun )\nnakama ( 2008 ) the distribution of japalura polygonata in ibusuki city , kagoshima prefecture . bulletin of the kagoshima prefectural museum . 27 , 65 - 66 ( in jpn )\narmattan japalura review . this special little drone is the little bro of the armattan chameleon review . there must be something special in the water over at armattan hq because i love the chameleon and i think the japalura is going to be pretty special as well . something about how the frame comes together and this mini fpv drone looks . link - urltoken\njustification : japalura tricarinata has been assessed as least concern owing to its large distribution . no specific threats have been reported and this species is not undergoing significant population declines . further research into the taxonomy of the genus japalura , including j . tricarinata is needed . monitoring is required to ensure that the localized threat of deforestation does not become more widespread .\nota , h . 1989 . a new species of japalura ( agamidae : lacertilia : reptilia ) from taiwan . copeia 1989 ( 3 ) : 569 - 576 - get paper here\nk\u00e4stle w , schleich hh . 1998 studies on the systematics and biology of the genus japalura ( sauria : agamidae ) . notes on comparative ethology and taxonomy of the genus japalura . in : k\u00e4stle w , schleich hh ( ed . ) . the contributions to the herpetology of south asia ( nepal , india ) , fuhlrott museum , brand 4 ( 1998 ) : 233 - 246 .\nota , h . 1989 . the status of an agamid lizard , japalura swinhonis chapaensis bourret 1937 , from vietnam . journal of herpetology 23 ( 4 ) : 447 - 450 - get paper here\nwang k , jiang k , pan g , hou m , siler cd , che j . a new species of japalura ( squamata : sauria : agamidae ) from eastern tibet , pr china .\nota h , chen sl , shang g . 1998 . japalura luei : a new agamid lizard from taiwan ( reptilia : squamata ) . copeia , 1998 ( 3 ) : 649 - 656 .\nota h , weidenh\u00f6fer t . the first male specimen of the poorly known agamid lizard japalura chapaensis bourret , 1937 ( reptilia : sauria ) , from northern vietnam , with notes on its taxonomic status .\njono et al . ( 2013 ) invasion of yakushima island , japan , by the subtropical lizard japalura polygonata polygonata ( squamata : agamidae ) . current herpetology . 32 ( 2 ) , 142 - 149\nthe japalura really looks like it was meant to be 4\n. the chameleon has 5\ncovered and the jap is a little heavy for 3\n, so 4\nreally hits that sweet spot .\ngao zf , hou m . 2002 . description of a new japalura species from western sichuan province , china . sichuan journal of zoology , 21 ( 1 ) : 3 - 5 . ( in chinese )\nota et al . ( 2006 ) colonization by the subtropical lizard , japalura polygonata polygonata ( squamata : agamidae ) , in southeastern kyushu , japan . current herpetology . 25 ( 1 ) : 29 - 34 .\nmanthey u , wolfgang d , hou m , wang xh . discovered in historical collections : two new japalura species ( squamata : sauria : agamidae ) from yulong snow mountains , lijiang prefecture , yunnan , pr china .\nthe japalura is a the latest addition to the armattan micro - quadcopter line - up . this is a 130mm quadcopter frame designed for 3\npropellers and 1407 sized motors . the japalura is a very versatile frame , with a full - sized camera mount that can take hs1177 cameras and a nice light auw ( less than 200g without battery ! ) . this is a tough and light frame that can take 20\u00d720 or 30\u00d730 flight controllers .\nota , h . 1991 . taxonomic redefiniton of japalura swinhonis g\u00fcnther ( agamidae : squamata ) , with a description of a a new subspecies of j . polygonata from taiwan . herpetologica 47 : 280 - 294 - get paper here\ndorsolateral ( a ) , ventral ( b ) , and ventral head close - up views ( c ) of the adult male holotype ( kiz 019321 ) of japalura iadina sp . nov . in life ( photos by kai wang )\ndorsolateral ( a ) , ventral ( b ) , and ventral head close - up views ( c ) of the adult female allotype of japalura iadina sp . nov . ( kiz 09398 ) in life ( photos by kai wang )\ndorsolateral views and ventral close - ups views of adult male holotype kiz 014038 ( a and b ) and adult female paratopotype kiz 014043 ( c and d ) of japalura laeviventris sp . nov . in preservative ( photos by kai wang )\nota , hidetoshi 2003 . a new subspecies of the agamid lizard , japalura polygonata ( hallowell , 1861 ) ( reptilia : squamata ) , from yonagunijima island of the yaeyama group , ryukyu archipelago . current herpetology 22 ( 2 ) : 61 - 71\nmanthey , ulrich ; wolfgang denzer , hou mian & wang xiaohe 2012 . discovered in historical collections : two new japalura species ( squamata : sauria : agamidae ) from yulong snow mountains , lijiang prefecture , yunnan , pr china . zootaxa 3200 : 27\u201348\nkunte , k . & u . manthey 2009 . wiederentdeckung von japalura sagittifera ( sauria : agamidae ) in arunachal pradesh , ost - himalaya : ein erstnachweis f\u00fcr die indische herpetofauna . sauria 31 ( 2 ) : 49 - 55 - get paper here\njapalura flaviceps pope , 1935 : 467 ; zhao & jiang , 1977 : 293 - 298 ; hu et al . , 1987 : 112 ; zhao et al . , 1999 : 111 - 115 ; li et al . , 2010 : 115 .\nota et al . ( 2012 ) current status of an exotic population of the agamid lizard japalura polygonata polygonata ( hallowell , 1861 ) in kagoshima prefecture of southern kyushu , japan . nature of kagoshima . 38 , 1 - 8 ( in jpn )\njono , teppei ; takashi kawamura , and ryosuke koda 2013 . invasion of yakushima island , japan , by the subtropical lizard japalura polygonata polygonata ( squamata : agamidae ) . current herpetology aug 2013 , vol . 32 , no . 2 : 142 - 149 .\nkai wang , ke jiang , da - hu zou , et al . two new species of japalura ( squamata : agamidae ) from the hengduan mountain range , china [ j ] . zoological research , 2016 , 37 ( 1 ) : 41 - 56 .\nas the\nyounger sibling\nto the chameleon , the armattan japalura is the fanciest micro frame around , and the second design in armattan ' s selection that features aluminum protection . inspired by many of the same principals as the chameleon , the japalura is a lighter , more compact package that still supports many of today ' s fpv standards . this\n3 inch\nframe can handle full - sized miniquad guts , houses your standard hs1177 camera , and shields everything but the battery with two 4mm thick 6061 aluminum ribs .\nthe specific epithet is a noun in genitive case formed from the personal name hidetoshi ota of the tropical biosphere research center , university of the ryukyus , japan . his comprehensive work and taxonomic revisions of japalura species have immensely contributed to our current knowledge of this genus .\nwang k , jiang k , pan g , hou m , siler cd , che j . 2015 . a new species of japalura ( squamata : sauria : agamidae ) from eastern tibet , pr china . asian hepetological research , 6 ( 3 ) : 159 - 168 .\nota & weidenh\u00f6fer 1992 . the first male species of the poorly known agamid lizard japalura chapensis bourret , 1937 ( reptilia : sauria ) from northern vietnam , with notes on its taxonomic status . raffles bull . zool . 40 ( 2 ) : 193 - 199 - get paper here\nmanthey u , wolfgang d , hou m , wang xh . 2012 . discovered in historical collections : two new japalura species ( squamata : sauria : agamidae ) from yulong snow mountains , lijiang prefecture , yunnan , pr china . zootaxa , 30 ( 1664 ) : 27 - 48 .\nota h , weidenh\u00f6fer t . 1992 . the first male specimen of the poorly known agamid lizard japalura chapaensis bourret , 1937 ( reptilia : sauria ) , from northern vietnam , with notes on its taxonomic status . raffles bulletin of zoology , 40 ( 2 ) : 193 - 199 .\naccording to teldap . tw , taiwan ' s japalura breuipes is an arboreal ( lives in trees ) lizard that can grow to be a foot long . interestingly , new research into the island ' s jungles has provided a glimpse of a new relative of our lovely local lizard . this recently discovered creature measures 138 mm diagonally , and incorporates metal with its largely carbon - based body . fortunately for many of the collectors who have expressed interest in the organism , this little one prefers to keep its feet firmly planted on terra firma . we call this new lizard the japalura .\nthe japalura has been constructed to armattan standards , and we believe the frame is tough enough to warrant a top - to - bottom warranty . ( hah , see what we did there ? ) this baby is covered from the aluminum roll bars down to the smallest of top - plates .\nsueyoshi et al . ( 2007 ) discovery of an established feral population of the okinawa tree lizard , japalura polygonata polygonata ( squamata : agamidae ) in nichinan city , miyazaki prefecture . bulletin of the miyazaki prefectural museum of nature and history . 28 , 1 - 5 ( in jpn with english abst )\nmahony s . 2010 . systematic and taxonomic revaluation of four little known asian agamid species , calotes kingdonwardi smith , 1935 , japalura kaulbacki smith , 1937 , salea kakhienensis anderson , 1879 and the monotypic genus mictopholis smith , 1935 ( reptilia : agamidae ) . zootaxa , 7 ( 2514 ) : 1 - 23 .\nwang , kai ; ke jiang , yu - fan wang , nikolay a . poyarkov jr . , jing che , cameron d . siler 2017 . discovery of japalura chapaensis bourret , 1937 ( reptilia : squamata : agamidae ) from southeast yunnan province , china zoological research 38 ( 5 ) : 1 - 11 - get paper here\nsource : wang , k . , k . jiang , d - h . zou , f . yan , c . d . siler , and j . che . 2016 . two new species of japalura ( squamata : agamidae ) from the hengduan mountain range , china . zoological research 37 ( 1 ) : 41 - 56 . pdf\nlateral and ventral views of adult male holotype kiz 014038 ( a and b ) and adult female paratopotype kiz 014043 ( c and d ) of japalura laeviventris sp . nov . in life ( photos by kai wang ) . note the dark reddish orange color posterior to the shoulder fold in the lateral view is the color of ectoparasites and not a coloration pattern of the new species .\ndistribution map of japalura in the hengduan mountain range , southwest china ( map created by nicholas a . huron and cameron d . siler ) . color - coded shapes show the distribution of type localities for the new species ( stars ) , true j . flaviceps sensu wang et al . ( 2015 ) ( square ) , and other referenced members of the j . flaviceps species complex ( circles ) .\nthe japalura is the newest quadcopter to the armattan micro quad lineup . it ' s a 130mm mini racer constructed using top of the line hardware . the quality that went into this thing is as high as it gets . super smooth carbon plates , that were cut to perfection , even the edges are smooth . the frame is a work of art and comes in 2 colors : purple and silver . the fully built prototype that i received , contained the following hardware :\nthe armattan japalura is the little brother to the popular armattan chameleon . the components used here will work on either the 3\nor the 4\nbaseplate . traditionally 1407 motors have been used exclusively on 3\nbuilds , but a new trend has emerged putting 4\nprops on a 3\npowertrain . the advantage is a light - weight build with the flexibility to choose either 3\nor 4\nprops and carry an hd camera . this particular configuration can easily handle a mobius mini .\ndiagnosis : following inger\u2019s ( 1960 ) definition of the genus , the new species is assigned to japalura based on a number of diagnostic characters , including : ( 1 ) dorsal scales unequal in size ; ( 2 ) enlarged crest scales present ; ( 3 ) gular pouch present ; ( 4 ) lateral fold of skin in axilla - groin region present ; ( 5 ) supraciliary scales greatly imbricate ; ( 6 ) head relatively long , flat ; ( 7 ) tail long , slender ; ( 8 ) tail cylindrical in shape ; and ( 9 ) precloacal and femoral pores absent .\ndiagnosis : following inger\u2019s definition of the genus ( inger , 1960 ) , the new species is assigned to the genus japalura based on a number of diagnostic characters , including : ( 1 ) dorsal scales unequal in size ; ( 2 ) enlarged crest scales present ; ( 3 ) gular pouch present ; ( 4 ) lateral fold of skin in axilla - groin region present ; ( 5 ) supraciliary scales greatly imbricate ; ( 6 ) head relatively long , flat ; ( 7 ) tail long , slender ; ( 8 ) tail cylindrical in shape ; and ( 9 ) precloacal and femoral pores absent .\nas with any armattan release , some of the best features of this frame are the lack of restrictions you have when building . for example : like usual , the japalura supports a 30 . 5mm center stack up to 28mm high . in addition , the adjustable angle on the aluminum vtx mount supports a variety of transmitter options . another feature is the option to mount the battery on the top or the bottom of this machine , just in case you have a strong preference . lastly , if built with an eye on the weight of all the components , you ought to be able to skate by underneath the united state ' s faa registration restriction of 250g .\nthe japalura is equipped with a foxeer hs1177 camera upgraded with a gopro lens . the vtx is a foxeer tm200 - 200mwvtx \u0096connected to this is a lumineer axii 5 . 8ghz antenna . this was the first time i ' ve even seen a mini antenna like this , i am happy to say that it performed great - it ' s small makeup makes it light , but it also performs just as good as any other antenna i ' ve used . as far as the rest of the fpv gear goes , everything worked as it should , excellent range , excellent picture quality , can ' t think of a single negative , so i will leave it at that .\ni was amazed at how smooth and easy it was to fly this thing . i ' ve flown other smaller sized quads and none come close to how good this thing feels . i ' m not the best at tuning quads , actually i use basically the same tune on all of my quads , with slight variations . so with the japalura , even with a moderate tune , it feels locked in . i think a lot of it has to do with the fc and esc ' s - it ' s able to process noise and errors out resulting in a super smooth flight . and because of this : i feel so much more confident when i am out flying .\njapalura iadina sp . nov . differs from j . laeviventris by having a smaller adult body size ( svl 54 - 65 mm v . s . 64 - 72 mm ) , distinctively keeled ventral scales of head and body ( v . s . smooth or weakly keeled ) , fewer md ( 35 - 46 v . s . 57 - 59 ) , distinct ground coloration of the dorsal surfaces of head and body in males ( emerald green v . s . off - white ) , distinct coloration of gular spots ( blue in males , greenish yellow in females v . s . orange in both sexes ) , and distinct patterns of pigmentations on the dorsal surfaces of the body along the dorsal midline ( black vertebral stripes speckled with green v . s . m - shaped patterns of dark brown pigmentation ) .\nthe frame is not just attractive , it\u0092s also tough as nails ( i ' ve been in some pretty gnarly crashes ) - aside from a few scratches , the frame remains in excellent condition . it\u0092s thick in all the right places , and yes , there are a crap load of screws , but this just adds to the frame\u0092s strength . the final version of the japalura have slight changes to the bottom and side plates . from the pictures it looks like the arms were rounded out at the end , and the side plates were made taller and wider . the frame has holes to support mini flight controllers w / 20x20mm mounting holes , and also holes to fit regular sized fc ( 30x30mm mount holes ) . the front portion of the frame angles upwards and allows fitment of full sized cameras similar to an hs1177 . holes in the frame allow the camera to be mounted directly to the frame , and allows uptilt angles of nearly 90 degrees .\njapalura laeviventris sp . nov . can be distinguished from all congeners by the combination of the following suite of morphological characteristics : ( 1 ) small adult body size ( svl 67 - 72 mm in males , 64 - 70 mm in females ) ; ( 2 ) moderate tal ( tal / svl 168 % - 200 % ) ; ( 3 ) moderate hll ( hll / svl 64 . 3 % - 78 . 4 % ) ; ( 4 ) nsl 1 ; ( 5 ) t4s 22 - 26 ; ( 6 ) sor 3 ; ( 7 ) strongly - protuberant , conical , post - tympanic scale absent ; ( 8 ) strongly - protuberant , conical , post - rictal scale absent ; ( 9 ) tympanum concealed ; ( 10 ) nuchal crests relatively raised on weak skin folds ; ( 11 ) dorsal crests weakly developed without distinct skin folds in males ; ( 12 ) transverse gular fold present ; ( 13 ) gular pouch distinct , present ; ( 14 ) scales of ventral surface of body smooth or weakly keeled ; ( 15 ) md 57 - 59 , ( 16 ) ground dorsal coloration off - white in males , brownish - gray in females ; ( 17 ) dorsal , lateral , and ventral surface of head , dorsal forelimbs , and lateral surface of body speckled with black ; ( 18 ) distinct radial streaks around eyes ; ( 19 ) dorsolateral stripes present , smooth - edged , pale - yellow in males ; ( 20 ) dark - brown , \u201cm\u201d - shaped pigmentation patterns along dorsal midline in males ; and ( 21 ) small , triangular , orange gular spots in adults of both sexes .\navailable in either silver or purple , this frame looks smashing when paired with oomph 1407 motors .\njavascript seems to be disabled in your browser . you must have javascript enabled in your browser to utilize the functionality of this website .\nour price is lower than the manufacturer ' s\nminimum advertised price .\nas a result , we cannot show you the price in catalog or the product page . you have no obligation to purchase the product once you know the price . you can simply remove the item from your cart .\nreal technology that will change our hobby forever . runcam split review + footage .\ntoo cheap to be real ? how is this possible ? furibee x215 review .\nhere we ' re using the new kiss all - in - one flight controller . joined with the x4r receiver and tbs unify vtx we can tune pids and change radio frequencies through a taranis . while support for the tbs unify isn ' t cooked into the kiss firmware at the moment , it will be released any day now .\nit ' s best to start by fitting the stack . sometimes this can be the most time consuming part of the build depending on your stack space and standoff selection . it ' s definitely good to have a wide variety of standoffs on hand because the included standoffs rarely ever work . here i used 7mm anti - vibration standoffs . while most flight controllers work just fine , soft mounted or not , these are less prone to break and could potentially improve flight performance . that being said , they can be troublesome to fit as the female end is more shallow than a typical standoff . i ended up sending a 5mm screw with a 1mm spacer through the bottom plate into the anti - vibration standoffs . without the spacer the threading is too long .\nnext you ' ll want to mount the motors . normally i attach them using two screws at first in the event that i need to remove them for whatever reason . just don ' t forget to finish them up with loctite before the maiden . once the motors are in place and the flight controller is mounted you ' ll want to cut the wires to length . i used 2\nlengths paracord 550 to protect the wires , but that ' s entirely optional .\nyou ' ll want to cut each motor wire to length individually to reach their respective esc pads . while kiss doesn ' t support motor rotation changes via software , you can solder jumper pads to change the rotation as necessary . to cut each wire you need to lay it down flat against the arm , run it up to the standoff , follow the edge of the board and divert straight up into the groove of the esc pad . it ' s important that the wires remain under the flight control board otherwise they ' ll get in the way of the canopy mounts .\nyou ' ll also want to solder the xt30 connector to the lipo input pads of the flight controller . i like a short lead here , so 2 - 3cm should be sufficient .\nsince kiss doesn ' t allow you to test your motor rotation without a bound transmitter , you ' ll want to wire up your receiver first . this is fairly straightforward , so just refer to the photos to learn the wire positions . to prepare the fc pads , add a little flux and create a nice shiny pillow of solder . the key is to leave none of the copper pad showing . this is where a quality iron is important . if the solder makes a pointy bit as you pull away you either aren ' t operating at a high enough temperature ( 750 to 800 degrees ) or your iron tip lacks sufficient flux .\nnow you need to bind your rx and test the motor rotation . first download the latest kiss\ncc\nfc firmware and install kissfc to google chrome . to update the firmware open kissfc , plug the usb cable into your flight controller , hold the boot button and plug the other end into your computer . while continuing to hold the button choose the firmware you downloaded and flash it . if you let go too early the process will fail .\nafter the firmware has been updated , attach a lipo , connect to the board and click\ndata output\nto test the motor rotation . i normally rub each motor to feel the rotation direction . for any motor that spins the incorrect direction solder the corresponding jp1 jumper for that motor . refer to the kiss compactctrl\ncc\nmanual for details .\nonce you ' ve completed these steps you can mount your rx and antennas . what i did was use a couple layers of double sided tape to prevent any potential shorts against the flight controller . using wide shrink tube would be a better solution , but i had none wide enough for this rx . the antennas are incredibly long , so i rotated the u . fl connectors 180 degrees to send the antennas forward . i wrapped them around the standoffs across to the other side , and out behind the front arms . if you do it just right you ' ll manage 2in of zip tie for the tips of both antennas .\nnow you can assemble the canopy and wire the camera and vtx . be sure to mount the antenna holder flat side out so the wings of the pigtail catch the lip . this prevents the pigtail from rotating as you attach your antenna . since we ' ll eventually be using tbs smartaudio , you can solder the audio wire of the vtx to the tx pad of the fc . now depending on which version of the tbs unify you ' re using ( hv or 5v ) you ' ll either want to solder the power leads to the lipo input pads or the rx 5v / gnd pads . once you ' ve done this you can solder the runcam wires to the vtx wires to complete the wiring . just be sure to leave enough slack to remove the canopy .\nnow you can attach the canopy being careful not to pinch any motor wires . i found that the pigtail can assert just enough pressure to hold the vtx to the top of the rx , so i didn ' t use any tape to hold it down . it seems to fit just right behind the camera , so i don ' t believe it ' ll be moving around in there . be sure to loctite your motors and you should be ready to maiden !\ni ' ve been itching to fly this one . i ' ll see if i can take a screenshot when i get in there .\ni can get about 3 minutes on an 850mah 4s pack . i haven ' t tried anything larger .\nbattery on the bottom and i ' ve got a mobius mini mount that fits directly on top placing the camera at an angle over the fpv cam cage . it ' s a great fit !\nfirst of all , impeccable build . . . as a retired rf engineer , i really appreciate excellent workmanship and you ' ve done it here . do you have any photos of the mobius mini mounted to this frame ? i would love to see the mounting system . congrats . . . a beautiful piece of work .\nthank you ! i haven ' t mounted the mobius mini on this one , but i do fly it with a foxeer legend 3 . here ' s a photo :\nlooks pretty good , looks like a good option for sub 5\nbuilds . thanks for the reply . . . cheers , dave\nit ' s a great little cam . i ' d say the image quality is more or less on par with the session 5 .\nthat ' s impressive . . . thanks again for your input , it really helps a lot . happy landings . . .\nhi ! i can ' t stop watching this beauty , thanks for posting it ! i love it and i ' ll build it with the exact same setup but 3\n. i was wondering how much does it weigh ? ( i really want to be sub - 250g ) thanks in advance for your answer , and congrats . . . nicely done !\nthank you ! i think you ' ll have a hard time keeping it under 250g with most 4s packs . maybe a light 3s pack would do it . this one is 182g without a battery .\nsure thing ! why not build the 4\nversion ? you ' d have the option to use both 3\nand 4\nprops at only the cost of a few extra g of frame weight .\nglad you liked the jap 4 . i had a lot of fun designing that one . i thought the 5\nwould be my favorite , but the 4\ndefinitely takes the win for me . i built 2 and i don ' t really fly anything else now .\ngreat work ! when i first saw that there was a 4\nversion i just had to build it . i liked the 3\n, but that size wasn ' t compelling enough to me . did you also design the chameleon ?\nsame here . i built the 3 , but i ' ve only logged like 5 min on it . not for me . i did design the chameleon as well . that was more of a group effort tho . chris ' s concept , my interpretation , and a lot of really great input . this was kind of my baby . i designed it as an aluminum hybrid version of my old kaeru frame . it was intended to be 5\nas well , but then i saw what catalyst was doing with the 3 . 5\nprop on 1407 motors and wanted to give 4\na try . they ended up beating me to the punch with their superlite . kinda nice that they did all the research tho . then chris said he wanted a 3\nas well , so i scaled it back . surprisingly , i ' m the only one on the team to ever build the 4\n.\nwell congrats on the successful designs ! the chameleon really has taken the scene by storm . i don ' t think a day or two goes by without a new chameleon post here . whose idea was it to go with the reptile theme ?\ni like it . it taught me the name of a new reptile . always good to keep learning !\nthose are dal bi - blade 4045s . i thought i ' d go easy on this board , but apparently it can handle a bit more . i plan to try some tri - blades at some point .\nthank you ! i ' m still trying to improve them , so hopefully they ' ll get better with time .\nwork of art ! o - rings work great to cover that extra distance the anti - vibration standoffs leave as well as a 1mm spacer .\nthank you ! i wish i had done a nicer job on the esc solders , but it works .\nthat ' s shrink tubing . it ' s a must when you get into building quads .\nbefore giving this a thorough review i thought i ' d do a teardown to see what makes the taranis x - lite tick . without getting into too much detail the x - lite is a new fpv transmitter designed to be compact and ergonomic . it ' s shaped like a video game controller but has all of the functionality of a traditional transmitter like the taranis q x7 or the taranis x9d . it features opentx and supports most . .\nthe bannilite was a collaborative effort between luke bannister , aka banniuk and falcon multirotors . the bannilite features ample camera protection , easy arm replacements and weighs in at only 72g . it even includes a spare arm and camera mount . it ' s an excellent choice for fpv racing and doesn ' t break the bank . the goal of this build was to feature a number of modern fpv luxuries including easy . .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nto their 3\u0094 line : a 130mm prototype that was nearing it ' s final stages of production . talk about excited , i was on cloud 9 ! all\nthe final version has a couple slight changes to the main plate and side plates .\nchris hooked it up with some rotorx props and stickers . these props are amazing ! excellent top end power .\nthe frame is made up of a number of carbon plates ( 5 ) and aluminum pieces ( 5 ) that are held together by lots of hex head screws . the bottom plate = 3mm and side plates = 1 . 5mm\nvtx mount is adjustable , simply loosen the two 1 . 5mm hex head screws on both sides : lets you keep your antenna straight . i don ' t like bending my antennae\nsuper smooth armattan 20amp blheli - s esc ' s upgrade - able through blheli suite .\nlumineer axii 5 . 8ghz rhcp antenna - excellent , lightweight antenna , just a good as any other antenna i have used , but in a smaller form factor . weighing in @ 7 . 7 grams , and 2 . 8 inches long , with the thickest part being just 0 . 7 inches .\nperfect fitment for the hs1177 and other comparably sized cameras ' . easily adjust though 2 screws placed on either side of the frame . i also like the fact that i can adjust the camera to have as much up - tilt as i need .\nlastly the prototype i received uses a piko blx micro f3 flight controller . i believe the version that will be released will give you the option of other fc ' s .\nwith this board and the esc ' s , i was able to use 8k / 4k gyro & pid loop frequencies with cpu load @ 21 % . 8k / 8k brings cpu load to 41 %\nbrother hobbyt1 tornado 1407 \u0096 3600kv \u0096 pure awesomeness ! the motors are the heart of this quad , and they impressed the crap out of me . these 1407 t1\u0092s are tiny but very powerful . they use high quality japanese nmb bearings , along with n52h arc magnets . i took a look inside the motor , and noticed a strange magnet arrangement . it would be two magnets placed close to each other periodically around the bell . i think this may be the reason for why the motor felt \u0093notchy\u0094 . these motors have a ton of power , i ' ve been running them with 4s ( 450mah , 850mah , and 1000mah ) 3\nprops ( mostly 40 ' s and 45 ' s ) - i don ' t remember them ever getting hot , they seem to dissipate heat very well .\nthe included esc\u0092s are armattan\u0092s own 20amp blhelli - s , and the fc is a piko blx micro f3 from furious fpv . i\u0092m not sure what is different with this flight controller compared to my other f3\u0092s , but it is able to achieve an 8k / 8k gyro update / pid loop frequency , and still stay under 45 % cpu load . i have mine set to 8k / 4k to be safe ( cpu load = ~ 21 % ) but i have flown it at 8k / 8k and didn\u0092t run into any issues . it\u0092s pretty amazing how everything is not only getting better , but smaller too . the piko blx is a 27x27mm fc and uses 20mmx20mm mount holes . the armattan esc ' s are smooth as butter , not a single issue , i ' ve actually tried to make them desync , but nothing : it works flawless .\ni didn ' t even think to mount batteries on top , thanks wickedwingman .\nthat ' s looking really nice . that was the\nnew thing\nthat chris promised to send you , right ?\nvery nice frame indeed . what other fc options ? also what aios could be used ? ( height )\nsweet as ! ! ! m8 , ive just built a couple of 130 ' s and 150 ; s for us to throw around , maybe next time i will grab one of these frames .\nit can fit the small 20mm or 30 . 5mm standard fc and pdbs . stack height from man plate to alumi roo bars is 28mm , and to the cf top plate is 30mm . to the cf cutout on the side cf plates is 21mm . see picture below . this is final rev using armattan mini 1407 oomph motors . this has a full size armattan mini pdb v3 with 5v and 12v regs on board , a full size xracer f3 controller , a dys 25 / 200mw vtx with a pigtail attached , and a full size x4r frsky rx with telemetry hooked up . we also have a full size hs1177 cam with a 2 . 5mm lens installed . it all fits very nicely . osd is optional , we can install them and they fit well . we use the piggy back osd that is designed to attach to the rear of the camera .\nbare frame weights 51 grams fully assembled . so basically , this will fly super well on 1306 motors with very good flight times , then it will feel closer to what a 5 inch setup feels like with more modern 1407 motors on 4s . it ' s insane fast . some footage to come soon .\ndan , thanks for review in so much details . much appreciate your professionalism throughout . best , chris\nfantastic review ! glad you like it ! final revisions affect the main plate arm widths and side plates . production side plates leave room for straps for top mounted batteries or accessories and also have more clearance for fill size stack components . 2 board stacks are easily possible .\nthat quad is flat out far out . i like the looks of it better than my gt2 150 . no doubt from what i ' ve read about armattan on here she ' ll fly amazingly . hurry up and take my money , damn this hobby chooses to be expensive . thank you danq for the in depth review and youtube videos , subbed !\nmiyakensis : japan ( loo choo islands ) ; type locality : miyako , loo choo islands , japan .\nnote : tdwg regions are generated automatically from the text in the distribution field and not in every cases it works well . we are working on it .\nthe nominate form of this species is classified as \u201cvulnerable\u201d in japan ( ota 2000 ) .\nananjeva , natalia b . ; xianguang guo and yuezhao wang 2011 . taxonomic diversity of agamid lizards ( reptilia , sauria , acrodonta , agamidae ) from china : a comparative analysis . asian herpetological research 2 ( 3 ) : 117 - 128 - get paper here\nbarbour , thomas 1909 . notes on amphibia and reptilia from eastern asia . proc . new england zool . club 4 : 53 - 78 , 2 plates - get paper here\nboulenger , g . a . 1885 . catalogue of the lizards in the british museum ( nat . hist . ) i . geckonidae , eublepharidae , uroplatidae , pygopodidae , agamidae . london : 450 pp . - get paper here\ngoris , r . c . & maeda , n . 2004 . guide to the amphibians and reptiles of japan . krieger , malabar , 285 pp .\ng\u00fcnther , a . 1864 . the reptiles of british india . london ( taylor & francis ) , xxvii + 452 pp . - get paper here\nhallowell , e . 1861 . report upon the reptilia of the north pacific exploring expedition , under command of capt . john rogers , u . s . n . proc . acad . nat . sci . philadelphia 12 [ 1860 ] : 480 - 510 - get paper here\nmanthey u 2010 . agamid lizards of southern asia . draconinae 2 - leiolepidinae . terralog 7b , edition chimaira , frankfurt , 168 pp .\nmanthey , u . & schuster , n . 1999 . agamen , 2 . aufl . natur und tier verlag ( m\u00fcnster ) , 120 pp . - get paper here\nnorval , gerrut ; stephen r . goldberg , charles r . bursey , jean - jay mao , and kerry slater 2014 . internal parasites of lizards from taiwan . herp . cons . biol . 9 ( 3 ) : 484\u2212494 - get paper here\nslevin , joseph r . ; leviton , alan e . 1956 . holotype specimens of reptiles and amphibians in the collection of the california academy of sciences . proc . cal . acad . sci . 28 ( 14 ) : 529 - 560 - get paper here\nstejneger , leonhard h . 1907 . herpetology of japan and adjacent territory . bull . us natl . mus . 58 : xx , 1 - 577 - get paper here\nvan denburgh , j . , 1912 . concerning certain species of reptiles and amphibians from china , japan , the loo choo islands , and formosa . proc . cal . ac . sci . ( series 4 ) 3 ( 10 ) : 187 - 258 . - get paper here\nyang s - f , komaki s , brown rm , lin s - m . 2017 . riding the kuroshio current : stepping stone dispersal of the okinawa tree lizard across the east asian island arc j biogeogr . 2017 ; 00 : 1\u201314 - get paper here\nthis database is maintained by peter uetz ( database content ) and jakob hallermann , zoological museum hamburg ( new species and updates ) .\nbarts , m . & wilms , t . 2003 . die agamen der welt . draco 4 ( 14 ) : 4 - 23 - get paper here\nbobrov v . v . , semenov d . v . 2008 . lizards of vietnam [ in russian ] . moscow , 236 pp .\nbourret , r . 1937 . notes herp\u00e9tologiques sur l\u2019indochine fran\u00e7aise . xv . l\u00e9zards et serpents re\u00e7u au laboratoire des sciences naturelles de l\u2019universit\u00e9 au cours de l\u2019ann\u00e9e 1937 . descriptions de deux esp\u00e8ces et de deux vari\u00e9t\u00e9s nouvelles . bulletin g\u00e9n\u00e9rale de l\u2019instruction publique 5 . gouvernement g\u00e9n\u00e9neral de l\u2019indochine , pp . 57 - 82\nsang , nguyen van ; ho thu cuc , nguyen , quang truong 2009 . herpetofauna of vietnam . chimaira , frankfurt , 768 pp .\ntype locality : \u201csairep , lunglet district , mizoram\u201d ( = sairep ( 22\u00b049 ' 0 n , 92\u00b049 ' 0 e ) , lunglei district , central mizoram , northeast india ) .\nholotype : zsi 25217 ( male ) , collector s . s . saha , 19 april , 1995 .\nabundance : only known from its original description ( meiri et al . 2017 ) .\naengals , r . ; v . m . sathish kumar & muhamed jafer palot 2013 . updated checklist of indian reptiles .\nbeolens , bo ; michael watkins , and michael grayson 2011 . the eponym dictionary of reptiles . johns hopkins university press , baltimore , usa - get paper here\nmeiri , shai ; aaron m . bauer , allen allison , fernando castro - herrera , laurent chirio , guarino colli , indraneil das , tiffany m . doan , frank glaw , lee l . grismer , marinus hoogmoed , fred kraus , matthew lebreton , danny meirte , zolta\u0301n t . nagy , cristiano d 2017 . extinct , obscure or imaginary : the lizard species with the smallest ranges . diversity and distributions - get paper here\nvenugopal , p . d . 2010 . an updated and annotated list of indian lizards ( reptilia : sauria ) based on a review of distribution records and checklists of indian reptiles . journal of threatened taxa 2 ( 3 ) : 725 - 738 . - get paper here\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nde silva , r . , milligan , h . t . , wearn , o . r . , wren , s . , zamin , t . , sears , j . , wilson , p . , lewis , s . , lintott , p . & powney , g .\nthis species is found in northern india and eastern nepal . it occurs in the annapurna region of nepal , and eastwards into sikkim and west bengal ( schleich and k\u00e4stle 2002 ) . macey et al . ( 2000 ) also recorded this species in xizang , tibet . schleich and k\u00e4stle ( 2002 ) note that specimens collected in southern tibet have previously been misidentified as calotes jerdoni . this species is found between 900 and 2 , 900 m above sea level .\nthis species is locally abundant in zhangmu ( j . macey pers . comm . ) . schleich and k\u00e4stle ( 2002 ) report that in ghorepani relatively high densities of this species were found .\nthis species is a terrestrial , rock - dwelling agamid ( sharma 2002 ) . in nepal , it is known from wet monsoon and rhododendron forests , and is most frequently encountered along forest edges ( schleich and k\u00e4stle 2002 ) .\nit is unlikely that any major threat is impacting this species , however , this species may be locally threatened as a result of deforestation . schleich and k\u00e4stle ( 2002 ) note that the sporadic distribution of this species may be caused by the lack of remaining moist broadleaf forests .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nlectotype : bmnh 1946 . 8 . 13 . 97 ( designated by mahony 2009 ) , formerly bmnh 1940 . 6 . 1 . 44 ( male ) , type locality : \u201cpangnamdim , triangle , upper burma\u201d , presented and collected by ronald kaulback , between 1937 and 1939 .\nsmith , m . a . 1940 . the amphibians and reptiles obtained by mr . ronald kaulback in upper burma . records of the indian museum 42 : 465 - 486\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nkai wang , 1 , 2 , * ke jiang , 1 da - hu zou , 3 , 1 fang yan , 1 da - hu zou , 3 , 1 d . siler cameron , 2 and jing che 1 , *\n2 sam noble oklahoma museum of natural history and department of biology , university of oklahoma , norman ok 73072 - 7029 , u . s . a . ;\n* corresponding author , e - mail : ude . uo @ 2 - gnaw . iak\n* corresponding author , e - mail : nc . ca . zik . liam @ jehc\nthis is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .\neight specimens of one new species were collected from the upper nujiang valley near the nujiang bridge at baxoi , qamdo prefecture of eastern tibet , china , including two adult males , four adult females , and two juveniles . twelve specimens of a second new species were collected from the upper lancang valley at ninong , deqin , northwestern yunnan , china , including 11 adult males and one adult female .\nfollowing euthanasia , tissue samples were taken from livers and preserved in 95 % ethanol , and voucher specimens were fixed in 10 % buffered formalin and later transferred to 70 % ethanol for long - term preservation . with the exception of a single female specimen collected from tibet that possesses an incomplete tail ( kiz 014040 ) , all adult specimens were chosen as the type series . all specimens ( including kiz 014040 ) are deposited in the museum of kunming institute of zoology , chinese academy of sciences ( kiz ) .\nmeasurements were made with digital calipers to the nearest 0 . 1 mm , except for snout - vent length ( svl ) and tail length ( tal ) , which was made with a ruler to the nearest 1 mm . with the exception of several new traits measured in this study , focal characters and character definitions follow wang et al . ( 2015 ) : snout - vent length ( svl ) , tail length ( tal ) , head width ( hw ) , snout - eye length ( sel ) , fore - limb length ( fll ) , hind limb length ( hll ) , supralabial count ( sl ) , infralabial count ( il ) , middorsal scale ( md ) , toe iv subdigital lamellae ( t4s ) , toe iv length ( t4l ) , trunk length ( trl ) , interorbital distance ( iod ) , number of scales between nasal and first supralabials ( nsl ) , supraciliary count ( scl ) , and number of scale rows between sixth supralabial and orbit circle ( sor ) . additionally , in this study we examined the following morphometric characters ( definitions provided after colon ) : enlarged , conical , post - tympanic scale count ( pty ) : large conical scales posterior to tympanum ; and enlarged , conical , post - rictal scale count ( prs ) : large conical scales posterior to the rictus . values for paired characters ( sl , il , nsl , sor ) were recorded from both sides of the body , with counts provided in left / right order .\ncomparisons of coloration in life are based on type descriptions and available color photographs ( manthey , 2010 ; yang & rao , 2008 ; zhao et al . , 1999 ) . museum abbreviations for specimens examined follow sabaj perez ( 2015 ) , and include : chengdu institute of biology , chinese academy of sciences ( cib ) ; kunming institute of zoology , chinese academy of sciences ( kiz ) ; museum of comparative zoology at harvard university ( mcz ) , boston , ma , usa ; and national museum of natural history ( usnm ) , washington d . c . , usa .\nwas created by n . a . huron in arcmap v . 10 . 3 . 1 using the digital elevation model ( dem ) layers based on nasa\u2019s shuttle radar topographic mission ( srtm ) . the srtm data are available for free at approximately 90 meters resolution ( 3 arc - second projections ;\nholotype : kiz 014038 , adult male , collected near the nujiang bridge in the upper nujiang valley at baxoi ( = basu ) , qamdo ( = changdu ) , eastern tibet ( = xizang ) , pr china ( n30 . 10034\u00b0 , e97 . 22787\u00b0 , 2 739 m elevation ) ; collected by ke jiang on 3 july 2013 .\nparatopotypes : one adult male ( kiz 014037 ) and three adult females ( kiz 014041 - 43 ) ; collected by ke jiang , kai wang , and ya - qiang sun .\n. the male paratopotype ( kiz 014037 ) is slightly darker in dorsal coloration than the holotype in preservative . females are sexually dimorphic from males by having shorter snouts ( sel / hl ) , less speckled ventral surfaces of the heads ("]}
{"id": 1827, "summary": [{"text": "the brisingidae are a family of deep-sea-dwelling sea stars containing these genera and species : astrolirus fisher , 1917 astrolirus panamensis ( ludwig , 1905 ) astrostephane fisher , 1917 astrostephane acanthogenys ( fisher , 1916 ) astrostephane moluccana ( fisher , 1916 ) brisinga asbj\u00f8rnsen , 1856 brisinga alberti fisher , 1907 brisinga analoga ( fisher , 1919 ) brisinga andamanica wood-mason & alcock , 1891 brisinga bengalensis wood-mason & alcock , 1891 brisinga chathamica mcknight , 1973 brisinga costata verrill , 1884 brisinga cricophora sladen , 1889 brisinga distincta sladen , 1889 brisinga endecacnemos asbj\u00f8rnsen , 1856 brisinga eucoryne fisher , 1916 brisinga evermanni fisher , 1906 brisinga gunnii alcock , 1893 brisinga hirsuta perrier , 1894 brisinga insularum wood-mason & alcock , 1891 brisinga panopla fisher , 1906 brisinga parallela koehler , 1909 brisinga synaptoma ( fisher , 1917 ) brisinga tasmani h.e.s. clark , 1970 brisinga trachydisca fisher , 1916 brisinga variispina ludwig , 1905 brisingaster loriol , 1883 brisingaster robillardi de loriol , 1883 brisingella fisher , 1917 brisingella verticillata ( sladen , 1889 ) brisingenes fisher , 1917 brisingenes anchista fisher , 1919 brisingenes mimica ( fisher , 1916 ) brisingenes multicostata ( verrill , 1894 ) brisingenes plurispinula aziz & jangoux , 1985 hymenodiscus perrier , 1884 hymenodiscus agassizi ( perrier , 1882 ) hymenodiscus aotearoa ( mcknight , 1973 ) hymenodiscus armillata ( sladen , 1889 ) hymenodiscus beringiana ( korovchinsky , 1967 ) hymenodiscus coronata ( sars g.o. , 1872 ) hymenodiscus distincta ( sladen , 1889 ) hymenodiscus exilis ( fisher , 1905 ) hymenodiscus fragilis ( fisher , 1906 ) hymenodiscus membranacea ( sladen , 1889 ) hymenodiscus monacantha h.l. clark , 1920 hymenodiscus ochotensis djakonov , 1950 hymenodiscus pannychia fisher , 1928 hymenodiscus pusilla fisher , 1917 hymenodiscus submembranacea ( doderlein , 1927 ) hymenodiscus tenella ( luwig , 1905 ) hymenodiscus verticellata ( sladen , 1889 ) labidiaster l\u00fctken , 1872 midgardia downey , 1972 midgardia xandaros downey , 1972 novodinia dartnall , pawson , pope & b.j. smith , 1969 novodinia americana ( verrill , 1880 ) novodinia antillensis ( a.h.clark , 1934 ) novodinia austini ( koehler , 1909 ) novodinia australis ( h.l. clark , 1916 ) novodinia clarki ( koehler , 1909 ) novodinia homonyma downey , 1986 novodinia magister fisher , 1917 novodinia novaezelandiae ( h.e.s. clark , 1962 ) novodinia pacifica ( fisher , 1906 ) novodinia pandina ( sladen , 1889 ) novodinia penichra ( fisher , 1916 ) novodinia radiata aziz & jangoux , 1985 novodinia semicoronata ( perrier , 1885 ) odinella fisher , 1940 odinella nutrix fisher , 1940 stegnobrisinga fisher , 1916 stegnobrisinga gracilis ( koehler , 1909 ) stegnobrisinga placoderma fisher , 1916 stegnobrisinga splendens h.l. clark , 1926", "topic": 26}], "title": "brisingidae", "paragraphs": ["kento furui added the japanese common name\n\u30b7\u30ef\u30a6\u30c7\u30dc\u30bd\u30d2\u30c8\u30c7\u79d1\nto\nbrisingidae\n.\nworms - world register of marine species - brisingidae g . o . sars , 1875\nmah , c . l . ( 2018 ) . world asteroidea database . brisingidae g . o . sars , 1875 . accessed at : urltoken ; = 123119 on 2018 - 07 - 09\nfisher , w . k . ( 1917 ) . new genera and species of brisingidae . annals and magazine of natural history . 20 ( 8 ) : 418 - 431 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nmah , c . l . ( 2018 ) . world asteroidea database . brisingidae g . o . sars , 1875 . accessed through : world register of marine species at : urltoken ; = 123119 on 2018 - 07 - 09\ngenus novodinia dartnall , pawson , pope & b . j . smith , 1969\ngenus gymnobrisinga studer , 1884 accepted as labidiaster l\u00fctken , 1871 ( synonym according to mah ( 1998 ) , suppression desired . )\ngenus odinia perrier , 1885 accepted as novodinia dartnall , pawson , pope & b . j . smith , 1969 ( odinia preoccupied , new name designated . see dartnall et al . )\nsars , g . o . ( 1875 ) . on some remarkable forms of animal life from the great deeps off the norwegian coast . ii . researches on the structure and affinity of the genus brisinga based on the study of a new species , brisinga coronata . christiania : christiana university . 112pp . 7 plates . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nhansson , h . g . ( 2001 ) . echinodermata , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , . 50 : pp . 336 - 351 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nclark , a . m . ; downey , m . e . ( 1992 ) . starfishes of the atlantic . chapman & hall identification guides , 3 . chapman & hall . london , uk . isbn 0 - 412 - 43280 - 3 . xxvi , 794 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\ndowney , m . e . ( 1986 ) . revision of the atlantic brisingida ( echinodermata : asteroidea ) , with description of a new genus and family . smithsonian contributions to zoology . ( 435 ) : 1 - 57 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nmcknight , d . g . ( 2006 ) . the marine fauna of new zealand , echinodermata : asteroidea ( sea - stars ) . 3 . orders velatida , spinulosida , forcipulatida , brisingida with addenda to paxillosida , valvatida . niwa biodiversity memoir . 120 : 1 - 187 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\neuclasteroidea ( regarded as unecessarily cumbersome and arbitrary by downey ( 1986 ) . synonymized by same . )\nfisher , w . k . ( 1928 ) . asteroidea of the north pacific and adjacent waters . part 2 . forcipulata ( part ) . bulletin of the united states national museum . 76 : 1 - 245 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 3 [ details ]\nmah , c . l . ( 2018 ) . world asteroidea database . brisingida . accessed through : world register of marine species at : urltoken ; = 123085 on 2018 - 07 - 09\n( of euclasteroidea ) tortonese , e . ( 1958 ) . euclasteroidea : nuovo ordine di asteroidi ( echinodermi ) . doriana 2 ( 88 ) : 1 - 3 page ( s ) : 1 [ details ]\nsladen , w . p . ( 1889 ) . report on the asteroidea . report on the scientific results of the voyage of h . m . s . challenger during the years 1873 - 1876 , zoology . 30 ( 51 ) : xlii + 893 pages 118 plates . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nclark , a . m . and mah , c . ( 2001 ) . an index of names of recent asteroidea , part 4 . forcipulatida and brisingida , in : jangoux , m . ; lawrence , j . m . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . echinoderm studies , 6 : pp . 229 - 347 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe root of the current tree connects the organisms featured in this tree to their containing group and the rest of the tree of life . the basal branching point in the tree represents the ancestor of the other groups in the tree . this ancestor diversified over time into several descendent subgroups , which are represented as internal nodes and terminal taxa to the right .\nyou can click on the root to travel down the tree of life all the way to the root of all life , and you can click on the names of descendent subgroups to travel up the tree of life all the way to individual species .\nfor more information on tol tree formatting , please see interpreting the tree or classification . to learn more about phylogenetic trees , please visit our phylogenetic biology pages .\nphylogenetic hypothesis of the asteroidea based on blake ( 1987 ) . these relationships , as well as intra - order relationships , are contentious and re - evaluation of asteroid phylogeny continues ( see discussion of phylogenetic relationships , below ) .\nthe asteroidea is one of the largest and most familiar classes within the phylum echinodermata . these animals , commonly known as sea stars or starfishes , form a diverse and speciose group . there are approximately 1600 extant species ( hyman 1955 ; clark 1977 ; clark and downey 1992 ) which are found throughout the world ' s oceans . following the classification of blake ( 1987 ) , these species are grouped into seven orders : brisingida , forcipulatida , notomyotida , paxillosida , spinulosida , valvatida and velatida .\nlike other echinoderms , asteroids are important members of many marine benthic communities . they can be voracious predators , having significant impacts on community structure . for example , paine ( 1966 ) used pisaster ochraceus to illustrate his concept of the role keystone species play in community ecology . the crown - of - thorns starfish , acanthaster planci , is particularly well - known because it can cause extreme detrimental effects to coral reefs , particularly during population outbreaks ( moran 1988 ) .\nfigure 1 : pisaster ochraceus and acanthaster planci , two asteroids of great ecological significance . pisaster image by sherry ballard , courtesy calphotos , copyright \u00a9 1999 california academy of sciences . acanthaster image copyright \u00a9 borut furlan .\nthe controversial concentricycloidea ( a proposed sixth class of the echinodermata ; baker et al . 1986 , rowe et al . 1988 , pearse and pearse 1994 ) have been diagnosed as unusual asteroids ( smith 1988 , belyaev 1990 , janies and mooi 1999 ) . their relationship to other asteroid taxa is not well resolved , but alliances with species from the velatida and the forcipulatida have been proposed . the unique morphology of the concentricycloids makes it difficult to assign this group to the recognized asteroid orders and is cited as sufficient distinction for class recognition .\nlike other asterozoans , asteroids have a characteristic star - shaped body plan consisting of a central disc and multiple ( typically 5 ) radiating arms . asteroids are most easily distinguished from other asterozoans ( the ophiuroidea ) by the structure of the arms . in asteroids , skeletal support for the arms is provided by the ossicles of the body wall , which merge with those of the central disc , giving the arm a very broad based attachment to the disc . this skeletal arrangement allows for the extension of a comparatively large coelomic cavity from the central disc into the arms , which serves to hold some of the animal ' s organ systems , namely the gonads and pyloric caeca . additionally , this skeletal arrangement also limits lateral flexion of the arms . locomotion by asteroids is accomplished almost exclusively by means of the podia ( tubefeet ) from the water vascular system . differences in morphology between asteroids and ophiuroids are described further in blake ( 1998 ) and dean ( 1999 ) .\nfigure 2 : a typical starfish , asterias rubens , with tubefeet visible on the edge of the arm in the foreground . image copyright \u00a9 2004 k\u00e5re telnes . cushion stars , like this culcita novaeguineae , may have arms so short that they look more like a ball than a star . image copyright \u00a9 2003 massimo boyer .\ntaxonomy of asteroids usually is based on externally observable characteristics of the skeleton , particularly the primary ossicular series which define the body wall ( ambulacrals , adambulacrals , marginals , terminals , actinals , abactinals ) , as well as secondary ossicles such as spines , spinelets and pedicellariae . works by perrier ( 1884 ) and sladen ( 1889 ) laid the taxonomic foundation of most asteroid groups . many other authors have contributed to and / or refined the asteroid classification scheme , notably fisher ( 1911 , 1928 ) , verrill ( 1914 ) , fell ( 1963 ) , spencer and wright ( 1966 ) and mcknight ( 1975 ) . blake and elliot ( 2003 ) provide clear definition of ossicle terminology . blake ( 1987 ) provides classification and diagnoses of asteroid groups .\nperhaps the most important ossicular series defining the asteroidea is the ambulacral column , found along the oral surface of the disk and radiating arms and associated with two or four rows of podia . the asteroid ambulacrum is distinguished by erect ambulacral ossicles arranged in series along the length of the ambulacral column . critical differences in structure and arrangement of the ossicles of the ambulacral column define two groups of asteroids : an extinct fauna restricted to the paleozoic and the mostly extant ( mostly ) post - paleozoic asteroids ( blake 1987 , gale 1987 ) . blake and hagdorn ( 2003 ) recently recognized this distinction formally with diagnosis of a new subclass : ambuloasteroidea , containing the paleozoic calliasterellidae and compsasteridae in addition to post - paleozoic asteroids ( infraclass neoasteroidea gale 1987 ) .\nfigure 3 : morphology of asteroids . a , aboral and oral surfaces of a generalized asteroid . image \u00a9 biodidac . b , transverse section and perspective view of a generalized arm ( soft tissues and spines removed ) ; note the arched ambulacral ossicles forming the ambulacral groove and the dorsal podial pores between ambulacral ossicles . one podium ( tubefoot ) on the left is drawn in outline only to illustrate how the podia descend through the podial pores . image \u00a9 2004 emily knott .\napplication of the extraxial - axial theory ( eat ) to asteroid morphology significantly aids our understanding of ossicle homologies within the asteroidea and between asteroids and other echinoderms ( mooi and david 2000 , blake and elliot 2003 , blake and hagdorn 2003 ) . according to the eat , the ambulacral and terminal ossicles of asteroids are axial elements . these ossicles are formed according to the ocular plate rule ( opr ) and are associated with the developing water vascular system during ontogeny as are the axial ossicles of other echinoderms . the remaining asteroid ossicle series are extraxial elements , which can be added during ontogeny without any particular ordering system ( although secondarily ordered serial homologous elements are common in the asteroids , e . g . adambulacrals and marginals ) . in comparison to axial elements , extraxial ossicles are prone to much more evolutionary lability ( mooi and david 1997 ) .\nsummarized from blake ( 1998 ; 2000 ) , mooi and david ( 2000 ) and blake and hagdorn ( 2003 ) .\ndeep ambulacral groove\u2014the paired ambulacral ossicles are erect and arch across the arm axis forming a clearly defined furrow . the extent of the arch and definition of the furrow are expected to be weaker in the earliest asteroids , but these characters are difficult to observe in most fossil specimens .\ndorsal podial pores\u2014the dorsal podia pores are passageways between ambulacral ossicles through which the tubefeet descend . these pores allow for internal protection of the ampullae , dorsal outpockets of the podia , which contract and expand with extension and retraction of the podia . the ampullae of earlier asteroids were external , in closed , cup - like podial basins formed by the ossicles of the ambulacral column .\noffset positioning of the ambulacral and adambulacral ossicles and differentiation of articulation structures in ossicles of the ambulacrum\u2014these features describe a variety of related apomorphic characteristics of ambuloasteroids . offset positioning of the ambulacral and adambulacral ossicles allows for soft tissue connections between the ambulacral and both adjacent adambulacrals which is further enhanced with differentiation of articulation structures on the ossicles . this arrangement allows more complex movement in the ambuloasteroids . in non - ambuloasteroids a single ambulacral ossicle abuts a single adambulacral .\npresence of an odontophore\u2014the odontophore is a small interradial ossicle associated with the mouth angle ossicle . the odontophore is expected to the homologue of the axillary in paleozoic asteroids .\nthe earliest asteroids appeared in the ordovician ( figure 4 ) . however , at least two major faunal transitions have occurred within the asteroidea concomitantly with large extinction events : in the late devonian ( blake and glass in webster et . al . 1999 ) and in the late permian ( blake 1987 , gale 1987 , blake et al . 2000 , blake and elliot 2003 , blake and hagdorn 2003 ) . the asteroid orders as described here contain all extant and some extinct species which have a morphology distinct from paleozoic forms ( i . e . ambuloasteroidea ; see characteristics , blake 1982 , 1987 , 1988 ; gale 1987 , blake and elliott 2003 , blake and hagdorn 2003 ) . the asteroid orders are thought to have appeared and diversified very rapidly ( within approximately 60 million years ) during the lower and early middle jurassic , frustrating our understanding of ordinal relationships ( see discussion below ) .\nfigure 4 : hudsonaster sp . ( usnm 40882 ) , an early asteroid from the ordovician . image copyright \u00a9 daniel b . blake\nrelationships among paleozoic asteroids , as well as between paleozoic asteroids and extant asteroids , are difficult if not impossible to determine because of the limitations of the asteroid fossil record . asteroid fossils are rare because 1 ) the skeletal elements rapidly dissociate after death of the animals 2 ) asteroids typically have a large body cavity that collapses with deterioration of the organs , resulting in misshapen forms and 3 ) asteroids often live on hard substrates which are not conducive to fossil formation . from the limited fossil evidence that is available we know that the basic body plan of the asteroids has remained the same since the ordovician . several papers by blake ( e . g 1989 , 2000 ) describe limitations of the fossil record in detail .\ndespite the paucity of the asteroid fossil record , fossil evidence has aided our understanding of asteroid evolution within both the paleozoic and post - paleozoic groups . one unique fossil fauna is that from the hunsr\u00fcck slate of germany from the lower devonian . these paleozoic forms are well preserved and show a variety of morphologies . the diversity exhibited in this faunal representation suggests that the diversity of life habits of paleozoic asteroids was probably very similar to what we see today in modern species ( blake 2000 ) . fossil members of the post - paleozoic fauna have also been found . the oldest known neoasteroid is the extinct triassic genus trichasteropsis ( blake and hagdorn 2003 , figure 5 ) . blake ( 1987 ) recognized a new order , trichasteropsida , to contain this taxon . the slightly younger triassic genus noriaster barberoi , diagnosed to the extant family poraniidae ( valvatida ) , is the oldest - known fossil species belonging to a surviving family ( blake et al . 2000 , figure 5 ) .\nfigure 5 : early neoasteroids from the triassic . images copyright \u00a9 daniel b . blake\nleft : trichasteropsis weissmanni ( mhi 843 / 1 ) , trichasteropsida . center : trichasteropsis weissmanni ( smns 3173 / 5 ) , trichasteropsida . right : noriaster barberoi ( mpum 8420 ) , valvatida : poraniidae\na survey of asteroid nomenclature arranged by order has been compiled . clark ( 1989 , 1993 , 1996 ) and clark and mah ( 2001 ) list accepted names as well as synonyms , otherwise invalid names , references and ranges of type localities .\nbrisingida\u2014 brisingids are deep - sea dwelling asteroids . they usually have many ( 6 - 16 ) long , attenuated arms which are used in suspension feeding . the brisingida contains about 100 species in 17 genera and 6 families . a preliminary phylogeny for this order has been produced by mah ( 1998 ) .\nforcipulatida\u2014 these asteroids are distinguished by their forcipulate pedicellariae , which are generally quite conspicuous on the body surface . the forcipulatida contains about 300 species in 68 genera and 6 families . a preliminary phylogeny for this order has been produced by mah ( 2000 ) .\nnotomyotida\u2014 these are deep - sea dwelling asteroids having flexible arms with characteristic longitudinal muscle bands along the inner dorsolateral surface . the notomyotida contains about 75 species in 12 genera and 1 family .\npaxillosida\u2014 these asteroids are considered to be somewhat infaunal in that they can bury themselves partially under sandy sediments . they are characterized by some morphological features ( e . g . pointed , unsuckered tubefeet ) which have been considered primitive by some ( see discussion of phylogenetic relationships , below ) . the paxillosida contains about 255 species in 46 genera and 5 families .\nspinulosida\u2014 these asteroids have a relatively delicate skeletal arrangement and completely lack pedicellariae . no fossil spinulosids have been found . the spinulosida contains about 120 species in 9 genera and 1 family .\nvalvatida\u2014 these asteroids are quite diverse , but are often characterized by their conspicuous marginal ossicles . definition of this group has been the most variable and the ordinal definition of many families included here has been controversial ( see discussion of phylogenetic relationships , below ) . the valvatida contains about 695 species in 165 genera and 14 families .\nvelatida\u2014 these asteroids typically have thick bodies with large discs and interradial depressions . contrary to blake ' s ( 1987 ) classification , molecular evidence suggests a relationship between some velatid and valvatid families ( see discussion of phylogenetic relationships , below ) . the velatida contains about 200 species in 25 genera and 5 families .\nspecific use of phylogenetic methods in studies of asteroid evolutionary relationships began in the late 1980s . these analyses ( using both morphological and molecular data ) have resulted in conflicting hypotheses of asteroid phylogeny . phylogenetic analyses are continuing to be re - evaluated with additional data . since their results are still somewhat contentious , they have yet to initiate changes in our classification system .\nin 1987 , two differing hypotheses of order level relationships were proposed based on analyses of morphological characteristics ( blake 1987 , gale 1987 , figure 6 , 7 ) . these two phylogenies differ due to differences in opinion about character polarity ( assigning ancestral or derived status to a particular state of a character ) and the different morphological characters used in the analyses ( note that gale does not specifically use phylogenetic methods ) . both authors emphasized the importance of ambulacral characters to asteroid classification and recognized the distinction between paleozoic and post - paleozoic forms ( i . e . ambuloasteroidea , blake and hagdorn 2003 ) .\nhowever , gale ( following mcknight 1975 ) focuses on the lack of suckered tubefeet in the paxillosida , considering them primitive . as a result , his phylogeny reflects two major groups : a basal paxillosida and the remaining asteroids , all having suckered tubefeet , which he termed superorder surculifera . blake considers suckered tubefeet to be the ancestral condition . his phylogeny reflects two major asteroid groups : superorder forcipulatacea ( forcipulatida + brisingida ) and a clade of the superorders valvatacea + spinulosacea ( valvatida , notomyotida , paxillosida , spinulosida and velatida ) . outgroup comparison with calliasterella and inclusion of the trichasteropsida results in a basal forcipulatacea .\nthe differences in these proposed phylogenies highlight questions about asteroid relationships that are still unresolved . the identification of the basal ( neo ) asteroid group has been the driving question of additional studies ( see evidence from molecular characters , below ) . additionally , ordinal definition , particularly for blake ' s valvatida , velatida and spinulosida , is problematic . such problems were not new to blake and gale . although many asteroid groups can be clearly defined morphologically ( forcipulatida , brisingida , notomyotida ) , asteroid morphology is complex and diverse . other groups are less clearly defined .\nadditional phylogenetic analyses incorporating molecular data with morphological data ( lafay et al . 1995 ) and using molecular data alone ( wada et al . 1996 ; knott and wray 2000 ) were presented in an effort to resolve phylogenetic arguments . unexpectedly , these studies have done little to elucidate asteroid relationships and may have only added to the confusion .\nlafay et al . ( 1995 ) present an unrooted phylogeny deduced from analysis of a combined morphological data set taken from blake ( 1987 ) and gale ( 1987 ) with unordered character states ( figure 8 ) . although very few taxa were studied , their phylogeny supports the definition of asteroid orders proposed by blake but separates the paxillosida from the valvatida . their analysis with molecular data alone ( sequence data from 28s rrna ) results in several conflicting topologies due to weak phylogenetic signal . most of this signal is masked by that from the morphological data set when the two data sets are combined . however , after evaluating several rooting positions using molecular data from other echinoderms in outgroup comparison , lafay et al . ( 1995 ) conclude that the paxillosida may not be monophyletic and that the paxillosid genus astropecten may be the sister group to the remaining asteroids , reminiscent of gale ' s phylogeny .\nwada et al . ( 1996 ) include more taxa for additional investigation of ordinal monophyly ( figure 9 ) . in multiple analyses of their molecular data set ( sequence data from 12s and 16s rdna ) , they find that paxillosids are paraphyletic with the paxillosid genus luidia as the basal asteroid taxon . in addition , the valvatida is not monophyletic and a forcipulatid clade falls within a group of valvatids , a velatid and spinulosids , a relationship in stark contrast to that proposed by blake ( 1987 ) . further , the spinulosida are never grouped with the velatida , which blake ( 1987 ) proposed as their sister group and which previously were considered a group within the spinulosida ( spencer and wright 1966 , mcknight 1975 , blake 1981a ) .\nknott and wray ( 2000 ) expand taxon sampling even more , but their molecular data set ( sequence data from mitochondrial trna and coi genes ) fails to resolve questions of asteroid phylogeny ( figure 10 ) . significantly , the paxillosida is not basal in their results ( although astropecten is not included ) . the results of different tree reconstruction methods are not in agreement , and basal groupings are only supported by bootstrapping in the neighbor - joining analysis . the proposed phylogeny is similar to blake ( 1987 ) in that two lineages ( one largely of forcipulatids and the other largely of valvatids ) are recovered , but valvatida and velatida are not monophyletic and some velatids plus the spinulosida fall in the forcipulatid clade .\nfigure 8 . lafay et al . ' s ( 1995 ) hypothesis of asteroidea relationships .\nfigure 9 . wada et al . ' s ( 1996 ) hypothesis of asteroidea relationships .\nfigure 10 . knott & wray ' s ( 2000 ) hypothesis of asteroidea relationships .\nthe position of the concentricycloidea has been contentious since its discovery in 1986 . close relationship between the concentricycloidea and asterozoans is expected ( see baker et al . 1986 , rowe et al . 1988 , pearse and pearse 1994 , mooi et al . 1998 ) , but argument over its taxonomic position continues . as yet , no changes in taxonomy have been made . the morphological features of concentricycloids are so distinct ( e . g . two circumoral canals , a single peripheral ring of podia ) that the tendency to recognize them as a separate echinoderm class is quite strong . pearse and pearse ( 1994 ) included the concentricycloidea in a phylogenetic analysis using morphological characters defined by blake ( 1987 ) and found that concentricycloidea fall outside the asteroid clade . further clarification of skeletal homologies between concentricycloids and asteroids ( mooi et al . 1998 ) supports asterozoan affinities , but questioned placing concentricycloids as close relative to the asteroid order caymanostellidae ( velatida ; rowe et al . 1988 , smith 1988 , belyaev 1990 ) . caymanostellids and concentricycloids have superficially similar body plans which may be due to convergence rather than true relationships ( pearse and pearse 1994 , mooi et al . 1998 ) . contribution of dna sequence data from xyloplax turnerae and phylogenetic analysis of a combined morphological and molecular data set ( janies and mooi 1999 , janies 2001 ) , however , supports recognizing concentricyloids as asteroids . in these analyses , xyloplax is in a clade with the forcipulatid rathbunaster and not with velatids ( although caymanostellidae is not represented ) . support for relationships within the asteroidea is low , but xyloplax is positioned well within the asteroid clade .\nbaker , a . n . , f . w . e . rowe and h . e . s . clark . 1986 . a new class of echinodermata from new zealand . nature 321 : 862 - 864 .\nbelyaev , g . m . 1990 . is it valid to isolate the genus xyloplax as an independent class of echinoderms ? zoologicheskii zhurnal 69 : 83 - 96 .\nblake , d . b . 1982 . recognition of higher taxa and phylogeny of the asteroidea . pp . 105 - 107 . in : international echinoderm conference , tampa bay . j . m . lawrence , ed . a . a . balkema , rotterdam .\nblake , d . b . 1987 . a classification and phylogeny of post - paleozoic sea stars ( asteroidea : echinodermata ) . journal of natural history 21 : 481 - 528 .\nblake , d . b . 1989 . asteroidea : functional morphology , classification and phylogeny . pp . 179 - 223 . in : echinoderm studies vol . 3 . a . a . balkema , rotterdam .\nblake , d . b . 1998 . morphological characters of early asteroids and ophiuroids . pp . 5 - 8 . in : echinoderms : san francisco . proceedings of the ninth international echinoderm conference . r . mooi and m . telford , eds . a . a . balkema , rotterdam .\nblake , d . b . 2000 . the class asteroidea ( echinodermata ) : fossils and the base of the crown group . american zoologist 40 : 316 - 325 .\nblake , d . b . and d . r . elliott . 2003 . ossicular homologies , systematics and phylogenetic implications of certain north american carboniferous asteroids ( echinodermata ) . journal of paleontology 77 ( 3 ) : 476 - 489 .\nblake , d . b . and h . hagdorn . 2003 . the asteroidea ( echinodermata ) of the muschelkalk ( middle triassic of germany ) . pal\u00e4ontologische zeitschrift 77 ( 1 ) : 23 - 58 .\nblake , d . b . , a . tintori and h . hagdorn . 2000 . a new , early crown - group asteroid ( echinodermata ) from the norian ( triassic ) of northern italy . rivista italiana di paleontologia e stratigrafia . 106 ( 2 ) : 141 - 156 .\nclark , a . m . 1977 . starfishes and related echinoderms . t . f : h . publications , london .\nclark , a . m . 1989 . an index of names of recent asteroidea : part 1 . paxillosida and notomyotida . pp . 225 - 347 in : echinoderm studies vol . 3 . m . jangoux and j . m . lawrence , eds . a . a . balkema , rotterdam .\nclark , a . m . 1993 . an index of names of recent asteroidea : part 2 . valvatida . pp . 187 - 366 in : echinoderm studies vol . 4 . m . jangoux and j . m . lawrence , eds . a . a . balkema , rotterdam .\nclark , a . m . 1996 . an index of names of recent asteroidea : part 3 . velatida and spinulosida . pp . 183 - 250 in : echinoderm studies vol . 5 . m . jangoux and j . m . lawrence , eds . a . a . balkema , rotterdam .\nclark , a . m . and m . e . downey . 1992 . starfishes of the atlantic . chapman and hall , london .\nclark , a . m . and c . mah . 2001 . an index of names of recent asteroidea : part 4 . forcipulatida and brisingida . pp . 229 - 347 in : echinoderm studies vol . 6 . m . jangoux and j . m . lawrence , eds . a . a . balkema , rotterdam .\ndean , j . 1999 . what makes and ophiuroid ? a morphological study of the problematic ordovician stelleroid stenaster and the paleobiology of the earliest asteroids and ophiuroids . zoological journal of the linnean society 126 : 225 - 250 .\nfell , h . b . 1963 . the phylogeny of sea - stars . philosophical transactions b 246 : 381 - 435 , 2 pls . , 16 figs .\nfisher , w . k . 1911 . asteroidea of the north pacific and adjacent waters . part1 : phanerozonia and spinulosa . bulletin of the united states national museum . 76 . xiii + 420pp . , 122 pls .\nfisher , w . k . 1928 . asteroidea of the north pacific and adjacent waters . part2 : forcipulata . bulletin of the united states national museum . 76 : 1 - 245 , 81 pls . .\ngale , a . s . 1987 . phylogeny and classification of the asteroidea ( echinodermata ) . zoological journal of the linnean society 89 : 107 - 132 .\nhyman , l . h . 1955 . the invertebrates : echinodermata . volume iv . mcgraw - hill , new york , new york\njanies , d . 2001 . phylogenetic relationships of extant echinoderm classes . canadian journal of zoology 79 : 1232 - 1250 .\njanies , d . and r . mooi . 1999 . xyloplax is an asteroid . pp . 311 - 316 . in : echinoderm research 1998 . m . candia carnevali and f . bonosoro , eds . a . a . balkema , rotterdam .\nknott , k . e . and g . a . wray . 2000 . controversy and consensus in asteroid systematics : new insights to ordinal and familial relationships . american zoologist 40 : 382 - 392 .\nlafay , b . , a . b . smith , and r . christen . 1995 . a combined morphological and molecular approach to the phylogeny of asteroids ( asteroidea : echinodermata ) . systematic biology 44 ( 2 ) : 190 - 208 .\nmah , c . l . 1998 . preliminary phylogeny and taxonomic revision of the brisingida ( asteroidea ) . pp . 273 - 277 . in : echinoderms san francisco : proceedings of the ninth international echinoderm conference . r . mooi and m . telford , eds . a . a . balkema . rotterdam .\nmah , c . l . 2000 . preliminary phylogeny of the forcipulatacean asteroidea . american zoologist 40 : 375 - 381 .\nmcknight , d . g . 1975 . classification of somasteroids and asteroids ( asterozoa : echinodermata ) . journal of the royal society of new zealand . 5 : 13 - 19 .\nmooi , r . and b . david . 1997 . skeletal homologies of echinoderms . the paleontological society papers 3 : 305 - 335 .\nmooi , r . and b . david . 2000 . what a new model of skeletal homologies tells us about asteroid evolution . american zoologist 40 : 326 - 339 .\nmooi , r . , f . w . e . rowe and b . david . 1998 . application of a theory of axial and extraxial skeletal homologies to concentricycloid morphology . pp . 61 - 62 . in : echinoderms san francisco : proceedings of the ninth international echinoderm conference . r . mooi and m . telford , eds . a . a . balkema . rotterdam .\nmoran , p . j . 1988 . the acanthaster phenomenon . australian institute of marine science monograph series vol . 7 . 78 p .\npaine , r . t . 1966 . food web complexity and species diversity . american naturalist 100 : 65 - 75 .\npearse , v . b . and j . s . pearse . 1994 . echinoderm phylogeny and the place of the concentricycloids . pp . 121 - 126 . in : echinoderms dijon : proceedings of the eighth international echinoderm conference . b . david , a . guille , j . - p . feral and m . roux , eds . a . a . balkema . rotterdam .\nperrier , j . o . e . 1884 . m\u00e9moire sur les \u00e9toiles de mer recueillies dans la mer des antolles et le golfe de mexique . nouvelles archives du mus\u00e9um d ' histoire naturelle , paris ( 2 ) 6 : 127 - 276 .\nrowe , f . w . e . , a . n . baker , and h . e . s . clark . 1988 . the morphology , development and taxonomic status of xyloplax baker , rowe and clark 1986 ( echinodermata : concentricycloidea ) , with the description of a new species . proceedings of the royal society of london series b : biological sciences 223 : 431 - 459 .\nsladen , w . p . 1889 . asteroidea . report of the scientific results of the voyage of h . m . s . challenger , 1873 - 1876 . zoology 30 : 1 - 935 .\nsmith , a . b . 1988 . to grop or not to group : the taxonomic position of xyloplax . pp . 17 - 23 . in : echinoderm biology . r . d . burke , p . v . mladenov , p . lambert and r . d . parsley , eds . a . a . balkema , rotterdam .\nspencer , w . k . and c . w . wright . 1966 . asterozoans . treatise on invertebrate paleontology . part u echinodermata . 3 ( 1 ) : u4 - u107 . university of kansas press .\nverrill , a . e . 1914 . monograph of the shallow - water starfishes of the north pacific coast from the arctic ocean to california . harriman alaska series of the united states national museum 14 : 1 - 408 , 110 pls .\nwada , h . , m . komatsu and n . satoh . 1996 . mitochondrial rdna phylogeny of the asteoidea suggests the primitiveness of the paxillosida . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 6 ( 1 ) : 97 - 106 .\nwebster , g . d . , d . j . hafley , d . b . blake and a . glass . 1999 . crinoids and stelleroids from the broken rib member , dyer formation late devonian , famennian . of the white river plateau , colorado . journal of paleontology 73 ( 3 ) : 461 - 486 .\n. note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own license , and they may or may not be available for reuse . click on an image or a media link to access the media data window , which provides the relevant licensing information . for the general terms and conditions of tol material reuse and redistribution , please see the\nknott , emily . 2004 . asteroidea . sea stars and starfishes . version 07 october 2004 .\neach tol branch page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a branch of the tree of life . the major distinction between a branch and a leaf of the tree of life is that each branch can be further subdivided into descendent branches , that is , subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages .\nfor a more detailed explanation of the different tol page types , have a look at the structure of the tree of life page .\ntree of life design and icons copyright \u00a9 1995 - 2004 tree of life project . all rights reserved .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndowney , m . e . ( 1986 ) . revision of the atlantic brisingida ( echinodermata : asteroidea ) , with description of a new genus and family . smithsonian contributions to zoology . ( 435 ) : 1 - 57 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors\nmcknight , d . g . ( 2006 ) . the marine fauna of new zealand , echinodermata : asteroidea ( sea - stars ) . 3 . orders velatida , spinulosida , forcipulatida , brisingida with addenda to paxillosida , valvatida . niwa biodiversity memoir . 120 : 1 - 187 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors\nfr\u00e9d\u00e9ric ducarme marked\nfile : closeup of a brisingid . jpg\nas trusted on the\nnovodinia dartnall , pawson , pope & b . j . smith , 1969\npage .\nfr\u00e9d\u00e9ric ducarme marked\nfile : brisingid starfish . jpg\nas trusted on the\nnovodinia dartnall , pawson , pope & b . j . smith , 1969\npage .\ndana campbell selected\ncomprehensive description\nto show in overview on\nfreyella\n.\nkatie gale set\nimage of brisinga sp\nas an exemplar on\nbrisinga\n.\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nmah , c . l . ( 2014 ) world asteroidea database . accessed through : world register of marine species at urltoken\nspencer , w . k . , and c . w . wright / durham , j . wyatt , et al . / moore , raymond c . , ed .\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\nfull reference : g . o . sars . 1875 . on some remarkable forms of animal life from the great deeps off the norvegian coast . 2 - researches on the structure and affinities of teh genus brisinga , based on the study of a new specis b . coronata . university thesis , christiania 1 - 111\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : b7f0546f - 648a - 444b - b616 - 60866082732a\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 81516ef1 - 768c - 40f0 - 85a9 - 03493a12e716\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 265146\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country ."]}
{"id": 1838, "summary": [{"text": "nassarius tinei is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family nassariidae , the nassa mud snails or dog whelks . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "nassarius tinei", "paragraphs": ["nassariidae \u00bb nassarius tinei , id : 1039492 , shell detail \u00ab shell encyclopedia , conchology , inc .\n( of nassarius tinei ( maravigna , 1840 ) ) cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]\ngofas , s . ( 2014 ) . nassarius tinei . in : costello , m . j . ; bouchet , p . ; boxshall , g . ; arvantidis , c . ; appeltans , w . ( 2014 ) european register of marine species , accessed through pesi at\n( of buccinum tinei maravigna , 1840 ) maravigna c . ( 1840 ) . g . buccin . buccinum . lamarck . b . de tineo . b . tinei . maravigna . magasin de zoologie , d ' anatomie compar\u00e9e et de palaeontologie . ( 2 ) 2 , pl . 24 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of nassarius tinei ( maravigna , 1840 ) ) gofas , s . ; le renard , j . ; bouchet , p . ( 2001 ) . mollusca . in : costello , m . j . et al . ( eds ) , european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . patrimoines naturels . 50 : 180 - 213 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of buccinum tinei maravigna , 1840 ) cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]\nnassarius - species dictionary - global : ispot nature - your place to share nature . ispot is a website aimed at helping anyone identify anything in nature . once you ' ve registered , you can add an observation to the website and suggest an identification yourself or see if anyone else can identify it for you .\n( of buccinum gussonii calcara , 1845 ) calcara p . ( 1845 ) . cenno sui molluschi viventi e fossili della sicilia da servire da supplimento ed insieme di critiche osservazioni all ' opera di r . a . philippi . stamperia reale , palermo 49 p . , 4 pl . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 41 [ details ]\ngofas , s . ; le renard , j . ; bouchet , p . ( 2001 ) . mollusca . in : costello , m . j . et al . ( eds ) , european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . patrimoines naturels . 50 : 180 - 213 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\ncernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]\n( of buccinum gussonii calcara , 1845 ) cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]\ngalindo , l . a . ; puillandre , n . ; utge , j . ; lozouet , p . ; bouchet , p . ( 2016 ) . the phylogeny and systematics of the nassariidae revisited ( gastropoda , buccinoidea ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution . 99 : 337 - 353 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthe star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :\nwe want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only , as we handle very few foreign shells in general . as time goes , the system will become more and more performant .\nenter your email address and we will send you an email with your username and password .\ne - mail jecilia sisican if you do not receive your email with your username and password .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 0 . 001 seconds . )\nshell gallery view \u00ab shell encyclopedia , conchology , inc . \u00bb conchological megadatabase on mollusks\nclick on an image to view all the information : family , species , author , date , and full locality .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 1 . 928 seconds . )\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 0 . 016 seconds . )\ngofas , s . ; le renard , j . ; bouchet , p . ( 2001 ) . mollusca , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 180 - 213\ncernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 .\nthis work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - share alike 3 . 0 license\npesi is funded by the european union 7th framework programme within the research infrastructures programme . contract no . ri - 223806 . activity area : capacities . period 2008 - 2011 - website hosted & developed by vliz banner picture : gannet ( morus bassanus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) by karl van ginderdeuren - contact pesi\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nusing cookies on urltoken shellauction uses cookies only for technical reasons and to facilitate and speed up your site navigation . by continuing to browse , you accept the use of cookies ; if you do not wish to receive them please disable them or not navigate this website further . more info cookies on urltoken\nutilizzo dei cookies su urltoken shellauction utilizza i cookies esclusivamente per ragioni tecniche e per facilitare e velocizzare la navigazione del sito . continuando a navigare accetti l ' utilizzo dei cookies , se non desideri riceverli ti invitiamo a disabilitarli oppure a non navigare questo sito ulteriormente . altre informazioni sui cookies di urltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\npf : for the habitat types that can have a non - priority as well as a priority form ( 6210 , 7130 , 9430 ) enter\nx\nin the column pf to indicate the priority form .\ncaves : for habitat types 8310 , 8330 ( caves ) enter the number of caves if estimated surface is not available .\ndata quality : g = ' good ' ( e . g . based on surveys ) ; m = ' moderate ' ( e . g . based on partial data with some extrapolation ) ; p = ' poor ' ( e . g . rough estimation )\nabundance categories ( cat . ) : c = common , r = rare , v = very rare , p = present - to fill if data are deficient ( dd ) or in addition to population size information\ndata quality : g = ' good ' ( e . g . based on surveys ) ; m = ' moderate ' ( e . g . based on partial data with some extrapolation ) ; p = ' poor ' ( e . g . rough estimation ) ; vp = ' very poor ' ( use this category only , if not even a rough estimation of the population size can be made , in this case the fields for population size can remain empty , but the field\nabundance categories\nhas to be filled in )\nlaghi costieri di grande interesse naturalistico oltre che paesaggistico per essere posti in prossimit\u00e0 di capo peloro sullo stretto di messina . floristicamente non presentano un particolare interesse , in quanto le piante che si insediano in questa area umida sono in massima parte abbastanza comuni nell ' isola . si tratta perlopi\u00f9 di elofite , alofite e idrofite , che non costituiscono delle particolari associazioni a causa del forte disturbo antropico e del fatto che la fascia in cui si localizzano \u00e8 piuttosto stretta e non consente il differenziarsi di cenosi . dal punto di vista idro - geologico si tratta di un ' area depressa con fondali rocciosi frammisti a limo e sabbia alimentata da acque marine attraverso dei canali di collegamento con la riva e da acque meteoriche . sotto il profilo climatico l ' area risulta interessata da un bioclima termomediterraneo subumido con precipitazioni medie annue intorno agli 800 mm e temperature medie annue di 18 \u00b0c .\nlaghi costieri di grande interesse naturalistico , oltre che paesaggistico , per essere localizzati in prossimit\u00e0 di capo peloro sullo stretto di messina . il perimetro comprende aree che rivestono un ' importanza strategica nell ' economia dei flussi migratori dell ' avifauna che si sposta nell ' ambito del bacino del mediterraneo . i laghi di faro e ganzirri infatti offrono rifugio ed opportunit\u00e0 trofiche alle specie in migrazione , in particolare agli uccelli acquatici , e per alcune di esse rappresentano anche dei significativi siti di nidificazione . l ' area \u00e8 interessata inoltre da un ampio flusso migratorio di fringillidi , sia in periodo primaverile che autunnale . da non sottovalutare infine la particolare malacofauna di questi ambienti lacustri , che ospita popolazioni talora molto differenziate ed esclusive di questo particolarissimo ecosistema acquatico .\nname : piano di gestione monti peloritani decreto n . 286 del 27 / 05 / 2010\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken"]}
{"id": 1845, "summary": [{"text": "goniobranchus collingwoodi , common name collingwood 's chromodoris , is a species of very colourful sea slug , a dorid nudibranch , a marine gastropod mollusc in the family chromodorididae . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "goniobranchus collingwoodi", "paragraphs": ["chromodoris collingwoodi from sydney from : a . lumnitzer & d . piotrowska , may 22 , 2000\nto biodiversity heritage library ( 1 publication ) ( from synonym chromodoris collingwoodi rudman , 1987 ) to encyclopedia of life ( from synonym chromodoris collingwoodi rudman , 1987 ) to encyclopedia of life to genbank ( 4 nucleotides ; 1 proteins ) to sea slug forum ( via archive . org ) ( from synonym chromodoris collingwoodi rudman , 1987 )\nforster , l . c . ; whinters , a . e . ; cheney , k . l . ; dewapriya , p . ; quezada , m . ; capon , r . j . ; garson , m . j . , spongian - 16 - one diterpenes and their anatomical distribution in the australian nudibranch goniobranchus collingwoodi .\nforster , l . c . ; pierens , g . k . ; white , a . ; cheney , k . l . ; dewapriya , p . ; capon , r . j . ; garson , m . j . , a cytotoxic spiroepoxide lactone and its putative biosynthetic precursor from goniobranchus splendidus .\n( of chromodoris collingwoodi rudman , 1987 ) debelius , h . & kuiter , r . h . ( 2007 ) nudibranchs of the world . conchbooks , frankfurt , 360 pp . isbn : 978 - 3 - 939767 - 06 - 0 page ( s ) : 150 [ details ]\n( of chromodoris collingwoodi rudman , 1987 ) liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of chromodoris collingwoodi rudman , 1987 ) rudman , w . b . ; darvell , b . w . ( 1990 ) . opisthobranch molluscs of hong kong : part 1 . goniodorididae , onchidorididae , triophidae , gymnodorididae , chromodorididae ( nudibranchia ) . asian marine biology . 7 : 31 - 79 . page ( s ) : 58 [ details ]\n( of chromodoris collingwoodi rudman , 1987 ) gosliner , t . m . ; behrens , d . w . ; vald\u00e9s , \u00e1 . ( 2008 ) . indo - pacific nudibranchs and seaslugs . a field guide to the world ' s most diverse fauna . sea challengers natural history books , washington . 426 , pp . page ( s ) : 217 [ details ]\n( of chromodoris collingwoodi rudman , 1987 ) rudman , w . b . ( 1987 ) . the chromodorididae ( ophistobranchia : mollusca ) of the indo - west pacific : chromodoris epicura , c . aureopurpurea , c . annulata , c . coi and risbecia tryoni colour groups . zoological journal of the linnean society . 90 ( 3 ) : 305 - 407 . page ( s ) : 358 [ details ]\nthis species has been confused with c . aureopurpurea collingwood . in fact it differs markedly in colour from c . aureopurpurea , in which the mantle is white with yellow spots , except at the edge , where there is a submarginal row of dark purple spots and a diffuse purple band right at the edge . in c . collingwoodi there is an irregular purple border and then a broad region in which there are small yellow and larger purple spots . the central part of the mantle is usually a translucent red - brown with brownish spots and fine white specks . another species with a similar colour pattern is c . tennentana . in that species the border is bluish purple and the white region inside it has yellow spots . it has a large orange - brown central patch as in c . collingwoodi but differs in having large purple spots each surrounded by a white ring and these are restricted to the central part of the mantle with an orange - brown background colour .\nbelow is a list of publications that have been published as a result of this grant . we antipicitate that we have at least another 8 publications that will be submitted from this project ( as per july 2017 ) : winters , a . e . , green , n . f . , wilson , n . g . , how , m . j . , garson , m . j . , n . justin marshall , n . j . , & cheney , k . l . relaxed selection on individual pattern elements may allow phenotypic divergence of aposematic signals ( accepted , proceedings of the royal society , lond b ) forster , l . c . , pierens , g . k . , white , a . m . , cheney , k . l . , dewapriya , p . , capon , r . j . , and garson , m . j . ( 2017 ) , cytotoxic spiroepoxide lactone and its putative biosynthetic precursor from goniobranchus splendidus acs omega 2 (\njohnson r . f . & gosliner t . m . ( 2012 ) traditional taxonomic groupings mask evolutionary history : a molecular phylogeny and new classification of the chromodorid nudibranchs . plos one 7 ( 4 ) : e33479 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\njensen kr . ( 1998 ) . zoogeographic affinities of hong kong opisthobranchia ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . in : morton b , editor . proceedings of the third international conference on the marine biology of the south china sea , the marine biology of the south china sea . hong kong university press , hong kong . pp 43 - 55 . [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupper right : split solitary is . , 15m , off coffs harbour , nsw , australia , march 1988 , on food sponge . 17mm long alive . lower : a , r\u00e9cif de l ' infernet , in lagoon , off koumac , new caledonia , 20\u00b035 . 8 ' s , 164\u00b012 . 7 ' e , 9 m , inner side of reef , 15 october 1993 , 38mm long alive . b , c . r\u00e9cif de l ' infernet , in lagoon , off koumac , new caledonia , 20\u00b037 . 1 ' s , 164\u00b014 . 7 ' e , 1 m , diverse substrate , 22 october 1993 , 2 specimens ( 23 & 44mm long alive ) . photos : bill rudman .\nthe mantle has a purple border of irregular width . inside this is a broad white region surrounding a large central translucent reddish or orange - brown patch extending from in front of the rhinophores to just behind the gills . there are many bright yellow spots scattered over the outer half of the white region . also in the white region are dark purple spots , usually larger than the yellow ones but not always , and they are more numerous on the inner half . the dark spots are found not only in the white region but also in the central region where they are obscured by the orange - brown pigmentation and appear as shadowy brown regions . one characteristic feature of the central brown region is the scattering of fine white specks all over . in some specimens in which parts of the red - brown region are very pale , the white specks are concentrated over the shadowy brown spots . there is considerable variation in the intensity of the reddish brown central patch as can be seen in the photos on this page .\nthe rhinophore stalk is translucent and the club is a dark reddish brown with white specks along the edge of the lamellae and a white tip . the gills are sub - quadrangular in section . they are translucent with a dark brown , almost black , line down the two edges of each of the outer and inner sides , the pigmentation extending a little out on to both sides of the gill lamellae .\nthe underside of the mantle is white with a purple edge , as dorsally , and there is a purple spot on each oral tentacle . the foot is white with a row of bright yellow spots all around the edge . posteriorly there are some purple patches and sometimes more widespread yellow spots .\nreference : \u2022rudman , w . b . ( 1987 ) the chromodorididae ( opisthobranchia : mollusca ) of the indo - west pacific : chromodoris epicuria , c . aureopurpurea , c . annulata , c . coi and risbecia tryoni colour groups . zoological journal of the linnean society , 90 : 305 - 407 .\nphotos : lower : a , r\u00e9cif de l ' infernet , in lagoon , off koumac , new caledonia , 20\u00b035 . 8 ' s , 164\u00b012 . 7 ' e , 9 m , inner side of reef , 15 october 1993 , 38mm long alive . b , c . r\u00e9cif de l ' infernet , in lagoon , off koumac , new caledonia , 20\u00b037 . 1 ' s , 164\u00b014 . 7 ' e , 1 m , diverse substrate , 22 october 1993 , 2 specimens ( 23 & 44mm long alive ) . photos : bill rudman .\nthe material on this site may not be reproduced , distributed , transmitted , cached or otherwise used , except with the prior written permission of bob goemans .\nuncommon in the solitary islands marine park . found throughout the south pacific . in australia recorded from darwin in the northern territory , coffs harbour and port stephens in nsw .\nfound in rock pools and down to 25m on rocky reef . feeds on sponges .\nmany colour variations exist . one of the larger chromodorids , it lays its eggs on the food source . grows to 80mm .\nall information was correct at the time of publication and is subject to change without notice . copyright 2014 , solitary islands underwater research group inc . ( abn : 38 104 639 980 ) - all rights reserved .\nif is associated with an alamy account you ' ll receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password .\nenter your log in email address and we\u0092ll send you a link to reset your password .\nsorry , this image isn ' t available for this licence . please refer to the license restrictions for more information .\non the alamy prints site ( powered by art . com ) choose your frame , the size and finish of your photo .\nlocation : nelson bay , port stephens . east coast nsw , australia . pacific ocean\nenter your log in email address and we ' ll send you a link to reset your password .\noccurrence describes how often the species is found on surveys within its distribution . it is calculated as the % of reef sites surveyed by rls divers across all the ecoregions in which the species has been observed\nabundance is calculated as the average number of individuals recorded per rls transect , where present .\nplease use this form only for a single type of error . if you see multiple errors on the page for this species , please report these in separate forms by clicking on this button again after submitting this form\nthank you for highlighting this error . we appreciate your assistance in maintaining high quality control standards\nin continuing your browsing of this site , you accept the use of cookies to offer you suitable content and services and realize visits statistics . learn more about cookies .\nf\u00e9d\u00e9ration fran\u00e7aise d ' \u00e9tudes et de sports sous - marins . donn\u00e9es d ' observations pour la reconnaissance et l ' identification de la faune et la flore subaquatiques doris : 2034\nchromodoris coi ( risbec , 1956 ) : h\u00e9ros et al . ( 2007 ) [ statut pour la nouvelle - cal\u00e9donie ] h\u00e9ros , v . , lozouet , p . , maestrati , p . , von cosel , r . , brabant , d . , bouchet , p . 2007 . mollusca of new caledonia . in : payri , c . & richer de forges , b . [ eds ] . compendium of marine species of new caledonia . doc . sci . tech . ird , noum\u00e9a . ii7 ( 2 ) : 199 - 254 . [ urltoken ]\nnational inventory of natural heritage , website : https : / / inpn . mnhn . fr .\nfor full functionality of this site it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions for enabling javascript in your web browser . orcid uses cookies to improve your experience and to help us understand how you use our websites . learn more about how we use cookies .\n{ { ( work . sourcename = = null | | work . sourcename = = ' ' ) ? work . source : work . sourcename } }\nsource : { { ( work . sourcename = = null | | work . sourcename = = ' ' ) ? work . source : work . sourcename } }\nless than a year after a life - threatening accident , steve plain began his journey to climb the world\u2019s seven summits .\nthis month we celebrate an event 50 years ago in western new south wales that changed the course of australian history : the discovery of mungo woman .\nphotographer james dorey offers advice on capturing the perfect shot of our native bees .\nwith a hefty body , a massive wingspan , and a loud , low - pitched buzz , the tropical carpenter bee can be a pretty intimidating sight .\nco - founder of the sea slug census program , stephen smith , a professor from southern cross university\u2019s national marine science centre , says there\u2019s more to the event than just a chance for divers to photograph these colourful , charismatic molluscs . instead , these creatures are proving to be reliable indicators of global climate change .\nafter months of competing to find as many species of nudibranch as possible , in 2013 stephen smith and tom davis decided to take a seemingly casual pastime to a whole new level , launching the nelson bay sea slug census : a 24 - hour competition where particpants capture the kaleidoscopic colours of various different nudibranch species .\nbut after running for several years now the competition has become much more than a chance to capture these colourfully - armoured slugs . stephen told australian geographic that after consolidating a comprehensive record of different species of nudibranchs in port stephens , these slugs , which have a maximum lifespan of just one year , are sensitive indicators of climate change .\n\u201cone of the important things about nudibranchs is that they\u2019ve got a very rapid turnover , which means they respond very quickly to changes in the quality of the environment including pollution and loss of habitat , \u201d stephen said .\n\u201cnudibranchs have specific eating habits , and so they are sensitive to any disruption to their food source . this means we have a fantastic group of organisms , which are likely to respond very quickly to environmental change . and we have all these wonderful divers who want to look for them and photograph them . when you combine this there\u2019s huge potential to monitor the human impacts on marine environments . \u201d\nthe bright patterns of the nudibranch also play an important role for indicating these changes to scientists . \u201cthe good thing about nudibranchs is that they\u2019re so visible . one of the problems when you\u2019re looking for indicators of climate change is that , if you haven\u2019t got much information about a species distribution in the first place , how do you know you\u2019ve found something that\u2019s never been seen at that location before ? with the conspicuous nudibranchs , they\u2019re not hidden . if they\u2019re around we would have seen them and would have documented them , \u201d stephen explained .\nearlier this year the group of nudibranch fanatics identified 12 species that had extended their range to port stephens from tropical waters . \u201cwe\u2019re starting to get a feel for what is a natural seasonal variation\u2026 and we\u2019re looking for signals of change , \u201d stephen explained .\nin 2015 , the nudibranch census was brought to sydney by popular demand and it\u2019ll be back in 2017 . the gold coast has been quick to follow . \u201cthe gold coast is one of our biggest events because there\u2019s a passionate group of organisers there that have found sponsorship from a range of local businesses . but we\u2019ve also got expressions of interest from melbourne , south australia and western australia .\nhaving just returned from three and a half week trip to indonesia , stephen is also eyeing the prospect of the sea slug census going global .\nwe ' re anticipating a sea slug census in indonesia next year . we ' re getting interest from all over the place . . . it ' s been an organic process . we haven ' t pushed it but people have been asking to get involved .\nanimals frequently use dazzling colour patterns to find food , attract mates and avoid predation . aposematic signals are used to warn predators that a species contains chemical or other defense mechanisms . nudibranchs ( marine shell - less molluscs ) store secondary metabolites from dietary sources for their own chemical defenses , and also exhibit a variety of colour patterns , ranging from those that are highly camouflaged against their background to those that display highly conspicuous colour patterns . using a multidisciplinary approach , we investigated the evolution of visual signals in this intriguing model system by evaluating the conspicuousness of colour patterns . we also identified and determined the relative strength of chemical compounds used to deter predators in a range of nudibranch species .\ntheoretical and experimental models predict that warning signals in animals evolve from defended inconspicuous ( cryptic ) species that mutate to produce conspicuous morphs ( leimar et al . , 1986 ) . secondary defenses deter predators during an attack , and once a predator has associated bright coloration with unprofitability of prey , they avoid similarly - coloured prey in future encounters . however , in evolutionary terms , it is unclear whether visual signals in aposematic species are \u2018quantitatively honest\u2019 , in the sense that conspicuousness correlates positively with levels of toxicity and thus conveys reliable information . or whether signals reach a threshold over which predators avoid all signals , irrespective of how conspicuous a signal is ( speed et al . , 2010 ) .\none intriguing , understudied model system to study how aposematic signals have evolved are nudibranchs , which appear strikingly exposed to predation , yet they are avoided by most predators . the majority of nudibranchs have evolved to sequester secondary metabolites from dietary sources , or produce chemicals de novo , which they then use as chemical deterrents . many nudibranchs also use cryptic color patterns or camouflage to blend into their surroundings , opting to avoid detection altogether rather than promote predator recognition ( marin et al . , 1997 ; cheney et al . , 2014 ) . this variation in predator avoidance strategies makes nudibranchs an ideal model system to test theories about the evolution of visual signaling and chemical defenses .\nusing our combined expertise in marine and visual ecology ( karen cheney ) , natural product chemistry ( prof . mary garson ) , and animal vision and signaling ( prof . justin marshall ) . over the course of this grant , we have :\ncollected over 80 species of nudibranch , and have identified the chemistry in approximately 50 species . we have conducted experimental assays on fish and shrimp to examine the strength of these chemical defenses for over 35 nudibranch species ;\ntested key evolutionary hypotheses on the relationship between the conspicuousness of visual signals and the strength of their chemical defenses . we found that those which have the strongest visual signal are generally the most toxic and camouflaged nudibranchs have little chemical defense ;\nhighlighted the significance of this intriguing , emerging model system to the fields of evolution , ecology and sensory neurobiology .\nappeared on tv shows scope ( channel 10 ) and totally wild ( channel 11 ) to explain our work on nudibranchs .\ngiordano , g . , carbone , m . , ciavatta , m . l . , silvano , e . , gavagnin , m . , garson , m . j . , cheney , k . l . , mudianta , i . w . , giovanni fulvio russo 2 , guido villani , g . , zidorn , c . , cutignano , a . , fontana , a . , ghiselin , m . t . , mollo , e . ( 2017 ) volatile secondary metabolites as aposematic olfactory signals and defensive weapons in aquatic environment\nfigure 2 . secondary metabolites from nudibranchs that provide chemical defense from predators ( mary garson , unpublished data ) .\ntan , l . ; cho , k . - j . ; neupane , p . ; capon , r . j . ; hancock , j . f . , an oxanthroquinone derivative inhibits rasd plasma membrane localisation and function .\nmcalpine , j . b . ; chen , s . - n . ; kutateladze , a . ; macmillan , j . ; appendino , g . ; barison , a . ; beniddir , m . ; weber biavatti , m . ; bluml , s . ; boufridi , a . ; butler , m . s . ; capon , r . j . ; choi , y . h . ; crews , p . ; crimmins , m . ; csete , m . ; garson , m . j . ; gerwick , w . ; gross , h . ; hook , j . ; kingston , d . ; koshino , h . ; linington , r . ; mcphail , k . ; molinski , t . ; moore , b . ; nam , j . - w . ; niemitz , m . ; nuzillard , j . - m . ; oberlies , n . ; quinn , r . ; renault , j . - h . ; robien , w . ; schmidt , t . ; seger , c . ; shen , b . ; steinbeck , c . ; stuppner , h . ; taglialatela - scafati , o . ; tantillo , d . ; wang , b . - g . ; williams , c . ; williams , p . ; wist , j . ; ye , y . ; simmler , c . ; bisson , j . ; pauli , g . ; dewapriya , p . , the value universally available raw nmr data for transparency , reproducibility , and integrity in natural product research .\nwei - hua , j . ; salim , a . a . ; dewapriya , p . ; khalil , z . g . ; lin , h . - w . ; capon , r . j . , trichodermides a - e : acyclic nonapeptides from the australian termite nest - derived fungus trichoderma virens cmb - tn16 .\nmohamed , o . g . ; khalil , z . g . ; capon , r . j . , prolinimines : n - amino - l - pro - methyl ester ( hydrazine ) schiff bases from a fish gastrointestinal tract - derived fungus , trichoderma sp . cmb - f563 .\nprasad , p . ; zhang , a . ; salim , a . a . ; capon , r . j . , pursuing sesterterpene lactams in australian irciniidae sponges .\nxu , x . ; yang , h . ; khalil , z . g . ; yin , l . ; xiao , x . ; neupane , p . ; bernhardt , p . ; salim , a . a . ; song , f . ; capon , r . j . , chemical diversity from a chinese marine red alga , symphyocladia latiuscula .\nquezada , m . ; licona - cassani , c . ; cruz - morales , p . ; salim , a . a . ; marcellin , e . ; capon , r . j . ; barona - gomez , f . , diverse cone - snail species harbor closely related streptomyces species with conserved chemical and genetic profiles , including polycyclic tetramic acid macrolactams .\nkhalil , z . g . ; salim , a . a . ; vuong , d . ; crombie , a . ; lacey , e . ; blumenthal , a . ; capon , r . j . , amycolatopsins a - c : new anti - mycobacterial glycosylated polyketide macrorolides from the australian soil amycolatopsis sp . mst - 108494 .\nshang , z . ; raju , r . ; salim , a . a . ; khalil , z . g . ; capon , r . j . , cytochalasins from an australian marine sediment - derived phomopsis sp . ( cmb - m0042f ) : acid - mediated intra - molecular cycloadditions enhance chemical diversity .\novery , d . p . ; correa , h . ; grote , m . ; prigoda - lee , n . ; roullier , c . ; chi , w . - c . ; pang , k . - l . ; rateb , m . e . ; ebel , r . ; shang , z . ; capon , r . j . ; bills , g . f . ; kerr , r . g . , does osmatic stress affect natural product expression in fungi ?\nacs omega 2017 , 2 ( 6 ) : p . 2672 - 2677 . ( open access ) \u200b\nprasad , p . ; dewapriya , p . ; damodar , r . ; salim , a . a . ; capon , r . j . , talarolide a , a cyclic heptapeptide hydroxamate from an australian marine tunicate - associated fungus , talaromyces sp . ( cmb - tu011 ) .\nshang , z . ; salim , a . a . ; capon , r . j . , chaunopyran a : co - cultivation of marine mollusk - derived fungi activates a rare class of 2 - alkenyl - tetrahydropyran .\ntingley , r . ; ward - fear , g . ; greenlees , m . j . ; schwarzkopf , l . ; phillips , b . l . ; brown , g . ; clulow , s . ; webb , j . ; capon , r . j . ; sheppard , a . ; strive , t . ; tizard , m . ; shine , r . , new weapons in the toad toolikit : a review of methods to control and mitigate the biodiversity impacts of invasive cane toads ( rhinella marina ) .\nthe quarterly review of biology , 2017 , 92 ( 2 ) : p . 123 - 149 .\nquezada , m . ; shang , z . ; kalansuriya , p . ; salim , a . a . ; lacey , e . ; capon , r . j . , waspergillamide a , a nitro depsi - tetrapeptide diketopiperazine from an australian mud dauber wasp - associated aspergillus sp . ( cmb - w031 ) .\nfontaine , f . ; overman , j . ; moustaqil , m . ; mamidyala , s . ; salim , a . a . ; narasimhan , k . ; prokoph , n . ; robertson , a . a . b . ; lua , l . l . ; alexandrov , k . ; koopman , p . ; capon , r . j . ; sierecki , e . ; gambin , y . ; jauch , r . ; cooper , m . a . ; zuegg , j . ; francois , m . , small molecule inhibitors of the sox18 transcription factor .\nkalansuriya , p . ; quezada , m . ; esposito , b . p . ; capon , r . j . , talarazines a - e : non - cytotoxic fe ( iii ) chelators from an australia mud dauber wasp - associated fungus , talaromyces sp . ( cmb - w045 ) .\noverman , j . ; fontaine , f . ; moustaqil , m . ; mittal , d . ; sierecki , e . ; sacilotto , n . ; zuegg , j . ; robertson , a . a . b . ; holmes , k . ; salim , a . a . ; mamidyala , s . ; butler , m . s . ; robinson , a . s . ; johnston , w . ; alexandrov , k . ; black , b . ; hogan , b . m . ; de val , s . ; capon , r . j . ; carroll , j . s . ; bailey , t . l . ; koopman , p . ; jauch , r . ; smyth , m . j . ; cooper , m . a . ; gambin , y . ; francois , m . , pharmacological targeting of the transcription factor sox18 delays breast cancer in mice .\ncho , k . - j . ; casteel , d . e . ; prakash , p . ; tan , l . ; van der hoeven , d . ; salim , a . ; kim , c . ; capon , r . j . ; lacey , e . ; cunha , s . ; gorfe , a . ; hancock , j . f . ,\nmolecular and cellular biology , 2016 \u200b . 36 ( 24 ) : p . 3086 - 3099 .\nmarasini , n . ; giddam , a . k . ; hussain , w . m . ; khalil , z . g . ; capon , r . j . ; batzloff , m . r . ; good , m . f . ; skwarczynski , m . ; toth , i . , double adjuvanting strategy for peptide - based vaccines : trimethyl chitosan nanoparticles for delivery of lipopeptide vaccine against group a streptococcus .\nmarasini , n . ; khalil , z . g . ; giddam , a . k . ; ghaffar , k . a . ; hussein , w . m . ; capon , r . j . ; batzloff , m . r . ; good , m . f . ; toth , i . , lipid core peptide / poly ( lactic - co - glycolic acid ) as a highly potent intranasal vaccine delivery system against group a streptococcus .\nchandrudu , s . ; bartlett , s . ; khalil , z . g . ; jia , z . ; hussein , w . m . ; capon , r . j . ; batzloff , m . r . ; good , m . f . ; monteiro , m . j . ; skwarczynski , m . ; toth , i . , linear and branched poly - acrylates as a delivery platform for peptide - based vaccines .\nkhalil , z . g . ; capon , r . j . , innovations in microbial biodiscovery , targeting silent metabolism and new chemical diversity .\nshang , z . ; salim , a . ; khalil , z . g . ; bernhardt , p . ; capon , r . j . , fungal biotransformation of tetracycline antibiotics .\nsong , f . ; he , h . ; ma , r . ; xiao , x . ; wei , q . ; wang , q . ; ji , z . ; dai , h . ; zhang , l . ; capon , r . j . , structure revision of the penicillium alkaloids haenamindole and citreoindole .\nsalim , a . ; tan , l . ; huang , x . - c . ; cho , k . - j . ; lacey , e . ; hancock , j . f . ; capon , r . j . , oligomycins as inhibitors of k - ras plasma membrane localization .\ncheney , k . l . ; white , a . ; mudianta , i . w . ; winters , a . e . ; quezada , m . ; capon , r . j . ; mollo , e . ; garson , m . j . , choose your weaponry : selective storage of a single toxic compound , latrunculin a , by closely related nudibranch molluscs .\nbooth , t . j . ; alt , s . ; capon , r . j . ; wilkinson , b . , synchronous intramolecular cycloadditions of the polyene macrolactam polyketide heronamide c .\nbokony , v . ; moricz , a . ; toth , z . ; gal , z . ; kurali , a . ; miko , z . ; pasztor , k . ; szederkenyi , m . ; t\u00f3th , z . ; ujszegi , j . ; uveges , b . ; kruzselyi , d . ; capon , r . j . ; hoi , h . ; hettyey , a . , variation in chemical defense among natural populations of common toad ( bufo bufo ) tadpoles : the role of environmental factors .\nshang , z . ; salim , a . ; khalil , z . ; quezada , m . ; bernhardt , p . v . ; capon , r . j . , viridicatumtoxins : expanding on a rare tetracycline antibiotic scaffold .\nvijayasarathy , s . ; prasad , p . ; khalil , z . ; fremlin , l . j . ; capon , r . j . , c3 and 2d c3 marfey\u2019s methods for amino acid analysis in natural products .\nzhang , f . ; wang , b . ; prasad , p . ; capon , r . j . ; jia , y . , asymmetric total synthesis of ( + ) \u2013dragmacidin d reveals unexpected stereo complexity .\nshang , z . ; li , l . ; esposito , b . p . ; salim , a . ; khalil , z . ; quezada , m . ; bernhardt , p . ; capon , r . j . , new pks - nrs tetramic acids and pyridinones from an australian marine - derived fungus , chaunopycnis sp .\nqin , t . ; joiner , s . ; khalil , z . ; johnson , r . p . ; capon , r . j . ; porco , j . a . j . , atropselective syntheses of ( - ) and ( + ) rugulotrosin a utilizing point - to - axial chirality transfer .\nkhalil , z . ; ritesh , r . ; salim , a . ; piggott , a . m . ; blumenthal , a . ; capon , r . j . , aranciamycins i and j , antimycobacterial anthracyclines from an australian marine - derived streptomyces sp .\nghaffar , k . a . ; hussain , w . m . ; khalil , z . ; capon , r . j . ; skwarczynski , m . ; toth , i . , levofloxacin and indolicidin for combination antibiotic therapy .\ncurrent drug delivery , 2015 . 12 ( 1 ) : p . 108 - 114 .\nazmi , f . ; elliot , a . g . ; khalil , z . g . ; hussein , w . m . ; kavanagh , a . ; huang , j . x . ; quezada , m . ; blaskovich , m . a . t . ; capon , r . j . ; cooper , m . a . ; skwarczynski , m . ; toth , i . , self - assembling lipopeptides with a potent activity against gram - positive bacteria , including multidrug resistant strains .\nschmidt , j . ; khalil , z . ; capon , r . j . ; stark , c . b . w . , heronapyrrole d : a case of co - inspiration of natural product biosynthesis , total synthesis and biodiscovery .\nsalim , a . ; xiao , x . ; cho , k . - j . ; piggott , a . m . ; lacey , e . ; hancock , j . f . ; capon , r . j . , rare streptomyces polyketides as modulators of k - ras localization .\nsalim , a . ; cho , k . - j . ; tan , l . ; quezada , m . ; lacey , e . ; hancock , j . f . ; capon , r . j . , rare streptomyces n - formyl amino - salicylamides inhibit oncogenic k - ras .\nritesh , r . ; khalil , z . ; piggott , a . m . ; blumenthal , a . ; gardiner , d . l . ; skinner - adams , t . s . ; capon , r . j . , mollemycin a : an antibacterial and antimalarial glyco - hexadepsipeptide - polyketide from an australian marine - derived streptomyces sp . ( cmb - m0244 ) .\nplisson , f . ; prasad , p . ; xiao , x . ; piggott , a . m . ; huang , x . - c . ; khalil , z . ; capon , r . j . , callyspongisines a - d : bromopyrrole alkaloids from an australian marine sponge , callyspongia sp .\nkhalil , z . ; salim , a . ; lacey , e . ; blumenthal , a . ; capon , r . j . , wollamides : antimycobacterial cyclic hexapeptides from an australian soil streptomyces .\nkhalil , z . ; kalansuriya , p . ; capon , r . j . , lipopolysaccharide ( lps ) stimulation of fungal secondary metabolism .\nmycology : an international journal of fungal biology , 2014 . 5 ( 3 ) : p . 168 - 178 .\nkhalil , z . ; huang , x . - c . ; ritesh , r . ; piggott , a . m . ; capon , r . j . , shornephine a : structure , chemical stability and biological activity of a diketomorpholine from an australian marine - derived aspergillus sp .\nhuang , x . - c . ; xiao , x . ; zhang , y . ; talele , t . t . ; salim , a . ; chen , z . - s . ; capon , r . j . , lamellarin o , a pyrrole alkaloid from an australian marine sponge , ianthella sp . , reverses bcrp mediated drug resistance in cancer cells .\nfarrugia , m . ; trotter , n . ; vijayasarathy , s . ; salim , a . a . ; khalil , z . ; lacey , e . ; capon , r . j . , isolation and synthesis of n - acyl adenine and adenosine alkaloids from a southern australian marine sponge , phoriospongia sp .\nding , x . - b . ; furket , d . p . ; capon , r . j . ; brimble , m . a . , total synthesis of heronapyrrole c .\nwang , q . ; song , f . ; xiao , x . ; huang , p . ; li , l . ; monte , a . ; abdel - mageed , w . m . ; wang , j . ; guo , h . ; he , w . ; xie , f . ; dai , h . ; liu , m . ; chen , c . ; xu , h . ; liu , m . ; piggott , a . m . ; liu , x . ; capon , r . j . ; zhang , l . , abyssomicins from a south china sea deep - sea sediment verrucosispora sp . : natural thioether michael addition adducts as antitubercular prodrugs .\nstandish , a . j . ; salim , a . ; capon , r . j . ; morona , r . , dual inhibition of dna polymerase polc and protein tyrosine phosphatase cpsb uncovers a novel antibiotic target .\nritesh , r . ; piggott , a . m . ; quezada , m . ; capon , r . j . , nocardiopsins c and d and nocardiopyrone a : new polyketides from an australian marine - derived nocardiopsis sp .\nliu , x . ; song , f . ; ma , l . ; chen , c . ; xiao , x . ; ren , b . ; liu , x . ; dai , h . ; piggott , a . m . ; av - gay , y . ; zhang , l . ; capon , r . j . , sydowiols a - c : mycobacterium tuberculosis protein tyrosine phosphatase inhibitors from an east china sea marine - derived fungus , aspergillus sydowii .\nhuang , x . - c . ; sun , y . - l . ; salim , a . ; chen , z . - s . ; capon , r . j . , parguerenes : marine red alga bromoditerpenes as inhibitors of p - glycoprotein ( abcb1 ) in multidrug resistant human cancer cells .\nbalansa , w . ; islam , r . ; gilbert , d . f . ; fontaine , f . ; xiao , x . ; zhang , h . ; piggott , a . m . ; lynch , j . w . ; capon , r . j . , australian marine sponge alkaloids as a new class of glycine - gated chloride channel receptor modulator .\nbalansa , w . ; islam , r . ; fontaine , f . ; piggott , a . m . ; zhang , h . ; xiao , x . ; webb , t . i . ; gilbert , d . f . ; lynch , j . w . ; capon , r . j . , sesterterpene glycinyl - lactams : a new class of glycine receptor modulator from australian marine sponges of the genus psammocinia .\nzhang , h . ; xiao , x . ; conte , m . m . ; khalil , z . ; capon , r . j . , spiralisones a\u2013d : acylphloroglucinol hemiketals from an australian marine brown alga , zonaria spiralis .\nzhang , h . ; khalil , z . ; conte , m . m . ; plisson , f . ; capon , r . j . , a search for kinase inhibitors and antibacterial agents : bromopyrrolo - 2 - aminoimidazoles from a deep - water great australian bight sponge , axinella sp .\nzhang , h . ; conte , m . m . ; khalil , z . ; huang , x . - c . ; capon , r . j . , new dictyodendrins as bace inhibitors from a southern australian marine sponge , ianthella sp .\nzhang , h . ; conte , m . m . ; huang , x . - c . ; khalil , z . ; capon , r . j . , a search for bace inhibitors reveals new biosynthetically related pyrrolidones , furanones and pyrroles from a southern australian marine sponge , ianthella sp .\nxu , x . ; piggott , a . m . ; yin , l . ; capon , r . j . ; song , f . , symphyocladins a - g : bromophenol adducts from a chinese marine red alga , symphyocladia latiuscula .\nstandish , a . j . ; salim , a . ; zhang , h . ; whitfield , c . ; capon , r . j . ; morona , r . , chemical inhibition of bacterial protein tyrosine phosphatase suppresses capsule production .\nsong , f . ; liu , x . ; guo , h . ; ren , b . ; chen , c . ; piggott , a . m . ; yu , k . ; gao , h . ; wang , q . ; liu , m . ; liu , x . ; dai , h . ; zhang , l . ; capon , r . j . , brevianamides with antitubercular potential from a marine - derived isolate of aspergillus versicolor .\nsalim , a . ; khalil , z . ; capon , r . j . , structural and stereochemical investigation into bromotyrosine - derived metabolites from southern australian marine sponges , pseudoceratina spp .\nritesh , r . ; piggott , a . m . ; khalil , z . ; bernhardt , p . ; capon , r . j . , heronamycin a : a new benzothiazine ansamycin from an australian marine - derived streptomyces sp .\nplisson , f . ; huang , x . - c . ; zhang , h . ; khalil , z . ; capon , r . j . , lamellarins as inhibitors of p - glycoprotein - mediated multidrug resistance in a human colon cancer cell line .\nplisson , f . ; conte , m . m . ; khalil , z . ; huang , x . - c . ; piggott , a . m . ; capon , r . j . , kinase inhibitors scaffolds against neurodegenerative diseases from a southern australian ascidean , didemnum sp .\nheinrich , n . ; banwell , m . g . ; willis , a . c . ; cade , i . a . ; capon , r . j . ; huang , x . - c . , probing for the pharmacophore of the cytotoxic neoclerodane salvileucalin b .\ncrossland , m . r . ; haramura , t . ; salim , a . ; capon , r . j . ; shine , r . , exploiting intraspecific competitive mechanisms to control invasive cane toads ( rhinella marina ) .\ncho , k . - j . ; park , j . - h . ; piggott , a . m . ; salim , a . ; gorfe , a . ; parton , r . j . ; capon , r . j . ; lacey , e . ; hancock , j . f . , staurosporines disrupt phosphatidylserine traficking and mislocalize ras proteins .\ncapon , r . j . , microbial biodiscovery : back to the future .\ncurrent topics in med . chem . , 2012 . 12 : p . 1508 - 1515\n. alexandrov , k . ; k\u00f6hnke , m . ; schmitt , s . ; ariotti , n . ; piggott , a . m . ; parton , r . g . ; lacey , e . ; capon , r . j . ; abankwa , d . , design and application of in vivo fret biosensors to identify protein prenylation and nanoclustering inhibitors .\nzhang , h . ; khalil , z . g . ; capon , r . j . , fascioquinols a - f : bioactive meroterpenes from a deep - water southern australian marine sponge , fasciospongia sp .\nraju , r . ; piggott , a . m . ; huang , x . - c . ; capon , r . j . , nocardioazines : a novel bridged diketopiperazine scaffold from a marine - derived bacterium inhibits p - glycoprotein .\nrae , j . ; fontaine , f . ; salim , a . a . ; lo , h . p . ; capon , r . j . ; parton , r . g . ; martin , s . , high - throughput screening of australian marine organism extracts of bioactive molecules affecting the cellular storage of neutral lipids .\nfremlin , l . ; farrugia , m . ; piggott , a . m . ; khalil , z . ; lacey , e . ; capon , r . j . , reveromycins revealed : new polyketide spiroketals from australian marine - derived and terrestrial streptomyces spp . a case of natural products vs artefacts .\najala , o . s . ; piggott , a . m . ; plisson , f . ; khalil , z . ; huang , x . - c . ; adesegun , s . a . ; coker , h . a . b . ; capon , r . j . , ikirydinium a : a new indole alkaloid from the seeds of hunteria umbellata ( k . schum ) .\nzhang , h . ; conte , m . m . ; capon , r . j . , franklinolides a - c from an australian marine sponge complex : phosphodiesters dramatically enhance polyketide cytotoxicity .\nwang , s . - c . m . ; myers , s . ; dooms , c . ; capon , r . j . ; muscat , g . e . o . , an err\u03b2 / \u03b3 agonist modulates gr\u03b1 expression and glucocorticoid responsive gene expression in skeletal muscle cells .\nsalim , a . a . ; rae , j . ; fontaine , f . ; conte , m . m . ; khalil , z . ; martin , s . ; parton , r . g . ; capon , r . j . , heterofibrins : inhibitors of lipid droplet formation from a deep - water southern australian marine sponge , spongia ( heterofibria ) sp .\n. raju , r . ; piggott , a . m . ; conte , m . m . ; capon , r . j . , heronamides a - c , new polyketide macrolactams from an australian marine - derived streptomyces sp . a biosynthetic case for synchronized tandem electrocyclization .\nraju , r . ; piggott , a . m . ; conte , m . ; tnimov , z . ; alexandrov , k . ; capon , r . j . , nocardiopsins : new fkbp12 binding macrolide polyketides from an australian marine - derived actinomycetes , nocardiopsis sp .\nraju , r . ; piggott , a . m . ; barrientos diaz , l . x . ; khalil , z . ; capon , r . j . , heronapyrroles a - c : farnesylated 2 - nitropyrroles from an australian marine - derived streptomyces sp .\npeng , c . ; gunaherath , g . m . k . b . ; piggott , a . m . ; khalil , z . ; conte , m . ; capon , r . j . , 9 - ( 5 ' - deoxy - 5 ' - thio - \u03b2 - d - xylofuranosyl ) adenine disulfide from the southern australian marine sponge trachycladus lasvispirulifer : the first natural occurrence of a nucleoside disulfide .\ncapon , r . j . ; el - naggar , m . ; conte , m . , mirabilins revisited : polyketide alkaloids from southern australian marine sponge , clathria sp .\ncapon , r . j . , australian microbial biodiscovery : from bugs to drugs .\ncapon , r . j . , marine natural products chemistry : past , present , and future .\nbalansa , w . ; islam , r . ; fontaine , f . ; piggott , a . m . ; zhang , h . ; webb , t . i . ; gilbert , d . f . ; lynch , j . w . ; capon , r . j . , ircinialactams : subunit - selective glycine receptor modulators from australian sponges of the family irciniidae .\nraju , r . ; piggott , a . m . ; conte , m . ; aalbersberg , w . g . l . ; feussner , k . ; capon , r . j . , naseseazines a and b : a new dimeric diketopiperazine framework from a marine - derived actinomycete , streptomyces sp .\nhayes , r . a . ; piggott , a . m . ; dalle , k . ; capon , r . j . , microbial biotransformation as a source of chemical diversity in cane toad steroid toxins .\nhayes , r . a . ; crossland , m . r . ; hagman , m . ; capon , r . j . ; shine , r . , ontogenetic variation in the chemical defences of cane toads ( bufo marinus ) : toxin profiles and effects on predators .\nhagman , m . ; hayes , r . a . ; capon , r . j . ; shine , r . , alarm cues experienced by cane toad tadpoles affect post - metamorphic morphology and chemical defences .\nfremlin , l . j . ; piggott , a . m . ; lacey , e . ; capon , r . j . , cottoquinazoline a and cotteslosins a and b , metabolites from an australian marine - derived strain of aspergillus versicolor .\nel - naggar , m . ; capon , r . j . , discorhabdins revisited : cytotoxic alkaloids from southern australian marine sponges of the genera higginsia and spongosorites .\nzhang , h . ; major , j . m . ; lewis , r . j . ; capon , r . j . , phorbasins g - k : new cytotoxic diterpenes from a southern australian marine sponge , phorbas sp .\nzhang , h . ; capon , r . j . , phorbasins d - f : diterpenyl - taurines from a southern australian marine sponge , phorbas sp .\nratnayake , r . ; fremlin , l . j . ; lacey , e . ; gill , j . h . ; capon , r . j . , acremolides a - d , lipodepsipeptides from an australian marine - derived fungus , acremonium sp .\nel - naggar , m . ; piggott , a . m . ; capon , r . j . , bistellettazines a - c and bistellettazole a : new terpenyl - pyrrolizidine and terpenyl - imidazole alkaloids from a southern australian marine sponge , stelletta sp .\ncapon , r . j . ; peng , c . ; dooms , c . , trachycladindoles a - g : cytotoxic heterocycles from an australian marine sponge , trachycladus laevispirulifer .\nratnayake , r . ; lacey , e . ; tennant , s . ; gill , j . h . ; capon , r . j . , kibdelones : novel anticancer polyketides from a rare australian actinomycete .\nclark , b . ; lacey , e . ; gill , j . h . ; capon , r . j . , the effect of halide salts on the production of gymnoascus reessii polyenylpyrroles .\ncapon , r . j . ; stewart , m . ; ratnayake , r . ; lacey , e . ; gill , j . h . , citromycetins and bilains a - c : new aromatic polyketides and diketopiperazines from australian marine - derived and terrestrial penicillium spp .\nratnayake , r . ; lacey , e . ; tennant , s . ; gill , j . h . ; capon , r . j . , isokibdelones : novel heterocyclic polyketides from a kibdelosporangium sp .\nmiller , r . e . ; stewart , m . ; woodrow , i . e . ; capon , r . j . , a galloylated cyanogenic glycoside from the australian endemic rainforest tree elaecarpus sericopetalus ( elaeocarpaceae ) .\nclark , b . r . ; capon , r . j . ; lacey , e . ; tennant , s . ; gill , j . h . , citrinin revisited : from monomers to dimers and beyond .\nclark , b . ; capon , r . j . ; lacey , e . ; tennant , s . ; gill , j . h . , quinolactacins revisited : from lactams to imide and beyond .\nclark , b . ; capon , r . j . ; lacey , e . ; tennant , s . ; gill , j . h . , polyenylpyrroles and polyenylfurans from an australian isolate of the soil ascomycete gymnoascus reessii .\nstewart , m . ; capon , r . j . ; lacey , e . ; tennant , s . ; gill , j . h . , calbistrin e and two other new metabolites from an australian isolate of penicillium striatisporum .\nclark , b . ; capon , r . j . ; lacey , e . ; tennant , s . ; gill , j . h . ; bulheller , b . ; bringmann , g . , gymnoascolides a - c : aromatic butenolides from an australian isolate of the soil ascomycete gymnoascus reessii .\nclark , b . ; capon , r . j . ; lacey , e . ; tennant , s . ; gill , j . h . , roquefortine e , a diketopiperazine from an australian isolate of gymnoascus reesii .\ncapon , r . j . ; vuong , d . ; mcnally , m . ; peterle , t . ; trotter , n . ; lacey , e . ; gill , j . h . , ( + ) - echinobetaine b : isolation , structure elucidation , synthesis and preliminary sar studies on a new nematocidal betaine from a southern australian marine sponge , echinodictyum sp .\ncapon , r . j . ; vuong , d . ; lacey , e . ; gill , j . h . , ( - ) - echinobetaine a : isolation , structure elucidation , synthesis and sar studies on a new nematocide from a southern australian marine sponge , echinodictyum sp .\ncapon , r . j . ; trotter , n . , n3 , 5 ' - cycloxanthosine , the first natural occurrence of a cyclonucleoside .\ncapon , r . j . ; singh , s . ; sadaquat , a . ; sotheeswaran , s . , spongosoritin a : a new polyketide from a fijian marine sponge , spongosorites sp .\ncapon , r . j . ; ratnayake , r . ; stewart , m . ; lacey , e . ; tennant , s . ; gill , j . h . , aspergillazines a - e : novel heterocyclic dipeptides from an australian strain of aspergillus unilateralis .\nstewart , m . ; capon , r . j . ; white , j . m . ; lacey , e . ; tennant , s . ; gill , j . h . ; shaddock , m . p . , rugulotrosins a and b : two new antibacterial metabolites from an australian isolate of penicillium sp .\nclark , b . ; capon , r . j . ; stewart , m . ; lacey , e . ; tennant , s . ; gill , j . h . , blanchaquinone : a new anthraquinone from an australian streptomyces sp .\ncapon , r . j . ; skene , c . ; liu , e . h . - t . ; lacey , e . ; gill , j . h . ; heiland , k . ; friedel , t . , nematocidal thiocyanatins from a southern australian marine sponge , oceanapia sp .\ncapon , r . j . ; skene , c . ; liu , e . h . - t . ; lacey , e . ; gill , j . h . ; heiland , k . ; friedel , t . , esmodil : an acetylcholine mimic resurfaces in a southern australian marine sponge raspalia ( raspailia ) sp .\ncapon , r . j . ; skene , c . ; stewart , m . ; ford , j . ; o ' hair , r . a . j . ; williams , l . ; lacey , e . ; gill , j . h . ; heiland , k . ; friedel , t . , aspergillicins a - e : five novel depsipeptides from the marine - derived fungus aspergillus carneus .\nmazzaouri , s . a . ; burrow , m . f . ; tyas , m . j . ; rooney , f . r . ; capon , r . j . , long - term quantification of the release of monomers from dental resin composites and a resin - modified glass ionomer cement .\ngoodger , j . q . d . ; capon , r . j . ; woodrow , i . e . , cyanogenic polymorphism in eucalyptus polyanthemos schauer subsp . vestita l . johnson and k . hill ( myrtaceae ) .\ncapon , r . j . ; skene , c . ; vuong , d . ; lacey , e . ; gill , j . h . ; heiland , k . ; friedel , t . , equilibrating isomers : bromoindoles and a seco - xanthine encountered during a study of nematocides from the southern australian marine sponge hymeniacidon sp .\ncapon , r . j . ; ford , j . ; lacey , e . ; gill , j . h . ; heiland , k . ; friedel , t . , phoriospongin a and b : two new nematocidal depsipeptides from the australian marine sponges phoriospongia sp . and callyspongia bilamellata .\nallan , a . r . ; capon , r . j . ; brown , w . v . ; elgar , m . a . , mimicry of host cuticular hydrocarbons by the salticid spider cosmophasis bitaeniata that preys on the larvae of tree ants oecophylla smaragdina .\nvuong , d . ; capon , r . j . ; lacey , e . ; gill , j . h . ; heiland , k . ; friedel , t . , onnamide f : a new nematocide from a southern australian marine sponge , trachycladus laevispirulifer .\nmcnally , m . ; capon , r . j . , phorbasins b and c : novel diterpenes from a southern australian marine sponge , phorbas species .\ncapon , r . j . ; skene , c . ; liu , e . h . - t . ; lacey , e . ; gill , j . h . ; heiland , k . ; friedel , t . , the isolation and synthesis of novel nematocidal dithiocyanates from an australian marine sponge , oceanapia sp .\n. capon , r . j . ; miller , m . ; rooney , f . , mirabilin g : a new alkaloid from a southern australian marine sponge , clathria species .\ncapon , r . j . ; jenkins , a . ; rooney , f . ; ghisalberti , e . l . , structure revision and assignment of absolute stereochemistry of a marine c21 bisfuranoterpene .\ncapon , r . j . , marine bioprospecting : trawling for treasure and pleasure .\nvuong , d . ; capon , r . j . , phorbasin a : a novel diterpene from a southern australian marine sponge , phorbas species .\nford , j . ; capon , r . j . , discorhabdin r : a new antibacterial pyrroloiminoquinone from two latrunculiid marine sponges , latrunculia sp . and negombata sp .\ncapon , r . j . ; skene , c . ; lacey , e . ; gill , j . h . ; wicker , j . ; heiland , k . ; friedel , t . , lorneamides a and b : two new aromatic amides from a southern australian marine actinomycete .\ncapon , r . j . ; rooney , f . ; murray , l . m . , 1 , 9 - dimethylhypoxanthine from a southern australian marine sponge , spongosorites species .\ncapon , r . j . ; miller , m . ; rooney , f . , clathrins a - c : metabolites from a southern australian marine sponge , clathria species .\novenden , s . p . b . ; capon , r . j . ; lacey , e . ; gill , j . h . ; friedel , t . ; wadsworth , d . , amphilactams a \u2013 d : novel nematocides from southern australian marine sponges of the genus amphimedon .\novenden , s . p . b . ; capon , r . j . , nuapapuin a and sigmosceptrellins d & e : new norterpene cyclic peroxides from a southern australian marine sponge , sigmosceptrella sp .\novenden , s . p . b . ; capon , r . j . , echinosulphonic acids a - c and echinosulphone a : novel bromoindole sulphonic acids and a sulphone from a southern australian marine sponge , echinodictyum .\ncapon , r . j . ; skene , c . ; lacey , e . ; gill , j . h . ; wadsworth , d . ; friedel , t . , geodin a magnesium salt : a novel nematocide from a southern australian marine sponge , geodia .\novenden , s . p . b . ; capon , r . j . , trunculins g - i : new norsesterterpene cyclic peroxides from a southern australian marine sponge , latrunculia sp .\nmckee , t . c . ; galinis , d . l . ; pannell , l . k . ; cardellina ii , j . h . ; laakso , j . ; ireland , c . m . ; murray , l . ; capon , r . j . ; boyd , m . r . , the lobatamides , novel cytotoxic macrolides from southwestern pacific tunicates .\ncapon , r . j . ; rooney , f . ; murray , l . m . ; collins , e . ; sim , a . t . r . ; rostas , j . a . p . ; butler , m . s . ; carroll , a . r . , dragmacidins : new protein phosphatase inhibitors from a southern australian deep - water marine sponge , spongosorites sp .\ncapon , r . j . ; rooney , f . , callyspongynes a and b : new polyacetylenic lipids from a southern australian marine sponge , callyspongia sp .\ncapon , r . j . ; rochfort , s . j . ; ovenden , s . p . b . ; metzger , r . p . , mycaperoxides f and g and a related norterpene ketone from southern australian marine sponges , mycale species .\ncapon , r . j . ; ovenden , s . p . b . ; dargaville , t . , cis - 3 - hydroxy - n - methyl - l - proline : a new amino acid from a southern australian marine sponge , dendrilla sp .\ncapon , r . j . ; barrow , r . a . ; rochfort , s . ; jobling , m . ; skene , c . ; lacey , e . ; gill , j . h . ; friedel , t . ; wadsworth , d . , marine nematocides : tetrahydrofurans from a southern australian brown alga , notheia anomala .\ncapon , r . j . ; barrow , a . b . , acid - mediated conversion of methylene - interrupted bisepoxides to tetrahydrofurans : a biomimetic transformation .\nurban , s . ; capon , r . j . , a new lipid from an australian marine sponge , callyspongia sp .\nrochfort , s . j . ; capon , r . j . , cyclic peroxides and related norterpenes from a southern australian marine sponge , mycale sp .\ncapon , r . j . ; barrow , r . a . ; skene , c . ; rochfort , s . , the biomimetic synthesis of marine epoxylipids : bisepoxides to tetrahydrofurans .\nbassett , s . ; ovenden , s . p . b . ; gable , r . w . ; capon , r . j . , sigmosceptrins a - c : new norterpenes from a southern australian marine sponge , sigmosceptrella sp .\nurban , s . ; hobbs , l . ; hooper , j . n . a . ; capon , r . j . , deoxyspongiaquinones : new sesquiterpene / quinones and hydroquinones from a southern australian marine sponge , eurospongia sp .\nurban , s . ; capon , r . j . , absolute stereochemistry of puupehenone and related metabolites .\nurban , s . ; capon , r . j . , lamellarin - s : a new aromatic metabolite from an australian tunicate , didemnum sp .\nrochfort , s . j . ; watson , r . ; capon , r . j . , dictyosphaerin : a novel bicyclic lipid from a southern australian marine green alga , dictyosphaeria sericea .\nrochfort , s . j . ; metzger , r . ; hobbs , l . ; capon , r . j . , new chromenols from a southern australian tunicate , aplidium solidum .\nrochfort , s . j . ; capon , r . j . , parguerenes revisited : new brominated diterpenes from the southern australian marine red alga , laurencia filiformis .\nrochfort , s . j . ; atkin , d . ; capon , r . j . ; hobbs , l . , hippospongins a - f : new furanoterpenes from a southern australian marine sponge , hippospongia sp .\nrochfort , s . ; gable , r . ; capon , r . j . , mycalone : a new steroidal lactone from a southern australian marine sponge , mycale sp .\nbarrow , r . a . ; murray , l . ; lim , t . k . ; capon , r . j . , mirabilins ( a - f ) : new alkaloids from a southern australian marine sponge , arenochalina mirabilis .\nallan , r . a . ; elgar , m . a . ; capon , r . j . , exploitation of an ant chemical alarm signal by zodariid spider habronestes bradleyi walckenaer .\nproc . r . soc . b , 1996 . 263 ( 1366 ) ( series b ) : p . 69 - 73 .\nurban , s . ; wilton , h . ; lu , c . c . ; capon , r . j . , a new sesquiterpene alcohol from an antarctic sponge .\nurban , s . ; hobbs , l . ; hooper , j . n . a . ; capon , r . j . , lamellarins q and r : new aromatic metabolites from an australian marine sponge , dendrilla cactos .\nurban , s . ; capon , r . j . , a new furanoditerpene from a southern australian marine sponge , thorectandra choanoides .\ntran , n . h . ; hooper , j . n . a . ; capon , r . j . , new oxygenated sesquiterpenes from a southern australian marine sponge , dictyodendrilla sp .\nmurray , l . m . ; lim , t . k . ; hooper , j . n . a . ; capon , r . j . , isobromotopsentin : a new bis ( indole ) alkaloid from the deep water marine sponge spongosorites sp .\nmurray , l . ; lim , t . k . ; currie , g . ; capon , r . j . , aplidites ( a to g ) : macrocyclic orthonitrites from an australian tunicate , aplidium sp .\nmurray , l . ; hamit , h . ; hooper , j . n . a . ; hobbs , l . ; capon , r . j . , a new sesterterpene tetronic acid from an australian marine sponge , psammocinia sp .\nmurray , l . ; currie , g . ; capon , r . j . , a new macrocyclic \u03b3 - pyrone from a southern australian marine red alga .\nbeveridge , a . a . ; hill , m . ; anderson , a . p . ; capon , r . j . , the effect of the marine natural product variabilin on contractile activity of the guinea - pig ileum .\nurban , s . ; capon , r . j . ; hooper , j . n . a . , a new alkaloid from an australian marine sponge , spongosorites sp .\nurban , s . ; capon , r . j . , marine sesquiterpene quinones and hydroquinones : acid - catalysed rearrangements and stereochemical investigations .\nurban , s . ; butler , m . s . ; capon , r . j . , lamellarins o and p : new aromatic metabolites from the australian marine sponge , dendrilla cactos .\nrochfort , s . j . ; capon , r . j . , a new sesquiterpene / phenol from the australian marine brown alga perithalia caudata .\ndavis , r . ; capon , r . j . , two for one : structure revision of the marine sesterterpene tetronic acid strobilinin to ( 8z , 13e , 20z ) - strobilinin and ( 8e , 13e , 20z ) - strobilinin .\ncardamone , m . ; puri , n . k . ; sawyer , w . h . ; capon , r . j . ; brandon , m . r . , a spectroscopic and equilibrium binding analysis of cationic detergent - protein interactions using soluble and insoluble recombinant porcine growth hormone .\ncapon , r . j . ; dargaville , t . r . ; davis , r . , the absolute stereochemistry of variabilin and related sesterterpene tetronic acids .\nbonny , m . l . ; capon , r . j . , a sesquiterpene quinone and hydroquinone from the southern australian marine sponge , thorecta choanoides .\nbarrow , r . a . ; capon , r . j . , carduusynes ( a - e ) : acetylenic acids from the great australian bight marine sponge phakellia carduus .\nanderson , a . p . ; beveridge , a . a . ; capon , r . j . , pharmacological properties of the natural marine product furospongin - 1 ."]}
{"id": 1848, "summary": [{"text": "jameson 's mamba ( dendroaspis jamesoni ) is a species of quick , highly arboreal and highly venomous snake of the family elapidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "the species is endemic to africa . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "jameson ' s mamba", "paragraphs": ["common name ( s ) : traill\u2019s green mamba , east african jameson\u2019s mamba , jameson\u2019s blacktail mamba .\n: traill ' s green mamba , east african jameson ' s mamba , jameson ' s blacktail mamba .\ncommon names traill ' s green mamba , western green mamba , jameson ' s green mamba , jameson ' s mamba ( d . j . jamesoni ) , east african jameson ' s mamba ( d . j . kaimosae )\nthere are four species of mamba : the eastern green mamba , western green mamba , jameson\u2019s mamba and black mamba and are found across africa .\nmattias klum - i photographed this jameson ' s mamba killing . . . | facebook\nmechanism of action of jameson ' s mamba venom on the superior cervical ganglion of cat .\njameson ' s mamba are mostly occurs in kenya , nigeria , congo , uganda , etc .\nyep , the atheris is cool but i really like that jameson ' s mamba . all are nice additions .\nmechanism of action of jameson ' s mamba venom on the superior cervical ganglion of cat . - pubmed - ncbi\njameson ' s mamba was first described in 1843 by thomas traill , a scottish physician , zoologist and scholar of medical jurisprudence . in 1936 , arthur loveridge described two subspecies , the nominotypical\nd . jamesoni jamesoni\nand\nd . jamesoni kaimosae\n; the latter is commonly referred to as eastern jameson ' s mamba or the black - tailed jameson ' s mamba .\nin the event of an actual or probable bite from a jameson ' s mamba , execute the following first aid measures without delay .\n: jameson ' s mamba ( dendroaspis jamesoni ) is distributed from the western coast to the central parts of equatorial africa . the subspecies\njameson ' s mamba will chase prey , similar to other mamba species . when prey is caught , jameson ' s mamba will strike until the prey dies . since this species is arboreal , birds make up a large portion of their diet . small mammals such as mice , rats , and bats and small lizards are also preyed upon .\nyeah i ' m not a big elapid fan either but those are some choice specimens . i love the scalation of the jameson ' s mamba .\nsmell is detected by the use of mamba ' s tongue , which picks up vibrations . vibrations can also be picked up from the ground through the mamba ' s body .\njameson\u2019s mamba has short fangs at the the front of the skull , and requires the snake to hold down for a short period of time , though this mamba strike repeatedly to get the same effect .\nlocal symptoms : local tissue damage appears to be relatively infrequent and of minor severity in most cases of jameson ' s mamba envenomation . edema is typically minimal .\n\u2026of east and south africa , jameson\u2019s mamba ( d . jamesoni ) of central africa , and the west african green mamba ( d . viridis ) are all more timid than the black mamba and have not been reported to attack humans . like the black mamba , they will flatten their necks into a narrow hood as\u2026\nfound in primary and secondary rainforests , woodland , forest - savanna and deforested areas at elevations up to high . jameson ' s mamba is an adaptable species , found in areas where there has been extensive deforestation and human development . they are often found around buildings , town parks , farmlands and plantations . jameson ' s mamba is a highly arboreal snake , more so than its close relatives the eastern green mamba and western green mamba , and significantly more so than the black mamba .\nthe double mamba ( rarely known as the twin mamba ) was a development of the armstrong siddeley mamba with two mambas driving contra - rotating propellers through a combining gearbox .\nthe three green mamba species are smaller ( 1 . 5\u20132 metres , maximum 2 . 7 metres ) and are usually found in trees . the east african green mamba ( d . angusticeps ) of east and south africa , jameson\u2019s mamba ( d . jamesoni ) of central africa , and the west african green mamba ( d . viridis ) are all\u2026\ncarri\u00f3n , pere mart\u00ednez 2002 . dendroaspis jamesoni jameson ' s mamba ( traill , 1843 ) . reptilia ( gb ) ( 21 ) : 39 - 42 . - get paper here\nthe bite of jameson ' s mamba with envenomation can be rapidly fatal ( as early as 30 to 120 minutes ) . please read the attached medical management protocol and respond appropriately .\nfour species of mamba are currently recognized by the scientific community . they include : the black mamba , the east african green mamba , the west african green mamba , and the jameson ' s mamba . all species of mambas live in africa . the black mamba is widely recognized as the most dangerous of all african snake species to encounter in the wild . the black mamba is capable of reaching lengths of over 9 feet and will travel both on the ground as well as in the trees . all species of mambas are egg - layers\nvaz pinto , pedro and william r . branch . 2015 . geographic distribution . dendroaspis jamesoni thrail , 1843 , jameson ' s mamba . african herp news ( 62 ) : 45 - 47\nthe mac mamba , mamba range is an australian two - seat light aircraft designed and built by the melbourne aircraft corporation .\nthe\nblack mamba\nreference in its title is an allusion to the black mamba snake . according to the author :\nblaylock , r . s . : ( to the editor ) black mamba envenomation . s . afr . med . j . , 68 : 293 , 1985 .\na deadly green mamba , one of the world\u2019s most venomous snakes , has slithered into britain on a cargo ship .\nthere are four species of mambas : the black mamba ( dendroaspis polylepis ) , eastern green mamba ( dendroaspis angusticeps ) , western green mamba ( dendroaspis viridis ) , and jameson ' s mamba ( dendroaspis jamesoni ) . like chance mentioned , the jameson ' s mamba has two valid subspecies , ( d . j . jamesoni , and d . j . kaimosea ) . the nominate subspecies has a yellow tail with black - edged scales , while d . j . kaimosea , ( also known as the black - tail mamba ) , has a black tail as the name suggests . the two subspecies also have several differences in scalation . hope this helps , bryan\ndendroaspis viridis\nwas first described by the american herpetologist and physician edward hallowell in 1844 . in addition to being called the western green mamba , this species is also commonly known as the west african green mamba or hallowell ' s green mamba .\nmake sure that at least 10 vials of south african institute for medical research ( s . a . i . m . r ) polyvalent antivenom are present with the patient . this anti - antivenom contains the appropriate fractions necessary to neutralize jameson ' s mamba venom .\nmambas have scales on their bodies . the green in the mamba ' s body is used to help hide it from its enemies while resting in the trees . the mamba ' s jaw is adapted for feeding , with the snake ' s skin being elastic and it being able to dislocate . that is why the mamba can swallow prey up to four times the size of its head .\nclinical differences between the common ( dendroaspis jamesoni jamesoni ) and the east african ( dendroaspis jamesoni kaimosae ) jameson ' s mambas have not been described or recorded .\njameson\u2019s mamba is a long , slender snake with a tapering tail that can make up to 25 % percent of its total length . they grow from 1 . 5 - 2 . 2 meters ( or 4 . 9 - 7 . 2 feet ) . their backs are a dull green , which pales to a lighter green , yellow , or even cream belly . like all mambas , jameson\u2019s mamba , when threatened , can flatten its neck , much like a cobra .\nnephrotoxicity : acute renal failure has been reported in a few cases of black mamba bites in humans as well as in animal models . it has not yet been reported in jameson ' s mamba envenomations . oliguria or anuria with possible changes in urinary composition will herald the development of renal shutdown . dialysis is advised .\nl . luiselli and others ,\nlarge elapids and arboreality : the ecology of jameson ' s green mamba ( dendroaspis jamesoni ) in an afrotropical forested region\n, contrib zoo , 69 ( 3 ) , 2000 , pp . 147 - 155\nmamba is a steel hypercoaster designed by steve okamoto and manufactured by d . h . morgan manufacturing . mamba is located at worlds of fun in kansas city , missouri . mamba opened in 1998 at a cost of 10 million usd .\na black mamba (\ndendroaspis polylepis\n) , is a venomous snake .\njameson\u2019s mamba will chase its prey , and once it catches it , it will strike repeatedly until the prey is dead , and then consume it . it\u2019s prey of choice is usually birds ( since , y\u2019know , they live in trees ) , but they will eat other animals such as mice , lizards , and bats .\nit is not advisable to utilize subcutaneous or intra - dermal testing for sensitivity to equine products in that such testing may be unreliable , and may unneces - sarily delay antivenom therapy which must be used if any signs of jameson ' s mamba envenomation are present .\nthe mamba is a semi - automatic pistol developed in rhodesia and later produced in south africa , intended for military and police duty . it is named after the mamba .\nthe black mamba is much more terrestrial than the other three species of mamba , but it readily takes to the trees in search of prey and to bask or seek shelter .\nsome properties and the complete primary structures of two reduced and s - carboxymethylated polypeptides ( s5c1 and s5c10 ) from dendroaspis jamesoni kaimosae ( jameson ' s mamba ) venom .\njoubert f . j . , taljaard n . biochim . biophys . acta 579 : 228 - 233 ( 1979 ) [ pubmed ] [ europe pmc ] [ abstract ]\n: jameson ' s mamba venom is dangerous and potentially lethal . the venom is principally neurotoxic because of the action of dendrotoxins and fasciculins . local effects include swelling and severe pain . possible systemic effects are headache , vomiting , abdominal pain , diarrhea , nausea , collapse or convulsions .\ncrisp , n . g . : ( to the editor ) black mamba envenomation . s . afr . med . j . , 68 : 293 , 1985 .\nthe genus dendroaspis contains all the species of mambas . there is the eastern green mamba (\nwestern green mambas are more alert , more poisonous then eastern green mamba and very quick .\nthe mamba\u2019s major predators are birds of prey such as the congo serpent eagle ( pictured ) . other predators are the honey badger , other snakes , and the mongoose .\nsnake venom toxins . the amino acid sequences of two toxins from dendroaspis jamesoni kaimosae ( jameson ' s mamba ) venom .\nstrydom a . j . c . biochim . biophys . acta 328 : 491 - 509 ( 1973 ) [ pubmed ] [ europe pmc ] [ abstract ]\nsign up for a new account in our community . it ' s easy !\nthe primary structure of a short neurotoxin homologue ( s4c8 ) from dendroaspis jamesoni kaimosae ( jameson ' s mamba ) venom .\njoubert f . j . , taljaard n . int . j . biochem . 12 : 567 - 574 ( 1980 ) [ pubmed ] [ europe pmc ] [ abstract ]\nsymtoms of envenomation : jameson\u2019s mamba venom is dangerous and potentially lethal . the venom is principally neurotoxic because of the action of dendrotoxins and fasciculins . local effects include swelling and severe pain . possible systemic effects are headache , vomiting , abdominal pain , diarrhoea , nausea , collapse or convulsions . neurotoxic paralysis is common .\nantivenom therapy is the mainstay of treatment for jameson ' s mamba envenomation . many of the symptoms are ameliorated or entirely eliminated by the antivenom alone . other symptoms will require additional therapeutic modalities . local symptoms may take several days to weeks to completely resolve ; their progression , however , may be controlled with antivenom therapy .\nfor a key to species abbreviations . comparisons between means were made using student ' s\nin july 2012 , mamba changed its name to wamba in order to keep expanding into new markets with a unified name . in many countries the domain \u201c mamba \u201d was already taken by storck , a producer of chewy sweets , so \u201c mamba \u201d had to create a new brand for the international market .\n: the jameson ' s mamba is a large species and adults reach a total length of 180 to 250 cm . the tail makes up approximately 25 % of the total lengh . these snakes have relatively long and narrow heads . the eyes are medium sized with a round pupil . dorsal scales are narrow , smooth and oblique .\ngeneral shape : the jameson\u2019s mamba is a large species and adults reach a total length of 180 to 250 cm . the tail makes up approximately 25 % of the total lengh . these snakes have relatively long and narrow heads . the eyes are medium sized with a round pupil . dorsal scales are narrow , smooth and oblique .\na graduate of the university of santo tomas , secretary mamba is a physician by profession . he is currently the presidential legislative liaison officer , with cabinet rank and a member of the cabinet . he is a son of the late congressman francisco k . mamba and mrs . estela novena mamba . he is married to attorney mabel villarica - mamba , a member of the board of directors of the philippine charity sweepstakes office .\nthe three species of green mambas are arboreal , whereas the black mamba is largely terrestrial . all four species are active diurnal hunters , preying on birds , lizards , and small mammals . at nightfall some species , especially the terrestrial black mamba , shelter in a lair . a mamba may retain the same lair for years .\nthe specific name\nangusticeps\nis derived from the latin word\nangustus\n, which means\nnarrow\nand\n- ceps\nis also latin and is derived from the word\ncephalicus\nwhich means\nhead\nor\nof or relating to the head\n, calling attention to the long narrow head of this species . in addition to being called the eastern green mamba , this species is also commonly known as the common green mamba , east african green mamba , white - mouthed mamba , or just simply the green mamba .\nis commonly known as the black mamba . you can learn more about this venomous snake as you read more !\ninhabits the eastern parts of the range . the species occur in angola , burundi , cameroon , cabinda , central african republic , democratic republic of congo , equatorial guinea , gabon , ghana , kenya , nigeria , rwanda , sudan , togo and uganda . jameson ' s mambas are usually found from sea level to altitudes of 2200 metres above the sea . jameson ' s mambas inhabits rainforests , woodlands and thickets . according to local people these mambas are quite often found near towns , within city parks and farms .\n? ? ? to ? ? ? meter above sea level ( a . s . l . )\nscottish spca chief inspector john carle said : \u201cthe green mamba snake is one of the most deadly snakes in the world .\nmamba bites may happen unnoticed , a swift contact is enough . bite victim may feel no pain , bite marks sometimes not even visible . if a mamba touched you with the head you should immediately get medical help ! venom can kill in minutes .\nreproduction : jameson\u2019s mambas are oviparous and the clutch consists of 6 - 17 eggs . males are known to combat , pressing each other onto the ground . combats may last for several hours . the actual mating takes place in trees with both male and female tails hanging down .\n: jameson ' s mambas are oviparous and the clutch consists of 6 - 17 eggs . males are known to combat , pressing each other onto the ground . combats may last for several hours . the actual mating takes place in trees with both male and female tails hanging down .\nclassification is organized into tiers , with each descending category becoming more specific to the organism . this is the classification for the black mamba :\n= 7 ) and nigeria ( mean = 86 . 7 % , s . d . = 8 . 03 ,\n= 7 ) and nigeria ( mean = 79 . 2 % , s . d . = 9 . 71 ,\nhematological symptoms may present as a disseminated intravascular coagulopathy , and are treated as are other dics . this , however , is rare with mamba envenomation .\nspawls , s . , branch , b . 1995 . the dangerous snakes of africa . blandford , london , 192 pp .\njameson\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s mamba is a swift , tree - dwelling predator that actively pursues small animal prey by day . it has been known to drop from a higher branch onto unsuspecting prey perched below , often falling to the ground with it . it kills its prey with venom before eating it .\ngoldberg , s . r . 2009 . dendroaspis jamesoni ( traill , 1843 ) reproduction . african herp news ( 50 ) : 27\nsee today ' s front and back pages , download the newspaper , order back issues and use the historic daily express newspaper archive .\nmambas are another group of snakes , they are more deadly , more venemous and swift - moving snakes then any other species . mambas are of four different types they are black mambas , eastern green mambas , western green mambas and the jameson ' s mambas . mambas are thin , terrestrial and light weighted snakes . mambas are mostly in green , brown and black in colour . mambas are mostly available in the continent of africa . mambas have higly toxic poison which can kill any large prey in few seconds , a mamba ' s bite can be very dangerous for human beings as it ' s poison mostly affects the heart and lungs of human beings . mambas mostly like to live in stems of trees and also in other places such as dense forests , rocky lands and in deserts .\nendemic to africa , jameson ' s mamba is mostly found in central and west africa , but it can be found in some areas of east africa . here , it lives in rainforests , woodland , forest - savannah , and deforested areas at elevations up to 2 , 200 meters ( 7 , 200 feet ) ! it is arboreal , more so than all the other mambas . however , it is very adaptable , and is often found in parks , buildings , farmlands , and generally anywhere there are people .\nthe american heritage\u00ae stedman ' s medical dictionary copyright \u00a9 2002 , 2001 , 1995 by houghton mifflin company . published by houghton mifflin company .\nchevy : you seem to have misread parts of c . j . p . ionides book ` ` mambas and man - eaters . ` ` he does mention orange and coral colored snakes , but he is talking about cobras , not mambas when he states this . we have to remember that he was working in africa between 1945 and 1965 , so all the modern sub - specific designations of the mambas were not known to him . he says on page 159 ` ` the three mambas i know , namely the black , the green and jameson ` s are all arboreal . ` ` he makes no distinction between the greens of east or west africa . later in the book he says ` ` the green is a beautiful mamba with an iridescent green back and a distinctly yellowish - green belly . for coloring and grace second only to the jameson ` s which is a wonderful velvety blue with dark green interspersed with black on the anterior portions and a black tail . ` ` this would seem to explain the blue mamba you mentioned . hope this helps johnz\nrenal symptoms are uncommon in mamba envenomation , but may complicate the situation , and if severe ( i . e . , acute renal failure ) may necessitate peritoneal dialysis .\nthe venom of jameson\u2019s mamba is highly neurotoxic , the main neurotoxins being dendrotoxins , but also contains cardiotoxins , hemotoxins , and myotoxins . symptoms of envenomation include but are not limited to : respiratory paralysis , drowsiness , restlessness , sudden loss of consciousness , vertigo , limb paralysis , ataxia ( sudden loss of control of body movement ) , shock , hypotension , nausea , vomiting , epistaxis ( bleeding from the nose ) , and a plethora of other things you really don\u2019t want to have ( and would take up too much space here ) .\nthe largest venomous snake is king cobra and the most venomous is a species of sea krait . they are closely related to the more tree - dwelling green mamba , which is just as deadly . both types of mamas are rear - fanged . rear - fanged snakes cannot fold their fangs back like rattlesnakes and others . the fangs are fixed much like those of a coral snake ; however , the black mamba ' s fangs are located in the rear of the mouth not the front .\nsaunders , c . r . : report on a black mamba bite of a medical colleague . cent . afr . j . med . , 26 : 121 , 1980 .\n= 0 . 022 ) between the mean decline of females ( mean = 81 . 2 % , s . d . = 8 . 071 ,\n= 0 . 045 ) between that of males from europe ( mean = 57 . 2 % , s . d . = 18 . 80 ,\nwith the nearest anti - venom for the green mamba bite in london , and no secure facilities available the decision was to put the animal down due to \u201chealth and safety concerns\u201d .\npitman , c . r . s . 1974 . a guide to the snakes of uganda . codicote , wheldon & wesley , l . , 290 pp .\n: mamba bites can cause severe , even lethal systemic ( paralytic ) effects . they require urgent assessment & treatment . admit at least overnight . instant antivenin therapy is the most important treatment .\n< p > this section provides information on the disease ( s ) and phenotype ( s ) associated with a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / pathology _ and _ biotech _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n( yes , there\u2019s so much i need another slide , that\u2019s how bad it is . ) after being bitten , death can occur 30 and 120 minutes , but may take up to six hours or more , for untreated bites . the mortality rate for untreated bites is unknown , but is said to be very high .\naeberhard , r . 2008 . dendroaspis jamesoni kaimosae - haltung und erste erfahrungen mit der vermehrung von jamesons mamba . reptilia ( m\u00fcnster ) 13 ( 70 ) : 31 - 36 - get paper here\ntreatment summary mamba bites can cause severe , even lethal systemic ( paralytic ) effects . they require urgent assessment & treatment . admit at least overnight . urgent antivenom therapy is the most important treatment .\ntreatment : mamba bites can cause severe , even lethal systemic ( paralytic ) effects . they require urgent assessment & treatment . admit at least overnight . instant antivenin therapy is the most important treatment .\n= 10 , range : 69 . 5\u201396 . 0 % ) and males ( mean = 63 . 8 % , s . d . = 19 . 22 ,\nlillywhite , harvey b . 2014 . how snakes work : structure , function and behavior of the world ' s snakes . oxford university press , new york , 256 pp\n= 0 . 243 ) between the magnitude of the decline of females from europe ( mean = 78 . 9 % , s . d . = 7 . 39 ,\nit ' s a dog eat dog world , take a look at these amazing cannibal animals , from a snake swallowing a kangaroo to a seagull eating a fellow bird .\na bright green coloration helps the animal to hide in the foliage of its native africa . an egg layer , the green mamba , has been observed feeding on birds , mammals , and the occasional reptile . once anti - venom was produced , the death rate from mamba bites has gone down but still remains a serious threat to humans as this animal and the growing human population come into contact with each other .\neach vial of s . a . i . m . r . polyvalent antivenom is packaged as a pepsin - digested purified liquid form , and is ready for immediate use .\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nthe bite of the black mamba is deadly and will kill a human around 4 hours after receiving the bite . the venom is neurotoxic and cardiotoxic . if not treated the symptoms are but not limited to : the tightening of the chest muscles , blurred vision , mental confusion , and an overall feeling of great discomfort . biting and the threat display will only occur if the snake is not able to escape . an example of this would be a snake caught in someone ' s house with the owner trying to remove it with a broom . before antivenin was available the bite of a black mamba was always fatal .\nthe black mamba is in the kingdom animalia which contains all eukaryotic organisms that lack a cell wall , can\u2019t produce their own food , are motile at some point in their life cycle , and have flat mitochondrial cristae .\npauwels , o . s . g . & vande weghe , j . p . 2008 . les reptiles du gabon . smithsonian institution , washington : 272 pp . - get paper here\n1 . it is possible for a jameson ' s mamba to deliver more than one bite in a single attack , and thus may inject a larger volume of venom . if there is evidence that such an attack occurred ( i . e . , history or multiple bite sites ) , the initial dose of antivenom should be 8 vials ( 80 mls ) given by direct intravenous infusion . give the antivenom at a rate of 1 vial ( 10 mls ) per 2 minutes . watch closely for signs of allergic response . give all subsequent antivenom doses in one vial incre - ments at a rate of 1 ( 10 mls ) vial per 5 minutes as necessitated by the presence of continued signs and symptoms of envenomation .\n< p > this section provides information about the protein and gene name ( s ) and synonym ( s ) and about the organism that is the source of the protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / names _ and _ taxonomy _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\nbandage and immobilize the bitten limb with crepe bandages and splint as described in the immediate first aid section . rest this extremity below the level of the patient ' s heart ( if practical ) .\nthey are aggressive snakes that spring up to strike so when someone gets bitten , it ' s usually on the head . black mambas also go after birds - and they ' re good at it . one mamba even had a parrot inside its stomach . after biting their prey , black mambas leave it to die . the venom is strong enough to kill prey in a matter of minutes so the snakes don ' t have to wait long for their meal .\nhave the south african institute for medical research ( s . a . i . m . r . ) polyvalent antivenom ready for the emergency crew to take with the victim to the hospital . give them the following :\ntraill , t . s . 1843 . description of the elaps jamesoni , a new species of serpent from demerara . edinburgh new . phil . j . , 34 ( 67 ) : 53 - 55 - get paper here\nkeep the victim calm and reassured . allow him or her to lie flat and avoid as much movement as possible . if possible , allow the bitten limb to rest at a level lower than the victim ' s heart .\nrain forest facts : one of the most feared snakes in africa , the green mamba , is capable of delivering a powerful neurotoxic venom to both prey items and would - be predators . this highly arboreal animal is thinly built to allow for ease of movement in the trees .\nvery slowly begin to remove the bandages and splint watching carefully for any changes in the patient ' s status . if any changes occur , assume the patient has been envenomed and prepare to give antivenom immediately ( as directed below ) .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\n: jameson ' s mambas are supposed to be quite nervous in captivity but the pair i have are relatively docile . however , they are very alert and will follow every movement . my mambas are active during they day and i often find them moving about in the branches . at night they hide in the trap boxes or plants . due to their agility and speed mambas can be a handful to handle . i use trap boxes when i need to move my individuals . if necessary i use tongs and / or hooks to maneuver them . captive breeding seems to be very rare . as far as i know only a few successful breedings have been recorded in europe .\ncarlino , p . & pauwels , o . s . g . 2015 . an updated reptile list of ivindo national park , the herpetofaunal hotspot of gabon . bull . chicago herp . soc . 50 ( 3 ) : 25 - 39 - get paper here\nwithdraw the contents of 4 vials of south african institute for medical research ( s . a . i . m . r . ) polyvalent antivenom . administer the antivenom i . v . piggyback at a rate of 1 vial ( 10 mls ) per minute .\ncaptivity behaviour and handling : jameson\u2019s mambas are supposed to be quite nervous in captivity but the pair i have are relatively docile . however , they are very alert and will follow every movement . my mambas are active during they day and i often find them moving about in the branches . at night they hide in the trap boxes or plants . due to their agility and speed mambas can be a handful to handle . i use trap boxes when i need to move my individuals . if necessary i use tongs and / or hooks to manoeuvre them . captive breeding seems to be very rare . as far as i know only a few successful breedings have been recorded in europe .\nneurological symptoms ( especially respiratory obstruction or failure ) tend to predominate the clinical picture in cases of mamba envenomation , and are usually the most immediate cause of dangerous problems . often , these are improved by the antivenom . if breathing becomes impaired , provide respiratory assistance . secretions may become copious necessitating suctioning or even intubation .\nnaja nigricollis has an extreme geographic range within africa . the morph we maintain and breed is the black , red bellied with a skin texture of a silky matt finish similar to that of a boelen ' s python . it should be understood that these snakes rarely spit .\nafter the first four vials ( 40 mls ) of antivenom have been administered , the splint and the bandages may be removed . this should be done very slowly over a period of five minutes to prevent a bolus release of venom . if the patient ' s condition worsens :\nenclosure : i recommend that jameson\u2019s mambas are kept in large spacious enclosures which have been equipped with branches and live plants . a few hidingplaces , such as trap boxes are required . i keep my pair in an enclosure 240cm wide , 120cm high and 80cm deep . i use two trap boxes , one in each side of the enclosure ( cold and warm ) . i\u2019ve never seen my mambas drink from the water bowl i keep on the floor in the terrarium . instead they drink water that has collected in their coils after they have been sprayed . the temperature during the day is 32\u00b0c on the warm side and 26\u00b0 c on the cold side and at night around 24\u00b0c . i keep the relative humidity at 75 - 85 % .\npauwels , o . s . g . ; kamdem toham , a . & chimsunchart , c . 2002 . recherches sur l\u2019herp\u00e9tofaune du massif du chaillu , gabon . bull . inst . roy . sci . nat . belgique ( biologie ) 72 : 47 - 57 - get paper here\nspawls , s . ; howell , k . ; drewes , r . c . & ashe , j . 2002 . a field guide to the reptiles of east africa . academic press , 543 pp . [ reviews in hr 34 : 396 and afr . j . herp . 51 ; 147 ] - get paper here\n< p > this section provides information on sequence similarities with other proteins and the domain ( s ) present in a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / family _ and _ domains _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nas the name indicates , this is a nocturnal snake , which rests up under logs and in termitaria during the day . it has poor eyesight and hunts mainly by smell . although this snake is poisonous , it ' s venom is not very potent and causes mainly pain and swelling . there are no recorded deaths caused by this snake .\nblack mambas are snakes eight to ten feet in length . they are not actually black but more of an olive to a gray color . the ' black ' part of the name comes from the color of the inside of the snake ' s mouth , which is a purple black color . their belly color is normally gray or light green .\nimmediately wrap a large crepe bandage snugly around the bitten limb starting at the site of the bite and working proximally up the limb ( the full length if possible ) . the bandage should be as tight as one might bind a sprained ankle . ( see the attached copy from\nfirst aid for snakebite\n, by dr . s . k . sutherland . )\nthey can grow up to 14 feet ( 4 . 3 meters ) long , another reason why this reptile isn ' t something to mess with . the snake races along with its head held high and about one - third of its body off the ground . that can be up to four feet ( 1 . 2 meters ) off the ground - about chin level for some people . the black mamba is the most respected and feared snake in africa .\nthe fastest land snake in the world is the aggressive black mamba found in the southern part of tropical africa . you might have heard stories about this snake overtaking people on galloping horses but although these snakes are fast , they aren ' t that fast . they can reach top speeds of 10 - 12 mph ( 16 - 19 km / h ) in short bursts over level ground - good luck trying to outrun one of these snakes if you tick it off !\n< p > this indicates the type of evidence that supports the existence of the protein . note that the \u2018protein existence\u2019 evidence does not give information on the accuracy or correctness of the sequence ( s ) displayed . < p > < a href = ' / help / protein _ existence ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides information on the name ( s ) of the organism that is the source of the protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / organism - name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\nit is important to keep venom neutralization current and continuous . the best method to accomplish this is to keep a close watch on the patient ' s status . if the present condition does not improve , or should it worsen for any reason , additional antivenom should be administered . the antivenom should always be given by intravenous infusion at a rate of one vial per 5 minutes . give all additional antivenom in unit ( one vial ) doses .\nthe main importance of these findings is that snakes are top predator within the habitats they are found in and as such play a potentially important role in the functioning of many ecosystems ,\nsaid chris reading of the uk ' s centre for ecology and hydrology , who led the research .\nfor example they play an important role in pest control \u2013 small rodents [ like ] rats and mice - in areas such as paddies and sugar cane plantations .\nreticulated python is the world ' s largest reptile specie and also the longest snake ever existed . as it ' s a python it is non - venomous and it does not have fangs . these snakes grow upto 22 feet and weighs upto 75 kilograms . these monster snakes are found in the southeastern asia that is singapore , thailand , india , etc . these snakes mostly live in dense forests , swamp places and in the tropical areas these pythons are also good swimmers they can stay underwater for more than an hour . reticulated python mostly feed on rats , small birds , street dogs , chickens , cats and also human beigns . these snakes can even eat a healthy sized deer very easily and they mostly don ' t attack humans but they can eat them very easily . reticulated pythons squeeze their preys until they are dead due to suffocation . pythons can ' t move fast due to their heavy weight . these snakes have life - span upto 20 years .\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section provides one or more accession number ( s ) . these are stable identifiers and should be used to cite uniprotkb entries . upon integration into uniprotkb , each entry is assigned a unique accession number , which is called \u2018primary ( citable ) accession number\u2019 . < p > < a href = ' / help / accession _ numbers ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\nin the snake world , the king cobra is one of the poisonous snakes . it ' s maximum size is upto 19 feet and weighs upto 5 - 6 kilograms whereas it is also one of the longest deadly snake . king cobras are mostly found in deep forests of south asian continent and in large numbers in india . king cobras are fearless and fast species compared to other snakes in the world . king cobra has multiple different types of shiny colours of scales the most common is olive green colour and the other colours are black , reddish and grey . the lower part of king cobras is mostly light yellowish colour . king cobras have excellent sensing power and they mostly attack their preys in day time . cobras mostly make the small preys as their food such as the rodents ( rats ) , small birds and lizards , some large cobras can even eat a prey double of their size . king cobras venom is very poisonous it ' s venom can kill an average sized human being in less than an hour .\n< p > this section displays by default the canonical protein sequence and upon request all isoforms described in the entry . it also includes information pertinent to the sequence ( s ) , including < a href =\nurltoken\n> length < / a > and < a href =\nurltoken\n> molecular weight < / a > . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequences _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides links to proteins that are similar to the protein sequence ( s ) described in this entry at different levels of sequence identity thresholds ( 100 % , 90 % and 50 % ) based on their membership in uniprot reference clusters ( < a href =\nurltoken\n> uniref < / a > ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / similar _ proteins _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\nthe snake study , published in the royal society journal biology letters , is the latest in growing number of research papers warning of widespread biodiversity loss in the uk and around the world . the international union for the conservation of nature has said that one third of amphibians and fish , one fifth of mammals and more than one in ten birds is threatened with extinction , and described the rate of loss as one of the great extinctions \u2013 the last being the events that wiped out dinosaurs 65m years ago . natural england , the government ' s countryside agency , reported in march that on average more than two species are becoming extinct in england every year .\nfunding was provided by naoc , aquater snamprogetti , t . s . k . j . , eni , chelonian research foundation , turtle conservation fund and conservation international ( nigeria ) , gran sasso - monti della laga national park , romanatura ( italy , cg79 , cnrs ( france ) , arc and dep ( australia ) . permits were issued by natural england ( uk ) , gran sasso - monti della laga national park ( italy ) and the federal department of forestry ( nigeria ) . field co - workers included f . m . angelici , c . anibaldi , d . capizzi , m . capula , e . a . eniang and o . lourdais , as well as many students and volunteers who cannot be cited .\n< p > the checksum is a form of redundancy check that is calculated from the sequence . it is useful for tracking sequence updates . < / p > < p > it should be noted that while , in theory , two different sequences could have the same checksum value , the likelihood that this would happen is extremely low . < / p > < p > however uniprotkb may contain entries with identical sequences in case of multiple genes ( paralogs ) . < / p > < p > the checksum is computed as the sequence 64 - bit cyclic redundancy check value ( crc64 ) using the generator polynomial : x < sup > 64 < / sup > + x < sup > 4 < / sup > + x < sup > 3 < / sup > + x + 1 . the algorithm is described in the iso 3309 standard . < / p > < p class =\npublication\n> press w . h . , flannery b . p . , teukolsky s . a . and vetterling w . t . < br / > < strong > cyclic redundancy and other checksums < / strong > < br / > < a href =\nurltoken\n> numerical recipes in c 2nd ed . , pp896 - 902 , cambridge university press ( 1993 ) < / a > ) < / p >\nelaps jamesoni traill 1843 : 53 dendraspis angusticeps dum\u00e9ril 1856 : 558 ( non smith ) dendraphis jamesoni g\u00fcnther 1858 dendraspis welwitschii g\u00fcnther 1865 : 97 dinophis fasciolatus fischer 1885 : 111 dendraspis jamesonii \u2013 boettger 1888 dendraspis welwitschii \u2014 g\u00fcnther 1895 : 529 dendraspis jamesonii \u2013 boulenger 1896 : 436 dendraspis angusticeps \u2014 boulenger 1897 : 280 dendraspis neglectus barboza du bocage 1903 : 44 dendroaspis jamesoni \u2014 schmidt 1923 : 131 dendroaspis jamesoni jamesoni \u2014 loveridge 1936 : 64 dendroaspis jamesonii jamesonii \u2013 mertens 1941 : 280 dendroaspis jamesoni jamesoni \u2014 broadley 1991 : 527 dendroaspis jamesoni \u2014 welch 1994 : 55 dendroaspis jamesoni \u2014 chirio & ineich 2006 dendroaspis jamesoni \u2014 wallach et al . 2014 : 222 dendroaspis jamesoni \u2014 spawls et al . 2018 : 562 dendroaspis jamesoni kaimosae loveridge 1936 dendroaspis jamesoni kaimosae \u2014 pitman 1974 dendroaspis jamesoni kaimosae \u2014 dobiey & vogel 2007\nkaimosae : w kenya , uganda , rwanda , adjacent zaire ; type locality : kaimosi forest , near the friends\u2019 africa mission , kakamega district , nyanza province , kenya colony .\nnote : tdwg regions are generated automatically from the text in the distribution field and not in every cases it works well . we are working on it .\ntype : bmnh 1946 . 1 . 20 . 43 ( and possibly additional specimens ) . type : mcz , nairobi museum , usnm , fmnh [ kaimosae ]\nvenomous ! synonymy ( partly ) after a . schmitz ( pers . comm . ) . has been reported from sao tome but records neen confirmation ( sch\u00e4tti & loumont 1992 ) . not in benin fide ullenbruch et al . 2010 . type species : elaps jamesoni traill 1843 is the type species of the genus dendroaspis schlegel 1848 .\naeberhard , r . 2008 . beobachtungen zum verhalten der gr\u00fcn gef\u00e4rbten mambas ( dendroaspis viridis , d . angusticeps und d . jamesoni kaimosae ) im terrarium . reptilia ( m\u00fcnster ) 13 ( 70 ) : 26 - 30 - get paper here\nbeolens , bo ; michael watkins , and michael grayson 2011 . the eponym dictionary of reptiles . johns hopkins university press , baltimore , usa - get paper here\nbocage , barboza du 1903 . g . a . boulenger - batraciens nouveaux et reptiles nouveaux . j . sci . math . phys . nat . lisboa : 7 ( 2 ) : 62 - 64\nbocage , j . v . du b . 1866 . lista dos reptis das possess\u00f5es portuguezas d ' africa occidental que existem no museu lisboa . jorn . sci . math . phys . nat . lisboa 1 : 37 - 56\nboettger , o . 1888 . materialien zur fauna des unteren congo . ii . reptilien und batrachier . ber . senck . ges . 1887 : 3 - 108 - get paper here\nboulenger , g . a . 1897 . a list of reptiles and batrachians from the congo free state , with the description of two new snakes . ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 6 ) 19 : 276 - 281 - get paper here\nboulenger , g . a . 1896 . catalogue of the snakes in the british museum , vol . 3 . london ( taylor & francis ) , xiv + 727 pp . - get paper here\nbroadley , d . g . 1991 . the herpetofauna of northern mwinilunga distr . , northw . zambia . arnoldia zimbabwe 9 ( 37 ) : 519 - 538\nbroadley , d . g . ; doria , c . t . & wigge , j . 2003 . snakes of zambia . an atlas and field guide . edition chimaira , frankfurt , 280 pp . [ review in sauria 26 ( 3 ) : 21 ]\nburger , m . ; branch , w . r . & channing , a . 2004 . amphibians and reptiles of monts doudou , gabon : species turnover along an elevational gradient . california academy of sciences memoir 28 : 145\u2013186\nchifundera , k . 1990 . snakes of zaire and their bites . afr . stud . monogr . ( kyoto ) 10 ( 3 ) : 137 - 157 .\nchirio , l . & lebreton , m . 2007 . atlas des reptiles du cameroun . mnhn , ird , paris 688 pp .\nchirio , laurent and ivan ineich 2006 . biogeography of the reptiles of the central african republic . african journal of herpetology 55 ( 1 ) : 23 - 59 . - get paper here\ndobiey , m . & vogel , g . 2007 . venomous snakes of africa / giftschlangen afrikas . edition chimaira , terralog 15 , 150 pp . - get paper here\ndoucet , j . 1963 . les serpents de la republique de cote d ' ivoire . acta tropica ( basel ) 20 : 201 - 259 , 297 - 340 .\ndum\u00e9ril , a . h . a . 1856 . note sur les reptiles du gabon . revue et magasin de zoologie pure et appliqu\u00e9e , paris , ( 2 ) 8 : 369 - 377 , 417\u2013424 , 460\u2013470 , 553\u2013562 - get paper here\nfischer , j . g . 1885 . ichthyologische und herpetologische bemerkungen . v . herpetologische bemerkungen . jahrb . hamburg . wiss . anst . 2 : 82 - 121 - get paper here\ng\u00fcnther , a . 1865 . fourth account of new species of snakes in the collection of the british museum . ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 3 ) 15 : 89 - 98 . - get paper here\ng\u00fcnther , a . 1895 . notice of reptiles and batrachians collected in the eastern half of tropical africa . ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 6 ) 15 : 523 - 529 . - get paper here\nherrmann , hans - werner ; schmitz , andreas ; herrmann , patricia a . & b\u00f6hme , wolfgang 2007 . amphibians and reptiles of the tchabal mbabo mountains , adamaoua plateau , cameroon . bonner zoologische beitr\u00e4ge 55 ( 1 / 2 ) : 27 - 35 - get paper here\nhofer , d . 2002 . the s\u00e3o tom\u00e9 and princip\u00e9 handbook . d . hofer verlag , bern , 152 pp .\nhughes , b . 2013 . snakes of be\u0301nin , west africa . bull . soc . herp . france 144 : 101 - 159\njacobsen , n . h . g . 2009 . a contribution to the herpetofauna of the passendro area , central african republic . african herp news ( 47 ) : 2 - 20\nloveridge , a . 1936 . african reptiles and amphibians in the field museum of natural history . zool . ser . field mus . nat . hist . , chicago , 22 ( 1 ) : 1 - 122 - get paper here\nloveridge , a . 1936 . new tree snakes of the genera thrasops and dendraspis from kenya colony . proc . biol . soc . washington , 49 : 63 - 66 - get paper here\nloveridge , arthur 1929 . east african reptiles and amphibians in the united states national museum . bull . us natl . mus . ( 151 ) : 1 - 135 - get paper here\nmertens , r . 1941 . zur kenntnis der herpetofauna von fernando - poo . zool . anz . 135 : 275 - 281\nnagy , z . t . , d . adriaens , e . pauwels , l . van hoorebeke , j . kielgast , c . kusamba & k . jackson 2013 . 3d reconstruction of fang replacement in the venomous snakes dendroaspis jamesoni ( elapidae ) and bitis arietans ( viperidae ) . salamandra 49 ( 2 ) : 109 - 113 - get paper here\nota , h . & hikida , t . 1987 . on a small collection of lizards and snakes from cameroon , west africa . african study monographs 8 ( 2 ) : 111 - 123 - get paper here\nreading , c . j . ; l . m . luiselli , g . c . akani , x . bonnet , g . amori , j . m . ballouard , e . filippi , g . naulleau , d . pearson , l . rugiero 2010 . are snake populations in widespread decline ? biol . lett . 2010 6 777 - 780 ; doi : 10 . 1098 / rsbl . 2010 . 0373 - get paper here\nschatti , b . , & loumont , c . 1992 . [ a contribution to the herpetofauna of sao tome ( gulf of guinea ) ( amphibia & reptilia ) ] . zool . abhandl . staatl . mus . f\u00fcr tierkunde , dresden , 47 : 23 - 36\nschlegel , h . 1848 . over elaps jamesonii traillust . bijdragen tot de dierkunde 1 : 5\nschmitz a . , euskirchen , o . & b\u00f6hme w . 2000 . zur herpetofauna einer montanen regenwaldregion in sw - kamerun ( mt . kupe und bakossi - gergland ) . iii . einige bemerkenswerte vertreter der familien lacertidae , scincidae , varanidae , elapidae und viperidae . herpetofauna 22 ( 124 ) : 16 - 27 - get paper here\nsegniagbeto glazcano . h . , trape j . f . , david p . , ohler a . , dubois a . & glitho i . a . 2011 . the snake fauna of togo : systematics , distribution and biogeography , with remarks on selected taxonomic problems . zoosystema 33 ( 3 ) : 325 - 360 . doi : 10 . 5252 / z2011n3a4 - get paper here\nspawls , steve ; kim howell , harald hinkel , michele menegon 2018 . field guide to east african reptiles . bloomsbury , 624 pp . - get paper here\ntrape , j . f . & r . roux - est\u00e8ve 1995 . les serpents du congo : liste comment\u00e9e et cl\u00e9 de d\u00e9termination . journal of african zoology 109 ( 1 ) : 31 - 50\ntrape , jean - fran\u00e7ois & cellou bald\u00e9 2014 . a checklist of the snake fauna of guinea , with taxonomic changes in the genera philothamnus and dipsadoboa ( colubridae ) and a comparison with the snake fauna of some other west african countries . zootaxa 3900 ( 3 ) : 301\u2013338"]}
{"id": 1851, "summary": [{"text": "the curl-crested aracari ( us / \u02cc\u0251\u02d0r\u0259\u02c8s\u0251\u02d0ri / ahr-\u0259-sahr-ee , uk / \u02cc\u0251\u02d0r\u0259\u02c8s\u0251\u02d0ri / arr-\u0259-sahr-ee or / \u02cc\u0251\u02d0r\u0259\u02c8k\u0251\u02d0ri / arr-\u0259-kahr-ee ) , or curl-crested ara\u00e7ari ( pteroglossus beauharnaesii ) , also known as the curly-crested aracari , is a species of bird in the ramphastidae family , the toucans . ", "topic": 7}], "title": "curl - crested aracari", "paragraphs": ["handfed , tame baby aracaris . green aracari - 2150 curl crested aracari - 3950\nyou can see our curl - crested aracari up close during special feedings held twice a day .\ncurl - crested aracari ( pteroglossus beauharnaesii ) is a species of bird in the ramphastidae family .\nthe curl - crested aracari is deserving of notice on account of its beautiful , variegated plumage .\nthe curl - crested aracari ( pteroglossus beauharnaesii ) is a south american toucan that is named after its distinctive curly head feathers .\nthe curl - crested aracari , also known as the curly - crested aracari , is a species of bird in the ramphastidae family , and is closely related to the toucans . it was named for it ' s unique curly crest of feathers . the curl - crested aracari can be found in amazonian peru , brazil and bolivia south of the amazon river . its natural habitat is tropical moist lowland forests . more\nthe curl - crested aracari , also known as the curly - crested aracari , is a species of bird in the ramphastidae family , the toucans . on account of its relatively long tail and curly crest , it was formerly placed in the monotypic genus beauharnaisius .\nbehavior : the curl - crested aracari is a social bird . it will sleep with up to five adults and their fledged offspring in the same nesting hole .\ncurl - crested aracari are the largest in the smaller classification of aracaris , weighing just under 10 ounces . in the wild , they inhabit rainforests throughout south america .\nthe curl - crested aracari is classified as least concern . does not qualify for a more at risk category . widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category .\nhabitat / range : the curl - crested aracari inhabits tropical moist lowland forests of western amazonia in southern peru ( south of the amazon ) , western brazil and northern bolivia .\nthe curl - crested aracari is a beautifully colored , glossy - feathered bird with curled feathers on its crown . it is one of only three toucan species with red feathers on the nape and shoulders , and it is the most colorful of small toucan species . once only kept in captivity in zoos / aquariums , the curl - crested aracari has been successfully bred and is available as a pet .\nthe curl crested aracaris weigh about 210 grams or 7 . 4 oz and are tied with black neck aracaris for the number two position in size after the chestnut eared aracari . ( ref : jerry jennings )\ncurl - crested aracari ( pteroglossus beauharnaesii ) , a member of the toucan family and native to the amazon rainforest of south america . living in parker aviary , san diego zoo . conservation status : least concern\n\u201ccurl - crested aracaris are exquisitely beautiful and peaceful additions to the mixed species aviary , and their friendly disposition makes them fantastic pets . curl - crested aracaris are the most intelligent and cuddly of the toucanets and aracaris , and by far the most colorful of all toucan species . \u201d\ncurl - crested aracari are threatened by the outlaws who cage and trade them as pets , or poach them for meat and medicine . however , the biggest threat to this species is the same of most birds today ; habitat loss . one of the largest contributions to the habitat destruction of the aracari is the mining of bauxite , a mineral that is used for the production of aluminum products . one way to fight off this threat and aid our friendly curl - crested aracaris is to lessen the demand of aluminum products . for years , the curl - crested aracari has managed to maintain its populations enough to be listed as \u201cleast concern\u201d .\ncurl - crested aracaris are beautiful and peaceful birds . unlike some toucan species that cannot be kept with smaller size birds , the curl - crested aracari can be kept in a mixed species aviary . when hand - fed , they bond closely to their human companions and they enjoy being a part of the family . they can even be potty trained and can learn to perform tricks .\nthe curl - crested aracari is uncommon in the forest canopy of amazonia , on the south side of the amazon and lower mara\u00f1on rivers . it is known to range up to 900 m along the foothill of the andes . it also occurs in\npicture of the curl - crested aracari has been licensed under a creative commons attribution . original source : lonnie huffmanpermission ( reusing this file ) use with credit to lonnie huffman . author : lonnie huffmanpermission ( reusing this file ) use with credit to lonnie huffman .\nhello everyone ! i am new to bird - dom . i hope to someday have flighty friendly flocks of friends ! i am particularly interested in ramphastids . dream bird ? toco toucan . secondary dream bird ? keel billed . tertiary dream bird ? curl crested aracari .\ntaken june 29 , 2013 at the bird store about the curl crested aracari toucan : curl - crested aracaris are among the largest in the aracari family , with an average weight of just under 10 ounces . they are found in a broad range of rainforest habitats throughout south america and are currently not endangered . their colorful body , speckled chest , and curly hair - do make for one intriguing bird which many believe sets them apart as one of the most captivating of all the toucan species . i must say i have to agree .\ncommon murre , common puffin , razorbill , crested auklet , etc . vintage 1984 bird book plate\nsize : this aracari reaches lengths of 16 - 18 inches ( 41 \u2013 46 cm ) .\nthe curl - crested aracari ( or \u201ccurls\u201d , as referred to by the toucan world of enthusiasts ) are a vibrant colored , glossy - coated bird with curled feathers on it ' s crown , hence its name . it is one of three toucan species with red feathers on its nape and shoulders and is most colorful of the small toucan species . it ' s also the most cuddly and smart of the family . the curl - crested aracari are peaceful birds , which has made them easy to keep and breed in captivity when once , they were only kept in zoos and aquariums .\nbecause of its peaceful nature , the curl - crested aracari can be kept with other small birds in an aviary . when they are raised being hand - fed they even form close bonds to their captors and become one of the family . they are not only peaceful and cooperative , but very smart . curl - crested aracari are capable of being potty trained and performing tricks ! to some keeper ' s disappointment , the bird cannot mimic or talk the way other parrot species can . they are fairly quiet and only make loud calls when agitated or excited . some may find this is a blessing .\n3 year old curl crested aracaris ! $ 4 , 000 located in new jersey shipping available . please call 973 - 944 - 0722 for details on how to add these amazing birds to your family !\ncurl - crested aracari videos on the internet bird collection\ncurly - crested aracari\nphoto gallery vireo photo - high res photo - high res ; article tropicalbirding photo - medium res - ( dorsal view ) ; article nashvillezoo . org\u00e2\u20ac\u201d\nramphastidae\ndidn ' t find what you were looking for . need more information for your travel research or homework ? ask your questions at the forum about birds of bolivia or help others to find answers . this article is licensed under the gnu free documentation license . more\nthe curl - crested aracari is found in the southwestern section of the amazon basin , with the amazon river being its northern range limit . near the amazon river , its range extends east to about the madeira river , while it in the southern half of its range extends east to around the xingu river . more\nthe curl - crested aracari range includes central and southern brazil , ranging as far east as the mouth of the madeira river and westward to the lowland forests of eastern peru and south into northern bolivia . near the amazon river , its range stretches east to about the madeira river . its southern half of its range extends east to the xingu river .\nthe curl - crested ara\u00e7ari is part of the toucan family . toucans are easily recognized birds with an over - sized and colorful bill that allows them to pluck fruit from vegetation as well as drink water from the crevices of trees .\nyou may remember jeff from one of my past posts in the species special feature series on curl - crested aracaris . without further ado , i\u2019ll give the floor to jeff , this time to discuss in more depth toucans as pets .\n2017 hatch captive bred baby curl crested aracari special this week $ 4500 . 00 each including shipping . freshly weaned babies , ugly baby plumage . ! st picture is showing an adult . 2nd 2 pictures are showing babies for sale . 4th picture : some ugy old guy . . . . lol trades will always be considered . . . we sh . . .\ntoco toucan $ 23k a pair 3 years old ; curl crested aracaries $ 7500 a pair 4 and 5 years old ; collared aracaries 2 years old $ 2200 pair ; african pied hornbills $ 2000 pair ; redbilled hornbilled $ 550 a pair .\ncurl - crested ara\u00e7aris are found in western brazil into southeastern peru and northeastern bolivia , in tropical moist lowland forests . they are arboreal and diurnal . ara\u00e7aris are considered mainly frugivorous , but are actually omnivores , occasionally consuming eggs or young birds .\nthe curl - crested aracari is one of the more spectacularly plumaged aracari , and one of the more stranger looking birds . unlike any other aracari , or any other bird , it has modified head feathers that resemble shiny black pieces of plastic . it is from these modified feathers that this species gets its name . it is restricted to lowland terra firme forest of western amazonia in southern peru ( south of the amazon ) , western brazil , and northern bolivia . apart from the bizarre head ornamentation , the curl - crested aracari is a quite pretty toucan , with a red back , yellow underparts with a single red breast ban , and a quite ornately patterned , multicolored bill . it overlaps in terra firme forest with both lettered aracari ( pteroglossus inscriptus ) and ivory - billed aracari ( pteroglossus azara ) , both of which have different underpart and bill patterns , the two features important in identifying aracaris . it is more similar to chestnut - eared aracari ( pteroglossus castanotis ) , which also has yellow underparts with a single red breast band . chestnut - eared differs by having a dark brown , as oppose to yellow throat , a mostly dark bill , and is found more in riverine habitats , as opposed to terra firme forest . calls very different from other aracaris , a loud rising \u201c eeee - yak . \u201d moves in small groups through the canopy , foraging in fruiting trees .\ndescription :\nthe curl - crested aracari is deserving of notice on account of its beautiful , variegated plumage .\nsource : cuppy ph . d . , hazlitt alva beauties and wonders of land and sea ( springfield : mast , crowell & kirkpatrick , 1895 ) 289 keywords : pretty birds , talking birds copyright : 2009 , florida center for instructional technology . see license . more\ncurl - crested aracari enthusiasts , jeff and ken , house 5 curl - crested toucans and consider them part of the family . they and their 5 toucans live in northern california . rocky lives in jeff ' s home office and flies freely around their home . he is treated most like a pet . oskar and shirley are tame because of being hand - raised , but live outside in an aviary connected to the house and have access to jeff ' s home office through the window . the others are breeding pairs and are not tame . they live in a large aviary off - site that more resembles their home in the wild .\nonce jerry had \u201ccracked the code\u201d and was producing a large number of curl - crested babies , he offered to sell me one . we named the new kid on the block rocky , after the flying squirrel . he was very sweet and settled into our home easily .\ncurl - crested aracari need space to fly freely and play with their toys . they are highly active birds and eat a diet consistent of fruit they ' d naturally find in the wild . like many bird species , you may avoid citric acid because of its ability to aid the absorption of iron which can be bad for birds kept as pets . a low - iron protein source should be provided to them .\ncurl - crested aracaris make their nests in abandoned hollows of trees ( usually left from woodpeckers ) . once its found a suitable place to lay its eggs , it lays three or four and incubates them for just over two weeks time . chicks are born blind and hairless , but after a month and a half or so , the chicks will gain some plumage and learn to fly with the guidance of their parent birds . if the bird is not nesting with its partner , curl - crested aracaris will roost in groups of five or more birds .\ncurl - crested aracaris are highly active and need plenty of space to both fly and play ; their cages should also have enough toys for entertainment . their diet consists primarily of fruit in the wild , and the same should be replicated in our homes . because citric acid facilitates the absorption of iron , it is recommended not to give this species any citric fruits . in addition to a wide variety of fruits , their diet should be supplemented with a low - iron protein source . curl - crested aracaris are very peaceful and can even be kept with other birds .\nhand fed curl crested aracaris . one of the most affectionate and cuddly of all the aracaris ! extremely small number expected to be available this year . located in middle tennessee , nationwide shipping available . when it comes to choosing a breeder , bigger is not always better . references happily . . .\ncurl - crested aracaris are among the largest in the aracari family , with an average weight of just under 10 ounces . they are found in a broad range of rainforest habitats throughout south america and are currently not endangered . their colorful body , speckled chest , and curly hair - do make for one intriguing bird which many believe sets them apart as one of the most captivating of all the toucan species . i must say i have to agree .\ncurl - crested ara\u00e7aris are a beautifully colored , glossy - feathered birds with curled feathers on their crown . these modified head feathers are unlike any other ara\u00e7ari and resemble shiny black pieces of plastic . they have a long tail and zygodactyl feet . they have relatively small wings , suitable only for short distance flights .\nthat\u2019s definitely interesting , anita , that he did that as an aracari too . touk was an amazing bird \u2013 thank you for sharing him with us . \ud83d\ude42\n. the curl - crested aracari has a black cap and nape made out of curly tape - like feathers . the throat is yellow with dusky spots . the mantle and rump are red with the rest of upperparts and tail dusky greenish . the underparts are yellow with a distinctive red band across mid belly . most of the lower mandible is creamy yellow . the tip of the bill and upper mandible are reddish and chestnut with a greenish stripe along the upper mandible . it is similar to\nto further describe its beauty , the curl - crested aracari has bare skin that is blue around its eyes . the feathers on his face have hardened black tips . its belly plumage are yellowish with a single red band on its breast and elaborate pattern on its beak . its tail is long and varies in colors of dark green , red , yellow to brown , and black . one could describe its features on and on . the female birds have smaller beaks and bodies than its male counterpart .\ni am very excited to continue this series of toucan species interviews today featuring a true toucan man named jeff and his eclectic flock which just so happens to include some of the most fascinating - looking toucans of all the 38 + species \u2013 curl - crested aracaris . but before we begin , just in case you missed them , be sure to check out these fun posts with our other toucan friends , touk the green aracari , pixie the swainson\u2019s , pogo the keel - billed , and yoshi the emerald toucanet .\ntoucans and aracari are different in cage need / space , diet and even how they move . being\nsmacked\nby a toco can hurt . because they are such big birds a bite will pinch ( no where near the pressure of a parrot ) . but to kill things they grab and smack the item . if mad at you they can smack and that hurts . i am not into feeding live food such as pinkies that the large toucans eat . they hop to get where they are going . very nice birds though . curl cresteds are great aracari and make wonderful pets / easy to travel with . the toucans and aracari do learn some tricks if you take the time .\nunder the international code of zoological nomenclature , the valid form and source of the name for the well - known curl - crested aracari should remain pteroglossus beauharnaesii wagler , 1832 . although it is an incorrect subsequent spelling , its challenger , pteroglossus beauharnaisii , is a nomen oblitum . pteroglossus beauharnaesii wagler , 1832 has been in universal use since 1900 , and it is protected either by article 23 . 9 or 33 . 3 . 1 of the code , depending on the interpretation of the way the younger name was introduced .\nthe curl - crested ' s long bill allows it to reach and feed on many kinds of fruits native to the amazon ( such as figs ) . the serrated bill is the perfect tool for the job . few other species of bird in their habitat can yield the amount of fruit a toucan can in one season . this is what makes the aracari an important species for dispersing seeds and keeping the ecological balance of the rainforest . ficus and other fuiting trees are dependent on the toucan ' s efficiency to spread their seeds and produce .\nan aracari , on the other hand , can be incorporated into a human household fairly easily . rocky , my curl - crested aracari , follows me around our ( admittedly , quite small ) house , turning corners from room to room in flight in a way daisy the toco or jimmy the swainson\u2019s could never do in that restricted area . when rocky wants some alone time , he goes back to his cage or perches on the edge of a shallow bowl sitting on top our microwave which he has made his poop station in the kitchen / family room . he joins us on the couch without having to drive the dogs out of the room first , and jumps down your shirt to be snuggled or squeezes into a space between you and a pillow or you and a dog or person for a group nap . and he craves physical contact in general . this was also true of the green aracari i had ( my first ramphastid , frank , now \u201cstolen\u201d by a dear friend who lives nearby and fell in love with him ) and is true for a friend\u2019s collared aracari , rafi , who i care for sometimes .\nhonestly , the price tag of a toco ( $ 10000 ) / keel - billed ( $ 9000 ) / swainson ' s ( $ 5000 ) toucan , or even a curl - crested aracari ( $ 4500 ) ( a very large , and the most\ntoucan - like\naracari ) was not and probably will not ever be doable for me ( in the same way i could never afford a hyacinth macaw ) . if you are really put off by the prices of these larger birds , i would really encourage you to look into the smaller species of aracaris . ivory - billed aracaris are actually supposed to be the second smallest aracari ( behind the green aracari ) , and kevin is ~ 130g ( the size of a sun conure if you know how big those are ) . i don ' t know how to accurately judge him in banana - lengths lol but here ' s a pic of him holding a normal mechanical pencil and one of him cuddling with the bf . i ' d have to say that i enjoy all of the personality of a rhamphastid without the huge cage requirement and added mess .\nfor what this species is called in other , non - english languages , see avibase , here . as you can see we swedes now have adopted the portuguese spelling ( with cedilla ) and call it krushuvad ara\u00e7ari ( curl - crested ara\u00e7ari ) . from 2015 we use the common name ara\u00e7arier ( ara\u00e7ari ' s ) for all the species in pteroglossus , but before that they were called both arassarier or aracarier . how the portuguese spelling came in favour here is a bit hard to understand , and quite a few have a hard time accepting it , but it does help with how it\u00b4s pronunciated ( in swedish ) ; arra - s\u00e1ri . however , compare with the\noriginal\none ; today ' s black - necked aracari pteroglossus aracari linnaeus 1758 ( here ) as\nramphastos aracari\n, and its explanation , in jobling ' s hbw alive key , here . which spelling is the most appropriate one , in english , i do not know . . .\nshort , l . l . & bonan , a . ( 2018 ) . curl - crested ara\u00e7ari ( pteroglossus beauharnaisii ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\ndescription : the most interesting characteristic of the curl - crested aracari is the shiny , black curled feathers on its head that look like pieces of plastic or curled ribbon . the bare skin around the eyes is blue ; the whitish - yellow facial feathers have hardened black tips ; the patterned , multicolored bill has an orange tip ; the back is red ; the breast is yellow with red blotches and a single red band . the tail is long , varying in color but has a greenish - bronze dominant color . this species is often considered to be the most attractive and colorful of the smaller toucans . the bill of the female is shorter than the male\u2019s .\nmy first toucan was a green aracari , hand - raised by a breeder in southern california . his name ( the bird , not the breeder ) was frank and he was a great ramphastid ambassador . when tonia ( current owner of pogo the keel - billed toucan ) was first thinking of getting a toucan , she heard about frank from the yahoo toucans ramphastid group and came to visit with her husband , armando , and her sister , emily . frank won them all over . my sister , who lives in milwaukee , met frank and later went on to get a green aracari and a swainson\u2019s toucan . another friend in the bay area also visited extensively with frank before acquiring his own green aracari .\nin addition to his curls , jeff also provides a home to an 8 year old female eclectus , ichigo ; numerous songbirds ; and breeding pairs of blue - crowned hanging parrots and stella\u2019s lorikeets . brazilian cardinals and a white - crested laughing thrush share the aviary with the curl couple , oskar and shirley . i met jeff through the toucan network of friends that i have been lucky to build over the past year . he is an amazing resource on all things toucan and i know you\u2019ll enjoy hearing about his passion for curls .\nas for comparing them with other ramphastid species , i would say that as one of the larger aracaris , they approach the toucans in intelligence without all of the attendant issues that make keeping the large toucans as pets a bad idea for most people . it may just be my impression , but the curl - cresteds seem to have a bit more \u201cpresence\u201d than some of their smaller relatives . because of their physical uniqueness \u2013 larger size , relatively heavy bodies , bills shaped more like the toucans than the aracaris , and of course their unique , curly - feathered hair - dos \u2013 they were classified in a separate genus ( beauharnaisius ) for many years , and though now they have been brought into the pteroglossus ( aracari ) genus , in many ways they still seem rather transitional between pteroglossus and ramphastos , giving them an aracari personality in a toucan body .\ni purchased my curl - cresteds from jerry jennings . initially , i had purchased a non - tame pair to breed and set them up in the outdoor aviary adjacent to the house . at the time , jerry had not yet succeeded in breeding curls and no babies were available .\nthe second , cultural reason ( and i think one actually can speak of animal cultures ) is that the large toucans are more aggressive and singular than aracaris . aracaris sleep in their tree holes every night , sometimes in fairly large family groups , even when they\u2019re not breeding . aracari families sometimes communally raise the breeding pair\u2019s chicks . the large toucans generally only use their nest holes during the breeding season . this cultural tendency to feel comfortable with and even crave close physical contact shapes the aracari personality in a way that makes them more suitable as companions for us flightless , biped apes .\njeff and his partner , ken , are the proud owners of not just one , but five curl - crested aracaris ( or \u201ccurls\u201d as they are commonly referred to in the toucan world ) . they live in northern california and their curly flock includes : rocky , the \u201cpet\u201d , who is 4 years old and lives in a large cage in jeff\u2019s home office and spends most of his days out free - flying the house ; oskar and shirley , 3 years old , who are a tame , hand - raised pair that live in an aviary attached to the house with access to jeff\u2019s home office through a window ; and another non - tame breeder pair which are kept in a large aviary off - site .\nlast thing to say about large toucans vs . aracaris : noise . though none of them compare with a parrot\u2019s screech , the beautiful , haunting call of a swainson\u2019s carries for miles , which is why i had to eventually part with my jimmy . the call of the toco carries for blocks . and the call of a friend\u2019s keel - billed can be heard by neighbors . not so with an aracari \u2013 another thing that makes them an easier fit for life with humans .\nhi , jeff . thank you so much for taking the time to share your toucan wisdom with us . you are definitely one of my favorite people to talk toucans with ! you are always so generous with your time and often offer people on the toucan forum a lot of useful advice when it comes to caring for and adopting toucans . you are quite a big aracari fan and often seem to try and steer people away from the larger toucans as pets . is that intentional ?\nbut i do have an agenda in trying to direct new bird keepers away from the large toucans as house pets . i\u2019ve kept four and still currently have two tocos . i previously had a swainson\u2019s and my first toucan was a plate - billed mountain toucan . all were hand - raised and tame , but large toucan tame and aracari tame are two different things . the main differences as far as one considering taking a ramphastid on as a companion animal are two \u2013 logistical and cultural .\none big aracari fan in particular is jeff hunter , who i was fortunate to meet through the yahoo toucan forum and has proceeded to make me fall in love with aracaris with each subsequent conversation we have . he always contributes really interesting information to the forum and has experience with several different species of toucan , both large and small . jeff\u2019s views on toucans as pets are in alignment with my own and i knew he would do a much better job than i to help weigh the differences between the large vs . small toucans as pets .\ni have tuki , a 4 year old curl from jerry jennings\u2019s farm . she is adorable . she sleeps in her own little cat bed that looks like the hollow of a tree every night . wants to taste all of our food . and cuddles with us in the evening before getting into her own bed . we love her to bits , and she greets us every time we come in the door . she has a different greeting for each one of us , and she recognizes each of our steps before we are in the house .\ni eventually had the opportunity to purchase an unrelated pair of hand - raised curl babies , oskar and shirley . i then transferred the wild pair to a friend\u2019s breeding facility where they would have more privacy . i put the new pair of babies in my aviary adjacent to my office . they remain tame after several years and i occasionally open the window and let them into the office to play with me or visitors . i\u2019m hoping that because they are used to people , they will feel more at ease breeding in an aviary in such close proximity to the house .\nprobably the most challenging thing about owning an aracari is providing it with a suitable home and keeping that home ( and your home ) clean . a large cage is absolutely necessary , and plenty of time out of the cage is a requisite . you also need to devise a way to keep fruit splatter under control . i use flexible plastic sheeting that comes in rolls around three sides of the cage to keep our walls clean and a sheet of plexiglas sits on top of the cage . you still need to clean the walls and floors occasionally , as well as hose down the cage .\njerry jennings , president / director of emerald forest bird gardens fallbrook , ca also imported this species in 2004 , and sold some curly - crested aracaris to the dallas world aquarium and the riverbanks zoo in columbia , south carolina . at this point in time , over 40 pairs are scattered around the united states that were sold by jerry jennings , who himself has 14 breeding pairs . at this point in time sufficient breeding pairs are set up in the united states for this species to be available to private aviculturists . adrienne reeves , who bought one of his curly - rested aracaris contributed her pet marley ' s photos for publication on the avianweb .\ngreen aracari singing american goldfinch winter song facts call habitat images diet bird state bird female adaptations all about birds audio as pet audubon alberta pine siskin animal totem attract appearance american goldfinch birdhouse beak . behavior bird call birdhouse plans baby bird song birds for sale bird feeder class colors color change chirp cornell classification coloring page cornell lab ornithology call mp3 drawing diseases description detroit distribution distribution map detroit restaurant . song download what do they eat eggs eye disease endangered eating habits eat enemies egg size edmonton ecosystem nest and eggs american goldfinch food flying feather fun facts . american goldfinch warbling wiki winter plumage winter colors winter female x canary youtube young yellow song singing youtube .\nbesides just the price though . . . . you say you want a toucan because they are more\nmild\nthan a macaw . that is not necessarily the truth . my aracari is usually chill ( the breeder admitted that he was an extremely cuddly baby and rather calm ) , but even then he is more often than not bouncing around the room . i can deal with that because he is relatively small ( about the size of a large conure ) , and has a nice big cage to play in , but if you get a larger aracari or toucan you will have a bird that is the equivalent of a kid on a sugar high that can cross half the room with one good hop . big cage , lots of energy . . . yes they are quieter than a macaw but they definitely will not sit on a perch for more than a few minutes like one . finally , have you done some research into their diet ? all rhamphastids have a very specialized diet , low in iron , because they are susceptible to hemochromatosis ( iron - storage disease ) . you must only feed low - iron softball pellets , and low iron fruits / veggies ( blueberries , melon , papaya , apple , pears , carrots , cherries , sweet potato , etc ) as well as no citrus .\neach day starts with chopping fruit \u2013 if you\u2019re not a morning person , don\u2019t get an aracari . i usually have the birds fed by about 8 : 30 am . i let rocky out in the morning while i\u2019m preparing food to cruise the living room and spend time with ken before he goes to work ( i work from home ) . when i go into my office , rocky joins me there , going in and out of his cage freely , landing on my head , playing in the bookshelves , and banging his toys around . if it\u2019s a sunny day , i give him a few hours in a ( metal ) sunning cage on our deck . while he\u2019s on the deck , i can let oskar and shirley inside .\nthey also have a soft , whining sound that is used when being stroked or petted \u2013 i believe this is probably the sound that chicks make to solicit food . and finally , they have a loud , car - alarm call probably most owners will never hear . it\u2019s a high , descending whoop and i think it is used to call to flock members that are far out of sight . when i first put my wild breeding pair in the aviary , they did it for a few days in the morning . i think they were trying to see if any other curl - cresteds were in hearing range . occasionally , my tame pair will make this cry in the morning , just once or twice . even rocky may do it in the morning if i have overslept and am not down to greet him at the usual time .\noh yes i have looked into the toucans quite a lot i know about their diets and what - not which can be costly but then again pets are costly . as for mild , mild is relative what i meant by that is the from what i have read and people on here have said toucans tend to be less emotional then macaws and the like , and quiet too , i dont mind the flying all around getting into trouble bit that is half the fun of a bird . i am just having trouble justifying to my self the absurdly high cost of toucans to myself without having had hands on time with one , tocans live 25 years or less and many cost as much as a macaw or twice as much . if i remember right the ivory billed is the smallest of the aracari just how large is he in regards to say a banana for scale\ntocos are unique among ramphastids in a number of ways . according to the literature , they are the only non - forest species , preferring generally open country dotted with trees . and , probably as part and parcel of that ( fewer trees = lower concentration of food per acre ) , they don\u2019t usually travel in the large , often mixed flocks that other toucans do . swainson\u2019s and keel - billeds , for example , will travel through the rainforest in very loose flocks of 5 to 7 or more individuals , often mixed with aracaris . so do the mountain toucans and the large uber - family that makes up the ramphastos vitellinis group ( 6 to 8 subspecies , depending on who\u2019s counting ) . tocos usually travel singly or , at most , in pairs . all the aracaris travel in large family and \u201ctribe\u201d groups ( related families ) , often mixing with other aracari species as well .\ni own an aracari ( same family as toucans ) and can say after doing my research not too long ago , that yes , the bigger rhamphastids are going to be pricey . because these birds aren ' t being bred or sold by many people , prices can fluctuate depending the seller and availability . for example , my ivory - billed was originally $ 1800 , already below the average price of $ 2000 asked by other reputable breeders . in the end i got him for $ 1200\non sale\nbecause he was the absolute last bird the breeder had from the last season . $ 5000 for a swainson ' s is not unusual at all , though you may find some around $ 3000 who are older , maybe not - hand tamed , etc . most people want babies so that they can socialize and bond with them ( though in my experience , having bought an older bird this is not 100 % necessary ) .\nurltoken unabridged based on the random house unabridged dictionary , \u00a9 random house , inc . 2018\nthere are many ways to contribute\u2014we need species information , photographs , audio , video , translations , maps , distribution data , and bird sightings . there ' s a role for everyone !\n) , in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa . retrieved from neotropical birds online :\none of the several species of aracaris that could be seen at eye level during our tour to the cristalino reserve .\nhi jeff ! you have quite the enviable flock . how did you first become interested in toucans ?\ni can\u2019t even remember how i first became interested in toucans . i\u2019ve kept birds since i was a child \u2013 parakeets , finches , and so forth . i probably got it from my dad , who had a pet parakeet when i was a baby and was always fascinated by animals . when i lived in japan in the 70s and 80s , i had a few large parrots , cockatoos , and lories . i think i ventured across jerry jenning\u2019s website ( emerald forest bird gardens ) in perhaps 2006 ? i was intrigued by his description of the difference between toucans and parrots .\nafter several years here , frank made the final sacrifice and got adopted by a close friend in the area . i still see frank regularly and he\u2019s very happy in his new home .\ni\u2019ve had three other toucans . my first larger toucan , dino , was a very rare species \u2013 a plate - billed mountain toucan . he was also bred in southern california , though since then , all representatives of the species have been sent to the dallas world aquarium and no more remain in the pet trade . i have also owned a swainson\u2019s toucan named jimmy and a toco toucan named daisy , who now has a toco mate named mario .\nwhenever i let oskar and shirley inside , they gather on the playpen on top of rocky\u2019s cage . shirley , who is rocky\u2019s sister from another clutch , seems intent on murdering rocky , so he has to be in his cage when the pair are in my office . oskar and shirley are presently courting and perhaps this year they will breed .\nbreeding is not my main goal , but i would like to keep this species going in captivity since they make such good pets . there are only a handful of breeders at this point and i\u2019d like to do my part .\nbirds generally rest during the mid - day period , being most active in the mornings and toward dusk . rocky usually spends most of the afternoon in his cage , spacing out , by his own choice . oskar and shirley often retreat to their nest log in the afternoon for a nap . for some reason , rocky seems to bathe late in the afternoon , almost every day . oskar and shirley usually bathe in the morning . no clue as to why it\u2019s different .\nrocky often joins us in the living room while we\u2019re watching tv in the evening . he enjoys spending that time tucked into a little blanket someone made just for him . he seems to like being wrapped up . occasionally , he pops out , takes a poop break on one of his special stands with trays underneath , then comes back .\nthey have a repertoire of about five calls that i\u2019ve been able to identify . there is a sharp , loud , staccato warning call that can be irritating . they use it when fearful \u2013 a cat , a hawk , a new person , or a plane in the sky . they have a low , chortling sound that is their most frequent call , used as a greeting , it seems to me . they have a loud trill / purr / chatter that is used when happy \u2013 at having received some food or being reunited with a long - lost loved one ( like after not seeing you for 30 minutes ) .\nhe likes to sit on the back of the couch behind your head and preen your hair or have you reach back and stroke him in that position , to which he responds with baby begging sounds . he also likes his beak stroked or rubbed gently .\nif i take a short afternoon break from work , rocky will join me on the couch , diving into a crack between me and the couch or me and the dog i\u2019m sitting next to to sleep and be pet .\nit has taken him two years to get used to our newer dog . at first , he was afraid and a little aggressive , but now he simply walk up to him and stares or gives him a tentative poke in the thigh . the dog just looks at him like , \u201cwhat , me , worry ? \u201d but we always supervise their interactions .\nrocky also enjoys being hand fed tidbits of food . we keep a small cup of his pellets in the living room to hand feed him from time to time . he demands whatever you\u2019re eating , so we usually cage him during our mealtimes \u2013 although he often manages to get a tiny piece of toast in the morning .\nunlike the larger toucans , in my experience , aracaris don\u2019t use passing of food back and forth to strengthen the pair bond . the males do , however , offer food to the female , but i have never seen a female reciprocate . once you give rocky a treat , he isn\u2019t going to give it back . what he does do is fly around the room , showing it off to everyone , \u201csee what i\u2019ve got ! you don\u2019t have this ! it\u2019s my special treat ! \u201d\ni haven\u2019t trained rocky to do anything . after the first year , he trained himself to poop on the two stands with trays that we have in our living area . he never poops on people or furniture . i haven\u2019t trained him to \u201cstep - up\u201d either \u2013 sometimes he will and sometimes i just gently reach for him and enclose him in my hand . when i need to put him in his cage , i make him fly to the couch and he waits there for me to pick him up . i suppose i could train him but\u2026i\u2019m too lazy and i don\u2019t see the need .\nlots of things , actually . i find them stunningly beautiful and to be honest , that\u2019s an important factor for me . they are also so affectionate and playful , without any of the common parrot problems such as biting , destroying furniture , feather plucking , or screaming . they are easy to care for and feed , and are happy to just sit playing in their cage most of the day in the presence of their human flock . they enjoy cuddling , but aren\u2019t desolate if you can\u2019t spend hours exclusively devoted to them , like some cockatoos would be .\nthey are just so happy , cheerful , and easy to have around . they are also a species for which i think we humans can successfully meet their physical , emotional , and social needs , which is important .\nthey don\u2019t eat much , so the expense of the food is minimal , but feeding aracaris is more trouble than just buying a bag of seeds or pellets , obviously . i\u2019m feeding other even more labor - intensive birds , so to me , they\u2019re easy . additionally , i live in california where tropical fruits are readily and inexpensively available year - round .\ni would certainly recommend a hand - fed baby as a pet \u2013 if and only if you have the necessary time and space to fulfill its needs . on the other hand , if you\u2019re simply going to park it in a cage all day while you\u2019re off at work , i think a canary , parakeet , or cockateil is a more ethical choice for a pet . aracaris are , by nature , much more social and deserve extended opportunities for interaction , ranging from focal to ambient attention ( ie . just being in the same room as you ) .\nperfect description \u2013 if only cassette tape also had body . it feels just like it looks \u2013 like little\ncurls . their feathers are smooth and solid , without any barbs . they are shiny too , like little strips of black patent leather that you curled with scissors , as if making a bow for a christmas present .\ni\u2019d like to express my appreciation to jeff for sharing not only a piece of his life with us in this interview , but also for always readily sharing his toucan expertise with me when i\u2019m either in need or just simply feeling curious . his enthusiasm and wealth of knowledge have been so beneficial to me and i am so glad i was able to connect with him . all of the photos and video in this post were provided by jeff . best wishes to jeff , ken , and their spectacular flock !\ni loved reading this interview . so fun and educational . i would like to point out that touk used to share anything that he loved eating ie cherries , blueberries and grapes . . he would try to feed them to marlean\u2019s and my hand . he was the best bird ever .\nid certainty 100 % . ( archiv . tape 374 side a track 38 seq . a )\nid certainty 100 % . ( archiv . tape 374 side a track 35 seq . c )\nid certainty 100 % . ( archiv . tape 374 side a track 35 seq . b )\nid certainty 100 % . ( archiv . tape 374 side a track 35 seq . a )\nnatural vocalizations from a group of 5 about 30m up in canopy of tall cecropia in low terra firme forest .\na few assorted barks . wind noise below 100hz filtered . bird singing from atop canopy next to the 50m tower , in terra firme forest .\npreviously published on avocet as av10117 . certainty : 100 % . id determined by : not specifically indicated ; recordist normally sees birds recorded and indicates if any question ; matches xc cuts . gps : google earth .\nsonogram images \u00a9 xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict ."]}
{"id": 1857, "summary": [{"text": "crucibulum striatum , common name the striate cup-and - saucer , is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family calyptraeidae , the slipper snails or slipper limpets , cup-and-saucer snails , and chinese hat snails . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "crucibulum striatum", "paragraphs": ["calyptraeidae \u00bb crucibulum striatum , id : 297925 , shell detail \u00ab shell encyclopedia , conchology , inc .\nkatja schulz added an association between\ncrucibulum stratium , from above . 1903 . crepidula .\nand\ncrucibulum striatum ( say , 1826 )\n.\ncup - and - saucer limpets ( crucibulum striatum ) stuck to rocks and shells brought up from the ocean bottom .\ncrucibulum striatum ; ypm iz 014406 . gp ; north america ; atlantic ocean ; north atlantic ocean ; many localities . eastport , maine to off martha ' s vineyard , ma\ncrucibulum striatum ; ypm iz 000059 . gp ; north america ; atlantic ocean ; gulf of maine ; bay of fundy ; usa ; maine ; washington county ; eastport ; 1864 - 10\ncrucibulum striatum ; ypm iz 000005 . gp ; north america ; atlantic ocean ; gulf of maine ; bay of fundy ; usa ; maine ; washington county ; eastport ; 1864 - 10\ncrucibulum striatum ; ypm iz 010052 . gp ; north america ; atlantic ocean ; gulf of maine ; bay of fundy ; usa ; maine ; washington county ; eastport ; a . e . verrill expedition of 1868\ncrucibulum striatum ; ypm iz 070988 ; north america ; atlantic ocean ; gulf of maine ; cape cod bay ; usa ; massachusetts ; barnstable county ; billingsgate shoal ; about 2 . 5 miles sw of billingsgate shoal ; systematics ecology program - biotic census ; 1968 - 05 - 12\nastraeus hygrometicus bovista limosa bovista nigrescens bovista plumbea bovista aestivalis bovista pusilla calvatia excipuliformis calvatia gigantea calvatia utriformis clathrus archeri crucibulum crucibuliforme cyathus olla cyathus striatus geastrum elegans geastrum campestre geastrum coronatum geastrum fimbriatum geastrum minimum geastrum pectinatum geastrum quadrifidum geastrum saccatum geastrum schmidelii geastrum striatum geastrum triplex geastrum rufescens handkea excipuliformis handkea utriformis langermannia gigantea lycoperdon foetidum lycoperdon molle lycoperdon perlatum ( var . perlatum ) lycoperdon perlatum ( var . bornodeni ) lycoperdon pyriforme lycoperdon lividum mutinus caninus mutinus ravenelii mycenastrum corium myriostoma coliforme nidularia deformis phallus impudicus scleroderma areolatum scleroderma bovista scleroderma cepa scleroderma citrinum scleroderma verrucosum sphaerobolus stellatus tulostoma brumale tulostoma fimbriatum tulostoma melanocyclum vascellum pratense thankgiving colophon & copyrights top\ndistribution range : 45\u00b0n to 2\u00b0n ; 82\u00b0w to 51\u00b0w . nova scotia to both sides of florida\ndistribution range : 45\u00b0n to 2\u00b0n ; 82\u00b0w to 51\u00b0w . nova scotia to both sides of florida [ details ]\nabbott r . t . ( 1974 ) . american seashells . the marine mollusca of the atlantic and pacific coast of north america . ed . 2 . van nostrand , new york . 663 pp . , 24 pls . [ october 1974 ] . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nrosenberg , g . ; moretzsohn , f . ; garc\u00eda , e . f . ( 2009 ) . gastropoda ( mollusca ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 579\u2013699 in : felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico\u2013origins , waters , and biota . texas a & m ; press , college station , texas . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\ntrott , t . j . ( 2004 ) . cobscook bay inventory : a historical checklist of marine invertebrates spanning 162 years . northeastern naturalist . 11 , 261 - 324 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nturgeon , d . ; quinn , j . f . ; bogan , a . e . ; coan , e . v . ; hochberg , f . g . ; lyons , w . g . ; mikkelsen , p . m . ; neves , r . j . ; roper , c . f . e . ; rosenberg , g . ; roth , b . ; scheltema , a . ; thompson , f . g . ; vecchione , m . ; williams , j . d . ( 1998 ) . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks . 2nd ed . american fisheries society special publication , 26 . american fisheries society : bethesda , md ( usa ) . isbn 1 - 888569 - 01 - 8 . ix , 526 + cd - rom pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nbromley , j . e . c . , and j . s . bleakney . ( 1984 ) . keys to the fauna and flora of minas basin . national research council of canada report 24119 . 366 p . [ details ]\ngosner , k . l . ( 1971 ) . guide to identification of marine and estuarine invertebrates : cape hatteras to the bay of fundy . john wiley & sons , inc . 693 p . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nlinkletter , l . e . ( 1977 ) . a checklist of marine fauna and flora of the bay of fundy . huntsman marine laboratory , st . andrews , n . b . 68 : p . [ details ]\npollock , l . w . ( 1998 ) . a practical guide to the marine animals of northeastern north america . rutgers university press . new brunswick , new jersey & london . 367 pp . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nrosenberg , g . 2004 . malacolog version 3 . 3 . 2 : western atlantic gastropod database . the academy of natural sciences , philadelphia , pa . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nthomas , m . l . h . ( ed . ) . 1983 . marine and coastal systems of the quoddy region , new brunswick . canadian special publication of fisheries and aquatic sciences 64 . 306 p . [ details ]\ndiscover a faster , simpler path to publishing in a high - quality journal . plos one promises fair , rigorous peer review , broad scope , and wide readership \u2013 a perfect fit for your research every time .\nthe evolution of gastropod body size in the deep sea is reexamined . using an extended and updated data set , and improved statistical methods , it is shown that some results of the previous study may have been artifactual , but that its central conclusion is robust . it is further shown that the effect is not restricted to a single gastropod clade , that its strength increases markedly with depth , but that it applies even in the mesopelagic zone .\nthe replication of the island rule in a distant taxonomic group and a partially analogous ecological situation could help to uncover the causes of the patterns observed\u2014which are currently much disputed . the gastropod pattern is evident at intermediate depths , and so cannot be attributed to the unique features of abyssal ecology .\ncitation : welch jj ( 2010 ) the \u201cisland rule\u201d and deep - sea gastropods : re - examining the evidence . plos one 5 ( 1 ) : e8776 . urltoken\ncopyright : \u00a9 2010 john j . welch . this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .\nfunding : some preliminary work undertaken when jw was funded by bbsrc grant do17750 awarded to andrew rambaut . the funders had no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .\nhere , i re - examine whether deep - sea gastropods manifest the island rule , making use of the improved statistical methods , and data collated from the recently updated malacolog database [ 24 ] , which has been both expanded , and revised to reflect advances in gastropod systematics [ 25 ] . it is found that the central conclusion of mcclain et al . [ 12 ] is robust , and that gastropod colonists of the deep - sea benthos do indeed exhibit island - rule - like evolution .\npart a shows how different tests of the \u2018island rule\u2019 can give qualitatively different results . \u201cdeep - sea\u201d species were defined as those with a depth range midpoint > 200m , and all other species defined as \u201cshallow - water\u201d . the ordinary - least - squares regression ( dashed line ) differs significantly from the 1\u22361 line of the null ( dotted line ) , but the standardized - major - axis regression ( solid line ) shows no significant departure . part b shows a less ambiguous case : \u201cdeep - sea\u201d species are those never observed above 400m , and \u201cshallow - water\u201d species those never observed below 200m ; body sizes are within - genus means , taking equal numbers of deep - and shallow - water species in each genus .\nthe body sizes of deep - sea gastropods are plotted against those of their shallow - water congeners . \u201cshallow - water\u201d species were never observed below 200m , and \u201cdeep - sea\u201d species never observed above depths of a : 200m , b : 400m and c : 600m . separate standardized - major - axis regression lines are shown for the neogastropoda ( black points ) and all other groups ( grey points ) . the dotted line is the 1\u22361 expected under the null . genera with fewer than two deep and two shallow species were excluded .\nwe are therefore still far from understanding the causes of the patterns observed \u2013 and particularly the roles of inter - and intra - specific competition [ 3 ] , [ 4 ] , [ 11 ] , [ 12 ] . a detailed clarification of where the pattern does and does not hold will be an important step toward achieving this goal [ 4 ] , [ 12 ] , [ 19 ] , [ 20 ] .\nmany thanks are due to andrew rambaut for providing a script to mine the malacolog database . many thanks also to lucy weinert , nicolas bierne , gary rosenberg , shai meiri . simon joly and an anonymous reviewer , who all greatly improved the manuscript with their comments and advice .\nconceived and designed the experiments : jw . performed the experiments : jw . analyzed the data : jw . wrote the paper : jw .\nfoster jb ( 1964 ) evolution of mammals on islands . nature 202 : 234\u2013235 .\nvan valen l ( 1973 ) pattern and balance in nature . evolutionary theory 1 : 31\u201349 .\nlomolino mv ( 1985 ) body size of mammals on islands : the island rule re - examined . am nat 125 : 310\u2013316 .\nlomolino mv ( 2005 ) body size evolution in insular vertebrates : generality of the island rule . j biogeog 32 : 1683\u20131699 .\nmacarthur rh , wilson eo ( 1963 ) an equilibrium theory of insular zoogeography . evolution 17 : 373\u2013387 . ( doi :\nroth vl ( 1992 ) inferences from allometry and fossils : dwarfing of elephants on islands . oxford survey of evolutionary biology 8 : 259\u2013288 .\nsmith fa ( 1992 ) evolution of body size among woodrats from baja california , mexico . funct ecol 6 : 265\u2013273 . ( doi :\nmarquet pa , taper ml ( 1998 ) on size and area : patterns of mammalian body size extremes across landmasses . evol ecol 12 : 127\u2013139 .\nclegg sm , owens ipf ( 2002 ) the \u2018island rule\u2019 in birds : medium body size and its ecological explanation . proc r soc b 269 : 1359\u20131365 .\npalkovacs ep ( 2003 ) explaining adaptive shifts in body size on islands : a life history approach . oikos 103 : 37\u201344 . ( doi :\nmcclain cr , boyer ag , rosenberg g ( 2006 ) the island rule and the evolution of body size in the deep sea . j biogeog 33 : 1578\u20131584 .\nrosenberg g ( 1993 ) a database approach to studies of molluscan taxonomy , biogeography and diversity , with examples from western atlantic marine gastropods . american malacological bulletin 10 : 257\u2013266 .\ndayton pk , hessler rr ( 1972 ) the role of biological disturbance in maintaining diversity in the deep sea . deep\u2013sea research 19 : 199\u2013208 .\ngage jd , tyler pa ( 1991 ) deep\u2013sea biology : a natural history of organisms at the deep\u2013sea floor . cambridge , uk : cambridge university press . 524 p .\nrex ma , etter rj , morris js , crouse j , mcclain cr , et al . ( 2006 ) global bathymetric patterns of standing stock and body size in the deep\u2013sea benthos . mar ecol prog ser 317 : 1\u20138 .\nmeiri s ( 2007 ) size evolution in island lizards . global ecol biogeogr 16 : 702\u2013708 .\nmeiri s , dayan t , simberloff d ( 2005 ) area , isolation and body size evolution in insular carnivores . ecol lett 8 : 1211\u20131217 .\nmeiri s , cooper n , purvis a ( 2008 ) the island rule : made to be broken ? proc r soc b 275 : 141\u2013148 . ( doi :\nwelch jj ( 2009 ) testing the island rule : primates as a case study . proc r soc b 276 : 675\u2013682 .\nprice td , phillimore ab ( 2007 ) reduced major axis regression and the island rule . j biogeog 34 : 1998\u20131999 .\nmartin rd , barbour ad ( 1989 ) aspects of line\u2013fitting in bivariate allometric analyses . folia primatologica 53 : 65\u201381 .\nwarton di , wright ij , falster ds , westoby m ( 2006 ) bivariate line\u2013fitting methods for allometry . biological reviews 81 : 259\u2013291 .\nrosenberg g ( 2009 ) malacolog 4 . 1 . 1 : a database of western atlantic marine mollusca . available :\nbouchet p , rocroi j\u2013p ( 2005 ) classification and nomenclator of gastropod families . malacologia 47 : 1\u2013397 .\nsmith cr , de leo fc , bernardino af , sweetman ak , martinez arbizu p ( 2008 ) abyssal food limitation , ecosystem structure and climate change . trends ecol evol 23 : 518\u2013528 .\nsokal rr , rohlf fj ( 1995 ) biometry : the principles and practice of statistics in biological research . 3rd edition . new york : w . h . freeman and co .\nr development core team ( 2006 ) r : a language and environment for statistical computing . vienna : r foundation for statistical computing . available :\nguo h , weiss re , gu x , suchard ma ( 2007 ) time squared : repeated measures on phylogenies . mol biol evol 24 : 353\u2013362 .\ngage jd , bett bj ( 2005 ) deep\u2013sea benthic sampling . in : eleftheriou a , mcintyre a , editors . methods for the study of marine benthos : third edition . oxford : blackwell science ltd . pp . 273\u2013325 .\n( mollusca : caenogastropoda ) from the southwestern caribbean . zootaxa 49 : 1\u20137 .\nmcclain cr , rex ma , jabbour r ( 2005 ) deconstructing bathymetric body size patterns in deep\u2013sea gastropods . mar ecol prog ser 297 : 181\u2013187 .\nschmidt nm , jensen pm ( 2003 ) changes in mammalian body length over 175 years - adaptations to a fragmented landscape ? conservation ecology 7 : 6 .\nreyment ra ( 1983 ) palaeontological aspects of island biogeography : colonization and evolution of mammals on mediterranean islands . oikos 41 : 299\u2013306 .\nlomolino mv ( 1984 ) immigrant selection , predatory exclusion and the distributions of microtus pennsylvanicus and blarina brevicadua on islands . am nat 123 : 468\u2013483 .\nmcnab bk ( 2002 ) minimizing energy expenditure facilitates vertebrate persistence on oceanic islands . ecol lett 5 : 693\u2013704 .\nduncan rp , blackburn tm ( 2004 ) extinction and endemism in the new zealand avifauna . global ecol biogeogr 13 : 509\u2013517 .\nvale fk , rex ma ( 1988 ) repaired shell damage in deep - sea prosobranch gastropods from the western north atlantic . malacologia 28 : 65\u201379 .\nvale fk , rex ma ( 1989 ) repaired shell damage in a complex of rissoid gastropods from the upper continental slope south of new england . nautilus 103 : 105\u2013108 .\nwalker se , voight jr ( 1994 ) palecological and taphonomic potential of deep - sea gastropods . palaios 9 : 48\u201359 .\nmccollom tm ( 1999 ) geochemical constraints on primary productivity in submarine hydrothermal vent plumes . deep sea research i : oceanographic research papers 47 : 85\u2013101 .\nwassersug rj , yang h , sepkoski jj jr , raup dm ( 1979 ) the evolution of body size on islands : a computer simulation . am nat 114 : 287\u2013295 .\nwilliams gc . natural selection : domains , levels and challenges . oxford : oxford university press . .\nraia p , meiri s ( 2006 ) the island rule in large mammals : paleontology meets ecology . evolution 60 : 1731\u20131742 . ( doi :\ndo these subject areas make sense for this article ? click the target next to the incorrect subject area and let us know . thanks for your help !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nversion 43 . 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed . my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .\nturgeon , d . d . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , w . k . emerson , w . g . lyons , w . pratt , et al .\nturgeon , d . d . , j . f . quinn , jr . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , f . g . hochberg , w . g . lyons , et al .\ncommon and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks , 2nd ed .\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nrange : 45\u00b0n to 2\u00b0n ; 82\u00b0w to 51\u00b0w . nova scotia to both sides of florida\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\ncopyright \u00a9 2016 yale university . all rights reserved . privacy policy its , campus community technologies , web technologies\ndescription : f + , very ribbed ! rare species from p . williams collection !\n- note : several protected species are illustrated here only for identification purposes . they are not for sale . - the photos in our gallery are in most cases just a sample from our stock , except when only one specimen is offered . we try to match the original color but it can vary if your screen is not correctly adjusted ( gamma correction ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthe star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :\nwe want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only , as we handle very few foreign shells in general . as time goes , the system will become more and more performant .\nenter your email address and we will send you an email with your username and password .\ne - mail jecilia sisican if you do not receive your email with your username and password .\nunited states of america . seashore of long islands , new york . on sea scallops , trawled by fishermen .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 0 . 002 seconds . )\nshell gallery view \u00ab shell encyclopedia , conchology , inc . \u00bb conchological megadatabase on mollusks\nclick on an image to view all the information : family , species , author , date , and full locality .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 3 . 773 seconds . )\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\natlantic ocean ; gulf of maine ; cape cod bay , north america ; atlantic ocean ; gulf of maine ; cape cod bay ; usa ; massachusetts ; barnstable county ; billingsgate shoal ; about 2 . 5 miles sw of billingsgate shoal , 66 - 66 ft\ngray museum ; number 70988 ; lot count 1 ; original catalog number gm 2879 ; original catalog number ypm no . 31704\nastyris lunata ; ypm iz 078769 ; north america ; atlantic ocean ; gulf of maine ; cape cod bay ; usa ; massachusetts ; barnstable county ; billingsgate shoal ; about 2 . 5 miles sw of billingsgate shoal ; systematics ecology program - biotic census ; 1968 - 05 - 12\nastyris lunata ; ypm iz 079018 ; north america ; atlantic ocean ; gulf of maine ; cape cod bay ; usa ; massachusetts ; barnstable county ; billingsgate shoal ; about 2 . 5 miles sw of billingsgate shoal ; systematics ecology program - biotic census ; 1968 - 05 - 12\nedotea triloba ; ypm iz 076119 ; north america ; atlantic ocean ; gulf of maine ; cape cod bay ; usa ; massachusetts ; barnstable county ; billingsgate shoal ; about 2 . 5 miles sw of billingsgate shoal ; systematics ecology program - biotic census ; 1968 - 05 - 12\ncancer irroratus ; ypm iz 033944 ; north america ; atlantic ocean ; gulf of maine ; cape cod bay ; usa ; massachusetts ; barnstable county ; billingsgate shoal ; about 2 . 5 miles sw of billingsgate shoal ; systematics ecology program - biotic census ; 1968 - 05 - 12\nastarte castanea ; ypm iz 062127 ; north america ; atlantic ocean ; gulf of maine ; cape cod bay ; usa ; massachusetts ; barnstable county ; billingsgate shoal ; about 2 . 5 miles sw of billingsgate shoal ; systematics ecology program - biotic census ; 1968 - 05 - 12\njavascript is disabled on your browser . please enable javascript to use all the features on this page .\ncopyright \u00a9 1967 academic press inc . ( london ) ltd . published by elsevier ltd . all rights reserved .\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 elsevier b . v . or its licensors or contributors . sciencedirect \u00ae is a registered trademark of elsevier b . v .\nthe following 10 pages are in this category , out of 10 total . this list may not reflect recent changes ( learn more ) .\ntext is available under the creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . by using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy . wikipedia\u00ae is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation , inc . , a non - profit organization .\nusing cookies on urltoken shellauction uses cookies only for technical reasons and to facilitate and speed up your site navigation . by continuing to browse , you accept the use of cookies ; if you do not wish to receive them please disable them or not navigate this website further . more info cookies on urltoken\nutilizzo dei cookies su urltoken shellauction utilizza i cookies esclusivamente per ragioni tecniche e per facilitare e velocizzare la navigazione del sito . continuando a navigare accetti l ' utilizzo dei cookies , se non desideri riceverli ti invitiamo a disabilitarli oppure a non navigare questo sito ulteriormente . altre informazioni sui cookies di urltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 / / en\nurltoken\nthere are mycologists knowing dunal earthstars so well that they even recognise earthstar species just born or almost worn . about the photo ' s tjerk nawijn wrote :\nwithout the help of luc knijnsberg it was not possible to name the right species ; i ' m gratefull for what he did .\n.\nmistakability : striate earthstar has been seen in the past in the urban amsterdam area , and the best chance to find back is to know how this earthstar looks like , where this earthstar could be found , and what species are mistakable . older and more mature beaked earthstar is the best candidate for a wrong name . how about the just born species ? duhno . . .\nhabitat : in forests and wood , coastal dunes , river dunes , road - sides , sandy parks and gardens . as well in calcareous as well as in calcareous - poor areas .\nregional : urban amsterdam area : 6 square kilometers until 1999 ( including amsterdamse bos , bijlmerpark , amsterdam - north ) pleistocene area : no . northsea dunal area : in calcareous and calcareous - poor dunes\nliterature : chrispijn , r . ed . ( 1999 ) , champignons in de jordaan ( de paddenstoelen van amsterdam ) , schuyt en co , 162 - 163 . hansen l . & h . knudsen ( 1997 ) , nordic macromycetes , vol . 3 , heterobasidioid , aphyllophoroid and gasteromycetoid basidiomycetes , kopenhagen , 1997 , 444 pp . jalink , leo m ( 1995 ) de aardsterren van nederland en belgi\u00eb , coolia 38 supplement . urltoken\nmolluscs are a group of invertebrate animals that have soft bodies and generally a ' head ' and ' foot ' region . often the body is covered by shells or plates . molluscs can be found in marine , freshwater and terrestrial environments . below are a sampling of the molluscs that students find with us while exploring the intertidal and subtidal habitats around st . andrews .\nslipper limpets ( crepidula fornicata ) are often found stacked . the largest one on the bottom is female and the smaller ones on top are male . if the female on the bottom dies the largest male will become a female .\nthe underside of the slipper limpet showing the ' deck ' from which the animal gets its common name .\nsmooth periwinkles ( littorina obtusata ) are usually found amongst knotted wrack on the beach .\nnote how well camouflaged the smooth periwinkles are to match the reproductive receptacles and air bladders of the seaweed .\ncommon periwinkles ( littorina littorea ) are the largest and most abundant periwinkle in passamaquoddy bay . their original habitat was europe but they have been here for over 100 years .\nmoon snail ( lunatia heros ) are found on muddy beaches and can grow quite large .\nthe spotted moon snail ( lunatia triseriata ) is a smaller species than the one above and can be distinguished by bluish or purplish spots on the shell .\nthe mud dog whelk ( nassarius obsoletus ) is found on rare occasions in the intertidal zone .\nwaved whelks ( buccinum undatum ) and their masses of egg capsules are pulled up in the scallop drag .\ndogwinkles ( thais lapillus ) are carnivorous and prey on other intertidal animals such as blue mussels , periwinkles and barnacles as they are doing in this picture .\nthe ten - ridged whelk ( neptunea decemostata ) is a large snail found on the ocean floor .\nthe stimpson ' s whelk ( colus stimpsoni ) is a rare find in the scallop drags .\nthese shell - less molluscs lay their eggs in ribbons on the underside of rocks in the intertidal zone .\nthe red - gilled nudibranch ( coryphella rufibranchialis ) is a beautiful and delicate sea slug found in the lower intertidal zone .\nscallops are fished commercially in this area and are a favourite at the local restaurants .\nblue mussels ( mytilus edulis ) attach tightly to each other using byssal threads , called the beard by mussel lovers .\nthe horse mussel ( modiolus modiolus ) is much larger than the blue mussel and has a brown , flaky covering . not a commercial species .\nthe waved astarte ( astarte undata ) is a small bivalve we pull up in the scallop drag .\nthe northern cardita ( cyclocardia borealis ) is another small bivalve that lives on the bottom .\nthe quahog ( mercenaria mercenaria ) is easily identified by the purple stain in the shell . locally , these can only be found in sam orr pond . the latin name is derived from the fact that these shells were used in making native american money or wampum .\nsoft - shelled clams ( mya arenaria ) are dug by clam diggers on the many muddy beaches in our area .\nthis picture shows the siphon openings of the soft - shelled clam ; all that you see when the clam is buried in the mud .\nthe macoma clam ( macoma balthica ) is a small bivalve with a pink interior .\nthe razor clam ( ensis directus ) burrows deeply on muddy bottoms in the subtidal zone . its long foot is used to burrow and swim .\nshort - finned squid ( illex illecebrosus ) swim in large schools and die after spawning .\nthis octopus ( bathypolypus arcticus ) is distinguished by the warty horns above its eyes . they are occasionally collected in our fish trawls in deep water .\nthe education department of the huntsman marine science centre offers unique , hands - on marine field courses for students of all ages . over 30 , 000 students have created life - long memories and friends through their experiences with us . to learn more about our courses visit urltoken and click on education .\nthe oldest students joined me in the lab first to explore if size affects how much heat you lose . we compared ' mice ' and ' whales ' during our experiment and were surprised to find the smaller animals lose heat faster because of surface area .\nthe kindergarten to grade 2 students started their exploration of whales by looking at porpoise and dolphin teeth , as well as baleen from a number of different whale species . then they conducted an experiment testing teeth vs . baleen at catching plankton and fish . the group concluded that teeth were only good at catching fish but the baleen could collect both . the final activity was to make a humpback whale food chain craft .\nthe grade 3 to 5 group were a little grossed out by their experiment using olives , shortening and staples to test whale buoyancy . they were troopers through and i think they enjoyed the lab despite all the ' ewwws ' . now they will always think of whales when they see an olive !\nstudents that take part in field courses with us in the summer and fall usually get a chance to go whale watching in the bay of fundy . some of the whales that frequent our area include minkes , humpbacks , fin whales , northern right whales , harbour porpoises , and atlantic white - sided dolphins . below are some pictures of the dorsal fins of these species to aid in identification in the field .\nopods have joints ) . below are some pictures of arthropods we commonly find while exploring passamaquoddy bay with students .\ncrenate barnacles ( balanus crenatus ) are a large barnacle found in the subtidal zone . in this picture they are releasing larvae .\nsideswimmers ( gammarus sp . ) are frequently found squiggling under seaweed and rocks on the beach .\nskeleton shrimp ( caprella sp . ) can be found in great numbers on tunicates and sponges pulled from the bottom of the bay .\nacadian hermit crabs ( pagurus acadianus ) are a delight to find in our scallop drags .\nthe hairy hermit crab ( pagurus pubescens ) is occasionally found in the bay .\nthe toad crab ( hyas araneus ) is collected from the bottom by our scallop drag .\neuropean green crabs ( carcinus maenas ) are an invasive species that have been in north america since the 1950s . they are the most commonly found crab on our beaches ."]}
{"id": 1858, "summary": [{"text": "pao baileyi , the hairy puffer , is a species of pufferfish usually found in the rocky habitats , including rapids , of the mekong mainstream and its larger tropical freshwater tributaries . ", "topic": 27}], "title": "pao baileyi", "paragraphs": ["the following term was not found in genome : pao baileyi [ orgn ] .\nhow can i put and write and define pao baileyi in a sentence and how is the word pao baileyi used in a sentence and examples ? \u7528pao baileyi\u9020\u53e5 , \u7528pao baileyi\u9020\u53e5 , \u7528pao baileyi\u9020\u53e5 , pao baileyi meaning , definition , pronunciation , synonyms and example sentences are provided by ichacha . net .\norigin of pao is from the local name of pufferfishes in thai and lao languages , pla pao and pa pao , respectively , with pla and pa meaning fish , and pao meaning purse .\npao baileyi is very aggressive against conspecifics . so one should keep these puffers solitary and put pairs together only for breeding purposes . the hardness and ph of the water is of no meaning , but this puffer needs clean , oxygen - rich water .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 12 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 43281 )\ndorsal spines ( total ) : 0 ; anal spines : 0 . head and body usually sparsely or densely covered with epidermal outgrowths or cirri ( may be missing in specimens smaller than 3 cm sl ) ; body entirely without scales ; abdomen of live fish golden or orange with no other markings ( ref . 47661 ) .\nfound mainly in rocky habitats including rapids of the mekong mainstream and its larger tributaries ( ref . 27661 ) .\nroberts , t . r . , 1998 . freshwater fugu or pufferfishes of the genus tetraodon from the mekong basin , with descriptions of two new species . ichthyol . res . 45 ( 3 ) : 225 - 234 . ( ref . 27661 )\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5001 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 02754 ( 0 . 01256 - 0 . 06040 ) , b = 2 . 88 ( 2 . 70 - 3 . 06 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 3 \u00b10 . 3 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 13 of 100 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\njuffe bignoli , d . , parenti , l . & vidthayanon , c .\njustification : this species is found in the mekong basin in lao pdr and thailand where it covers a wide geographic range . current population trends is unknown . planned dams in the mainstream may pose a threat to this species in the future . however , based on current available information it is listed as least concern .\n1997 , roberts 1998 , kottelat 2001 ) . it is also possibly present in cambodia as it has been collected near the cambodia border ( m . kottelat pers . comm . 2011 ) ; vidthayanon ( 2005 ) shows presence in cambodia in the mekong above phnom penh , without details .\nthis species inhabits rocky rapids of the mekong mainstream and its larger tributaries . the species is elusive and may be under - reported .\narrive at khone falls at start of hydrological year ( oct - nov ) ( baran et al . 2005 ) .\nplanned dams in the mainstream of the mekong , as well as existing and proposed dams on many of its tributaries within the species range , are potential threats to this species . this will cause habitat degradation , disruption of the natural flood / drought cycle of the river , and changed levels of sedimentation and dissolved oxygen . pollution from a range of sources may also impact the species in parts of its range .\nthe species has been assessed as ' endangered ' in thailand due to habitat loss ( vidthayanon 2005 ) . jenkins\n( 2011 ) considered the species ' vulnerable at the global scale due to population declines inferred from habitat loss .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nthis variability is connected with the unique lifestyle of the fish . they imitate stones ! the puffer sucks with its belly to the ground . now the function of the beard becomes obvious : this beard imitates algae growing on a stone ! if a fish or a shrimp comes along and tries to feed aufwuchs or algae from the surface of that \u201cstone\u201d , it becomes prey of the pufferfish . so a comparably bad swimmer like a pufferfish can survive in the strong current of rapids with a minimum of energy .\nfor our customers : the animals have code 461254 on our stocklist . please note that we exclusively supply the wholesale trade . available in limited numbers only !\nas each month we present the top 5 fish imports sponsored by aquarium glaser ! first place - paracaridina zijinica for the first time we can offer the very pretty , black - and - white\nmustang shrimp\n. the dwarf shrimps belong - according to the . . . read the full article . . .\nurltoken offers up - to - date information and background reports about aquaristics , terraristics , vivaristics .\nas known from world ' s famous aqualog and terralog reference books , our goal is to offer a photo and information about the care and breeding of every tropical fish . in close co - operation with the highly renown wholesaler aquarium glaser , we always extend and update our ornamental fish lexicon with new varietys , rarities und imports .\nour blog features many exciting news ; natural habitats as well as respective biotope tanks and aquarium plants will be presented . in additon , we cover topics for experts such as biology , technology and how to breed all kind of species .\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 / / en\nurltoken\nwelcome to our website . if you continue to browse and use this website you are agreeing to comply with and be bound by the following terms and conditions of use . 1 . the content of the pages of this website is for your general information and use only . it is subject to change without notice . 2 . neither we nor any third parties provide any warranty or guarantee as to the accuracy , timeliness , performance , completeness or suitability of the information and materials found or offered on this website for any particular purpose . you acknowledge that such information and materials may contain inaccuracies or errors and we expressly exclude liability for any such inaccuracies or errors to the fullest extent permitted by law . 3 . the fish photos in this website are all under the cc ( creative commons ) license . you should denote\nurltoken\nif you use our photos in your books , websites , etc .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nwords showing in red are transliteration ( naqal e hurfi - \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u062d\u0631\u0641\u06cc ) of your search .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nhead and body usually sparsely or densely covered with epidermal outgrowths or cirri ( may be missing in specimens smaller than 3 cm sl ) ; body entirely without scales ; abdomen of live fish golden or orange with no other markings ( ref . 47661 ) .\ncfm script by eagbayani , 17 . 10 . 00 , php script by rolavides , 13 / 03 / 08 , last modified by sortiz , 06 . 27 . 17"]}
{"id": 1870, "summary": [{"text": "the emperor dragonfly or blue emperor ( anax imperator ) is a large species of hawker dragonfly of the family aeshnidae , averaging 78 millimetres ( 3.1 in ) in length . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "emperor ( dragonfly )", "paragraphs": ["a male emperor dragonfly hunting small insects above a pond . this photograph was taken in mid june .\nthe australian emperor dragonfly has two pair of wings which are about equal size . they are clean in colour . the construction is typical example of dragonfly ' s and\nthe australian emperor is a large , common , pale brown to yellow dragonfly with dark brown mottling and clear wings .\nthe australian emperor lives in urban areas , fresh water , forests , heath .\nthe common and widespread emperor dragonfly is larger with far more blue on the abdomen . the vagrant emperor is similar in appearance though it should be remembered that it is very unlikely this species will be recorded in shropshire . the lesser emperor has a more extensive patch of blue on the abdomen that extends further down the sides than in the vagrant emperor . the vagrant emperor also has brown not green eyes and has a distinctive pattern of wing cells which is diagnostic . the lesser emperor is also known to oviposit in tandem which is unusual in hawker dragonflies .\nthis dragonfly is a very large dragonfly . they never stop flying over the pond . they are common in brisbane .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - emperor dragonfly ( anax imperator )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - emperor dragonfly ( anax imperator )\ntitle =\narkive species - emperor dragonfly ( anax imperator )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nlarge ponds , lakes , canals and slow moving rivers are the preferred habitat of the emperor dragonfly , particular those with abundant submerged and floating vegetation .\nfollowing emergence , captive emperor dragonflies have been known to survive for up to 80 days .\nthe pictures above show the dragonfly rested on grasses and trees during late afternoon . the dragonfly rested there overnight until next morning .\nthe emperor dragonfly is classified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) . it is common and widespread in the uk ( 3 ) .\nthe bright blue male emperor dragonfly is extremely sharp sighted and is one of the fastest flying of all insects . the emperor dragonfly has remained unchanged for 230 million years . despite being able to beat its wings only 30 times a second ( ten times slower than a bee ) , it has no difficulty hunting down more highly evolved insect species .\nthe emperor dragonfly is not threatened at present , however many dragonflies are vulnerable to water pollution and loss of habitat by infilling of ponds , and drainage of water bodies ( 4 ) .\nthe larvae of the australian emperor are usually found on water plants and are active predators that stalk prey and grow quickly .\n- deniss reeves , austrolestes - newsletter of australian dragonfly society , # 8 , 2003 .\nhabits : the male emperor dragonfly is almost continuously airborne , in search of a mate or prey that may stray into its territory . the dragonfly\u2019s territory is always over a freshwater pond or lake . the defending dragonfly will attack the trespasser immediately by flying under him to force him up and away from the water . the green and brown female stays away from the water until she is ready to breed , so she is sighted less frequently .\nrelated species : a subspecies of anax imperator occurs in southern africa . distribution : the emperor dragonfly is found in europe , the british isles , north africa , the middle east , and northwestern india . conservation : the dragonfly is extremely susceptible to the effects of water pollution and drainage . its future depends on the survival of clean , unpolluted ponds , lakes , and waterways .\nthe emperor dragonfly breeds in a range of aquatic habitats including large ponds , canals , slow - flowing rivers , lakes , flooded gravel pits , and dykes , but in all cases there must be a plentiful supply of marginal vegetation that emerges from the water ( 1 ) .\nthe bright unique colouring and patterns of the adults & aggressive behaviour of the males make this species very distinctive . only confusion could be with rare migrant lesser emperor .\nduring a sunny summer day , you will see the dragonfly flying over every piece of large flash waters in brisbane . it is usually the largest dragonfly on the water and will chase away any flying object on its path . the dragonfly is pale yellow in colour with grey pattern on the body . the costa , or the front edges of its wings are pale yellow .\nthe first picture above shows the australian emperor pair laying eggs in the plant under the water , still in tandem position . sometimes we saw the female dragonfly laying eggs alone . the female resembles male . the breeding sites are ponds and slow running water with thick vegetations . more information about reproduction please visit\nall photos published on this site are copyright of the original photographer and are reproduced with their permission . all other content of this site is copyright of the british dragonfly society except where explicitly stated otherwise . the british dragonfly society is a registered charity , number 1168300 .\n8 ) the flight of the dragonfly is so special that it has inspired engineers who dream of making robots that fly like dragonflies .\nthe coloration and markings distinguish this from all other shropshire species though two migrant species may cause confusion . the vagrant emperor is extremely rare , but the lesser emperor is being recorded with increasing frequency though not yet in shropshire . both these species are smaller with reduced areas of blue on the abdomen and lacking the striking apple green thorax . see the relevant species pages for more details .\n10 ) nearly all of the dragonfly\u2019s head is eye , so they have incredible vision that encompasses almost every angle except right behind them .\n14 ) a dragonfly called the globe skinner has the longest migration of any insect\u201411 , 000 miles back and forth across the indian ocean .\nthere has been a huge upsurge in records of this distinctive dragonfly in our area since 1990 and it is now distributed widely throughout leicestershire & rutland .\nthis page contains information and pictures about yellow emperor dragonflies that we found in the brisbane area , queensland , australia . they are also known as yellow emperors . in new zealand they are known as baron dragonflies .\nm ale anax imperator photo \u00a9 david kitching 2006 female anax imperator photo \u00a9 david kitching 2004 distribution map for emperor dragonfly large dot = proven breeding , medium dot = probable breeding , small dot = possible breeding open rectangle = pre 1980 records only red dots show tetrads in which species has only been recorded since 1991 or where breeding status has been raised since 1991 .\ncham , s . 2007 field guide to the larvae and exuviae of british dragonflies volume 1 : dragonflies ( anisoptera ) the british dragonfly society : 76 pp .\nfood and feeding : the adult dragonfly is able to catch most of its prey while flying . it plucks insects out of the air with its legs . the dragonfly is rarely still , and its huge , multifaceted eyes enable it to detect prey up to 40 feet away . almost any flying insect is suitable prey . the dragonfly eats small insects even while it is flying but takes larger prey to a resting perch . the emperor dragonfly\u2019s larvae also hunt . they propel themselves through their underwater habitat by expelling water rapidly from their intestines . their extendable jaws , armed with deadly hooks , enable the larvae to catch and kill such food as water lice and nymphs . the shovel like jaw of the larva is used to capture a variety of freshwater animals . the legs form a basket in which insects are caught in flight and then transferred to the jaws to be eaten .\nmainly seen over ponds , canals or slow - flowing streams , this beautiful insect flies for long periods without resting , which makes it a difficult dragonfly to study .\nthe male circumnavigates its territory and chases off any other dragonfly that comes near . each pair of wings moves in a different motion , giving the impression of a helicopter .\n11 ) dragonflies , which eat insects as adults , are a great control on the mosquito population . a single dragonfly can eat 30 to hundreds of mosquitoes per day .\nthe eggs develop in about 3 weeks , depending upon the temperature of the water . the larva , or nymph , that hatches is wingless and lives in the water . it molts ( sheds its skin ) ten to fifteen times during the 2 years it takes to mature . almost all of its growth occurs in summer months . in the last stage of development the larva crawls out of the water and dries its skin in the sun . as the skin splits , the adult dragonfly emerges . once its soft wings have hardened , it can fly . the adult dragonfly lives for only a few brief weeks . the lifecycle of the emperor dragonfly guarantees that its larvae hatch at the same time , allowing a better chance for the adults to breed successfully .\nthe australian emperor dragonfly spend most of the time flying , defending its territory and hunting for prey , seldom rest on a sunny day . in flight it appear yellowish . at the end of its abdomen there is the yellow spot as the ' tail light ' . the males aggressively defend large territories over the water . . its territory can be as large as 50 meters on a section of slow running water . if there is the intruder , it will always be driven away by a series of noisy air battles . the dragonfly usually has its patrol flight one meter about the water in quite a routine path within its territory .\nthe emperor dragonfly has a broad global distribution ; it is found in europe from portugal to germany in the north , and extends eastwards to central asia ( 1 ) . it is also known from north africa and the middle east ( 2 ) . in britain , it is fairly widespread in southern england and south wales , but becomes quite scarce in the north midlands , although there are signs that the species is currently extending northwards ( 1 ) .\nspecial features of the emperor dragonfly : the larva has an extended jaw armed with hooks . it pushes them forward to catch and kill its prey . the male uses calipers at the tip of his abdomen to grip the female\u2019s thorax . the male transfers sperm from the tip of his abdomen to accessory sexual organs . the female then fertilizes the eggs . the copulation wheel : the female arches her body under the male to mate . they may fly in tandem while they are mating .\nunless there have been any recent publications , courtship in dragonfly species only seems to have been described for a few species of libellulid dragonfly ( chasers , skimmers , darters etc ) , and seems to be very brief , consisting of little more than a male approaching a female , indicating his desire to mate , and perhaps showing off potential ovipositing sites within his territory . the female then indicates receptiveness , or leaves !\nbritain\u2019s largest , heaviest and most impressive dragonfly . an early summer species . the brightly coloured turquoise and apple green males coupled with their aggressive territorial behaviour make this one of most well known and easily recognisable dragonflies .\nvisit any decent sized pond in early summer and you will probably encounter a male emperor patrolling it . they are very territorial and will chase other males and investigate other species . will fly away from water however to hunt . females are often visible laying eggs on floating vegetation and will do so alone .\ndid you know : dragonflies always rest with their wings spread open . dragonflies and their larvae are a popular food in some asian countries . there are over 30 , 000 facets in a dragonfly\u2019s eye . very few birds can outfly and hunt down dragonflies . the fast flying , agile hobby is a match . the dragonfly\u2019s front and hind wings beat alternately , not together , as with most insects . this gives them better flight control .\nthis common and familiar dragonfly in europe is nevertheless a comparatively recent colonist from africa , and still rapidly expanding its range northwards ( dijksta & lewington , 2006 ) . in the uk , it is absent from upland areas .\n3 ) there are more than 5 , 000 known species of dragonflies , all of which ( along with damselflies ) belong to the order odonata , which means \u201ctoothed one\u201d in greek and refers to the dragonfly\u2019s serrated teeth .\nmost of the odonate behaviour that you will observe if you sit quietly by a pond or stream in summer is sexual in nature . most male dragonflies establish a territory \u2013 usually near a suitable site for the female to lay her eggs . the male defends the territory against other intruding males while waiting for a female to fly by . some species just perch and wait for this to happen ; others patrol the area for long periods . in hong kong , members of the aeshnidae family , such as the fiery emperor and the pale - spotted emperor , are particularly impressive as they patrol over ponds and streams , rarely coming down to rest .\nwe watched a female emperor ovipositing in a small pond . her mate was patrolling above , and caught a small butterfly . still in flight , the wings dropped off , and he then found the female , who flew up and took the food from him . she landed on a weed in the water , and sat eating .\nthe lesser emperor was first recorded in gloucestershire in 1996 and exuvia were found in cornwall in 1999 proving breeding had been successful ( cham et al . , 2014 ) . since the gloucestershire record this species had been recorded in worcestershire , cheshire and staffordshire and finally just last year in shropshire . definitely a rare migrant but always a possibility !\n12 ) hundreds of dragonflies of different species will gather in swarms , either for feeding or migration . little is known about this behavior , but the dragonfly swarm project is collecting reports on swarms to better understand the behavior . ( report a swarm here . )\nthe profile of dragonflies has been raised in recent years , and many landowners build ponds in order to encourage them ( 4 ) . the british dragonfly society aims ' to promote and encourage the study and conservation of dragonflies and their natural habitats , especially in the united kingdom ' ( 6 ) .\nnaturewatch : the emperor dragonfly is usually recognizable by its large size . the male has a deep blue abdomen , divided by a central back stripe . its head is green . at close range it can be identified by the distinctive rounded inside edges of the hind wings . the female is green and brown and is much less conspicuous than the male . during summer the adult male patrols its territory \u2013 weedy ponds and lakes . it usually flies 6 - 20 feet above the water . when it does rest , it perches briefly on the edge of a reed bed or in a tree . adults can be found near any stretch of unpolluted fresh water in their range . larvae emerge from the water as early as may .\n5 ) at the end of its larval stage , the dragonfly crawls out of the water , then its exoskeleton cracks open and releases the insect\u2019s abdomen , which had been packed in like a telescope . its four wings come out , and they dry and harden over the next several hours to days .\ndragonflies undergo a type of development known as incomplete metamorphosis in which the aquatic larvae ( sometime called nymphs ) undergo a series of moults ; the stages between moults are known as instars or ' stadia ' ( 4 ) . after hatching from eggs , the larvae develop quickly through the summer ; they enter their final instar during the autumn of the following year , and then enter ' diapause ' , a form of hibernation , before emerging as adults early the next summer ( 2 ) . in the first few instars , the larvae swim by undulating the body from side - to - side ; later on they develop a system of jet - propulsion which enables them to easily escape from predators such as water bugs , fish , other dragonfly larvae and beetles . the larvae of the emperor dragonfly are themselves voracious predators , armed with fearsome mouthparts known as a ' mask ' ; the mask is normally tucked under the head , but is rapidly extended in under 25 milliseconds ( 4 ) , piercing prey as large as small fish ( 2 ) .\n13 ) scientists have tracked migratory dragonflies by attaching tiny transmitters to wings with a combination of eyelash adhesive and superglue . they found that green darners from new jersey traveled only every third day and an average of 7 . 5 miles per day ( though one dragonfly traveled 100 miles in a single day ) .\nwith just a handful of records prior to 1980 and similarly few in the succeeding decade , this is another species that can be considered a recent colonist to vc 55 . there has been a huge upsurge in records of this distinctive dragonfly since 1990 and it is now distributed widely through vc 55 in suitable habitat .\nbritain ' s bulkiest dragonfly . its bright colours and active habit make it very obvious when hunting over medium to large water bodies . it rarely settles , even eating its prey in flight . both sexes have a bright , apple - green thorax and green or blue eyes . the costa is bright yellow . they often fly with the rear of the abdomen bent slightly downwards .\nwhile the adults are conspicuous , the larvae are little known to most of us . that is because they are aquatic creatures , living below the surface in freshwater streams and pools . they are generally dull , prehistoric - looking creatures \u2013 a far cry from the flaming adults . the following account focuses on the adults and attempts to briefly explain some of the dragonfly behaviour that an interested observer might be witness to in the summer months in hong kong .\nfreshly emerged dragonflies are ghost - like . their wings are shiny , their bodies lacking in pigments . it can take up to two weeks for a dragonfly to reach sexual maturity , during which time there is a transition to adult coloration . subadult coloration can be different from that of the mature adult , and can lead to difficulties of identification . in general , adult males are easier to identify than females and subadults as many of them are distinctive .\na large , robust , long - bodied dragonfly with a ' waisted ' appearance to the abdomen , which is longer than the hindwing . the eyes range from green to blue , with yellow to green undersides . animals have a plain green thorax and , in males , a light blue abdomen ( except for the first segment , which is usually green ) with a broad black dorsal stripe . the intensity of the blue colouration varies with weather conditions , becoming paler in cooler weather .\nthis is the largest dragonfly found in the uk and indeed shropshire . apart from a green segment 1 , the abdomen is mostly bright blue with a distinctive broad black dorsal line running from segment 2 - 10 . the thorax is apple green and has no antehumeral stripes or any noticeable side stripes . just in front of the wings are 2 triangular blue spots . the wings are clear with a yellow costa and long narrow brown pterostigma . the eyes are blue green and the legs black apart from some reddish brown on the femur .\nthe larvae of most species simply climb up the stems of emergent plants . some , however , crawl away from the water to find a suitable site to metamorphose into an adult \u2013 some even climb high into trees . once a site is found , the dragonfly slowly emerges , which can take 2 - 3 hours in dragonflies , an hour in damselflies . the shed larval skin ( known as an exuvia ) is left in place ; a good place to look for these exuviae is the water - lily pond at the outdoor study centre in tai po kau .\nlifecycle : most of the dragonfly\u2019s life is spent underwater as larva . it emerges as a winged adult for a few weeks a year to mate and lay eggs . usually mating takes place in the high branches of a tree along the pond\u2019s bank , but sometimes it will occur in the air . the male pursues the female until he is able to settle on her back . the mating procedure is known as the \u201ccopulation wheel . \u201d the female fertilizes the eggs , then uses her ovipostor ( a special egg laying organ ) to lay them . to protect her eggs from being eaten by fish , she places them into slits that she has cut into stems of pondweed .\nlarva : a very large , elongate dragonfly larva , with a torpedo - like body and large , round eyes characterised by eye length much greater than width . the rear margin of the head is straight , and the head as a whole has a roughly circular appearance . the labium is three and a half to four times as long as wide . dorsal spines are present on the seventh and eighth abdominal segments , but there is no spine on the sixth segment . early - stage ( first year ) larvae are banded in black and white , colouration that is lost with age . this may be an adaptation that camouflages them against older larvae of the same species by imitating the effects of incident light near the water surface .\nhi all , we were out with our son , daughter in law , and 6 year old grandson today . our grandson loves catching insects , crickets , grasshoppers etc . after studying them in his proper trap , he releases them again . whilst out , we saw various butterflies , and a couple of dragonflies . now , to ask the question . have any of you observed this behaviour ? we watched a female emperor ovipositing in a small pond . her mate was patrolling above , and caught a small butterfly . still in flight , the wings dropped off , and he then found the female , who flew up and took the food from him . she landed on a weed in the water , and sat eating . this all took place over some 20 minutes or so , much to the delight of all watching , especially our grandson , who was the quietest i have known him to be for such a long time . no decent pics of this action , despite many attempts , sorry . pics below of some other sightings . hope you like them .\nafter diapause , final instar larvae leave the water and crawl up vegetation . the adult emerges , leaving the discarded skin of the nymph attached to the plant ( 5 ) . the new adults undergo a period of feeding and maturation before starting to reproduce ( 4 ) . males set up territories , which they defend fiercely against other males ; they fly rapidly at two to six metres over the water , and very rarely come to a rest . during mating , males and females form a typical ' wheel ' mating posture , in which the male grabs the female behind her head using the claspers at the tip of his abdomen . after mating the female lays her eggs in floating vegetation , keeping low to avoid encounters with territorial males ( 2 ) .\nyou can view distribution information for this species at the national biodiversity network atlas .\nthere may be further information about this species available via the national biodiversity network atlas .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken\nmcgeeny , a . ( 1986 ) a complete guide to british dragonflies . jonathan cape , london .\nsterry , p . ( 1997 ) complete british wildlife photo guide . harper collins publishers , london .\no ' toole , c . ( 2002 ) the new encyclopedia of insects and their allies . oxford university press , oxford\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s species and habitats from destruction .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nschorr , m . and paulson , d . 2013 . world odonata list . tacoma , washington , usa available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 20 november 2013 ) .\njustification : anax imperator is a widespread species with no major threats worldwide and it is therefore assessed as least concern .\nanax imperator is known from the whole africa to most of europe , the arabian peninsula and southwest and central asia . within india it is present in west bengal ( kolkata district ) , uttarakhand , maharashtra and tamil nadu . this species is presently expanding to the north due to the global warming and has been found in the southern part of sweden up to uppsala . in the british isles , its northern limit shifted by 80 km to the north so that now this species is known from scotland .\nanax imperator breeds in any kind of standing and slow running waters bordered with rushes and weeds . it is a familiar species on all open waters , where males patrol and hawk restless over their territory and exclude their congeners . males most generally do not accompany the female during oviposition .\nthere are no threats at the global scale , although local declines may occur due to habitat destruction and water pollution .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nfemale : green abdomen , similarly marked , which may become blue in warm weather .\nmostly associated with large , well vegetated ponds and lakes , but may be found over canals and slow moving rivers . the female lays her eggs , alone , in floating pondweed .\nwidespread in southern england and southern wales ; increasing its range northwards . recently appeared in ireland .\ncould perhaps be confused with other hawkers , but the large size and drooping abdomen ( in flight ) help identification .\nclick here to support naturespot by making a donation - small or large - your gift is very much appreciated . thank you .\nthis is one of europe ' s largest dragonflies . the male is easy to identify with its apple green thorax and bright blue abdomen and blue eyes . the female is mostly green and also has the apple green thorax .\nwidespread but not common in england south of the humber and wales , little recorded elsewhere in britain .\neduard sol\u00e0 added the catalan common name\nespiadimonis\nto\nanax imperator leach 1815\n.\nkari pihlaviita added the finnish common name\nkeisarikorento\nto\nanax imperator leach 1815\n.\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nthe largest of the hawker dragonflies found in britain , this is a common species in southern england and wales .\nthe male ( below ) has a bright blue body , while the female , seen above laying eggs on emergent vegetation , has a greenish tinge , becoming gradually bluer when old .\nif you found this information helpful , you would probably find the new 2017 edition of our bestselling book matching the hatch by pat o ' reilly very useful . get an author - signed copy here . . .\nin profile view , there is a black marking at the base of each segment . immature males and females typically have a green ( sometimes brown in immatures ) abdomen , with a distinct thin yellow ring at the base of the second abdominal segment only in newly - emerged individuals , becoming green with age . the dorsal midline is often more brownish than black in females and tenerals . in both sexes , the costa ( leading edge of the wing ) is yellow , and the pterostigma brown . the wing itself is otherwise clear , but can become brownish in older females . the frons is marked with a black pentagon at the base , and there is a blue bar in front of this marking . some females have a blue abdomen ; they can be distinguished from males by two triangular blue markings on top of the thorax , just in front of the wings .\nthis is a species of still and occasionally slow - flowing waters , most often encountered around larger , well - vegetated waterbodies . it is known to colonise newly - formed pond , and is able to tolerate brackish conditions . larvae inhabit pondweed .\nmales of this fast - flying species patrol open areas of the waterbody , often higher and further from shore than related species . when they come into land , individuals typically rest vertically , low down in vegetation . in flight , the animal may hold its abdomen so that it curves downwards . animals are strongly territorial and will chase off smaller rivals , including members of other species with a similar appearance .\nemperors will typically eat prey on the wing , but large prey items , such as large butterflies , dragonflies and similarly - sized insects , will often be consumed from a perch .\nlarvae are active predators that respond rapidly to movement and use their well - developed eyes to track prey . they are typically well - camouflaged within vegetation , clasping twigs or stems close to the water surface . unusually , they have been known to hunt in open water , using jet propulsion to pursue prey .\nbreeding behaviour : in contrast to other european emperors ( genus anax ) , females lay eggs alone , ovipositing directly into floating vegetation , including deadwood , away from shore . this exposed situation makes animals highly visible compared with related species .\nemergence : emergence takes place between april and september ; in the uk , the peak emergence period is from may to july . larvae often emerge synchronously following a sequence of warm nights , and will typically select an emergence support a day or more in advance of moulting . during this period , animals may travel some distance from water , usually within 6 m but as far as 30 m has been recorded . larvae may climb up to 5 m into trees in preparation for emergence . emergence itself takes around three hours ; once the wings have fully expanded and are ready for use , animals may then wait for suitable early morning light levels before taking off , whirring their wings to increase their body temperature sufficiently for take - off in cool conditions . if conditions are particularly poor , partially - moulted larvae may actually return to water to reduce predation risk on land during the day , before re - emerging the following evening .\nflight season : highly dependent on location , with north african populations flying from march until december . in northern europe , animals are most abundant from june to august .\nlife cycle : eggs hatch three weeks after being laid . in contrast to most members of the genus anax , at least in the uk , development follows immediately from oviposition with no intervening period of dormancy . larval development takes either one or two years , partially depending on when eggs were laid . following emergence , maturation takes between a week and 12 days in males , 13 - 16 days in females .\ndijkstra , k - d . b . and lewington , r . 2006 field guide to the dragonflies of britain and europe british wildlife publishing : 320 pp\nfemale , blue form , ovipositing . note the yellow costa , thick mid - dorsal line and the green of the thorax and first abdominal segment . unusually , this female exhibits blue triangular marks in front of the forewing , a feature typical of males , but the animal ' s behaviour identifies its sex .\nall north africa and europe north to denmark on the mainland , and through southern britain and ireland populations become scarcer and more scattered in the north of this range and inland from the coast in ireland . in east africa . the species occurs south as far as zimbabwe and madagascar .\nis carried near the wing tip . the main veins and the crossveins form the wing venation pattern . the venation patterns are different in different species . the\ndijkstra , k . d . & suhling , f . ( odonata red list authority ) .\njustification : regional assessment : the species is listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category .\neastern africa distribution : the species is common and widespread in kenya , tanzania , uganda , malawi , and assumed from burundi . global distribution : the species is widespread in africa and eurasia .\nthe body is dull green with a similar dark dorsal stripe extending along the abdomen . the eyes are green .\nas the name suggests these large hawkers are top in the pecking order and the males will defend territory aggressively . the males are relentless fliers , only perching occasionally , and the male in flight is quite distinctive holding the abdomen bent slightly downward . copulation takes place a short distance from the waters edge whilst perched on a shrub or tree . the female then oviposits alone into submerged vegetation .\nmostly found on well vegetated standing water habitats such as ponds , lakes , canals and large ditches , but also on slow flowing rivers . known to be a pioneer species often seen at new ponds .\nnumerous standing water sites across shropshire such as dudmaston estate , shropshire hills discovery centre at craven arms , attingham park , severn valley country park .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 3 . 2 / / en\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nkey facts : sizes : length : adult , 3 in . ; larvae , 2in . wingspan : 4 in . coloration : adult male ; enable blue body with central black stripe and green head ; adult female : green head and greenish body . wings : 2 pairs , moved independently\nall material copyright \u00a91996 - 2002 ladywildlife\u00a9 . . & mcmxci imp b / imp inc . wildlife fact files tm absolutely no reproduction of any material on this website is authorized . any image duplication is a violation of copyright law and is illegal . so don ' t do it !\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with nbn atlas , please upload using the upload tools .\nwe ' re about more than just birds ( though obviously we like them a lot ) .\nyou have posted to a forum that requires a moderator to approve posts before they are publicly available .\ni have never heard of anything like this before , but will check some literature and see if i can find any reference to anything similar .\ni would suspect that this was more likely to be theft of food rather than a deliberate feeding of the female by the male .\nthanks roy . the male deffo was looking for the female before shec nabbed the food , so i assumed she was meant to take it . be interested in what you manage to find on your research . appreciated .\nand i took my future wife out for a\nchinese\non our first date . lol .\nthe male deffo was looking for the female before shec nabbed the food , so i assumed she was meant to take it .\nsimilar brief courtship displays have also been described for a number of damselfly species , including the demoiselles found in the uk .\nin most cases males of both dragonflies and damselflies simply try and grab females , which may indicate that they are not receptive for mating by bending their abdomen either up or down . if a male does manage to ' grab ' a female , he will then try and coax her to mate by bending his abdomen forward - although if the female is not receptive mating will not occur because she also needs to bend her abdomen forward if the mating wheel is to be formed .\nthanks for the info roy , appreciated . when the female was given , ( stole ) the butterfly , she sat eating it on a leaf in the pond . the male continued patrolling , and attempting to catch other butterflies , unsuccessfully . he didn ' t venture far from the pond , so the prey got away . i was surprised at this , cos they , as you know , are very fast . it almost seemed he didn ' t want to let her out of his sight . i would have stayed longer . but our grandson wanted to go to the playground . cheers , steve .\n\u00a9 the royal society for the protection of birds . charity registered in england and wales no 207076 , in scotland no sc037654 . contact us terms & conditions\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nare a bright sky - turquoise blue colour with an irregular dark line down the centre of its abdomen . this bright colour will fade in cool conditions . the thorax is bright apple green , easily viewed from the side . eyes and face are bright blue . tends to droop its abdomen in flight , slightly banana shaped .\nresemble pale females , with pale brown markings on the abdomen , green thorax and yellow - green eyes .\nresemble the males with identical markings , the colour of the abdomen is green , the central line dark brown . however , in warm conditions the abdomen will become blue resembling a male . thorax is apple green . eyes are yellow - green but can also be blue .\nresemble mature females with more muted drab colours . thorax is pale green and eyes pale yellow - brown .\nmostly associated with large , well vegetated ponds and lakes , but may be found over canals and slow moving rivers . common in garden ponds .\nvery common in southern and central england and south wales . slowly spreading northwards and westwards . common and widespread in dorset .\nmain flight period is may to september , peaking between mid june to mid august .\nflying insects are usually annoying . mosquitoes bite you , leaving itchy red welts . bees and wasps sting . flies are just disgusting . but there\u2019s something magical about dragonflies .\n1 ) dragonflies were some of the first winged insects to evolve , some 300 million years ago . modern dragonflies have wingspans of only two to five inches , but fossil dragonflies have been found with wingspans of up to two feet .\n2 ) some scientists theorize that high oxygen levels during the paleozoic era allowed dragonflies to grow to monster size .\n4 ) in their larval stage , which can last up to two years , dragonflies are aquatic and eat just about anything\u2014tadpoles , mosquitoes , fish , other insect larvae and even each other .\n6 ) dragonflies are expert fliers . they can fly straight up and down , hover like a helicopter and even mate mid - air . if they can\u2019t fly , they\u2019ll starve because they only eat prey they catch while flying .\n7 ) dragonflies catch their insect prey by grabbing it with their feet . they\u2019re so efficient in their hunting that , in one harvard university study , the dragonflies caught 90 to 95 percent of the prey released into their enclosure .\n9 ) some adult dragonflies live for only a few weeks while others live up to a year .\nsarah zielinski is an award - winning science writer and editor . she is a contributing writer in science for urltoken and blogs at wild things , which appears on science news .\nthere aren ' t many rumors that american socialite wallis simpson hasn ' t been subjected to . so here ' s how she actually infiltrated the british monarchy .\na diver stumbles across a whale shark trapped in a commercial fishing line . sensing the diver is there to help , the goliath lies still while the rope is cut .\nsand strikers , also known as bobbit worms , are primitive - looking creatures that lack eyes , or even a brain . despite this , they are savage predators who shoot out grapple - like hooks to reel in passing fish .\nthe hagfish is a slime - emitting ocean - dweller that ' s remained unchanged for 300 million years - - and it shows . it has a skull ( but no spine ) , velvet smooth skin , and a terrifying pit of a mouth that ' s lined with rows of razor - sharp teeth .\none highly influential ancient middle eastern civilization established some of the essential systems we still use today . think you know which it is ?\nwhat ' s the difference between england , britain and the u . k . ?\nget the best of urltoken by email . keep up - to - date on :\nas the line from hopkins\u2019s poem attests to , dragonflies can be strikingly colourful and conspicuous creatures . they belong to the order of insects known as odonota .\ndifferent species of odonates worldwide , roughly equally divided between dragonflies and damselflies . 116 species have been recorded in hong kong .\nthe larval stage of odonates can last for several years . the adult stage , in contrast , is often a few brief weeks . during those weeks the adult has to survive and breed . unlike butterflies , dragonflies lack a pupal stage in their development . in the final stage of larval development , when the adult is ready to emerge , the larva has to make the transition from the water to the land .\nwhen a male comes upon a willing female , there is a pre - copulatory phase where the pair flies or perches \u201cin tandem\u201d . in this position , the male grasps the female ( behind the head in dragonflies , on the upper thorax in damselflies ) with the claspers situated at the tip of his abdomen . this deters other males from trying to copulate with the female .\ncopulation usually follows within a few minutes of the tandem position being assumed . for this to occur , the male and female take up what is called the \u201cwheel position\u201d . the reason for this is that the male has two separate sets of sexual organs . the primary sexual organ consists of sperm - producing testes located near the tip of the abdomen ( in the ninth abdominal segment , to be exact ) . the secondary sexual organ ( the penis ) is located under the second and third abdominal segments . before copulation , and usually while the pair are in the tandem position , the male bends his abdomen so that sperm is transferred from the primary sexual organ to the secondary sexual organ . the female then curves her abdomen so her genitalia located at the tip of the abdomen can connect with the male\u2019s penis . the amount of time spent in sexual union varies from species to species , and can be from a few seconds to several hours .\nthe body is brown with a bright blue saddle on segments 2 - 3 . a black line runs from segment 3 down the dorsal surface of the abdomen and a yellow basal ring is visible on segment 2 . the thorax is completely brown and the eyes are green . the wings have a yellow costa and a general yellow suffusion . the pterostigma are yellow - brown .\nvery similar to the male but the abdomen is duller and the black dorsal line extends clearly on to segment 2 . a yellow band is visible at the base of segment 2 as in the male . the colour of the abdomen may vary with some females being more blue .\nunusually for hawker species , the male and female remain in tandem whilst eggs are laid into floating vegetation ( brooks & cham , 2014 ) .\nreceive our free weekly newsletter which includes our popular photo of the week and review of the week features , plus competitions , special offers and much more . hide message .\nview thousands of photos and video of odonates from around the world , or upload your own . to search by species , use the species guide ( change\nioc\nto\ndragonflies & damselflies\nbefore searching by taxon ) .\n\u00a9 2018 birdguides , warners group publications plc . all rights reserved . company registered in england no . 2572212 | vat registration no . gb 638 3492 15"]}
{"id": 1876, "summary": [{"text": "the saint lucia lancehead or saint lucia pit viper ( bothrops caribbaeus ) is a species of venomous snake which is endemic to the west indies . ", "topic": 12}], "title": "saint lucia lancehead", "paragraphs": ["a us zoo rear the st . lucia lancehead snake , curious about its properties for treating certain diseases\nover the weekend , 12 st . lucia lancehead vipers were born at the kentucky reptile zoo in slade .\nst . lucia lancehead vipers are native only to st . lucia . the kentucky reptile zoo is the only facility outside of st . lucia to be allowed to house these rare island snakes .\na us zoo rear the st . lucia lancehead snake , curious about its properties for treating certain diseases \u2013 caribbean hotfm\nst . lucia lancehead vipers are native only to the small caribbean island of st . lucia . the kentucky reptile zoo is the only facility outside of st . lucia allowed to house these rare island snakes .\naccording to zoo officials , venom from st . lucia lancehead vipers has the potential for treating heart disease , stroke and other disorders .\nover the weekend , 12 st . lucia lancehead vipers were born at the kentucky reptile zoo in slade , powell county , kentucky .\nanguilla , antigua and barbuda , aruba , bahamas , barbados , cayman islands , cuba , dominica , dominican republic , haiti , grenada , guadeloupe , jamaica , martinique , montserrat , netherlands antilles , puerto rico , saint kitts and nevis , saint lucia , saint vincent and the grenadines , trinidad and tobago , turks and caicos islands , virgin islands - british , virgin islands - u . s .\nalthough the majority of st lucia ' s wildlife is protected under the saint lucia wildlife protection act of 1980 , the fer - de - lance is not . the snake has the same status as rats and the mongoose .\nnotes below from from the\nst . lucia animal protection society\nabout the snakes in st . lucia\nb . muriciensis - ferrarezzi & freire , 2001 . range : northeastern brazil ( alagoas ) , common name : murici lancehead .\nhe was a runaway . he somehow survived the plantation system . who brought snakes into saint lucia to kill runaways who had a spine and did not want to live as a house nigger or a field hand ? wicked and murderous black people ?\nslavery is still killing our tails . those white absentee landlords , even have their grandchildren replacing them and are still killing us today . why don ' t we hunt these to extinction in saint lucia ? put a bounty on the head of each snake taken to the nearest police station .\nst . lucia news online the aim of st . lucia news online is to bring breaking news , professional and reliable daily news , photos , videos , audio and commentary to every st . lucian .\nfound in northeastern mexico ( tamaulipas ) southward through central and south america to argentina , bothrops species also occur on the islands of saint lucia and martinique in the lesser antilles , as well as on ilha da queimada grande off the coast of brazil . [ 1 ] b . atrox is also found on the island of trinidad in the southern caribbean off the eastern coast of venezuela .\nwinston\u2019s niece , diana pierre told saint lucia news online ( sno ) today ( may 19 ) that it took him a few hours after the attack before he got help . there is no telephone service on the hill top . with the support of his girlfriend , winston walked through clumps of bushes to get assistance from villagers . an ambulance was called to transport him to the victoria hospital .\nsnake found dead in massacre , st . lucia \u2013 how much do you know about its species ? ( 8 )\nthe boa is restricted to the drier areas of st . lucia .\nthey do not harm man\nhow can a hospital not have anti - venom ? shame of the politicians in st lucia . . . u money hungry people need to take care of your citizend and their health . . . without the citizens there is no st lucia .\nst . lucia is the freaking best . all these snakes and no anti - venom . alvina reynolds has got to go\nst lucia is simply beautiful . for a small island we are blessed with great biodiversity and a spectacular landscape . i am lucky to have been born here . but it ' s sad that the snakes and reptiles of st lucia are threatened with extinction .\nthis type [ subspecies ] of fer - de - lance ( latin name bothrops caribbaeus ) is only found in st lucia .\ncopyright 2018 st . lucia news online . all rights reserved . this material may not be published , broadcast , rewritten or distributed .\nvideo taken by a friend of one of our trips to st . lucia . we were collecting dna samples and venom for research on these animals . all snakes were released . this work done with permission from and under the supervision of the st . lucia department of forestry . all native wildlife on the island is protected by law .\nmy prayers go out to the children and their mother .\nwow shame on you\ngovernment of st . lucia no anti - vernon . this is not acceptable .\nand one wonders why they keep on\nname - calling\nevery island in the caribbean in their budget presentation , but no one calls\nst . lucia ' s\nname .\njim harrison and kristen wiley , the directors of the reptile zoo , traveled to st . lucia this past winter to provide training to forestry personnel on how to handle this breed of snake .\ntree boas generally aren ' t dangerous to humans . the real problem is the fer - de - lance , also called the terciopelo or lancehead . it ' s very poisonous and will kill quickly ( within hours ) without antidote . it ' s also aggressive unlike some other snakes and can attack unprovoked - - well , if you ' re walking nearby it may view that as provocation .\ni wouldn ' t worry too much though . these snakes do exist on st lucia ( another legacy of slavery ) but not in all regions , attacks on humans with fatalities are not that common .\nthere are poisonous snakes , and aggressive snakes , and the fer - de - lance is one of the unusual snakes which is both . it just doesn ' t bite people that much in st lucia .\nst lucia villa rental urltoken the gorgeous destination of st lucia offers holidaymakers everything from thrilling water sports to breathtaking black - sand seashores , abundant tropical rainforest and world - class health spas . discover this peaceful attractions of this beautiful tropical isle ; have fun with a boat ride at nightfall across the calm waters in marigot bay , the location on the west coastline of the region popular for its myriad of yachts and harbour docks .\nadams toussaint , 46 , works for the forestry department based in castries in st lucia in the eastern caribbean . he describes the battle to save the native fer - de - lance snake , which is threatened with extinction\nbut while rats and the mongoose are two alien invasive species that have a mostly destructive impact on st lucia ' s biodiversity , the fer - de - lance is an endemic species and should invoke some sort of national pride .\nunfortunately costs continue to rise on everything now days . there is an average of 15 - 20 bites ayear on st lucia . fatalities are not common , but 1 is to many . a small stock of expired anti venom is better than none at all . with the average number of bites that happen i dont think it will have time to expire anyway . with all that being said the snake is a very important part of the islandsecology , and should be respected . education and awareness of this snake could greatly reduce the number of bites . i have worked with this snake for many years in the field and in captivity . also rattlesnakes do not occure on the island , the locale venomous snake is from the lancehead group .\nboa constrictor ( constrictor constrictor orophias ) : the boa constrictor of tete - chien as it is known locally is one of the four species of snakes native to the island of st . lucia . the other three are the fer - de - lance , the rare maria island snake and the tiny , soil dwelling , blind worm snake . the boa is restricted to the drier areas of st . lucia . they do not harm man and they are protected by law .\nam from st . lucia but right now am in cancun mexico i travel all the times from mexico to canada , but i do missed my country and proud to be a st lucian , and hope they will work on a anti venom pretty soon .\nlobbying for its protection or getting policymakers to buy into the idea of giving the fer - de - lance any form of protection is a mammoth task , that will require a massive education campaign to first change people ' s attitudes and develop pride and joy in the fer - de - lance \u2013 similar to what was done for the st lucia parrot .\nit most probably was a fer de lance that bit him . . i hope to god we have antivenom in our hospitals why did they not treat him with that immediately am i to assume that we are not equipped to handle snake bites in st . lucia . lord have mercy i really hate snakes . they could get rid of them . . . . .\nthese are not\nstories\nof the fer - de - lance . they do exist in st . lucia as opposed to most other caribbean islands . they were imported on purpose by ill - thinking slave owners . however , the risk of being bitten hiking on a trail is very low . bites are rare . sorry if the bear analogy was lost on some people .\nabout 50 years ago the geographical range of the snake covered a large part of the island . yet according to the latest study of st . lucia ' s reptiles and amphibians , completed last december , the poisonous snake , the fer - de - lance ( french for ' spearhead ' or ' iron of the lance ' ) is now limited to two fragmented areas on the island .\ntoo long lucians have being undermined . them doctors know damn well amputating the man arm would not save his life . such a shame a small island with more snakes than people we dont have not an ounce of antivenom . another oppurtunity for employment in st . lucia . recuit indiviuals giving them the nessecary equipment to haverst venom from those fear de lance and rattlers . there is room to make big bucks\nsince when have there been rattle snakes in lucia ? ? has there been any warnings as to which areas are prone to have them ? ? surely every one knows that you will die from a rattle snakes bite if you dont get antu venom asap , so why is there none on the island ? ? since when do they operate on people to get rid of a snakes venom ? these doctors must be smoking some serious shit .\nso sad . im so upset , st . lucia is so backward . the doctors know you cannot undergo surgery , with a snake bite . choops . where is the damn anti venon . we have snakes here , shame on you ' ll . no care . barbados doesn ' t have the poisonous yet still they have anti venon . health minister , thats what you all need to talk about , all you do is talk rubbish . none sense . no health care .\ntoo long lucians have being undermined . them doctors know damn well amputating the man arm would not save his life . such a shame a small island with more snakes than people we dont have not an ounce of antivenom . another oppurtunity for employment in st . lucia . recuit indiviuals giving them the nessecary equipment to haverst venom from those fear de lance and rattlers . there is room to make big bucks . lets create an anti - venom industry . lets sell anti - venom pm kenny .\nthe kentucky reptile zoo is located on l & e ; railroad place in the slade community of powell county .\nflorida police : perry co . woman crashes truck into utility pole after cat jumps on her\ncomments are posted from viewers like you and do not always reflect the views of this station .\nwymt 199 black gold blvd . hazard , ky 41701 606 - 436 - 5757 - switchboard 606 - 439 - 9968 - newsroom\nviewers with disabilities can get assistance accessing this station ' s fcc public inspection file by contacting the station with the information listed below . questions or concerns relating to the accessibility of the fcc ' s online public file system should be directed to the fcc at 888 - 225 - 5322 , 888 - 835 - 5322 ( tty ) , or fccinfo @ urltoken .\nthe costa rican species of fer - de - lance snake . photograph : mayela lopez / afp / getty images\nit is unfortunate that people do not love the snake , which is regarded as a notoriously dangerous species . the prevailing attitude is to exterminate it , rather than to conserve or protect it .\ni am hoping that conservationists will become more interested in protecting the species and look to focus more resources towards in - situ and ex - situ conservation . we also want to create an education campaign to compliment a conservation programme .\nwe need to protect their habitat , to educate the public not to kill them , and we need more applied research .\ni believe that the first step to conservation of any species is an assessment of the population status . this was done in december 2009 . so that ' s the first step . there is hope for saving our snake .\nanalysts trim forecasts for year to end of march , saying m & s ' s share among market ' s top 10 has slipped to 11 . 18 %\n\u00a9 2018 guardian news and media limited or its affiliated companies . all rights reserved .\nsyntypes : mcz r4812 , mcz r4814 , and mcz r4815 ( mcdiarmid et al . 1999 ) .\nsarah miller set\nfile : bothrops caribbaeus . jpg\nas an exemplar on\nbothrops caribbaeus garman 1887\n.\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nsleeping in a hut on his farm is a norm for gregory winston of canaries who succumbed to a snakebite last week while spending a night on his farm .\nfifty - six - year - old winston earned his livelihood by rearing pigs in the canaries hills . on thursday , he and his girlfriend , lucy were asleep in his hut on the farm when he woke up about 2 a . m . to a stinging sensation in his left arm .\npierre recalled winston\u2019s girlfriend saying that he felt like his arm was \u201cbroken\u201d , and by the time he reached at the hospital the colour of his skin had turned black and blue . winston was later advised by doctors that they would need to amputate his arm . he disagreed and opted for surgery to remove the venom from the snakebite instead . however , sno was told doctors warned that winston could have a 50 / 50 chance of survival with surgery .\nsubsequent to the surgery , he complained about severe pain in his arm . he was taken to the intensive care unit where he passed away . pierre said there was allegedly no anti - venom insulin to treat her uncle .\nwinston usually left his home to spend a few days up in the hills . pierre said he had complained to relatives of a snake infestation on the farm , after spotting a few of them , which he had attempted to kill at times .\npierre noted that he has already been warned not to return to the hills , after he barely survived a similar attack last year . she said he had been hospitalised for two weeks after the first snake attack . but despite warnings , winston was persistent to return to his farm and continue his work as this was his only means of income for him and his family .\npierre indicated that winston had presumed there was a rattle snake inside the hut , as he told relatives about waking up to a hissing sound one night while there .\napart from his pig rearing business , winston had a small kitchen garden in the hills .\nvehicle owned by popular st . lucian artiste involved in freak accident ( see 6 photos ) ( 23 )\nthere are lots of measures to be taken after a snake bite . first of all u must place a tourniquet to the affected limb then try to cut the wound to make the blood flow . soon after wash the area with fresh water this measure is taken to prevent the venom from traveling to the heart .\nyou absolutely never use a tourniquet in regards to a snake bite . by stopping the blood flow you can develop what ' s known as compartment syndrome in the muscle below said tourniquet . a simple compression bandage is all that is ever needed and for the victim to stay as calm as possible till he can reach some antivenom\nit is very well known that a compression bandage is what is used in terms of a venomous snake bite . never a tourniquet which can lead to compartment syndrome in the muscle . a tourniquet is about the worst thing you could possibly apply to a venomous snake bite . i don ' t know why people give advice when they have no idea what they ' re talking about\nanti venoms should be free . thats why there is a health minister , which means they are not doing they job\npeople are always quick to say who is not doing what . what is the occurrence of snake bites in slu ? this is the most important question . all drugs have an expiration rate . it may not be cost effective to have every single drug on hand . that is what the world boils down to . cost effectiveness . also , do you know that bacteria infection from the bite can kill as well ? infections spread quickly through the extremities .\nand to the ordinary people ( not party hacks ) you need to take your destiny into your own hands right now and to hell with those party patronising jackasses . the reason being that all of you will die . that is how the great countries of this era started . incompetency stops now ! ! ! ! find another job ! ! !\nwe have these deadly snakes back home and no anti venom to treat a snake bite its a shame . can we find those rapist that attack those two women last week and put them in a house with those rattle snakes and call it justice for the women\nyou feel me\nlol\nim an extension officer and we ' ve asked the ministry for snake kits and training for years now ! up to now nothing has happened despite the promises made . my work area has snakes and i pray everyday tht i dnt come across any becuz i dont knw what i will do ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! its so sad tht those kids hve been left without a father . life is so unpredictable and sad\nrip bro . was that his destiny ? he was warned before and stung once . thats so sad .\nwhat ever the shelf life is , it is not too much to spend for a human life . snakes are taking over so let there be funds available to fight the serpent . just 1 % from vat will help . in the early days it was one dollar for a head of snake , let us make it $ 25 . 00 a head including babies . maybe we will get the unemployment down from % 25 . just do something anything to get the snake population down . my prayers go out to the family , may god bless and protect you all .\nsome of our locally grown ones have evolved . some are crawling on two legs too . some live in that dark forest .\nempty the coffers , pay the many\nconsultants\nhuge salaries , turn a blind eye on what really matters ( like the health sector , ) wait when something like this happens , complain that the anti - venon is too expensive to keep on island - all the while the money is being offered as gifts to their buddy\nconsultants .\ni will forever say , we have keep on electing the most incompetent groups of politicians on the face of this earth .\ngod , i hate snakes . . . all types , and anything that crawls . so sad for his kids , hope they ' ll be taken care of .\nwith all these up to date hospitals an so call highly qualified doctors we have in slu y are the citizens been treated like it ' s 1950 with people dying from mosquito bites , snake bites an so many other simple problems that can b treated with proper drugs an compassion before money an we paying vat , vote an suffer watching d rich get d best treatment i thought charity begins at home so y canival , jazz an bacanal getting better funs than health care wow what a shame .\ndon ' t think any anti venom would work . like the niece said it took them a few hours to get help by then the venom would have traveled through his body and did it ' s damage . many hospitals don ' t carry anti vemon just because it is so costly and is rarely being used . as with all meds they expire . my prays are with the family and his kids\nyo are so smart ! lol . . . when alvina goes we will have all the anti - venom that we need for\nall these snakes\n!\nanti - colo , i remember the days of compensation for each head delivered to the local police station . don ' t know if that practice is still alive . also , snakes keep the rat / mice population in check .\nthis is so sad , pray god will strengthen his family at this time .\npretty much . that sucks man . i feel bad for that guy and his kids . prayers for them\nthe anti - venom has a short shelf life , and we get it from martinique which is very costly . so once someone gets bitten by the fer de lance snake it is ordered , only if the person or family they can afford it .\nso we live on an island with one of the deadliest snakes in the western hemisphere and no anti venom , not even enough to save one persons life .\nthe niece used the word\nallegedly\nin her statement but yet still you have a lucian so quick to write a comment without reading nor understanding what the statement means . dislike my comment all you like i don ' t give a toss ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 1 .\nsays who these things are kept frozen , first off people should have basic first aid knowledge living in a snake infested area the man should have been more careful raised beds are a must , then those pigs are lazy they usually kill snakes , what happen this time around .\nsad man . sad . de pigs got too fat . dey kyan move .\nnotify me of followup comments via e - mail . you can also subscribe without commenting .\nthis site uses akismet to reduce spam . learn how your comment data is processed .\n( antigua news room ) \u2013 the st . james\u2019 club is considering using booms to fight the \u2026\n( press release via sno ) \u2013 representative eliot l . engel ( d - ny ) , ranking member of the house \u2026\n( antigua news room ) \u2013 the st . james\u2019s club , one of antigua\u2019s premier hotels , is closing \u2026\na curated database of candidate human ageing - related genes and genes associated with longevity and / or ageing in model organisms .\na curated database of genes associated with dietary restriction in model organisms either from genetic manipulation experiments or gene expression profiling .\nprojects focused on gene expression profiling of ageing and of dietary manipulations of ageing , such as caloric restriction .\nsoftware for ageing research , including the ageing research computational tools ( arct ) perl toolkit .\na curated database of ageing and life history information in animals , including extensive longevity records .\nthe benchmark genome assembly and annotation of the long - lived , cancer - resistant naked mole - rat ( heterocephalus glaber ) .\na high - coverage genome of the bowhead whale ( balaena mysticetus ) , the longest - lived mammal .\nanalyses using the anage database to study the evolution of longevity and ageing in vertebrate lineages .\na portal of ageing changes covering different biological levels , integrating molecular , physiological and pathological age - related data .\nthe whosage database contains people and biotech companies that are contributing to increase our understanding of ageing and life - extension .\ncomments , suggestions , ideas , and bug reports are welcome . please contact us .\nwe noticed that you ' re using an unsupported browser . the tripadvisor website may not display properly . we support the following browsers :\nit ' s very doubtful you ' ll see or meet any snakes on the aerial tram .\ni encountered a boa constrictor while walking in the rain forest many years ago . it seemed quite friendly at first , but then another member of my party started poking it with a stick and we all beat a hasty retreat .\nas a point of reference , we know someone who lives in a rural area of costa rica where the fer - de - lance is much more plentiful . she kept antidote in the fridge for years but never used it and finally stopped replacing it . she also has many employees , none of whom got bitten in those years . she found a fer - de - lance in her carport and didn ' t get bitten . so enjoy the trip and just follow the guide ' s suggestions .\ncouple of other thoughts - - didn ' t want to alarm anyone . the risk is very low . but don ' t irritate wildlife ! how did the\nsnake - poker\nknow what the snake was ? benign snakes take the colouring of poisonous ones , and vice versa . anyone who\nplays\nwith a snake like that is an idiot .\nfairyjay , you sound like a sensible person and should be fine . sorry if my previous post was alarming - - didn ' t mean to be .\nwe have bears here . they have come to our front door . i am nervous about walking the little dogs but the\nbear scare\ndoesn ' t deter me . just make enough noise . relevance to your trip ? the risk is very , very small . if you are in a hiking group , you will likely scare off any snakes . the aggression is if you walk in\ntheir\nfields , not if you and a few other people walk on a defined path .\ni think we need to back to the original question . the poster is obviously concerned about snakes , and looking for reassurance that there will be no chance of seeing / meeting one on the aerial tramway .\nin my opinion you will definitely not see or meet a snake on the tramway .\nwould you see one whilst hiking in the rainforest ? again , in my opinion , highly unlikely . although there are snakes in the rainforest , you need to understand that snakes are more frightened of people , than people are frightened of snakes , and therefore move out of the way when they sense people coming .\nso , fairway , don ' t be alarmed of stories about the fer de lance , just do what thousands of people have already done , and enjoy your trip on the aerial tramway .\naye , captain . . . a tall , cold piton in my hand , a stiff wind to chase the mosquitos , snakes in the rainforest , and my @ ss in a hammock . . . that ' s all i ask\nrain forest sky rides tram nestled in the mountains of chassin , babonneau - over 2000 feet above sea level .\nits range extends from roseau to canaries on the west coast , and from marquis to micoud on the east . it is confined mainly to coastal areas and is not common at elevations above 600 feet .\nthe ranges of the two snakes coincide but while bothrops prefers the ground and scrubby and cultivated areas , constrictor keeps to the bush and trees .\nmembers who are knowledgeable about this destination and volunteer their time to answer travelers ' questions .\n* tripadvisor llc is not a booking agent and does not charge any service fees to users of our site . . . (\ntripadvisor llc is not responsible for content on external web sites . taxes , fees not included for deals content .\n: we use the most recent data from these primary sources : who , world bank , unesco , cia and individual country databases for global health and causes of death .\nwe use the cdc , nih and individual state and county databases for verification and supplementation for usa data .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nlesser antilles : martinique terra typica : unknown ; restricted to morne capot , between ajoupa - bouillon and le lorrain , martinique , by lazell , 1964 . ;\nattributes / relations provided by \u2666 1 de magalhaes , j . p . , and costa , j . ( 2009 ) a database of vertebrate longevity records and their relation to other life - history traits . journal of evolutionary biology 22 ( 8 ) : 1770 - 1774 \u2666 2 venomous snakes and antivenoms search interface , world health organization \u2666 3 gibson , d . i . , bray , r . a . , & harris , e . a . ( compilers ) ( 2005 ) . host - parasite database of the natural history museum , london\necoregions provided by world wide fund for nature ( wwf ) . wildfinder : online database of species distributions , ver . 01 . 06 wwf wildfinder\n,\niron of the lance\n) . however , many scientists and hobbyists now restrict this name to the martinican species ,\nmost species are nocturnal , although a few found at higher altitudes are active during the day . otherwise , they may be seen on cloudy days or during periods of rain . most are terrestrial , though all are capable of climbing . one species ,\npreys primarily on birds , due to the absence of native mammal species on queimada grande . this feeding habit probably accounts for their more arboreal lifestyle compared with their mainland cousins .\n. without treatment , the fatality rate is estimated to be about 7 % , but with treatment this is reduced to 0 . 5 - 3 % .\nsoutheastern brazil , paraguay , uruguay and northern argentina ( in the provinces of buenos aires , catamarca , c\u00f3rdoba , corrientes , chaco , entre r\u00edos , formosa , la pampa , misiones , san luis , santa fe , santiago del estero and tucum\u00e1n .\nb . alcatraz - marques , martins & sazima , 2002 . range : brazil ( s\u00e3o paulo ) , common name : jararaca - de - alcatrazes\nmcdiarmid rw , campbell ja , tour\u00e9 t . 1999 . snake species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , vol . 1 . herpetologists ' league . 511 pp . isbn 1 - 893777 - 00 - 6 ( series ) . isbn 1 - 893777 - 01 - 4 ( volume ) .\ncampbell ja , lamar ww . 2004 . the venomous reptiles of the western hemisphere . comstock publishing associates , ithaca and london . 870 pp . 1500 plates . isbn 0 - 8014 - 4141 - 2 .\nu . s . navy . 1991 . poisonous snakes of the world . us govt . new york : dover publications inc . 203 pp . isbn 0 - 486 - 26629 - x .\nthis article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 10 / 7 / 2016 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe source code for the wiki 2 extension is being checked by specialists of the mozilla foundation , google , and apple . you could also do it yourself at any point in time .\nwould you like wikipedia to always look as professional and up - to - date ? we have created a browser extension .\nit will enhance any encyclopedic page you visit with the magic of the wiki 2 technology .\ni use wiki 2 every day and almost forgot how the original wikipedia looks like .\nof perfecting techniques ; in live mode . quite the same wikipedia . just better .\nbothrops is a genus of pit vipers endemic to central and south america . [ 1 ] the generic name , bothrops , is derived from the greek words \u03b2\u03cc\u03b8\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 , bothros , meaning\npit\n, and \u03ce\u03c0\u03c2 , ops , meaning\neye\nor\nface\n, together an allusion to the heat - sensitive loreal pit organs . members of this genus are responsible for more human deaths in the americas than any other group of venomous snakes . [ 2 ] currently , 32 species are recognized . [ 3 ]\nthese snakes range from small , never growing to more than 50\u201370 cm ( 19 . 5\u201327 . 5 in ) , to large at over 200 cm ( 6 . 6 ft ) in total length . most are characterized by having a sharp canthus rostralis and an unelevated snout . [ 2 ]\nthe arrangement of the scales on top of the head is extremely variable ; the number of interorbital scales may be 3 - 14 . usually there are 7 - 9 supralabials and 9 - 11 sublabials . there are 21 - 29 rows of dorsal scales at midbody , 139 - 240 ventral scales , and 30 - 86 subcaudals , which are generally divided . [ 2 ]\nmembers of this genus are responsible for more fatalities in the americas than any other group of venomous snakes . in this regard , the most important species are b . asper , b . atrox and b . jararaca . without treatment , the fatality rate is estimated to be about 7 % , but with treatment this is reduced to 0 . 5 - 3 % . [ 2 ]\ntypical symptoms of bothropic envenomation include immediate burning pain , dizziness , nausea , vomiting , sweating , headache , massive swelling of the bitten extremity , hemorrhagic blebs , local necrosis , bleeding from the nose and gums , ecchymosis , erythemia , hypotension , tachycardia , coagulopathy with hypofibrinogenemia and thrombocytopenia , hematemesis , melena , epistaxis , hematuria , intracerebral hemorrhage and renal failure secondary to hypotension and bilateral cortical necrosis . there is usually some discoloration around the bite site , and rashes may develop on the torso or the extremities . [ 2 ]\nin general , death results from hypotension secondary to blood loss , renal failure , and intracranial hemorrhage . common complications include necrosis and renal failure secondary to shock and the toxic effects of the venom . [ 2 ]\natlantic lowlands of eastern mexico and central america , including guatemala , belize , honduras , nicaragua , costa rica and panama , a disjunct population occurs in southeastern chiapas ( mexico ) and southwestern guatemala , northern south america in colombia and venezuela [ 1 ] also in ecuador . [ 2 ]\ncampbell ja , lamar ww . 2004 . the venomous reptiles of the western hemisphere . comstock publishing associates , ithaca and london . 870 pp . 1500 plates . isbn 0 - 8014 - 4141 - 2 .\nu . s . navy . 1991 . poisonous snakes of the world . us govt . new york : dover publications inc . 203 pp . isbn 0 - 486 - 26629 - x .\nallf , bradley c . , paul ap durst , and david w . pfennig .\nbehavioral plasticity and the origins of novelty : the evolution of the rattlesnake rattle .\nthe american naturalist 188 . 4 ( 2016 ) : 475 - 483\nthis page was last edited on 2 june 2018 , at 11 : 55 .\nbasis of this page is in wikipedia . text is available under the cc by - sa 3 . 0 unported license . non - text media are available under their specified licenses . wikipedia\u00ae is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation , inc . wiki 2 is an independent company and has no affiliation with wikimedia foundation .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 3 . 2 / / en\nevaluates the conservation status of plant and animal species . the list is based on scientific assessment of an organism ' s status by experts .\ncopyright rhett butler 1994 - 2015 carbon dioxide ( co2 ) emissions generated from urltoken operations ( server , data transfer , travel ) are mitigated through an association with anthrotect , an organization working with afro - indigenous and embera communities to protect forests in colombia ' s darien region . anthrotect is protecting the habitat of mongabay ' s mascot : the scale - crested pygmy tyrant .\nrainforest\nis used interchangeably with\nrain forest\non this site .\njungle\nis generally not used ."]}
{"id": 1879, "summary": [{"text": "phreatodytes is a genus of beetles in the family noteridae , containing the following species : phreatodytes archaeicus u\u00e9no , 1996 phreatodytes elongatus u\u00e9no , 1996 phreatodytes latiusculus u\u00e9no , 1996 phreatodytes mohrii u\u00e9no , 1996 phreatodytes relictus u\u00e9no , 1957 phreatodytes sublimbatus u\u00e9no , 1996", "topic": 26}], "title": "phreatodytes", "paragraphs": ["the broadened prosternal process , cranial extension of the noterid platform , metafurcal\u2013metacoxal fusion , and swimming adaptations of the hind legs are regarded as synapomorphies of noteridae excluding notomicrus and phreatodytes .\nshape of antennomere i , profemoral excavation , paramedian angle of anterior metacoxal wall ,\nnoterid platform ,\nand the peculiar condition of the intercoxal wall are synapomorphies of noteridae ( excluding phreatodytes ) and notomicrus .\nphreatodytes contains a single subterranean species taken from wells in japan . ueno ( 1957 ) considered it intermediate between the amphizoidae and noteridae , and placed it in a new family , the phreatodytidae . beutel and roughley ( 1987 ) consider it a primitive noterid and a sister group of all remaining noteridae .\nthe following characters are assigned to the ground plan of noteridae excluding phreatodytes : antennomere i short and pseudo - two - segmented , midgular apodeme present , slender prosternal process with acuminate apex , profemoral excavation , protibia without burrowing spur , short protarsomere i , metacoxal\u2013metasternal fusion absent , paramedian angle of the anterior metacoxal wall present , intercoxal wall forming a platform that overrides the furcal origin , noterid platform present but not extended to the metasternum , metafurcal\u2013metacoxal fusion absent , hind legs without swimming adaptations .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nsharp ( hydradephaga , coleoptera ) . canadian j . zool . 65 ( 8 ) : 1898 - 1905 .\n1957 . blind aquatic beetles of japan , with some accounts of the fauna of japanese subterranean waters . arch . f . hydrobiol . 53 ( 2 ) : 250 - 296 .\n\u00a9 2018 university of illinois board of trustees . all rights reserved . for permissions information , contact the illinois natural history survey .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nposs\u00e8dent donc les caract\u00e9ristiques ancestrales suivantes : antennom\u00e8re i court et divise en deux pseudo - segments , apod\u00e8me pr\u00e9sent au milieu de la gula , apophyse prosternale mince \u00e0 extr\u00e9mit\u00e9 pointue , excavation prof\u00e9morale , protibia sans \u00e9peron fouisseur , protarsom\u00e8re i court , m\u00e9tacoxa non fusionn\u00e9e au m\u00e9tastemum , angle paramedian \u00e0 la bordure ant\u00e9rieure de la m\u00e9tacoxa , bords internes soud\u00e9s des m\u00e9tacoxas qui forment une plate - forme recouvrant l ' origine furcale , \u00abplate - forme not\u00e9ride\u00bb qui ne s ' \u00e9tend pas jusqu ' au m\u00e9tastemum , absence de fusion m\u00e9tafurcale\u2013m\u00e9tacoxale , pattes post\u00e9rieures non natatoires .\ncredits - computer translations are provided by a combination of our statistical machine translator , google , microsoft , systran and worldlingo .\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience . by continuing to visit this site you agree to our use of cookies . learn more .\nsee legend on each image for information on published source as listed in the catalogue reference list . the authors and publishers are acknowledged for their permission to distribute their illustrations electronically .\nthe orientation of male genitalia in the images is described in relation to their fundamental anatomical position , as recommended by miller & nilsson ( 2003 ; latissimus 17 : 1 - 4 ) .\ndepartment of ecology and environmental science ume\u00e5 university the information on this page was checked on august 3 , 2006 . responsible for this page : anders . nilsson @ urltoken"]}
{"id": 1904, "summary": [{"text": "trachylepis maculilabris is a species of skink .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "commonly referred to as the speckle-lipped skink , it can be found in nature in west africa . ", "topic": 25}], "title": "trachylepis maculilabris", "paragraphs": ["euprepis maculilabris gray 1845 : 114 euprepes notabilis peters 1879 : 36 euprepes albilabris m\u00fcller 1885 mabuia ( sic ) maculilabris \u2013 boulenger 1887 : 164 mabuya maculilabris \u2013 schmidt 1919 : 525 mabuya maculilabris \u2014 angel 1942 : 110 mabuya maculilabris comorensis \u2014 loveridge 1953 : 200 ( not peters ) mabuya maculilabris maculilabris \u2013 de witte 1953 : 23 mabuya maculilabris major sternfeld 1912 ( fide loveridge 1957 ) mabuya maculilabris var . kwidkwiensis sternfeld 1912 mabuya maculilabris var . wauensis sternfeld 1912 mabuya maculilabris var . schubotzi sternfeld 1912 mabuya maculilabris var . graueri sternfeld 1912 mabuya maculilabris var . rohrbecki sternfeld 1912 mabuya maculilabris var . bergeri sternfeld 1912 mabuya polytropis \u2014 angel , guib\u00e9 & lamotte 1954 mabuya maculilabris maculilabris \u2014 hoogmoed 1974 : 29 mabuya maculilabris \u2014 brygoo 1981 mabuya maculilabris \u2014 lanza 1990 mabuya maculilabris maculilabris \u2014 broadley 1991 : 523 mabuya maculilabris \u2014 greer et al . 2000 mabuya maculilabris maculilabris \u2014 broadley & howell 1991 : 15 euprepis maculilabris \u2014 mausfeld et al . 2002 trachylepis maculilabris \u2014 bauer 2003 mabuya maculilabris var . bergi \u2014 mausfeld et al . 2004 ( in error ) euprepis maculilabris \u2014 lantermann & lantermann 2009 mabuya maculilabris \u2014 largen & spawls 2010 : 394 trachylepis maculilabris \u2014 allen et al . 2017 trachylepis maculilabris \u2014 spawls et al . 2018 : 141\njennifer hammock split the classifications by mcz resource from trachylepis maculilabris gray 1845 to their own page .\nle scinque brun de l ' \u00eele d ' europa ( trachylepis maculilabris infralineata ) ( \u00eeles eparses - terres australes et antarctiques fran\u00e7aises ) ( cr\u00e9dit : m . sanchez , noi )\ncer\u00edaco , luis m . p . ; mariana p . marques , aaron m . bauer 2016 . a review of the genus trachylepis ( sauria : scincidae ) from the gulf of guinea , with descriptions of two new species in the trachylepis maculilabris ( gray , 1845 ) species complex . zootaxa 4109 ( 3 ) : 284\u2013314\nkingdon , r . & spawls , s . 2010 . a new gregarious species of trachylepis ( reptilia : sauria : scincidae ) from lolui island , lake victoria , uganda , with a key to ugandan trachylepis . african journal of herpetology 59 ( 2 ) : 123 - 132 - get paper here\ntrachylepis maculilabris - species dictionary - hong kong : ispot nature - your place to share nature . ispot is a website aimed at helping anyone identify anything in nature . once you ' ve registered , you can add an observation to the website and suggest an identification yourself or see if anyone else can identify it for you .\nallen , kaitlin e . ; walter p . tapondjou n . , luke j . welton , aaron m . bauer 2017 . a new species of trachylepis ( squamata : scincidae ) from central africa and a key to the trachylepis of west and central africa . zootaxa 4268 ( 2 ) : 255\u2013269 - get paper here\nbroadley , d . g . 1974 . a review of the mabuya maculilabris group in south - eastern africa ( sauria : scincidae ) . arnoldia ( rhodesia ) 6 ( 23 ) : 1 - 10\njesus , jos\u00e9 ; d . james harris and ant\u00f3nio brehm 2005 . phylogeography of mabuya maculilabris ( reptilia ) from s\u00e3o tom\u00e9 island ( gulf of guinea ) inferred from mtdna sequences . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 37 ( 2 ) : 503 - 510 - get paper here\nsindaco , r . , metallinou , m . , pupin , f . , fasola , m . & carranza , s . 2012 . forgotten in the ocean : systematics , biogeography and evolution of the trachylepis skinks of the socotra archipelago . zoologica scripta\nchirio , laurent , ivan ineich , andreas schmitz and matthew lebreton . 2008 . a new species of trachylepis fitzinger , 1843 ( squamata : scincidae ) from central african forests . african journal of herpetology 57 ( 1 ) : 13 - 28 - get paper here\nceriaco , luis m . p . 2015 . lost in the middle of the sea , found in the back of the shelf : a new giant species of trachylepis ( squamata : scincidae ) from tinhosa grande islet , gulf of guinea . zootaxa 3973 ( 3 ) : 511\u2013527\nfor a list of records , countries , and specimens , see ceriaco et al . 2016 : 312 .\nnote : tdwg regions are generated automatically from the text in the distribution field and not in every cases it works well . we are working on it .\nsynonymy partly after hoogmoed 1974 . broadley ( 2000 ) elevated m . m . casuarinae to full species status .\nangel , f . 1942 . les l\u00e9zards de madagascar . mem . acad . malagache , tananarive xxxvi : 193 pp .\nangel , f . guib\u00e9 , j . & lamotte , m . 1954 . la r\u00e9serve naturelle int\u00e9grale du mont nimba . 2 . xxxi . l\u00e9zards . mem . i . f . a . n . 40 : 371 - 379\nbauer , a . m . 2003 . on the identity of lacerta punctata linnaeus , 1758 , the type species of the genus euprepis wagler , 1830 , and the generic assignment of afro - malagasy skinks . african journal of herpetology 52 : 1 - 7 . - get paper here\nboettger , o . 1913 . reptilien und amphibien von madagascar , den inseln und dem festland ostafrikas . pp . 269 - 375 . in : voeltzkow , a . reise in ostafrika in den jahren 1903 - 1905 . wissenschaftliche ergebnisse . vol . 3 . systematische arbeiten . schweizerbart\u2019 sche verlagsbuchhandlung , n\u00e4gele und sproesser , stuttgart\nb\u00f6hme , wolfgang , mark - oliver r\u00f6del , christian brede & philipp wagner 2011 . the reptiles ( testudines , squamata , crocodylia ) of the forested southeast of the republic guinea ( guin\u00e9e foresti\u00e8re ) , with a country - wide checklist . bonn zoological bulletin 60 ( 1 ) : 35 - 61 - get paper here\nboulenger , g . a . 1887 . catalogue of the lizards in the british museum ( nat . hist . ) iii . lacertidae , gerrhosauridae , scincidae , anelytropsidae , dibamidae , chamaeleontidae . london : 575pp . - get paper here\nboulenger , g . a . 1897 . a list of reptiles and batrachians from the congo free state , with the description of two new snakes . ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 6 ) 19 : 276 - 281 - get paper here\nbranch w . r . ; haagner , g . v . 1993 . the skink mabuya ivensii : new records from zambia and zaire , and the status of the subspecies septemlineata laurent 1964 and the genus lubuya horton . amphibia - reptilia 14 ( 2 ) : 105 - 115 - get paper here\nbranch , w . r . ; r\u00f6del , m . - o . & marais , j . 2005 . herpetological survey of the niassa game reserve , northern mozambique - part i : reptiles . salamandra 41 ( 4 ) : 195 - 214 - get paper here\nbroadley , d . g . & howell , k . m . 1991 . a check list of the reptiles of tanzania , with synoptic keys . syntarsus 1 : 1\u201470\nbroadley , d . g . 1991 . the herpetofauna of northern mwinilunga distr . , northw . zambia . arnoldia zimbabwe 9 ( 37 ) : 519 - 538\nbroadley , d . g . 1998 . the reptilian fauna of the democratic republic of the congo ( congo - kinshasa ) . in : schmidt , k . p . and noble , g . k . , contributions to the herpetology of the belgian congo . . . [ reprint of the 1919 and 1923 papers ] . ssar facsimile reprints in herpetology , 780 pp .\nbroadley , d . g . 2000 . a review of the genus mabuya in southeastern africa ( sauria : scincidae ) . african journal of herpetology , 49 ( 2 ) : 87 - 110 - get paper here\nbroadley , donald g . and f . p . d . cotterill . 2004 . the reptiles of southeast katanga , an overlooked ' hot spot ' . [ congo ] . african journal of herpetology 53 ( 1 ) : 35 - 61 . - get paper here\nbrygoo e . r . , 1981 . systematique des lezards scincides de la region malgache viii . les mabuya des iles de l ' oc\u00e9an indien occidental : comores , europa , s\u00e9chelles . bull . mus . natn . hist . nat . 3 : 911\u2013930\ncalabresi , e . 1915 . contributo alla conoscenza dei rettili della somalia . monitore zoologico italiano ( supplemento ) , 28 : 234\u2014247 . - get paper here\ncarlino , p . & pauwels , o . s . g . 2015 . an updated reptile list of ivindo national park , the herpetofaunal hotspot of gabon . bull . chicago herp . soc . 50 ( 3 ) : 25 - 39 - get paper here\ncarretero , m . a . ; harris , j . d . & rocha , s . 2005 . recent observation of reptiles in the comoro islands ( western indian ocean ) . herpetological bulletin ( 91 ) : 19 - 28\ncer\u00edaco , luis m . p . , aaron m . bauer , david c . blackburn and ana c . f . c . lavres . 2014 . the herpetofauna of the capanda dam region , malanje , angola . herpetological review 45 ( 4 ) : 667 - 674\nchirio , l . & i . ineich 2000 . description d ' un nouveau scincid\u00e9 end\u00e9mique des montagnes du cameroun ( lacertilia : mabuya mekuana ) . bull . soc . zool . fr . , 125 ( 3 ) : 185 - 196\nchirio , l . & lebreton , m . 2007 . atlas des reptiles du cameroun . mnhn , ird , paris 688 pp .\ncimatti , e . 2005 . zanzibar - zala zoological park . reptilia ( gb ) ( 39 ) : 62 - 68 - get paper here\nconradie , werner ; gabriela b . bittencourt - silva , hanlie m . engelbrecht , simon p . loader , michele menegon , crist\u00f3v\u00e3o nanvonamuquitxo , michael scott , krystal a . tolley , 2016 . exploration into the hidden world of mozambique\u2019s sky island forests : new discoveries of reptiles and amphibians . zoosyst . evol . 92 ( 2 ) : 163\u2013180 , doi 10 . 3897 / zse . 92 . 9948 - get paper here\ngray , j . e . 1845 . catalogue of the specimens of lizards in the collection of the british museum . trustees of die british museum / edward newman , london : xxvii + 289 pp . - get paper here\ngreer , a . e . , arnold , c . & arnold , e . n . 2000 . the systematic significance of the number of presacral vertebrae in the scincid lizard genus mabuya . amphibia - reptilia 21 ( 1 ) : 121 - 126 - get paper here\nhaagner , g . v . ; branch , w . r . & haagner , a . j . f . 2000 . notes on a collection of reptiles from zambia and adjacent areas of the democratic republic of the congo . annals of the eastern cape museum 1 : 1 \u2013 25\nhaft j . 1993 . ein beitrag zur biologie der echsen der insel sao tome ( golf von guinea ) , mit n\u00e4herer betrachtung zur systematik von leptosiaphos africana ( gray ) ( reptilia : sauria : geckonidae et scincidae ) . faunistische abhandlungen ( dresden ) 19 ( 1 - 16 ) : 59 - 70 .\nhawlitschek , o . ; f . glaw & d . r\u00f6dder 2012 . pemba \u2013 herpetologische fundgrube im indischen ozean . reptilia ( m\u00fcnster ) 17 ( 97 ) : 97 - 109 - get paper here\nhoogmoed , m . s . 1974 . ghanese lizards of the genus mabuya ( scincidae , sauria , reptilia ) . zoologische verhandelingen 138 : 1 - 62 - get paper here\nineich , i . & l . chirio 2004 . l ' archipel afro - montagne et les affinit\u00e9s de son herpetofaune : description d ' une esp\u00e8ce nouvelle indiquant des relations phyl\u00e9tiques entre le camerun et l ' afrique de l ' est ( lacertilia , scincidae , genre trachyleps . bull . soc . zool . fr . , 129 ( 3 ) : 317 - 331\njackson , k . & blackburn , d . c . 2007 . the amphibians and reptiles of nouabale - ndoki national park , republic of congo ( brazzaville ) . salamandra 43 ( 3 ) : 149 - 164 - get paper here\njackson , kate 2008 . mean and lowly things - snakes , science , and survival in the congo . harvard university press , 336 pp .\njackson , kate ; ange - ghislain zassi - boulou , lis - bethy mavoungou , and serge pangou 2007 . amphibians and reptiles of the lact\u00e9l\u00e9 community reserve , likouala region , republic of congo ( brazzaville ) . herp . cons . biol . 2 ( 2 ) : 75 - 86 - get paper here\njacobsen , n . h . g . 2009 . a contribution to the herpetofauna of the passendro area , central african republic . african herp news ( 47 ) : 2 - 20\njesus , jos\u00e9 ; brehm , ant\u00f3nio ; harris , d . james 2005 . relationships of scincid lizards ( mabuya spp . ) from the islands of the gulf of guinea based on mtdna sequence data . amphibia - reptilia 26 ( 4 ) : 467 - 473 - get paper here\njungnickel , j . 2012 . ein echsen - kleinbiotop auf der insel sansibar . terraria - elaphe 2012 ( 4 ) : 14 - 15 - get paper here\nkirschey , tom 2016 . assessment of herpetofauna ( amphibia , reptilia ) in the kafa biosphere reserve nabu , 25 pp . - get paper here\nlantermann , w . & lantermann , y . 2009 . herpetologische reiseeindr\u00fccke aus den ost - usambara - bergen in tanzania . elaphe 17 ( 2 ) : 53 - 61\nlanza b 1978 . mabuya ferrarai , a new scincoid lizard from somalia . monitore zoologico italiano supplemento 11 ( 12 ) 1978 : 271 - 280 - get paper here\nlanza , b . 1990 . amphibians and reptiles of the somali democratic republic : check list and biogeography . biogeographia , 14 : 407 - 465 [ 1988 ]\nlargen , m . j . ; spawls , s . 2006 . lizards of ethiopia ( reptilia sauria ) : an annotated checklist , bibliography , gazetteer and identification . tropical zoology 19 ( 1 ) : 21 - 109 - get paper here\nlargen , m . j . ; spawls , s . 2010 . amphibians and reptiles of ethiopia and eritrea . edition chimaira , frankfurt , 694 pp .\nleach\u00e9 , adam d . ; mark - oliver r\u00f6del , charles w . linkem , raul e . diaz , annika < br / > hillers , and matthew k . fujita 2006 . biodiversity in a forest island : reptiles and amphibians of the togo hills , kyabobo national park , ghana . amphibian & reptile conservation 4 ( 1 ) : 22 - 45 - get paper here\nloveridge , a . 1923 . notes on east african lizards collected 1920 - 1923 with the description of two new races of agama lionotus blgr . proc . zool . soc . london 1923 : 935 - 969 - get paper here\nloveridge , a . 1936 . african reptiles and amphibians in the field museum of natural history . zool . ser . field mus . nat . hist . , chicago , 22 ( 1 ) : 1 - 122 - get paper here\nloveridge , a . 1953 . zoological results of a fifth expedition to east africa . iii . reptiles from nyasaland and tete . bull . mus . comp . zool . harvard 110 ( 3 ) : 142 - 322 . - get paper here\nloveridge , a . 1920 . notes on east african lizards collected 1915 - 1919 , with description of a new genus and species of skink and new subspecies of gecko . proc . zool . soc . london 1920 : 131 - 167 - get paper here\nloveridge , a . 1957 . check list of the reptiles and amphibians of east africa ( uganda , kenya , tanganyika , zanzibar ) . bull . mus . comp . zool . harvard 117 ( 2 ) : 153 - 362 - get paper here\nmalonza , patrick k . ; victor d . wasonga , vincent muchai , damaris rotich , beryl a . bwong ; a . m . bauer 2006 . diversity and biogeography of herpetofauna of the tana river primate national reserve , kenya . journal of east african natural history 95 ( 2 ) : 95\u2013109\nmalonza , vincent ; beryl a . bwong , vincent muchai 2011 . kitobo forest of kenya , a unique hotspot of herpetofaunal divers . acta herpetologica 6 ( 2 ) : 149 - 160 - get paper here\nmausfeld , p . ; vences , m . schmitz , a . & veith , m . 2000 . first data on the molecular phylogeography of scincid lizards of the genus mabuya . mol . phylogenet . evol . 17 ( 1 ) : 11 - 14 - get paper here\nmausfeld - lafdhiya , p . ; schmitz , a . ; ineich , i . ; chirio , l . 2004 . genetic variation in two african euprepis species ( reptilia , scincidae ) , based on maximum - likelihood and bayesian analyses : taxonomic and biogeographic conclusions . bonner zoologische beitrage 52 ( 1 - 2 ) : 159 - 177 - get paper here\npauwels , o . s . g . b . le garff , i . ineich , p . carlino , i . melcore , l . boundenga , c . vigna , t . st\u00e9vart , k . jeffery , c . orbell , j . - b . < br / > squarcini , j . p . vande weghe and l . j . t . white 2016 . miscellanea herpetologica gabonica v & vi bull . chicago herp . soc . 51 : 177 - get paper here\npauwels , o . s . g . & vande weghe , j . p . 2008 . les reptiles du gabon . smithsonian institution , washington : 272 pp . - get paper here\npeters , wilhem carl hartwig 1879 . neue oder weniger bekannte eidechsenarten aus der familie der scinciden ( eumeces g\u00fcntheri , euprepes notabilis , ablepharus rutilus ) . sitzungsber . ges . naturf . freunde berlin 1879 ( 3 ) : 35 - 37 - get paper here\nrobertson , i . a . d . , b . m . chapman and n . f . chapman 1963 . notes on some reptiles collected in the rukwa valley , s . w . tanganyika . ann . mag . nat . hist . ser . 13 , 5 ( 55 ) : 421\u2011432 - get paper here\nrocha , sara ; carretero , miguel a . ; harris , d . james 2010 . genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships of mabuya spp . ( squamata : scincidae ) from western indian ocean islands . amphibia - reptilia 31 : 375 - 385 - get paper here\nschmidt , karl patterson 1919 . contributions to the herpetology of the belgian congo based on the collection of the american congo expedition , 1909 - 1915 . part i : turtles , crocodiles , lizards , and chamaeleons . bull . amer . mus . nat . hist . 39 ( 2 ) : 385 - 624 - get paper here\nsegniagbeto , gabriel hoinsoude ; jean - fran\u00e7ois trape , komlan m . afiademanyo , mark - oliver r\u00f6del , annemarie ohler , alain dubois , patrick david , danny meirte , isabelle adol\u00e9 glitho , fabio petrozzi , and luca luiselli 2015 . checklist of the lizards of togo ( west africa ) , with comments on systematics , distribution , ecology , and conservation . zoosystema 37 ( 2 ) : 381 - 402 - get paper here\nspawls , s . & rotich , d . 1997 . an annotated checklist of the lizards of kenya . j . east african nat . hist . 86 : 61 - 83 - get paper here\nspawls , s . ; howell , k . ; drewes , r . c . & ashe , j . 2002 . a field guide to the reptiles of east africa . academic press , 543 pp . [ reviews in hr 34 : 396 and afr . j . herp . 51 ; 147 ] - get paper here\nspawls , steve ; kim howell , harald hinkel , michele menegon 2018 . field guide to east african reptiles . bloomsbury , 624 pp . - get paper here\nsternfeld , r . 1912 . iv . zoologie ii . lfg . reptilia . in : schubotz . , r . ( ed . ) : wissenschaftliche ergebnisse der deutschen zentral - afrika expedition 1907 - 1908 , unter f\u00fchrung a . friedrichs , herzogs zu mecklenburg . klinkhard und biermann , leipzig : 197 - 279 [ published 1912 , not 1913 , as often cited , see m\u00e4nnel & kucharzewski 2017 ] - get paper here\nsternfeld , r . 1917 . reptilia und amphibia . in : schubotz , h . ( hrsg . ) : wissenschaftliche ergebnisse der zweiten deutschen zentral - afrika - expedition , 1910 - 1911 unter f\u00fchrung adolph friedrichs , herzog zu mecklenburg . leipzig : klinkhardt & biermann , [ band ] 1 , zoologie , lieferung 11 ; s . 407 - 510 . - get paper here\ntaylor , edward h . ; weyer , dora 1958 . report on a collection of amphibians and reptiles from harbel , republic of liberia . univ . kansas sci . bull . 38 ( 14 ) : 1191 - 1229 - get paper here\ntrape , j . f . ; trape , s . & chirio , l . 2012 . l\u00e9zards , crocodiles et tortues d ' afrique occidentale et du sahara . ird orstom , 503 pp . - get paper here\nwerner , f . 1908 . ergebnisse der mit subvention aus der erbschaft treitl unternommenen zoologischen forschungsreise dr . franz werner ' s nach nach dem \u00e4gyptischen sudan und norduganda . xii . die reptilien und amphibien . [ mabuia mongallensis , leptodira attarensis ] . sitzungsber . akad . wiss . wien 116 [ 1907 ] : 1823 - 1926 - get paper here\nwitte , g . f . de 1933 . reptiles r\u00e9colt\u00e9s au conge belge par le dr . h . schouteden et par m . g . - f . witte . ann . mus . conge belge zool . ser . 1 tome iii : 53 - 100 .\nthis database is maintained by peter uetz ( database content ) and jakob hallermann , zoological museum hamburg ( new species and updates ) .\nthe number of species increased from 10 , 711 to 10 , 793 , i . e . an increase of 82 species . 66 new species have been described , 9 species have been revalidated from synonymy and 16 subspecies were elevated to full species . . .\nover the past 4 months , the number of species increased from 10 , 639 to 10 , 711 .\nthe number of species has grown from 10 , 544 in the may release to now 10 , 639 ( + 95 species ) .\noverall , 212 new taxa have been added or changed their status or name .\nthe reptile database is a taxonomic database that provides basic information about all living reptile species , such as turtles , snakes , lizards , and crocodiles , as well as tuataras and amphisbaenians , but does not include dinosaurs .\ncurrently there are more than 10 , 000 species and an additional 2 , 700 subspecies . this is making reptiles the largest vertebrate group after fish ( ~ 25 , 000 species ) and birds ( ~ 10 , 000 species ) , and significantly larger than mammals ( ~ 5 , 000 species ) or amphibians ( ~ 6 , 000 species ) .\nthe reptile database provides taxonomic information for the catalogue of life and the encyclopedia of life . our taxonomic information has also been used by genbank and many other resources and is the only comprehensive reptile database on the web .\nthe reptile database can be used to find all species within a certain geographic area ( e . g . all snakes of egypt ) . its collection of more than 2 , 500 images allow users to identify a species or at least get an idea how the species or genus may look like . more than 30 , 000 references provide a guide to further information .\ncontinent : africa distribution : liberia , ivory coast , ghana , togo , benin , nigeria , cameroon , central african republic , equatorial guinea , gabon , democratic republic of the congo ( zaire ) , angola , zambia , somalia ( lanza 1990 ) , malawi , zimbabwe , mozambique , uganda , pemba island , tanzania , kenya , nosy tanikely , europa island , ethiopia , sudan ( werner 1908 ) , sao tome and princip\u00e9 ( gulf of guinea ) albotaeniata : pemba island and adjacent mesale islands . type locality : pemba island , tanzania . casuarinae : known only from the type locality : casuarinae island , one of the primeiras group , off the north mozambique coast . type locality : west africa\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\ni think our ugandan guide was first really sure he had a lunatic on his hands when i made him back up the jeep so i could take a picture of this lizard on a tree trunk near the road . it wasn ' t a particularly large or beautiful or probably even rare lizard , but it was one i hadn ' t seen .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nnosy be - madagascar 2014 - the island of freedom . . . andilana beach , nosy iranja . . . ( dji phantom 2 )"]}
{"id": 1911, "summary": [{"text": "the european pine marten ( martes martes ) , known most commonly as the pine marten in anglophone europe , and less commonly also known as pineten , baum marten , or sweet marten , is an animal native to northern europe belonging to the mustelid family , which also includes mink , otter , badger , wolverine and weasel . ", "topic": 21}], "title": "european pine marten", "paragraphs": ["\u043a\u0443\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0430 \u043b\u0435\u0441\u043d\u0430\u044f . \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u044b\u0445 . european pine marten . the behavior of the young .\necological network resistance map ( en ) and lcp analysis between european pine marten individuals in the study area .\nthe response of european pine marten ( martes martes l . ) feeding to the changes of small mammal abundance\nthe response of european pine marten ( martes martes l . ) feeding to the changes of small mammal abundance .\nresults of causal modeling of landscape resistance on genetic distance in european pine marten according to mantel and partial mantel tests .\nt1 - the response of european pine marten ( martes martes l . ) feeding to the changes of small mammal abundance\neuropean environment agency ( 2005 ) european environment : state and outlook 2005 . state of environment report no . 1 / 2005\nthe response of european pine marten ( martes martes l . ) feeding to the changes of small mammal abundance \u2014 universidad andr\u00e9s bello\nthe pine marten\u2019s name comes from where it lives : mainly coniferous forests such as pine forests .\ntitle =\nthe response of european pine marten ( martes martes l . ) feeding to the changes of small mammal abundance\n,\nresults of causal modeling of landscape resistance on genetic distance in european pine marten according to mantel and partial mantel tests for the untransformed distances .\nthis species is also known as the pineten , sweet marten or baum marten .\ntemple hj , terry a ( 2009 ) the status and distribution of european mammals . office for official publications of the european communities , luxembourg\nthis is the best picture \ud83d\ude09 and my first picture and time i saw european pine marten ! in love ! but\u2026 pine marten is a predator ! the diet includes small mammals , carrion , birds , insects , and fruits .\nthe vwt has been studying the pine marten for more than 30 years and has published , or has contributed to , a number of research papers on the pine marten . this work has included investigating the distribution and status of the pine marten in england and wales , documenting pine marten range expansion in scotland and developing and trialing field techniques for monitoring pine martens .\neuropean pine marten is a rare animal in western europe while in latvia it is common . harsh winters when there are many fallen animals is celebration for this small animal .\nthe winter coat of the european pine marten has always been much in demand . the species has been successfully kept on fur farms . life history characteristics , however , prevent trade of pine marten fur from being feasible on a large commercial scale ( grzimek 1990 ) .\nof the mustelids , the pine marten is the only one with semi - retractable claws .\nmanzo e , bartolommei p , rowcliffe j , cozzolino r ( 2012 ) estimation of population density of european pine marten in central italy using camera trapping . acta theriol 57 : 165\u2013172\neuropean pine martens may live for up to 18 years in captivity but more often live for 8 - 10 years in the wild .\nmergey m , larroque j , ruette s , vandel j - m , helder r , et al . ( 2012 ) linking habitat characteristics with genetic diversity of the european pine marten (\nthe raw microsatellite data and geographic coordinates of the 101 pine marten individuals are included in table s2 .\no\u2019mahony d , o\u2019reilly c , turner p ( 2006 ) national pine marten survey of ireland 2005 .\nin ireland , pine marten were once widely distributed throughout every county . current pine marten distribution is largely concentrated in western counties and the midlands of ireland . the species now occurs in approximately 50 % of its historical range . pine marten remain extinct throughout the majority of munster and are very rare in ulster .\n) in europe : a call for a co - ordinated european approach . biol conserv 141 : 2564\u20132575\npopulation in bialowieza forest ( e poland ) compared with other european woodlands . ecography 29 : 31\u201343 .\nschroepfer , r . , p . wiegand , h . hogrefe . 1997 . the implications of territoriality for the social system of the european pine marten , / martes martes ( l . , 1758 ) . .\nit is thought there could be a link between the pine marten population and the numbers of reds and greys .\nteerink bj ( 1991 ) hair of west - european mammals , 1st edn . cambridge university press , cambridge\n) : preliminary distribution survey on the northern iberian peninsula . european journal of wildlife research 54 : 253\u2013261 .\npereboom v , mergey m , villerette n , helder r , gerard jf , et al . ( 2008 ) movement patterns , habitat selection , and corridor use of a typical woodland - dweller species , the european pine marten (\nthe first confirmed sighting of a wild pine marten in england for over a century has been recorded in a shropshire woodland .\nwe laid bait to get the foxes to show up , however we got a rare visit of a pine marten instead .\nthe pine marten is listed as a protected species in appendix iii of the 1979 bern convention on the conservation of european wildlife and natural habitats . it is also included in annex v of the european community ' s habitat and species directive of 1992 , as a species ' of community interest whose taking in the wild and exploitation may be subject to management measures ' .\npine marten occur throughout mainland europe , stretching from the ural mountains in the east to ireland at the western edge of the species global distribution . they can also be found in parts of the middle east . in europe , pine marten exist with a similar species called the beech or stone marten , although that species tends to be more associated with areas of human habitation . also , in the eastern parts of pine marten distribution ( mainly russia ) there is some overlap with a related marten species known as the sable .\nsample locations and microsatellite data . complete genetic profiles ( 15 microsatellite loci ) and the geographic coordinates for the 101 pine marten individuals\njordan nr ( 2011 ) a strategy for restoring the pine marten to england and wales . report published by the vincent wildlife trust\noh ! that was a surprise ! something in the apple tree . . jumping\u2026 from one to another\u2026 squirrel ! but wait ! it is not a squirrel ! what is it ! ? it is a european pine marten i guess ! can\u2019t see !\n) : assessing species and individual identification success rates on faecal dna genotyping . european journal of wildlife research 59 : 371\u2013386 .\nthe pine marten ( martes martes ) is likely to have arrived in britain and ireland soon after the end of the last glaciation .\neuropean pine marten has very wide food range . in summer they usually feed on different insects , amphibians , small insectivores , mouse - like rodents , birds , berries and fruits . when there is a bad year for mouse - like rodents pine marten mostly feed on squirrels and birds . it really likes honey that pine marten seeks not only in bumblebee nest but also in bee - gardens . in winter mostly it live by carrion . pine marten can eat about 100g meat at once . it has to eat as much as 1 / 5 of its own weight a day to survive , so it has to run around quite much to make that happen .\nin terms of diet , pine marten are omnivorous taking both plant and animal material . in ireland , pine marten exploit a variety of resources including berries , fruits , small mammals , invertebrates , birds and amphibians . in some areas where pine marten occur close to towns and villages the species will exploit rubbish bins for food . in other countries , pine martens rely heavily on microtine rodents such as voles and also in colder countries on carrion , especially in winter . when foraging , pine marten will usually stay within their own territory , which will have a variety of food resources available within it .\nthe research leading to these results received funding from the european community ' s seventh framework programme ( fp7 / 2007 - 2013 ) under the project \u201ceuropean management platform for emerging and re - emerging infectious disease entities\u201d ( emperie ) ec grant agreement number 223498 .\neuropean pine martens are preyed upon by red foxes and golden eagles . humans persecute this species as a result of habitat loss , predator control intended for other species and farming for their fur .\npine martens and their dens are afforded full protection under the wildlife and countryside act , 1981 and the environmental protection act , 1990 ( 7 ) . conservation management in areas where the pine marten persists may help the species . potential measures include planting corridors of trees between patches of suitable habitat , and providing cover for shelter ( 2 ) . in 2014 , the vincent wildlife trust ( vwt ) launched its pine marten recovery project which saw the translocation of pine martens from scotland to restore a healthy pine marten population in the rural landscape of wales . the first step was completed in autumn 2015 , with the translocation of 20 pine martens , and the first welsh - born pine marten kits arrived in early summer 2016 ( 9 ) .\no\u2019mahony d , o\u2019reilly c , turner p ( 2006 ) national pine marten survey of ireland 2005 . coford connects . environment 7 : 1\u20138\nbirks j , crooks j , noble m ( 2005 ) a 2003 pine marten record for hampshire . newsl hamps mamm group 6 : 9\nbright pw , smithson tj ( 1997 ) species recovery programme for the pine marten in england : 1995\u201396 . english nature research reports volume 240\nthere are eight marten species in the world altogether , and these include the beech marten , which occurs in europe and asia , and the american marten and the fisher , both of which are found throughout northern parts of north america .\none of britain\u2019s rarest and most elusive animals has been found in wales , after a hunt lasting more than 40 years \u2013 the pine marten .\nthis species prefers well - wooded areas . the pine marten often makes its den in hollow trees or on scrub covered cliffs ( 2 ) .\nthe health and weight of grey squirrels in the pine marten zone is \u201cextremely poor , \u201d while squirrels in an area without martens \u201care thriving\u201d .\nto obtain insight regarding the prevalence of anelloviruses in pine martens , a degenerate universal anellovirus pcr targeting the untranslated region of the anellovirus genome was performed on pine marten rectal swabs by the method of ninomiya and coworkers ( 27 ) . all four pine martens were positive for anelloviruses , indicating that anelloviruses are prevalent among pine martens . pcr fragments from pine marten swabs vs4700001 to vs4700003 were cloned , and eight clones were sequenced per sample . two different anellovirus variants were observed in rectal swab vs4700001 , and the pcr fragments of the nontranslated region of pine marten anelloviruses from rectal swabs vs4700001 to vs4700004 showed \u223c48 to 100 % similarity to each other , suggesting that pine martens are infected with different anellovirus variants .\njongman rhg ( 2002 ) homogenisation and fragmentation of the european landscape : ecological consequences and solutions . landscape and urban planning 58 : 211\u2013221 .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - pine marten ( martes martes )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - pine marten ( martes martes )\ntitle =\narkive species - pine marten ( martes martes )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\neuropean pine martens inhabit a large area across most of mainland europe and into the west of asia including russia . in the united kingdom they are mostly restricted to scotland with some small populations present in england .\nclevenger , a . 1993 . pine marten ( / martes martes / ) home ranges and activity patterns on the island of minorca , spain . .\npine marten survey suggests recovery one of scotland ' s rarest carnivores is showing signs of recovery after years of declining populations , a new report suggests .\nthe pine marten , a cat - sized carnivore related to the stoat , was believed to be confined mostly to forests in the west of northern ireland .\nsheehy , emma and colin lawton . \u201cpopulation crash in an invasive species following the recovery of a native predator : the case of the american grey squirrel and the european pine marten in ireland\u201d . biodiversity and conservation 23 . 3 ( 2014 ) : 753 - 774 . web . 5 sept . 2016 .\nthe pine marten , once common in the uk , is a natural predator of the grey squirrel and has successfully reduced their numbers in ireland . photograph : alamy\nfamilies were identified , as was a circovirus - like virus that potentially constitutes a new virus family . pine martens and european badgers do not seem to harbor as many different mammalian viruses as california sea lions and bats do (\ntrees for life , 2004 .\nspecies profile : pine marten\n( on - line ) . trees for life . accessed may 05 , 2004 at urltoken .\nthe following habitats are found across the pine marten distribution range . find out more about these environments , what it takes to live there and what else inhabits them .\nthreats to the pine marten include unsustainable hunting and trapping , incidental poisoning , and the loss and fragmentation of woodland habitats . the marten is still hunted and trapped for its fur in some parts of its range . its decline in britain was due to persecution , and the species is still subject to persecution even in some countries in which it is protected . efforts to control other carnivore species sometimes result in pine marten deaths .\njongman r , bouwma i , van doorn a ( 2006 ) indicative map of the pan\u2013european ecological network in western europe . wageningen : alterra . 104 p .\nmajor threats to the pine marten include unsustainable hunting and trapping , incidental poisoning , and the loss and fragmentation of woodland habitats . the marten is still hunted and trapped for its fur in some parts of its range . its decline in britain was due to persecution , and the species is still subject to persecution even in some countries in which it is protected . efforts to control other carnivore species sometimes result in pine marten deaths .\ncaryl fm , raynor r , quine cp , park kj ( 2012 ) the seasonal diet of british pine marten determined from genetically identified scats . j zool 288 : 252\u2013259\nbalestrieri a , remonti l , ruiz - gonzalez a , gomez - moliner bj , vergara m , et al . ( 2010 ) range expansion of the pine marten (\nbrainerd sm ( 1990 ) the pine marten and forest fragmentation : a review and synthesis . in : transactions of the 19th iugb congress , trondheim , norway , pp 421\u2013434\nthough the mechanism behind any causation has not been proven , there is a powerful correlation between areas of pine marten recolonization , grey squirrel population crashes and red squirrel resurgence .\nthe main objective of this research is to evaluate a large suite of alternative resistance hypotheses for the pine marten and compare the most supported empirical model with the expert - derived landscape resistance model used to parameterize the corridor network for the basque country . specifically , we aim to evaluate ( 1 ) different binary landscape resistance maps which cover a gradient from greater to lesser preference of the pine marten for forest environments in order to identify which land uses favour or impede genetic interchange in the study area ; and secondly ( 2 ) whether or not the resistance map with which the regional ecological network was originally designed in the basque country was correctly parametrized to reflect european pine marten gene flow .\nfound throughout most of central and northern europe ( 4 ) . in the uk , the pine marten is restricted to the scottish highlands and grampian , and a few populations occur in southern scotland . the pine marten is extinct throughout most of england and wales ( 2 ) with a few scattered records in the north and in wales ( 5 ) .\nstorch i , lindstrom e , dejounge j ( 1990 ) diet and habitat selection of the pine marten in relation to competition with the red fox . acta theriol 35 : 311\u2013320\nin 2011 , the trust developed a long - term pine marten conservation strategy in collaboration with other statutory and voluntary conservation bodies . what is clear from our extensive studies carried out over several decades is that numbers of this elusive mammal in england and wales are so low that without intervention the pine marten is likely to go extinct in england and wales .\nbright p , halliwell e , mitchell - jones t ( 2000 ) return of the pine marten to england : proposed recovery programme for one of britain\u2019s rarest mammals . public consultation\nshaw g , livingstone j ( 1992 ) the pine marten : its reintroduction and subsequent history in the galloway forest park . trans dumfries galloway nat his antiq soc 67 : 1\u20137\nthe body and tail are covered in dark brown fur , which is short and coarse in summer , but thicker and more silky in winter . the large cream - coloured throat patch or ' bib ' distinguishes the pine marten from the beech marten , which has a white throat patch . the fur on the pine marten ' s paws is darker brown in colour , and the pads on the undersides of its feet are covered with fur in winter .\ncitation : ruiz - gonz\u00e1lez a , gurrutxaga m , cushman sa , madeira mj , randi e , g\u00f3mez - moliner bj ( 2014 ) landscape genetics for the empirical assessment of resistance surfaces : the european pine marten ( martes martes ) as a target - species of a regional ecological network . plos one 9 ( 10 ) : e110552 . urltoken\neven though no previous individual - based landscape genetics data was available for the pine marten , mergey et al . [ 58 ] found that genetic diversity is not associated with habitat fragmentation metrics in france , in spite of the existence of a high degree of forest fragmentation in the studied marten populations . however , this result does not demonstrate that the pine marten gene flow is not affected by forest fragmentation processes . thus , a more detailed individual - based landscape genetics analysis ( larroque et al . unpublished data ) , could provide better insights into the landscape processes governing gene flow and an interesting comparative framework with spanish pine marten populations .\nthe vwt has identified areas in england that have suitable habitat for pine martens .\nand there it was ! i run to get my camera , stepped in janis big snow boots and grabbed a coat . run outside and started to look for the pine marten .\nphylogenetic analysis of pine marten torque teno virus . ( a ) genome organization of the pine marten torque teno virus . the black boxes represent orf1 to orf3 . the location of the tata box is indicated . nt , nucleotide . ( b ) a phylogenetic tree of the amino acid sequences of anellovirus orf1 was generated by using mega4 , the neighbor - joining method with\nin the last 20 years , the trust has received more than 300 credible reports of sightings of pine martens in wales and has built up a map of \u2018hot spot\u2019 areas . it has organised numerous hunts for pine marten scats ( droppings ) using teams of volunteers , deployed remote cameras and set up baited hair tubes , yet until now the most recent unequivocal evidence was a pine marten scat found in cwm rheidol forest in 2007 and later positively dna tested .\npotential threats to pine marten include unsustainable hunting and trapping , incidental poisoning , and the loss and fragmentation of woodland habitats . this marten is hunted and trapped for its fur in some parts of its range . its decline in britain was because of persecution as a predator of livestock and , particularly , of game , and the species is still subject to persecution even in some countries in which it is protected . efforts to control other carnivore species sometimes result in pine marten deaths .\npine martens are omnivorous . they mainly eat rodents , birds , fruit and insects .\nthe european pine marten is covered with a coat of dark brown fur . this is thick over winter and thins out over the summer . over winter the pads of their feet will also be covered in fur . the tail is long and bushy . under the throat is a \u201cbib\u201d of white to creamy orange fur . on the belly the fur has a greyish tint .\nthe pine marten can be found in a number of locations including : asia , europe , russia , united kingdom , wales . find out more about these places and what else lives there .\n) . the ictv criteria for classification of bocaviruses establishes that members of each species are probably antigenically distinct , that natural infection is confined to a single host species , and that species are defined as < 95 % homologous in nonstructural ( ns ) gene dna sequence . although the antigenic properties of the pine marten bocavirus were not studied , the identification in a new natural host in combination with a genetic diversity of pine marten bocavirus vp2 compared to other bocavirus vp2 proteins of \u223c48 to 69 % on the amino acid level suggests that the pine marten bocavirus is a new bocavirus species .\nstatus listed as a protected species in appendix iii of the 1979 bern convention on the conservation of european wildlife and natural habitats . also included in annex v of the european community\u2019s habitat and species directive of 1992 , as a species \u201cof community interest whose taking in the wild and exploitation may be subject to management measures\u201d . also listed as a uk bap priority species .\nrecent abundance estimates suggest that the total population of pine marten in ireland is approximately 2 , 700 individuals , making it ireland\u2019s rarest native mammal species . there are number of factors that can impact on pine marten populations including land use planning , forest management practices such as harvesting , habitat fragmentation , inbreeding , illegal persecution either through generic poisoning or deliberate killing and destruction of forest / scrub habitat for development . pine marten are susceptible to habitat loss and human persecution in ireland , and due to their low population size and slow breeding performance should be seen as vulnerable for the foreseeable future .\nphylogenetic trees of the complete amino acid sequences of the rep ( a ) and capsid ( b ) of the two circular identified viruses from european badger , mmfv ( genbank accession no .\na tree - climbing relative of the otter and the stoat , the pine marten had become extinct throughout much of britain by the early 20th century , although numbers of the animal survived in scotland .\nsheehy e , o\u2019meara d , o\u2019reilly c , smart a , lawton c ( 2013 ) a non - invasive approach to determining pine marten abundance and predation . eur j wildl res . doi :\ni stood quietly at the window and looked at the \u201cpine marten\u201d . that was all i can do , had all my girls at home and it was snowy and cold outside . if i move to take a camera and run outside it certainly will be gone\u2026 it was quick ! i enjoyed the view mother nature gave to us . but i looked through windows for pine marten all the time !\nthe pine marten has few natural enemies itself , apart from humanity . it is occasionally preyed upon by the golden eagle ( aquila chrysaetos ) , and the red fox ( vulpes vulpes ) may kill a marten , not only to eat it , but also to eliminate a potential competitor for the same food resources .\nzalewski , a . , w . jedrzejewski , b . jedrzejewska . 1995 . pine marten home ranges , numbers and predation on vertebrates in a deciduous forest ( bialowieza national park , poland ) . .\nout of 262 faecal samples identified as pine marten , 108 were not included to the microsatellite genotyping procedure . these samples correspond to the sampling period from 2004\u20132005 , which was used for a first distribution assessment of sympatric martens in the study area and were not potentially fresh enough for microsatellite analysis . thus , 213 pine marten samples ( 154 faecal samples and 59 tissue samples ) were used for microsatellite genotyping .\npine martens are nocturnal , house cat - sized members of the stoat and weasel family .\ninfra - red cameras capture the first visit of a family of pine martens on film .\nthe elusive , generally nocturnal pine marten ( martes martes ) ( 3 ) has chestnut - brown to dark brown fur with a creamy - yellow bib . the tail is long and fluffy ( 2 ) .\nkurki s , nikula a , helle p , linden h ( 1998 ) abundances of red fox and pine marten in relation to the composition of boreal forest landscapes . journal of animal ecology 67 : 874\u2013886 .\nin a testament to how scarce and how extremely elusive they are , a forty year man - hunt went by in wales without one sighting of a pine marten . the evidence before and after was roadkill .\nan average european pine marten measures between 45 and 58cm ( 17 to 22in ) with the tail adding between 16 and 28cm ( 6 . 3 and 11cm ) to their length . due to a large geographical range they can vary greatly in size . males are often 10 - 30 % larger than females . they weigh between 0 . 9 and 2kg ( 2 - 4 . 5lbs ) on average .\nsince then , its range in scotland has increased due to the expansion of commercial forestry plantations , and more recently , the regeneration of native woodlands . the pine marten prefers well - wooded areas with plenty of cover , but it lives in more open habitats as well . there is a captive breeding programme underway in kent , and suggestions have been made for the pine marten to be reintroduced to parts of southern england .\nin 2014 , the vwt in consultation with and support from various conservation bodies launched its pine marten recovery project . the aim of the project is to restore self - sustaining populations of pine martens to england and wales . the first step was completed in autumn 2015 , with the translocation of 20 pine martens from scotland to mid - wales and further translocations of 19 pine martens took place in autumn 2016 . you can find out more about this ground - breaking project on the dedicated project website .\ndr declan o\u2019mahony is a wildlife ecologist and has been conducting research on mammals for over 12 years . he has been working with pine marten in ireland for the last seven years conducting basic and applied research on this important species . his interest in pine marten was influenced by the general lack of knowledge and data on the species\u2019 ecology and conservation status in ireland , despite its protected status . currently , he is most interested in undertaking further research on pine marten ecology and developing conservation management strategies for the species with key stakeholders ( i . e . forest companies ) that minimise any impacts of forest management . some references are included below .\nstrachan r , jefferies dj , chanin prf ( 1996 ) strachan , r , jefferies , dj , chanin prf ( 1996 ) pine marten survey of england and wales 1987\u20131988 . jncc , peterborough . jncc , peterborough\nde marinis am , messeti m ( 1995 ) feeding habits of the pine marten martes martes in europe : a review . hystrix 7 : 143\u2013150 martens are generalist feeders , varying diet according to what is available .\nthough they have least concern conservation status in europe , pine martens went through some dark times in ireland and the uk . the fur trade that once drove russian commerce and fueled european exploration across the top of northern america had a strong lust for pine marten . the value of their hides was such that the exports came to be known as soft gold . by the early 1900\u2019s , a combination of deforestation , predator persecution and direct hunting for furs drove populations of ireland and the uk to dangerous all - time lows .\nmessenger j , croose e , turner p , o\u2019reilly c ( 2010 ) the vincent wildlife trust and waterford institute of technology pine marten scat dna survey of england and wales 2008\u20132009 . report published by the vincent wildlife trust\nconsequently , the pine marten is a species which is well suited to studies focused on the effects of forest fragmentation on genetic structure and gene flow [ 56 ] . however , whether habitat characteristics that predict marten occupancy act as barriers to dispersal , influencing gene flow and population genetic structure across the landscape , is largely unknown [ 56 ] .\nthe discovery of a new anellovirus and bocavirus from pine marten rectal swabs and a circovirus - like virus from european badgers is an example of the needed expansion of our knowledge of the virus diversity present in the animal reservoir . in addition , a new potential mycovirus was identified from a european badger rectal swab . sequence - independent amplification of viral nucleic acid in combination with a next - generation sequencing platform , which we used to discover these viruses , provides a relatively simple , unselective technology to identify new viral species , as was observed previously with similar techniques ( 8 , 11 , 21 \u2013 23 , 35 , 36 , 39 ) .\nbirks jds , messenger j ( 2000 ) a response from the vincent wildlife trust to \u2018return of the pine marten to england\u2019 ( public consultation by the people\u2019s trust for endangered species ) . unpublished report , the vincent wildlife trust\nmortelliti a , amori g , capizzi d , rondinini c , boitani l ( 2010 ) experimental design and taxonomic scope of fragmentation studies of european mammals : current status and future priorities . mamm rev 40 : 125\u2013154\nthe pine marten was once the second most common carnivore in britain during the mesolithic era . the clearance of woodlands , together with predator control , had a devastating effect on the pine marten population and by 1915 this species was confined to just a few of the more remote areas across britain and ireland . small populations survived in wales and the marches and in areas of northern england , with relatively strong populations still present in parts of the scottish highlands .\no\u2019 mahony , d . ( 2009 ) socio - spatial ecology and habitat selection of pine marten ( martes martes ) in upland coniferous plantations , ireland . report to department of agriculture fisheries food and peoples trust for endangered species .\nnow , however , a carcass of a pine marten which had been killed by a vehicle has been found on the roadside near newtown in powys , and dna analysis has confirmed that the young male was a native british animal .\npertoldi c , munoz j , madsen ab , barker jsf , andersen dh , baag\u00f8e hj , birch m , loeschcke v ( 2008b ) genetic variability in the mitochondrial dna of the danish pine marten . j zool 276 : 168\u2013175\ndomingo - roura x ( 2002 ) genetic distinction of marten species by fixation of a microsatellite region . j mammal 83 : 907\u2013912\nwe have no proof that a pine marten has never killed a lamb . that would mean witnessing the entire life of every lamb ever born , to validate that its death could not be attributed to the mustelid . however , we also have absolutely no proof that pine martens do kill lambs , and plenty of reason to believe that they don\u2019t .\na thorough understanding of the diversity of viruses in wildlife provides epidemiological baseline information about potential pathogens . metagenomic analysis of the enteric viral flora revealed a new anellovirus and bocavirus species in pine martens and a new circovirus - like virus and geminivirus - related dna virus in european badgers . in addition , sequences with homology to viruses from the families\nonly strongholds in the wild irish west , scottish highlands and tiny pockets of wales remained ; the marten was locally extinct in england .\nthe pine marten is classified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 8 ) , and is listed on schedule 5 of the wildlife and countryside act , 1981 and schedule 3 of the conservation regulations 1994 ( 1 ) .\nthe pine marten is an adept tree climber , with many adaptations including bone and muscle structure for powerful forelimbs , long tail to aid in balancing , and well - developed claws ( grzimek 1990 , corbet and southern 1977 , nowak 1999 ) .\n\u201cwe are seeing species that have never been seen before in ireland being introduced by these people . look at the pine marten , the most nasty vicious bird that you have ever seen . they were never in ireland but have been introduced . \u201d\nclevenger , a . 1994 . habitat characteristics of eurasian pine martens martes martes in an insular mediterranean environment . .\naccording to iucn , pine marten is common and widespread throughout its range but no overall population estimate is available . according to the british wildlife center resource , the total population size of the pine marten in britain in pre - breeding season is estimated to be 3 , 300 individuals . this includes only 120 martens in england , 60 martens in wales and rest in scotland . according to the iucn red list , the average annual spring number of pine martens in russia was 187 , 000 individuals in 2011 - 2013 . currently this species is classified as least concern ( lc ) and its numbers today remain stable .\nscientists usually survey for pine marten by looking for their faeces ( or scats as they are known ) along forest tracks and roads and due to confusion with fox and stoat faeces , genetic testing is required to confirm the source ,\nhe said .\nmitchell - jones aj , amori g , bogdanowicz w , krystufek b , reijnders pjh , spitzenberger f , stubbe m , thissen jbm , vohralik v , zima j ( 1999 ) the atlas of european mammals . academic press , london , united kingdom\nmitchell - jones a , amori g , bogdanowicz w , krystufek b , reijnders pjh , spitzenberger f , stubbe m , thissen jbm , vohralik v , zima j ( 1999 ) the atlas of european mammals . academic press inc . , san diego\nb ) . our data therefore suggest that the torque teno virus species identified in pine martens belongs to a new genus .\n\u201clike most predators , [ pine martens ] turnout to be essential to the survival of a healthy living systems\u201d \u2013george monbiot .\npine marten can utilise a variety of den sites , which are used for breeding . den sites can include rock crevices , tree cavities , subterranean burrows , buildings ( abandoned or occupied ) , old bird nests , squirrel dreys and log piles . these sites provide cover from weather extremes and safety from potential predators . den sites are normally only occupied during the breeding season . outside of this period , pine marten use what are termed refuge sites . refuge sites can be very varied although normally they are located several metres off the ground in forest canopy . upturned or blown over tress are often used as refuge sites but the species can exploit any habitat feature that provides cover and safety . pine marten will tend to have refuge and den sites that are used repeatedly in a forest and they can have a high fidelity to these sites .\n\u201cgrey squirrel sightings accounted for less than 8 % of animal sightings in [ the irish midlands ] , which is remarkably low considering that they are a much less elusive species than either the red squirrel or the pine marten , and are also more commonly associated with human settlements . \u201d\npine martens are found all over europe , from western russia to italy . in the northern mainland they co - exist with stone martens , and towards eastern europe , with the sable marten , which may start to sound familiar as you think about gloves and thick , expensive coats .\nduring autumn 2015 , twenty pine martens were captured in scotland , in areas where there is a healthy pine marten population , under licence from scottish natural heritage . these animals were translocated and released in an area of mid - wales . all of the martens were fitted with radio - collars and are being tracked daily to monitor their movements and find out where they have set up territories . during autumn 2016 ,\nso what\u2019s going on ? well it now seems that the reason why grey squirrels never got past the shannon is not that they couldn\u2019t cross the river . they can swim , and there are plenty of places in which they could move through the trees without getting their feet wet . it\u2019s because the far side of the shannon was pine marten territory . and pine martens love grey squirrels \u2013 in the strictly carnal sense .\nas a predator , the pine marten plays an important role in regulating the numbers of its prey species . in the case of voles and other rodents which undergo periodic population explosions , it responds to the cycle of greater numbers by increasing the proportion of these animals in its diet . however , because of its delayed breeding cycle , any resultant increase in marten numbers does not occur until the following year , when food supplies may not be so abundant .\nout of 733 faecal samples collected from the entire study area , 141 were discarded because they were not fresh or because they presumably belong to the same individual ( samples separated by < 1km ) . 494 out of 592 analyzed samples were classified as martes sp . ( m . martes and m . foina ) based on genetic species identification results . thus , unequivocal species identification was possible in 83 . 45 % of the samples . we effectively identified 232 faecal samples as stone marten and 262 as pine marten . additionally , we obtained 57 tissue samples from road - killed pine martens .\nit was driven to extinction in the 19 th century , mostly by gamekeepers , but it now clings on in small numbers , as a result of deliberate releases and escapes from falconers . it is still being illegally killed by gamekeepers . like the pine marten , the goshawk hunts grey squirrels .\nricanova s , bryja j , cosson jf , csongor g , choleva l , ambros m , sedlacek f ( 2011 ) depleted genetic variation of the european ground squirrel in central europe in both microsatellites and the major histocompatibility complex gene : implications for conservation . conserv genet 12 : 1115\u20131129\no\u2019mahony , d . , turner , p , o\u2019reilly , c . ( 2012 ) pine marten ( martes martes ) distribution and abundance in ireland : a cross - jurisdictional analysis using non - invasive genetic survey techniques . mammalian biology \u2013 zeitschrift f\u00fcr s\u00e4ugetierkunde , 77 ( 5 ) , 351 - 357\nkoen el , bowman j , garroway cj , mills sc , wilson pj ( 2012 ) landscape resistance and american marten gene flow . landscape ecology 27 : 29\u201343 .\nleast cost paths ( lcp ) obtained between the 101 pine marten individuals in accordance with the en resistance map , analogous to that used in the design of the corridors in the ecological network of the basque country ( north spain ) [ 41 ] . resistance values for each land use are indicated in brackets .\npotential threats to the pine marten include unsustainable trapping and hunting , incidental poisoning , and the fragmentation and loss of woodland habitats . this species is trapped and hunted in some portions of its range for its fur . its decline in britain was due to persecution for predating on livestock and , particularly , game . it is still persecuted in some countries where it is protected . the efforts to control other carnivores sometimes cause the death of pine martens .\nwell suited to a life amongst the trees european pine martens mostly live in forests . they will also venture in to the grasslands adjacent to these areas . their territory is marked by depositing their feces around the perimeter . the size of their territory is decided by the amount of available food in these areas . they will make a den in hollow trees or fallen root masses most often with shrub covered cliffs also used on occasion .\nbut a survey by queen ' s university , belfast , and 70 volunteer conservationists has shown that pine martens are present in every county .\nthere is a healthy population of at least 4 , 000 pine martens in scotland , and small numbers live around snowdonia , in wales .\nwind farms , coal mining , animal protein , donald trump , vegans , you name it . while some of these demons undoubtedly deserve their reputation , others are getting way too much abuse . in an effort to right some wrongs to a poor arboreal mustelid\u2019s reputation , let\u2019s shed some light on the pine marten .\nthe most consistent marten - habitat relation appears to be a general association with forest habitats , and avoidance of open , non - forested habitats [ 48 ] , [ 51 ] , [ 52 ] . thus , the marten ' s unwillingness to cross open habitats may restrict the species ' ability to disperse and colonise new forested areas [ 51 ] , [ 55 ] . ruiz - gonz\u00e1lez et al . [ 52 ] found that pine marten occurrence in the study area is highly dependent on the presence of forest and consequently sensitive to forest fragmentation as has been previously suggested in other studies across europe [ 49 ] , [ 51 ] . nevertheless , the presence of forest habitats is not the only factor which explains pine marten gene flow in the study area , indicating that the habitat selection and gene flow of pine martens may be driven by different factors [ 17 ] , [ 25 ] , [ 31 ] . this may be because gene flow is driven by mating and dispersal events and habitat selection reflects the behaviour of individual organisms to maximize fitness within home ranges ( e . g . [ 102 ] ) .\nthe pine marten is a medium - sized member of the mustelid family of carnivorous mammals , whose other members include the stoat , weasel and badger . it is about the size of a cat , with a body up to 53 cm . long and a bushy tail which can be 25 cm . in length . an individual will weigh between 1 . 3 and 1 . 7 kg . , with the female being slightly smaller than the male . in the wild , the pine marten can live up to 11 years , although the average lifespan is 3 - 4 years . in captivity ages up to 18 years have been recorded .\nfascinating facts the soles of their feet are covered in thick fur , which probably helps them to move across snow - covered ground . in the wild , the pine marten can live up to 11 years , although the average lifespan is 3 - 4 years . in captivity ages up to 18 years have been recorded .\nmeanwhile , the game and wildlife conservation trust , which i see as a greenwashing agency for the shooting industry ( how many conservation groups do you know that teach children to use shot guns and run courses on snaring , lamping and trapping ? ) , is campaigning to reduce pine marten populations in scotland . yes , reduce .\nthe finding brings to a climax the organised hunt for pine martens in wales which has been carried out in recent decades by the vincent wildlife trust .\nto obtain more pine marten bocavirus sequences , an additional \u223c42 , 000 trimmed reads obtained via next - generation sequencing with a 454 gs junior instrument ( roche ) were analyzed from sample vs4700002 , and a few bocavirus reads were identified . specific primers vs656 ( 5\u2032 - ttccaggaggatgtttcattgg - 3\u2032 ) and vs657 ( 5\u2032 - ttccaggaggatgtttcattgg - 3\u2032 ) designed on the obtained 454 sequencing reads were used to obtain a 1 , 048 - bp pcr amplicon of the genome region encoding vp2 , using amplitaq gold dna polymerase ( roche ) , according to the instructions of the manufacturer . the obtained pine marten bocavirus vp2 protein sequence was aligned to the corresponding vp2 protein sequences of other bocaviruses in genbank using clustal x2 (\nin summer , the diet is more varied , and includes bird eggs , honey , caterpillars and fruits such as blaeberries ( vaccinium myrtillus ) . in a good berry season , these latter can form 30 % of the marten ' s food and give a telltale blue colour to the animal ' s scat . some food is stored in the summer and autumn for retrieval in the winter . as a mainly nocturnal animal , the pine marten forages at night or dusk , and can roam more than 10 kilometres from its den in search of food .\nhunting area in winters is larger than 10km2 , so if pine marten has had bad luck in hunt it has to run even 30km to have something to eat , so carrion is very important . when tummy is full pine marten goes to its lair to sleep . lair usually is made under tree roots , tree stumps in hollows or squirrel nests . however , if the weather is nice enough it can sleep in bigger bird nests , but when it is very cold it make a nest under snow . if there are many pine martens in the same territory they go hunting each by itself . to stay out of any conflicts , they leave scent marks . to mark their territory martens leave faeces , urine , rub their anal sacs against branches , ground or snow . when little animal is eating it shouldn\u2019t lose alertness so time to time it stands up to look around .\nthe pine marten is omnivorous . it favors animal food , relying on small mammals for most of the year . the diet composition and proportion often change according to season and local conditions . populations respond to the unpredictable cycles of rodents , such as voles , by drastically increasing their consumption of these prey items ( zalewski et al 1995 ) . the reproductive characteristics of\ntwo aspects of this story jump out at me . the first is the greys\u2019 astonishing speed of retreat . the numbers just don\u2019t add up : the martens simply couldn\u2019t eat that many squirrels . as the paper points out , \u201cit would be unlikely that a low - density pine marten population could impact a high - density grey squirrel population by direct predation alone . \u201d\nphylogenetic trees of the partial amino acid sequences of the vp2 protein of the pine marten bocavirus and other selected bocaviruses . phylograms were generated using mega4 , with the neighbor - joining method with p - distance and 1 , 000 bootstrap replicates . significant bootstrap values are shown . the viruses and genbank accession numbers shown in the phylogenetic tree follow : hbov1 , human bocavirus 1 ( ab480186 ) ; hbov2 , human bocavirus 2 ( fj973558 ) ; hbov3 , human bocavirus 3 ( gq867667 ) ; hbov4 , human bocavirus 4 ( nc _ 012729 ) ; gbov1 , gorilla bocavirus 1 ( nc _ 014358 ) ; porcine bocavirus ( hm053693 ) ; canine minute virus ( fj899734 ) ; bovine parvovirus ( nc _ 001540 ) , pine marten bocavirus ( jq085286 ) .\nin the uk , the pine marten is protected under the wildlife and countryside act of 1981 , and it cannot be trapped , disturbed or sold without a specific licence from the relevant government conservation agency - in scotland this is scottish natural heritage . however , despite this legal protection , martens are still killed inadvertently each year by traps or poisoned bait set out for crows or foxes .\ncushman sa , raphael mg , ruggiero lf , shirk as , wasserman tn , et al . ( 2011 ) limiting factors and landscape connectivity : the american marten in the rocky mountains . landscape ecology 26 : 1137\u20131149 .\nthe pine marten has a palearctic distribution : its geographic range extends from western siberia across russia and europe to scotland and ireland , and from the northern limit of the boreal or coniferous forest in the north to the mediterranean and the caucasus region in the south . it is also found on many of the mediterranean islands , including sicily , corsica , sardinia and the balearic islands of majorca and minorca ."]}
{"id": 1914, "summary": [{"text": "strobilops labyrinthicus , common name the maze pinecone , is a species of air-breathing land snail , a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family strobilopsidae . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "strobilops labyrinthicus", "paragraphs": ["this website is about the snail strobilops labyrinthicus , its common name is maze pinecone . in this site you will find this snails classification , general habitat & distribution , what it eats , how it reproduces , and other general facts . there is also a photo gallery showing pictures of shells of this snail . i hope you enjoy the site !\nforsyth , r . g . , oldham , m . j . 2014 . distribution of strobilops aeneus pilsbry , 1926 , in canada , with two new ontario records ( mollusca : gastropoda : strobilopsidae ) . check list 10 ( 2 ) : 397 - 401 . link\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 3 . 2 / / en\nassociate editors \u0097u . t . waterfall , harley p . brown , j . bennett clark ,\njohn d . naff , george gorin , fred w . allen , stephen m . sutherland , bryan p . glass\nd . s . borgaonkar and j . m . j . de wet ; 41 ( 1961 ) ; pp . 10 - 13\nh . r . chheda and j . m . j . dewet ; 41 ( 1961 ) ; pp . 14 - 19\nshamin a . faruqi and imy v . holt ; 41 ( 1961 ) ; pp . 19 - 22\njoyce g . sibley and helen b . burton ; 41 ( 1961 ) ; pp . 31 - 35\na . p . singh and j . m . j . de wet ; 41 ( 1961 ) ; pp . 35 - 38\nthe recent gastropoda of oklahoma iii . terrestrial species : pupillidae , carychidae , strobilopsidae and oligyridae\nanne reynolds and virginia r . kelting ; 41 ( 1961 ) ; pp . 87 - 88\nbernard a . brown and l . vernon scott ; 41 ( 1961 ) ; pp . 88 - 94\nolen brown and j . b . clark ; 41 ( 1961 ) ; pp . 94 - 98\nnorman n . durham and lowell s . adams ; 41 ( 1961 ) ; pp . 98 - 100\nrichard mansfield , crockett page , bernard a . brown , danny hern , m . r . shetlar and l . v . scott ; 41 ( 1961 ) ; pp . 101 - 104\nsome cretaceous - eocene foraminiferal mutations from the u . s . gulf coastal plain\nphilip cox and james e . webster ; 41 ( 1961 ) ; pp . 122 - 124\nrobert a . jeffries and richard g . fowler ; 41 ( 1961 ) ; pp . 127 - 133\nzana skidmore and ruth cooper ; 41 ( 1961 ) ; pp . 151 - 156\nmethods of studying ribbon development in urban areas . study area : the oklahoma city - norman area\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nturgeon , d . d . , j . f . quinn , jr . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , f . g . hochberg , w . g . lyons , p . m . mikkelsen , r . j . neves , c . f . e . roper , g . rosenberg , b . roth , a . scheltema , f . g . thompson , m . vecchione , and j . d . williams . 1998 . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks . 2nd edition . american fisheries society special publication 26 , bethesda , maryland : 526 pp .\ndue to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to\nit occurs in eastern maine ( 73 of 101 sites ) throughout the study region across a wide assortment of habitats ( nekola , 2008 ) . in new york , hotopp and pearce ( 2007 ) report it from 16 counties including five recent sites . waggoner et al . ( 2006 ) found this species in 3 of 15 samples in surveys of the sipsey wilderness area , bankhead national forest , northwest alabama .\noccurrences are based on some evidence of historical or current presence of single or multiple specimens , including live specimens or recently dead shells ( i . e . , soft tissue still attached without signs of external weathering or staining ) , at a given location with potentially recurring existence . weathered shells constitute a historic occurrence . evidence is derived from reliable published observation or collection data ; unpublished , though documented ( i . e . government or agency reports , web sites , etc . ) observation or collection data ; or museum specimen information .\nuse the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .\nzoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .\ndourson , d . c . 2015 . land snails of west virginia . goatslug publications , bakersville , north carolina . 412 pp .\nhotopp , k . and t . a . pearce . 2007 . land snails in new york : statewide distribution and talus site faunas . final report for contract # nyher 041129 submitted to new york state biodiversity research institute , new york state museum , albany , new york . 91 pp .\nnekola , j . c . 2008 . land snail ecology and biogeography of eastern maine . final report submitted to : maine department of inland fisheries & wildlife and the aroostook hills and lowlands inventory , january 27 , 2008 . 119 pp .\nwaggoner , j . , s . a . clark , k . e . perez , and c . lydeard . 2006 . a survey of terrestrial gastropods of the sipsey wilderness ( bankead national forest ) , alabama . southheastern naturalist , 5 ( 1 ) : 57 - 68 .\nthe small print : trademark , copyright , citation guidelines , restrictions on use , and information disclaimer .\nnote : all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve ' s central databases as of november 2016 . note : this report was printed on\ntrademark notice :\nnatureserve\n, natureserve explorer , the natureserve logo , and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve . any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .\ncopyright notice : copyright \u00a9 2017 natureserve , 4600 n . fairfax dr . , 7th floor , arlington virginia 22203 , u . s . a . all rights reserved . each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document . the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .\nnatureserve . 2017 . natureserve explorer : an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ] . version 7 . 1 . natureserve , arlington , virginia . available http : / / explorer . natureserve . org . ( accessed :\nridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely , james zook , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\npatterson , b . d . , g . ceballos , w . sechrest , m . f . tognelli , t . brooks , l . luna , p . ortega , i . salazar , and b . e . young . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson , wes sechrest , marcelo tognelli , gerardo ceballos , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\niucn , conservation international , and natureserve . 2004 . global amphibian assessment . iucn , conservation international , and natureserve , washington , dc and arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union , conservation international and natureserve .\nno graphics available from this server can be used , copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text . any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve . nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication , estoppel , or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve . no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve . except as expressly provided above , nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .\n) . your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\ncopyright template design \u00a9 2007 travel portal . all rights reserved . designed by free css templates .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nuse of images featured on maryland biodiversity project is only permitted with express permission of the photographer .\nestillfork , jackson county , alabama ( 1 . 97 mm . in maximum diameter ) . bob winters ! 17 march , 2015 .\nspecimens culled by h . g . lee , and sem produced in collaboration with dr . ann heatherington , dept . of geology , university of florida , gainesville , fl .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 / / en\nurltoken\nthe current name shown here must be accespted with caution in many cases . i have attempted to resolve differences between old and new taxonomy , as well as differences in opinion , but this is often my \u201cbest guess\u201d . few records have been verified by examining the material on which they are based .\nurltoken | \u00a9 2003\u20132018 robert forsyth , kamloops , bc , canada . accessed : july 9 , 2018"]}
{"id": 1925, "summary": [{"text": "kaloula assamensis ( assamese balloon frog or assam narrow-mouth toad ) is a species of narrow-mouthed frog found in assam , arunachal pradesh , and west bengal in northeastern india . ", "topic": 3}], "title": "kaloula assamensis", "paragraphs": ["keywords : kaloula , new species , kaloula assamensis , microhylidae , systematics , new species , india .\nrecord of kaloula assamensis ( das et al . 2004 ) ( anura : microhylidae ) from bongagaon district , assam , india .\npaul , s . , biswas , m . c . and deuti , k . 2007 . first record of the assam painted frog ( kaloula assamensis\nrecord of kaloula assamensis ( das et al . 2004 ) ( anura : microhylidae ) from bongagaon district , assam , india . | anukul nath - urltoken\ntalukdar , s . , soud , r . and deauti , k . 2007 . range extension of the assam painted frog , kaloula assamensis das et al . ( anura : microhylide ) to western assam . cobra jan . - mar . : 18 - 20 .\nanukul nath , firoz ahmed and hilloljyoti singha . 2011 . record of kaloula assamensis ( das et al . , 2004 ) ( anura : microhylidae ) from bongagaon district , assam , india . frog leg [ newsletter of the amphibian network of south asia and amphibian specialist group - south asia ] . 17 .\n{ author1 , author2 . . . } , ( n . d . ) . kaloula assamensis das , sengupta , ahmed , and dutta , 2005 . [ online ] india biodiversity portal , species page : { name of species field } available at : urltoken [ accessed date jul 10 , 2018 ] .\nkaloula assamensis das , sengupta , ahmed , and dutta , 2005 , hamadryad , 29 : 103 . holotype : zsic a . 100069 , by original designation . type locality :\nmajbat ( 26\u00b0 45\u2032 n ; 92\u00b0 20\u2032 e ; 141 m asl ) , sonitpur district , assam state , north - east india\n.\ndas , i . , sengupta , s . , ahmed , m . f . and dutta , s . k . 2004 . a new species of kaloula ( anura : microhylidae ) from assam state , north - eastern india . hamadryad : 101 - 109 .\ndas , i . , sengupta , s . , ahmed , m . f . and dutta , s . k . 2004 . a new species of kaloula ( anura : microhylidae ) from assam state , north - eastern india . hamadryad . 101 - 109 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nlisted as least concern in view of its likely wide distribution , tolerance of a range of habitats , and because it is unlikely to be declining to qualify for listing in a more threatened category .\n2007 ) and so it might be tolerant of a degree of habitat modification . it is often found perched up to 1 m above the ground on grasses , ferns , and herbaceous vegetation , but it is also found underground . it is presumed to breed by larval development .\nit is found in nameri national park , orang national park , pakhui wildlife sanctuary and chilapata range .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\niucn . 2009 . iucn red list of threatened species ( ver . 2009 . 2 ) . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 3 november 2009 ) .\n* will not find nomina inquirenda ; use basic search ( above ) for that purpose .\nwill find all uses of\nhyl . . .\nanywhere in a record : e . g . , hylarana , hyla , hylidae , hylinae , hylaedactyla .\nwill find all uses of\n. . . hyla\nanywhere in a record : e . g . , hyla , hylidae , plectrohyla , ptychadena hylaea , adenomera hylaedactyla\nwill find all records that contain stand - alone uses of hyla : e . g . , hyla , hyla arenicolor\ninterprets this as\nlithobates or pipiens\nso will find the union of all records that contain either\nlithobates\nor\npipiens\n: e . g . , lithobates omiltemanus , hylorana pipiens\ninterprets this as\nlithobates and pipiens\nso will return all records that have the character string\nlithobates pipiens\nanywhere within a record : e . g . , all members of the lithobates pipiens complex .\nassamese balloon frog ( ahmed , das , and dutta , 2009 , amph . rept . ne india : 31 ) .\nassam narrowmouth toad ( dinesh , radhakrishnan , gururaja , and bhatta , 2009 , rec . zool . surv . india , occas . pap . , 302 : 51 ) .\nknown only from four localities in sonitur district , assam , on in bongagaon district , assam , one ( pakhui wildlife sanctuary ) in arunachal pradesh , and one in cooch behar district , northeastern west bengal , northeastern india ; may extend into adjacent bangladesh .\nplease note : these links will take you to external websites not affiliated with the american museum of natural history . we are not responsible for their content .\nfor access to available specimen data for this species , from over 350 scientific collections , go to vertnet .\ncopyright \u00a9 1998 - 2018 , darrel frost and the american museum of natural history . all rights reserved .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nnew & recent described flora & fauna species from all over the world esp . asia , oriental , indomalayan & malesiana region\nsaibal sengupta , abhijit das , sandeep das , balhtiar hussain , nripendra kumar choudhury and sushil kumar dutta . 2009 . taxonomy and biogeography of\nwuodendron b . xue , y . h . tan & chaowasku wuodendron praecox ( hook . f . & thomson ) b . xue , y . h . tan & x . l . hou in xue , tan . . .\n[ botany \u2022 2017 ] begonia fulgurata | \u0e14\u0e32\u0e14\u0e14\u0e32\u0e23\u0e32\u0e23\u0e31\u0e28\u0e21\u0e35 \u2022 a new species ( sect . diploclinium , begoniaceae ) from chiang mai , northern thailand\nbegonia fulgurata c . - i peng , c . w . lin & phutthai \u0e14\u0e32\u0e14\u0e14\u0e32\u0e23\u0e32\u0e23\u0e31\u0e28\u0e21\u0e35 | | doi : 10 . 3767 / blumea . 2017 . 62 . 03 . 01 urltoken be . . .\nchamaelirium viridiflorum l . wang , z . c . liu & w . b . liao in liu , feng , wang & liao , 2018 . doi : 10 . 11646 / phytotaxa . 357 . . . .\ngreat - billed seed - finch sporophila maximiliani ( cabanis , 1851 ) in ubaid , silveira , medolago , et . al . , 2018 . doi : 10 . 11646 / . . .\nendocerids with their filtering apparatus in mironenko , 2018 . doi : 10 . 1080 / 08912963 . 2018 . 1491565 reconstruction by andre . . .\naristolochia tongbiguanensis j . y . shen , q . b . gong & s . landrein in gong , landrein , xi , et al . , 2018 . doi : 10 . 6165 / tai . . . .\nbagualosaurus agudoensis pretto , langer & schultz , 2018 doi : 10 . 1093 / zoolinnean / zly028 illustration : jorge blanco c . . .\nthe hypothetical phylogenetic relationships of ceratosaurs based on current topologies . the main source is from wang et al . ( 2016 . . .\nnipponosaurus sachalinensis nagao , 1936 in takasaki , chiba , kobayashi , et al . , 2018 \u30cb\u30c3\u30dd\u30ce\u30b5\u30a6\u30eb\u30b9 | | doi : 10 . 1080 / 08912963 . 2017 . . . .\nbegonia medogensis jianw . li , y . h . tan & x . h . jin in li , tan , wang , et al . , 2018 . doi : 10 . 3897 / phytokeys . 103 . 25392 . . .\n[ botany \u2022 2016 ] bidoupia phongii \u2022 a new orchid ge . . .\n[ herpetology \u2022 2016 ] living in a japanese onsen : f . . .\n[ botany \u2022 2016 ] the iris family ( iridaceae ) in the . . .\n[ invertebrate \u2022 2016 ] sundageophilus gen . nov . \u2022 t . . .\n[ fungi \u2022 2016 ] inocybe distincta \u2022 a new species o . . .\n[ botany \u2022 2015 ] billolivia kyi \u2022 a new species ( ge . . .\n[ herpetology \u2022 2016 ] dragons in the mist : three ne . . .\non this day ( july 10th ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\nanomaloglossus meansi : a new species of cryptic forest frog from the wokomung and ayanganna sky islands of southern guyana .\nthe benefits and costs of academic travel . or\nthere and back again ; again and again\ncanon renueva su gama de 70 - 200 mm f : 2 . 8 y f : 4\nplants go extinct , but sometimes species are rediscovered . this one after 151 years .\ni ' m killing antediluvian salad but even in death there is rebirth . . .\nnecps carnivorous plant show : sept . 9 - 10 at tower hill botanical garden\nthis is a particularly beautiful species of centrolenid - the granular glass frog , cochranella granulosa .\nsorry , preview is currently unavailable . you can download the paper by clicking the button above .\nenter the email address you signed up with and we ' ll email you a reset link .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\n< a target = ' _ blank ' href = ' urltoken ' > iucn 2011 . iucn red list of threatened species . version 2011 . 2 . exported on 12 january 2012 < / a >\nsmall - sized frog ( length 38 mm ) . body rounded . head small , broader than long . snout rounded . tympanum absent . eyes small with rounded pupil . supra - tympanic fold distinct . fingers free of web . fingers tips dilated . toes about half - webbed . toe tips slightly rounded . a pointed inner and a oval outer metatarsal tubercle present . dorsum granular . abdomen coarsely granular .\nbrown dorsally , with a bright yellow vertebral stripe . dark - edged , broad dark brown lateral stripes laterally . upper surfaces of fore and hind limbs pale brown . ventrum cream coloured .\nk . deuti , zoological survey of india in venkataraman , k . , chattopadhyay , a . and subramanian , k . a . ( editors ) . 2013 . endemic animals of india ( vertebrates ) :\ndescribes reproductive physiology and behavior , including mating and life history variables . includes cues , strategies , restraints , rates .\ndescribes average size , max , range ; type of size ( perimeter , length , volume , weight . . . ) .\ndorsum granular . abdomen coarsely granular ; dorsally pale brown , with a dark - edged bright yellow vertebral stripe from snout tip to near vent ; a dark - edged broad dark brown lateral stripe , originating from the postocular region extending to inguinal region ; stratified colouration on posterior face of thighs and flanks ; light pericloacal ring present . ventrum cream coloured .\ndescribes the general appearance of the taxon ; e . g body plan , shape and color of external features , typical postures . may be referred to as or include habit , defined as the characteristic mode of growth or occurrence associated to its environment , particularly for plants . comprising its size , shape , texture and orientation . example : tree , shrubs , herbs . may also be referred to include anatomy .\na ground dwelling frog of tropical evergreen forest and alluvial grassland , but also may perched herbs and ferns . fossorial in habit .\nrelations that living organisms have with respect to each other and their natural environment . variables of interest to ecologists include the composition , distribution , amount ( biomass ) , number , and changing states of organisms within and among ecosystems .\ngeneral description of the sites where the species is found ( ecosystem , forest , environment or microhabitat ) . includes realm ( e . g terrestrial etc ) and climatic information ( e . g boreal ) ; also includes requirements and tolerances ; horizontal and vertical ( altitudinal ) distribution . also includes information referring to territorial extension of the individual or group in terms of its activities ( feeding , mating , etc . ) , associated mostly to vertebrates .\nmajbat , sirajuli & nameri wls & orang np , assam and pakke tr , arunachal pradesh .\nenumerates geographic entities where the taxon lives . covers ranges , e . g . , a global range , or a narrower one ; may be biogeographical , political or other ( e . g . , managed areas like conservencies ) ; endemism ; native or exotic . does not include altitudinal distribution , which is covered under habitat .\ndr . chandra barooah & lani sarma ( 2016 ) assam science technology and environment council .\nincludes abundance information ( population size , density ) and demographics ( e . g . age stratification ) .\ndescribes the likelihood of the species becoming extinct in the present day or in the near future . population size is treated under population biology , and trends in population sizes are treated under trends . however , this is the preferred element if an object includes all of these things and details about conservation listings .\nfrost , darrel r . 2016 . amphibian species of the world : an online reference . version 6 ( 03 - 04 - 2017 ) . electronic database accessible at urltoken american museum of natural history , new york , usa .\nthis document is no longer available on zsi website so hosting it here . ,\n| | best supported on google chrome , firefox 3 . 0 + , internet explorer 8 . 0 + , safari 4 . 0 + , opera 10 + . powered by the open source biodiversity informatics platform . technology partner strand life sciences"]}
{"id": 1932, "summary": [{"text": "kimberleyeleotris is a genus of sleeper gobies endemic to australia , where they are only known from rivers in the kimberley region of western australia . ", "topic": 3}], "title": "kimberleyeleotris", "paragraphs": ["drysdale gudgeon , kimberleyeleotris notata . source : jill ruse . license : all rights reserved\nmitchell gudgeon , kimberleyeleotris hutchinsi . source : mark allen . license : all rights reserved\nkimberleyeleotris hutchinsi voucher ams i . 33464 - 004 zic family member 1 ( zic1 ) gene , partial cds\nkimberleyeleotris hutchinsi voucher ams i . 33464 - 004 cytochrome b ( cytb ) gene , complete cds ; mitochondrial\nkimberleyeleotris hutchinsi voucher ams i . 33464 - 004 recombination activating protein 1 ( rag1 ) gene , partial cds\nkimberleyeleotris hutchinsi voucher ams i . 33464 - 004 g protein - coupled receptor 85 ( gpr85 ) gene , partial cds\nkimberleyeleotris hutchinsi voucher ams i . 33464 - 004 12s ribosomal rna gene , partial sequence ; trna - val gene , complete sequence ; and 16s ribosomal rna gene , partial sequence ; mitochondrial\nwager , r . 1996 . kimberleyeleotris notata . in : iucn 2011 . iucn red list of threatened species . version 2011 . 2 . < urltoken > . downloaded on 10 january 2012 .\nwager , r . 1996 . kimberleyeleotris hutchinsi . in : iucn 2011 . iucn red list of threatened species . version 2011 . 2 . < urltoken > . downloaded on 10 january 2012 .\nkimberleyeleotris notata hoese & allen 1987 , mem . mus . vict . 48 ( 1 ) : 40 , figs 3 , 4 . type locality : drysdale river , 4 km above junction with forest creek , kimberley region , western australia .\nkimberleyeleotris hutchinsi hoese & allen 1987 , mem . mus . vict . 48 ( 1 ) : 36 , figs 1 , 2 [ incorrectly spelled kimberleotris hutchinsi ] . type locality : tributary of mitchell river , kimberley region , western australia .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n, select family and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the family .\n, select country and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the country .\n, select ecosystem and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the ecosystem .\ncfm script by eagbayani , 30 . 11 . 04 , , php script by cmilitante , 05 / 11 / 2010 , last modified by cmilitante , 14 / 03 / 2013\nknown only from the drysdale river in the kimberley region of north western australia . the species inhabits clear , freshwater pools of slow - flowing streams over rocky and sandy bottoms .\nthe specific name notata is from the latin nota ( mark , sign ) , in reference to the pattern of markings on the side of this species .\nallen , g . r . 1982 . inland fishes of western australia . perth : western australian museum 86 pp . 6 figs 20 pls [ p . 61 , pl . 13 ( 7 ) , as new genus and species b ]\nallen , g . r . 1989 . freshwater fishes of australia . neptune , new jersey : t . f . h . publications 240 pp . , 63 pls\nallen , g . r . , midgley , s . h . & allen , m . 2002 . field guide to the freshwater fishes of australia . perth : western australian museum 394 pp .\nmorgan , d . l . , allen , g . r . , pusey , b . j . & burrows , d . w . 2011 . a review of the freshwater fishes of the kimberley region of western australia . zootaxa 2816 : 1 - 64 .\nmorgan , d . l . , unmack , p . j . , beatty , s . j . , ebner , b . c . , allen , m . g . , keleher , j . j . , donaldson , j . a . & murphy , j . 2014 . an overview of the ' freshwater fishes ' of western australia . journal of the royal society of western australia 97 : 263 - 278 .\nunmack , p . j . 2001 . biogeography of australian freshwater fishes . journal of biogeography 28 : 1053 - 1089 .\noceania : known only from the drysdale river system in the northern kimberley region of western australia .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 4 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 5259 )\ninhabits clear , freshwater pools of slow - flowing streams over rock and sand bottoms ( ref . 44894 ) .\nallen , g . r . , 1989 . freshwater fishes of australia . t . f . h . publications , inc . , neptune city , new jersey . ( ref . 5259 )\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 7500 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01000 ( 0 . 00244 - 0 . 04107 ) , b = 3 . 04 ( 2 . 81 - 3 . 27 ) , in cm total length , based on all lwr estimates for this body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 1 \u00b10 . 1 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 10 of 100 ) .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nyearsley , g . k . , last , p . r . & morris , g . b . 1997 ,\ncodes for australian aquatic biota ( caab ) : an upgraded and expanded species coding system for australian fisheries databases\n, pp . 15 pp . + appendices\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 4c50c7ca - a0a1 - 4e17 - b27c - 17d9fe569d8d\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 2dd4c6c8 - c2ce - 4d3b - 83b2 - 77207e14f225\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 450751\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\noceania : known only from the mitchell river system in the northern kimberley region of western australia .\ninhabits still or slow - flowing waters , usually in rocky pools . occurs in streams . usually found close to submerged sandstone boulders , but occasionally seen hovering in mid - water ( ref . 44894 ) . solitary , often hovering over submerged sandstone boulders , but sometimes forms loose aggregations in mid - water . males are more colorful and slightly larger than females . attractive species well suited for captivity , but is unknown to aquarists ( ref . 44894 ) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : ad4ce6ca - 0e2f - 4d29 - 9617 - 26b23a9be30b\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 48e069e4 - d923 - 45b1 - a8c0 - 107279c373f1\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 434542\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nformat summary genbank genbank ( full ) fasta asn . 1 xml insdseq xml tinyseq xml feature table accession list gi list gff3\nfinds sub - sequences or patterns in the sequence and highlights the matching regions . the tool works with standard single letter nucleotide or protein codes including ambiguities and can match prosite patterns in protein sequences . more . . .\nfinds sub - sequence or patterns in the sequence and highlights the matching region . the tool works with standard single letter nucleotide or protein codes including ambiguities and can match prosite patterns in protein sequences . more . . .\na small pale greyish - brown gudgeon with a darker underside , with black anterior dorsal - fin spines and an orange patch on the fin , a large black blotch anteriorly on the base of the second dorsal fin and white spots on the fin , a reddish - orange anal fin , and a white margin on the dorsal , anal and pelvic fins . males are more densely covered in melanophores than females ; .\nknown only from the mitchell river in the kimberley region of western australia . the species inhabits still to moderately fast - flowing freshwater rocky streams and pools .\npale greyish - brown , pale purple ventrally on head , body darker ventrally ; scale pockets edged with melanophores and lines of melanophores on skin along margins of muscle segments ; males with dense melanophores scattered over body , often more so ventrally on caudal peduncle ; females with few scattered melanophores ; large median black blotch ventrally behind urogenital papilla connecting to thin black line on either side of anal fin base , lines joining behind anal fin to form thin median black stripe extending to anterior base of unsegmented caudal rays . first dorsal fin black before fourth spine , black extending onto and along distal tip of fin ; fin otherwise mostly clear ; second dorsal with large black blotch at base anteriorly , extending just anterior to third segmented ray , thin black distal margin ; often with broad , black stripe on distal upper third of fin ; rest of fin mostly clear ; anal fin mainly reddish orange with faint blotch near base anteriorly ; caudal fin pale grey with scattered melanophores . pectoral base with few scattered melanophores ; pectoral fin clear to grey . pelvic fins clear to white , with few elongate melanophores along lateral margins of rays in males .\nthe species is named for j . b . hutchins , former curator of fishes at the western australian museum , who collected the type specimens .\nallen , g . r . 1982 . inland fishes of western australia . perth : western australian museum 86 pp . 6 figs 20 pls [ 61 , pl . 13 ( 7 ) , as new genus and species b ]\nmorgan , d . l . , allen , g . r . , pusey , b . j . & burrows , d . w . 2011 . a review of the freshwater fishes of the kimberley region of western australia . zootaxa 2816 : 1 - 64\nallen , g . r . 1982 . inland fishes of western australia . perth : western australian museum 86 pp . 6 figs 20 pls [ 61 , pl . 13 ( 7 ) ] ( as new genus and species b )\nallen , g . r . 1989 . freshwater fishes of australia . neptune , new jersey : t . f . h . publications 240 pp . , 63 pls [ 201 ]\nallen , g . r . , midgley , s . h . & allen , m . 2002 . field guide to the freshwater fishes of australia . perth : western australian museum 394 pp . [ 302 ]\nhoese , d . f . 2006 . eleotridae ( pp . 1596 - 1610 ) . in : beesley , p . l . & wells , a . ( eds ) 2006 . zoological catalogue of australia . volume 35 australia : abrs & csiro publishing parts 1 - 3 2178 pp .\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : b543ce97 - 963e - 48f2 - 82f7 - ea917623c872\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 12f7654c - 734e - 4b95 - bc75 - 16fb722f293f\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 328118\nthis is intended to provide a comprehensive up to date list of australian freshwater fishes . it includes : all species which are strictly freshwater , that is they never occur in estuaries or marine environments ; species which primarily occur in freshwater , but also occur in tidal reaches , or occasionally in estuaries , e . g . ,\nophisternon gutturale ( richardson 1845 ) multiple spp . ( 2 - 3 ? )"]}
{"id": 1944, "summary": [{"text": "orthotylus marginalis is a species of stinkbugs from miridae family that can be found throughout europe ( except for liechtenstein and various european islands ) . ", "topic": 3}], "title": "orthotylus marginalis", "paragraphs": ["in great britain and / or ireland : foodplant / feeds on orthotylus marginalis feeds on salix caprea foodplant / feeds on orthotylus marginalis feeds on salix cinerea ssp . oleifolia foodplant / feeds on orthotylus marginalis feeds on salix foodplant / feeds on orthotylus marginalis feeds on alnus glutinosa foodplant / feeds on orthotylus marginalis feeds on malus foodplant / feeds on orthotylus marginalis feeds on ribes foodplant / feeds on orthotylus marginalis feeds on prunus spinosa animal / predator orthotylus marginalis is predator of tetranychus urticae animal / predator orthotylus marginalis is predator of aphidoidea animal / predator orthotylus marginalis is predator of insecta\nleaf beetles on willows : orthotylus marginalis\n. department of ecology , swedish university of agricultural sciences .\northotylus marginalis population density was estimated in 15 of the gray willow stands in june 1999\u20132011 and in the two other stands in 1999\u20132010 and 1999\u20132005 . all insects on the upper 35 cm of each current - year shoot were dislodged into a white plastic container . orthotylus marginalis nymphs were counted and then re - released . the number of shoots sampled was proportional to the size of the stand . for a detailed description of the sampling method see dalin ( 2006 ) .\nthe adult orthotylus flavosparsus is normally about 4 millimetres ( 0 . 16 in ) in length , and green in colour .\npopulation densities related to leaf nitrogen status . predicted mean number of orthotylus marginalis individuals per 35 cm shoot ( based on data from 17 gray willow stands collected over 13 years ) related to measured spad values ( relative difference in leaf nitrogen concentration\u2014 lower horizontal scale ) and to the predicted corresponding leaf nitrogen concentration ( upper horizontal scale )\northotylus flavosparsus is a species of plant - eating bug in the miridae family , which is found everywhere in europe except for albania and iceland . it was introduced to north america .\npredation rate related to leaf nitrogen status . number of leaf beetle eggs consumed by orthotylus marginalis ( day \u00d7 mg dry weight ) \u22121 related to leaf nitrogen status under three nitrogen treatment levels ( n = 37 ) . predation rates differed between all treatments at p < 0 . 01 . box plots show medians with the first and third quartile and 95 % confidence interval of the median\ntotal numbers of o . marginalis nymphs surviving to the adult stage under the 1 . 4 , 8 . 4 and 15 . 4 mg n week \u22121 nitrogen treatments were : 6 in all cases with prey absent ; and 15 , 10 and 13 , respectively , with prey present . orthotylus marginalis survival was clearly higher on plants in the presence of prey ( f 1 , 72 = 22 . 41 , p < 0 . 001 ) , but there was no difference in survival on plants under different nitrogen treatments ( f 2 , 72 = 1 . 50 , p = 0 . 23 ) . however , these results should be treated cautiously as various mortality factors , such as parasitization and molting failure , were not necessarily related to leaf nitrogen status . mortality due to parasitization was 16 % for o . marginalis with no prey and 11 % with prey present .\nperformance related to leaf nitrogen status . dry weight ( mg ) of orthotylus marginalis adults in the a absence ( n = 18 ) and b presence of prey ( n = 38 ) on plants exposed to different nitrogen treatments . performance differed between all nitrogen treatments in the absence of prey at p < 0 . 01 , but there was no difference between any of the treatments in the presence of prey . box plots show medians with the first and third quartile and 95 % confidence interval of the median\npopulation variability related to leaf nitrogen status . variability ( cv = coefficient of variation ) in population density of orthotylus marginalis related to measured spad values ( relative difference in leaf nitrogen concentration\u2014 lower horizontal scale ) and to the predicted corresponding leaf nitrogen concentration ( upper horizontal scale ) . solid and dotted lines indicate model predictions and standard error of predicted means ( r 2 = 0 . 53 ) , respectively . open circles are data points used in the model . data points indicated by crosses were not considered in the model . population variability was calculated from data collected in 15 stands over 10 years . a small cv represents high stability between years\ntwo new records of the subfamily orthotylinae ( heteroptera : miridae : orthotylinae ) , zanchius tarasovi kerzhner , 1988 and orthotylus bilineatus ( fall\u00e9n , 1807 ) , are reported for the first time to the korean fauna . the genus zanchius is also first recorded from the korean peninsula . redescriptions of genitalia , diagnoses of each species and genus , and biological notes are presented with the photographs and illustrations .\nthe effects of leaf nitrogen status on performance and predation rate in the greenhouse experiment were examined using two glmms . response variables in the two performance models were o . marginalis survival ( binomial distribution , logit link ) and adult dry weight ( \u00b5g ) ( poisson distribution , log link ) . the response variable in the predation model was total egg consumption by o . marginalis ( poisson distribution , log link ) using an offset for development time ( days ) and adult dry weight ( mg ) . over - dispersion was accounted for using quasi - models . fixed effects in both performance models were nitrogen treatment and the presence / absence of prey , and in the predation model nitrogen treatment . we incorporated a variance structure in the omnivore performance models to account for differences in residual spread between groups with and without prey . gray willow clone was included as a random effect in all models .\naltogether 90 o . marginalis nymphs were collected for the greenhouse experiment from the same gray willow stand . all individuals were collected simultaneously , on the first day that first stage nymphs appeared in late may . the nymphs were randomly assigned to plants under different nitrogen treatments and plants with or without prey : 45 to plants with prey and 45 to plants without prey . perforated plastic bags ( 0 . 5 mm diameter perforations , baumann saatzuchtbedarf , germany ) sealed at the base of the pot , prevented mirids from escaping and stopped potential prey from accessing the plants .\nthe relationship between o . marginalis population density and gray willow leaf nitrogen status in the field study was examined using a generalized linear mixed model ( glmm ) ( poisson distribution , log link function ) with an offset for number of samples in each stand . the fixed effects were the spad values recorded in june , sampling year and stand area . by treating gray willow stand as a random effect , the model intercept was allowed to vary between stands and between years within stands . temporal autocorrelation was accounted for by introducing an autoregressive first - order structure , with observation year nested within willow stand .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nis one of the larger species and is found on willows and sallows . the upper surface is covered in dense pale hairs , and the membrane veins are green . the 1st antennal segment is brownish .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nlike most websites we use cookies . this is to ensure that we give you the best experience possible .\ncontinuing to use urltoken means you agree to our use of cookies . if you would like to , you can learn more about the cookies we use .\nwe\u2019d value your feedback on the tool . our survey takes only five minutes to complete .\nthe distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available . when several references are cited , they may give conflicting information on the status . further details may be available for individual references in the distribution table details section which can be selected by going to generate report .\none or more of the features that are needed to show you the maps functionality are not available in the web browser that you are using .\nplease consider upgrading your browser to the latest version or installing a new browser .\nare 6 millimetres ( 0 . 24 in ) long , and are green coloured . their upper surface is covered with dense pale hairs , with brownish\nkerzhner i . m . , josifov m . ( 1999 ) .\nfamily miridae\n. in aukema , berend and rieger , christian . catalogue of the heteroptera of the palaearctic region . 3 , cimicomorpha ii . amsterdam : netherlands entomological society . pp . 1\u2013577 , pages 253 & 263 . isbn 978 - 90 - 71912 - 19 - 1 .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with nbn atlas , please upload using the upload tools .\nyour browser doesn ' t support javascript or you have disabled javascript . please enable javascript , then refresh this page . javascript is required on this site .\neuropean union funding : for a one - year period ( 2017 - 12 - 16 to 2018 - 12 - 15 ) , eppo has been awarded an eu grant for the further development of the eppo code system ( agreement nb : sante / 2017 / gs / eppo / s12 . 768842 ) . the eu commission is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information from this project subsequently included in the eppo global database .\nadults are 6 millimetres ( 0 . 24 in ) long , and are green coloured . their upper surface is covered with dense pale hairs , with brownish antennas .\nthe species members feed on alder , apple trees , currant , sloe , sallow , and willows . adults feed on aphididae , carabidae , and psyllidae . in some cases , they also feed on plants of pear trees , causing the pears to have stoney pits , among other damages .\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nopen access this article is distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution 4 . 0 international license ( urltoken ) , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided you give appropriate credit to the original author ( s ) and the source , provide a link to the creative commons license , and indicate if changes were made .\nthe online version of this article ( doi : 10 . 1007 / s00442 - 016 - 3742 - y ) contains supplementary material , which is available to authorized users .\nplant traits , such as nutrient status , morphology and secondary metabolites affect herbivore performance , long - term population dynamics and community structure and can even cascade across trophic levels to mediate trophic interactions ( price et al . 1980 ; underwood and rausher 2000 ; harvey et al . 2003 ; dalin and bj\u00f6rkman 2003 ; kagata and ohgushi 2006 ; bukovinszky et al . 2008 ; carmona et al . 2011 ; volf et al . 2015 ) . the interactions between plant - feeding omnivores and their herbivore prey can be mediated by plant traits ( 1 ) via density effects and ( 2 ) by altering the omnivores\u2019 trophic status ( behavioral effects ) ( agrawal et al . 1999 ; eubanks and denno 1999 , 2000 ; eubanks 2005 ) .\nomnivory and trophic behavior is determined by evolutionary history , driven by resource abundance and quality to optimize nutritional needs ( agrawal et al . 1999 ; coll and guershon 2002 ; eubanks et al . 2003 ) . plant feeding allows for survival of small omnivore nymph stages and for persistence during periods of rapidly declining prey densities ( naranjo and gibson 1996 ; wheeler 2001 ; coll and guershon 2002 ; eubanks and styrsky 2005 ) . feeding on high - quality host plants can , thus , strengthen the buffering effect of this alternative resource , which should increase and stabilize omnivore population density and enhance the long - term predation pressure ( density effect ) . high plant quality can , however , also increase the omnivores\u2019 relative consumption of plant resources and reduce the average per capita predation rate ( behavioral effect ) ( eubanks and denno 2000 ; coll and guershon 2002 ) .\nnitrogen concentration is a characteristic of plant nutrient status with a potentially strong direct effect on omnivore performance in the absence of prey , which is also relevant for comparing the relative importance of resources at different trophic levels ( eubanks and denno 1999 , 2000 ; fagan et al . 2002 ; denno and fagan 2003 ; matsumura et al . 2004 ) . herbivore population density commonly increases on nitrogen enriched plants ( mattson 1980 ; awmack and leather 2002 ) and sap - feeding insects ( i . e . , many heteropteran omnivores ) may be especially responsive to enhanced plant nitrogen , since they feed selectively and often on tissue that does not contain nitrogen - based allelochemicals ( toxic secondary metabolites ) ( holopainen et al . 1992 ; wheeler 2001 ; huberty and denno 2004 ) . nitrogen concentration is substantially lower in plant than in herbivore biomass and the relative abundance of nitrogen in relation to growth conditions is , by orders of magnitude , more variable in plants than in herbivores ( mattson 1980 ; sterner and elser 2002 ; andersen et al . 2004 ) . the stoichiometric mismatch in nitrogen across trophic levels has also been critical for the evolution of omnivory in heteropteran insects ( eubanks et al . 2003 ) .\nthe gray willow ( salix cinerea l . ) grows in wet moderately nutrient - rich soils and often forms dense stands along small streams , ditches and pastures and at forest edges ( jonsell 2000 ) . stands generally consist of individuals of the same clone and range from a few square meters to several hectares in size ( although small stands are more common ) .\nleaf nitrogen status in the field study and the greenhouse experiment was estimated using an optical chlorophyll meter ( model , spad - 502 , konica minolta sensing , japan ) . this is a non - destructive alternative to analytical methods that can be used to estimate leaf nitrogen content per unit area ; the method is commonly used in plant sciences and has been extensively evaluated for a number of hardwoods , including salix and populus species ( bonneville and fyles 2006 ; weih and r\u00f6nnberg - w\u00e4stjung 2007 ; bonosi et al . 2010 ) . spad values are , however , mainly useful for relative comparisons of nitrogen content in leaves , under similar environmental conditions ( chang and robison 2003 ) .\none - year - old shoots were cut from 15 of the gray willow stands and used to create a leaf nitrogen gradient in the greenhouse , similar to the one recorded in the field . the shoots were stored at \u22125 \u00b0c for 3 months and then divided into 90 ( 6 \u00d7 15 ) cuttings ( length 20 cm , diameter 0 . 9\u20131 . 7 cm ) . the cuttings were placed in water in the greenhouse for 2 weeks to initiate root development , before being planted in pots with 2 dm 3 sand ( grain size 0 . 2\u20131 mm ) . the insides of the pots were lined with cloth , so that water and air ( but not the sand ) could pass through the holes in the base of the pots . the sand was saturated with water at all times . this ensured that water availability would not influence access to nitrogen and simulated the conditions gray willows experience in the field ( growing in wet soils or more or less directly in water ) .\nsix cuttings from each of the 15 stands were randomly assigned to three different fertilization treatments in the greenhouse , corresponding to 1 . 4 , 8 . 4 or 15 . 4 mg n \u00d7 week \u22121 . these fertilization levels were used in a preceding pilot study and therefore known to create nitrogen levels similar to those observed in gray willow stands in the field . to fertilize the plants we used a complete nutrient solution , \u2018blomstra\u2019 ( wallco , sweden ) ( n : p : k 5 : 1 : 4 . 3 , ph 7 . 8 ) . the temperature in the greenhouse ranged from 18 to 24 \u00b0c . leaf nitrogen status of plants in the greenhouse was recorded 30 days after the first fertilizer application to ensure that the selected treatments resulted in leaf nitrogen concentrations similar to those observed in the field . spad values were recorded at five different positions between the mid - rib and the leaf margin , on three leaves from the mid part of each plant .\nthe relationship between spad - 502 chlorophyll meter values and leaf nitrogen concentrations was determined using three leaf samples collected from each gray willow stand ( n = 51 ) in the field in june , 2011 , covering almost the full spectrum of values found in gray willow stands at that time of the year . in addition , three leaf samples were collected from clones of the same willows grown in the greenhouse ( n = 45 ) . the aim was to determine whether the relationship between spad values and nitrogen concentrations differed between greenhouse and field samples , for instance due to differences in light and hydrological conditions . mass - based leaf nitrogen concentrations of sampled leaves were determined by gas chromatography using a carlo erba na 1500 elemental analyzer ( carlo erba , milano , italy ) .\nthe relationship between spad values and mass - based leaf nitrogen concentrations in leaves sampled in the field and in the greenhouse experiment was validated using a linear model . leaf origin was treated as a fixed effect in the model .\nthe predicted difference in spad values between gray willow stands in the field study and nitrogen treatments in the greenhouse experiment was tested using two separate linear mixed models . potential correlation between data points due to repeated measures of spad values in the field was accounted for by incorporating a first - order autoregressive correlation structure for the time variable ( month ) . by treating stand as a random effect in the models , the intercept was allowed to vary among willow clones .\ntwo measures were used to estimate population variability : the coefficient of variation ( cv ) and the inter - quartile ratio ( iqr ) . cv was calculated for each stand by dividing the standard deviation of density by the mean density . cv thus provides a standardized measure of variability which allows for comparisons regardless of the mean . however , cv is sensitive to zero counts and low means ( heath 2006 ) . the iqr equals the inter - quartile range divided by the median and provides an alternative measure of variability that is independent of both observation extremes and the mean . we fitted two separate linear models with the response variable population variability expressed either as cv or iqr and leaf nitrogen status and willow stand area as fixed effects . cv and iqr were estimated using a subset of the population density data ( for 15 stands , 1999\u20132008 ) . the selection of data was intended to optimize the number of stands sampled over the same years and the longest continuous time period . the model was restricted to spad values in the range 30\u201336 because of the low number of observations below this range ( spad < 30 ) . including or excluding the two observations in this lower range in the model did not change the overall results .\nanalyses were performed in r version 3 . 1 . 0 ( r development core team 2014 ) using the mass package glmmpql function for the poisson glmms ( venables and ripley 2002 ) and the nlme package lme function for the linear mixed model ( pinheiro et al . 2011 ) .\n) . the relationship was best described by the model spad = 0 . 41n\nspad - leaf nitrogen validation models plotted with field - and greenhouse - recorded leaf nitrogen gradients . predictions were based on linear models describing the relationship between spad values and leaf nitrogen concentrations ( mg \u00d7 g \u22121 ) in gray willow leaves ( r 2 = 0 . 67 ) , collected in the greenhouse ( solid line ) and the field ( dotted line ) . fine dotted gray lines are standard errors of prediction estimates . open squares show mean spad values recorded in june for 17 gray willow ( salix cinerea ) stands in forest and open habitats ( squares with white and gray backgrounds , respectively ) . solid squares show mean greenhouse spad values recorded under the 1 . 4 , 8 . 4 and 15 . 4 mg n \u00d7 week \u22121 nitrogen treatments . bars show standard errors\nthe recorded spad values ranged from 25 . 07 to 36 . 39 in may and from 20 . 06 to 36 . 72 in june ( fig .\n< 0 . 001 ) . when spad values were translated into nitrogen concentrations using the spad\u2013nitrogen validation for gray willow in the greenhouse , the range was similar to the field - recorded nitrogen concentrations ( fig .\n) . population density increased by 195 % with a spad value increase from 30 . 75 to 36 . 49 , which is approximately equivalent to an average increase in leaf nitrogen from 26 to 40 mgn \u00d7 g\n= 0 . 44 ) . population variability , expressed as cv , decreased by 63 % with a spad value increase from 30 . 75 to 36 . 49 , which is approximately equivalent to an average increase in leaf nitrogen from 26 to 40 mgn \u00d7 g\n) . adults with access to both plant and prey exhibited , on average , 89 % higher dry weight , compared to individuals without access to prey . dry weight of individuals without prey increased by , on average , 69 % from the lowest ( 1 . 4 mg n week\n< 0 . 01 . predation rate decreased by , on average , 28 % from the lowest ( 1 . 4 mg n week\nwe utilized a combination of data from long - term field studies and controlled greenhouse experiments to show that feeding on plant resources with a high nitrogen status increases and stabilizes omnivore population density , and enhances performance in the absence of prey . to our knowledge , this is the first empirical evidence under field conditions for this effect . moreover , we found that leaf nitrogen status can alter the omnivore\u2019s trophic behavior : individuals on plants with higher nitrogen status consume less prey . both results are consistent with accumulating ( but scattered ) evidence linking the distribution , dispersal , performance , oviposition preference and trophic behavior of omnivorous insects to intra - specific variation in plant quality ( agrawal et al . 1999 ; eubanks and denno 1999 , 2000 ; eubanks and styrsky 2005 ; groenteman et al . 2006 ; jim\u00e9nez et al . 2012 ) .\nthe long - term population level effect and the behavioral effect ( plant vs . prey feeding ) of leaf nitrogen status differed with respect to the consequence for omnivore prey suppression and the outcome of the plant\u2013herbivore\u2013omnivore interaction . the different environmental conditions ( field vs . greenhouse ) and spatial and temporal scales make it impossible to integrate the effects entirely and to predict the net outcome of leaf nitrogen status on prey suppression . the density effect associated with increased plant nutrient status seems , however , as expected , to be stronger than the per capita changes in trophic behavior\u2014especially when longer time scales are considered ( eubanks and denno 2000 ) . consequently , we expect the long - term effect of high leaf nitrogen status ( population stability ) to outweigh the short - term behavioral effect on per capita predation rates\u2014resulting in a net increase in population predation rates with increasing leaf nitrogen status .\nsupplementary material 3 ( csv 1 kb ) ( 1 . 6k , csv )\nsupplementary material 4 ( csv 8 kb ) ( 8 . 9k , csv )\nsupplementary material 5 ( csv 3 kb ) ( 3 . 1k , csv )\nwe thank martin weih for advice on spad - nitrogen validation , tomas gr\u00f6nqvist for gc analyses , marie melander and karin eklund for field assistance . support for this work was provided by energimyndigheten , future forests and the oscar and lili lamm foundation .\nasl , pd and cb conceived and designed the experiments . asl and pd collected the data . asl analyzed the data and wrote the manuscript ; other authors provided editorial advice .\nagrawal aa , kobayashi c , thaler js . influence of prey availability and induced host resistance on omnivory by western flower thrips .\nawmack c , leather s . host plant quality and fecundity in herbivorous insects .\nbj\u00f6rkman c , dalin p , eklund k . generalist natural enemies of a willow leaf beetle (\nbj\u00f6rkman c , bommarco r , eklund k , h\u00f6glund s . harvesting disrupts biological control of herbivores in a short - rotation coppice system .\nbonneville m , fyles jw . assessing variations in spad 502 chlorophyll meter measurements and their relationships with nutrient content of trembling aspen foliage .\ngenotypes to temporary water stress are different from the responses to permanent water shortage .\nbukovinszky t , van veen fjf , jongema y , dicke m . direct and indirect effects of resource quality on food web structure .\ncarmona d , lajeunesse mj , johnson mt . plant traits that predict resistance to herbivores .\nchang sx , robison dj . nondestructive and rapid estimation of hardwood foliar nitrogen status using the spad - 502 chlorophyll meter .\ncoll m , guershon m . omnivory in terrestrial arthropods : mixing plant and prey diets .\ndalin p , bj\u00f6rkman c . adult beetle grazing induces willow trichome defence against subsequent larval feeding .\ndenno r , fagan w . might nitrogen limitation promote omnivory among carnivorous arthropods ?\nemmerson m , yearsley jm . weak interactions , omnivory and emergent food - web properties .\neubanks md ( 2005 ) predaceous herbivores and herbivorous predators : the biology of omnivores and the ecology of omnivore\u2013prey interactions . ecol . predator - prey interact . oxford university press , pp 3\u201316\neubanks md , denno rf . the ecological consequences of variation in plants and prey for an omnivorous insect .\neubanks md , denno rf . host plants mediate omnivore - herbivore interactions and influence prey suppression .\neubanks md , styrsky jd . effects of plant feeding on the performance of omnivorous predators . in : w\u00e4ckers fl , van rijn pcj , bruin j , editors .\neubanks md , styrsky jd , denno rf . the evolution of omnivory in heteropteran insects .\nfagan wf , siemann e , mitter c , et al . nitrogen in insects : implications for trophic complexity and species diversification .\ngroenteman r , guershon m , coll m . effects of leaf nitrogen content on oviposition site selection , offspring performance , and intraspecific interactions in an omnivorous bug .\nharvey ja , van dam n , gols r . interactions over four trophic levels : foodplant quality affects development of a hyperparasitoid as mediated through a herbivore and its primary parasitoid .\nholopainen jk , tuhkalainen j , kainulainen p , satka h . resource partitioning to growth , storage and defence in nitrogen fertilized scots pine and susceptibility of the seedlings to the tarnished plant bug\nhuberty a , denno r . plant water stress and its consequences for herbivorous insects : a new synthesis .\njim\u00e9nez jm , wieski k , marczak lb , et al . effects of an omnivorous katydid , salinity , and nutrients on a planthopper -\nkagata h , ohgushi t . bottom - up trophic cascades and material transfer in terrestrial food webs .\nkaplan i , thaler js . do plant defenses enhance or diminish prey suppression by omnivorous heteroptera ?\nkoricheva j , larsson s , haukioja e , kein\u00e4nen m . regulation plant secondary metabolism by resource availability : hypothesis testing by means of meta - analysis .\nkratina p , lecraw r , ingram t , anholt b . stability and persistence of food webs with omnivory : is there a general pattern ?\nkrimmel ba , pearse is . sticky plant traps insects to enhance indirect defence .\nkullenberg b ( 1944 ) studien \u00fcber die biologie der capsiden . zool . bidr . fr\u00e5n uppsala . band 23 . almqvist & wiksells boktryckeri ab pp 1\u2013522\nlaw y - h , rosenheim ja . effects of combining an intraguild predator with a cannibalistic intermediate predator on a species - level trophic cascade .\nmatsumura m , trafelet - smith g , gratton c . does intraguild predation enhance predator performance ? a stoichiometric perspective .\nnaranjo se , gibson rl ( 1996 ) phytophagy in predaceous heteroptera : effects on life history and population dynamics . - in : zoophytophagous heteroptera : implications for life history and integrated pest management . tomas say publ . entomological society of america , lanham , md\npinheiro j , bates d , debroy s , et al . nlme : linear and nonlinear mixed effects models .\nprice pw , bouton ce , gross p , et al . interactions among three trophic levels : influence of plants on interactions between insect herbivores and natural enemies .\nr development core team ( 2014 ) r : a language and environment for statistical computing . r foundation for statistical computing . isbn 3 - 900051 - 07 - 0 , vienna . urltoken . accessed 10 apr 2014\nrosenheim ja , corbett a . omnivory and the indeterminacy of predator function : can a knowledge of foraging behavior help ?\nsymondson woc , sunderland kd , grennstone mk . can generalist predators be effective biocontrol agents .\nunderwood n , rausher md . the effects of host - plant genotype on herbivore population dynamics .\nvolf m , hrcek j , julkunen - tiitto r , novotny v . to each its own : differential response of specialist and generalist herbivores to plant defence in willows .\nweih m , r\u00f6nnberg - w\u00e4stjung a - c . shoot biomass growth is related to the vertical leaf nitrogen gradient in\nbiology of the plant bugs ( hemiptera : miridae ) : pests , predators , opportunists .\njavascript is disabled on your browser . please enable javascript to use all the features on this page .\npeer review under responsibility of national science museum of korea ( nsmk ) and korea national arboretum ( kna ) .\n\u00a9 2016 , national science museum of korea ( nsmk ) and korea national arboretum ( kna ) . production and hosting by elsevier .\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 elsevier b . v . or its licensors or contributors . sciencedirect \u00ae is a registered trademark of elsevier b . v .\nthe species can be found on oraches and chenopods , which is their main food .\ncopyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved\nenter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user\nsources results page - southwood , t . r . e . & leston , d . ( 1959 ) land and water bugs of the british isles 1 - 436 : 261\nthe influence of plant sex on the performance of a detrimental herbivore and two biocontrol agents in the dioecious grey willow , salix cinerea .\ndioecious plants can be used as model systems for studying how variation in host plants affects plant - insect interactions . this thesis describes investigations into the impact of plant sex on plant - herbivore - predator interactions for the host plant salix cinerea . both herbivores and predators were found to prefer female plants , all other things being equal . as a result , top - down control had a more significant impact on the herbivore population on female plants than was the case for males . despite this , phratora beetles were more abundant on , and preferred , female plants . this may be due to bottom - up control , since female plants have longer leaves . both herbivores and biocontrol agents were more abundant on female plants in the field . because of predation by omnivores , survival rates for herbivore eggs on female plants were lower than those for male plants , and omnivore predation was the primary cause of death among herbivore eggs . these findings may provide novel opportunities for pest control in salix short rotation coppices .\n( nl , nj ) > dept . of ecology ( s ) > dept . of ecology\nepsilon archive for student projects is powored by eprints 3 developed by school of electronics and computer science at university of southampton . more information ."]}
{"id": 1951, "summary": [{"text": "atergatis subdentatus , also known as the red reef crab , dark-finger coral crab or eyed coral crab , is a species of crab in the family xanthidae . ", "topic": 18}], "title": "atergatis subdentatus", "paragraphs": ["animalia - arthropoda - crustacea - malacostraca - decapoda - brachyura - xanthidae - atergatis - a . subdentatus\nlet ' s do some zoology ! - red reef crab ( atergatis subdentatus ) also known . . .\n\u00bb species cancer ( atergatis ) frontalis de haan , 1835 accepted as atergatis latissimus ( h . milne edwards , 1834 )\ndistribution & ecology : wallis & futuna ( ? futuna ) . regional records : wallis & futuna - atergatis subdentatus - poupin & juncker , in preparation ( ? futuna , det . from photograph only and ser\u010dne , 1984 key ) . depth distribution : 1 - 10 m\nlooking at gosliner , et al , again , i think i can rule a . subdentatus out as they list\nphilippines and japan ) for distribution . the photographs were taken on the gbr .\ni don ' t know if the dark spot enclosing 2 smaller white spots belongs to a . subdentatus or carpilius convexus . some of what i ' ve found indicates that it ' s characteristic of c . convexus so i ' m confused . . . . . ( as usual )\nliu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nbroadly subquadrilateral , regions ill - defined , covered with very fine punctulation near the anterior and antero - lateral borders . antero - lateral borders well convex and arched and with no distinct indentation , the\nbears two obtuse teeth at inner angle , followed by four to five bundles of brush - like hairs .\nde haan , w . , 1833 - 1849 . crustacea . in : ph . f . von siebold , fauna japonica sive descriptio animalium , quae in itinere per japoniam , jussu et auspiciis superiorum , qui summum in india batava imperium tenent , suscepto , annis 1823 - 1830 collegit , notis , observationibus et adumbrationibus illustravit : ix - xvi , i - xxi , vii - xvii , 1 - 243 , pls a - j , l - q , 1 - 55 , circ . tab . 2 . ( for dates see sherborn & jentink , 1895 and holthuis , 1953 . )\nmilne edwards , a . , 1865c . \u00e9tudes zoologiques sur les crustac\u00e9s r\u00e9cents de la famille des canc\u00e9riens . canc\u00e9rides , pirim\u00e9lides , carpilides , premi\u00e8re partie . nouvelles archives du mus\u00e9um national d ' histoire naturelle , paris , 1 : 177 - 308 , pls 11 - 19 .\nmiyake , s . , 1983 . japanese crustacean decapods and stomatopods in color . vol . ii . brachyura ( crabs ) , i - viii , 1 - 277 , pls 1 - 64 . hoikusha , osaka . ( in japanese ; second edition in 1992 )\nmuraoka , k . , 1998 . catalogue of the brachyuran and anomuran crabs donated by prof . dr . tune sakai to the kanagawa prefectural museum . catalogue of the collection in the kanagawa prefectural museum of natural history , 11 : 5 - 67 , pls 1 - 16 .\nortmann , a . e . , 1893b . die decapoden - krebse des strassburger museums , mit besonderer ber\u00fccksichtigung der von herrn dr . d\u00f6derlein bei japan und bei den liu - kiu - inseln gesammelten und zur zeit im strassburger museum aufbewahrten formen . theil vii . abteilung brachyura ( brachyura genuina boas ) , ii . unterabteilung : cancroidea , 2 . section : cancrinea , 1 . gruppe : cyclometopa . zoologische jahrb\u00fccher , abtheilung f\u00fcr systematik , geographie und biologie der thiere , 7 : 411 - 495 , pl . 17 .\nparisi , b . , 1916 . i decapodi giapponesi del museo di milano . iv . cyclometopa . atti societas italiano sciences naturelle , 55 : 153 - 190 , 4 figs , pls 7 - 11 . ( in italian )\nsakai , t . , 1936b . crabs of japan : 66 plates in life colours with descriptions . sanseido , tokyo ( 1935 ) : 1 - 239 , figs 1 - 122 , 27 pages of bibliography & index , frontispiece ( in colour ) , pls 1 - 66 ( colour ) . ( in japanese )\nsakai , t . , 1939 . studies on the crabs of japan . iv . brachygnatha , brachyrhyncha , pp . 365 - 741 , figs 1 - 129 , pls 42 - 111 , table 1 . yokendo co . , tokyo .\nsakai , t . , 1965b . the crabs of sagami bay , collected by his majesty the emperor of japan , i - xvi , 1 - 206 ( english text ) , figs 1 - 27 , pls 1 - 100 : 1 - 92 ( japanese text ) : 1 - 26 ( references and index in english ) : 27 - 32 ( index in japanese ) , 1 map . maruzen co . , tokyo .\nsakai , t . , 1976a . crabs of japan and the adjacent seas . ( in 3 volumes : ( 1 ) english text : i - xxix , 1 - 773 , figs 1 - 379 , ( 2 ) plates volume : 1 - 16 , pls 1 - 251 , ( 3 ) japanese text : 1 - 461 , figs 1 - 2 , 3 maps . ) kodansha ltd , tokyo .\nser\u00e8ne , r . , 1984 . crustac\u00e9s d\u00e9capodes brachyoures de l ' oc\u00e9an indien occidental et de la mer rouge , xanthoidea : xanthidae et trapeziidae . avec un addendum par crosnier ( a ) : carpiliidae et menippidae . faune tropicale , no . xxiv : 1 - 349 , figs a - c + 1 - 243 , pls 1 - 48 . ( in french ) ( translated into english by r . w . ingle ) .\nwada , k . , 1995 . brachyura . in : s . nishimura , guide to seashore animals of japan with color pictures and keys . vol . 2 : 379 - 418 , pls 101 - 118 . ( in japanese )\nyamaguchi , t . & k . baba , 1993 . crustacean specimens collected in japan by ph . f . von siebold and h . b\u00fcrger and held by the nationaal natuurhistorisch museum in leiden and other museums . in : t . yamaguchi ( ed . ) , ph . von siebold and natural history of japan . crustacea . carcinological society of japan : 145 - 570 , figs 1 - 200 d + ii a - f + 3 fig . n . n . + iii a - d .\nyamaguchi , t . , 1993 . a list of species described in the crustacea volume of fauna japonica as belonging to the japanese fauna . in : t . yamaguchi ( ed . ) , ph . von siebold and natural history of japan . crustacea . carcinological society of japan : 571 - 598 , figs 1 - 2 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe xanthid crabs include a number of known poisonous species that are highly toxic and not to be eaten . ( see : hawaiian pom pom crab . ) the neurotoxin is reportedly similar to that found in certain pufferfishes and is not destroyed by cooking .\nsmall specimens of this species sometimes make their way into the aquarium trade or into aquariums hitch - hiking on live rock . they can be quite destructive in a reef aquarium , but fascinating to watch in a setting without vulnerable invertebrates .\nthis reddish - brown crab may have symmetrically distributed red or yellow splotches , and its claw tips may be dark or black . its carapace has a texture similar to that of an orange peel .\nhabitat : rocky reefs , inshore areas , 3 m to 30 m deep ( 10 to 98 ft . ) .\nurltoken | urltoken | urltoken microcosm\u2122 is a trademark of microcosm , ltd . 823 ferry road | charlotte , vt | usa 05445 | telephone 802 - 425 - 5700 ext . 19\nmicrocosm aquarium explorer is a world - class online resource devoted to the underwater worlds that are home to fishes , corals , aquatic plants and invertebrate life of special interest to aquarium keepers . the mission of microcosm aquarium explorer is to inspire and inform those with an interest in the natural world , with particular emphasis on tropical coral reef and rainforest aquatic ecosystems that are the models for aquarists creating captive microcosms in their home aquaria .\ntanglenetted at 120 - 150 m . masbate . philippines . cw 16 mm .\ndived at 12 m under rock , rubble and sea weed . bahia de bandeiras . jalisco . mexico . 2012 . cw 51 mm .\nphilippines . bohol . collected by local fishermen by tangle nets at 100 m . cw 120 mm .\njapanese crustacean decapods and stomatopods in color , vol . ii . brachyura ( crabs ) .\nsystema brachyurorum : part i . an annotated checklist of extant brachyuran crabs of the world .\nin : nishimura , s . ( ed . ) , guide to seashore animals of japan with color pictures and keys , vol . ii . hoikusha , osaka , 379 - 418 ( in japanese ) .\noccurrence record in darwincore format ( elements of obis schema and some of dwc1 . 4 )\nhi , i ' m andrew and i\u2019m just a simple zoology student and crustacean researcher from ohio . this blog centers around animal ids so feel free to send me any unknown species ( and its location ) that you have and i will take my best shot at iding it ! i also occasionally post random zoology / animal factoid things . disclamer : none of the pictures are mine unless stated\n: compilation of references cited in poupin ( 1996 , 1998 , 2003 ) and poupin et al . ( 2009 ) - pdf 412 ko\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nyou currently have javascript disabled . several functions may not work . please re - enable javascript to access full functionality .\n, but i ' m not sure about the lighter patterns . any ideas ?\ndiagnostic characters : carapace ovate ; dorsal surface very smooth and convex . colour : uniform red to reddish brown , with irregular dark brown patches on the dorsal surface of carapace .\nallen and steene have two photographs of c . convexus . one is uniformly coloured with the dark spot with two smaller white spots in the centre of the carapace . the other shows a more mottled form . perhaps it is c . convexus after all .\nspecies name pilodius spinipes heller , 1861 identification key all four spines of the antero - lateral margin equal . cheliped carpus with single furrow anteriorly . 2 p with single sinuous transverse row of adjoining pearliform granules .\nclark and galii 1993 , journal of national history , vol . 27 , p . 1155\n\u00bb species cancer ( eudora ) incisus de haan , 1833 accepted as ozius guttatus h . milne edwards , 1834 ( nomen nudum )\n\u00bb species cancer ( thelphusa ) tridens de haan , 1835 accepted as parathelphusa tridentata h . milne edwards , 1853 ( nomen nudum )\nspecies cancer acantha h . milne edwards , 1834 accepted as actaea acantha ( h . milne edwards , 1834 )\nspecies cancer aculeatus o . fabricius , 1780 accepted as lebbeus groenlandicus ( fabricius , 1775 )\nspecies cancer buso k . sakai accepted as hyas araneus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ( incorrect spelling )\nspecies cancer calculosa h . milne edwards , 1834 accepted as actaea calculosa ( h . milne edwards , 1834 )\n, composite species based on description by brown ( 1756 ) , which referred in part to an east american species of petrochirus and one or more indo - pacific species of coenobita . linnaeus ( 1767 ) subsequently applied the specific name diogenes to the species of )\n, transferred to calcinus by holthuis ( 1977 ) as senior synonym of c . ornatus ( roux , 1830 ) )\nlinnaeus , c . ( 1758 ) . systema naturae per regna tria naturae , secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis . editio decima , reformata . laurentius salvius : holmiae . ii , 824 pp . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nt\u00fcrkay , m . ( 2001 ) . decapoda , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 284 - 292 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nadema , j . p . h . m . ( 1991 ) . de krabben van nederland en belgie ( crustacea , decapoda , brachyura ) [ the crabs of the netherlands and belgium ( crustacea , decapoda , brachyura ) ] . nationaal natuurhistorisch museum : leiden , the netherlands . isbn 90 - 73239 - 02 - 8 . 244 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]"]}
{"id": 1987, "summary": [{"text": "ranularia gutturnia is a species of predatory sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family ranellidae , the triton snails , triton shells or tritons . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "ranularia gutturnia", "paragraphs": ["( of tudicla gutturnia r\u00f6ding , 1798 ) beu , a . ( 2010 ) . catalogue of tonnoidea . pers . comm . [ details ]\n( of ranularia labiata schumacher , 1817 ) beu , a . ( 2010 ) . catalogue of tonnoidea . pers . comm . [ details ]\n( of ranularia longirostra schumacher , 1817 ) beu , a . ( 2010 ) . catalogue of tonnoidea . pers . comm . [ details ]\n( of ranularia clavator ( dillwyn , 1817 ) ) spry , j . f . ( 1961 ) . the sea shells of dar es salaam : gastropods . tanganyika notes and records 56 [ details ]\nbeu , a . ( 2010 ) . catalogue of tonnoidea . pers . comm . [ details ]\n( of monoplex formosus perry , 1811 ) beu , a . ( 2010 ) . catalogue of tonnoidea . pers . comm . [ details ]\n( of murex clavator dillwyn , 1817 ) beu , a . ( 2010 ) . catalogue of tonnoidea . pers . comm . [ details ]\n( of tritonium macrourum link , 1807 ) beu , a . ( 2010 ) . catalogue of tonnoidea . pers . comm . [ details ]\n( of cymatium gutturnium ( r\u00f6ding , 1798 ) ) beu a . g . ( 1998 ) . r\u00e9sultats des campagnes musorstom : 19 . indo - west pacific ranellidae , bursidae and personidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) , a monograph of the new caledonian fauna and revisions of related taxa . m\u00e9moires du mus\u00e9um national d ' histoire naturelle . 178 : 1 - 255 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nversion 43 . 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed . my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthe star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :\nwe want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only , as we handle very few foreign shells in general . as time goes , the system will become more and more performant .\nenter your email address and we will send you an email with your username and password .\ne - mail jecilia sisican if you do not receive your email with your username and password .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 0 . 001 seconds . )\nrare in the marshalls . we have seen only four living specimens and several empty shells , mostly in lagoon halimeda patches at depths of 6 to 8m . the first three photos show the first living specimen , observed on 20 september 2009 .\nthe second living specimen was found on 8 april 2012 , also in a lagoon halimeda patch .\na young individual observed in an algae patch on a sandy kwajalein lagoon slope on 24 july 2016 .\njavascript is disabled ! not all shop functions are available . please check your browser settings .\n19 % vat incl . excl . shipping costs shipping weight : 0 . 020 kg delivery : max . 12 workdays ( germany ) stock level : 32 piece\n19 % vat incl . excl . shipping costs shipping weight : 0 . 010 kg delivery : max . 12 workdays ( germany )\n19 % vat incl . excl . shipping costs shipping weight : 0 . 120 kg delivery : max . 12 workdays ( germany )\n19 % vat incl . excl . shipping costs shipping weight : 0 . 020 kg delivery : max . 12 workdays ( germany )\n19 % vat incl . excl . shipping costs shipping weight : 0 . 030 kg delivery : max . 12 workdays ( germany )\n19 % vat incl . excl . shipping costs shipping weight : 0 . 670 kg delivery : max . 12 workdays ( germany )\n' * price per piece , unless otherwise marked by number in brackets following product ' s name , e . g . ( x2 ) for 2 pieces or ( 10g ) for a portion of 10 grams .\nin case you buy this article , you will get the pictured specimen only when it is depicted as * unique * in the product description . otherwise , pictures serve as representative examples and the article you will get will be very similar to the photo . '\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nneogene tonnoidean gastropods of tropical and south america : contributions to the dominican republic and panama paleontology projects and uplift of the central american isthmus .\nin : molluscabase ( 2015 ) accessed through : world register of marine species at urltoken on 2017 - 01 - 13 .\nin : okutani , t . ( ed . ) , marine mollusks in japan . tokai university press , tokyo , 285 - 291 ( in japanese ) .\naccessed through : world register of marine species at urltoken on 2012 - 10 - 16 .\noccurrence record in darwincore format ( elements of obis schema and some of dwc1 . 4 )"]}
{"id": 1992, "summary": [{"text": "parcoblatta fulvescens , the fulvous wood cockroach , is a species of cockroach endemic to the united states and possibly canada that measures around 13 mm ( 0.5 in ) long . ", "topic": 27}], "title": "parcoblatta fulvescens", "paragraphs": ["might be virginica or even fulvescens cause some of the males in the pics u posted look similar to fulvescens males .\nmoved from zebra wood cockroach . this one actually appears to be p . fulvescens , which is probably the most common species of parcoblatta in ok\ni guess this female is a parcoblatta uhleriana . they are the most common here .\n1 . female parcoblalta fulvescens feed selectively on diets differing in nutrient content when given a choice during the reproductive cycle .\nhello . i caught some parcoblatta and i cannot find pictures of many of the species . i might have four species of parcoblatta right now . can somebody post some pictures of p . zebra , p . lata , p . fulvescens , p . caudellia and p . notha ? if you can post pictures of any of the other species of parcoblatta i would love to see them too !\nps . male p . lata has black abdomen by the way . fulvescens look similar to p . lata but doesn ' t have black abdomen .\nlife history and habitat associations of the broad wood cockroach , parcoblatta lata ( blattaria : blattellidae ) and other native cockroaches in the coastal plain of south carolina .\njournal article : life history and habitat associations of the broad wood cockroach , parcoblatta lata ( blattaria : blattellidae ) and other native cockroaches in the coastal plain of south carolina .\nlife history and habitat associations of the broad wood cockroach , parcoblatta lata ( blattaria : blattellidae ) and other native cockroaches in the coastal plain of south carolina . ( journal article ) | osti . gov\nhorn , scott , & hanula , james , l . life history and habitat associations of the broad wood cockroach , parcoblatta lata ( blattaria : blattellidae ) and other native cockroaches in the coastal plain of south carolina . . united states . doi : 10 . 1603 / 0013 - 8746 ( 2002 ) 095 [ 0665 : lhahao ] 2 . 0 . co ; 2 .\nhorn , scott , and hanula , james , l . tue .\nlife history and habitat associations of the broad wood cockroach , parcoblatta lata ( blattaria : blattellidae ) and other native cockroaches in the coastal plain of south carolina .\n. united states . doi : 10 . 1603 / 0013 - 8746 ( 2002 ) 095 [ 0665 : lhahao ] 2 . 0 . co ; 2 . urltoken\nhorn , scott , and hanula , james , l . life history and habitat associations of the broad wood cockroach , parcoblatta lata ( blattaria : blattellidae ) and other native cockroaches in the coastal plain of south carolina . . united states : n . p . , 2002 . web . doi : 10 . 1603 / 0013 - 8746 ( 2002 ) 095 [ 0665 : lhahao ] 2 . 0 . co ; 2 .\nwood cockroaches are an important prey of the red - cockaded woodpecker , picoides borealis , an endangered species inhabiting pine forests in the southern united states . these woodpeckers forage on the boles of live pine trees , but their prey consists of a high proportion of wood cockroaches , parcoblatta spp . , that are more commonly associated with dead plant material . cockroach population density samples were conducted on live pine trees , dead snags and coarse woody debris on the ground . the studies showed that snags and logs are also important habitats of wood cockroaches in pine forests .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe pdf file you selected should load here if your web browser has a pdf reader plug - in installed ( for example , a recent version of adobe acrobat reader ) .\nif you would like more information about how to print , save , and work with pdfs , highwire press provides a helpful frequently asked questions about pdfs .\nalternatively , you can download the pdf file directly to your computer , from where it can be opened using a pdf reader . to download the pdf , click the download link above .\nsometimes taxonomists create new names for groups that already have a name . they may do this because they are unaware of the original name , or they may think the organism before them belongs to a different group when in fact it does not . if two or more names are found to apply to the same group , they are considered synonyms . in most cases , the first name takes priority and is considered to be the valid or accepted name . however , there can be exceptions , and it ' s not always easy to determine which of a series of synonyms should be considered valid or accepted . here we list the synonyms provided to eol by our classification partners . we also include other versions of the name that most likely refer to the same group , for example , misspellings in the literature or different variations of the authorship associated with the name .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ncontributed by bryan e . reynolds on 17 july , 2016 - 11 : 28am last updated 21 july , 2016 - 8 : 33am\nthanks for the clarification , alan , and sorry for jumping the gun . these buggers sure look similar . next time i ' ll post into the family level .\na lot of the species in this genus look alike so it ' s hard to distinguish them from one another , even for the experts .\nselect your preferred way to display the comments and click ' save settings ' to activate your changes .\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nbeccaloni g . w . ( 2007 - ) cockroach species file online . version 5 . 0\nthe information below is based on images submitted and identified by contributors . range and date information may be incomplete , overinclusive , or just plain wrong .\nhover over black occurrence boxes to see number of images submitted . log in to make states , months and boxes clickable .\njavascript is disabled on your browser . please enable javascript to use all the features on this page .\n2 . diets high in carbohydrate and protein content are preferred early in the cycle , while a cellulose - containing diet is readily consumed toward the end of the cycle .\n3 . the total diet consumed by females given a choice contained about 16 % protein , and they did not excrete uric acid while on this diet .\n4 . females on diets high in carbohydrate or cellulose required longer to complete the reproductive cycle than females on high - protein diet or those given a dietary choice .\n5 . nitrogen - stressed females will consume urate - containing fecal pellets , but only if they have utilizable carbohydrate in their diet .\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 elsevier b . v . or its licensors or contributors . sciencedirect \u00ae is a registered trademark of elsevier b . v .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nella mai \u2013 boo ' d up ( remix ) ft . nicki minaj & quavo\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\natkinson , thomas h . , philip g . koehler , and richard s . patterson\nnomina insecta nearctica : a check list of the insects of north america : vol . 4 : non - holometabolous orders\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nthe largest family of the order , with ~ 35 spp . ( incl . several adventive ) in 14 genera of 4 subfamilies in our area and ~ 2 , 300 spp . in ~ 220 genera of 7 subfamilies worldwide\namerican insects : a handbook of the insects of america north of mexico ross h . arnett . 2000 . crc press .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , world , geography , . . . more\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\ngreat ! thank you for the pictures ! i took some picture today . here .\ni do not know if these orange males are p . uhleriana or p . lata .\ni am guessing that this one is a p . virginica male . they are a lot smaller ( just slightly bigger than the p . bolliana males ) than the other males and they have the dark head . they are faster too .\nhere is a p . bolliana or what i think is a p . bolliana . adult male .\ni do not know what these are . most of the big orange males i think came from black nymphs which i thought were i . deropeltiformis .\nhere are an adult female and adult male of what i think are p . bolliana .\ni know some of the big orange ones molted recently so maybe they are not the normal color yet .\nthis one i am not sure what it is . what is this adult female ? is it p . lata ? it molted over a day ago ( yesterday in the daytime ) .\nthis male was slightly different in color . a few of the big orange males are smaller than normal and some have different color like this ( did not get a good look so not sure exactly how ) .\ni caught this p . virginica in leaves with p . uhleriana . they are tiny ! she was chewing on me while i was taking a picture . . . . . so it was hard to take a pic without shaking so much\ni don ' t think u have any i . deropeltiformis in the pics . there might be some pseudomops nymphs in there by the way .\nvery interesting ! i do not think she is a p . virginica or a p . fulviscens . she is a lot bigger than the p . virginica ( close to p . uhleriana size ) . she has slightly different wings from p . fulviscens . yes , i can sell some p . uhleriana if they start breeding . it seems to be dryer now outside than it used to be a few months ago and because of that i think there are fewer roaches . i am having a hard time finding many roaches , i mean i can easily find some but just not very many . are the p . uhleriana common in your area ?\ni don ' t think p . uhleriana is present in my area ( they do occur in my state but i haven ' t seen any yet ) .\nhow much are you asking for a pair of p . uhleriana adults ? i ' m interested in about two pairs\nonly two pairs ? i think i can find more than that . i will look today . can you tell what the p . uhleriana adult males look like ? you live in alabama right ? just pay for the shipping and i will send them to you . how much do you think the shipping will be ?\ni found another adult female p . uhleriana today . it is harder than i thought . i do not think i can get very many . the places i go to do not have anymore roaches . i need to find other places . i have only one adult female ischnoptera deropeltiformis so i need a male and i hope one of them are i . deropeltiformis lol . i think i found some more of the ones that look like the pseudomops . do you want me to send some now or in the future if they breed ?\ni would love to get some adults soon so that i can not only breed them but i would be able to send some to zephyr on june . do you think it will be possible to send me 2 or more pairs of adults ?\nps this one might be the p . uhleriana male . was this specimen black when he was nymph ?\nokay . i do not know if that one was black as a nymph ( i got him as an adult ) . i have one sub - adult male nymph that is black and has that little brown spot close to the tip of the abdomen on top . another sub - adult male roach molted yesterday and it was dark rusty brown like this black one on top . it did not have that brown spot and it was less shiny . i found these p . uhleriana like roaches in thick white oak and red oak like leaves .\nperhaps you could put one of the specimen in the fridge for about 10 ~ 15 min . and take the pics of median segment under the wing ?\nsure i will do that ! but i am going to have a concert soon so maybe i cannot put the picture here this afternoon .\nthese are the best pictures i can get . i am scared that i am going to kill them holding them like this . are these two pictures good enough to find out what species they are ? this male is limping and his front legs do not work now . my hands a shaky . what are the p . uhleriana supposed to have ?\nhave a pair of structures on the median segment ( and not the first abdominal segment ) . these structures do not meet in the midline to form a ridge . the wings are markedly broader than the pronotum in\nplease could you explain what they mean ? like what the ridge looks like . i might be able to look at them quickly without out hurting them and see what they are .\ndo you see those two dot looking thing below the pronotum ? that ' s the pair of modified structure that we are looking for .\nthank you for the clear pictures . here are some more pictures i took .\nthis one is a strange one . it laid an ootheca that looked like the other p . uhleriana . but she has smaller and more round wings . i think she is the smallest of them all . cariblatta your p . uhleriana should be laying oothecae by now . have they ?\nsign up for a new account in our community . it ' s easy !\nabed , d . , brossut , r . , and farine , j . - p . 1993a . evidence for sex pheromones produced by males and females in\nabed , d . , chevied , p . , farine , j . - p . , bonnard , o . , le qu\u00e9r\u00e9 , j . l . , and brossut , r . 1993b . calling behaviour of female\natkinson , t . h . , koehler , p . g . , and patterson , r . s . 1991 . catalog and atlas of the cockroaches ( dictyoptera ) of north america north of mexico .\nbreed , m . d . 1983 . cockroach mating systems , pp . 268 - 284 , in d . t . gwyne and g . k . moris ( eds . ) .\ncharlton , r . e . , webster , f . x . , zhang , a . , schal , c . , liang , d . , sreng , i . , and roelofs , w . l . 1993 . sex pheromone for the brownbanded cockroach is an unusual dialkyl - substituted \u03b1 - pyrone .\nfarine , j . - p . , evaraerst , c . , abed , d . , ntari , m . , and brossut , r . 1996 . pheromonal emission during the mating behavior of\ngautier , j . y . , deleporte , p . , and rivault , c . 1988 . relationships between ecology and behavior in cockroaches , pp . 335 - 351 , in c . n . slobodchikoff ( ed . ) .\ngemeno , c . and schal , c . 2003 . sex pheromones of cockroaches . in r . t . card\u00e9 and j . millar ( eds . ) .\ngorton , r . e . , jr . 1980 . a comparative ecological study of the wood cockroaches in northeastern kansas .\ngorton , r . e . , jr . 1981 . behavioral and ecological correlations within a cockroach community .\nhanula , j . l . and engstrom , r . t . 2000 . comparison of red - cockaded woodpecker (\nhebard , m . 1917 . the blattidae of north america north of the mexican boundary .\nkurtti , t . j . and brooks , m . a . 1976 . the dissociation of insect embryos for cell culture .\nliang , d . and schal , c . 1993a . calling behavior of the female german cockroach ,\nliang , d . and schal , c . 1993b . ultrastructure and maturation of a sex pheromone gland in the female german cockroach ,\nnishino , c . , tobin , t . r . , and bowers , w . s . 1977 . electroantennogram responses of the american cockroach to germacrene d sex pheromone mimic .\nnoirot , c . and quennedey , a . 1974 . fine structure of insect epidermal glands .\nroth , l . m . and barth , r . h . , jr . 1967 . the sense organs employed by cockroaches in mating behavior .\nschal , c . and bell , w . j . 1985 . calling behavior in female cockroaches ( dictyoptera , blattaria ) .\nschal , c . , gautier , j . - y . , and bell , w . j . 1984 . behavioural ecology of cockroaches .\nschal , c . , liang , d . , hazarika , l . k . , charlton , r . e . , and roelofs , w . l . 1992 . site of pheromone production in female\nschal , c . , liang , d . , and blomquist , g . j . 1996 . neural and endocrine control of pheromone production and release in cockroaches , pp . 3 - 20 , in r . t . card\u00e9 and a . k . minks ( eds . ) .\nsmith , a . f . and schal , c . 1990a . corpus allatum control of sex pheromone production and calling in the female brown - banded cockroach ,\nsmith , a . f . and schal , c . 1990b . the physiological basis for the termination of calling in the female brown - banded cockroach ,\nsmith , a . f . and schal , c . 1991 . circadian calling behavior in the adult female brown - banded cockroach ,\nsreng , l . 1993 . cockroach mating behaviors , sex pheromones , and abdominal glands ( dyctioptera : blaberidae ) .\nsreng , l . 1998 . apostosis - inducing brain factors in maturation of an insect sex pheromone gland during differentiation .\ntokro , p . g . , brossut , r . , and sreng , l . 1993 . studies on the sex pheromone of female\nwendelken , p . and barth , r . h . 1971 . the mating behavior of\n( saussure and zehntner ) ( blattaria , blaberoidea , blattellidae , blattellinae ) .\nyang , h . - t . , chow , y . - s . , peng , w . - k . , and hsu , e . - l . 1998 . evidence for the site of female sex pheromone production in\ngemeno , c . , snook , k . , benda , n . et al . j chem ecol ( 2003 ) 29 : 37 . urltoken\nadvanced search queries use a traditional term search . for more info , see our\nyou must sign in or create an account in order to save documents to your library .\npresence and absence of bats across habitat scales in the upper coastal plain of south carolina .\nabstract during 2001 , we used active acoustical sampling ( anabat ii ) to survey foraging habitat relationships of bats on the savannah river site ( srs ) in the upper coastal plain of south carolina . using an a priori information - theoretic approach , we conducted logistic regression analysis to examine presence of individual bat species relative to a suite of microhabitat , stand , and landscape - level features such as forest structural metrics , forest type , proximity to riparian zones and carolina bay wetlands , insect abundance , and weather . there was considerable empirical support to suggest that the majority of the activity of bats across most of the 6 species occurred\neffect of habitat and foraging height on bat activity in the coastal plain of south carolina .\na comparison of bat activity levels in the coastal plain of south carolina among 5 habitat types : forested riparian areas , clearcuts , young pine plantations , mature pine plantations and pine savannas , using time expansion radio - microphones and integrated detectors to simultaneously monitor bat activity at three heights in each habitat type .\ntree - roost characteristics of subadult and female adult bats ( nyctieius humeralis ) in the upper coastal plain of south carolina .\ntree - roost of evening bats were identified by radio tracking of 14 individuals at the srs . bats roosted in longleaf pine cavities under exfoliating bark in snags near beaver ponds . the roosting occurred in open park like stands . no evening bats roosted in the more dense bottomland hardwood stands or mixed pine hardwood stands . none were observed in loblolly stands .\nassessment and comparison of richness , abundance and difference of herpetofauna at five small isolated wetlands located within a commercial forest landscape in the south carolina coastal plain . data indicates small isolated wetlands are focal points of herpetofaunal richness and abundance in managed coastal plain forest and contribute more to regional biodiversity than is implied by their small size or ephemeral hydrology .\nfactors limiting regeneration of quercus alba and cornus florida in formerly cultivated coastal plain sites , south carolina .\n[ cite : 595888 ] bg ' standard ' source covering roach & termite species of the world . navigate by classification tree\n[ cite : 1286620 ] link all of the nomenclatural , bibliographic , and specimen data accumulated in missouri botanical garden ' s ( mbg ) electronic databases during the past 30 years are publicly available here . this system has nearly 1 . 3 million scientific names and over 4 . 4 million specimen records . great resource for plant distribution beyond us & canada .\n[ cite : 1185947 the collection holds more than 3 . 5 million insect specimens and is one of the largest university insect collections in the world . all groups of insects are represented in the collection , and we are recognized for our holdings of leafhoppers ( cicadellidae ) , beetles ( coleoptera ) , and true flies ( diptera ) . the triplehorn insect collection is housed within the museum of biological diversity , located on the west campus of the ohio state university in columbus , ohio . on 29 april , 2005 , the ohio state insect collection was renamed in honor of dr . charles a . triplehorn , professor of entomology and curator at osu between 1962 and 1992 .\nkeys to the insects of the european part of the ussr . vol . i : apterygota , palaeoptera , hemimetabola\ntaxonomy outdated ; otherwise , a sound source with lots of useful info . english version : keys to the insects of the european ussr . ( keys to the fauna of the ussr no . 84 ) jerusalem : israel program for scientific translations , 1967 . 1214 pp .\nfull text hunter , w . d . , f . c . pratt , j . d . mitchell . 1912 . the principal cactus insects of the united states . usda bureau of entomology bulletin 113 : 1 - 71 .\nby furniss , r . l . and carolin , v . m . 1977 .\nu . s . d . a . forest service misc . publ . 1339 , 1977\nshorthouse j . d . , floate k . d . ( eds . ) arthropods of canadian grasslands , vol . 1 : 199 - 225 , 2010\n( translated by leigh e . chadwick ) one of the best books on insects ever written , period . lavishly illustrated by the author . a rare example of beautiful book design and typesetting work . written by a swiss naturalist and painter , an authority on chrysididae . many editions available .\n. each record tells when . see dataset links for citations & terms of use ."]}
{"id": 1996, "summary": [{"text": "heterobranchus boulengeri is a species of airbreathing catfish found in the democratic republic of the congo , zambia and zimbabwe .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "it is found in lake mweru , the lukonzolwa river and the upper congo river . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "heterobranchus boulengeri", "paragraphs": ["heterobranchus boulengeri ( pellegrin 1922 , bu : 147 ) . . . heterobranchus longifilis . . . urltoken 6 eschmeyer reference - new / other species . . . boulengeri . to species summary . heterobranchus boulengeri . . . heterobranchus boulengeri . to species summary . microlepidogaster bourguyi . more\njennifer hammock chose to hide data on\nheterobranchus longifilis valenciennes , 1840\n.\n( 1 ) large chrysichthys sharpii 6 , clarias sp . ( t ) heterobranchus boulengeri serranochromis spp . ( b ) ( 2 ) c . sharpii , clarias gariepinus ; c ngamensis ( t ) auchenoglanis occidentalis ( b )\nc . ngamensis ; c . gariepinus ; h . boulengeri ; serranochromis sp . 2 . o . mweruensis ( t ) ; tilapia rendalli and clariids ( b )\nc . michael hogan selected\nrange description\nto show in overview on\nheterobranchus longifilis valenciennes , 1840\n.\nc . michael hogan marked the classification from\nspecies 2000 & itis catalogue of life : april 2013\nas preferred for\nheterobranchus longifilis valenciennes , 1840\n.\nheterobranchus : from the greek heteros , meaning different and branchos , meaning fin ; in reference to the presence of the two dorsal fins ( rayed and adipose ) . named to honour the belgian - british zoologist , george albert boulenger .\nheterobranchus : from the greek heteros , meaning different and branchos , meaning fin ; in reference to the presence of the two dorsal fins ( rayed and adipose ) . the specific epithet comes from the latin longus , meaning long and filum , meaning thread ; in reference to the long barbels of the fish .\nteugels , g . g . , b . denayer and m . legendre ( 1990 ) a systematic revision of the african catfish genus < i > heterobranchus < / i > geoffroy - saint - hilaire , 1809 ( pisces : clariidae ) . : zool . j . linn . soc . 98 : 237 - 257 .\nhead generally longer and much more flattened than in other heterobranchus species . in dorsal outline , spatulate . snout rectangular and lower jaw extending beyond upper . dark brown dorsally , on the flanks and on the upper side of the paired fins , light brown to greyish on the belly and the lower side of the paired fins . underparts of the head can be bright yellow .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\ndiet of adults consists of fishes . juveniles feed on insect larvae and other invertebrates ( ref . 78218 ) .\nafrica : lake mweru system below johnston falls , including mweru wantipa ( ref . 78218 ) , in democratic republic of the congo and zambia\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\n600mm or 23 . 6\nsl . find near , nearer or same sized spp .\nthe genital papilla , which is right below the anus , is elongated and pointy in males while it is round and relatively larger ( and larger than the anus ) in females . in ventral view especially , females are much broader in the body than males of equal age and rearing practices .\nget or print a qr code for this species profile , or try our beta label creator .\nhas this page been useful ? please donate to our monthly hosting costs and keep us free for everyone to enjoy ! explore our youtube channel , facebook page or follow us on twitter .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 urltoken , part of the aquatic republic network group of websites . all rights reserved . cite this website . by accessing this site you agree to our terms and conditions of use . our privacy policy .\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\npellegrin , j . 1922 . poissons nouveaux ou rares du mus\u00e9e du congo . revue zoologique africaine 10 : 272 - 280 .\nchinese academy of fishery sciences ( 2003 ) chinese aquatic germplasm resources database . : urltoken\nfroese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication .\nmwape , l . m . ( 2003 ) bemba local names of lake fishes in northern zambia . : p . 246 - 249 . in m . l . d . palomares , b . samb , t . diouf , j . m . vakily and d . pauly ( eds . ) fish biodiversity : local studies as basis for global inferences . acp - eu fish . res . rep . 14 : 281 p .\nvarjo , m . , l . koli and h . dahlstr\u00f6m ( 2004 ) kalannimiluettelo ( versio 10 / 03 ) . : suomen biologian seura vanamo ry .\nwu , h . l . , k . - t . shao and c . f . lai ( eds . ) ( 1999 ) latin - chinese dictionary of fishes names . : the sueichan press , taiwan . 1028 p .\nhardly anything is known about the biology of this species ( ref . 78218 ) . maximum reported size for west africa : 800 mm tl ( ref . 57129 ) .\nafrica : nile ( ref . 3820 ) , senegal , gambia , volta , niger , benue rivers and lake chad ( ref . 57129 )\nthis database was established according to official pieces of work and with the help of famous scientists . however , there might be some errors .\nthe vernacular names were collected in the field and in the colonial literature from the first part of the 20th century . the monks who established the first dictionaries were not necessarily informed naturalists . therefore , errors must have been committed .\nwe invite everyone who could help us to improve this working tool to contact us in order to correct us and share her / his knowledge with us .\n1500mm or 59 . 1\nsl . find near , nearer or same sized spp .\ndorsal - fin rays 26 - 35 ; anal - fin rays 42 - 52 ; vertebrae 55 - 61 . head long , broad and somewhat rectangular in dorsal outline ; snout broadly rounded ; eyes with supero - lateral position . frontal fontanelle long and narrow ; occipital fontanelle oval - shaped . toothplates wide . suprabranchial organ well developed . pectoral spine strongly serrated on anterior side . adipose fin with blackish posterior part , nearly as long as dorsal fin ; caudal fin barred . openings of secondary canals hardly visible but display a regular pattern .\nafrica : nile , niger , s\u00e9n\u00e9gal , congo system , upper and middle zambezi . also from lakes tanganyika and edward gambia and b\u00e9nou\u00e9 river , chad and volta basins , and the coastal basins of guinea to nigeria .\nsimply anything digestible it can fit into its mouth . will therefore take all normal aquarium foods .\nnot really an aquarium fish . although largely inactive and so doesn ' t require a great deal more room than simply to turn around do bear in mind though that this fish can easily reach the size of 1m in captivity .\nwill attack surprisingly large fish often with fatal results , a greedy , voracious predator . one for a species tank .\nduring spawning , the male first follows the female , swimming with the head against the side of the female , interspersed with periods of solitary swimming or inactivity ) . the pair then swim head against head with the male on top . this is followed by the male folding the body first around the head , and then the body of the female . during the latter stage , eggs and sperm are released . the female then pushes her head into the substrate and beats her tail vigorously , mixing the eggs and sperm .\nhist . nat . poiss . v . 15 - pp394 - pl . 447 poncin , petitfrere , vandewalle & ruwet ( 2002 ) , the reproductive behaviour of the african catfish heterobanchus longifilis ( siluriformes , clariidae ) in an aquarium - preliminary results .\n( 1 ) arapaima , ( 2 ) dazza3 , who also notes :\nfast growing . can be aggressive . very active . wet pet\n. click on a username above to see all that persons registered catfish species . you can also view all\nmy cats\ndata for this species .\nmax . size in west africa reported as 510 mm tl ( ref . 57129 ) .\nafrica : coastal basins from the konkour\u00e9 ( guinea ) to the cross ( cameroon ) ; present in the upper senegal , but apparently absent from the gambia and the niger ( ref . 57129 )\njennifer hammock removed an association between\nzambezi river demersal habitat\nand\nhippopotamyrus discorhynchus ( peters , 1852 )\n.\njennifer hammock added an association between\nzambezi river demersal habitat\nand\nzaireichthys rotundiceps ( hilgendorf , 1905 )\n.\nmanagement , co - management or no management ? major dilemmas in southern african freshwater fisheries . part 2 : case studies .\nthe high diversity of methods used could be complementary to each other in exploiting different parts of the fish community . this diversity in fishing patterns can be considered as adaptations to the large diversity of species in the fishery . characteristic of the specialization is that all gears require relatively low - investments ( traps , hooks and lines , etc . ) or , if requiring more investment as in case of gillnets , the gears can be used in a large variety of fishing patterns , thus making them highly adaptable to changing circumstances . all these gears also do not last long , a few years at the most , before they need to be replaced , again contributing to the high adaptability to changing circumstances . the only fishery that requires larger investments , the pelagic light fishery , has converged after initial years of experimentation on a low cost method , both in terms of capital and organization of labour . in the following paragraph we will discuss the result of both this adaptability and the huge increase in effort in particular of the gillnet based fishery .\n1 . large variety of species ( t ) 2 . oreochromis mweruensis ( t ) 3 . serranochromis spp . ( t ) 4 . tylochromis mylodon ( t ) ; all areas : clarias or the other cichlids mentioned ( b ) , many other species ( o )\nhydrocynus vittatus ; alestes macrophthalmus ( t ) cichlids , clarias spp . ( b ) large barbus and a variety of other species ( o )\no . mweruensis ( t ) serr . spp . ( b ) many other species e . g . hydrocynus , barbus etc . ( o )\nt . mylodon ( t ) o . mweruensis and many other species ( b )\nm . moeruensis ( t ) ; serr . macrocephalus ( b ) ; a . macrophthalmus ( b )\nsmall and juvenile cichlids ( e . g . pseudocrenilabus philander ) ; small barbus spp . two main types : 1 . ( dominant ) clarias theodorae ; c . buthupogon ( t ) ctenopoma sp . ( b )\ntilapia rendalli ( t ) . t . sparmanni ( t ) ; serranochromis sp . ( b ) pseudocrenilabrus philander\n1 most active methods are illegal . reported effort through framesurveys for these methods is probably an underestimate ; 2 mapira = gillnetting at mid - water depths ; 3 kutumpula = chasing fish into the net by beating on the water with a knobbed stick ; 4 seining = three types of seining are used . the number of fishermen refers to all methods ; 5 chisense gears = all are light fisheries except chasing . japan = a net hung in between two loose bamboo poles sticking from the side of the canoe , is lowered under the light and hauled inside by at least 2 - 4 people pulling ropes and poles . a boat seine is operated from two boats by 7 - 8 persons ; method comparable to purse seine but the net is closed at the bottom only at hauling onto the canoe ; mutobi = handheld scoopnet operated by one person ; chasing = two women walking at kneedepth in the water who haul a piece of netting or cloth in between ; 6 previously chrisichthys mabusi ( rich , 1986 ) .\nfigure 9 . development of catch rates in the fishery and in experimental surveys with gillnets of dominant mesh sizes in the fishery ( 76 - 102 mm in 1970s and 63 - 76 mm in 1980s and 1990s ) . catch rates from the fishery are standardized to 100 kg / m gillnet ; catch rates from experimental gear = kg / 100 m 2 . water level is shown as annual deviations of the long term mean . grey bars indicate years over which biomass - size distributions are calculated ( see text )"]}
{"id": 1998, "summary": [{"text": "lutilodix imitratrix is a species of air-breathing land snail or semislug , terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family helicarionidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "this species is endemic to norfolk island . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "lutilodix imitratrix", "paragraphs": ["wikipedia article copyright notice : this article is licensed under the gnu free documentation license . it uses material from the wikipedia article\nlutilodix imitratrix\n.\nglenn , c . r . 2006 .\nearth ' s endangered creatures - lutilodix imitratrix facts\n( online ) - licensed article from wikipedia : the free encyclopedia . accessed\nfacts summary : lutilodix imitratrix is a species of concern belonging in the species group\nsnails\nand found in the following area ( s ) : indian ocean ( norfolk islands ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ngland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) \u2013 australia\u2019s unique reptiles \u2013 including lizards and snakes \u2013 face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .\nthe value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .\na recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nthis article is only an excerpt . if it appears incomplete or if you wish to see article references , visit the rest of its contents here .\nleatherback sea turtles have been around since pre - historic times . and unfortunately , if the species is allowed to vanish , scientists believe it will foreshadow the extinction of a host of other marine species . it is estimated that there are less than 5 , 000 nesting female leatherback sea turtles in the pacific ocean today , down from 91 , 000 in 1980 .\nlist of all endangered animals . list of all endangered plants . list of all endangered species ( animals & plants ) . by species group ( mammal , birds , etc ) . . . united states endangered species list . browse by country , island , us state . . . search for an endangered species profile .\nare you inspired by endangered animals ? check out our games and coloring pages ! more to come soon .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nbekkochlamys koshikijimana ( h . a . pilsbry & y . hirase , 1904 )\nbekkochlamys shikokuensis ( h . a . pilsbry & y . hirase , 1903 )\ngenus : conibycus k . h . j . thiele , 1928 ( db : 1 sp )\njapanochlamys decens ( h . a . pilsbry & y . hirase , 1904 )\ngenus : kermarion e . a . smith , 1873 ( db : 1 sp )\nnipponochlamys hakusanus ( h . a . pilsbry & y . hirase , 1907 )\nnipponochlamys hokkaidonis ( h . a . pilsbry & y . hirase , 1905 )\nnipponochlamys izushichitojimana ( h . a . pilsbry & y . hirase , 1904 )\nnipponochlamys lineatus ( h . a . pilsbry & y . hirase , 1904 )\nnipponochlamys subelimatus ( h . a . pilsbry & y . hirase , 1904 )\novachlamys fulgens ( g . p . l . k . gude , 1900 )\novachlamys kotosyonis ( j . t . kuroda & t . kano , 1941 )\nparakaliella affinis ( h . a . pilsbry & y . hirase , 1905 )\nparakaliella austeniana ( h . a . pilsbry & y . hirase , 1901 )\nparakaliella costata ( h . a . pilsbry & y . hirase , 1904 )\nparakaliella fusaniana ( h . a . pilsbry & y . hirase , 1909 )\nparakaliella nahaensis ( g . p . l . k . gude , 1900 )\nparakaliella pagoduloides ( g . p . l . k . gude , 1900 )\nparakaliella venusta ( h . a . pilsbry & y . hirase , 1909 )\ngenus : takemasaia m . azuma & h . minato 1976 ( db : 1 sp )\ntrochochlamys crenulata ( g . p . l . k . gude , 1900 )\ntrochochlamys crenulata basistriata ( h . a . pilsbry & y . hirase , 1905 )\ntrochochlamys crenulata hotawana ( h . a . pilsbry & y . hirase , 1905 )\ntrochochlamys humiliconus ( h . a . pilsbry & y . hirase , 1904 )\ntrochochlamys lioconus ( h . a . pilsbry & y . hirase , 1905 )\ntrochochlamys lioconus goniozona ( h . a . pilsbry & y . hirase , 1905 )\ntrochochlamys okinoshimana ( h . a . pilsbry & y . hirase , 1904 )\ntrochochlamys praealta izushichtoensis ( h . a . pilsbry & y . hirase , 1903 )\ntrochochlamys sororcula ( h . a . pilsbry & y . hirase , 1904 )\nyamatochlamys vaga ( h . a . pilsbry & y . hirase , 1904 )\ngenus : aenigmatoconcha c . tumpeesuwan & s . tumpeesuwan , 2017 ( db : 1 sp )\nsubfamily : helicarioninae - genus : bathia g . c . robson , 1914 ( db : 1 sp )\nsubfamily : helicarioninae - genus : belloconcha h . b . preston , 1913 ( db : 1 sp )\nsubfamily : helicarioninae - genus : caldwellia h . adams , 1873 ( db : 2 sp )\nsubfamily : helicarioninae - genus : ctenoglypta c . m . f . ancey , 1904 ( db : 1 sp )\nsubfamily : helicarioninae - genus : ctenophila c . m . f . ancey , 1882 ( db : 5 sp )\nctenophila milloti e . fischer - piette , f . blanc & f . salvat , 1975\nsubfamily : helicarioninae - genus : dancea a . zilch , 1960 ( db : 1 sp )\nsubfamily : helicarioninae - genus : dendrotrochus h . a . pilsbry , 1894 ( db : 8 sp )\ndendrotrochus cineraceus ( j . b . hombron & c . h . jacquinot , 1841 )\ndendrotrochus helicinoides ( j . b . hombron & c . h . jacquinot , 1841 )\nsubfamily : helicarioninae - genus : dupontia h . h . godwin - austen , 1908 ( db : 7 sp )\nsubfamily : helicarioninae - genus : epiglypta h . a . pilsbry , 1893 ( db : 1 sp )\nsubfamily : helicarioninae - genus : erepta j . a . albers , 1850 ( db : 3 sp )\nsubfamily : helicarioninae - genus : geotrochus j . c . van hasselt , 1823 ( db : 25 sp )\nsubfamily : helicarioninae - genus : harmogenanina j . germain , 1919 ( db : 5 sp )\nsubfamily : helicarioninae - genus : helicarion a . e . j . f\u00e9russac , 1821 ( db : 107 sp )\nhelicarion lampra ( h . a . pilsbry & y . hirase , 1904 )\nsubfamily : helicarioninae - genus : hemiglypta o . f . von m\u00f6llendorff , 1893 ( db : 9 sp )\nsubfamily : helicarioninae - genus : hemiglyptopsis k . h . j . thiele , 1931 ( db : 1 sp )\nsubfamily : helicarioninae - genus : inozonites g . j . pfeffer , 1883 ( db : 1 sp )\nsubfamily : helicarioninae - genus : lepidotrichia p . bartsch , 1942 ( db : 7 sp )\nlepidotrichia velutinella ( j . f . quadras & o . f . von m\u00f6llendorff , 1892 )\nsubfamily : helicarioninae - subgenus : lepidotrichia ( hemitrichiella ) a . zilch , 1956 ( db : 4 sp )\nsubfamily : helicarioninae - genus : mathewsoconcha h . b . preston , 1913 ( db : 7 sp )\nsubfamily : helicarioninae - genus : nesonanina c . r . b\u00f6ttger , 1916 ( db : 4 sp )\nnesonanina novaehiberniae ( j . r . c . quoy & j . p . gaimard , 1832 )\nsubfamily : helicarioninae - genus : nitor g . p . l . k . gude , 1911 ( db : 7 sp )\nsubfamily : helicarioninae - genus : orpiella j . e . gray , 1855 ( db : 10 sp )\nsubfamily : helicarioninae - subgenus : orpiella ( irenella ) g . p . l . k . gude , 1913 ( db : 2 sp )\nsubfamily : helicarioninae - subgenus : orpiella ( owaraha ) f . c . baker , 1941 ( db : 1 sp )\nsubfamily : helicarioninae - genus : pachystyla o . a . l . m\u00f6rch , 1852 ( db : 2 sp )\nsubfamily : helicarioninae - genus : parmacochlea e . a . smith , 1884 ( db : 2 sp )\nsubfamily : helicarioninae - genus : petalochlamys h . h . godwin - austen , 1907 ( db : 9 sp )\npetalochlamys formosana ( p . b . schmacker & o . b\u00f6ttger , 1891 )\npetalochlamys nitidus ( h . a . pilsbry & y . hirase , 1905 )\npetalochlamys par ( p . b . schmacker & o . b\u00f6ttger , 1891 )\nsubfamily : helicarioninae - genus : plegma g . p . l . k . gude , 1911 ( db : 1 sp )\nsubfamily : helicarioninae - genus : pseudaustenia t . d . a . cockerell , 1891 ( db : 1 sp )\nsubfamily : helicarioninae - genus : rahula h . h . godwin - austen , 1907 ( db : 5 sp )\nsubfamily : helicarioninae - genus : roybellia h . b . preston , 1913 ( db : 2 sp )\nsubfamily : helicarioninae - genus : sesara j . a . albers , 1880 ( db : 7 sp )\nsesara bouyei ( j . c . h . crosse & p . h . fischer , 1863 )\nsubfamily : helicarioninae - genus : sivella w . t . blanford , 1863 ( db : 4 sp )\nsivella albofilosa ( a . r . j . b . bavay & p . dautzenberg , 1908 )\nsivella latior ( a . r . j . b . bavay & p . dautzenberg , 1908 )\nsubfamily : helicarioninae - genus : wilhelminaia h . b . preston , 1913 ( db : 1 sp )\nsubfamily : papuarioninae - genus : laocaia a . a . kuzminykh , 1999 ( db : 2 sp )\nwelcome and thank you for exploring geofact of the day , studying geography , and appreciating the globe ' s marvels .\ndo you have any thoughts or suggestions ? let me know with a comment ! * please note that comments will be moderated ; therefore , spam comments ( including offers and links unrelated to the post topic ) will be removed . * i greatly appreciate your input . . . thank you so much !\nmerriam - webster provides a summary ( \u2197 ) of the world ' s primary currencies , the words of which are featured in the iconic dictionary . for a quick history les . . .\n[ image : infrared imagery of the eagle nebula stardust clouds ( the so - called ' pillars of creation ' ) ] the astronomy photo of the day for march 13th ( \u2197 ) , this . . .\ncontent , graphics , and the background are created by me ( pseudonym : wonderful world ) , except when i credit other sources . wavy flag images ( see lesotho post ) come from the public - domain wikimedia nuvola project \u2014 facebook also uses these images .\ni do not copy and paste from other websites . therefore , all posts are original but may sometimes include info , links , and / or images from credited external sources . to use a geofact of the day blog image for your website or project , write a comment below a post , and i will likely approve your request .\nfeel free to offer comments , suggestions , and compliments on any post or page ! you can be anonymous . note that spam comments with non - relevant links will be deleted .\nurltoken messages \u2014 a future post will be called countries and their exports . this combines the links of all country - by - country export posts in one document . there will be a word document and powerpoint that you can download . \u2014 \u2014 this year is the 10th anniversary of the geofact of the day blog ! whether you have followed along for years or are relatively new to visiting this website , thank you so much ! \u2014 \u2014 as of june 18th , 2018 , there are 1697 posts published on geofact of the day . . . almost 1700 ! thank you so much for your readership and support . \u2014 \u2014 note for twitter users : geofact of the day does not have a twitter page , sorry about that ! \u2014 \u2014 check out 101 . 1 the geowhiz fm ( \u2197 ) , geofact of the day ' s online radio station ! website link is also below in the sidebar . below . \u2014\ngeofact of the day ' s author does not operate a twitter page . . . sorry , tweeters !\nevi , an amazon company , was founded in 2005 under the name true knowledge . the team started out with a mission to make it possible to access the world ' s knowledge simply by asking for information using natural language .\nwe\u2019re part of the amazon alexa team based in amazon ' s innovative cambridge development centre , alongside other amazon teams including prime air , core machine learning , amazon devices and amazon web services ."]}
{"id": 2004, "summary": [{"text": "nessia is a genus of skinks , lizards in the family scincidae .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the genus is endemic to sri lanka .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "species in the genus nessia are commonly known as snake skinks . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "nessia", "paragraphs": ["nessia is an unusual given name for females . nessia is an equivalently unusual surname too for all people .\nthe name nessia is a greek baby name . in greek the meaning of the name nessia is : pure .\nas a girls ' name is of greek origin , and nessia means\nlamb\n. nessia is a version of\nthe name nessia is a scottish baby name . in scottish the meaning of the name nessia is : from the headland .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - nessia ( nessia layardi )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - nessia ( nessia layardi )\ntitle =\narkive species - nessia ( nessia layardi )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nevesia monodactylus gray 1839 : 336 evesia bellii dum\u00e9ril & bibron 1839 : 782 ( fide brygoo 1985 ) nessia monodactyla \u2014 g\u00fcnther 1864 acontias monodactylus \u2014 boulenger 1887 : 425 acontias monodactylus \u2014 camp 1923 : 355 evesia monodactyla \u2014 camp 1923 : 410 acontias ( nessia ) monodactylus \u2014 deraniyagala 1931 nessia monodactyla \u2014 smith 1935 : 358 nessia monodactyla \u2014 taylor 1950 : 511 evesia monodactyla \u2014 manthey 1981 evesia bellii \u2014 frank & ramus 1995 nessia monodactylus \u2014 das 1996 : 47 nessia monodactylus \u2014 ziesmann et al . 2007 nessia monodactylus \u2014 somaweera & somaweera 2009\nno one has contributed data records for nessia yet . learn how to contribute .\ninformation on nessia layardi is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .\na beautiful , girl . anyone would be lucky to have her . a nessia is someone that is sexy , and popular . a nessia is a girl who will wait for you all the time . a nessia is a girl whop loves you until the end .\ntype : not in bmnh fide p . campbell ( pers . comm . , 25 july 2014 ) type species : nessia burtonii gray 1839 : 336 is the type species of the genus nessia gray 1839 .\njohn is so lucky to have nessia as his girl . i & apos ; m jelous . : )\nthe team observed heavy infestation of coccidian oocysts in some nessia bipes ) and some mites ( on three occasions ) . crusz and daundasekera ( 1988 ) have observed nematodes melelrakis sinharajensis and parapharyngodon adamsoni in the large intestine and rectum of nessia bipes .\n. other variants , like nesha , are seldom used . adoption of this form of nessia was more pronounced among parents in the 1890s\nexcept for few brief accounts by deraniyagala ( 1931 , 1953a , 1953b , 1953c ) , smith ( 1935 ) and taylor ( 1950 ) nothing has been published on the ecology of nessia species to date . gans ( 1995 ) recorded distribution localities of six species of nessia .\nnearly 50 specimens of nessia bipes were observed from various localities in the knuckles massif . however , details such as measurements , gender , status etc . were recorded only of 41 specimens of nessia bipes , of which 14 were male adults , nine were female adults , 16 unsexed adults and two juveniles . furthermore five specimens of nessia sarasinorum were observed at yahangala ( 300m ) of which one was a male adult , one was a female adult and three were unsexed adults\nbased on morphological data , nessia is presumed to be monophyletic . its affinities with other scincid genera have been the subject of much speculation in the past ( e . g . , boulenger 1887 ; hewitt 1929 ; deraniyagala 1931 ; smith 1935 ) but most recently greer and shea ( 2001 ) have considered nessia to exhibit the\nchalcidine\nhead scale pattern , implying a possible relationship with a group of scincines that includes the majority of reduced limbed forms . relationships of nessia within the scincinae or\nchalcidinae\n, however , remain uncertain .\nbatuwita , sudesh ; udeni edirisinghe 2017 . nessia gansi : a second three - toed snake - skink ( reptilia : squamata : scincidae ) from sri lanka with the designation of a neotype for nessia burtonii gray travaux du muse\u0301um national d\u2019histoire naturelle \u00abgrigore antipa\u00bb 60 ( 1 ) : 377\u2013388 ; doi : 10 . 1515 / travmu - 2017 - 0001 - get paper here\nrecent studies by anslem de silva and his team provides additional brief notes on the ecology and natural history of nessia bipes smith , 1935 and nessia sarasinorum m ` 9fller , 1889 as observed during the knuckles expedition , 2004 and 2005 . anslem\u00eds preliminary data highlight the need for future studies to understand the ecology , natural history , and conservation status of these poorly known lizards .\nnamed in honour of major edward burton of the museum of chatham ( 1790 - 1867 ) ( beolens et al . , 2011 ) . etymology of nessia burtonii as mentioned by batuwita & edirisinghe ( 2015 ) is incorrect .\nnessia has amazing area of 14 , 000m\u00b2 , including two hosting complexes , each with a luxury hall , designed with classic , elegant lines , with an adjacent event garden rich in vegetation and waterfalls \u2013 a magical background for a reception or a chuppah .\noh my , i\u2019m glad to hear he\u2019s doing okay . he was my favorite from the beginning \u2013 as were alan in season 1 and you dave in season 2 \ud83d\ude42 i really hoped dave nessia would win , but he was probably to skinny to begin with . thank you for posting this !\nthe genus nessia was placed in the scincid sub - family acontinae by deraniyagala ( 1931 ) , but subsequently moved to the scincinae by greer ( 1970 ) , who recognized eight species , all endemic to sri lanka ( das & de silva , 2005 ; deraniyagala 1931 , 1953a , 1953b , 1953c ; de silva 2001 ) .\naccording to iucn red list criteria , nessia bipes is ranked as being endangered and nessia sarasinorum is ranked as a lower risk near threatened ( de silva , molur & walker 2000 ) . iucn ( 2000 ) ranks bipes and sarasinorum as threatened species . although a major part of the knuckles ( that is above 1 , 067 m ) is declared as a conservation forest , even in the conservation area the flora and fauna face many threats due to human activities . climatic changes over the past 100 years may also have had an impact . the annual rainfall at kobonila has decreased from 3800 mm in 1982 to 3400 mm in 1990 ( madduma bandara 1991 ) .\nwow ! for those of you that have seen the latest episode of alone , you saw the struggle was real for dave nessia . the happy go - lucky guy shrank over 40lbs during the 73 days that he was on the show into a surprisingly still optimistic , but incredibly physically depleted man that had to be medically evacuated from the show .\nnessia sevin sloane , the daughter of jaar - mel sloane and howard g . sloane of new york , was married saturday evening to taylor andrew kushner , a son of karen m . kushner and robert j . kushner of san juan capistrano , calif . rabbi peter j . rubinstein performed the ceremony at central synagogue in new york , where he is the senior rabbi .\ngravid nessia bipes with two eggs were observed in august and september . two hatchlings ( measuring 62mm , weighting 0 . 5g ) were observed in june to september . deraniyagala ( 1953c ) reported that two to four soft shelled eggs are laid in march , april and may . a female ( 130 mm long ) had laid two eggs measuring 16 x 8 mm and had been deposited in loose dark loamy soil in a cardamom plantation .\nnessia , h . r . , dale , a . r . , perrott , j . k . , waipara , n . w . , aguilar , g . d . , and blanchon , d . j . ( 2014 ) . comparison of species richness and frequency cover of forest floor plants and lichens in sites invaded and uninvaded by the invasive club moss selaginella kraussiana ( kunze ) a . braun . plant protection quarterly , 29 ( 2 ) , pp . 66 - 70 .\ntherefore , the coolness and / or moisture content of the microhabitat appear to be a critical requirement for prevention of desiccation and the survival of these reptiles . specimens were observed together as well as close to one another suggesting possible communities . chalcidoseps thwaitesii , lankascincus species and geckoella triedra were often observed as sympatric reptiles in the same microhabitat of nessia bipes . otocryptis wiegmanni and hypnale hypnale too were sometimes observed on the forest floor in the same habitat . sympatric invertebrates were termites ( three occasions ) , spiders , snails , ants , and beetle larva .\nthe number of species increased from 10 , 711 to 10 , 793 , i . e . an increase of 82 species . 66 new species have been described , 9 species have been revalidated from synonymy and 16 subspecies were elevated to full species . . .\nover the past 4 months , the number of species increased from 10 , 639 to 10 , 711 .\nthe number of species has grown from 10 , 544 in the may release to now 10 , 639 ( + 95 species ) .\noverall , 212 new taxa have been added or changed their status or name .\nthe reptile database is a taxonomic database that provides basic information about all living reptile species , such as turtles , snakes , lizards , and crocodiles , as well as tuataras and amphisbaenians , but does not include dinosaurs .\ncurrently there are more than 10 , 000 species and an additional 2 , 700 subspecies . this is making reptiles the largest vertebrate group after fish ( ~ 25 , 000 species ) and birds ( ~ 10 , 000 species ) , and significantly larger than mammals ( ~ 5 , 000 species ) or amphibians ( ~ 6 , 000 species ) .\nthe reptile database provides taxonomic information for the catalogue of life and the encyclopedia of life . our taxonomic information has also been used by genbank and many other resources and is the only comprehensive reptile database on the web .\nthe reptile database can be used to find all species within a certain geographic area ( e . g . all snakes of egypt ) . its collection of more than 2 , 500 images allow users to identify a species or at least get an idea how the species or genus may look like . more than 30 , 000 references provide a guide to further information .\nthis database is maintained by peter uetz ( database content ) and jakob hallermann , zoological museum hamburg ( new species and updates ) .\npeople with this name have a deep inner desire for a stable , loving family or community , and a need to work with others and to be appreciated .\npeople with this name tend to be a powerful force to all whose lives they touch . they are capable , charismatic leaders who often undertake large endeavors with great success . they value truth , justice , and discipline , and may be quick - tempered with those who do not . if they fail to develop their potential , they may become impractical and rigid .\nnote : tdwg regions are generated automatically from the text in the distribution field and not in every cases it works well . we are working on it .\nbeolens , bo ; michael watkins , and michael grayson 2011 . the eponym dictionary of reptiles . johns hopkins university press , baltimore , usa - get paper here\nkarunarathna , suranjan ; d . m . s . and a . a . thasun amarasinghe 2011 . a preliminary survey of the reptile fauna in nilgala forest and its vicinity , monaragala district , sri lanka . taprobanica 3 ( 02 ) : 69 - 76\nkramer , eugen 1979 . typenkatalog der echsen im naturhistorischen museum basel ( bm ) , stand 1978 . revue suisse de zoologie 86 ( 1 ) : 159 - 166 - get paper here\nm\u00fcller , f . 1890 . sechster nachtrag zum katalog der herpetologischen sammlung des basler museums . verh . nat . ges . basel 8 : 685 - 705 - get paper here\nsomaweera , r . & somaweera , n . 2009 . lizards of sri lanka : a colour guide with field keys . chimaira , frankfurt , 304 pp .\ntaylor , e . h . 1953 . a review of the lizards of ceylon . univ . kansas sci . bull . 35 ( 12 ) : 1525 - 1585 - get paper here\ntaylor , edward h . 1950 . ceylones lizards of the family scincidae . univ . kansas sci . bull . 33 ( 2 ) : 481 - 518 - get paper here\nboulenger , g . a . 1887 . catalogue of the lizards in the british museum ( nat . hist . ) iii . lacertidae , gerrhosauridae , scincidae , anelytropsidae , dibamidae , chamaeleontidae . london : 575pp . - get paper here\nboulenger , george a . 1890 . the fauna of british india , including ceylon and burma . reptilia and batrachia . taylor & francis , london , xviii , 541 pp . - get paper here\ndum\u00e9ril , a . m . c . and g . bibron . 1839 . erp\u00e9tologie g\u00e9n\u00e9rale on histoire naturelle compl\u00e8te des reptiles . vol . 5 . roret / fain et thunot , paris , 871 pp . - get paper here\ngray , j . e . 1839 . catalogue of the slender - tongued saurians , with descriptions of many new genera and species . ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 1 ) 2 : 331 - 337 ( 287 - 293 ) [ 1838 ] - get paper here\ng\u00fcnther , a . 1864 . the reptiles of british india . london ( taylor & francis ) , xxvii + 452 pp . - get paper here\njayaneththi , hareschandra bandula 2015 . vertebrate fauna of morankanda - mukalana secondary forest patch in sri lanka : a checklist reported from 2004 - 2008 survey . ruhuna journal of science 6 : 21 - 41\nmanthey , u . 1981 . die echsen des ceylonischen regenwaldes und seiner randgebiete . sauria 3 ( 2 ) : 25 - 35 - get paper here\nsmith , m . a . 1935 . the fauna of british india , including ceylon and burma . reptiles and amphibia , vol . ii . sauria . taylor and francis , london , 440 pp .\nthe king salomon complex accommodates seating of up to 850 people or 1 , 200 guests in cocktail events .\nthe david ' s violin complex accommodates seating of up to 450 guests or 600 guests in cocktail events .\nseason 2 winner of history channels alone show , wilderness survival instructor , public speaker , author & proud father .\nthe episode did a really neat job of telling some of dave\u2019s story and reasoning for being on the show . for dave , this experience was incredibly meaningful and much like the ultimate \u201cvision quest\u201d . he had a bucket of fish stashed away , and as you hear him describe his strategy , he had a plan to eat a half of a fish every day , estimating out loud that he had a couple more months left before he\u2019d need to tap out .\nunfortunately for dave , he had much less time left on the show than expected . it was a very emotional moment to watch when he hears the news that he\u2019s being forced to medically evacuate . in the tips at the bottom of the screen , you see where the alone show editors point out that sometimes if they\u2019re starving people will hoard food when they should be eating it . this is what happened to dave .\nafter the show aired , a lot of folks were curious about how dave is doing now . luckily he posted a public post on his personal facebook page that does a great job of explaining how he\u2019s doing . i\u2019ve embedded the post and copied the text below so you can read it here .\n\u201chello wonderful people ! ! ! ! for those that were following \u201calone\u201d and watching this crazy and amazing path , thank you ! ! ! ! your support and presence has been so inspiring . so nice to touch base with people that i haven\u2019t heard from in decades ! our paths might not be the same as it was but we have each other in our hearts and always will .\nthe producers had hundreds of hours of footage to work with to make a story that fit into this show .\ni do not envy them the task and i respect what they did . it all happened and i can honestly say the experience in patagonia , in many ways , was so much easier then watching the show for me . that boiled down to my own ego , i wanted to be the hero : ) ) ) ) . i went out there for many reasons , to test myself , to learn , to grow closer to myself and the earth , to feel life , to live , to show people this could be done and that you could be comfortable with the land ( the money was a secondary bonus ) . what i saw in the beginning episodes didn\u2019t show that for me and i kept going deeper into a place of dread at how they would show me physically deteriorate in front of my friends and families . and yes , you saw me deteriorate\n) ) ) . above all i wanted to be there ! of course there were moments of loneliness , sadness , hunger , but i placed all of them into individual moments and i knew that society and friends were not going anywhere . watching the last episode was so freeing in so many ways . of course it was closure but more then that i finally felt heard . \u201ci felt alive\u201d .\ni appreciate your further support and comments but know i am a bit overwhelmed by facebook : ) . at this point i am hoping to center a bit so please don\u2019t be upset if i step away from facebook for a time . it has helped me touch all of your lives again and i cherish that . i just get overloaded quick and need the simplicity of the outdoors for a while . hope to see many of you at winter count . we\u2019ll talk again : ) love you all , dave\u201d\nso it seems like dave is doing pretty well , thank goodness ! i think myself and many of the fans of the alone show would have liked to have seen more footage of the neat things dave was up to \u2013 and maybe we\u2019ll get to hear from him in the future . did you see that elaborate chess set he had carved ? it was beautiful !\nif you want to follow dave online , it looks like he does have a youtube channel , although it\u2019s not very active . maybe we\u2019ll see more from him in the future !\ni was sitting outside in the sun and suddenly thought : \u201ci wonder how dave from season 3 alone , is doing ? \u201d anyhow , got a great answer . thank you .\nthank you for stopping by kevin ! glad this post was helpful . \ud83d\ude42 i totally understand the allergy thing , darn ! it\u2019s still fun to talk about what you would plan to do though , isn\u2019t it ?\nsave my name , email , and website in this browser for the next time i comment .\nhello , my name is captain airyca ( erica ) and welcome to the alone show blog ! here you can find the latest news about alone show contestants and what they ' re up to now . urltoken\nenter your email address to subscribe to this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email .\nurltoken no longer supports internet explorer 9 or earlier . please upgrade your browser .\nnext month , mrs . kushner , 25 , is to become an associate in the tax department of davis polk & wardwell , the new york law firm . she graduated summa cum laude from cornell and received a law degree from columbia .\nher father , who is known as peter , is a partner in the new york law firm cahill gordon & reindel . he is also the chairman of the heckscher foundation for children in new york , which provides grants to organizations that help young people ; the bride is a trustee . her mother is the founder and chief executive of sloane square , a new york residential real estate firm .\nmr . kushner , 29 , is a vice president at goldman sachs in new york , working with the bank\u2019s special - situations group , where he focuses on investing in and lending to companies in the americas . he graduated cum laude from georgetown . he is a co - chairman of the urban arts partnership , a nonprofit organization in new york that provides arts programs for public school children .\nhis father is a founding partner in kushner , smith , joanou & gregson , an accounting firm in irvine , calif .\nwe\u2019re interested in your feedback on this page . tell us what you think .\naccessibility concerns ? email us at accessibility @ urltoken . we would love to hear from you .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u2019s species and habitats from destruction .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa\nbrygoo , e . r . 1985 . les types des scincid\u00e9s ( reptiles , sauriens ) du mus\u00e9um national d\u2019histoire naturelle , catalogue critique . bull . mus . natl . hist . nat . ( 4e s\u00e9r . ) 7 ( sect . a 3 ) , suppl . : 1 - 126\ncamp , charles lewis 1923 . classification of the lizards . bull . amer . mus . nat . hist . 48 ( 11 ) : 289 - 481 .\nziesmann , s . ; klaas , p . & janzen , p . 2007 . von skinken und anderen echsen [ sri lankas ] . draco 7 ( 30 ) : 18 - 23 - get paper here\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\ncomparison of species richness and frequency cover of forest floor plants and lichens in sites invaded and uninvaded by the invasive club moss selaginella kraussiana ( kunze ) a . braun .\njavascript is disabled for your browser . some features of this site may not work without it .\nselaginella species richness and abundance paper for ppq submission copy 21 august 2013 . pdf ( 171 . 1kb )\nselaginella kraussiana , or the african club moss , is a fern ally in the family selaginellaceae invasive to several countries including new zealand . this study was carried out to compare species richness and frequency cover in adjacent forest floor botanical communities with and without s . kraussiana using a paired experimental design . sites with s . kraussianahad reduced species richness , particularly the number of conifer and flowering plant species . frequency cover ( excluding s . kraussiana ) was not significantly affected .\nthis digital work is protected by copyright . it may be consulted by you , provided you comply with the provisions of the act and the following conditions of use : any use you make of these documents or images must be for research or private study purposes only , and you may not make them available to any other person . you will recognise the author ' s and publishers rights and give due acknowledgement where appropriate .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nonly a few studies are done on the skinks of sri lanka and the other reptile species . however , most of the studies indicate that these reptiles are endemic to sri lanka , and that most of them are highly threatened .\nmost skinks have smooth scales , possibly adapted for burrowing in soils and all have detachable tails that regenerate eventually .\nthis article will focus on a recent study done by sri lanka\u00eds top herpetologist anslem de silva and his team at the knuckles mountain region .\nthe data are from a study conducted in the mid 1980\u00eds , when the team measured the mulch level in many types of forests and plantations during the survey in 2004 and 2005 , it was less than 10 centimetres .\nin addition , soil erosion was high . thus , the team could foresee long - term , irreversible habitat degradation that could negatively impact on these and other fossorial animals that live in the humus of the forest floor .\ntherefore , the team believes it is important that the authorities take immediate steps to educate the cardamom cultivators in order to prevent further soil erosion and habitat degradation .\ntwo field techniques were used to investigate this subfossorial reptile : sampling of large leaf litter quadrats measuring 20m x 20m and patch sampling . patch sampling was found to be a more effective field method for discovering this animal because of its tendency to occur in certain types of habitat . when caught , individual animals were examined for abnormalities , damage , and external parasites . for females , reproductive status was noted . for a subset of animals , morphometric measurements were taken to examine morphological variation . after photographing , the animals were released back at the same locality where they were found .\nspecies in having rudimentary bud - like pair of posterior limbs surrounded by small scales situated on either side the cloacae . the scale rows at mid body are 26 to 28 and the interparietal broader than frontal . also an overlying mark on the interparietal was observed in\nthe scale rows at mid body are 22 and the interparietal is narrower than frontal . in both species well - developed forelimbs are not present , slight bulges in the pectoral region surrounded by small scales signal their position .\nderaniyagala ( 1932 ) reported the following measurements for an unsexed specimen : total length 107 mm , of which the tail was 44 mm , and a juvenile caught in july was also measured : snout to vent 35 mm and tail 32 mm .\nare diurnal reptiles . when exposed , either by the lifting of logs , stones or leaf litter , they were quick to wriggle and hide within the loose humus , soil , leaf litter , under stones , crevices and holes in the earth . when handled some showed a tendency to bite and wriggle in order to escape . it was observed that ( similar to\ndries and shrivels within 10 - 15 minutes when removed from its moist habitat .\nis restricted to a small range in the north east knuckles with no overlap . however , previous reports on the knuckles did not list this species ( bambaradeniya and ekanayake 2003 ; cooray 1998 ; ginige 1994 ; rathnayake et al . , 1999 ) .\nin addition , the negative impacts of cardamom cultivation at the knuckles have been extensively reported ( abeygunawardena & vincent 1993 ; gunawardane 2003 ) . studies have shown that in natural forested areas without cardamom cultivation the\na\nhorizon is well preserved and covered with mulch to a depth of 30 - 35 cm , whilst in cardamom fields the mulch level has been reduced to 15 - 25 cm ( madduma bandara , 1991 ) .\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser ."]}
{"id": 2030, "summary": [{"text": "antricola is a genus of tick containing 16 species .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it is very similar to the genus nothoaspis , which contains the species nothoaspis reddelli antricola delacruzi estrada-pena , barros-battesti & venzal , 2004 antricola guglielmonei estrada-pena , barros-battesti & venzal , 2004 antricola inexpectata antricola marginatus antricola mexicanus", "topic": 26}], "title": "antricola", "paragraphs": ["new reports of antricola guglielmonei and antricola delacruzi in brazil , and a description of a new argasid species ( acari ) .\nnew reports of antricola guglielmonei and antricola delacruzi in brazil , and a description of a new argasid species ( acari ) . - pubmed - ncbi\nthe sialotranscriptome of antricola delacruzi female ticks is compatible with non - hematophagous behavior and an alternative source of food .\nthree new species of antricola ( acari : argasidae ) from brazil , with a key to the known species in the genus .\nthe sialotranscriptome of antricola delacruzi female ticks is compatible with non - hematophagous behavior and an alternative source of food . - pubmed - ncbi\nthree new species of antricola ( acari : argasidae ) from brazil , with a key to the known species in the genus . - pubmed - ncbi\nconserved tick salivary secreted protein family , similar to hiv env glycoprotein , with 7 ests in antricola delacruzi . ( a ) clustal alignment . ( b ) bootstrapped phylogram . for other information , see . species related to acronyms for naming sequences used to construct phylogram are : ant : a . delacruzi ; ornpar , o . parkeri ; amby am : amblyomma americanum ; rh ap : r appendiculatus ; rh micro : r . microplus ; ixosca : i scapularis .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nestrada - pe\u00f1a a 1 , manuel venzal j , barros - battesti dm , castilho onofrio v , trajano e , lima firmino jv .\ndepartment of parasitology , veterinary faculty , university of zaragoza , miguel servet 177 , zaragoza , zaragoza 50013 , spain . aestrada @ urltoken\ninsect biochem mol biol . 2012 may ; 42 ( 5 ) : 332 - 42 . doi : 10 . 1016 / j . ibmb . 2012 . 01 . 003 . epub 2012 jan 24 .\nribeiro jm 1 , labruna mb , mans bj , maruyama sr , francischetti im , barizon gc , de miranda santos ik .\nlaboratory of malaria and vector research , national institute of allergy and infectious diseases , national institutes of health , bethesda , md , usa .\npmid : 22306723 pmcid : pmc3351099 doi : 10 . 1016 / j . ibmb . 2012 . 01 . 003\na heat map of the most abundantly expressed transcripts in a . delacruzi females and of the most abundantly expressed transcripts in hematophagous female ticks of genes encoding putative inhibitors of proteins involved in host homeostasis . data is derived from non - normalized cdna libraries constructed with the same methodology employed for the a . delacruzi library .\ninsect biochem mol biol . ; 42 ( 5 ) : 332 - 342 .\ntick til domain - containing proteins . ( a ) clustal alignment . symbols over the figure indicate ( * ) amino acid identity , ( : ) similarity and ( . ) less similarity . ( b ) bootstrapped phylogram ( 10 , 000 iterations ) of the alignment in ( a ) . sequences deposited at ncbi are represented by six capital letters deriving from the genus and species name followed by their genbank accession number . remaining sequences were derived from analysis of publicly available est\u2019s and described in a previous review ( ) . values near nodes indicate bootstrap support above 50 % . smaller values are not represented . the bar at the bottom indicates 10 % amino acid divergence . species related to acronyms for naming sequences used to construct the alignment and phylogram are : orncor , o . coriaceus ; ant : a . delacruzi ; hyamar : hyalomma marginatum ; rh micro : r . microplus ; amb var : amblyomma variegatum ; rh ap : r . appendiculatus ; and der : dermacentor andersoni ; ixosca : i scapularis .\ntick amyloid salivary secreted protein family , with 15 ests on anticolas delacruzi . ( a ) clustal alignment . ( b ) bootstrapped phylogram . for other information , see . species related to acronyms for naming sequences used to construct phylogram are : ornpar , o . parkeri ; ant : a . delacruzi ; rh micro : r . microplus ; ixosca : i scapularis ; and der : dermacentor andersoni .\nlabruna mb 1 , terassini fa , camargo lm , brand\u00e3o pe , ribeiro af , estrada - pe\u00f1a a .\ndepartamento de medicina veterin\u00e1ria preventiva e sa\u00fade animal , faculdade de medicina veterin\u00e1ria e zootecnia , universidade de s\u00e3o paulo , s\u00e3o paulo , sp , brazil . labruna @ urltoken\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; no other information is captured .\nin general , only the information that you provide , or the choices you make while visiting a web site , can be stored in a cookie . for example , the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it . allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer , and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\nenter the name or part of a name you wish to search for . the asterisk character * can be used as wildcard . e . g . ' papilio * ' . keep in mind that the search is only based on the full taxon name .\nwe are still having problems with the search feature . unfortunately we cannot give a timeline when the advanced search will be fixed .\nmuseum f\u00fcr naturkunde leibniz - institut f\u00fcr evolutions - und biodiversit\u00e4tsforschung invalidenstr . 43 10115 berlin germany e - mail : fauna - eu ( at ) mfn - berlin . de website : urltoken\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nsimmons , nancy b . / wilson , don e . , and deeann m . reeder , eds .\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 3rd ed . , vols . 1 & 2\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service ."]}
{"id": 2031, "summary": [{"text": "long run is a retired national hunt racehorse owned by robert waley-cohen and trained during his racing career by nicky henderson in great britain and later by his owner . ", "topic": 14}], "title": "long run ( horse )", "paragraphs": ["long run won ' t be ready to run this season ,\nsaid the owner on twitter .\nit has not yet been confirmed what long run will be doing during his retirement .\nkauto star was probably at his best today , but long run is a very good young horse .\nlong run trainer nicky henderson was similarly thrilled to see his charge return to winning form .\nthe win saw long run become only the seventh horse after the likes of kauto star and desert orchid to reclaim the king george title .\nlong run justified his billing as 7 - 2 favourite by winning the cheltenham gold cup with a superb display .\nwhat i look for is to see a horse that is consistent , that wants to go out there and run a good race and to me that epitomises long run as a horse who is all courage and loves his racing .\nnacarat had made the early running , but the french - bred long run and kauto star were always in close proximity .\namateur jockey sam waley - cohen says his 2011 cheltenham gold cup winner long run can reclaim the prize on 15 march .\nno horse other than kauto star has regained the gold cup having lost it but there is little likelihood of long run ' s owner robert waley - cohen replacing his son on the horse .\nlong run , winner of the cheltenham gold cup and two king george vi chases , has been retired from racing aged 11 .\nlong run lost to silviniaco conti in the betfair chase at haydock in november , while sir des champs won the irish hennessy .\nthe idea that long run ' s victory brought the scene - shifters into jump racing was resisted by sam , who lost a brother , thomas , to cancer . he said :\nit may be too early for that , but long run ' s an amazing horse \u2013 and a baby .\namateur jockey sam waley - cohen produced a faultless ride on 9 - 2 second favourite long run , who is owned by his father robert .\nthe 2011 cheltenham gold cup winner long run will miss this season and return to racing in the autumn , says owner robert waley - cohen .\nclimbing when a horse lifts its front legs abnormally high as it gallops , causing it to run inefficiently .\non the bit when a horse is eager to run . also known as\nin the bridle .\nlong run was initially aimed at this year\u2019s cheltenham foxhunter before a setback in january saw hopes divert towards the grand national at aintree . sunday\u2019s race was considered a trial run ahead of the liverpool showcase \u2014 but his disappointing run prompted connections to call it a day on his illustrious racing career .\ninside information is where people who have close connections with a horse know how likely it is that the horse is going to run in a certain race , and if it does , how well it is likely to run .\na mistake by kauto star at the penultimate fence sealed his fate , and the foot - perfect long run surged to the line for a convincing victory .\nlong run , dual king george vi chase hero and winner of the gold cup , has been retired after finishing fifth in a hunter chase at carlisle .\nlong run was one of the favourites , at 12 - 1 , for last year ' s national at aintree but fell at valentine ' s brook .\nlong run is a phenomenal horse and i ' m so pleased he ' s shown people what he is capable of ,\nsaid the 28 - year - old sam waley - cohen .\nkey horse a single horse used in multiple combinations in an exotic wager . l\nkauto star , right , finished a well - beaten third behind long run in the king george vi chase at kempton . photograph : tom jenkins for the observer\nbrilliant young steeplechaser long run thwarted kauto star ' s bid to create racing history as he trounced his rivals to win the king george vi chase at kempton .\nthe 15 - 8 favourite long run claimed victory in a thrilling finish to the king george vi chase at kempton to win the race for a second time .\nrun - out bit a special type of bit to prevent a horse from bearing out ( or in ) . s\nasked if he had \u00a310 to put on one horse in the gold cup , waley - cohen replied ;\ni would back long run . i think he has a chance of winning it .\nlong run looked sure to finish third after jumping the final fence , but was eased and stopped to a walk on the run - in , being passed by both barachois silver and durban gold , meaning he beat just one rival home .\nlong run , trained by nicky henderson , won january ' s king george vi chase but the six - year - old had struggled at cheltenham on previous visits .\nthe jockey was criticised when winning a second king george in december after long run made a mistake at the last fence but battled back to edge out captain chris .\nnear side left side of a horse . side on which a horse is mounted .\nreins long straps , usually made of leather , that are connected to the bit and used by the jockey to control the horse .\nbut after running out of time , he instead made the long trip north to cumbria .\nnasogastric tube a long tube that is capable of reaching from the nose to the stomach .\nnational hunt heroes big buck\u2019s , denman and long run are among the equine stars that will be parading at the cheltenham festival on the opening day ( tuesday , 14 march ) .\n( a ) silky sullivan a horse that makes a big run from far back . named for the horse silky sullivan , who once made up 41 lengths to win a race .\ngrowth plates located at the end of long bones where they grow in length . see physis .\ntrip an individual horse ' s race , with specific reference to the difficulty ( or lack of difficulty ) the horse had during competition , e . g . , whether the horse was repeatedly blocked or had an unobstructed run .\nbounce a poor race run directly following a career - best or near - best performance .\nburn ( ed ) see run down . commonly used in the term : burned heels .\n\u201cthat\u2019s it for long run now . we\u2019ll find something else for him to do . he\u2019s been a wonderful horse , i\u2019ve had him since was a three - year - old and he\u2019s given us some fantastic moments , \u201d said robert .\nchampion trainer henderson has five possible runners , including long run , with the seven barrows handler also leaving in captain conan , finian\u2019s rainbow , riverside theatre and cheltenham gold cup hero bobs worth .\nlong - distance running and evolution : why humans can outrun horses but can\u2019t jump higher than cats .\nbreakdown when a horse suffers a potentially career - ending injury , usually to the leg : the horse suffered a breakdown . the horse broke down .\nwaley - cohen , whose mount beat great steeplechasers denman and kauto star two years ago , has also been third in a gold cup and landed the king george vi chase twice with long run .\nlong run was the youngest gold cup winner since mill house in 1963 , but was beaten twice by kauto star last season before finishing third behind winner synchronised when favourite for the big cheltenham race .\nthe race was run at a slow pace and nicky said to be aware and ride him handy . i was just keeping out of trouble and making sure he got a nice run .\nspit the bit a term referring to a tired horse that begins to run less aggressively , backing off on the\npull\na rider normally feels on the reins from an eager horse . also used as a generic term for an exhausted horse .\nsheets a handicapping tool assigning a numerical value to each race run by a horse to enable different horses running at different racetracks to be objectively compared .\nmeanwhile , following the carlisle race , long run\u2019s jockey sam received a controversial seven - day suspension for easing up on the gelding during the run - in . he has announced he will appeal against the ban which rules him out of the aintree fox hunters in april \u2014 a race the jockey has won three times .\nmane long hairs growing on the crest of the horse ' s neck , which are usually kept clipped to about six inches in length for neatness , or decoratively braided .\ntrainer nicky henderson , claiming his fifth win of the day , sealed a one - two as long run beat stablemate riverside theatre by 12 lengths , with the four - time king george winner a further seven lengths adrift .\nbut it was time for a new champion as long run , who only officially had his sixth birthday on new year ' s day , proved too good on the day for the 11 - year - old kauto star .\ncut down horse suffering from injuries from being struck by the shoes of another horse . or , due to a faulty stride , a horse may cut itself down . d\nbha works on the principle that no horse should run in great britain under the effects of medication or have any substance present in its system that can affect performance .\nfront - runner a horse whose running style is to attempt to get on or near the lead at the start of the race and to continue there as long as possible .\npastern ( bones ) denotes the area between the fetlock joint and the hoof . the joint between the long and short pastern bones is called the\npastern joint .\ncan also be used to describe the area of the limb or to describe a specific bone long pastern bone . technically known as the p1 ( long ) and p2 ( short ) .\ngrandsire the grandfather of a horse ; father (\nsire\n) of the horse ' s dam or sire .\nbut last year ' s gold cup winner dug deep on the run - in to win by a neck .\none horse who heads to the festival undiminished is the champion hurdler , binocular , trained , like long run , by nicky henderson who had five winners in total . binocular was an authoritative winner of the restaged christmas hurdle under mccoy , who rode the new desert orchid for the first time .\nwaley - cohen had taken over the training of long run since his unsuccessful journey to france \u2014 when he suffered various injuries on his way back to britain - and had hoped to get him qualified for the foxhunter chase at cheltenham .\nlong run , winner of the two out of the last three runnings of the william hill king george vi chase at kempton and last year\u2019s runner - up , captain chris , head the list of 30 entries for this year\u2019s race .\nlong run ' s stablemate bobs worth , who has won four races at cheltenham and triumphed in the hennessy gold cup last time out , heads the betting at about 3 - 1 ahead of silviniaco conti and irish challenger sir des champs .\ni ' ll sit down and have a talk with clive but if he ' s sound and well there is no reason why he can ' t run in this year ' s gold cup . cheltenham will suit him better than kempton does now , he ' s just that bit slower . long run was always going to be a good horse if he put it all together and he did that .\ndistal sesamoidean ligaments attaches to the bottom of the sesamoid bones , passing down and attaching to the long and short pastern bones .\nflatten out a very tired horse that slows considerably , dropping its head on a straight line with its body . some horses , however , like to run with their heads lowered .\nhorse when reference is made to sex , a\nhorse\nis an ungelded male five - years - old or older .\nfetlock ( joint ) joint located between the cannon bone and the long pastern bone , also referred to as the\nankle .\njail refers to the requirement that a horse which has been claimed that next runs in a claiming race must run for a claiming price 25 percent higher for the next 30 days . commonly used in the phrase the horse is in ( out of ) jail .\ndigital the part of the limb below the ankle ( fetlock ) joint . includes the long and short pastern bones and the coffin bone .\nschooling process of familiarizing a horse with the starting gate and teaching it racing practices . a horse may also be schooled in the paddock . in steeplechasing , more particularly to teach a horse to jump .\nbut waley - cohen had long run well positioned and they looked dangerous at the top of the hill and loomed alongside the nicholls duo with two fences to go and his younger legs were able to get him clear from the last and up the cheltenham hill for a famous win .\nlunge 1 ) horse rearing and plunging . 2 ) a method of exercising a horse on a tether (\nlunge line\n) . m\n\u201che won\u2019t run again and will now do something he enjoys . whether that\u2019s showing or eventing , we\u2019ll have to wait and see . \u201d\npeople who care about horses are turning their backs on the grand national and every other race in which horses are being run to death .\nif a horse\u2019s microchip is unreadable / undetectable then the horse will be identified by the markings in its passport . a notification form will be issued by the veterinary officer , for the horse to be re - micro chipped .\non rare occasions a horse will be unable to be identified from its chip or passport . should this happen the horse will be prevented from running .\nmare ' s month september . in theory , because mares that have not run well during the summer often\nwake up\nin september .\nlong run , who had finished second to kauto star in last year ' s race after winning in 2010 , had battled hard in the testing heavy conditions and three fences from home looked the most likely winner before captain chris and richard johnson challenged with grands crus ( 7 - 1 ) finishing third .\nconsolation double a payoff to holders of daily double tickets combining the winning horse in the first race of the double with a scratched horse in the second .\nfire a burst of acceleration by a horse in a race . for example ,\nthe horse did ( didn ' t ) fire when asked .\ngraduate 1 ) winning for the first time , horse or rider . 2 ) a horse that has moved up to allowance , stakes or handicap racing .\ndefending champion imperial commander , who was out of contention a long way from home before being pulled up , was later found to have burst a blood vessel .\nkauto star took the race a long way out and with three fences to go was fighting it out with stablemate and fellow 11 - year - old denman .\ni just thought he might run well at kempton , finish third or fourth , and then we ' d put him away for the summer .\ndavid johnson ' s patience is unbelievable . this is the longest td run of his career . . . 58 yards ! # mnf # nyjvsaz urltoken\ncondition book ( s ) a series of booklets issued by a racing secretary which set forth conditions of races to be run at a particular racetrack .\nhorse racing betting tips : top picks for the eclipse at sandow . . .\nhorse racing betting tips june 30 : best bets for the northumbe . . .\nany horse affected will receive immediate attention and treatment from the racecourse veterinary team .\nfault weak points of a horse ' s conformation or character as a racehorse .\nmuzzle 1 ) nose and lips of a horse . 2 ) a guard placed over a horse ' s mouth to prevent it from biting or eating . n\nsecond dam grandmother of a horse . also known as a\ngranddam .\nshort a horse in need of more work or racing to reach winning form .\nsnip small patch of white hairs on the nose or lips of a horse .\nstall walker horse that moves about its stall constantly and frets rather than rests .\nstud 1 ) male horse used for breeding . 2 ) a breeding farm .\ntimber topper jumper or steeplechase horse . more properly horses jumping over timber fences .\nunderlay a horse racing at shorter odds than seems warranted by its past performances .\nphysis plural physes . the\ngrowth plate\nat the end of the long bones ( such as the cannon bone ) that lets the bone grow in length .\neach horse has its own passport . checks are carried out on selected horses to ensure their recorded markings match the chip number recorded on the passport . all horses having their first run on a racecourse will be checked , as will horses having their first run for a new trainer . equine influenza vaccination records are also checked to ensure they comply with the requirements set out in the rules .\nbut the golden run came to an end for the northern irishman , who has ridden more than 3 , 000 winners in a record - breaking career .\naction 1 ) a horse ' s manner of moving . 2 ) a term meaning wagering , for example ,\nthe horse took a lot of action .\ndeclared in the united states , a horse withdrawn from a stakes race in advance of scratch time . in europe , a horse confirmed to start in a race .\nreserve a minimum price , set by the consignor , for a horse in a public auction . for example ,\nthe horse did not reach its reserve .\nfor an amateur to win such a prestigious race is rare , and waley - cohen has had to endure much adverse comment about his suitability for the long run ride . pure nepotism , some thought . his father , robert , said :\nthat ' s the perfect riposte . he has justified my faith in him .\nhorse racing tips july 2 : pontefract , hamilton , windsor , wolve . . .\nbottom 1 ) stamina in a horse . 2 ) subsurface of a racing strip .\ncolt an ungelded ( entire ) male horse four - years - old or younger .\ndigestible energy the amount of energy a horse is able to digest from a feedstuff .\nentry fee money paid by an owner to enter a horse in a stakes race .\nexercise rider rider who is licensed to exercise a horse during its morning training session .\nnose smallest advantage a horse can win by . called a short head in britain .\nprop when a horse suddenly stops moving by digging its front feet into the ground .\npull up to stop or slow a horse during or after a race or workout .\nshow bet wager on a horse to finish in the money ; third or better .\nyes , so long as you are still eligible , to claim an allowance in accordance with rules ( f ) 140 or ( f ) 141 of the rules of racing .\ngreen osselet an inflammation and swelling in the fetlock joint of young horses , particularly on the front of the joints where the cannon and long pastern bones meet . see arthritis .\nthe seven - year - old , who is owned by the jockey ' s father robert , will now be hoping to complete another king george / gold cup double in cheltenham in march , but his stable - mate bobs worth remains at the head of the betting market at around 4 - 1 with long run at around 7 - 1 .\nrunning and jumping comes naturally to horses , and we see them doing both those things in the wild . it\u2019s also interesting to note that when a horse unseats its rider during a race , it will continue to run and jump with the other horses .\nbeyer number a handicapping tool , popularized by author andrew beyer , assigning a numerical value ( speed figure ) to each race run by a horse based on final time and track condition . this enables different horses running at different racetracks to be objectively compared .\nlong run ( fr ) b . g , 2005 { 1 - x } dp = 1 - 0 - 4 - 3 - 0 ( 8 ) di = 0 . 60 cd = - 0 . 13 - 34 starts , 15 wins , 7 places , 6 shows career earnings : \u00a31 , 542 , 715 in gb / fr / ire\nbreak ( a horse ) 1 ) to train a young horse to wear a bridle and saddle , carry a rider and respond to a rider ' s commands . almost always done when the horse is a yearling . 2 ) to leave from the starting gate .\ntrial in thoroughbred racing , a preparatory race created in tandem with a subsequent , more important stakes race to be run a few days or weeks hence the derby trial .\nthe french - bred horse becomes the youngest gold cup winner since mill house in 1963 .\ni want to say thank you to everyone for believing in me and the horse .\nhorse racing tips july 6 : best bets for sandown , doncaster , ne . . .\nhorse racing tips july 3 : best bets for stratford , brighton , h . . .\nhorse racing tips july 1 : best bets for uttoxeter , cartmel , wi . . .\nhorse racing tips june 30 : best bets for york , chester , windso . . .\nhorse racing tips june 25 : best bets for beverley , brighton , n . . .\nbrace ( or bracer ) rubdown liniment used on a horse after a race or workout .\nbreeze ( breezing ) working a horse at a moderate speed , less effort than handily .\nconformation the physical makeup of and bodily proportions of a horse how it is put together .\ndriving a horse that is all out to win and under strong urging from its jockey .\ngrass slip used in some areas , permission to exercise a horse on the turf course .\nhead a margin between horses . one horse leading another by the length of its head .\nthe foot of the horse . consists of several parts that play an integral role in supporting the weight of the horse . see\nhoof\nsubsection of\nmusculoskeletal system\nin\nmudder horse that races well on muddy tracks . also known as a\nmudlark .\noverweight surplus weight carried by a horse when the rider cannot make the required weight . p\nshank rope or strap attached to a halter or bridle by which a horse is led .\ntaken up a horse pulled up sharply by its rider because of being in close quarters .\nclosed knees a condition when the cartilaginous growth plate above the knee ( distal radial physis ) has turned to bone . indicates completion of long bone growth and is one sign of maturity .\nlong run is an 8 - 1 chance for a repeat performance of last season\u2019s epic battle with captain chris \u2013 who is rated a 25 - 1 shot \u2013 after a disappointing showing in last weekend\u2019s charlie hall chase at wetherby , in which he finished out of the first three for the first time in his career , but subsequently was found to have scoped badly .\noiled ( oiling ) administration of mineral oil via nasogastric tube to relieve gas or pass blockage . preventative procedure commonly used in long van rides to prevent impaction with subsequent colics . see colic .\na horse ambulance is available on site to ensure prompt and safe transport of an injured horse to either the on - course veterinary treatment facilities or a near - by equine referral centre .\nsite : media | arena : nfl | pagetype : stories | section : | slug : watch - david - johnson - dances - past - jets - defense - for - a - career - long - td - run | sport : football | route : article _ single . us | 6 - keys : media / spln / nfl / reg / free / stories\ncup 1 ) refers to the irregular occlusal surface of the tooth ( the surfaces that meet when a horse closes its mouth ) and is used as a visual method of determining age in a horse . 2 ) trophy awarded to winning horse owners , usually in a stakes race .\nwilliam hill king george vi chase odds : 5 - 1 dynaste , 6 - 1 bobs worth , cue card , silviniaco conti , 7 - 1 sir des champs , 8 - 1 long run , 12 - 1 al ferof , 16 - 1 captain conan , flemenstar , mount benbulben , 20 - 1 lord windermere , menorah , tidal bay , 25 - 1 bar .\nhorse racing tips july 8 : best bets for ayr , market rasen , fai . . .\ncheck ( ed ) when a jockey slows a horse due to other horses impeding its progress .\nconnections persons identified with a horse , such as owner , trainer , rider and stable employees .\nmorning glory horse that performs well in morning workouts but fails to reproduce that form in races .\nrabbit a speed horse running as an entry with another , usually come - from - behind horse . the rabbit is expected to set a fast pace to help the chances of its stablemate .\nridden out a horse that finishes a race under mild urging , not as severe as driving .\nwhite a horse color , extremely rare , in which all the hairs are white . the horse ' s eyes are brown , not pink , as would be the case for an albino .\nthere was disappointment for amateur jockey willy twiston - davies when he was unseated by the well - fancied baby run in the christie ' s foxhunter chase two from home when well clear .\ncondylar ( fracture ) a fracture in the lower knobby end ( condyle ) of the lower ( distal ) end of a long bone such as the cannon bone or humerus ( upper front limb ) .\nthe sport\u2019s substantial investment in veterinary research and education brings benefits for all breeds of horse in britain .\ncarpus a joint in the horse ' s front leg , more commonly referred to as the knee .\ncryptorchid a\nunilateral cryptorchid\nis a male horse of any age that has one testicle undescended . a\nbilateral cryptorchid\nis a male horse of any age that has both testicles undescended . the jockey club defines\ncryptorchid\nas a male horse of any age that has both testicles undescended .\nfeather light weight . usually refers to the weight a horse is assigned to carry in a race .\nhung a horse that does not advance its position in a race when called upon by its jockey .\nnominator one who owns a horse at the time it is named to compete in a stakes race .\noverlay a horse going off at higher odds than it appears to warrant based on its past performances .\nsteadied a horse being taken in hand by its rider , usually because of being in close quarters .\ntattoo a permanent , indelible mark on the inside of the upper lip used to identify the horse .\nfive out he was clumsy ; four out he dropped four lengths behind the leaders as long run surged ahead of the old champion and staked his claim on the future , passing the post 12 lengths clear of his stable companion riverside theatre . at the second - last kauto star turned mccoy into a rodeo rider , blundering badly and almost ejecting the bbc sports personality of the year out of the saddle .\nit\u2019s important to note that if a horse does not want to race , it won\u2019t , and very occasionally we see a horse plant its feet and refuse to move . no horse can be made to race against its will . in the overwhelming majority of cases , horses happily take part in a race .\nthe graduate development programme is run each year from the end of june to beginning of september with around 18 placements on offer . visit the graduate page on the careersinracing website to found out more .\nas with any sport , those taking part do sometimes suffer injury , but it is important to note that 99 . 58 % of runners in british racing complete their race without incurring any long - term injury .\nscratch to be taken out of a race before it starts . trainers usually scratch horses due to adverse track conditions or a horse ' s adverse health . a veterinarian can scratch a horse at any time .\nstakes a race for which the owner usually must pay a fee to run a horse . the fees can be for nominating , maintaining eligibility , entering and starting , to which the track adds more money to make up the total purse . some stakes races are by invitation and require no payment or fee .\n\u201che\u2019s been a magic horse and in many ways changed our lives with the fabulous days he\u2019s given us .\n\u201cit was a course record as well , which just puts into context how good a horse he was .\ncloser a horse that runs best in the latter part of the race , coming from off the pace .\nconditioner 1 ) a trainer . 2 ) a workout or race to enable a horse to attain fitness .\ncuppy ( track ) a dry and loose racing surface that breaks away under a horse ' s hooves .\ndrop ( ed ) down a horse meeting a lower class of rival than it had been running against .\nearmuffs a piece of equipment that covers a horse ' s ears to prevent it from hearing distracting sounds .\nleg up 1 ) to help a jockey mount a horse . 2 ) a jockey having a mount .\nprep ( race ) a workout ( or race ) used to prepare a horse for a future engagement .\nteaser a male horse used at breeding farms to determine whether a mare is ready to receive a stallion .\nif a horse is injured , it\u2019s important that it is kept calm , and provided with some privacy . a screen helps create a calm environment around the horse and allows the vets to work safely and without distraction .\nthis horse is still only six , so there is a lot to look forward to with him yet .\nbad doer a horse with a poor appetite , a condition that may be due to nervousness or other causes .\nfalse favorite horse that is a race favorite despite being outclassed by other competition in the field . see underlay .\npast performances a horse ' s racing record , earnings , bloodlines and other data , presented in composite form .\nblood - typing a way to verify a horse ' s parentage . blood - typing is usually completed within the first year of a horse ' s life and is necessary before registration papers will be issued by the jockey club .\nbut he ' s improved a massive amount from that run . today he ' s travelled supremely and jumped . he picked them up the minute he wanted to and he ' s our little hurricane fly .\nveterinary surgeons must record any vaccines given in the horse\u2019s passport . if the horse is signed out of the food chain in its passport , generally no other records need to be kept for the vmd . if the horse is not signed out of the food chain there are strict recording requirements for the acquisition , use and disposal of medicines : urltoken\ndeclaring a new era open , bookmakers installed long run as the 6 - 1 second - favourite for the gold cup behind imperial commander ( 3 - 1 ) , who defends his title at the cheltenham festival . kauto star was pushed out to 8 - 1 , the same price as his stablemate denman . those two have carved up steeplechasing over the past five years but motor to the cotswolds now as beloved veterans \u2013 assuming kauto star travels at all .\npaying his own tribute , he said : \u201che\u2019s been a phenomenal horse who rose to the biggest occasion every time .\nas with any sport , horse racing is tough , but the level of risk for its participants is very low .\nbreak maiden horse or rider winning the first race of its career . also known as\nearning a diploma .\ngate card a card , issued by the starter , stating that a horse is properly schooled in starting gate procedures .\ngelding a male horse of any age that has been neutered by having both testicles removed (\ngelded\n) .\nmorning line probable odds on each horse in a race , as determined by a mathematical formula used by the track handicapper , who tries to gauge both the ability of the horse and the likely final odds as determined by the bettors .\novergirth an elastic band that goes completely around a horse , over the saddle , to keep the saddle from slipping .\nspeed figure a handicapping tool used to assign a numerical value to a horse ' s performance . see beyer number .\nsubscription fee paid by owner to nominate a horse for a stakes race or to maintain eligibility for a stakes race .\ntubing inserting a nasogastric tube through a horse ' s nostril into its stomach for the purpose of providing oral medication .\nwheel betting all possible combinations in an exotic wager using at least one horse as the key . see part wheel .\nyearling a horse in its second calendar year of life , beginning jan . 1 of the year following its birth .\nre - entered the reason that the horse was scratched out of the race was that he was either a ) entered in another race on that day , either at the same track or another track and opted to race in the other race or b ) was scratched out of this race to run in another race in the next few days .\n\u201cwhen it\u2019s a 50 - 50 call , i think you lean on the side of the welfare of the horse . \u201d\nbreather easing off on a horse for a short distance in a race to permit it to conserve or renew its strength .\ngastric ulcers ulceration of a horse ' s stomach . often causes symptoms of abdominal distress ( colic ) and general unthriftiness .\nhood a ( usually ) nylon covering which goes over a horse ' s head to which blinkers or earmuffs are attached .\npart wheel using a key horse or horses in different , but not all possible , exotic wagering combinations . see wheel .\nstate - bred a horse bred in a particular state and thus eligible to compete in races restricted to state - breds .\nswayback horse with a prominent concave shape of the backbone , usually just behind the withers ( saddle area ) . scoliosis .\nin sum , you might say we were born to run . but you also might just as well say we ran to be born . come to think of it , that would make a seriously good motto for the wales marathon .\nin only his second run over hurdles after an impressive debut at kempton , the 13 - 2 chance , ridden by daryl jacob , ran out an impressive two - and - a - quarter - length winner from the irish filly unaccompanied .\nadded weight a horse carrying more weight than the conditions of the race require , usually because the jockey exceeds the stated limit .\ncast a horse , positioned on its side or back , and wedged against a wall , such that it cannot get up .\nmaiden 1 ) a horse or rider that has not won a race . 2 ) a female that has never been bred .\nrefuse 1 ) when a horse will not break from the gate . 2 ) in jumping races , balking at a jump .\nstripe a white marking running down a horse ' s face , starting under an imaginary line connecting the tops of the eyes .\nthe big horses were all there and he had to get through them , and he did . it was a wonderful ride . it was a great race because all the horses have run great races - there ' s no disputing it .\nopen knee a condition of young horses in which the physis of the knee has not closed ; an immature knee . often used to describe the status of the physis immediately above the knee and is an indicator of long bone growth in two - year - olds .\nflank area between the horse ' s ribs and hip . lacking heavy musculature and the site of important internal organs , the flank is a very sensitive region on the horse ' s body and cannot be touched by a jockey ' s whip during a race .\ntwitch a restraining device usually consisting of a stick with a loop of rope or chain at one end , which is placed around a horse ' s upper lip and twisted , releasing endorphins that relax a horse and curb its fractiousness while it is being handled .\nbut , despite their successful association , some believe a professional with more experience should be on board the nicky henderson - trained horse .\nit is information that is known by those who work closely with the horse such as an owner , trainer , rider , stable employee or their service providers . service providers are people like vets , farriers and feedmen that have provided services to do with the horse .\newios , who work in teams , are responsible for the security of the stable yard and the monitoring horse welfare at race meetings .\nacross the board a bet on a horse to win , place and show . if the horse wins , the player collects three ways ; if second , two ways ; and if third , one way , losing the win and place bets . actually three wagers .\nblack a horse color which is black , including the muzzle , flanks , mane , tail and legs unless white markings are present .\ngroom a person who cares for a horse in a stable . known as a\nlad\nor\ngirl\nin britain .\nneck unit of measurement . about the length of a horse ' s neck ; a little less than a quarter of a length .\nrattle used in the expression ,\nhe likes to hear his feet rattle ,\na horse that likes a firm turf course .\nwe ' ll know more in a week ,\nsaid clive smith , his owner , acknowledging at least the possibility that the first horse to regain the gold cup title has run his last race . if any damage is found , smith added , they could\ncall it a day\n. paul nicholls , his trainer , favours perseverance and will argue for one more adventure .\nthe decision was made to retire the son of cadoudal after he finished fifth in a hunter chase at carlise on sunday ( 20 march ) . it was his comeback run after sustaining an injury on his way back from racing in france in may 2014 .\ngirth 1 ) an elastic and leather band , sometimes covered with sheepskin , that passes under a horse ' s belly and is connected to both sides of the saddle . 2 ) deepest point of the horse ' s midsection , around which the saddle girth is tightened .\nowners and trainers love their horses and have invested huge amounts of time and care into looking after and training them . the last thing they want is to have to put down a horse . but horses have far more complex physiology than humans , and a broken leg can often cause damage to blood vessels and other tissue . because horses can not stay off their feet for long periods , broken bones do not have a chance to heal , and so often sadly the kindest way to help a horse with a broken limb is to put it down .\nwhen he got there he saw the crowd and he wanted to stop and have a look . what a horse he is .\na trainer or member of their stable staff may sign in the owner of their horse and escort them in and out of the stables .\ncribber a horse that clings to objects with its teeth and sucks air into its stomach . also known as a\nwind sucker .\nforelock lock of mane hair that falls forward from the poll ( top of the head ) to just above the horse ' s eyes .\nunder wraps horse under stout restraint in a race or workout to keep it from pulling away from the competition by too large a margin .\n99 . 58 % of runners in british racing complete their race without incurring any long - term injury . over the last twenty years , concerted efforts across the sport has seen an already low equine fatality rate drop by a further third , to just 0 . 18 % of runners .\nclaiming process by which a licensed person may purchase a horse entered in a designated race for a predetermined price . when a horse has been claimed , its new owner assumes title after the starting gate opens although the former owner is entitled to all purse money earned in that race .\noff - track betting wagering at legalized betting outlets usually run by the tracks , management companies specializing in parimutuel wagering , or , in new york state , by independent corporations chartered by the state . wagers at otb sites are usually commingled with on - track betting pools .\nracecourses employ experienced veterinary surgeons and have state - of - the - art horse ambulances available to ensure the very best treatment of any injury .\ndistanced horse so far behind the rest of the field of runners that it is out of contact and unable to regain a position of contention .\nrank a horse that refuses to settle under a jockey ' s handling in a race , running in a headstrong manner without respect to pace .\nwashed out a horse that becomes so nervous that it sweats profusely . also known as\nwashy\nor\nlathered ( up ) .\nif a horse does have to be put down , it is done in a quick and painless way , by a trained veterinary surgeon . the usual method is by injection , but the vets will decide on the most appropriate course of action for the horse based on its specific circumstances . any decision is taken by a team of veterinary surgeons ; where appropriate this will be done in consultation with the owners and trainer of a horse .\njumps in horse racing are designed , first and foremost , to be as safe as possible , and allow horses to show off their natural athleticism . there are lots of ways that jumps are designed to pose a challenge to the horse and jockey , but at the same time minimise risk .\nclaiming race a race in which each horse entered is eligible to be purchased at a set price . claims must be made before the race and only by licensed owners or their agents who have a horse registered to race at that meeting or who have received a claim certificate from the stewards .\ntongue tie strip of cloth - type material used to stabilize a horse ' s tongue to prevent it from\nchoking down\nin a race or workout or to keep the tongue from sliding up over the bit , rendering the horse uncontrollable . also known as a\ntongue strap .\n\u201cit is a difficult balance for the stewards . you have to have the horse\u2019s welfare in your mind as well as riding for all your worth .\nalso - eligible a horse officially entered for a race , but not permitted to start unless the field is reduced by scratches below a specified number .\ndosage index ( di ) a mathematical reduction of the dosage profile to a number reflecting a horse ' s potential for speed or stamina . the higher the number , the more likely the horse is suited to be a sprinter . the average dosage index of all horses is about 4 . 0 .\nas races are shorter on the flat , it\u2019s important that the participants begin in as straight a line as possible . for longer races ( and that includes some long flat races as well as all jump races ) , riders often want to take up a tactical position that they believe offers their horse its best chance to perform well . for some , that might mean going out in front , whilst for others it might mean taking a lead from another horse or dropping in at the back of the field . the ground would often be too soft to move the stalls around on at a jumps meeting .\nelite human runners , however , can sustain speeds up to 6 . 5 meters per second . even run - of - the - mill joggers typically do between 3 . 2 and 4 . 2 meters per second , which means they can outrun dogs at distances greater than two kilometers .\nthe cardinals running back proved that yet again monday night . against the jets , johnson got the scoring started with a 58 - yard touchdown run . he showed great patience in allowing the play to develop before he hit full speed and then proceeded to dance his way around the entire defense .\nall racecourses appoint specialist equine veterinary surgeons ( racecourse veterinary surgeons ) who attend each race meeting to provide immediate first aid and veterinary treatment to any horse .\nfontana safety rail an aluminum rail , in use since 1981 , designed to help reduce injuries to horse and rider . it has more of an offset ( slant ) to provide greater clearance between the rail and the vertical posts as well as a protective cover to keep horse and rider from striking the posts .\nnod lowering of head . to win by a nod , a horse extends its head with its nose touching the finish line ahead of a close competitor .\ntightener 1 ) a race used to give a horse a level of fitness that cannot be obtained through morning exercises alone . 2 ) a leg brace .\ntop line 1 ) a thoroughbred ' s breeding on its sire ' s side . 2 ) the visual line presented by the horse ' s back .\npony any horse or pony that leads the parade of the field from paddock to starting gate . also , a horse or pony which accompanies a starter to the starting gate . also can be used as a verb he was ponied to the gate . also known as a\nlead [ leed ] pony .\ncooling out restoring a horse to normal temperature , usually by walking , after it has become overheated during exercise . all horses that are exercised are cooled out .\nentire an ungelded horse . in europe , where geldings are not permitted to enter certain races , the race conditions might read\nentire colts and fillies .\nhandily 1 ) working in the morning with maximum effort . compare with , 2 ) a horse racing well within itself , with little exertion from the jockey .\nas it is important to complete any course of antibiotics to help prevent resistance developing within the bacteria we would not wish for a trainer to stop giving a course of antibiotics prescribed by a vet in order for the horse to be eligible to run in the future . we are confident that antibiotics do not improve performance on raceday . more details on detection of anti - infective drugs can in the bha notices section of the rules website and there are specific notices on :"]}
{"id": 2032, "summary": [{"text": "eophrynidae is a family of the extinct arachnid order trigonotarbida .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "eophrynids lived during the carboniferous period in what is now modern europe and north america.the family is probably found within the ' eophrynid assemblage ' clade ; ( aphantomartus ( alkenia ( pseudokreischeria ( kreischeria ( eophrynus + pleophrynus ) ) ) ) ) . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "eophrynidae", "paragraphs": ["1930 ) wird erneut beschrieben und als der \u00e4lteste bekannte vertreter der eophrynidae zur familie der eophrynidae gestellt . dies legt nahe , da\u00df die trigonotarbiden sich bereits w\u00e4hrend des unterkarbons in die aus dem oberkarbon bekannten familien aufgespalten hatten .\neophrynidae is a family of the extinct arachnid order trigonotarbida . eophrynids lived during the carboniferous period in what is now modern europe and north america .\n1930 ) , is redescribed and referred to the family eophrynidae as the oldest known eophrynid . it suggests that trigonotarbids had diversified into the recognised upper carboniferous families by the lower carboniferous .\nthis page is based on the copyrighted wikipedia article eophrynidae ; it is used under the creative commons attribution - sharealike 3 . 0 unported license ( cc - by - sa ) . you may redistribute it , verbatim or modified , providing that you comply with the terms of the cc - by - sa\na new eophrynid trigonotarbid ( arachnida : trigonotarbida : eophrynidae ) from the pennsylvanian ( kasimovian ) astrasado formation of the kinney brick quarry , new mexico is described . this fossil \u2013 the first arachnid to be recorded from the astrasado formation \u2013 is preserved primarily as a dorsal opisthosoma . pleophrynus hawesi sp . nov . diagnostically preserves evidence for three pairs of posterior opisthosomal spines rather than the two usually seen in other eophrynids . a comparison of opisthosomal tuberculation patterns among the best known eophrynid species is included . at ca . 304 . 0\u2013306 . 5 ma , our new taxon represents one of the youngest records of eophrynidae , while the kinney brick quarry is only the twelfth site in north america to yield trigonotarbid arachnids ; compared to more than 60 such localities in europe .\ncopyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved\nenter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\nfull reference : f . karsch . 1882 . ueber ein neues spinnenthier aus der schlesischen steinkohle und die arachniden der steinkohlen - formation \u00fcberhaupt . zeitschrift der deutschen geologischen gesellschaft 34 : 556 - 561\nparent taxon : trigonotarbida according to j . a . dunlop et al . 2013\nsee also brauckmann et al . 2003 , haase 1890 , petrunkevitch 1945 and petrunkevitch 1949\nthese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors . this process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves .\n( eds . ) paleotectonic investigations of the mississippian system in the united states part 1 : introduction and regional analyses of the mississippian system . - u . s . geological survey professional paper 1010 - c : 13\u201348 , washington .\n1994a . palaeobiology of the trigonotarbid arachnids . - unpublished ph . d . thesis , university of manchester .\n\u2014 1994b . the palaeobiology of the writhlington trigonotarbid arachnid . - proceedings of the geologists\u2019 association\n\u2014 1995 . a redescription of two eophrynids ( arachnida : trigonotarbida ) from the coal measures of ostrava , czech republic . - neues jahrbuch f\u00fcr geologie und pal\u00e4ontologie , monatshefte 1995 : 449\u2013461 , stuttgart .\n1990 . land animals in the silurian : arachnids and myriapods from shropshire , england . - science\n1913 . a monograph of the terrestrial palaeozoic arachnida of north america . - transactions of the connecticut academy of arts and science\n\u2014 1953 . paleozoic and mesozoic arachnida of europe . - memoirs of the geological society of america\n( ed . ) treatise on invertebrate paleontology , pt . p , arthropoda 2 , chelicerata : 42\u2013162 , geological society of america and university of kansas press ( lawrence / kansas ) .\n1924 . beitrag zur geologie des steinkohlengebiets im s\u00fcdharz . - jahrbuch des halleschen verbands f\u00fcr die erforschung der mitteldeutschen bodensch\u00e4tze und ihrer verwertung\npocock ( basal stephanian ; prov . le\u00f3n , n . w . spain ) , with remarks on aphantomartid taxonomy . - boletin geol\u00f3gico y minero de espa\u00f1a\n1987 . new terrestrial arachnids from the devonian of gilboa , new york ( arachnida , trigonotarbida ) . - american museum novitates :\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nhallan , j . ( 2000 - current ) . biology catalog . web compilation accessible at urltoken ( accessed june 2012 ) .\njavascript is disabled for your browser . some features of this site may not work without it .\nthe university of kansas prohibits discrimination on the basis of race , color , ethnicity , religion , sex , national origin , age , ancestry , disability , status as a veteran , sexual orientation , marital status , parental status , gender identity , gender expression and genetic information in the university\u2019s programs and activities . the following person has been designated to handle inquiries regarding the non - discrimination policies : director of the office of institutional opportunity and access , ioa @ urltoken , 1246 w . campus road , room 153a , lawrence , ks , 66045 , ( 785 ) 864 - 6414 , 711 tty .\nhasse , e . 1890 . beitr\u00e4ge zur kenntnis der fossilen arachniden . zeitschrift der deutschen geologischen gesellschaft , 42 : 629 - 657 .\nlua error in package . lua at line 80 : module ' module : buffer ' not found .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 / / en\nurltoken\nget cash back by selling your textbooks through alibris . our program is as easy as 1 - 2 - 3 and offers super competitive prices .\nas one of the premier rare book sites on the internet , alibris has thousands of rare books , first editions , and signed books available .\nwith one of the largest book inventories in the world , find the book you are looking for . to help , we provided some of our favorites .\nwith an active marketplace of over 175 million items , use the alibris advanced search page to find any item you are looking for .\nthrough the advanced search page , you can find items by searching specific terms such as title , author , subject , isbn , etc or you can narrow your focus using our amazing set of criteria parameters .\nlike classical music ? so does alibris . see one of the largest collections of classical music around .\nthrough the advanced search , you can find items by searching specific terms such as title , artist , song title , genre , etc or you can narrow your focus using our amazing set of criteria parameters .\nthrough the advanced search , you can find items by searching specific terms such as title , director , actor , genre , etc or you can narrow your focus using our amazing set of criteria parameters .\nmillions of books available with some of the lowest prices you will find online .\nfind the items displaying the free shipping icon . add $ 39 + into your cart and your items ship for free !\nget exclusive access to all of our latest deals and coupons . changes daily .\ncome back each month to discover new genres and titles through the alibris seasonal guide .\nby signing up you enjoy subscriber - only access to the latest news , personalized book picks and special offers , delivered right to your inbox .\nhephaestus books represents a new publishing paradigm , allowing disparate content sources to be curated into cohesive , relevant , and informative books . to date , this content has been curated from wikipedia articles and images under creative commons licensing , although as hephaestus books continues to increase in scope and dimension , more licensed and public domain content is being added . we believe books such as this represent a new and exciting lexicon in the sharing of human knowledge . this particular book contains . . . read more\nhephaestus books represents a new publishing paradigm , allowing disparate content sources to be curated into cohesive , relevant , and informative books . to date , this content has been curated from wikipedia articles and images under creative commons licensing , although as hephaestus books continues to increase in scope and dimension , more licensed and public domain content is being added . we believe books such as this represent a new and exciting lexicon in the sharing of human knowledge . this particular book contains chapters focused on prehistoric arachnids , and trigonotarbids . read less\ncurrently there are no copies available . however , our inventory changes frequently . please check back soon or try\narticles on 20th - century explorers , including : jacques cousteau , richard evelyn byrd , thomas gann , f . a . mitchell - hedges , teoberto maler , william healey dall , edward herbert thompson , ernesto s nchez la cruz , theos casimir bernard\nterms of use | privacy policy | recommendations by simularity | copyright \u00a9 1998 - 2018 alibris . all rights reserved .\nalibris , the alibris logo , and urltoken are registered trademarks of alibris , inc .\ncopyright in bibliographic data and cover images is held by nielsen book services limited , baker & taylor , inc . , or by their respective licensors , or by the publishers , or by their respective licensors . for personal use only . all rights reserved . all rights in images of books or other publications are reserved by the original copyright holders ."]}
{"id": 2036, "summary": [{"text": "nassarius oneratus , common name the loaded nassa , is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family nassariidae , the nassa mud snails or dog whelks . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "nassarius oneratus", "paragraphs": ["what type of species is nassarius oneratus ? below , you will find the taxonomic groups the nassarius oneratus species belongs to .\nwhich photographers have photos of nassarius oneratus species ? below , you will find the list of underwater photographers and their photos of the marine species nassarius oneratus .\nhow to identify nassarius oneratus marine species ? below , you will find the list of main identification criteria and physical characteristics of marine species nassarius oneratus . for each identification criteria , the corresponding physical characteristics of marine species nassarius oneratus are marked in green .\nwhere is nassarius oneratus found in the world ? below , you will find the list and a world map of the geographic distribution where the marine species nassarius oneratus can be found .\nnassariidae \u00bb nassarius oneratus , id : 213396 , shell detail \u00ab shell encyclopedia , conchology , inc .\nnassarius plicatellus adams : synonym of nassarius niveus ( a . adams , 1852 )\nnassarius weyersi craven : synonym of nassarius pumilio ( e . a . smith , 1872 )\nnassarius ( nassodonta ) h . adams , 1867 : alternate representation of nassarius dum\u00e9ril , 1805\nnassarius ( tritia ) a . adams , 1853 : synonym of nassarius ( hinia ) gray , 1847 ( alternate representation of nassarius dum\u00e9ril , 1805 )\nnassarius monile ( kiener , 1834 ) : synonym of nassarius distortus ( a . adams , 1852 )\nnassarius fenestratus ( marratt , 1877 ) : synonym of nassarius albescens gemmuliferus ( a . adams , 1852 )\nnassarius gemmuliferus a . adams , 1852 : synonym of nassarius albescens gemmuliferus ( a . adams , 1852 )\nnassarius ( cryptonassarius ) watson , r . b . , 1882 : alternate representation of nassarius dum\u00e9ril , 1805\nnassarius ( hima ) gray , 1852 ex leach , ms . : alternate representation of nassarius dum\u00e9ril , 1805\nnassarius ( naytia ) h . adams & a . adams 1853 : alternate representation of nassarius dum\u00e9ril , 1805\nnassarius ( reticunassa ) iredale , 1936 : synonym of nassarius ( hima ) gray , 1852 ex leach , ms . alternate representation of nassarius dum\u00e9ril , 1805 )\nnassarius ( mirua ) marwick , 1931 : synonym of nassarius ( hima ) gray , 1852 ex leach , ms . ( alternate representation of nassarius dum\u00e9ril , 1805 )\nnassarius ( caesia ) h . adams & a . adams , 1853 : alternate representation of nassarius dum\u00e9ril , 1805\nnassarius ( niotha ) h . adams & a . adams , 1853 : alternate representation of nassarius dum\u00e9ril , 1805\nnassarius ( phrontis ) h . adams & a . adams , 1853 : alternate representation of nassarius dum\u00e9ril , 1805\nnassarius ( telasco ) h . adams & a . adams , 1853 : alternate representation of nassarius dum\u00e9ril , 1805\nnassarius ( uzita ) h . adams & a . adams , 1853 : alternate representation of nassarius dum\u00e9ril , 1805\nnassarius ( zeuxis ) h . adams & a . adams , 1853 : alternate representation of nassarius dum\u00e9ril , 1805\nnassarius ( austronassaria ) c . laseron & j . laseron , 1956 : synonym of nassarius ( plicarcularia ) thiele , 1929 ( alternate representation of nassarius dum\u00e9ril , 1805 )\nnassarius ( bathynassa ) ladd , 1976 : synonym of nassarius ( zeuxis ) h . adams & a . adams , 1853 ( alternate representation of nassarius dum\u00e9ril , 1805 )\nnassarius ( demondia ) addicott , 1956 : synonym of nassarius ( caesia ) h . adams & a . adams , 1853 ( alternate representation of nassarius dum\u00e9ril , 1805 )\nnassarius ( glabrinassa ) shuto , 1969 : synonym of nassarius ( zeuxis ) h . adams & a . adams , 1853 ( alternate representation of nassarius dum\u00e9ril , 1805 )\nnassarius ( schizopyga ) conrad , 1856 : synonym of nassarius ( caesia ) h . adams & a . adams , 1853 ( alternate representation of nassarius dum\u00e9ril , 1805 )\nnassarius ( tarazeuxis ) iredale , 1936 : synonym of nassarius ( telasco ) h . adams & a . adams , 1853 ( alternate representation of nassarius dum\u00e9ril , 1805 )\nnassarius ( tavanothia ) iredale , 1936 : synonym of nassarius ( niotha ) h . adams & a . adams , 1853 ( alternate representation of nassarius dum\u00e9ril , 1805 )\nnassarius ( usita ) noszky , 1936 : synonym of nassarius ( uzita ) h . adams & a . adams , 1853 ( alternate representation of nassarius dum\u00e9ril , 1805 )\nnassarius ( venassa ) martens , 1881 : synonym of nassarius ( zeuxis ) h . adams & a . adams , 1853 ( alternate representation of nassarius dum\u00e9ril , 1805 )\nnassarius unicolor kiener , l . c . , 1834 : synonym of nassarius micans ( a . adams , 1852 )\nnassarius ( tritonella ) a . adams , 1852 : synonym of nassarius ( hima ) gray , 1852 ex leach , ms . ( alternate representation of nassarius dum\u00e9ril , 1805 )\nnassarius ( amycla ) h . adams & a . adams , 1853 : synonym of nassarius ( gussonea ) monterosato , 1912\n( of nassarius ( plicarcularia ) oneratus ( deshayes , 1863 ) ) cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]\nnassarius ( zaphon ) h . adams & a . adams , 1853 : synonym of nassarius ( caesia ) h . adams & a . adams , 1853 ( alternate representation of nassarius dum\u00e9ril , 1805 )\n( of nassarius ( plicarcularia ) oneratus ( deshayes , 1863 ) ) tsuchiya k . ( 2017 ) . family nassariidae . pp . 910 - 917 , in : t . okutani ( ed . ) , marine mollusks in japan , ed . 2 . 2 vols . tokai university press . 1375 pp . [ details ]\nnassa tegula reeve , 1853 : synonym of nassarius striatus ( c . b . adams , 1852 )\nnassa miser ( dall , 1908 ) : synonym of nassarius coppingeri ( e . a . smith , 1881 )\nnassarius ( polinices , nassarius ) is prey of : pagurus cancer myoxocephalus tautogolabrus pseudopleuronectes asterias based on studies in : usa : massachusetts , cape ann ( littoral , mudflat ) this list may not be complete but is based on published studies .\nnassarius ( polinices , nassarius ) preys on : solemya ensis macoma mya gemma onoba littorina littorea based on studies in : usa : massachusetts , cape ann ( littoral , mudflat ) this list may not be complete but is based on published studies .\nthe shells of various species of nassarius are popular with shell collectors , and are sometimes used in jewelry and other forms of decoration .\nnassarius vibex is a species which is often selected for marine aquaria . it is often confused with nassarius obsoletus , a cooler water snail less suited to tropical marine aquarium temperatures . in aquaria , the nassarius is considered nearly indispensable for keeping sand beds clean and healthy , as these snails tend to burrow and plow through the upper layer in a conch - like fashion , keeping algae and detritus from building up visibly on the surface .\nnassarius oneratus seems to prefer relatively shallow water on both eastern and western seaward reefs , but can also be found on some lagoon pinnacles . on the seaward reef , it often lives buried under thin layers of sand over hard reef up on the flat in shallow water . on the intertidal , reasonably fresh - looking shells inhabited by hermit crabs are common in some places , but we have not seen living animals in those areas . it is possible that shells living on the shallow seaward reefs are regularly tossed up on the reefs , where they are taken over by hermits . maximum size we have seen is 15 . 2mm .\nnassa lamarck , 1799 : established for the species buccinum mutabile linnaeus , 1758 , which is now classified as a synonym of nassarius dum\u00e9ril , 1805 in the family nassariidae .\naccording to van regteren altena et al . ( 1965 ) and van aartsen et al . ( 1984 ) hinia gray , 1847 is considered as a subgenus of nassarius dum\u00e9ril , 1806 .\nthe name is derived from the latin word\nnassa\n, meaning a wickerbasket with a narrow neck , for catching fish . nassarius would then mean\nsomeone who uses such a wickerbasket for catching fish\n.\nmost nassarius species are very active scavengers , feeding on crabs and carrion as dead fish , etc . they often burrow into marine substrates and then wait with only their siphon protruding , until they smell nearby food .\nr . n . kilburn .\ndescription of new species of phos and nassarius from south - eastern africa ( mollusca : gastropoda : buccinidae , nassariidae\n. pietermaritzburg , natal museum in : annals of the natal museum . - vol 41 ( december , 2000 ) , pp . 203 - 208\nr . n . kilburn .\ntaxonomic notes on south african marine mollusca : 2 : with the description of new species and subspecies of conus , nassarius , vexillum and demoulia\nin : annals of the natal museum . - vol 21 , 2 ( 1972 ) , pp . 391 - 437\nbouchet , p . ; gofas , s . ( 2010 ) . nassarius dum\u00e9ril , 1806 . in : bouchet , p . ; gofas , s . ; rosenberg , g . ( 2010 ) world marine mollusca database . accessed through : world register of marine species at urltoken on 2010 - 11 - 30\nnassarius - species dictionary - global : ispot nature - your place to share nature . ispot is a website aimed at helping anyone identify anything in nature . once you ' ve registered , you can add an observation to the website and suggest an identification yourself or see if anyone else can identify it for you .\nhaitao li ( \u674e\u6d77\u6d9b ) , duan lin ( \u6797\u7aef ) , hongda fang ( \u65b9\u5b8f\u8fbe ) , aijia zhu ( \u6731\u827e\u5609 ) and yang gao ( \u9ad8\u9633 ) , species identification and phylogenetic analysis of genus nassarius ( nassariidae ) based on mitochondrial genes , chinese journal of oceanology and limnology , volume 28 , number 3 / may , 2010 , pp . 565 - 572 , doi 10 . 1007 / s00343 - 010 - 9031 - 4\n( of nassa obliqua hombron & jacquinot , 1848 ) hombron , j . b . & jacquinot , h . ( 1848 ) atlas d\u2019histoire naturelle . zoologie par mm . hombron et jacquinot , chirurgiens de l\u2019exp\u00e9dition . in : voyage au pole sud et dans l\u2019oc\u00e9anie sur les corvettes l\u2019astrolabe et la z\u00e9l\u00e9e ex\u00e9cut\u00e9 par ordre du roi pendant les ann\u00e9es 1837 - 1838 - 1839 - 1840 sous le commandement de m . dumont - d\u2019urville capitaine de vaisseau publi\u00e9 sous les auspices du d\u00e9partement de la marine et sous la direction sup\u00e9rieure de m . jacquinot , capitaine de vaisseau , commandant de la z\u00e9l\u00e9e . 26\u00e8me livraison : pls 17 , 21 , 23 , 24 , 25 . page ( s ) : pl . 21 figs 43 - 44 [ details ]\ndrivas , j . ; jay , m . ( 1987 ) . coquillages de la r\u00e9union et de l ' \u00eele maurice . collection les beaut\u00e9s de la nature . delachaux et niestl\u00e9 : neuch\u00e2tel . isbn 2 - 603 - 00654 - 1 . 159 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\ncernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]\nmarais j . p . & kilburn r . n . ( 2010 ) nassariidae . pp . 138 - 173 , in : marais a . p . & seccombe a . d . ( eds ) , identification guide to the seashells of south africa . volume 1 . groenkloof : centre for molluscan studies . 376 pp . [ details ]\n( of nassa obliqua pease , 1865 ) cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]\n( of nassa obliqua hombron & jacquinot , 1848 ) cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]\n( of nassa onerata deshayes , 1863 ) cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]\n( of nassa onerato [ sic ] ) cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]\ntsuchiya k . ( 2017 ) . family nassariidae . pp . 910 - 917 , in : t . okutani ( ed . ) , marine mollusks in japan , ed . 2 . 2 vols . tokai university press . 1375 pp . [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthe star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :\nwe want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only , as we handle very few foreign shells in general . as time goes , the system will become more and more performant .\nenter your email address and we will send you an email with your username and password .\ne - mail jecilia sisican if you do not receive your email with your username and password .\nguam . baracuda rock . in sand , at 45 ft deep . ex - coll . a . arthur . june 1985 .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 0 . 001 seconds . )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nversion 43 . 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed . my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .\n( deshayes , g . p . in maillard , l . , 1863 )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndepth range based on 3605 specimens in 218 taxa . water temperature and chemistry ranges based on 1024 samples . environmental ranges depth range ( m ) : 0 - 80000 temperature range ( \u00b0c ) : 4 . 888 - 28 . 540 nitrate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 033 - 33 . 876 salinity ( pps ) : 18 . 065 - 38 . 201 oxygen ( ml / l ) : 0 . 907 - 6 . 964 phosphate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 063 - 2 . 633 silicate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 380 - 83 . 712 graphical representation depth range ( m ) : 0 - 80000 temperature range ( \u00b0c ) : 4 . 888 - 28 . 540 nitrate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 033 - 33 . 876 salinity ( pps ) : 18 . 065 - 38 . 201 oxygen ( ml / l ) : 0 . 907 - 6 . 964 phosphate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 063 - 2 . 633 silicate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 380 - 83 . 712 note : this information has not been validated . check this * note * . your feedback is most welcome .\nr . w . dexter , the marine communities of a tidal inlet at cape ann , massachusetts : a study in bio - ecology , ecol . monogr . 17 : 263 - 294 , from p . 284 ( 1947 ) .\nthe following is a representative barcode sequence , the centroid of all available sequences for this species . no available public dna sequences . download fasta file\nspecies within this genus are found worldwide . these snails usually live on mud flats or sand flats , intertidally or subtidally .\nthe shells of species in this genus have a relatively high cyrtoconoid ( approaching a conical shape but with convex sides ) spire and a siphonal notch .\nis believed to be 90 , 000 years old . a further group of pierced shells , some with red\n) . these beads had previously been thought to be the oldest examples of jewelry .\n. however , this division is difficult to define , resulting in much confusion . even\nshows that the division into these subgenera appears to be uncertain and unreliable . there seem to be two groups within the genus\n. in the end , the molecular phylogeny did not match the previous morphological phylogeny .\n, most of which have become synonyms . the following species are accepted names according to the\nbouzouggar , a . , barton , n . , vanhaeren , m . , d ' errico , f . , collcutt , s . , higham , t . , hodge , e . , parfitt , s . , rhodes , e . , schwenninger , j . - l . , stringer , c . , turner , e . , ward , s . , moutmir , a . and stambouli , a . 2007 .\n82 , 000 - year - old shell beads from north africa and implications for the origins of modern human behavior\nproceedings of the national academy of sciences , june 4 , 2007 ; urltoken\ncernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356\nbernard , p . a . ( ed . ) ( 1984 ) . coquillages du gabon [ shells of gabon ] . pierre a . bernard : libreville , gabon . 140 , 75 plates pp\nkay c . vaught ( 1989 ) . classification of the living mollusca . isbn 978 - 0 - 915826 - 22 - 3 .\nwolff , w . j . ; duiven , p . ; esselink , p . ; gueve , a . ( 1993 ) . biomass of macrobenthic tidal flat fauna of the banc d ' arguin , mauritania . hydrobiologia 258 ( 1 - 3 ) : 151 - 163\nnassa r\u00f6ding , 1798 for mainly muricid species with the type species : nassa picta r\u00f6ding , 1798 ( = nassa serta ( brugui\u00e8re , 1798 ) .\nnassa r\u00f6ding , 1798 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 24 february 2011 .\nnassa francolina ( brugui\u00e8re , 1789 ) . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 25 april 2010 .\nnassa serta ( brugui\u00e8re , 1789 ) . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 25 april 2010 .\nnassa situla ( reeve , 1846 ) . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 25 april 2010 .\nnassa tuamotuensis houart , 1996 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 25 april 2010 .\nnassa kraussiana dunker . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 25 april 2010 .\nnassa lathraia . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 25 april 2010 .\nnassa munda . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 25 april 2010 .\nnassa obockensis . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 25 april 2010 .\nnassa optima sowerby , 1903 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 25 april 2010 .\nnassa pulla ( linnaeus , 1758 ) . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 25 april 2010 .\nnassa steindachneri . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 25 april 2010 .\nnassa stiphra . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 25 april 2010 .\nnassa xesta . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 25 april 2010 .\nhouart r . ( 1996 ) the genus nassa r\u00f6ding 1798 in the indo - west pacific ( gastropoda : prosobranchia : muricidae : rapaninae ) . archiv f\u00fcr molluskenkunde 126 ( 1 - 2 ) : 51 - 63\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nb . wilson , c . wilson , p . baker ( 1994 ) .\naustralian marine shells : prosobranch gastropods : part 2 ( neogastropods )\n. kallaroo , odyssey publishing , 370 p .\ndavid freeman .\nbullia species in south africa\nin : the strandloper . - n\u00ba 214 ( 1985 ) , pp . 5 - 7 , 12\nphilippe bouchet , jean - pierre rocroi ( 2005 ) .\nclassification and nomenclator of gastropod families\n. hackenheim , conchbooks ; malacologia\nr . tucker abbott , s . peter dance ( 1986 ) .\ncompendium of seashells : color guide to more than 4 , 200 of the world ' s marine shells\n. melbourne , fl , usa , american malacologists inc . , 411 p .\nalain robin ( 2008 ) .\nencyclopedia of marine gastropods\n. hackenheim , germany , xenophora , conchbooks , 480 p .\nr . n . kilburn .\nfour new bullia species ( mollusca gastropoda nassariidae ) from kenya and mozambique\nin : annals of the natal museum . - vol 23 , 2 ( october 1978 ) , pp . 297 - 303\ntakashi okutani ( ed . ) ( 2000 ) .\nmarine mollusks in japan\n. tokyo , tokay university press , 1173 p . ; illustrated ;\nsteyn , douw g . , lussi , markus ( 2005 ) .\noffshore shells of southern africa : pictorial guide to more than 750 gastropods\n. [ s . l . ] , douw g . steyn & markus lussi , 289 p\nguido t . poppe ( 2008 ) .\nphilippine marine mollusks : volume 2 : gastropoda part 2\n. hackenheim , germany , conchbooks , 848 p .\nrichard kilburn , elizabeth rippey ( 1982 ) .\nsea shells of southern africa\n. johannesburg , macmillan south africa , xi + 249 p .\ncarlos leobrera , f . m . leobrera ( eds . ) ; f . j . springsteen ( scientific researcher ) ; neal oshima ( photographer ) ( 1986 ) .\nshells of the philippines\n. manila , carfel seashell museum , 377 p\nworld register of marine species .\nworms : world register of marine species\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n, select family and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in sealifebase for the family .\n, select country and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in sealifebase for the country .\n, select ecosystem and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in sealifebase for the ecosystem .\ncfm script by , 30 . 11 . 04 , , php script by , 05 / 11 / 2010 , last modified by kbanasihan , 06 / 28 / 2010\nthis species occurs in the red sea and in the indian ocean off madagascar and in the central pacific ocean ."]}
{"id": 2037, "summary": [{"text": "sicydium is a genus of gobies native to fast-flowing streams and rivers of the americas ( central america , mexico , cocos island , the caribbean , colombia , ecuador and venezuela ) with a couple species native to middle africa . ", "topic": 13}], "title": "sicydium", "paragraphs": ["katja schulz added an association between\nsicydium caguitae evermann & marsh . 1902 . gobiidae ; sicydium .\nand\nsicydium plumieri ( bloch , 1786 )\n.\ncyndy parr set\nsicydium caguitae p05460 illustration\nas an exemplar on\nsicydium plumieri ( bloch , 1786 )\n.\ncyndy parr marked\nn354 _ w1150\nas trusted on the\nsicydium plumieri\npage .\nnotes on the biology of the gobiid fish sicydium plumieri in puer . . . : ingenta connect\nthe genus sicydium is in the family cucurbitaceae in the major group angiosperms ( flowering plants ) .\nthe artisanal fishery industry in the caribbean for sicydium species is widespread and often intense ( bell et al . 1995 ) .\nthe plant list includes 14 scientific plant names of species rank for the genus sicydium . of these 8 are accepted species names .\nlyons , j . 2005 . distribution of sicydium valenciennes 1837 ( pisces : gobiidae ) in mexico and central america . hidrobiol\u00f3gica 15 : 239\u2013243 .\nbrock , v . e . 1942 . a new goby , sicydium fayae , from the tres marias islands , west coast of mexico . stanford ichthyological bulletin 2 ( 4 ) : 122\u2013125 .\nbussing , w . 1996 . sicydium adelum , a new species of gobiid fish ( pisces : gobiidae ) from atlantic slope streams of costa rica . revista de biologia tropical 44 : 819\u2013825 .\nthe artisanal fishery industry in the caribbean for sicydium species is widespread and often intense ( bell et al . 1995 ) . fishery declines in sicydium species have been reported in other regions ( bell et al . 1995 ) . the reason for these declines is not clear as no landing statistics are available . habitat degradation and over - exploitation have both been suggested as potential causes of these declines ( bell 1999 ) .\nchabarria , r . e . & f . pezold . 2013 . phylogeography and historical demography of sicydium salvini in the eastern pacific . ichthyological research 60 : 353\u2013362 . doi : 10 . 1007 / s10228 - 013 - 0363 - x\nwe report collections of several specimens of sicydium in 2013 and 2014 from the jubones and santa rosa rivers in southwestern ecuador . these collections substantially expand the known range of the genus southward . the specimens are tentatively identified as sicydium cf . rosenbergii based on their morphology . small differences in morphology among specimens from the two rivers are noted , as are discrepancies with the type description . a museum database search uncovered two additional records of the genus south of their previously recognized range including one record from northwestern peru .\nfievet , e . & b . le guennec . 1998 . migration de masse de sicydium spp . ( gobiidae ) dans les rivieres de guadeloupe : implications pour le schema hydraulique des mini - centrales hydroelectriques \u2018au fil de l\u2019eau\u2019 . cybium 22 : 293\u2013296 .\nthe plant list includes a further 1 scientific plant names of infraspecific rank for the genus sicydium . we do not intend the plant list to be complete for names of infraspecific rank . these are primarily included because names of species rank are synonyms of accepted infraspecific names .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n, select family and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the family .\n, select country and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the country .\n, select ecosystem and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the ecosystem .\ncfm script by eagbayani , 30 . 11 . 04 , , php script by cmilitante , 05 / 11 / 2010 , last modified by cmilitante , 14 / 03 / 2013\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nwestern atlantic species of this genus are in need of revision ( e . murdy pers . comm . 2009 , f . pezold pers . comm . 2010 ) .\njustification : this widely distributed , amphidromous species can be locally abundant where it occurs in rivers of coastal volcanic topography . it can recruit among streams of different islands due to its pelagic marine larvae . the subpopulation on dominica has suffered severe declines due to habitat degradation and overexploitation . these threats are not known to be impacting its global population , therefore , it is listed as least concern . improved management of its vulnerable habitat and exploited subpopulations is recommended .\nthis species has been recorded in the western atlantic in the antilles from jamaica to trinidad and tobago ( kullander 2003 ) , along the central american coast from honduras to panama ( murdy and hoese 2002 , matamoros et al . 2009 , tornabene and pezold pers . comm . 2011 ) , and along the south american coast from venezuela and in the coastal drainages of bahia state , brazil ( de lucena et al . 2013 ) .\nanguilla ; antigua and barbuda ; aruba ; barbados ; bonaire , sint eustatius and saba ; brazil ; colombia ( colombian caribbean is . ) ; costa rica ; cura\u00e7ao ; dominica ; dominican republic ; grenada ; guadeloupe ; haiti ; honduras ; jamaica ; martinique ; montserrat ; nicaragua ; panama ; puerto rico ; saint barth\u00e9lemy ; saint kitts and nevis ; saint lucia ; saint martin ( french part ) ; saint vincent and the grenadines ; sint maarten ( dutch part ) ; trinidad and tobago ; venezuela , bolivarian republic of ; virgin islands , british ; virgin islands , u . s .\nthis species has exhibited severe population declines in dominica ( bell pers . comm . ) . these declines have been attributed both to over - exploitation and habitat degradation / alteration ( bell 1999 ) . this species is prominent in puerto rican streams ( cook et al . 2009 , f . pezold pers . comm . 2011 ) .\nthis is a demersal amphidromous species found in rivers of coastal volcanic topography ( bell 1994 ) . adults spawn in rivers with coarse substrate , building nests under stones ( bell 1999 ) . it excavates nests below the gravel bottom . males provide most of the parental care . newly hatched larvae emerge from nests upon hatching and enter the river plankton . they migrate to the sea where they stay for 50 - 150 days before re - entering the rivers as postlarvae . this species feeds on filamentous algae and other soft vegetation .\nspp . , support fisheries based on return migrations of postlarvae ( fry ) to rivers . in dominica , larva of this species contribute > 95 % to the goby fry fishery ( bell 1999 ) .\nthere are no species - specific conservation measures . additional research is needed into the impact of habitat degradation and exploitation on this species .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nyou came across this error because the pageyou were trying to visit does not exist .\nwe ' ve recently redesigned the site so old links may not work . have a look at some of these changes .\nyou may want to update your bookmarks or try to find the updated information using the links below . if you are still unable to find the information you are looking for , please contact the webmaster using the information below .\nfaculties / academics - find links to all faculties , departments and other academic resources e . g . handbooks , prospectus\nmedia centre - find media relations information here eg . news releases , events and announcements information\nprogrammes - view the faculty booklets containing the programmes available at the st . augustine campus\nresearch & innovation - view the cutting - edge research being done at the st . augustine campus\ncopyright 2015 the university of the west indies st . augustine , trinidad and tobago\nour 7 faculties , professional schools offer more than 200 programs to some 15 , 000 graduate , undergraduate and continuing studies students .\nthe uwi , st . augustine ranks first in trinidad and tobago among accredited tertiary - level programmes .\nthe webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 license\nfroese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nresearch curator of fishes , north carolina state museum of natural sciences , research laboratory , 4301 reedy creek rd . , raleigh , nc , 27607 , usa\nbanks , r . c . , r . w . mcdiarmid , a . l . gardner , and w . c . starnes\nchecklist of vertebrates of the united states , the u . s . territories , and canada\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\naguirre , w . e . , v . r . shervette , r . navarrete , p . calle & s . agorastos . 2013 . morphological and genetic divergence of hoplias microlepis ( characiformes , erythrinidae ) in western ecuador . copeia 2013 ( 2 ) : 312\u2013323 . doi : 10 . 1643 / ci - 12 - 083\naguirre , w . e . , r . navarrete , p . calle & g . c . sanchez - garces . 2014 . first record of iotabrycon praecox roberts 1973 ( characidae ) in the santa rosa river , southwestern ecuador . checklist 10 : 382\u2013385 . doi : 10 . 15560 / 10 . 2 . 382\naguirre , w . e . , r . navarrete , g . malato , p . calle , m . k . loh , et al . 2016 . body shape variation and population genetic structure of rhoadsia altipinna ( characidae : rhoadsiinae ) in southwestern ecuador . copeia 104 : 554\u2013569 . doi : 10 . 1643 / cg - 15 - 289\nanderson , e . p . & j . a . maldonado - ocampo . 2010 . a regional perspective on the diversity and conservation of tropical andean fishes . conservation biology 25 : 30\u201339 . doi : 10 . 1111 / j . 1523 - 1739 . 2010 . 01568 . x\nbarnhill les , b . , e . l\u00f3pez le\u00f3n & a . les . 1974 . estudio sobre la biolog\u00eda de los peces del r\u00edo vinces . instituto nacional de pesca bolet\u00edn cient\u00edfico y t\u00e9cnico 3 ( 1 ) : 1\u201340 .\nbarriga , r . s . 2012 . lista de peces de agua dulce e intermareales del ecuador . revista polit\u00e9cnica 30 ( 3 ) : 83 - 119 .\nbell , k . n . i . 1999 . an overview of goby - fry fisheries . naga , the iclarm quarterly 22 : 30\u201336 .\nboulenger , g . a . 1899 . description of a new genus of gobioid fishes from the andes of ecuador . annals and magazine of natural history ( series 7 ) 4 ( 20 ) : 125\u2013126 .\nbussing , w . 1998 . peces de las aguas continentales de costa rica . san jose : editorial de la universidad de costa rica . 468 pp .\neigenmann , c . h . 1918 . eighteen new species of fishes from northwestern south america . proceedings of the american philosophical society 56 ( 7 ) : 673\u2013689 .\neschmeyer , w . n , . r . fricke , & r . van der laan ( eds ) . 2016 . catalog of fishes : genera , species , references . accessed at : urltoken 9 april 2016 .\nhubbs , c . l . , & k . f . lagler . 2004 . fishes of the great lakes region , revised edition . ann arbor : the university of michigan press . 276 pp .\njim\u00e9nez prado , p . , w . aguirre , e . laaz moncayo , r . navarrete amaya , f . nugra salazar , et al . 2015 . gu\u00eda de peces para aguas continentales en la vertiente occidental del ecuador . pontificia universidad cat\u00f3lica del ecuador sede esmeraldas ( pucese ) , universidad del azuay ( uda ) y museo ecuatoriano de ciencias naturales ( mecn ) del instituto nacional de biodiversidad . 416 pp .\nkeith , p . & c . lord . 2011 . tropical freshwater gobies : amphidromy as a life cycle ; pp . 243\u2013277 , in : r . a . patzner , j . l . van tassell , m . kovacic & b . g . kapoor ( eds . ) . the biology of gobies . jersey : crc press .\nkeith , p . , c . lord , j . lorion , s . watanabe , k . tsukamoto , et al . 2011 . phylogeny and biogeography of sicydiinae ( teleostei : gobiidae ) inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear genes . marine biology 158 : 311\u2013326 . doi : 10 . 1007 / s00227 - 010 - 1560 - z\nkullander , s . o . 2003 . family gobiidae ; pp . 657\u2013665 , in : r . e . reis , s . o . kullander & c . j . ferraris ( eds . ) . checklist of the freshwater fishes of south and central america . porto alegre : edipucrs .\nlujan , n . k . , v . meza - vargas & r . barriga - salazar . 2015 . two new chaetostoma group ( loricariidae : hypostominae ) sister genera from opposite sides of the andes mountains in ecuador , with the description of one new species . copeia 103 ( 2015 ) : 651\u2013663 . doi : 10 . 1643 / ci - 15 - 246\nmiller , r . r . 2005 . freshwater fishes of m\u00e9xico . chicago : university of chicago press . 490 pp .\nortega , h . , m . hidalgo , e . correa , j . espino , l . chocano , et al . 2011 . lista anotada de peces de aguas continentales de per\u00fa . estado actual del conocimiento , distribuci\u00f3n , usos y aspectos de conservaci\u00f3n . lima : ministry of the environment , general bureau of biological diversity \u2014 national history museum , national university of san marcos ( unmsm ) . 48 pp .\nregan , c . t . 1914 . fishes from the condoto river , colombia , collected by dr . h . g . f . spurrell . annals and magazine of natural history ( series 8 ) 14 ( 79 ) : 31\u201333 .\nrevelo , w . & e . laaz . 2012 . cat\u00e1logo de peces de aguas continentales provincia de los r\u00edos ecuador . instituto nacional de pesca bolet\u00edn especial 3 ( 5 ) : 1\u201357 .\nrom\u00e1n - valencia , c . , r . i . ruiz - c . , d . c . taphorn b . & c . garc\u00eda - a . 2013 . three new species of bryconamericus ( characiformes , characidae ) , with keys for species from ecuador and a discussion on the validity of the genus knodus . animal biodiversity and conservation 36 ( 1 ) : 123\u2013139 .\ntan , m . & j . w . armbruster . 2012 . cordylancistrus santarosensis ( siluriformes : loricariidae ) , a new species with unique snout deplatation from the r\u00edo santa rosa , ecuador . zootaxa 3243 : 52\u201358 .\nwatson , r . e . 1995 . gobies of the genus stiphodon from french polynesia , with descriptions of two new species ( teleostei : gobiidae : sicydiinae ) . ichthyological explorations of freshwater 6 : 33\u201348 .\nis found in around the caribbean islands of the antilles , south of cuba .\ncyndy parr marked\nn354 _ w1150\nas trusted on the\naspidophoroides monopterygius\npage .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nsyntype specimens from british museum of natural history courtesy of james maclaine and kevin webb .\nsource for occurrence in ecuador : boulenger ( 1899 ) , barriga ( 2012 ) , jimenez et al . ( 2016 ) .\noriginal description : boulenger , g . a . 1899 . description of a new genus of gobioid fishes from the andes of ecuador . annals and magazine of natural history ( series 7 ) v . 4 ( no . 20 ) ( art . 12 ) : 125 - 126 .\nrange ecuador : type locality is described as paramba at 3500 feet ( 1066 . 8 m ) above sea level in northwestern ecuador ( boulenger , 1899 ) . listed as occurring in the santiago - cayapas and esmeraldas drainage systems ( barriga , 2012 ; jimenez et al . , 2016 ) . aguirre et al . ( 2017 ) recently reported collections from southwestern ecuador including the jubones and santa rosa rivers in el oro province ( close to peru ) , although the identification to species was only tentative and needs to be confirmed .\nrange outside of ecuador : historically , this species has been considered endemic to ecuador , however , a specimen collected in the chancay river in northwestern peru has recently been reported suggesting that s . rosenbergii may also occur in peru ( rom 91180 ; reported in aguirre et al . , 2017 ) . this record needs to be confirmed .\nmaximum size : 113 mm total length based on two specimens in species description ( boulenger , 1899 ) . fishbase ( 2016 ) lists a maximum size of 11 cm tl as well . probably grows to larger sizes .\neconomic importance : specific information on this species is not available although historically larvae of the genus were exploited as food by local inhabitants of western ecuador ( jimenez et al . , 2015 ) .\nconservation status : specific information on this species is not available although given its migratory life style and the state of many rivers in western ecuador , it may be under threat . research on its conservation status is needed .\nthe bulletin of marine science is dedicated to the dissemination of high quality research from the world ' s oceans . all aspects of marine science are treated by the bulletin of marine science , including papers in marine biology , biological oceanography , fisheries , marine affairs , applied marine physics , marine geology and geophysics , marine and atmospheric chemistry , and meteorology and physical oceanography .\ningenta . article copyright remains with the publisher , society or author ( s ) as specified within the article .\nwebsite makes use of cookies so as to keep track of data that you have filled in .\nwestern atlantic species of this genus are in need of revision ( e . murdy pers . comm . 2009 ) .\nde silva , r . , milligan , h . , lutz , m . , batchelor , a . , jopling , b . , kemp , k . , lewis , s . , lintott , p . , sears , j . , wilson , p . & smith , j . and livingston , f .\nhas been assessed as data deficient . there are no separate catch statistics available on this species , but reports indicate that species within this genus are intensively exploited . fishery declines in\nspecies have been reported for other regions where fisheries are intensively exploited . fisheries target the larvae , which may cause serious declines in the adult population , but data on the adult population are lacking . pressures from\nfisheries are likely to continue while there are no limits on fishing effort or catch size .\nfurther research and monitoring of possible conservation measures , population numbers and harvest levels are needed to prevent this species becoming threatened . it is particularly important to gather data on the status of the adult population occurring in freshwater habitats ; without this information it is impossible to determine trends in population size or decline rates .\nis a demersal , diadromous goby . adults live in freshwater where they spawn and larvae migrate downstream into marine waters within the continental shelf . the congener ,\nis thought to be long - lived ( more than five years ) and iteroparous ( i . e . , it produces offspring in successive\u2014annual or seasonal\u2014batches ) .\nthere are no species - specific conservation measures in place for this species . however , its distribution may cover a number of marine protected areas . monitoring of the population numbers and harvest levels of this species is needed . further research should be conducted on possible conservation measures such as closed seasons during peak spawning periods .\nsee\nstatus\n,\nconfidence level\n,\nsource\nfor definitions .\nbody elongate , square in cross - section , back broad and flat to slightly concave ; head blunt , somewhat depressed ; mouth opening angled downwards , overhung by snout , with thick lips ; inside top lip with a papillae covered ridge ; top teeth long and narrow , widely spaced , with tip curved , flattened and facing forwards , with a narrow longitudinal groove down its center , spatula like ( but notched when worn ) , in 1 row of 25 - 50 ; lower teeth canine - like in male ( 1 - 8 ) , conical in female ( 1 - 6 ) , in a single row ; dorsal and anal fins separate from tail fin ; dorsal fin vi + i , 10 ( 9 - 10 ) , 1st dorsal higher in adults , with spines 3 - 4 filamentous in males ; anal fin i , 10 ( 9 - 11 ) , directly opposite 2nd dorsal fin ; pelvic fins united in a broad oval disc that is mostly fused to belly by membrane , with 6 stout radiating ridges on its bottom ; pectoral rays 21 ( 19 - 22 ) ; tail fin rounded , 13 - 14 ( 11 - 16 ) ; scales small , 55 - 60 ( 49 - 71 ) lateral scales ; scales rough along sides of body , upper and lower scales smooth ; head , breast , pectoral base and belly scaleless .\npreserved fish tan ; head with a dark bar from eye to rear of top lip ; usually 6 broad dark bars on side of body , darker above ; tail fin base with a dark bar or circular spot ; 1st dorsal fin dusky , 2nd dorsal with black margin ; anal fin with black edge in male ; juveniles with stronger dark markings ."]}
{"id": 2057, "summary": [{"text": "litiopa melanostoma , common name the brown sargassum shell , is a species of very small sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk or micromollusk in the family litiopidae . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "litiopa melanostoma", "paragraphs": ["litiopa melanostoma ( rang , 1829 ) . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 17 may 2010 .\nlitiopa maculata rang , p . c . a . s . l . , 1829\nrudolf s . scheltema , isabelle p . williams , janice tharpe ; differences in spatial distribution of veliger larvae belonging to litiopa melanostoma and alaba incerta ( prosobranchia : litiopidae ) in the warm temperate and tropical north atlantic ocean , journal of molluscan studies , volume 55 , issue 1 , 3 march 1989 , pages 139\u2013143 , urltoken\n( of litiopa maculata rang , 1829 ) rang s . ( 1829 ) . notice sur le litiope , litiopa , genre nouveau de mollusque ast\u00e9ropode . annales des sciences naturelles 16 : 303 - 307 , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 307 [ details ]\n( of litiopa bombix kiener , 1833 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of litiopa decussata gould , 1852 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of litiopa nitidula pfeiffer , 1840 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of litiopa striata pfeiffer , 1840 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of litiopa divisa carpenter , 1855 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of litiopa grateloupeana drouet , 1858 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of litiopa maculata rang , 1829 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of buccinum litiopa quoy & gaimard , 1833 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nrang s . ( 1829 ) . notice sur le litiope , litiopa , genre nouveau de mollusque ast\u00e9ropode . annales des sciences naturelles 16 : 303 - 307\nrang , s . ( 1829 ) notice sur le litiope , litiopa , genre nouveau de mollusque ast\u00e9ropode : annales des sciences naturelles . 16 : 303 - 307\nrang s . ( 1829 ) . notice sur le litiope , litiopa , genre nouveau de mollusque ast\u00e9ropode . annales des sciences naturelles 16 : 303 - 307 , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 307 [ details ]\nrang s . ( 1829 ) . notice sur le litiope , < i > litiopa < / i > , genre nouveau de mollusque ast\u00e9ropode . < i > annales des sciences naturelles 16 < / i > : 303 - 307\n( of litiopa decussata gould , 1852 ) gould a . ( 1852 ) . mollusca and shells [ in ] : united states exploring expeditions , 1838 , 1839 , 1840 , 1841 , 1842 under the command of charles wilkes , u . s . n . . philadelphia , c . sherman & son : vol . 12 , xv + 510 pp . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 195 [ details ]\n( of buccinum litiopa quoy & gaimard , 1833 ) quoy j . r . c . & gaimard j . p . ( 1832 - 1835 ) . voyage de d\u00e9couvertes de l '\nastrolabe\nex\u00e9cut\u00e9 par ordre du roi , pendant les ann\u00e9es 1826 - 1829 , sous le commandement de m . j . dumont d ' urville . zoologie . paris : tastu . 1 : i - l 1 - 264 ; 2 ( 1 ) : 1 - 321 [ 1832 ] ; 2 ( 2 ) : 321 - 686 [ 1833 ] ; 3 ( 1 ) : 1 - 366 [ 1834 ] ; 3 ( 2 ) : 367 - 954 [ 1835 ] ; atlas ( mollusques ) : pls 1 - 93 [ 1833 ] . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 423 ; pl . 30 fig . 26 - 28 [ details ]\ndiscover a faster , simpler path to publishing in a high - quality journal . plos one promises fair , rigorous peer review , broad scope , and wide readership \u2013 a perfect fit for your research every time .\nthe evolution of gastropod body size in the deep sea is reexamined . using an extended and updated data set , and improved statistical methods , it is shown that some results of the previous study may have been artifactual , but that its central conclusion is robust . it is further shown that the effect is not restricted to a single gastropod clade , that its strength increases markedly with depth , but that it applies even in the mesopelagic zone .\nthe replication of the island rule in a distant taxonomic group and a partially analogous ecological situation could help to uncover the causes of the patterns observed\u2014which are currently much disputed . the gastropod pattern is evident at intermediate depths , and so cannot be attributed to the unique features of abyssal ecology .\ncitation : welch jj ( 2010 ) the \u201cisland rule\u201d and deep - sea gastropods : re - examining the evidence . plos one 5 ( 1 ) : e8776 . urltoken\ncopyright : \u00a9 2010 john j . welch . this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .\nfunding : some preliminary work undertaken when jw was funded by bbsrc grant do17750 awarded to andrew rambaut . the funders had no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .\nhere , i re - examine whether deep - sea gastropods manifest the island rule , making use of the improved statistical methods , and data collated from the recently updated malacolog database [ 24 ] , which has been both expanded , and revised to reflect advances in gastropod systematics [ 25 ] . it is found that the central conclusion of mcclain et al . [ 12 ] is robust , and that gastropod colonists of the deep - sea benthos do indeed exhibit island - rule - like evolution .\npart a shows how different tests of the \u2018island rule\u2019 can give qualitatively different results . \u201cdeep - sea\u201d species were defined as those with a depth range midpoint > 200m , and all other species defined as \u201cshallow - water\u201d . the ordinary - least - squares regression ( dashed line ) differs significantly from the 1\u22361 line of the null ( dotted line ) , but the standardized - major - axis regression ( solid line ) shows no significant departure . part b shows a less ambiguous case : \u201cdeep - sea\u201d species are those never observed above 400m , and \u201cshallow - water\u201d species those never observed below 200m ; body sizes are within - genus means , taking equal numbers of deep - and shallow - water species in each genus .\nthe body sizes of deep - sea gastropods are plotted against those of their shallow - water congeners . \u201cshallow - water\u201d species were never observed below 200m , and \u201cdeep - sea\u201d species never observed above depths of a : 200m , b : 400m and c : 600m . separate standardized - major - axis regression lines are shown for the neogastropoda ( black points ) and all other groups ( grey points ) . the dotted line is the 1\u22361 expected under the null . genera with fewer than two deep and two shallow species were excluded .\nsimilarly , predator release is a particularly plausible explanation of the vertebrate island rule [ 1 ] , [ 4 ] , [ 6 ] , [ 11 ] ; this is partly because it can naturally account for both dwarfism and gigantism ( by assuming that large and small body sizes evolve as alternative strategies for predator avoidance ) , and partly because predator release is so clearly implicated in other unusual characteristics of island endemics ( such as tameness ) [ 37 ] , [ 38 ] . but there is little evidence that reduced predation characterises the deep - sea [ 12 ] , [ 14 ] , and indeed there is direct evidence of substantial predation acting on deep - sea gastropods [ 12 ] , [ 39 ] \u2013 [ 41 ] . the gastropod results therefore argue against the predator release hypothesis as a general explanation of the island rule [ 12 ] .\nwe are therefore still far from understanding the causes of the patterns observed \u2013 and particularly the roles of inter - and intra - specific competition [ 3 ] , [ 4 ] , [ 11 ] , [ 12 ] . a detailed clarification of where the pattern does and does not hold will be an important step toward achieving this goal [ 4 ] , [ 12 ] , [ 19 ] , [ 20 ] .\nmany thanks are due to andrew rambaut for providing a script to mine the malacolog database . many thanks also to lucy weinert , nicolas bierne , gary rosenberg , shai meiri . simon joly and an anonymous reviewer , who all greatly improved the manuscript with their comments and advice .\nconceived and designed the experiments : jw . performed the experiments : jw . analyzed the data : jw . wrote the paper : jw .\nfoster jb ( 1964 ) evolution of mammals on islands . nature 202 : 234\u2013235 .\nvan valen l ( 1973 ) pattern and balance in nature . evolutionary theory 1 : 31\u201349 .\nlomolino mv ( 1985 ) body size of mammals on islands : the island rule re - examined . am nat 125 : 310\u2013316 .\nlomolino mv ( 2005 ) body size evolution in insular vertebrates : generality of the island rule . j biogeog 32 : 1683\u20131699 .\nmacarthur rh , wilson eo ( 1963 ) an equilibrium theory of insular zoogeography . evolution 17 : 373\u2013387 . 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( doi :\ndo these subject areas make sense for this article ? click the target next to the incorrect subject area and let us know . thanks for your help !\n( of abaconia naufraga ( clench , 1938 ) ) clench w . j . ( 1938 ) . land and freshwater mollusks of grand bahama and the abaco islands , bahama islands . . memorias de la sociedad cubana de historia natural 12 ( 4 ) : 303 - 333 , pl . 24 - 25 . page ( s ) : 321 ; pl . 24 fig . 1 - 2 [ details ]\ngofas , s . ; le renard , j . ; bouchet , p . ( 2001 ) . mollusca . in : costello , m . j . et al . ( eds ) , european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . patrimoines naturels . 50 : 180 - 213 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nhigo , s . , callomon , p . & goto , y . ( 1999 ) catalogue and bibliography of the marine shell - bearing mollusca of japan . elle scientific publications , yao , japan , 749 pp . [ details ]\nrosenberg , g . ; moretzsohn , f . ; garc\u00eda , e . f . ( 2009 ) . gastropoda ( mollusca ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 579\u2013699 in : felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico\u2013origins , waters , and biota . texas a & m ; press , college station , texas . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of abaconia naufraga ( clench , 1938 ) ) bouchet p . ( 2002 ) gone with the wind : a pelagic marine snail described as an endemic land snail from the bahamas . the nautilus 116 ( 1 ) : 32 - 35 . [ details ]\n( of bombyxinus uva b\u00e9langer [ in lesson ] , 1834 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nturgeon , d . d . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , w . k . emerson , w . g . lyons , w . pratt , et al .\nturgeon , d . d . , j . f . quinn , jr . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , f . g . hochberg , w . g . lyons , et al .\ncommon and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks , 2nd ed .\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\ngofas , s . ; le renard , j . ; bouchet , p . ( 2001 ) . mollusca . in : costello , m . j . et al . ( eds ) , european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . < em > patrimoines naturels . < / em > 50 : 180 - 213 .\nhigo , s . , callomon , p . & goto , y . ( 1999 ) catalogue and bibliography of the marine shell - bearing mollusca of japan . elle scientific publications , yao , japan , 749 pp .\nrosenberg , g . ; moretzsohn , f . ; garc\u00eda , e . f . ( 2009 ) . gastropoda ( mollusca ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 579\u2013699 < i > in : < / i > felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico\u2013origins , waters , and biota . texas a & m press , college station , texas .\nturgeon , d . d . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , w . k . emerson , w . g . lyons , w . pratt , et al . , 1988 : common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks . american fisheries society special publication 16 . vii + 277 .\nturgeon , d . d . , j . f . quinn , jr . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , f . g . hochberg , w . g . lyons , et al . , 1998 : common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks , 2nd ed . . american fisheries society special publication 26 . 526 .\nversion 43 . 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed . my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\ndepth range based on 2 specimens in 1 taxon . environmental ranges depth range ( m ) : 0 - 26 . 5 graphical representation depth range ( m ) : 0 - 26 . 5 note : this information has not been validated . check this * note * . your feedback is most welcome .\nthis section is empty . you can help by adding to it . ( may 2010 )\nthe minimum recorded depth for this species is 0 m ; the maximum recorded depth is 805 m .\nwelch j . j . ( 2010 ) .\nthe\nisland rule\nand deep - sea gastropods : re - examining the evidence\n. plos one 5 ( 1 ) : e8776 . doi : 10 . 1371 / journal . pone . 0008776 .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\n\u0082d\u00e1b\u00bfa\u0092\u00f8\u00fb \u0081\u00b4a ! \u000f\u000f\u0016\u0091z { \u00eb\u00ae\u00e6e\u00a5a\u007f\u00bc ( y2\b\u008b\u00a5\u00fe1\n\u007f\u0098bx\u00e5\u0092m - \u00b0\u00eac\u00f1v & \u0010\u00a5 ) \u009d - < \u00071\u00e4p\u009b\u00f7\u00ed\u00f0\u00f5 - \u0097y\u0006\u00a5\u00f8k 2\u00ecb 8\u0098 : \u0099\u00d7\u008d\u00acq\u00edm\u0016\u0092 # e\u0088\u0080\u0094\u00e8\u000e > \u00e4\u00f0 ' \u00f45\u00f3\u0011 @ \u00e0\u007f\u00be\u00ed\u00e5\u00e7 : & d ; _ \u001a\u0086\u0088\u00be0 xq ] \u0017\u0014\u0086ie\u00b6\u00e5\u0089\u0093 ; \u00f2\u0000\u0090 [ u\u00905y\u00a5\u0098\u00bc\u0011\u00fbu\u00df\u00ff\u00bdn e\u00f6 k\u00e6vy ^ \u0098w\u00a2\u00edk\u00f3 z\u0098\u0088gd & r ; \u001b\u008a\u00f3\u00aa\u00f2\u00a7\u0000 % 5 ! ko\u00b4\u00ac | z\u00e1ie\u00b4\u00f8\u0016f\u0091\u00e6\u00e4 & \u00e2f : twc\u0005\u00ec\u0011ao\u0006p\u00e8 : f\u00e0\u008f \u00e1\b\u00ee\u008b > \u00ee\u00edj\u00fe ( . % \u00f4\u00a1\u0016\u00f0zs\u00b9\u00bc\u00a5\u009f @ \u0006\u00b2\u00ad\u00a4 { \u00bb\u00d7unw\u00e1y\u0093c \u009b\u00b6\u0090vi\u0091\u00aa\u00f2\u00ed\u00fb\u00b6\u008b\u00e3\u0019\u00e9j\u00b95\u009f\u00e8\u0011\u0012\u0014\u0089\u00ef\u00f3h\u00ff4l\u00aar\u0018\u00f8\u00ee\u00bc\u00ff\u008b2 pl\u0014\u00e8\u0096\u00ed\u0000\u0004\u0080\u00ee\u00a1x / \u00e2km\u001a\u0001\u00f0 @ r\u00a1\u00f1\u00a8\u0010\u00a2\u00ec , a\u00b2m\u0003\u00b96\u00f4s / \u0017\u00a4\u00f0r\u0094\u0004tk \u008f gr\u00f0\u00ab8 ^ \u00a9 [ \u0098\u008ex\u00e3r7 \u00e0\u00f4\u00a2 * \u00b6\u00f4 1l\u00a3 . \u00e3t \u0005\u00f3\u008ez\u00e3 ; \u00b0 \u009cz $ \u0090 5t\u00fa\u0094\u0083\u00ad > \u00f0\u00fdp\u00b82\nf\u00f0p\u00f1\u00f7\u00a1 | h\u0084\u009bs\u0014\u00ab\u00e5\u008c\u0019\u0004\u00a4\u00ad\u0095d\u00aci \\ \u0090xx\u00e1r\u00fb\u00fd { \u00e4\u00b1\u0088\u00f4\u00e8w\u00ee\u00ec\u00bdko\u0099\u00e19\u0086\u00fa\u00b5\u00e4\u0090\u0082\u00e6\u00ee\u0004\u00fa\u001b : \u00b7d\u00b1w\u00e5\n\u00ed ) \u00b0\u0084\u00ee\u0017\u00ac\u00b2m\u0084\u00ef9 : \u00e17\u00b2\u00ff\u0015p \u00f8\u008dd\u00e2sc\u00a5r\u00a2 # \u00d7\u00a1\u0089\u00a8\u00af\u001b\u009e\u000e \u0010s # \u00ed\u00ecp\u00ef\u0088\u00f8\u0017n + s\u00e0 w ) q\u008a8\u00b8\u00b8\u00f08\u00ea\u00bfn ? 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b\u00ffv\u0088 # \u00e1\u00a9\u00bd\u00f2\u00ad ) \u0006\u0091\u008b\u00e7\u00a6\u009c\u00f8 ' 5\u00fd6c\u00a6\u0011 $ 8\u00fc\u00a3u\u00f5b\u00e9\u00b3\u009d\u00fd\u00e7v\u00f4f\u0019\u00ae | ' \u00e8\u00eb\u00ec\u0099\u00e3 , \u00ba ~ r ~ , \u008f\u0090mh\n\u00fd\u00fd * n . \u00ab\u0096\u0089 ? 2\u00e6\u00ae9\u0088\u00fb\u00f6\u00ec\u0086\u00ae \bq\u0007\u0080\u00e7b\u0011\u00e2\u0016\u00ea\u00fa\u0004i\u0080\u00dfv\u00bdy\u009daf | r\u00b4 ( e5\u00f3\u00ba\u00a2\u0099\u00fcs\u008fi\u00b4\u008dl\u00bf\u00ad\u00ef8m = \u00a5\u0005\u00b4 \u008c\u00a9 { y\u000ezc\u00e7\u00fd\u0089\u0082\u0010\u00f2\u00e7q\u0011tp - \u00aas\u0097r\u00ac\u00ef\u00afa\u0099\u00b4 , z\u00e8\u0002\u009di\u00fc { \u00a2\u00ee %\nyk4\u00fbl : \u009d\u00f2 % \u00eb\u00fd\u00ea + \u00f6\u00ea ~ \u007f\u0018\u0012\u00ec\u00f6\u0087f ( \u00af , k\u0086x\u009et\u0080\u007fno\u00ea\u0005 ^ ) u | st\u00146x \u0087\u0013\u00b7o\u00e9v\u00e0\u00e3t\u00e6\u0086\u00be\u00ec\u00f94lq\u00f0 ? | u\u00fc & \u0000b\u001a [ \u00b2 | \u00e2b\u0097\u00af\u00a2\u00f4\u0010\u008b\u00a2\u00ec\u0088\u007fe\u0083p \u00e6 \u0098i\u00be\u0007\u00f3 ( \u008d\u00a51\u0014\u00ad . \u00e6q\u00f0\u00e0v\u00ebr\u00e2 \\ \u0000 = 3 _ \u0019\u00a3\u00e0\u00f6\u00ef ` \u008dm\u00bb\u00fc \u00f8\u00f5\u00d7v\u009f\u00b6\u001a { zh\u0015 ; \u00aek\u00b1x\u000e\u007f\u009f\u008b\u008by\u0096\u00ed @ \u0019y\u0083\u00f4\u00bf\u00f1\u0015\u00eb\u00a8\u00e4\u00df\u00eb\u00b8\u00e0\u0083ta\u00a1\u00f1\u009b \u0012\u009bm\u00fe\u00eai\u00a7 \u00e6\u00ba\u00fa ( 1\u0084\u00a7\u00b3a5\u00aa\u007f\u00f4\u00f9\u00bf\u00f8\u00be\u009c @ [ u\u00ec\u0004\u00f6n\u00e0\u00a3\u008b\u00a2\u00a6\u00e34 : \u00ec\u00b6\u0089\u0098 * \u00aa + \u0011\u00e4h\u00fd ; \u00fd\u00e2\u0097aib\u00ba \u00f1s\u0011\u0010 ] \u00e0\u0098\u00e2b\u008blo\u007f\u00f9oiensh8o\u00e3\u008e\u00a1\u00ea\u00e0rzey\u00b8\u00ec\u00fd\u00fbwamr\u00a7a\u00f8\u00dfoe\u008a\u00fc c\u00e9s\u00f9x\u00b8f\u00f6\u00f2\u0084\u0003z\u00b6 # v ; \u00ee\u00fex\u0091\u00e6\u0018\u00bb\u00ef ! \u00b1g\u0011f [ \u00f2g\u00fev\u00b4\u00ad\u009c \u00f9 \u00f2\u0019\u00f96 # \u00ea \u00bb\u00e4x\u00f0\u0087p\u00f6\u0091\u0095\u0013\u00e8d\u00e0\u00df0\u001b\u000e\u009e\u00f2\u001b ~ \u0098\u00e1\u00fam\u009a\u00eeovxr\u00ee \u00a9\u00fb\u00f0\u008e # . qe l \u00f0lv\u00ea\u0087 \u00d7\u0082\u00f2 [ \u0012\u0004\u00b2y7\u0014 \u0097\u00bb\u00e4y\u00af\u00fe\u0011 : og & : \u00f1\u00e6\u00ee > \u0097zu\u0000cc\u00bav\u00f7\u00f9d / \u00f0o / t\u0093\u00fc ~ \u0087a\u009fz\u00fc \u00926\u0010r\u00bf { q\u00be\u009d\u00e0\u0084\u00e0\u008e % \u00f0\u0095\u00b4 ` \u00ecxz\u0003 ` \u00e9\u00b7\u00f0\u008b / \u00af\u009c\u00e1\u00b3 ) / \u00ea\u009fdua\u00fd\u0098 ^ \u009e ; \u00e2hz _ \u00f4 \u000fc\u00b4\u00f93 ] \u00ab ? a\u0099 . \u008a , \u00fb ~ \u00fb\u0015i # \u0017j + \u0096\u00f4\u00ef\u00ea\u00a1\u00fc\u00e5 \u0088\u00b4 \u0011 \u00d7\u00bcxq1\b\u00b5d ) r ' o ? \u00df\u00ed\u00ee\u00e7\u00a1\u00a7lwq\u00f3\u009e\u0010\u00f6\u0098\u00ae\u008b\u00b5\u008fn\u0018j\u00d7\u00f9\u00b8 | pr ) 5c @ = \u00ae\u00ef\u00f6 ) 3\u0013z\u00b6\u00fa\u00e6\u00ff\u000f\u00f0 ] - \u00e3\u00f3\u00f5\u0017\u00eb\u00bar \u00f1\u0091\u008c\u00ef\u00b6\u00a5\u00fb6m ^ \b\u00ee\u00e3\u0093p\u0084\u00e9\u0017\u0012he\u0005\u00e7\u0082\u008e\u00ebba\u00fc\u0080 ; \u00f0\u00b0\u001a\u00ee\u0017s \u00efg , \u0098\u00e7\u00187k\u00fd\u008e\u00edb\u00ee\u009a\u00e3\u00e5vw\u00fe\u00f2\u00ff / \u0005\u00ab\u008f\u00e3ak\u0098m # \u00e5\u0007\u0092\u0007\u00fd\u00a4\u00f1 \b\u00fa ) \u00e1\b\u00bb\u00bc\u00f1\b } \u00f41\u00b0b\u00ef\u008fy\u0007\u00f0\u008c\u00eb\u00f2\u00e8\u00f5o\u00e0\u00fbxb\u001bw\u00f8w0a\b\u00ea ; \u0010\u008a ^ \u00eb\u00e3i\u00bf\u007fsb\u0087\u00907\u00f1\n\u00e3\nv\u0093\u00bbm\u008a \\ \u0004\u00a4g\u00b0a\u00fa\u00af\u00f7w\u0017\u00fa\u00e4\u00f5\u00e2 d\u0096v | \u00ea { \u00fduy / \u00e4\u00e1\u0088t\u008b\u00fct\u008c3 * \u008cx\u0089s\u0004\u00e0\u00e1x\u00ee\u00fe\u0016\u00b2h\u00f3 $ gv\u00ffl , = c\u008e\u00e7\u00f2zb \u00fb\u00ad\u00e6\u00e6\u0014\u0092\u00b9l\u00e5dir\u008e\u00ec\u00f9 \u00a6z ~ b [ & \u00fe\u00f3 ; \u009c\u00fd\u0014\bi\u00f0 ( o\u00fd\u0087\u00bd\u009c\u0089\u00f5\u00ec\u00a2z _ c \u009f\u0082g\u0019\u009e\u00e8l\u0092\u00b5nc \u009dv\u00af ] \\ & #\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience on our website . by continuing to use our website , you are agreeing to our use of cookies . you can change your cookie settings at any time .\nyou could not be signed in . please check your email address / username and password and try again .\nmost users should sign in with their email address . if you originally registered with a username please use that to sign in .\nto purchase short term access , please sign in to your oxford academic account above .\noxford university press is a department of the university of oxford . it furthers the university ' s objective of excellence in research , scholarship , and education by publishing worldwide\nfor full access to this pdf , sign in to an existing account , or purchase an annual subscription .\nrang , 1829 . accessed through : costello , m . j . ; bouchet , p . ; boxshall , g . ; arvanitidis , c . ; appeltans , w . ( 2018 ) european register of marine species at : urltoken ; = 140258 on 2018 - 07 - 09\ncostello , m . j . ; bouchet , p . ; boxshall , g . ; arvanitidis , c . ; appeltans , w . ( 2018 ) . european register of marine species .\ngofas , s . ; le renard , j . ; bouchet , p . ( 2001 ) . mollusca . in : costello , m . j . et al . ( eds ) , european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . patrimoines naturels . 50 : 180 - 213 . ( look up in ror ) [ details ]\nfull reference : m . cossmann . 1882 . description d ' esp\u00e8ces nouvelles du bassin parisien . 30 : 279 - 295\ngofas , s . ; le renard , j . ; bouchet , p . ( 2001 ) . mollusca , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 180 - 213\nrosenberg , g . , f . moretzsohn , and e . f . garc\u00eda . 2009 . gastropoda ( mollusca ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 579\u2013699 in felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico\u2013origins , waters , and biota . biodiversity . texas a & m ; press , college station , texas .\nrang , 1829 . in : costello , m . j . ; bouchet , p . ; boxshall , g . ; arvantidis , c . ; appeltans , w . ( 2014 ) european register of marine species , accessed through pesi at\nthis work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - share alike 3 . 0 license\npesi is funded by the european union 7th framework programme within the research infrastructures programme . contract no . ri - 223806 . activity area : capacities . period 2008 - 2011 - website hosted & developed by vliz banner picture : gannet ( morus bassanus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) by karl van ginderdeuren - contact pesi\nthis map is based on occurrence records available through the gbif network and may not represent the entire distribution ."]}
{"id": 2060, "summary": [{"text": "testudovolva ericae is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family ovulidae , the ovulids , cowry allies or false cowries . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "testudovolva ericae", "paragraphs": ["worms - world register of marine species - prionovolva ericae t . cossignani & calo , 2002\novulidae \u00bb prionovolva ericae , id : 338877 , shell detail \u00ab shell encyclopedia , conchology , inc .\nto barcode of life ( 1 barcode ) ( from synonym prionovolva ericae t . cossignani & calo , 2002 ) to encyclopedia of life\n( of prionovolva ericae t . cossignani & calo , 2002 ) cossignani t . & calo m . ( 2002 ) nuova prionovolva delle filippine ( gastropoda : prosobranchia : ovulidae ) . malacologia mostra mondiale 36 : 6 - 7 . [ april 2002 ] [ details ]\nrosenberg , g . 2010 . description of a new species of prionovolva ( mollusca : gastropoda : ovulidae ) from east africa , with reassessment of the composition of the genus . proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia 159 : 39 - 66 . page ( s ) : 57 [ details ]\nafter more than 2 years of preparations , the diatombase portal is now officially launched . . . .\nlast week - on may 30 and 31st \u2013 8 thematic experts on talitridae came together for the first time during a lifewatch - worms sponsored workshop . the workshop took place at the hellenic centre for marine research in crete , where it was organized back - to - back with the 8th international sandy beaches symposium ( isbs ) . the group focused on identifying relevant traits for the talitridae , and adding this data through the amphipoda species database . . . .\non 23 april 2018 , a number of editors of the world register of introduced species ( wrims ) started a three day workshop in the flanders marine institute ( vliz ) . these three days were used to evaluate , complete and improve the content of this worms thematic register ( tsd ) . . . .\nthe 2nd worms early career researchers and 3rd worms achievement award were granted respectively to fran\u00e7ois le coze and geoff read . congratulations ! . . .\nin 2018 , to celebrate a decade of worms ' existence , it was decided to compile a list of our top marine species , both for 2017 and for the previous decade . . . .\nthe scleractinian corals are now accessible though their own list portal . this world list contains over 1 500 accepted names of extant species and is one of the most complete existing resources for scleractinian taxa . . .\ncossignani t . & calo m . ( 2002 ) nuova prionovolva delle filippine ( gastropoda : prosobranchia : ovulidae ) . malacologia mostra mondiale 36 : 6 - 7 . [ april 2002 ] [ details ]\nrare in the solitary islands marine park . known from the philippines , indonesia , malaysia , new caledonia , recorded from queensland .\nall information was correct at the time of publication and is subject to change without notice . copyright 2014 , solitary islands underwater research group inc . ( abn : 38 104 639 980 ) - all rights reserved .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthe star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :\nwe want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only , as we handle very few foreign shells in general . as time goes , the system will become more and more performant .\nenter your email address and we will send you an email with your username and password .\ne - mail jecilia sisican if you do not receive your email with your username and password .\nhong kong . monkey headland . found in sea whips in 15 feet . ex - coll . d . and m . meyer . february 1977 .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 0 . 001 seconds . )\nlance cowrie ( aclyvolva lanceolata ) | seashell animals - ovulidae | pinterest | lancing f . c .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; no other information is captured .\nin general , only the information that you provide , or the choices you make while visiting a web site , can be stored in a cookie . for example , the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it . allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer , and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\naim land snails , because of their low vagility , are ideal organisms for probing biogeographical h . . .\nthe\nwooden - steps\nhypothesis [ distel dl , et al . ( 2000 ) nature 403 : 725\u2013726 ] proposed that large . . .\nmodern estimates of species - level diversity in the recent mollusca range from 34 , 000 to 120 , 000 d . . .\nseven new species of thala are described : t . abelai and t . merrilli ( type locality guam , mariana . . .\nthe paul hesse collection , purchased by ansp in 1926 , focused on non - marine mollusks of europe an . . .\nhistorical collections of biological specimens are potentially rich sources of data for contempor . . .\nhistorical collections of biological specimens are potentially rich sources of data for contemporary researchers . however , many technical issues have to be addressed in order to make these collections widely available . this paper reports on a qualitative study of historical and current data practices at the academy of natural sciences , philadelphia , which is seeking wider understanding of the historical dimensions of specimen metadata , in order to support migration to more global standards . a detailed case study of a single specimen shows how that specimen has been described in multiple ways and in multiple locations within the academy , and the historically complex nature of the data and metadata contained in these descriptions .\nvertigo marciae , a new species of gastropod mollusk ( pupilloidea : vertiginidae ) , is described fro . . .\nmurex salmo wood , 1828 and fasciolaria granosa broderip , 1832 are shown to be conspecific . the fi . . .\nmurex salmo wood , 1828 and fasciolaria granosa broderip , 1832 are shown to be conspecific . the first available name for a different species often identified as pleuroploca or fasciolaria salmo is fasciolaria valenciennesii kiener , 1840 , which deshayes ( 1843 ) incorrectly treated as a synonym of p . salmo . in the last several decades , authors who presumably intended to use the name pleuroploca salmo sensu deshayes have inadvertently illustrated true p . salmo . since usage of the names is not consistent , we follow strict priority and synonymize fasciolaria granosa with murex salmo . the currently valid names for these species are granolaria salmo ( wood , 1828 ) and granolaria valenciennesii ( kiener , 1840 ) .\nthe rehousing of the vast dry mollusk collection at the academy of natural sciences of philadelph . . .\nthe rehousing of the vast dry mollusk collection at the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia is described . considerations regarding the existing building , the choice and design of new equipment , and the logistics of the project are discussed , together with evidence for its necessity .\na central aim of biodiversity informatics initiatives is the global aggregation of biodiversity d . . .\na central aim of biodiversity informatics initiatives is the global aggregation of biodiversity data . this work depends significantly on the translation of local data and metadata into wider global standards . while this is often considered to be primarily a technical task , there are also organizational factors to consider . in this paper , we use a communities of practice approach to argue that data and metadata in individual departments and institutions has often adapted over time to meet local organizational contexts , and that digitization workflows need to account for and capture the historical dimensions of collections , to support productive data migration . as part of this work , the central role of curators ' and managers ' practical and everyday knowledge of their collections is emphasized .\nenter the email address you signed up with and we ' ll email you a reset link .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml + rdfa 1 . 0 / / en\nurltoken\nrosenberg , g . ( 2010 ) . description of a new species of prionovolva ( mollusca , gastropoda , ovulidae ) from east africa , with reassessment of the composition of the genus . proc . acad . nat . sci . philad . 159 ( 1 ) : 39 - 66 . urltoken\nin : proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia . academy of natural sciences : philadelphia , . issn 0097 - 3157 , more\ntel . : + 32 - ( 0 ) 59 - 34 21 30 | fax : + 32 - ( 0 ) 59 - 34 21 31 | e - mail : info @ urltoken | btw be 0466 . 279 . 196 | privacy en cookiebeleid"]}
{"id": 2066, "summary": [{"text": "nursallia is an extinct genus of pycnodontid ray-finned fishes , ranging from the late cretaceous period until its extinction during the eocene ( from 99.7 to 94.3 ma ) . ", "topic": 22}], "title": "nursallia", "paragraphs": ["capasso l . l . , abi saad p . & taverne l . 2009 . nursallia tethysensis sp . nov . , a new pycnodont fish ( neopterygii : \u2020halecostomi ) from the cenomanian of lebanon . bulletin de l\u2019institut royal des sciences naturelles de belgique , sciences de la terre 79 : 117 - 136 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\n' s large relational database assembled by hundreds of paleontologists from around the world . the two websites and their predecessors have been used by professional researchers , students , and the public since 1998 . the fossilworks copy is refreshed daily . the data are owned by the contributors and the website and software were created by\nthe paleodb maintains a list of official publications . researchers ask to add entries to the list when they have used the site to download data or conduct analyses . large projects that involve documenting the taxonomic classification of an entire group are called online systematics archives .\nsee also bannikov 2014 , carnevale et al . 2014 , forey et al . 2003 and sepkoski 2002\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nluigi capasso museo universitario dell\u2019universit\u00e1 \u201cg . d\u2019annunzio\u201d di chieti - pescara , piazza trento e trieste 1 , i - 66100 chieti , italy\ncapasso l . l . , taverne l . & nohra a . r . 2010 . a re - description of hensodon spinosus , a remarkable coccodontid fish ( actinopterygii , \u2020pycnodontiformes ) from the cenomanian ( late cretaceous ) of haqel , lebanon . bulletin de l\u2019institut royal des sciences naturelles de belgique , sciences de la terre 80 : 145 - 162 .\ndavis j . w . 1887 . the fossil fishes of the chalk of mount lebanon , in syria . scientific transactions of the royal dublin society series 2 , 3 ( 12 ) : 457 - 636 .\ndavis j . w . 1890 . on a new species of coccodus ( c . lindstroemi , davis ) . the quaterly journal of the geological society of london 46 : 565 - 568 .\nforey p . l . , lu y . , patterson c . & davies c . e . 2003 . fossil fishes of the cenomanian ( upper cretaceous ) of namoura , lebanon . journal of systematic palaeontology 1 ( 4 ) : 227 - 330 . urltoken\ngayet m . 1984 . ichthyoceros spinosus nov . gen . , nov . sp . , du c\u00e9nomanien inf\u00e9rieur de hakel ( liban ) et ses affinit\u00e9s avec le genre trewavasia ( pisces , pycnodontiformes , coccodontidae ) . bulletin du mus\u00e9um national d\u2019histoire naturelle 4e s\u00e9rie , 6 , section 6 , 3 : 287 - 307 .\ngayet m . , abi saad p . & gaudant o . 2012 . les fossiles du liban . m\u00e9moire du temps . \u00e9d . d\u00e9siris , gap .\nhay o . p . 1903 . on a collection of upper cretaceous fishes from mount lebanon , syria , with descriptions of four new genera and nineteen new species . bulletin of the american museum of natural history 19 ( 10 ) : 395 - 452 .\nkriwet j . 2001 . palaeobiogeography of pycnodontiform fishes ( actinopterygii , neopterygii ) . in : melendez g . , herrera z . , delvene g . & azanza b . ( eds ) los f\u00f3siles y la paleogeographia . xii jornadas de la sociedad espa\u00f1ola de paleontologia : 121 - 130 . universidad de zaragoza , zaragoza .\nkriwet j . 2004 . a new pycnodont fish genus ( neopterygii : pycnodontiformes ) from the cenomanian ( upper cretaceous ) of mount lebanon . journal of vertebrate paleontology 24 ( 3 ) : 525 - 532 . urltoken ; 2\nkriwet j . 2005 . a comprehensive study of the skull and dentition of pycnodont fishes . zittelliana a45 : 135 - 188 .\nnursall j . r . 1996a . distribution and ecology of pycnodont fishes . in : arratia g . & viohl g . ( eds ) mesozoic fishes \u2013 systematics and paleoecology : 115 - 124 . verlag dr . f . pfeil , m\u00fcnchen .\nnursall j . r . 1996b . the phylogeny of pycnodont fishes . in : arratia g . & viohl g . ( eds ) mesozoic fishes \u2013 systematics and paleoecology : 125 - 152 . verlag dr . f . pfeil , m\u00fcnchen .\nnursall j . r . 1999 . the family \u2020mesturidae and skull of the pycnodont fishes . in : arratia g . & viohl g . ( eds ) mesozoic fishes 2 \u2013 systematics and paleoecology : 153 - 188 . verlag dr . f . pfeil , m\u00fcnchen .\nnursall j . r . 2010 . the case for pycnodont fishes as the fossil sister - group of teleosts . in : nelson j . s . , schultze h . - p . & wilson m . v . h . ( eds ) origin and phylogenetic interrelationships of teleosts : 37 - 60 . verlag dr . f . pfeil , m\u00fcnchen .\nnursall j . r . & capasso l . 2004 . gebrayelichthys ( novum ) , an extraordinary genus of neopterygian fishes from the cenomanian of lebanon . in : arratia g . & tintori a . ( eds ) mesozoic fishes 3 \u2013 systematics , paleoenvironments and biodiversity : 317 - 340 . verlag dr . f . pfeil , m\u00fcnchen .\nnursall j . r . & capasso l . 2008 . additional specimens from lebanon reveal more of the structure of the pycnodont fish trewavasia carinata ( davis , 1887 ) . in : arratia g . , schultze h . - p . & wilson m . v . h . ( eds ) mesozoic fishes 4 \u2013 homology and phylogeny : 143 - 166 . verlag dr . f . pfeil , m\u00fcnchen .\npictet f . - j . 1850 . description de quelques poissons fossiles du mont liban . imprimerie j . - g . fick , gen\u00e8ve .\npoyato - ariza f . j . & wenz s . 2002 . a new insight into pycnodontiform fishes . geodiversitas 24 ( 1 ) : 139 - 248 .\npoyato - ariza f . j . & wenz s . 2005 . akromystax tilmachiton gen . et sp . nov . , a new pycnodontid fish from the lebanese late cretaceous of haqel and en nammoura . journal of vertebrate paleontology 25 ( 1 ) : 27 - 45 . urltoken ; 2\ntintori a . 1980 . two new pycnodonts ( pisces , actinopterygii ) from the upper triassic of lombardy ( n . italy ) . rivista italiana di paleontologia e stratigrafia 86 ( 4 ) : 795 - 824 .\nwoodward a . s . 1918 . the fossil fishes of the english wealden and purbeck formations . part 2 : 49 - 104 . palaeontological society , london .\nwe use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites . close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings .\nthis article has been cited by the following publications . this list is generated based on data provided by crossref .\nvermeij , geerat j . grosberg , richard k . marshall , charles r . motani , ryosuke and mooers , arne 2018 . the sea as deathtrap : comment on a paper by miller and wiens . ecology letters , vol . 21 , issue . 6 , p . 938 .\nfloeter , sergio r . bender , mariana g . siqueira , alexandre c . and cowman , peter f . 2018 . phylogenetic perspectives on reef fish functional traits . biological reviews , vol . 93 , issue . 1 , p . 131 .\nhodge , jennifer r . alim , chidera bertrand , nick g . lee , wesley price , samantha a . tran , binh wainwright , peter c . and becks , lutz 2018 . ecology shapes the evolutionary trade - off between predator avoidance and defence in coral reef butterflyfishes . ecology letters ,\nmarram\u00e0 , giuseppe klug , stefanie de vos , john and kriwet , j\u00fcrgen 2018 . anatomy , relationships and palaeobiogeographic implications of the first neogene holomorphic stingray ( myliobatiformes : dasyatidae ) from the early miocene of sulawesi , indonesia , se asia . zoological journal of the linnean society ,\nclarke , john t . and friedman , matt 2018 . body - shape diversity in triassic\u2013early cretaceous neopterygian fishes : sustained holostean disparity and predominantly gradual increases in teleost phenotypic variety . paleobiology , p . 1 .\ncawley , john joseph marram\u00e0 , giuseppe carnevale , giorgio and kriwet , j\u00fcrgen 2018 . a quantitative approach to determine the taxonomic identity and ontogeny of the pycnodontiform fish pycnodus ( neopterygii , actinopterygii ) from the eocene of bolca lagerst\u00e4tte , italy . peerj , vol . 6 , issue . , p . e4809 .\nrummer , jodie l and munday , philip l 2017 . climate change and the evolution of reef fishes : past and future . fish and fisheries , vol . 18 , issue . 1 , p . 22 .\nmayrinck , diogo brito , paulo m . meunier , fran\u00e7ois j . alvarado - ortega , jesus otero , olga and friedman , matt 2017 . \u2020sorbinicharax verraesi : an unexpected case of a benthic fish outside acanthomorpha in the upper cretaceous of the tethyan sea . plos one , vol . 12 , issue . 8 , p . e0183879 .\nmarram\u00e0 , giuseppe engelbrecht , andrea carnevale , giorgio and kriwet , j\u00fcrgen 2017 . eocene sand tiger sharks ( lamniformes , odontaspididae ) from the bolca konservat - lagerst\u00e4tte , italy : palaeobiology , palaeobiogeography and evolutionary significance . historical biology , p . 1 .\nbellwood , david r . goatley , christopher h . r . and bellwood , orpha 2017 . the evolution of fishes and corals on reefs : form , function and interdependence . biological reviews , vol . 92 , issue . 2 , p . 878 .\ncarnevale , giorgio johnson , g . david marram\u00e0 , giuseppe and bannikov , alexandre f . 2017 . a reappraisal of the eocene priacanthid fish pristigenys substriata ( blainville , 1818 ) from monte bolca , italy . journal of paleontology , vol . 91 , issue . 03 , p . 554 .\ncowman , peter f . parravicini , valeriano kulbicki , michel and floeter , sergio r . 2017 . the biogeography of tropical reef fishes : endemism and provinciality through time . biological reviews , vol . 92 , issue . 4 , p . 2112 .\nramler , david palanda\u010di\u0107 , anja delmastro , giovanni b . wanzenb\u00f6ck , josef and ahnelt , harald 2017 . morphological divergence of lake and streamphoxinusof northern italy and the danube basin based on geometric morphometric analysis . ecology and evolution , vol . 7 , issue . 2 , p . 572 .\nstumpf , sebastian ansorge , j\u00f6rg pfaff , cathrin and kriwet , j\u00fcrgen 2017 . early jurassic diversification of pycnodontiform fishes ( actinopterygii , neopterygii ) after the end - triassic extinction event : evidence from a new genus and species , grimmenodon aureum . journal of vertebrate paleontology , vol . 37 , issue . 4 , p . e1344679 .\nmarram\u00e0 , giuseppe claeson , kerin m . carnevale , giorgio and kriwet , j\u00fcrgen 2017 . revision of eocene electric rays ( torpediniformes , batomorphii ) from the bolca konservat - lagerst\u00e4tte , italy , reveals the first fossil embryo in situ in marine batoids and provides new insights into the origin of trophic novelties in coral reef fishes . journal of systematic palaeontology , p . 1 .\npfaff , cathrin zorzin , roberto and kriwet , j\u00fcrgen 2016 . evolution of the locomotory system in eels ( teleostei : elopomorpha ) . bmc evolutionary biology , vol . 16 , issue . 1 ,\nlescinsky , halard 2016 . coral reefs at the crossroads . vol . 6 , issue . , p . 225 .\nleprieur , fabien descombes , patrice gaboriau , th\u00e9o cowman , peter f . parravicini , valeriano kulbicki , michel meli\u00e1n , carlos j . de santana , charles n . heine , christian mouillot , david bellwood , david r . and pellissier , lo\u00efc 2016 . plate tectonics drive tropical reef biodiversity dynamics . nature communications , vol . 7 , issue . , p . 11461 .\nguinot , guillaume and cavin , lionel 2016 . \u2018fish\u2019 ( actinopterygii and elasmobranchii ) diversification patterns through deep time . biological reviews , vol . 91 , issue . 4 , p . 950 .\ntuset , v . m . farr\ufffd , m . otero - ferrer , j . l . vilar , a . morales - nin , b . and lombarte , a . 2016 . testing otolith morphology for measuring marine fish biodiversity . marine and freshwater research , vol . 67 , issue . 7 , p . 1037 .\nschool of marine and tropical biology and australian research council centre of excellence for coral reef studies , james cook university , townsville , queensland 4811 , australia . e - mail : christopher . goatley @ urltoken\nemail your librarian or administrator to recommend adding this journal to your organisation ' s collection .\nfull text views reflects the number of pdf downloads , pdfs sent to google drive , dropbox and kindle and html full text views .\n* views captured on cambridge core between september 2016 - 9th july 2018 . this data will be updated every 24 hours ."]}
{"id": 2085, "summary": [{"text": "filifusus is a genus of sea snails , marine gastropod mollusks in the family fasciolariidae , the spindle snails , the tulip snails and their allies . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "filifusus", "paragraphs": ["filifusus snyder , m . a . , g . j . vermeij & w . g . lyons , 2012 type species : filifusus filamentosus r\u00f6ding , p . f . , 1798\nfasciolariidae \u00bb filifusus manuelae , id : 748976 , shell detail \u00ab shell encyclopedia , conchology , inc .\n- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - species : filifusus manuelae ( l . bozzetti , 2008 ) - id : 1972655713\n- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - species : filifusus glaber ( r . w . dunker , 1882 ) - id : 1970800020\nsnyder m . a . , vermeij g . j . & lyons w . g . ( 2012 ) the genera and biogeography of fasciolariinae ( gastropoda , neogastropoda , fasciolariidae ) . basteria 76 ( 1 - 3 ) : 31 - 70 . [ 3 aug . 2012 ] page ( s ) : 47 [ details ]\nsnyder , vermeij & lyons , 2012 . accessed through : world register of marine species at : urltoken ; = 607868 on 2018 - 07 - 09\nsnyder m . a . , vermeij g . j . & lyons w . g . ( 2012 ) the genera and biogeography of fasciolariinae ( gastropoda , neogastropoda , fasciolariidae ) . basteria 76 ( 1 - 3 ) : 31 - 70 . [ 3 aug . 2012 ] [ details ]\n( of neptunea cincta link , 1807 ) fraussen k . & terryn y . ( 2007 ) . the family buccinidae . genus neptunea . in : a conchological iconography [ directed by guido t . poppe & klaus groh ] . conchbooks , hackenheim . 159 pp . , 154 pls . [ details ]\n( of fusinus filamentosus ( r\u00f6ding , 1798 ) ) brost , f . b . & coale , r . d . ( 1971 ) a guide to shell collecting in the kwajalein atoll . charles e . tuttle co . , rutland , vermont , xii + 157 pp . [ details ]\n( of fusinus filamentosa [ sic ] ) brost , f . b . & coale , r . d . ( 1971 ) a guide to shell collecting in the kwajalein atoll . charles e . tuttle co . , rutland , vermont , xii + 157 pp . [ details ]\n( of fasciolaria ferruginea lamarck , 1822 ) finet y . & snyder m . a . ( 2012 ) . illustrations and taxonomic placement of the recent fusus and fasciolaria in the lamarck collection of the mus\u00e9um d\u2019histoire naturelle , geneva ( caenogastropoda , buccinoidea , gastropoda ) . zootaxa . 3507 : 1 - 37 . page ( s ) : fig . 4a [ details ]\n( of fasciolaria ferruginea lamarck , 1822 ) finet y . & snyder m . a . ( 2012 ) . illustrations and taxonomic placement of the recent fusus and fasciolaria in the lamarck collection of the mus\u00e9um d\u2019histoire naturelle , geneva ( caenogastropoda , buccinoidea , gastropoda ) . zootaxa . 3507 : 1 - 37 . [ details ]\n( of fasciolaria filamentosa ( r\u00f6ding , 1798 ) ) dautzenberg , ph . ( 1929 ) . contribution \u00e0 l ' \u00e9tude de la faune de madagascar : mollusca marina testacea . faune des colonies fran\u00e7aises , iii ( fasc . 4 ) . soci\u00e9t\u00e9 d ' editions g\u00e9ographiques , maritimes et coloniales : paris . 321 - 636 , plates iv - vii pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of fasciolaria filamentosa ( r\u00f6ding , 1798 ) ) lamarck j . b . p . a . de m . de . ( 1816 ) . tableau encyclop\u00e9dique et m\u00e9thodique des trois r\u00e8gnes de la nature . vingt troisi\u00e8me partie . mollusques et polypes divers . mme veuve agasse , paris . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of fasciolaria filamentosa ( r\u00f6ding , 1798 ) ) marais j . p . & r . n . kilburn ( 2010 ) fasciolariidae . pp . 106 - 137 , in : marais a . p . & seccombe a . d . ( eds ) , identification guide to the seashells of south africa . volume 1 . groenkloof : centre for molluscan studies . 376 pp . [ details ]\n( of pleuroploca filamentosa ( r\u00f6ding , 1798 ) ) drivas , j . ; jay , m . ( 1987 ) . coquillages de la r\u00e9union et de l ' \u00eele maurice . collection les beaut\u00e9s de la nature . delachaux et niestl\u00e9 : neuch\u00e2tel . isbn 2 - 603 - 00654 - 1 . 159 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of pleuroploca filamentosa ( r\u00f6ding , 1798 ) ) liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of pleuroploca manuelae bozzetti , 2008 ) bozzetti l . ( 2008 ) pleuroploca manuelae ( gastropoda : neogastropoda : fasciolariidae ) a new species from southern madagascar . malacologia mostra mondiale 58 : 8 - 11 . [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nversion 43 . 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed . my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .\nneptunea cincta link , h . f . , 1807 : n australia ; indo - pacific\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\nfull reference : m . a . snyder , g . j . vermeij , and w . g . lyons . 2012 . the genera and biogeography of fasciolariinae ( gastropoda , neogastropoda , fasciolariidae ) . basteria 76 ( 1 - 3 ) : 31 - 70\nparent taxon : fasciolariinae according to m . a . snyder et al . 2012\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthe star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :\nwe want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only , as we handle very few foreign shells in general . as time goes , the system will become more and more performant .\nenter your email address and we will send you an email with your username and password .\ne - mail jecilia sisican if you do not receive your email with your username and password .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 0 . 001 seconds . )\ndentifusus rosenberg , g . & g . j . vermeij , 2003 type species : dentifusus deynzeri vermeij , g . j . & g . rosenberg , 2003\nmicrofulgur finlay , h . j . & j . marwick , 1937 type species : microfulgur longirostris marshall , 1937\nfasciolaria lamarck , j . b . p . a . de , 1799 type species : fasciolaria tulipa tulipa linnaeus , c . , 1758\nafricolaria snyder , m . a . , g . j . vermeij & w . g . lyons , 2012 type species : africolaria rutila watson , r . b . , 1882\naurantilaria snyder , m . a . , g . j . vermeij & w . g . lyons , 2012 type species : fasciolaria aurantiaca lesson , r . p . , 1842\naustralaria snyder , m . a . , g . j . vermeij & w . g . lyons , 2012 type species : australaria australasia perry , g . , 1811\ncinctura hollister , s . c . , 1957 type species : cinctura hunteria hunteria perry , g . , 1811\nconradconfusus snyder , m . a . , 2002 type species : conradconfusus parilis conrad , t . a . , 1832\ngranolaria snyder , m . a . , g . j . vermeij & w . g . lyons , 2012 type species : granolaria salmo wood , w . , 1828\nkilburnia snyder , m . a . , g . j . vermeij & w . g . lyons , 2012 type species : kilburnia heynemanni dunker , r . w . , 1870\nlugubrilaria snyder , m . a . , g . j . vermeij & w . g . lyons , 2012 type species : lugubrilaria lugubris adams , a . & l . a . reeve in reeve , l . a . , 1847\nmicrocolus cotton , b . c . & f . k . godfrey , 1932 type species : microcolus dunkeri jonas , j . h . , 1844\npleuroploca fischer , 1884 type species : pleuroploca trapezium linnaeus , c . , 1758\npleuroploca ( pleia ) finlay , h . j . , 1930 type species : pleuroploca ( pleia ) decipiens tate , r .\npustulatirus vermeij , g . j . & m . a . snyder , 2006 type species : pustulatirus mediamericanus hertlein , l . g . & a . m . strong , 1951\ntarantinaea monterosato , t . a . de m . di , 1917 type species : tarantinaea lignaria linnaeus , c . , 1758\ntriplofusus olsson , a . a . & a . harbison , 1953 type species : triplofusus giganteus kiener , l . c . , 1840\nturrilatirus vermeij , g . j . & m . a . snyder , 2006 type species : turrilatirus turritus gmelin , j . f . , 1791\nfusinus rafinesque , c . s . , 1815 type species : fusinus ( fusinus ) colus linnaeus , c . , 1758\nfusinus ( fusinus ) rafinesque , c . s . , 1815 type species : fusinus ( fusinus ) colus linnaeus , c . , 1758\nfusinus ( fusinus ) ansatus caboblanquensis ( var . ) \u2020 ? ( 3 )\nfusinus ( aptyxis ) troschel , f . h . , 1868 type species : fusinus ( aptyxis ) syracusanus linnaeus , c . , 1758\nfusinus ( barbarofusus ) grabau , a . w . & shimer , 1909 type species : fusinus ( barbarofusus ) barbarensis trask , 1855\nfusinus ( heilprinia ) grabau , a . w . , 1904 type species : fusinus ( heilprinia ) caloosaensis heilprin , a . , 1887\namiantofusus fraussen , k . , yu . i . kantor & r . hadorn , 2007 type species : amiantofusus amiantus dall , w . h . , 1889\nchryseofusus hadorn , r . & k . fraussen , 2003 type species : chryseofusus chrysodomoides schepman , m . m . , 1911\ncyrtulus hinds , r . b . , 1843 type species : cyrtulus serotinus hinds , r . b . , 1844\nglaphyrina finlay , h . j . , 1926 type species : glaphyrina vulpicolor sowerby , g . b . iii , 1880\ngranulifusus kuroda , t . & t . habe , 1954 type species : granulifusus niponicus niponicus smith , e . a . , 1879\nharasewychia petuch , e . j . , 1987 type species : harasewychia harasewychi petuch , e . j . , 1987\nharfordia dall , w . h . , 1921 type species : harfordia harfordii stearns , r . e . c . , 1871\nmarmarofusus snyder , m . a . & w . g . lyons , 2014 type species : marmarofusus nicobaricus r\u00f6ding , p . f . , 1798\nollaphon iredale , t . , 1929 type species : ollaphon molorthus hedley , c . & w . l . may , 1908\nsinistralia adams , h . g . & a . adams , 1853 type species : sinistralia maroccensis gmelin , j . f . , 1791\ntrophonofusus kuroda , t . & t . habe , 1971 type species : trophonofusus muricatoides yokoyama , m . , 1920\nviridifusus snyder , m . a . , g . j . vermeij & w . g . lyons type species : viridifusus buxeus reeve , l . a . , 1847\nperisternia m\u00f6rch , o . a . l . , 1852 type species : peristernia nassatula lamarck , j . b . p . a . de , 1822\nperisternia ( nodopelagia ) hedley , c . , 1915 type species : peristernia ( nodopelagia ) brazieri angas , g . f . , 1877\nbullockus lyons , w . g . & m . a . snyder , 2008 type species : unknowngenustype\ndolicholatirus bellardi , l . , 1884 type species : dolicholatirus lanceus gmelin , j . f . , 1791\ndolicholatirus ( fractolatirus ) iredale , t . , 1936 type species : dolicholatirus ( fractolatirus ) normalis iredale , t . , 1936\nhemipolygona rovereto , g . , 1899 type species : hemipolygona armatus adams , a . , 1855\nlatirolagena harris , g . d . , 1897 type species : latirolagena smaragdula linnaeus , c . , 1758\nbenimakia habe , t . , 1958 type species : benimakia rhodostomus dunker , r . w . , 1860\nlatirus montfort , p . d . de , 1810 type species : latirus aurantiacus montfort , p . d . de , 1810\nlatirus ( latirulus ) cossmann , a . e . m . , 1889 type species : latirus ( latirulus ) subaffinis orbigny , a . v . m . d . d ' , 1850\nlatirus ( polygona ) schumacher , h . c . f . , 1817 type species : latirus ( polygona ) fusiformis schumacher , h . c . f . , 1817\nlatirus ( pseudolatirus ) bellardi , l . , 1884 type species : latirus ( pseudolatirus ) bilineata h\u00f6rnes , m . , 1853\ncrassibougia stahlschmidt , p . & k . fraussen , 2012 type species : niso terebellum dillwyn , l . w . , 1817\ncryptofusus beu , a . g . , 2011 type species : cryptofusus cryptocarinatus dell , r . k . , 1956\nfusolatirus kuroda , t . & t . habe in kuroda , t . , t . habe & k . oyama , 1971 type species : peristernia pilsbryi kuroda , t . & t . habe , 1952\nlamellilatirus lyons , w . g . & m . a . snyder , 2013 type species : lamellilatirus ceramidus dall , w . h . , 1889\nleucozonia gray , j . e . , 1847 type species : leucozonia nassa nassa gmelin , j . f . , 1791\nlightbournus lyons , w . g . & m . a . snyder , 2008 type species : unknowngenustype\nnodolatirus bouchet , ph . & m . a . snyder , 2013 type species : unknowngenustype\nopeatostoma berry , s . s . , 1958 type species : opeatostoma pseudodon burrow , e . j . , 1815\ntaron hutton , f . w . , 1883 type species : taron dubius hutton , f . w . , 1878\nclick on an image to view all the information : family , species , author , date , and full locality .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 0 . 071 seconds . )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 2 . 21 seconds . )\nnot perfect , thin lip , as good as they come . hard to get fasciolariid in any condition .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 0 . 002 seconds . )"]}
{"id": 2099, "summary": [{"text": "dicheirotrichus is a genus of beetles in the family carabidae , containing the following species : dicheirotrichus abdominalis ( motschulsky , 1844 ) dicheirotrichus alticola bates , 1878 dicheirotrichus angularis ( reitter in tschitscherine , 1899 ) dicheirotrichus angustulus j.sahlberg , 1880 dicheirotrichus arnoldii ( kryzhanovskij & atamuradov , 1989 ) dicheirotrichus bradycelliformis reitter , 1900 dicheirotrichus chloroticus ( dejean , 1829 ) dicheirotrichus cognatus ( gyllenhal , 1827 ) dicheirotrichus coreanus mlynar , 1974 dicheirotrichus cymindiformis ( reitter , 1901 ) dicheirotrichus desertus ( motschulsky , 1849 ) dicheirotrichus discicollis ( dejean , 1829 ) dicheirotrichus discolor ( faldermann , 1836 ) dicheirotrichus externepunctatus ( reitter in tschitscherine , 1899 ) dicheirotrichus glasunowi ( tschitscherine , 1899 ) dicheirotrichus godarti ( e.jacquet , 1882 ) dicheirotrichus grumi ( tschitscherine , 1899 ) dicheirotrichus gustavii crotch , 1871 dicheirotrichus hauseri ( reitter , 1894 ) ( trichosellus ) dicheirotrichus henoni ( bedel in tschitscherine , 1899 ) dicheirotrichus himalayanus kataev & wrase , 2006 dicheirotrichus kozlowi ( tschitscherine , 1899 ) dicheirotrichus lacustris ( l.redtenbacher , 1858 ) dicheirotrichus latimanus kataev & wrase , 2006 dicheirotrichus maculicollis ( reitter , 1894 ) dicheirotrichus mannerheimii ( r.f.sahlberg , 1844 ) dicheirotrichus medvedevi ( kabak & kataev , 1993 ) dicheirotrichus microderus ( solsky , 1874 ) dicheirotrichus obscuricollis ( reitter in tschitscherine , 1899 ) dicheirotrichus obscuricornis ( reitter in tschitscherine , 1899 ) dicheirotrichus obsoletus ( dejean , 1829 ) dicheirotrichus pallidus ( dejean , 1829 ) dicheirotrichus parvicollis ( tschitscherine , 1900 ) dicheirotrichus placidus ( gyllenhal , 1827 ) dicheirotrichus potanini ( tschitscherine , 1899 ) dicheirotrichus punctatellus ( reitter , 1894 ) dicheirotrichus punicus bedel , 1899 dicheirotrichus roborowskii ( tschitscherine , 1899 ) dicheirotrichus rufithorax ( c.r.sahlberg , 1827 ) dicheirotrichus semenowi ( tschitscherine , 1899 ) dicheirotrichus sichuanensis kataev & wrase , 1996 dicheirotrichus stenothorax ( kabak & kataev , 1993 ) dicheirotrichus subangularis kataev & wrase , 2006 dicheirotrichus tenuimanus bates , 1873 dicheirotrichus tolli kataev & shilenkov , 1996 dicheirotrichus transcaspicus ( tschitscherine , 1899 ) dicheirotrichus tscheresovae ( komarov , 1995 ) dicheirotrichus tschitscherini ( reitter in tschitscherine , 1899 ) dicheirotrichus ustulatus ( dejean , 1829 )", "topic": 29}], "title": "dicheirotrichus", "paragraphs": ["no one has contributed data records for dicheirotrichus rufithorax yet . learn how to contribute .\nactivity rhythms and the tide in a saltmarsh beetle dicheirotrichus gustavi . - pubmed - ncbi\nfield observations at mersea island , essex confirm previous observations at scolt head island , norfolk that the intertidal beetle dicheirotrichus gustavi crotch ( coleoptera : carabidae ) has a rhythm of activity on the saltmarsh surface which is suppressed during periods of submerging tides . although the timing of the tides at the two sites is 180\u00b0 ( 6 h ) out of phase , the timing of beetle activity at the two sites is the same , with a peak of activity shortly after dusk . beetle activity therefore shows no special phase relationship with the\ncritical\ntide - the first high tide that covers the beetle zone after a period of emergence . at mersea , the peak of beetle activity coincides with the critical high tides , but the beetles were observed to escape from the seawater by scrambling up the mud and vegetation .\nmaintaining and updating the site requires a lot of time and effort . therefore , we are forced to introduce a partially paid access . we expect that the costs will not be too burdensome for you , and your money will help us in the development of interactive keys , and more dynamic updates of the site .\nyour subscription will be activated when payment clears . view the status of your subscription in your account .\nthis project help increase the availability of scientific knowledge worldwide . contributions at any level help sustain our work . thank you for your support .\n\u00a9 carabidae of the world , 2007 - 2018 \u00a9 a team of authors , in in : anichtchenko a . et al . , ( editors ) 2007 - 2018\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\ncheng , l . ( ed . ) . ( 1976 ) . marine insects . north - holland publishing company : amsterdam , the netherlands . isbn 0 - 444 - 11213 - 8 . xii , 581 pp . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\ndescription : a 5 - 7 . 5mm dimorphic ground beetle , the males almost completely black , the females yellow to red - brown , often marked with black . a common saltmarsh species , living in strandline debris at the top of the shore .\nworld distribution : distributed along the coast from the baltic to the mediterranean in europe ; eurosiberian wide - temperate ( 64 ) . inland a similar form is recorded from central europe east to western siberia and north - west china .\necology : halobiontic and a common inhabitant of saltmarshes under stones or weed on muddy , well - vegetated ground .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nin continuing your browsing of this site , you accept the use of cookies to offer you suitable content and services and realize visits statistics . learn more about cookies .\ncorresponds to a report on the basis of at least one observation proved within a period of 10 years ( 20 years for little - known invertebrates ) preceding the year and no presumption of extinction since obtaining the last data nor doubt on reproductive and implemented nature of this population . for migratory species , the presence indicated concerns areas of reproduction .\nthe last reliable sighting is older than 10 years compared to the reference date , no recent specific research and no presumption of extinction from that date [ vertebrates , invertebrates and plants well studied ( rhopalocera , grasshoppers , dragonflies . . . ) ] ;\nthe last reliable observation being older than 20 years , no recent specific research and no presumption of extinction from that date [ poorly known taxa : fungus , many invertebrates . . . ] .\nthis point covers the absence , more difficult by nature to demonstrate than presence . this status is based on one or more of the following criteria :\nthis status must be assigned to a department in which the presence of the species is casual .\nparticular case of absence due to a proven extinction less than a half century ago ( older disappearances are treated as\nno probable or definite\n) .\nin the state of knowledge , we can not comment on the presence or absence in the current department . this is the default status when not comprised in one of the previous categories or whenever there is doubt .\nwarning : the data available reflects the progression status of knowledge or the availability of the inventories . it should never be considered as comprehensive .\nnational inventory of natural heritage , website : https : / / inpn . mnhn . fr .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\ndepartment of zoology , downing street , cb2 3ej , cambridge , u . k ."]}
{"id": 2109, "summary": [{"text": "glycia is a genus of beetles in the family carabidae , containing the following species : glycia afgana jedlicka , 1956 glycia bimaculata bedel , 1907 glycia klapperichi jedlicka , 1956 glycia rufolimbata maindron , 1905 glycia spencei ( gistel , 1838 ) glycia unicolor chaudoir , 1848", "topic": 26}], "title": "glycia", "paragraphs": ["acabando de chegar l\u00e1 do espetinho do siri cascudo , com @ odailsonjunior e # glycia .\nt\u00f4 de volta . acabei de chegar l\u00e1 da casa de # glycia . tava l\u00e1 com a mesma , e @ reenatafer .\na\u00eaee @ gersonnobrega14 est\u00e1 em todo cantooo . . . e # glycia tbm ^ ^ e \u00e9 s\u00f3 o come\u00e7o . . . urltoken\ngeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeente to saindo aki beijos amanh\u00e3 vou twentar la de # glycia < 3 woun . # goodviagem < 3 buenas noiter for you !\nacabando de chegar da @ unpmossoro . depois de uma tarde de estudos com meus amigos @ hugooangelo @ patriiciocosta e # glycia , consci\u00eancia limpa !\nsaudade de # taina\u00e3 , # glycia , # vanessa , # geyce , # geycinha tbm ! sempre aqui \u00f3 no meu s2 . : ' )\n\u00e1 caminho do espa\u00e7o cultural . @ zuleide _ snt mamis # v\u00e2nia , amigas # glyciane e # glycia . adora jo\u00e3o pessoa . vamos gente ! # vaibrilhar\ncaraca ' s essa gincana foi muito massa . . . gamey demaaaiis ; e com a # glycia sendo rainha , ah festa rolou ' ; ; # equipecesio ( yn )\neu\n@ anii _ costa\n, a emo linda da @ _ giovannafelix , a complicada da @ tainapekena & a doidinha da # glycia . . . : d urltoken\nmaintaining and updating the site requires a lot of time and effort . therefore , we are forced to introduce a partially paid access . we expect that the costs will not be too burdensome for you , and your money will help us in the development of interactive keys , and more dynamic updates of the site .\nyour subscription will be activated when payment clears . view the status of your subscription in your account .\nthis project help increase the availability of scientific knowledge worldwide . contributions at any level help sustain our work . thank you for your support .\n\u00a9 carabidae of the world , 2007 - 2018 \u00a9 a team of authors , in in : anichtchenko a . et al . , ( editors ) 2007 - 2018\nwe ' ve detected that javascript is disabled in your browser . would you like to proceed to legacy twitter ?\ntwitter may be over capacity or experiencing a momentary hiccup . try again or visit twitter status for more information .\nyou can add location information to your tweets , such as your city or precise location , from the web and via third - party applications . you always have the option to delete your tweet location history . learn more\nhere ' s the url for this tweet . copy it to easily share with friends .\nby embedding twitter content in your website or app , you are agreeing to the twitter developer agreement and developer policy .\nnot on twitter ? sign up , tune into the things you care about , and get updates as they happen .\nthis timeline is where you\u2019ll spend most of your time , getting instant updates about what matters to you .\nhover over the profile pic and click the following button to unfollow any account .\nwhen you see a tweet you love , tap the heart \u2014 it lets the person who wrote it know you shared the love .\nthe fastest way to share someone else\u2019s tweet with your followers is with a retweet . tap the icon to send it instantly .\nadd your thoughts about any tweet with a reply . find a topic you\u2019re passionate about , and jump right in .\n2010 - 05 - 31 by prof . paolo audisio & by prof . augusto vigna taglianti\nthis work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - share alike 3 . 0 license\npesi is funded by the european union 7th framework programme within the research infrastructures programme . contract no . ri - 223806 . activity area : capacities . period 2008 - 2011 - website hosted & developed by vliz banner picture : gannet ( morus bassanus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) by karl van ginderdeuren - contact pesi\nthis site makes extensive use of javascript . please enable javascript in your browser ."]}
{"id": 2110, "summary": [{"text": "rissoina spirata , common name the spiral risso , is a species of minute sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk or micromollusk in the family rissoinidae . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "rissoina spirata", "paragraphs": ["have a fact about rissoina spirata ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for rissoina spirata ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nrissoina ( rissoina ) orbigny , a . v . m . d . d ' , 1840 type species : unknowngenustype\nchiliostigma melvill , j . c . , 1918 type species : rissoina ( rissoina ) refugium melvill , j . c . , 1918\nrissoina ( rissolina ) gould , a . a . , 1861 type species : rissoina ( rissolina ) plicatula gould , a . a . , 1861\n- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - species : rissoina spirata ( g . b . i sowerby , 1825 ) - id : 5192001062\nrissoina ( moerchiella ) , r . ( apataxia ) , r . ( alinzebina )\nmisidentification rissoina decussata ( montagu , 1803 ) [ giannuzzi - savelli et al . , 1997 ]\nrissoina ( moerchiella ) nevill , 1885 type species : moerchiella gigantea deshayes , g . p . , 1848\n( of zebina spirata ( sowerby , 1825 ) ) taylor , j . d . ( 1973 ) . provisional list of the mollusca of aldabra atoll . [ details ]\n( of rissoa spirata g . b . sowerby i , 1833 ) sleurs w . j . m . ( 1993 ) . a revision of the recent species of rissoina ( moerchiella ) , r . ( apataxia ) , r . ( ailinzebina ) and r . ( pachyrissoina ) ( gastropoda : rissoidae ) . bulletin de l ' institut royal des sciences naturelles de belgique , 63 : 71 - 135 [ details ]\nin some areas , a few genera went through a speciation process that led to a high number of both species and endemics , for example , alvania , crisilla , onoba , pusillina , rissoa , and setia at the mediterranean ; benthonellania and rissoina at the caribbean ; manzonia and crisilla at the madeira , selvagens , and canaries archipelagos ; crisilla and schwartziella at the cape verde archipelago ; onoba at iceland ; and cingula at the geographically isolated saint helena island .\n( of rissoa spirata g . b . sowerby i , 1833 ) sowerby i , g . b . ( 1821\u201334 ) . the genera of recent and fossil shells , for the use of students , in conchology and geology . g . b . sowerby , london . vol . 1 pl . 1 - 126 + text ( unpaginated ) [ 1821 - 1825 ] ; vol . 2 : pl . 127 - 162 + text ( unpaginated ) [ 1825 - 1834 ] ( [ published in 42 numbers . for complete collation see sykes , 1906 and see petit r . e . 2006 . notes on sowerby ' s the genera of recent and fossil shells ( 1821\u20131834 ) archives of natural history 33 : 71 - 89 ] . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : plate 209 ; note : no page number [ details ]\nsowerby , g . b . , i . ( 1821\u20131834 ) the genera of recent and fossil shells , for the use of students in conchology and geology : plates of genera ; also corresponding letter - press , descriptive of the characters by which each genus is distinguished . particularly th page ( s ) : no page number [ details ]\ndautzenberg , ph . ( 1929 ) . contribution \u00e0 l ' \u00e9tude de la faune de madagascar : mollusca marina testacea . faune des colonies fran\u00e7aises , iii ( fasc . 4 ) . soci\u00e9t\u00e9 d ' editions g\u00e9ographiques , maritimes et coloniales : paris . 321 - 636 , plates iv - vii pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nstreftaris , n . ; zenetos , a . ; papathanassiou , e . ( 2005 ) . globalisation in marine ecosystems : the story of non - indigenous marine species across european seas . oceanogr . mar . biol . ann . rev . 43 : 419 - 453 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nzenetos , a . , m . e . \u00e7inar , m . a . pancucci - papadopoulou , j . g . harmelin , g . furnari , f . andaloro , n . bellou , n . streftaris & h . zibrowius . ( 2005 ) . annotated list of marine alien species in the mediterranean with records of the worst invasive species . mediterranean marine science 6 ( 2 ) : 63 - 118 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\npetit , r . e . ( 2009 ) . george brettingham sowerby , i , ii & iii : their conchological publications and molluscan taxa . zootaxa . 2189 : 1\u2013218 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\ngalil , b . ( 2007 ) . seeing red : alien species along the mediterranean coast of israel . aquatic invasions . 2 ( 4 ) : 281 - 312 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\ncheck list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nkatsanevakis , s . ; bogucarskis , k . ; gatto , f . ; vandekerkhove , j . ; deriu , i . ; cardoso a . s . ( 2012 ) . building the european alien species information network ( easin ) : a novel approach for the exploration of distributed alien species data . bioinvasions records . 1 : 235 - 245 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\npublication date the year of publication ( 1833 ) is given by petit ( 2009 ) . [ details ]\ntaylor , j . d . ( 1973 ) . provisional list of the mollusca of aldabra atoll . [ details ]\nshort description shell elongated , high - spired , of 7 - 8 moderately convex whorls with a distinct rim under the suture ; body whorl distinctly constricted . sculpture of spire whorls of oblique axial ribs which fade out on the body whorl or the previous one . spiral sculpture of very faint grooves . aperture oval , with a thickened outer lip , smooth inside , and a hardly indicated siphonal canal .\ncommon size : reported mediterranean specimens 6 - 8 mm , up to 14 mm in the red sea .\ndistinguishing characteristics this species is unmistakable , owing to the strong subsutural rim crenulated by the axial ribs .\ndistribution worldwide : indo - pacific . mediterranean : a spurious record in 1974 from the tyrrhenian sea ( bogi et al . , 1984 ) not further documented and possibly based on a displaced specimen . the records from haifa , israel seem more likely ( giannuzzi - savelli et al . , 1997 ) .\nbogi c . , coppini m . and margelli a . , 1984 . ritrovamento nel mediterraneo di\ngiannuzzi - savelli r . , pusateri f . , palmeri a . and ebreo c . , 1997 . atlante delle conchiglie marine del mediterraneo . vol . 2 : caenogastropoda . la conchiglia , roma , 258 p .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nlike most websites we use cookies . this is to ensure that we give you the best experience possible .\ncontinuing to use urltoken means you agree to our use of cookies . if you would like to , you can learn more about the cookies we use .\nwe\u2019d value your feedback on the tool . our survey takes only five minutes to complete .\nthe distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available . when several references are cited , they may give conflicting information on the status . further details may be available for individual references in the distribution table details section which can be selected by going to generate report .\none or more of the features that are needed to show you the maps functionality are not available in the web browser that you are using .\nplease consider upgrading your browser to the latest version or installing a new browser .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nshell gallery view \u00ab shell encyclopedia , conchology , inc . \u00bb conchological megadatabase on mollusks\nthe star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :\nwe want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only , as we handle very few foreign shells in general . as time goes , the system will become more and more performant .\nenter your email address and we will send you an email with your username and password .\ne - mail jecilia sisican if you do not receive your email with your username and password .\nclick on an image to view all the information : family , species , author , date , and full locality .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 3 . 132 seconds . )\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nsowerby , g . b . , i . ( 1821\u20131834 ) the genera of recent and fossil shells , for the use of students in conchology and geology : plates of genera ; also corresponding letter - press , descriptive of the characters by which each genus is distinguished . particularly th\ndautzenberg , ph . ( 1929 ) . contribution \u00e0 l ' \u00e9tude de la faune de madagascar : mollusca marina testacea . faune des colonies fran\u00e7aises , iii ( fasc . 4 ) . soci\u00e9t\u00e9 d ' editions g\u00e9ographiques , maritimes et coloniales : paris . 321 - 636 , plates iv - vii pp .\ngalil , b . ( 2007 ) . seeing red : alien species along the mediterranean coast of israel . < em > aquatic invasions . < / em > 2 ( 4 ) : 281 - 312 .\npetit , r . e . ( 2009 ) . george brettingham sowerby , i , ii & iii : their conchological publications and molluscan taxa . < em > zootaxa . < / em > 2189 : 1\u2013218 .\nstreftaris , n . ; zenetos , a . ; papathanassiou , e . ( 2005 ) . globalisation in marine ecosystems : the story of non - indigenous marine species across european seas . < em > oceanogr . mar . biol . ann . rev . < / em > 43 : 419 - 453 .\nzenetos , a . , m . e . \u00e7inar , m . a . pancucci - papadopoulou , j . g . harmelin , g . furnari , f . andaloro , n . bellou , n . streftaris & h . zibrowius . ( 2005 ) . annotated list of marine alien species in the mediterranean with records of the worst invasive species . mediterranean marine science 6 ( 2 ) : 63 - 118 .\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\ns\u00e9rgio p . \u00e1vila , 1 , 2 , 3 , * jeroen goud , 4 and ant\u00f3nio m . de frias martins 1 , 2\n4 national museum of natural history , invertebrates , naturalis darwinweg , leiden , p . o . box 9517 , 2300 ra leiden , the netherlands\nthis is an open access article distributed under the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original work is properly cited .\nrapoport ' s latitudinal rule relates geographical distribution with latitude [ 1 , 2 ] . this rule states that the range of the geographical distribution of species increases with latitude [ 3 ] . several hypotheses were provided : the seasonal variability hypothesis [ 2 , 4 ] , the differential extinction hypothesis [ 3 ] , the competition hypothesis [ 5 \u2013 7 ] , or the milankovitch climate oscillations , which force larger distributional changes [ 8 ] .\nto our knowledge , this is the first attempt to summarize present information about the geographic distributional pattern of this family in the atlantic ocean and the mediterranean sea , with the purpose of identifying the biotic similarities between areas .\nthe geographical distribution of the rissoidae in the atlantic ocean and mediterranean sea was compiled through an exhaustive search of the primary literature and is up to date until july 2011 . the following sites and references were considered :\npor : western atlantic iberian fa\u00e7ade ( from cabo vil\u00e1n , western galician shores , down to cape s\u00e3o vicente ) and southern shores of algarve , portugal ) : nobre [ 33 , 34 ] , nobre and braga [ 35 ] , macedo et al . [ 36 ] , rol\u00e1n [ 37 ] ,\nmed : mediterranean : nordsieck [ 19 ] , aartsen and fehr - de - wal [ 38 ] , aartsen [ 39 \u2013 47 ] , verduin [ 48 \u2013 50 ] , aartsen and verduin [ 23 , 51 ] , palazzi [ 52 ] , aartsen et al . [ 53 ] , amati [ 54 \u2013 56 ] , amati and nofroni [ 57 \u2013 59 ] , amati and oliverio [ 56 ] , oliverio [ 60 \u2013 62 ] , oliverio et al . [ 63 ] , aartsen and linden [ 64 ] , linden and wagner [ 65 ] , hoenselaar and moolenbeek [ 66 ] , aartsen and menkhorst [ 53 ] , giusti and nofroni [ 67 ] , aartsen et al . [ 68 ] , amati et al [ 69 ] , hoenselaar and hoenselaar [ 70 ] , nofroni and pizzini [ 71 ] , oliverio et al . [ 72 ] , aartsen and engl [ 73 ] , smriglio and mariottini [ 74 ] , margelli [ 75 ] , bogi and galil [ 76 ] , buzzurro and landini [ 77 ] , pe\u00f1as et al . [ 78 ] , oliver and templado [ 79 ] , ciesm , clemam ,\nazo : azores : watson [ 80 ] , dautzenberg [ 81 ] , amati [ 82 ] , gofas [ 83 ] , oliverio et al . [ 72 ] , linden [ 84 ] , linden and van aartsen [ 85 ] , \u00e1vila [ 86 \u2013 88 ] ,\nlus : lusitanian group of seamounts ( a chain of seamounts located between portugal and madeira ) : gorringe , josephine , amp\u00e8re , seine : \u00e1vila and malaquias [ 89 ] , beck et al . [ 90 ] , gofas [ 91 ] ,\nmad : madeira , porto santo and desertas islands , nobre [ 92 ] , van aartsen [ 47 ] , palazzi [ 52 ] , verduin [ 93 ] , moolenbeek and hoenselaar [ 94 , 95 ] , segers et al . [ 96 ] ,\ncan : canary islands : van aartsen [ 47 ] , moolenbeek and faber [ 98 ] , rol\u00e1n [ 99 ] , verduin [ 93 ] , linden and wagner [ 100 ] , moolenbeek and hoenselaar [ 94 , 95 , 101 ] , segers [ 102 ] , hern\u00e1ndez - otero et al . [ 103 ] ,\ntrs : trist\u00e3o da cunha island : worsfold et al . [ 112 ] , malacolog ,\ncrl : carolinian biogeographical province\u2013atlantic shores of usa , between cape hatteras , north carolina ( 35\u00b0 n ) and cape canaveral ( 28\u00b030\u2032 n ) : rex et al . [ 120 ] , malacolog ,\ntro : tropical biogeographical province ( from now on generically designated as \u201ccaribbean\u201d ) \u2014atlantic shores of usa , south of cape canaveral ( 28\u00b030\u2032 n ) , including western and eastern shores of florida , gulf of mexico ( louisiana and texas shores , as well as yucatan peninsula , m\u00e9xico ) , bahamas , caribbean sea , south to cabo frio ( brazil ) ( 23\u00b0s ) : dall [ 121 ] , baker et al . [ 122 ] , faber and moolenbeek [ 123 ] , jong and coomans [ 124 ] , leal and moore [ 125 ] , faber [ 126 ] , leal [ 127 ] , rol\u00e1n [ 128 ] , espinosa and ortea [ 129 ] , rosenberg et al . [ 130 ] malacolog ,\nant : antarctic\u2014from 60\u00b0s south , including south orkney islands ( signy island ) , south shetland islands , antarctic peninsula and weddell sea : ponder [ 132 ] .\nwe have also consulted other bibliographical sources , with a wider systematical or geographical subject , such as babio and thiriot - qui\u00e9vreux [ 134 ] , aartsen [ 40 ] , fretter and graham [ 30 ] , ponder [ 21 ] , verduin [ 135 ] , templado and rol\u00e1n [ 136 ] , hoenselaar and moolenbeek [ 66 ] , moolenbeek and hoenselaar [ 137 ] , moolenbeek and faber [ 138 \u2013 140 ] , sleurs [ 141 \u2013 143 ] , hoenselaar [ 70 , 144 ] , bouchet and war\u00e9n [ 27 ] , sleurs and preece [ 145 ] , war\u00e9n [ 146 ] , hoenselaar and goud [ 147 ] , goud [ 148 ] , gofas et al . [ 149 ] , rol\u00e1n [ 150 ] , gofas [ 91 ] , and garilli [ 151 ] . malacolog , ciesm , clemam , and worms web databases were very useful and widely consulted .\nthe bathymetrical zonation considers shallow species ( those living between the intertidal and 50 m depth ) and deep species ( those usually living below 50 m depth ) . the choice of the threshold at 50 m depth is related with the following reasons : ( i ) algal species to which rissoidae are very often associated are rare below 50 m depth ; ( ii ) direct sampling by scuba - diving is more frequent in waters less than 50 m depth ; ( iii ) in waters deeper than 50 m depth , usually the samplings are obtained via indirect methodologies ( grabs , most often ) .\nthe complete database was last updated in october 2011 and is available from the authors upon request .\nwhere a is the total number of rissoid species present in area a , and b is the total number of rissoid species present in area b . when a faunal flow happened in historical times , from a source area to the target area , we expect the target area to show a subset of the species present in the source area . so , different values of the two indices ( x a and x b ) are expectable , and the source area must have the smaller value [ 167 ] .\nthe mediterranean sea is the most diverse site , with 160 species of rissoidae , followed by canary islands ( 89 species ) , caribbean ( 77 ) , portugal ( 74 ) , and cape verde ( 67 ) . the lowest diversity sites are the carolinian province ( 18 species ) , greenland ( 16 ) , arctic ( 13 ) , angola ( 11 ) , new scotia biogeographical province ( 10 ) , antarctic ( 8 ) , virginian biogeographical province , tristan da cunha island , and brazil ( all with just 7 species ,\n( 11 ) are species - abundant in the mediterranean and along the portuguese shores .\n( as the name indicates ) are restricted to higher latitudes ( arctic , greenland , iceland , and scandinavia ) .\nis reported to the atlantic shores of north america ( nsc and vir ) .\nis a genus with high number of species at iceland and greenland ( 9 and 5 , resp . ) , but the most diverse sites are in the south atlantic : 22 species at southeast of south america and 6 species at tristan da cunha island and antarctic (\nare particularly species - diverse in the macaronesian archipelagos , especially at canary islands , selvagens and madeira , porto santo , and desertas islands .\nspp . is very abundant at cape verde archipelago ( 26 species ) as well as in the carolinian and tropical provinces , and at saint helena islands ( 4 , 9 , and 5 species , resp . ) .\nstosicia and voorwindia occur predominantly in the indo - pacific region [ 21 ] , with just two species reported to the western atlantic , stosicia aberrans [ 172 ] , and stosicia houbricki [ 173 ] ( = stosicia fernandezgarcesi [ 129 ] , all restricted to the tropical province ; voorwindia tiberiana [ 163 ] occurs in the mediterranean , where this lessepsian species is considered as alien ( nonestablished , ciesm database ) . however , fossil species of stosicia are known from the lower miocene of the eastern atlantic and the mediterranean [ 173 ] .\nthe mediterranean and cape verde islands are the sites with higher numbers of endemic species ( 71 and 58 , resp . ) , with predominance of\n( 20 ) at cape verde . caribbean also has a high number of endemisms ( 57 species ) , especially of the genera\n) . however , if these figures are viewed in percentages , saint helena island , cape verde , and tristan da cunha are the sites with higher percentages of rissoid endemisms ( 90 . 0 % , 86 . 6 % , and 85 . 7 % , resp . ) . other sites with high percentage values are the meteor group of seamounts ( 76 . 9 % ) , the caribbean ( 74 . 0 % ) , southeastern shores of south america ( 66 . 7 % ) , the azores ( 44 . 7 % ) , and the mediterranean ( 44 . 4 % ) . antarctic ( 37 . 5 % ) , the lusitanian group of seamounts ( 37 . 0 % ) , the west - african shores ( 24 . 0 % ) , and canary islands ( 19 . 1 % ) also have a significant amount of endemic rissoids (\n) , thus only 3 species are endemic to these islands ( 7 . 9 % ) . similar percentages of rissoid endemics occur at greenland ( 6 . 3 % ) and scandinavia ( 3 . 3 % ) . iceland has 12 . 0 % of endemisms (\nmost of the 542 - rissoid species that live in the atlantic and in the mediterranean are shallow species ( 329 ) . one hundred and forty - six are considered as deep species , living in waters with more than 50 m depth , and 23 species are reported to both shallow and deep waters . it was not possible to establish the bathymetrical zonation of 44 rissoid species .\nare mostly constituted by shallow species . some of these genera ( e . g . ,\n) are exclusively littoral . in the eastern - atlantic shores and at latitudes higher than 55\u00b0 n ( arctic , greenland , iceland , and scandinavia ) ,\nbathymetric zonation of the rissoidae . lit\u2014littoral species ( usually living at depths less than 50 m depth ) ; deep\u2014deep species ( usually living at depths higher than 50 m depth ) . other abbreviations as in\n) . there is a predominance of nonplanktotrophs in islands , seamounts , and at high and medium latitudes . this pattern is particularly evident in the genera\n. planktotrophic species are more abundant in the eastern atlantic and in the mediterranean sea . the british isles and angola are the only sites with excess of planktotrophs in relation to nonplanktotrophic rissoids .\nis a very diverse genus in the mediterranean sea and along the shores of portugal , and most are planktotrophic species . in the arctic , greenland , southeastern south america , and antarctic , all rissoid species are nonplanktotrophs (\nscandinavia , british isles , portugal , angola , and the carolinian province are the only sites with higher numbers of shallow planktotrophic species relative to the number of shallow non - planktotrophs ( cf . tables\nbenthonella tenella [ 169 ] , the sole representative of this genus in the studied area , is the rissoid species with wider geographical range in the atlantic ; other species with large geographical ranges are obtusella intersecta [ 174 ] and alvania cimicoides [ 175 ] ; all of them are deep planktotrophic species , although obtusella intersecta may also occur in the littoral .\nwe used pae separately on the shallow and on the deep rissoid species . after removing all the endemic species ( no cosmopolitan species were found ) , 115 shallow species and 41 deep species of rissoids were analysed with the pae methodology , using paup * .\n= 180 , ci = 0 . 6389 , ri = 0 . 7005 ) with three main groups . the first one strongly clusters portugal , the mediterranean , british isles , and scandinavia , with bootstrap values higher than 91 % . a second group subdivides in two : the first subgroup , the macaronesian archipelagos of madeira , canary islands , selvagens , and the azores clusters ; the second subgroup has west - african coast , angola , and cape verde islands . in a third group , western atlantic sites are clustered : caribbean and carolinian province cluster to brazil at 65 % bootstrap value . saint helena island weakly clusters to the previous sites ( bootstrap value of only 51 % ) . new scotia and virginian provinces cluster in an independent group ( 66 % ) , as well as southern south america and antarctic ( 95 % ) (\n. bootstrap values are higher than 50 % only for three groups : portugal - mediterranean ( 78 % ) , caribbean - carolinian province ( 75 % ) , and new scotia province - virginian province . some other sites also cluster , but at values lower than 50 % (\n, and support the patterns found by both the pae analysis and the geographical distribution . four main source areas for rissoids emerge : mediterranean , caribbean , canaries / madeira archipelagos , and the cape verde archipelago . in the western atlantic , a rissoid movement originating in the caribbean seems to have developed southwards to brazil (\nprobable colonization patterns of rissoid fauna in the central west - atlantic . the arrows represent the probable main flux direction of faunas , and the associated numbers represent , for each pair of areas , the higher of the two similarity index values computed as described in the methods , abbreviations as in\nprobable colonization patterns of rissoid fauna in the northwest atlantic . the arrows represent the probable main flux direction of faunas , and the associated numbers represent , for each pair of areas , the higher of the two similarity index values computed as described in the methods , abbreviations as in\nprobable colonization patterns of rissoid fauna in the south atlantic . the arrows represent the probable main flux direction of faunas , and the associated numbers represent , for each pair of areas , the higher of the two similarity index values computed as described in the methods , abbreviations as in\nprobable colonization patterns of rissoid fauna in the central east - atlantic . the arrows represent the probable main flux direction of faunas , and the associated numbers represent , for each pair of areas , the higher of the two similarity index values computed as described in the methods , abbreviations as in\n) . scandinavia seems to be the source area for both iceland and arctic ( 64 and 54 % , resp . ) and iceland probably played an important role as a source for both greenland and arctic . the mediterranean is weakly related with the west - african shores ( 44 % ,\n) . the relationships between the azores and both madeira and canaries are weak ( 32 and 24 % , resp . ) , and canaries seem to be the main source of the rissoid fauna of madeira ( 67 % ) and selvagens ( 79 % ) . cape verde archipelago is isolated from all sites (\nprobable colonization patterns of rissoid fauna in the macaronesian islands , northeast - atlantic , and mediterranean . the arrows represent the probable main flux direction of faunas , and the associated numbers represent , for each pair of areas , the higher of the two similarity index values computed as described in the methods , abbreviations as in\nprobable colonization patterns of rissoid fauna in the northeast atlantic . the arrows represent the probable main flux direction of faunas , and the associated numbers represent , for each pair of areas , the higher of the two similarity index values computed as described in the methods , abbreviations as in\nit is beyond the scope of this paper to discuss in detail all hypotheses related with rapoport ' s latitudinal rule ( e . g . , the seasonal variability hypothesis [\n] ) , but one of the corollaries of the seasonal variability hypothesis is that , at low latitudes , the expected bathymetrical range of a given species , in average , should be lower than at high latitudes . stevens [\nrelation between ( a ) number of rissoids with large bathymetrical range ( # sh - de : shallow - deep ) and latitude in the eastern atlantic ; ( b ) number of littoral rissoids and latitude in the eastern atlantic ; ( c ) number of littoral rissoids and latitude in the western atlantic ; ( d ) number of littoral rissoids and latitude in the western atlantic .\n] , when they compared the north and south hemispheres of the east - pacific coast of america . in the northern hemisphere , there is correspondence between the diversity latitudinal gradient and ssts , but in the southern hemisphere , in particular from 40 to 60\u00b0s , the number of species increases with latitude , even though ssts decrease monotonically with this variable . this pattern is also evident with the shallow rissoidae along the west - atlantic coasts of south america ( figures\n) and the explanation is dependent on the coastal area ( comprising depths less than 200 m ) which , according to valdovinos et al . [\n] , is a factor that better explains biodiversity than ssts . thus , the increase of the number of shallow rissoids with latitude along the southern south - america shores (\n) . this is certainly due to the high sampling effort for this region , but we think that other reasons are also behind this fact ( see below ) . a similar trend was also reported in several other taxonomic groups ( hydromedusae , siphonophora , chaetognatha , appendicularia , salpida , cephalopoda , euphausiacea , decapoda , and pisces ) [\n] , reinforcing the mediterranean as an area of high marine biodiversity . this is even more interesting if we think that the mediterranean area was repopulated just 5 . 33 ma ago , when the \u201cmessinian salinity crisis\u201d ended [\n] . this dramatic event occurred between 5 . 96\u20135 . 33 ma and provoked an almost complete annihilation of the mediterranean marine fauna and flora [\n] . the reopening of the connection between the atlantic and the mediterranean happened 5 . 33 ma ago and , although there are different hypothesis under discussion such as tectonic movements of the crust [\n] , and this may be the reason for the high number of rissoid species that this area possesses nowadays .\nby definition , \u201ca species can be endemic to an area for two different reasons : ( a ) because it has originated in that place and never dispersed , or ( b ) because it now survives in only a part of its former wider range\u201d [ 196 ] . we do not know any endemic rissoid to the azores , madeira , or canaries that is documented in the fossil record as formerly having a broader geographic distribution [ 197 , 198 ] . so , they are autochthonous descendents of immigrants , rather than geographic relicts .\nit is a well - known fact that biotic communities in high latitudes are usually rich in nonplanktotrophic species [ 157 , 201 ] . this is thorson ' s rule \u201cpelagic development reveals a clear biological polarity : from low towards high latitude pelagic development disappears progressively and becomes replaced by direct development , demersal development , and viviparity\u201d [ 202 , 203 ] . thorson ' s original formulation related also pelagic development with depth , saying that the number of species with such a type of development would gradually diminish from the shallow shelf downwards to the abyssal depths , until its complete disappearance [ 202 ] a concept that did not hold [ 204 , 205 ] .\n] stated that species with a planktotrophic larval development and long - distance dispersal usually have wider geographical ranges , longer geological ranges , and smaller speciation and extinction rates than nonplanktotrophic relatives . he detected changes in the modes of larval development of cretacian molluscs , from planktotrophic to nonplanktotrophic , but the reverse was not found . in the mediterranean , sibling species were found , almost identical in their teleoconchs and differing mostly in their protoconchs : one multispiral , denoting a planktotrophic larval development , the other one paucispiral , denoting a nonplanktotrophic larval development [\n] at rockall , an isolated and inhabited islet located in the north atlantic ( 57\u00b0n , 13\u00b0w ) , first noted this phenomenon and stated that a pelagic phase may be an advantage for dispersal , but it may exclude species from certain habitats , namely , from oceanic islands . moreover , larvae of nonplanktotrophic species are protected from the surrounding environment during the initial phase of their development , by the walls of the egg . in addition , they do not need external food supply , as vitelum provides them all energy they need to account for the completion of the metamorphosis [\n] and resources for larval stages are available only during short periods , there exists such a predominance of nonplanktotrophic rissoid species .\n) . similar speciation events also happened in other families of gastropods ( e . g . , in cape verde , conidae , with about 45 species / subspecies , and\n) . interestingly , canaries act as a probable source of rissoid fauna , instead of recipient , when compared to all areas , with the sole exception of the mediterranean .\nstevens gc . the latitudinal gradient in geographical range : how so many species coexist in the tropics .\nrosenzweig ml . on continental steady states of species diversity . in : cody ml , diamond jm , editors .\ncambridge , mass , usa : belknap press of harvard university press ; 1975 . pp . 121\u2013140 .\ndynesius m , jansson r . evolutionary consequences of changes in species\u2019 geographical distributions driven by milankovitch climate oscillations .\nroy k , jablonski d , valentine jw , rosenberg g . marine latitudinal diversity gradients : tests of causal hypotheses .\nroy k , jablonski d , valentine jw . dissecting latitudinal diversity gradients : functional groups and clades of marine bivalves .\nfloeter sr , soares - gomes a . biogeographic and species richness patterns of gastropoda on the southwestern atlantic .\nvaldovinos c , navarrete sa , marquet pa . mollusk species diversity in the southeastern pacific : why are there more species towards the pole ?\nwright dh . species - energy theory : an extension of species - area theory .\nwright dh , currie dj , maurer ba . energy supply and patterns of species richness on local and regional scales . in : ricklefs re , schluter d , editors .\nmacpherson e . large - scale species - richness gradients in the atlantic ocean .\nastorga a , fern\u00e1ndez m , boschi ee , lagos n . two oceans , two taxa and one mode of development : latitudinal diversity patterns of south american crabs and test for possible causal processes .\nwenz . gastropoda . teil 1 , allgemeiner teil und prosobranchia . in : schindewolf oh , editor .\ncoan e . a proposed revision of the rissoacean families rissoidae , rissoinidae and cingulopsidae .\nstuttgart , germany : vom eismeer bis kapverden , mittelmeer und schwarzes meer . gustav fischer ; 1972 .\nponder wf . the classification of the rissoidae and orbitestellidae with descriptions of some new taxa .\nponder wf , de keyzer rg . family rissoidae . in : beesley pl , ross gjb , wells a , editors .\nvan aartsen jj , verduin a . european marine mollusca : notes on less well - known species v .\nwar\u00e9n a . revision of the rissoidae of the norwegian north atlantic expedition 1876\u20131878 .\nhansson hg . neat ( north east atlantic taxa ) : scandinavia marine mollusca check - list , 1998 , urltoken .\nbouchet p , war\u00e9n a . revision of the northeast atlantic bathyal and abyssal mesogastropoda .\nfretter v , graham a . the prosobranch molluscs of britain and denmark\u2014part 6 .\n( mollusca , caenogastropoda , rissoidae ) from nw spain , with the description of two new species .\nvan aartsen jj . european marine mollusca : notes on less well - known species . 1 .\nvan aartsen jj . synoptic tables of med . and europ . conchology . genere\nof the subgenus turboella gray , 1847 , from the mediterranean and european atlantic coasts .\ntestudae subg . nov . , sp . nov . , a marine gastropod from the straits of gibraltar .\n( l . ) s . l . ( gastropoda , prosobranchia ) , an aggregate species .\n( monterosato , 1884 ) , and c . ( s . ) inflata ( monterosato , 1884 ) , marine gastropods from the mediterranean .\npalazzi s . taxonomic notes on the rissoidae and related families . vi . description of two new species of\nvan aartsen jj , menkhorst hpmg , gittenberger e . the marine mollusca of the bay of algeciras , spain , with general notes on mitrella , marginellidae and turridae .\namati b , nofroni i . designazione del lectotipo di \u201csetia\u201d gianninii f . nordsieck , 1974 e descrizione di\noliverio m , amati b , nofroni i . proposta di adeguamento sistematico dei rissoidaea ( sensu ponder ) del mar mediterraneo\u2014parte i : famiglia rissoidae gray , 1847 ( gastropoda : prosobranchia )\namati b , nofroni i , oliverio m . new species and rediscoveries within the\nn . sp . ( prosobranchia , rissoidae ) , a new gastropod from the mediterranean .\nbuzzurro g , landini f . descrizione di una nuova specie di rissoidae ( gastropoda : prosobranchia ) per le coste laziali ( mar tirreno )\npe\u00f1as a , rol\u00e1n e , ballesteros m . segunda adici\u00f3n a la fauna malacol\u00f3gica del litoral de garraf ( ne de la pen\u00ednsula ib\u00e9rica )\nwatson rb . report on the scaphopoda and gasteropoda collected by h . m . s . \u201cchallenger\u201d during the years 1873\u20131876 . reports on the scientific results of the \u201cchallenger\u201d expedition 1873\u20131876 . zoology , vol . xv , part xlii , 756 pp . , liii pls , 1886 .\ndautzenberg p . contribution \u00e0 la faune malacologique des iles a\u00e7ores . r\u00e9sultats des dragages effectu\u00e9s par le yacht l ' hirondelle pendant sa campagne scientifique de 1887 . r\u00e9vision des mollusques marins des a\u00e7ores .\n\u00e1vila sp . shallow - water marine molluscs of the azores : biogeographical relationships .\n\u00e1vila sp . the shallow - water rissoidae ( mollusca , gastropoda ) of the azores and some aspects of their ecology .\nprocessos e padr\u00f5es de dispers\u00e3o e coloniza\u00e7\u00e3o nos rissoidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) dos a\u00e7ores .\nponta delgada , portugal : universidade dos a\u00e7ores ; 2005 . ph . d . thesis .\n\u00e1vila sp , malaquias mae . biogeographical relationships of the molluscan fauna of the ormonde seamount ( gorringe bank , northeast atlantic ocean )\nbeck t , metzger t , freiwald a . biodiversity inventorial atlas of macrobenthic seamount animals . eu - esf project oasis , 126 pp . oceanic seamounts : an integrated study ; evk2 - ct - 2002 - 00073 , 2006 , urltoken .\nvol . 98 . coimbra , portugal : coimbra editora ; 1937 . moluscos test\u00e1ceos marinhos do arquip\u00e9lago da madeira ; p . 101 .\nverduin a . on the taxonomy of some rissoacean species from europe . madeira and the canary islands ( gastropoda , prosobranchia )\nmoolenbeek rg , faber mj . a new micromollusc from the canary islands ( mollusca , gastropoda : rissoacea )\nrol\u00e1n e . aportaciones al estudio de los risoaceos de las islas canarias\u2014i . description de tres especies nuevas .\nhern\u00e1ndez - otero jm , garc\u00eda - talavera f , hern\u00e1ndez - garc\u00eda m . divisi\u00f3n apogastropoda . in : moro l , mart\u00edn jl , garrido mj , izquierdo i , editors .\nconsejer\u00eda de pol\u00edtica territorial y medio ambiente del cobierno de canarias ; 2003 . pp . 83\u201391 .\nmoolenbeek rg , rol\u00e1n e . new species of rissoidae from the cape verde islands ( mollusca : gastropoda ) \u2014part 1 .\ny afines ( gastropoda : prosobranchia : rissoidae ) en el archipi\u00e9lago de cabo verde .\nrol\u00e1n e , rubio f . new information on the malacological fauna ( mollusca : gastropoda ) of the cape verde archipelago , with the description of five new species .\nsmith ea . report on the marine molluscan fauna of the island of st . helena .\nworsfold tm , avern g , ponder wf . shallow water rissoiform gastropods from tristan da cunha , south atlantic ocean , with records of species from gough island .\ngofas s . the west african rissoidae ( gastropoda : rissooidea ) and their similarities to some european species .\nengle vd , summers jk . biogeography of benthic macroinvertebrates in estuaries along the gulf of mexico and western atlantic coasts .\nrex ma , watts mc , etter rj , o\u2019neill s . character variation in a complex of rissoid gastropods from the upper continental slope of the western north atlantic .\nbaker f , hanna gd , strong am . some rissoid mollusca from the gulf of california .\noegstgeest , the netherlands : universal book services / dr . w . backhuys ; 1991 .\nespinosa j , ortea j . descripci\u00f3n de cuatro nuevas especies de la familia rissoinidae ( mollusca : gastropoda )\nrosenberg g , moretzsohn f , garc\u00eda ef . gastropoda ( mollusca ) of the gulf of mexico . in : felder dl , camp dk , editors .\ncollege station , tex , usa : texas a & m press ; 2009 . pp . 579\u2013699 .\nponder wf . rissoaform gastropods from the antarctic and sub - antarctic . the eatoniellidae , rissoidae , barleeidae , cingulopsidae , orbitestellidae and rissoellidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) of signy island , south orkney islands , with a review of the antarctic and sub - antarctic ( excluding southern south america and the new zealand sub - antarctic islands ) species .\nponder wf , worsfold tm . a review of the rissoiform gastropods of southwestern south america ( mollusca , gastropoda )\nbabio cr , thiriot - qui\u00e9vreux c . gast\u00e9ropodes de la r\u00e9gion de roscoff . \u00e9tude particuli\u00e8re de la protoconque .\nh . & a . adams , 1854 ( gastropoda : rissoidae ) en las costas europeas\u20141 .\nsleurs wjm . mollusca gastropoda : four new rissoinine species ( rissoininae ) from deep water in new caledonian region . in : crosnier a , bouchet p , editors .\nvol . 7 . 1991 . pp . 163\u2013178 . ( m\u00e9moires du mus\u00e9um national d ' histoire naturelle , series a ) .\nsleurs wjm , preece rc . the rissoininae ( gastropoda : rissoidae ) of the pitcairn islands , with the description of two new species .\nhoenselaar hj , goud j . the rissoidae of the cancap expeditions\u2014i : the genus\ngofas s , le renard j , bouchet p . mollusca . in : costello mj , emblow cs , white r , editors .\neuropean register of marine species . a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels .\njablonski d , lutz ra . molluscan larval shell morphology : ecological and paleontological applications . in : rhoads dc , lutz ra , editors .\nnew york , ny , usa : plenum ; 1980 . pp . 323\u2013377 .\nshuto t . larval ecology of prosobranch gastropods and its bearing on biogeography and paleontology .\nscheltema rs . on the relation between dispersal of pelagic larvae and the evolution of marine prosobranch gastropods . in : battaglia b , beardmore ja , editors .\nnew york , ny , usa : plenum press ; 1978 . pp . 303\u2013322 . ( nato conference series . series 4 : marine sciences ) .\njablonski d , lutz ra . larval ecology of marine benthic invertebrates : paleobiological implications .\nrosen br , smith ab . tectonics from fossils ? analysis of reef - coral and sea - urchin distributions from late cretaceous to recent , using a new method .\ngarz\u00f3n - ordu\u00f1a ij , miranda - esquivel dr , donato m . parsimony analysis of endemicity describes but does not explain : an illustrated critique .\nsavigny j . c . description de l ' egypte ou recueil des observations et des recherches qui ont \u00e9t\u00e9 faites en egypte pendant l ' exp\u00e9dition de l ' arm\u00e9e fran\u00e7aise , publi\u00e9 par les ordres de sa majest\u00e9 l ' empereur napol\u00e9on le grand . histoire naturelle , animaux invert\u00e9br\u00e9s .\nvol . 1 . paris , france : imprimerie nationale ; 1826 . explication sommaire des planches de mollusques de l ' egypte et de la syrie publi\u00e9s par j . c . savigny ; pp . 7\u201356 .\nissel r . malacologia del mar rosso , ricerche zoologiche e paleontologiche . biblioteca malacologica , pisa , pp . xi + 387 ; pl . 1\u20135 , 1869 .\nwatrous je , wheeler qd . the out - group comparison method of character analysis .\npaup * : phylogenetic analysis using parsimony ( * and other methods ) , version 4 .\nalmada vc , oliveira rf , gon\u00e7alves ej , almeida aj , santos rs , wirtz p . patterns of diversity of the north - eastern atlantic blenniidfish fauna ( pisces : blennnidae )\ndautzenberg p , fischer h . dragages effectu\u00e9s par l ' hirondelle et par la princesse alice 1888\u20131896 . gastropodes et p\u00e9l\u00e9cypodes .\ndall wh . reports on the results of dredging , under the supervision of alexander agassiz , in the gulf of mexico ( 1877 - 78 ) and in the carribean sea ( 1879 - 80 ) , by the u . s . coast survey steamer \u201cblake\u201d , lieut . - commander c . d . sigsbee , u . s . n . and commander j . r . bartlett , u . s . n . commanding . xxix . report on the mollusca . part ii : gastropoda and scaphopoda .\nadams cb . descriptions of supposed new species of marine shells , which inhabit jamaica .\nwood sv . a monograph of the crag mollusca with descriptions of shells from the upper tertiaries of the british isles . 2 . bivalves , london : printed for the palaeontographical society , part 2 : 217\u2013342 , pl . 21\u201331 , 1875 .\nforbes e . report on the mollusca and radiata of the aegean sea , and on their distribution , considered as bearing on geology .\nsantelices b , marquet pa . seaweeds , latitudinal diversity patterns , and rapoport\u2019s rule .\nvalentine jw , roy k , jablonski d . carnivore / non - carnivore ratios in northeastern pacific marine gastropods .\nmyers n , mittermeler ra , mittermeler cg , da fonseca gab , kent j . biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities .\nhs\u00fc kj , ryan wbf , cita mb . late miocene desiccation of the mediterranean .\nkrijgsman w , hilgen fj , raffi i , sierro fj , wilson ds . chronology , causes and progression of the messinian salinity crisis .\nkrijgsman w , blanc - valleron mm , flecker r , et al . the onset of the messinian salinity crisis in the eastern mediterranean ( pissouri basin , cyprus )\nhs\u00fc kj , montadert l , bernoulli d , et al . history of the mediterranean salinity crisis .\nraffi s , marasti r . the mediterranean bioprovince from the pliocene to the recent : observations and hypothesis based on the evolution of the taxonomic diversity of molluscs . in : gallitelli em , editor . in : proceedings of the 1st international meeting on palaeontology , essential of historical geology ; 1982 ; venice , italy . pp . 151\u2013177 .\nkrijgsman w , langereis cg , zachariasse wj , et al . late neogene evolution of the taza - gercif basin ( rifian corridor , morocco ) and implications for the messininan salinity crisis .\nkrijgsman w , garc\u00e9s m , agust\u00ed j , raffi i , taberner c , zachariasse wj . the \u201ctortonian salinity crisis\u201d of the eastern betics ( spain )\nbarbieri r , ori gg . neogene palaeoenvironmental evolution in the atlantic side of the rifian corridor ( morocco )\npopov sv , shcherba ig , ilyina lb , et al . late miocene to pliocene palaeogeography of the paratethys and its relation to the mediterranean .\nduggen s , hoernie k , van den bogaard p , r\u00fcpke l , morgan jp . deep roots of the messinian salinity crisis .\nloget n , van den driessche j . on the origin of the strait of gibraltar .\nharzhauser m , piller we , steininger ff . circum - mediterranean oligo\u2014miocene biogeographic evolution\u2014the gastropods\u2019 point of view .\nshackleton nj , kennett jp . late cenozoic oxygen and carbon isotope changes at dsdp site 284 : implications for glacial history of the northern hemisphere and antarctica .\nvan den hoek c . phytogeographic provinces along the coasts of the northern atlantic ocean .\nvan reine wfp , john dm , lawson gw , kostermans lbt , editors .\nbrussels , belgium : foundation for the promotion of scientific research in africa ; 2006 .\nmironov an , krylova em . origin of the fauna of the meteor seamounts , north - eastern atlantic . in : mironov an , gebruk av , southward aj , editors .\n\u00e1vila sp , amen r , azevedo jmn , cach\u00e3o m , garc\u00eda - talavera f . checklist of the pleistocene marine molluscs of prainha and lagoinhas ( santa maria island , azores )\n\u00e1vila sp , da silva cm , schiebel r , cecca f , backeljau t , de frias martins am . how did they get here ? palaeobiogeography of the pleistocene marine molluscs of the azores .\nfretter v , graham a . british prosobranch molluscs , their functional anatomy and ecology .\nthorson g . the distribution of benthic marine mollusca along the n . e . atlantic shelf from gibraltar to mursmank . in : proceedings 1st european malacological congress ; 1962 ; pp . 5\u201325 .\nmileikovsky sa . types of larval development in marine bottom invertebrates , their distribution and ecological significance : a re - evaluation .\nrex ma , etter rj , stuart ct . large - scale patterns of species diversity in the deep - sea benthos . in : ormond rfg , gage jd , angel mv , editors .\nrex ma , war\u00e9n a . planktotrophic development in deep - sea prosobranch snails from the western north atlantic .\nponder wf . the truncatelloidean ( rissoacean ) radiation\u2014a preliminary phylogeny . in : ponder wf , editor .\nconti ma , monari s , oliverio m . early rissoid gastropods from the jurassic of italy : the meaning of first appearences .\nkowalke t , harzhauser m . early ontogeny and palaeoecology of the mid - miocene rissoid gastropods of the central paratethys .\npoulin e , palma at , f\u00e9ral jp . evolutionary versus ecological success in antarctic benthic invertebrates .\n\u00e1vila sp . oceanic islands , rafting , geographical range and bathymetry : a neglected relationship ? . in : hayden tj , murray da , o\u2019connor jp , editors . in : proceedings of the 5th international symposium on the fauna and flora of atlantic islands , vol . 9 ; 2006 ; dublin , ireland . irish biogeographical society ; pp . 22\u201339 .\nparis , france : c . n . f . r . a . ; 1988 . biologie larvaire et strat\u00e9gie de reproduction des ann\u00e9lides polych\u00e8tes en province subantartique ; pp . 145\u2013152 .\nduch\u00eane jc . adelphophagie et biologie larvaire chez boccardia polybranchia ( carazzi ) ( ann\u00e9lide polych\u00e8te spionidae ) en province subantartique .\nbhaud m , duch\u00eane jc . change from planktonic to benthic development : is life cycle evolution an adaptive answer to the constraints of dispersal ?\ncolognola r , masturzo p , russo gf , scardi m , vinci d , fresi e . biometric and genetic analysis of the marine rissoid rissoa auriscalpium ( gastropoda , prosobranchia ) and its ecological implications .\noliverio m , tringali l . two sibling species of nassariinae in the mediterranean sea ( prosobranchia : muricidae : nasariinae )\noliverio m . biogeographical patterns in developmental strategies of gastropods from mediterranean posidonia beds .\ngili c , martinell j . phylogeny , speciation and species turnover . the case of the mediterranean gastropods of genus\n( mollusca : buccinidae ) from the cape verde archipelago with the description of two new species .\n( mollusca : buccinidae ) from the cape verde archipelago , with the description of three new species .\nvanderpoorten a , rumsey fj , carine ma . does macaronesia exist ? conflicting signal in the bryophyte and pteridophyte floras .\nwirtz p . three shrimps , five nudibranchs , and two tunicates new for the marine fauna of madeira .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nalvania risso , a . , 1826 type species : alvania ( alvania ) europea risso , a . , 1826\nalvania ( alvanolira ) nordsieck , f . , 1972 type species : alvania ( alvanolira ) lineata risso , a . , 1826\nalvania ( coronalvania ) nordsieck , f . , 1972 type species : alvania ( coronalvania ) corona nordsieck , f . , 1972\nalvania ( lanciella ) nordsieck , f . , 1972 type species : alvania ( lanciella ) lanciae calcara , p . , 1845\nalvania ( linemera ) finlay , h . j . , 1924 type species : turboella interrupta adams , j . , 1798"]}
{"id": 2121, "summary": [{"text": "stenodus nelma , known alternatively as the nelma , sheefish , inconnu or connie , is a commercial species of freshwater whitefish in the family salmonidae .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "it is widespread in the arctic rivers from the kola peninsula ( white sea basin ) eastward across siberia to the anadyr river and also in the north american basins of the yukon river and mackenzie river . ", "topic": 6}], "title": "nelma", "paragraphs": ["key words : inconnu , stenodus leucichthys , nelma , stenodus nelma , fish eggs , straminipilous organisms , eutrophication .\nshaposhnikova , g . k . 1967 . comparative characteristics of nelma stenodus leucichthys nelma ( pallas ) and belorybitsa stenodus leucichthys leucichthys ( guldenstadt ) .\n- spagnolo - salmon blanco . francese - st\u00e9node blanc . inglese - connie , conny , sheefish . danimarca - hvidlaks . norvegia - nelma . svezia - siklax , vitlax . finlandia - nelma . polacco - nelma . russo - nel ' ma .\nnelma\u2019s expert staff conducts frequent on - site inspections at each mill to ensure consistent quality .\nnelma section 17 accompanying stats reveal\u2026what we already knew , but the las persist in denying .\n\u201cnelma section 17 accompanying stats reveal\u2026what we already knew , but the las persist in denying . \u201d\non nelma section 17 accompanying stats reveal\u2026what we already knew , but the las persist in denying .\nof course @ commonshomeaffs does not yet literally = nelma but one more push might do it .\nstenodus leucichthys nelma illustration of the sister species by n . n . kondrakov . noaa photo library .\nnelma is a leading agency in certifying facilities to produce ippc ispm15 compliant wood packaging for use in exports .\nnelma \u2013 campaigning to defend the rights of all migrants \u2013 campaigning to defend the rights of all migrants .\npetrova , n . a . 1976 . biology of stenodus leucichthys nelma ( pallas ) from the irtysh basin .\nalternatively , the name stenodus leucichtys has been used in a broader sense , referring to a widespread species composed of two subspecies . [ 2 ] in addition to the landlocked subspecies stenodus leucichthys leucichthys , it comprises the nelma , stenodus leucichthys nelma ( pallas , 1773 ) which lives in eurasian and north american rivers of the arctic basin . nelma , also known as the sheefish or inconnu , is currently often considered as a distinct species stenodus nelma . [ 1 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ]\nchereshnev , i . a . , a . v . shestakov , r . r . yusupov , y . v . shtundyuk and i . v . slugin 2000 biology of nelma stenodus leucichthys nelma ( coregonidae ) from the anadyr basin ( the northeast of russia ) .\nnelma actively funds research vital to the northeastern lumber industry , currently collaborating with the university of maine on producing weevil - resistant eastern white pine .\nopen the doors to nelma ' s latest visual marketing tool to showcase northeastern softwood interior products\u2026 . . the virtual home tour ! now online at urltoken\nwe\u2019ve been crunching the numbers from the 50 or so destitute migrant families nelma has accompanied to london local authorities since our accompanying scheme began in the spring of 2016 .\na delicately crafted display font with a lot of character , nelma is perfect for setting beautiful type with an impact . this font is distributed as a . eps file .\nin 1948 , nelma produced a documentary on the lumber industry . this 25 - minute film shows some of the early processes , markets , and technologies in the lumber industry at that time .\nthe northeastern lumber manufacturers association ( nelma ) is the rules writing agency for eastern white pine lumber and the grading authority for eastern spruce , balsam fir , spruce - pine - fir ( spfs ) grouping , and other commercially important eastern softwood lumber species . in addition , nelma is a leading agency for export wood packaging certification and the marketing voice for the wood products industry in the northeast .\nnelma runs an accompanying scheme for destitute migrant families with no recourse to public funds . nelma volunteers accompany parents who are requesting support from social services due to homelessness and / or destitution . unlawful local authority \u2018gatekeeping\u2019 of support for families with no recourse to public funds is systemic . families seeking support often encounter intimidation , aggression , racism , and misinformation . they are regularly told they cannot be helped .\nhi ! i am nelma carmelo . a good - looking single mom . i have 4 kids . i ' m willing to have a long - distance relationship . and willing to relocate in other country\nsince mid - 2016 nelma and others have been trying to hold haringey council to account for the local authority\u2019s systematic poor treatment of destitute migrant families seeking social services support under s17 of the children act 1989 .\nthe authors investigated the growth of straminipilous organisms on the eggs of inconnu ( stenodus leucichthys ) and nelma ( stenodus nelma ) in water from three different eutrophication levels . thirty ( 30 ) straminipilous species were found growing on the investigated eggs ( of both fish species ) used as baits . the majority of species has been found on the eggs of inconnu ( 20 ) in comparison with those found on the eggs of nelma ( 15 ) . the highest number of infected eggs of both investigated species has been observed also in the water from bia\u0142a river ( 27 . 3 % of the inconnu and 21 . 6 % of the nelma ; the most eutrophication ) , the smallest in water from supra\u015bl river ( 6 . 3 and 8 . 8 % respectively ; the less eutrophication ) . these differences for both species were statistically significant . amino acid , carbohydrate and urease tests were used .\nnelma accompanying is about solidarity , and providing emotional and practical support . local authorities often behave aggressively and disrespectfully towards families in need . often the intent is to wear people down . it can really help to have another person there .\n\u201c144 , 000 undocumented children is a problem the government must solve . there is no benefit to society in people being in this position . the government needs to reduce the barriers to them regularising their status . ' ' @ commonshomeaffs basically = nelma\nnelma brings together activists from across london to campaign on issues faced by migrants in vulnerable positions in our communities . we challenge injustices towards families with no recourse to public funds ( nrpf ) and we coordinated a campaign against the home office\u2019s former policy of detaining and deporting eea national rough sleepers .\nwelcome to the nelma grader academy , a comprehensive on - line training resource for individuals that seek to learn more about the intricacies of lumber grading or for those within the lumber industry that want to increase their proficiency level . the academy enlists the following tools to enhance the lumber grading education experience :\nconstruction of dams led to the loss of all spawning grounds for the species ( the volga , ural and terek drainages ) . increasing illegal fishing in the volga and in the caspian sea is now a very critical concern . stenodus nelma was introduced in the northern volga drainage and is now expanding and might threaten surviving populations and cultivated stocks through hybridization .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nskopets , m . ( iucn ssc salmon specialist group ) , & smith , k . ( iucn freshwater biodiversity unit )\njustification : a widespread species , however stocks in european and siberian rivers are declining due to overfishing and pollution , however not at a rate to qualify the species for a threatened or near threatened category .\narctic ocean basin , from ponoi ( kola peninsula , white sea basin ) eastward to anadyr ( siberia ) , yukon ( alaska ) and mackenzie ( canada ) drainages .\nthere are special fishing regulations in some territories , and in places it is illegal to catch for consumption ( m . skopets , pers . comm . ) .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nskopets , m . ( iucn ssc salmon specialist group ) , bogutskaya , n . , & smith , k . ( iucn freshwater biodiversity unit )\ncaspian sea ( commonly central and southern caspian in summer ) , volga , ural and terek drainages .\nnative stocks are reportedly extinct and survival depends exclusively on stocking . in the volga all spawning grounds were above volgograd dam . in 1959 only a few spawners remained . up to 33 million ( 1988 ) juveniles were stocked during soviet times . between 1996 - 99 only 600 , 000 juveniles were stocked and the spawning population is in a drastic decline again . in 2004 , only about 100 spawners were caught below volgograd dam . in the 1960s , it was already extremely rare in the ural , where it has not been recorded since .\nnorway spruce is the first major , new wood species grown in the u . s . to be tested for strength values since the 1920s . approved october 20 , 2016 !\nas many as 23 different wood characteristics and machining imperfections determine the grade of an eastern white pine board .\nthe spfs ( spruce - pine - fir south ) species grouping includes the species of red , white , and black spruce , balsam fir , red pine , and jack pine .\nwhile human graders are still the heart of the industry , many mills rely on scanners , lasers , and optical optimizers to ensure product quality .\nnew england\u2019s forests continue to provide consumers with the most sustainable building product available .\ndesigning with ewp is character building . a photo reference guide to specific characteristic ranges .\nlearn about these two species in a side by side comparison . who will be victorious ?\n, which exposes the active collaboration of london\u2019s mayor , local councils and homelessness charities delivering street outreach services \u2013 st mungo\u2019s , thames reach and change , grow , live ( cgl ) .\nhomeless people on the streets of london have become prime targets for immigration raids , in which some of the city\u2019s most vulnerable people are detained and deported . several nights a week , immigration patrols are out targeting rough sleepers in london .\nwhilst arrests are carried out by home office \u201cimmigration compliance and enforcement\u201d ( ice ) teams , they rely on joint patrols and other intelligence provided by street outreach services . they may also see their role increase in deciding whether or not it is \u2018proportional\u2019 to remove people , effectively giving them the power to decide who is worthy of remaining in the uk and who can be disposed of .\noutreach teams from charities st mungo\u2019s , thames reach , and cgl conduct regular joint \u201cvisits\u201d with immigration enforcement officers , as often as fortnightly in central boroughs . freedom of information ( foi ) responses show 141 such patrols organised by the gla and 12 london boroughs last year . this figure does not include westminster or the city of london , the biggest concentration of london homelessness , where patrols are likely to be even more frequent .\n127 people were deported as a result of a a two - month pilot operation in westminster alone .\ncharity outreach teams routinely pass on locations of non - uk rough sleepers to ice through the london - wide chain database and through local data co - operation agreements . this intelligence may lead to many more arrests .\nas opposed to workplace raids which largely hit south asian migrants , eu and other european economic area ( eea ) nationals are the main targets here , as they made up nearly half of london rough sleepers last year . migrants from romania , poland , and other east european countries are particularly affected .\nunder new home office rules introduced in may 2016 , european rough sleepers can be arrested for deportation on their first night sleeping rough , as this is considered a \u201cmisuse\u201d of their european \u201ctreaty rights\u201d . outreach workers may be called on to guide immigration officers in deciding whether detention is \u201cproportional\u201d .\ntough policy on migrant rough sleepers was \u201cintensely lobbied\u201d for by westminster council , and actively pushed by the gla and other members of the \u201cmayor\u2019s rough sleeping group\u201d , including senior managers from st mungo\u2019s , thames reach and other charities .\nthe rough sleeper deportation system is at the cutting edge of theresa may\u2019s \u201chostile environment\u201d approach rolling out across schools , hospitals , housing , and other areas of everyday life . this approach relies on turning teachers , doctors and nurses , charity workers , and other citizens into home office informers .\nthe \u201chostile environment\u201d is based on collaboration . it can be broken by solidarity and resistance . examples of refusal by some homelessness workers and campaigners may start to show the way .\nif you are a homelessness worker , rough sleeper , or have any information that you\u2019d like to share with corporate watch , email us at contact [ at ] urltoken or call 020 7426 0005 . we will respect your confidentiality .\nif you have any immediate information about ice raids , we suggest you contact anti raids network : urltoken email : antiraids @ urltoken twitter : @ antiraids .\nprivacy & cookies : this site uses cookies . by continuing to use this website , you agree to their use . to find out more , including how to control cookies , see here : cookie policy\nwe maintain a pool of trained volunteer accompaniers . we send call - outs to when we receive requests to accompany a family . we normally ask volunteers to be prepared to accompany at least once a month on a weekday during working hours .\nplease complete this form if you\u2019d like to get involved in our accompanying scheme .\nat the moment we accept accompanying referrals from project 17 , hackney migrant centre , haringey migrant support centre , greenwich migrant hub , coram children\u2019s legal centre , matthew gold & co . , afril , migrant family action and the british red cross . if you\u2019d like to start referring to us , please get in touch .\nlewisham a \u2018borough of sanctuary\u2019 ? rofl , say destitute migrant families and our volunteer accompaniers .\n\u201clewisham a \u2018borough of sanctuary\u2019 ? rofl , say destitute migrant families and our volunteer accompaniers . \u201d\ntwo years of skimped - on promises , but some light as well . let\u2019s keep up the pressure for change over haringey\u2019s treatment of destitute migrant families !\n\u201ctwo years of skimped - on promises , but some light as well . let\u2019s keep up the pressure for change over haringey\u2019s treatment of destitute migrant families ! \u201d\non december 14th 2017 the high court ruled the home office\u2019s policy of detaining and removing eea rough sleepers unlawful .\non 21st - 23rd november , a judicial review is taking place against a home office policy detaining and deporting hundreds of european rough sleepers , simply for being homeless . this policy is sinister , feeding into the government\u2019s \u2018hostile environment\u2019 agenda .\n\u201ctwo new short films highlight the cruelty and violence of the hostile environment . \u201d\n. ( we haven\u2019t joined the labour party . we were invited to give the perspective of grassroots migrants\u2019 rights activists . )\nwe ' ve detected that javascript is disabled in your browser . would you like to proceed to legacy twitter ?\nnorth east london migrant action campaigning to defend the rights of all migrants . get involved : nelondonmigrantaction @ urltoken\nthere is an emergency protest today outside the home office in london , at 5 : 30pm , demanding justice for the young sudanese man who died being chased by immigration enforcement in wales . organised by\news / sudan - man - died - immigration - raid - home - office - wales - newport - a8433636 . html\nsouth east sisters ad hacks protesting the state using limited funds to put immigration officers into local services . this leaves survivors with insecure immigration status forced to make the choice between abuse in the home , or abuse from the home office . # supportednotdeported urltoken\n@ nelmacampaigns redbridge have just refused emergency support to a woman with a 2yr & 4yr old . she ' ll be homeless tonight . threat to take kids into care .\nit doesn\u2019t matter what you\u2019ve done , or whether you\u2019re an illegal immigrant or not . he was just going to work , and didn\u2019t deserve to die . no one deserves that . it\u2019s just needless , the car wash wasn\u2019t even closed down . \u201d\nwe are looking for an albanian speaker to help with follow up on an immigration raid . please get in touch if you can help\nfor the first time in a decade , the number of people sleeping rough on london\u2019s streets has fallen . any progress is good , but even one person sleeping rough is one too many . that\u2019s why i\u2019ve got a plan for what needs to be done .\nthis is why it ' s so important to focus on the uk ' s own racist border regime , and not just the us or hungary etc . this is preventable . literally the only thing allowing this is that there aren ' t physically enough of us currently to stop it .\nmajor raid with multiple van loads of police and immigration enforcement currently near turnpike lane ( falkland rd / green lanes corner ) .\nwe provide long - term support and solidarity on housing and poverty problems for each other . to do this , we need long - term sustainable funding ! if you can , please consider setting up a standing order to support us ! this is the best way to help us fund our activities .\nevery sunday , around 40 migrant children & young people come to akwaaba to have fun . we\u2019re looking for more volunteers to help us look after them . check out\nwe ' ve had to provide a lot of emergency accommodation lately as local authorities continue to fail destitute migrants , and our funds are running low . does anyone want to put on a party for us ?\ntwitter may be over capacity or experiencing a momentary hiccup . try again or visit twitter status for more information .\nyou can add location information to your tweets , such as your city or precise location , from the web and via third - party applications . you always have the option to delete your tweet location history . learn more\nhere ' s the url for this tweet . copy it to easily share with friends .\nby embedding twitter content in your website or app , you are agreeing to the twitter developer agreement and developer policy .\nnot on twitter ? sign up , tune into the things you care about , and get updates as they happen .\nthis timeline is where you\u2019ll spend most of your time , getting instant updates about what matters to you .\nhover over the profile pic and click the following button to unfollow any account .\nwhen you see a tweet you love , tap the heart \u2014 it lets the person who wrote it know you shared the love .\nthe fastest way to share someone else\u2019s tweet with your followers is with a retweet . tap the icon to send it instantly .\nadd your thoughts about any tweet with a reply . find a topic you\u2019re passionate about , and jump right in .\nmissy is a designer based out of minneapolis . she graduated in december 2010 and currently works at zeus jones . she appreciates simplicity as long as it ' s compelling and values attention to detail as highly as she does efficiency .\nyou can pay - what - you - want for a personal use license .\na 1 - 5 user commercial license is available for $ 30 . 00 usd . additional licensing for up to 100 users is also available .\n- we believe in a world without borders . - we stand in solidarity with all migrants regardless of status . - we believe everybody who is here has the right to be here , work here and be decently housed . - we believe that immigration detention is unjustifiable in principle and unworkable in practice . - we believe all children deserve the same opportunities\u2014regardless of where they or their parents were born . - we reject the distinctions drawn by politicians and the mainstream media between \u2018deserving\u2019 and \u2018undeserving\u2019 migrants . - we reject the racist immigration controls that are creeping into almost every area of life in the uk . - we believe that nrpf\u2014no recourse to public funds\u2014is state violence because it implies that some people are more worthy of help , support and the right to a decent life than others . - being unable to get support from the state leaves people destitute . - it is a root cause of exploitation . - it makes it harder for women to flee domestic violence .\n- we support migrants with no recourse to public funds to stand up for their rights . - we do this through activism , advocacy , solidarity and mutual support . - we accompany destitute migrant families approaching social services for support under section 17 of the children act 1989 . - we resist unfair policies and practices , including local authority gatekeeping of section 17 support . - we hold local authorities to account for bullying and intimidating destitute migrant families who turn to them for support .\n- an end to local authority gatekeeping of support for destitute migrant - the home office to be kept out of local authority children\u2019s services - all migrants to have access to secure housing , adequate financial support and free school meals .\ndamien egan , the new mayor of lewisham council , calls lewisham a ' sanctuary borough ' . but when destitute migrant families go to social services for support that they are entitled to they report experiences like this :\ni\u2019m telling you , i was scared . that time that woman almost killed me . i wouldn\u2019t have gone back on my own . when i got home , all my body was shaking and i fell down the stairs . she said if she had her way she would call immigration to take me to my country immedi\nwhen budget cuts come at the cost of leaving children unfed or unhoused , local authorities need to be pushing back against the dismal logics of austerity . we call on mayor egan , vicky foxcroft mp and whoever succeeds heidi alexander mp to start an urgent independent review of the policies and practices of lewisham\u2019s no recourse to public funds team and an end to the violence being perpetrated against destitute migrant families in the borough ! please share widely .\nan interactive game that simulates real - time lumber grading at a mill setting and includes variable lug speeds from beginner level to more advanced settings . your profile will track your high scores and achievement levels earned after multiple game plays . a fun way to apply your knowledge !\nto gain full access to the grader training and above board , please register via the login tab to set up your username and password or login if you already have an account .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nadd a photo to your profile and get access to all full sized photos .\ni want to have a single partner for a lifetime loving , caring and honest person .\ncupid media , the cupid media logo and urltoken are registered trademarks of ecom holdings pty ltd and used with permission by cupid media pty ltd .\nim a single mom with 1 kid . . im a simple woman . . .\ncupid media , the cupid media logo and urltoken are registered trademarks of ecom holdings pty ltd and used with permission by cupid media pty ltd .\ncupid media , the cupid media logo and urltoken are registered trademarks of ecom holdings pty ltd and used with permission by cupid media pty ltd .\nsou uma mulher d harmonia e paz . . mae d 2 filhos ; sou licenciada em gestao ambiental e trabalho como tecnica dr higiene , saude , seguranca e meio ambiente numa empresa mineira localizada na provincia d tete\ni am a woman d harmony and peace . . mae d 2 sons ; i am licensed in environmental management and work as a technician dr hygiene , health , safety and environment in a mining company located in the provincia d tete\nim looking a man who is honest responsible and caring . . . 50 to 80 years old\ncupid media , the cupid media logo and urltoken are registered trademarks of ecom holdings pty ltd and used with permission by cupid media pty ltd .\nbusco um homem sincero , inteligente e que saiba o que quer na vida .\ni ' m a sincere man , intelligent and who knows what he wants in life .\nstenodus leucichthys is a species of freshwater whitefish in the family salmonidae . in the strict sense its natural distribution is restricted to the caspian sea basin , and it is known as beloribitsa . [ 1 ] the beloribitsa is now considered extinct in the wild , but survives in cultured stocks . [ 1 ] [ 2 ]\nat a higher level , the genus stenodus is not phylogenetically distinct from the broader lake whitefish genus coregonus , although it is phenotypically characterized by a specialized predator morphology . [ 7 ]\n. it is generally silver in color with a green , blue or brown back . the meat is white , flaky and somewhat oily . an adult fish weighs from 14 to 25 kilograms ( 31 to 55 lb ) . the fish eat\nbeloribitsa used to inhabit particularly the volga , ural and terek rivers , and migrate up to 3 , 000 kilometres ( 1 , 900 mi ) upstream from the caspian to their spawning grounds in the spring . following the construction of dams and hydropower reservoirs , the migration and natural reproduction has been impeded , and the taxon is now considered as extinct in the wild by the iucn . [ 1 ] [ 8 ] the stock however survives in hatcheries and some populations are maintained by stocking . [ 3 ]\nfroese , rainer , and daniel pauly , eds . ( 2013 ) . species of stenodus in fishbase . february 2013 version .\neschmeyer f . catalog of fishes ( search : stenodus ( species ) ) california academy of scieces . ( 15 march 2012 version )\nbernatchez l , colombani f , dodson jj ( 1991 ) phylogenetic relationships among the subfamily coregoninae as revealed by mitochondrial dna restriction analysis journal of fish biology 39 ( suppl a ) : 283 - 290 .\npoursaeid , f . & falahatkar , b . ( 2012 ) threatened fishes of the world : stenodus leucichthys leucichthys g\u00fcldenst\u00e4dt , 1772 ( salmonidae ) . aqua 18 : 31 - 34 .\nthis page was last modified on 24 february 2014 , at 14 : 05 .\nthis article ' s content derived from wikipedia , the free encyclopedia ( see original source ) .\n( pallas , 1776 ) . reise durch verschiedene provinzen des russischen reiches . st . petersburg . 3 vol . sinonimo senior , nuova combinazione , nomenclatura iczn non ancora convalidata .\npallas , 1773 . reise durch verschiedene provinzen des russischen reiches . st . petersburg . 3 vol . [ vol . 1 , 1771 : 12 non numerato . index , + pls . a - z , aa - nn ] . sinonimo senior , combinazione originale , nomenclatura iczn non valida . opinioni - sinonimo di\n2001 : 69 , bogutskaya & naseka 2004 : 145 , scharpf 2006 : 34 . nomenclatura valida come\n( pallas 1773 ) , vedere kottelat & freyhof 2007 : 394 . localit\u00e0 tipo - grandi fiumi della siberia , russia . tipo - nessun esemplare noto .\n( pallas , 1776 ) . reise durch verschiedene provinzen des russischen reiches . st . petersburg . 3 vol . sinonimo senior , nuova combinazione , nomenclatura iczn non valida .\nnilsson , 1855 . skandinavisk fauna . fjerde delen : fiskarna . f\u00f6rsta h\u00e4ftet . lund . skandinavisk fauna . : i - xxxiv + 1 - 768 . sinonimo junior , combinazione originale , nomenclatura iczn non valida . opinioni - sinonimo di\n( g\u00fcldenst\u00e4dt 1772 ) , vedere berg 1948 : 303 , svetovidov 1973 : 151 , reshetnikov 1998 : 47 . sinonimo di\n( pallas 1773 ) , in base alla localit\u00e0 tipo e se la specie sar\u00e0 riconosciuta ufficialmente , vedere porcellotti 2010 ( presente lavoro ) . localit\u00e0 tipo - arkhangelsk , russia . tipo - nessun esemplare noto .\nrichardson , 1823 . notice of the fishes . no . 6 , in john franklin . narrative of a journey to the shores of the polar sea in 1819 - 22 . . . with an appendix on various subjects relating to science and natural history . london . narrative of a journey to the shores of the polar sea in 1819 - 22 . . . : 705 - 728 , pls . 25 - 26 . a p . 3 dell ' inserto . il nome specifico \u00e8 scritto\n( pallas 1773 ) , in base alla localit\u00e0 tipo e se la specie sar\u00e0 riconosciuta ufficialmente , vedere porcellotti 2010 ( presente lavoro ) . localit\u00e0 tipo - bacino del fiume mackenzie , incluso il salt river , canada . tipo - nessun esemplare noto .\n- kottelat m . and j . freyhof 2007 . handbook of european freshwater fishes . kottelat , cornol , switzerland and freyof , berlin , germany . pagina 394 .\nbacini afferenti all ' oceano artico , dal fiume ponoi ( penisola di kola , bacino del mar bianco ) ad est fino ai bacini dei fiumi anadyr ( siberia ) , yukon ( alasca ) e mackenzie ( canada ) . specie introdotta in vari bacini della federazione russa ed in lettonia ( senza acclimatazione ) .\nandriyashev , a . p . and n . v . chernova 1995 . annotated list of fishlike vertebrates and fish of the arctic seas and adjacent waters .\nanonymous 1996 . fish collection database of the university of british columbia fish museum .\nanonymous 1999 . fish collection database of the natural history museum , london ( formerly british museum of natural history ( bmnh ) ) .\nanonymous 2001 . fish collection database of the national museum of natural history ( smithsonian institution ) .\nbailey , r . m . , j . e . fitch , e . s . herald , e . a . lachner , c . c . lindsey , c . r . robins and w . b . scott 1970 . a list of common and scientific names of fishes from the united states and canada . third edition\nbaillie , j . and b . groombridge ( eds . ) 1996 . 1996 iucn red list of threatened animals .\nberg , l . s . 1962 . freshwater fishes of the u . s . s . r . and adjacent countries . volume 1 , 4th edition .\nbogutskaya , n . g . 2005 . compilation of 70 ecoregion in russia with about 700 species .\nbogutskaya , n . g . and a . m . naseka 2002 . an overview of nonindigenous fishes in inland waters of russia .\nbogutskaya , n . g . 2002 . common names of russian freshwater fishes .\nbooke , h . e . 1975 . cytotaxonomy of the salmonid fish stenodon leucichthys .\ncarl , g . c . and w . a . clemens 1948 . the fresh - water fishes of british columbia .\ncarl , g . c . , w . a . clemens and c . c . lindsey 1959 . the freshwater fishes of british columbia ( 3rd revision ) .\ncoad , b . w . and j . d . reist 2004 . annotated list of the arctic marine fishes of canada .\ncoker , g . a . , c . b . portt and c . k . minns 2001 . morphological and ecological characteristics of canadian freshwater fishes .\ncraig , p . c . 1984 . fish use of coastal waters of the alaskan beaufort sea : a review .\n2001 . red data book of russian federation animals . ast - astrel , moskva .\ndymond , j . r . 1943 . the coregonine fishes of northwestern canada .\nevermann , b . w . and e . l . goldsborough 1907 . the fishes of alaska .\nfao - fies 2008 . aquatic sciences and fisheries information system ( asfis ) species list .\nfrolov , s . v . 1992 . some aspects of karyotype evolution in the coregoninae .\ngold , j . r . , w . j . karel and m . r . strand 1980 . chromosome formulae of north american fishes .\ngrabda , e . and t . heese 1991 . polskie nazewnictwo popularne kraglouste i ryby . cyclostomata et pisces .\nhilton - taylor , c . 2000 . 2000 iucn red list of threatened species .\nholc\u00edk , j . 1991 . fish introductions in europe with particular reference to its central and eastern part .\nhugg , d . o . 1996 . mapfish georeferenced mapping database . freshwater and estuarine fishes of north america .\ninternational union for conservation of nature and natural resources ( iucn ) 1990 . 1990 iucn red list of threatened animals .\ninternational union for conservation of nature and natural resources ( iucn ) 1994 . 1994 iucn red list of threatened animals .\niucn . 2008 . 2008 iucn red list of threatened species . available at : urltoken\njordan , d . s . and b . w . evermann 1896 . the fishes of north and middle america : a descriptive catalogue of the species of fish - like vertebrates found in the waters of north america , north of the isthmus of panama . part i .\nkirillov , f . n . 1972 . ryby yakutii ( fishes of yakutia ) .\nklinkhardt , m , m . tesche and h . greven 1995 . database of fish chromosomes .\nkottelat , m . and freyhof , j . 2007 . handbook of european freshwater fishes . publications kottelat , cornol , switzerland .\nmachacek , h . ( ed . ) 2006 . world records freshwater fishing .\nmakoedov , a . n . 1992 relationships of coregonid fishes : karyological aspect .\nmcallister , d . e . , v . legendre and j . g . hunter 1987 . liste de noms inuktitut ( esquimaux ) , fran\u00e7ais , anglais et scientifiques des poissons marins du canada arctique .\nmcdowall , r . m . 1988 . diadromy in fishes : migrations between freshwater and marine environments .\nmcphail , j . d . and c . c . lindsey 1970 . freshwater fishes of northwestern canada and alaska .\nmcphail , j . d . and r . carveth 1993 . field key to the freshwater fishes of british columbia .\nnelson , j . s . , e . j . crossman , h . espinosa - p\u00e9rez , l . t . findley , c . r . gilbert , r . n . lea and j . d . williams 2004 . common and scientific names of fishes from the united states , canada , and mexico .\nnikol ' skii , g . v . 1954 . special ichthyology . ( rev . 1961 ) .\norganisation for economic co - operation and development 1990 . multilingual dictionary of fish and fish products .\npage , l . m . and b . m . burr 1991 . a field guide to freshwater fishes of north america north of mexico .\npallas , p . s . 1776 . reise durch verschiedene provinzen des russischen reichs ( 1768 - 74 ) .\npodlesnyi , a . v . 1958 . fishes of enisey , their environments and use .\nquast , j . c . and e . l . hall 1972 . list of fishes of alaska and adjacent waters with a guide to some of their literature .\nrab , p . and m . jankun 1992 . chromosome studies of coregonine fishes : a review .\nreshetnikov , y . s . , n . g . bogutskaya , e . d . vasil ' eva , e . a . dorofeeva , a . m . naseka , o . a . popova , k . a . savvaitova , v . g . sideleva and l . i . sokolov 1997 . an annotated check - list of the freshwater fishes of russia .\nreshetnikov , y . s . 1980 . ecology and systematics of the coregonid fishes . nauka , moskva .\nriede , k . 2004 . global register of migratory species - from global to regional scales .\nrobins , c . r . , r . m . bailey , c . e . bond , j . r . brooker , e . a . lachner , r . n . lea and w . b . scott 1980 . a list of common and scientific names of fishes from the united states and canada .\nrobins , c . r . , r . m . bailey , c . e . bond , j . r . brooker , e . a . lachner , r . n . lea and w . b . scott 1991 . common and scientific names of fishes from the united states and canada .\nscott , w . b . and e . j . crossman 1973 . freshwater fishes of canada .\nunderwood , t . j . 2000 . abundance , length composition and migration of spawning inconnu in the selawik river , alaska .\nvasil ' ev , v . p . 1980 . chromosome numbers in fish - like vertebrates and fish .\nwalker , k . f . and h . z . yang 1999 . fish and fisheries in western china .\nwang , s . ( ed . ) 1998 . china red data book of endangered animals . pisces .\nwelcomme , r . l . 1988 . international introductions of inland aquatic species .\nwigutoff , n . b . and c . j . carlson 1950 a survey of the commercial fishing possibilites of seward peninsula area , kotzebue sound , and certain inland rivers and lakes in alaska .\nwynne - edwards , v . c . 1952 fishes of the arctic and subarctic .\ndepartament of general biology , medical university , mickiewicza 2c , 15 - 222 bia\u0142ystok , poland .\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 author ( s ) retain the copyright of this article . this article is published under the terms of the creative commons attribution license 4 . 0 .\nthis article is published under the terms of the creative commons attribution license 4 . 0\nsearch their arrest records , driving records , contact information , photos and more . . .\ncopyright 2018 peekyou . com . a patent pending people search process . all rights reserved ."]}
{"id": 2126, "summary": [{"text": "paralepetopsis ferrugivora is a species of sea snail , a true limpet , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family neolepetopsidae , one of the families of true limpets . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "paralepetopsis ferrugivora", "paragraphs": ["paralepetopsis mclean 1990 : 510 . type species ( od ) : paralepetopsis floridensis mclean 1990 . type locality : florida escarpment seeps ( 26 [ degrees ] 03 ' n , 84 [ degrees ] 54 ' w ) , 3270 m .\nhere i take the opportunity to describe three additional northeastern pacific species of the family neolepetopsidae , including two species of the genus paralepetopsis and one new species of neolepetopsis . one of the species , a new paralepetopsis , is from the hydrothermal vent habitat ; another new paralepetopsis and a new neolepetopsis are from whale bone , which is an hitherto unknown habitat for the family , although the whale bone habitat is known for the cocculiniform families pyropeltidae , cocculinidae ( see mclean 1992 ) , and osteopeltidae ( see marshall 1994 ) . only the family pyropeltidae has previously been known from both the vent / seep and whale bone habitat .\nthe undifferentiated shafts of the marginals are unique in the genus . however , this could mean that the tooth rows examined came from the developing end of the ribbon . the cusps have a rounded edge , unlike the square rachidian of paralepetopsis floridensis and the acutely pointed outline of the other cusps of p . floridensis .\nshells of the new species were photographed with three views . the radula from the single specimen of paralepetopsis tunnicliffae was mounted for sem ; radulae of the two other new species were whole - mounted in stain - suffused , nonresinous mounting medium . for these two new species , the entire radular ribbon was digitally photographed through a light microscope , which enabled a count of the tooth rows and , at higher resolution enabled confirmation of the generic identification indicated by the shell morphology .\nradula prepared for sem ( fig . 3f ) . the radular sem shows two pairs of lateral teeth and the broad overhanging cusps expected in paralepetopsis . the shafts of the rachidian and inner pair of lateral are narrow ; the cusp of the second pair is larger than that of the first pair ; the shaft of the second pair is hidden behind the larger pluricuspid . the shafts of the marginals are not differentiated from the base of the ribbon , but the cusps are in their expected positions and may be distinguished from debris on the outer edge of the ribbon that shows in figure 3d .\nafter more than 2 years of preparations , the diatombase portal is now officially launched . . . .\nlast week - on may 30 and 31st \u2013 8 thematic experts on talitridae came together for the first time during a lifewatch - worms sponsored workshop . the workshop took place at the hellenic centre for marine research in crete , where it was organized back - to - back with the 8th international sandy beaches symposium ( isbs ) . the group focused on identifying relevant traits for the talitridae , and adding this data through the amphipoda species database . . . .\non 23 april 2018 , a number of editors of the world register of introduced species ( wrims ) started a three day workshop in the flanders marine institute ( vliz ) . these three days were used to evaluate , complete and improve the content of this worms thematic register ( tsd ) . . . .\nthe 2nd worms early career researchers and 3rd worms achievement award were granted respectively to fran\u00e7ois le coze and geoff read . congratulations ! . . .\nin 2018 , to celebrate a decade of worms ' existence , it was decided to compile a list of our top marine species , both for 2017 and for the previous decade . . . .\nthe scleractinian corals are now accessible though their own list portal . this world list contains over 1 500 accepted names of extant species and is one of the most complete existing resources for scleractinian taxa . . .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en\nexcept where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence .\nwar\u00e9n a . & bouchet p . ( 2001 ) . gastropoda and monoplacophora from hydrothermal vents and seeps new taxa and records . the veliger , 44 ( 2 ) : 116 - 231 , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 120 - 125 ; 142 [ details ]\nnote mid atlantic ridge ( 37\u00b017 . 50 ' n , 32\u00b017 ' w , . . .\ntype locality mid atlantic ridge ( 37\u00b017 . 50 ' n , 32\u00b017 ' w , 1665 - 1728 m ) [ details ]\nwar\u00e9n & bouchet , 2001 . accessed through : costello , m . j . ; bouchet , p . ; boxshall , g . ; arvanitidis , c . ; appeltans , w . ( 2018 ) european register of marine species at : urltoken ; = 180859 on 2018 - 07 - 09\ncostello , m . j . ; bouchet , p . ; boxshall , g . ; arvanitidis , c . ; appeltans , w . ( 2018 ) . european register of marine species .\nintergovernmental oceanographic commission ( ioc ) of unesco . the ocean biogeographic information system ( obis ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nwar\u00e9n a . & bouchet p . ( 2001 ) . gastropoda and monoplacophora from hydrothermal vents and seeps new taxa and records .\nwar\u00e9n a . & bouchet p . ( 2001 ) . gastropoda and monoplacophora from hydrothermal vents and seeps new taxa and records . the veliger , 44 ( 2 ) : 116 - 231\nwar\u00e9n & bouchet , 2001 . in : costello , m . j . ; bouchet , p . ; boxshall , g . ; arvantidis , c . ; appeltans , w . ( 2014 ) european register of marine species , accessed through pesi at\nthis work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - share alike 3 . 0 license\npesi is funded by the european union 7th framework programme within the research infrastructures programme . contract no . ri - 223806 . activity area : capacities . period 2008 - 2011 - website hosted & developed by vliz banner picture : gannet ( morus bassanus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) by karl van ginderdeuren - contact pesi\nphotographer : r . von cosel , a . le goff , p . briand & a . war\u00e9n . publisher : allen , chris .\nr . von cosel , a . le goff , p . briand & a . war\u00e9n\nedited by norman h . sleep , stanford university , stanford , ca , and approved march 24 , 2011 ( received for review june 30 , 2010 )\neight carbonate blocks were dredged during the momardream cruise ( momar 08 leg 2 , august\u2013september 2008 ) from the northwestern flank of the rainbow massif , which is situated on a nontransform offset at 36\u00b014 . 15n , 33\u00b053 . 50w (\n) . this site , which we name ghost city , is 1 , 200 m northeast of the rainbow vent field at around 2 , 100 m water depth . the dredge from which the carbonates were collected sampled a transect around 800 m long on the seafloor and recovered , in addition to the carbonates , three shells of thyasirid bivalves , numerous pieces of serpentinized peridodite , and some troctolites and gabbros . the carbonates are white to ivory in color , ranging from 750 to 25 cm\nc values of 4 . 88 \u00b1 0 . 19\u2030 and - 0 . 66 \u00b1 1 . 18\u2030 , respectively (\n) . isotopic measurements of a series of subsamples from one authigenic carbonate crust gave u / th ages ranging from 46 \u00b1 0 . 3 kyr to 193 \u00b1 11 kyr (\n) close to the modern seawater signature ( 146 . 6 \u00b1 2 . 6\u2030 ) (\n) , which suggests that its u / th ratio may be considered as the most representative of the formation age of ghost city carbonates . the corresponding u / th age ( 110 \u00b1 0 . 9 kyr ) lies in the same range as the older chimneys from lost city ( 122 \u00b1 12 kyr ) (\n) and suggests that ghost city carbonate formation is significantly older than the first evidence of rainbow vent activity ( 23 \u00b1 1 . 5 kyr ) (\nsr ) of 0 . 70916 \u00b1 0 . 00006 , close to seawater ratios .\nlocation of the ghost city fossil hydrothermal field at different scales . ( a ) large scale map showing hydrothermal vents hosted by volcanic rocks ( red dots ) and gabbros and peridotites ( green dots ) ; ghost city is in the vicinity of the rainbow hydrothermal field . ( b ) standard multibeam bathymetrical map of three mar segments between 36\u00b000 and 36\u00b020n . these segments show a typical slow - spreading axial valley offset by two nontransform discontinuities . both rainbow and ghost city are located at the northern end of the segment centered on 36\u00b010n . ( c ) high resolution multibeam bathymetric map acquired at low ship speed during the flores cruise of the r / v l\u2019atalante showing the rainbow vent field on the western flank of the rainbow massif ; the ghost city fossil site is located on the northwestern flank of this gabbroic and peridotitic structure approximately 1 , 200 m northeast of the rainbow vent field , at a depth of 2 , 100 m .\noxygen and carbon isotopic composition of ghost city carbonates and bathymodiolus shells and living bathymodiolus shells from the rainbow hydrothermal vent field . domains limited by lines represent the scatterplot of canonical scores obtained by applying discriminant functions to the data .\nthe oxygen and carbon isotope values of the ghost city authigenic carbonates are consistent with those observed in serpentinization contexts . the\n) and an isotopically lighter - dic source . owing to the very low concentration of inorganic carbon in serpentinization fluids , the most likely origin for this\nc depleted dic is the oxidation of methane . methane in serpentinization fluids are characterized by light carbon isotopic signatures ( e . g . ,\nin the zambales ophiolite , - 10 . 3\u2030 at logatchev , - 16 . 7\u2030 at rainbow , and - 11 . 9\u2030 at lost city ) (\n) , which can be further fractionated by methanotrophic microbes converting methane into inorganic carbon . while abiotic methane oxidation is kinetically inhibited at low temperature (\n) , microbial oxidation of methane can occur in subseafloor habitats with various electron acceptors ( e . g . , oxygen and sulfate ) during the mixing of seawater with end - member fluids (\n) , the fractionation factor resulting of anaerobic or aerobic methane oxidation can be as high as 1 . 039 (\n) and will result in further depletion of the initial carbon isotopic ratio by at least - 13\u2030 . only a small fraction ( approximately 5 % ) of this\nc depleted methane is thus sufficient to explain the slightly negative carbon isotopic signature of some ghost city carbonates . an additional contribution from biogenic methane formed during the subseafloor mixing of seawater and the end - member fluid , as described in proskurowski et al . (\n) , cannot be ruled out . this assumption is supported by the identification of both methanogenic and anaerobic methane - oxidizing archaea at lost city , particularly in the less active chimneys where seawater mixing is occurring (\n, and mixing is required to compensate the poor supply of this ion from the fluid . as a consequence , the substantial isotopic fractionation resulting of biogenic methane formation that was observed at basalt - hosted diffuse vents (\n) may not be achieved due to limiting inorganic carbon conditions . the relative importance of biogenic methane is therefore difficult to estimate from ghost city samples\u2019 isotopic ratios .\nthe geological context , as well as petrographic and isotopic data , provides supporting evidence that the ghost city carbonates were formed 110 , 000 years ago from venting of metal - poor fluids . despite the proximity with the rainbow high - temperature vents field , the lack of polymetallic sulfide precipitates in the ghost city carbonate samples precludes a high - temperature metal - rich hydrothermal fluid contribution in their formation . more likely , these fluids were formed from low - temperature hydrothermal circulation related to serpentinization and were probably close in composition to those currently venting at lost city .\nanalyses of carbonate matrix , oxide crust , and mussel shells were made at the istep laboratory ( upmc univ paris 06 ) on a siemens d501 . bathymodiolus aff . azoricus mussel shells were scrubbed in distilled water with a toothbrush immediately upon collection to remove loosely attached biogenic and inorganic particles . sample powders of original calcitic outer layer and aragonitic inner layer of the shells were drilled from a depth of approximately 0 . 1 mm .\npolished thin sections of carbonates were observed using a stereomicroscope zeiss stereo discovery v20 ( fig . 2 and fig . s1 ) porosity measurements were made using jmicrovision software ( urltoken ) .\nanalyses were made in the p\u00f4le spectrom\u00e9trie oc\u00e9an ( brest ) on a neptune mc - icpms . for uranium and thorium isotope measurements , about 2 mg of carbonate sample was dissolved in 7 . 5m hno 3 and spiked with a mixed 236 u / 229 th spike ( 66 ) . u and th were separated chemically using conventional anion exchange techniques adapted from previous studies ( 67 ) . u and th concentrations and isotope ratios were then measured in the mc - icpms . the carbonate age was corrected for detrital contamination ( inherited 230 th ) using measured 232 th concentrations and assuming a typical 232 th / 230 th ratio ( 150 , 000 ) for the contaminant detrital phase , but this correction was insignificant on the calculated age ( about 1 % ) ( 68 ) . strontium was isolated using sr resin and the isotope ratios were measured using the mc - icpms . isotope ratios were normalized to 86 sr / 88 sr = 0 . 1194 and corrected from 87 rb and 86 kr interferences on the 87 sr and 86 sr signal , respectively .\nauthor contributions : f . l . , m . d . r . , j . d . , b . i . , y . f . , f . g . , and n . l . b . designed research ; f . l . , c . t . l . , m . d . r . , g . b . , and v . g . performed research ; f . l . , c . t . l . , m . d . r . , g . b . , and n . l . b . analyzed data ; and f . l . , c . t . l . , and n . l . b . wrote the paper .\nstable isotope evidence for a putative endosymbiont - based lithotrophic bathymodiolus sp . mussel community atop a serpentine seamount\nnote : we only request your email address so that the person you are recommending the page to knows that you wanted them to see it , and that it is not junk mail . we do not capture any email address .\nmessage body ( your name ) thought you would like to see the pnas web site .\nresearchers used field data from 2012 to 2015 to study mortality and allele frequency changes in the sea star pisaster ochraceus during a mass mortality event in northcentral california , and found that surviving adult and juvenile sea stars experienced 81 % mortality and allele shifts , according to the authors .\na survey of more than 4 , 600 american adults conducted in 1995 - 1996 and in 2011 - 2014 suggests that among individuals of low socioeconomic status , negative affect increased significantly between the two survey waves , whereas life satisfaction and psychological well - being decreased .\na study of cognitive ability in norwegian males born from 1962 to 1991 suggests that environmental factors rather than changing genetic composition of families likely account for most of the change in norwegian population iq .\nthe mathematical tools behind recent gerrymandering cases have brought a modicum of precision into the political arena\u2014but this rigor hasn\u2019t always been enough to spur policy changes .\nthree new species of the family neolepetopsidae ( patellogastropoda ) from hydrothermal vents and whale falls in the northeastern pacific . - free online library\nthree new species of the family neolepetopsidae ( patellogastropoda ) from hydrothermal vents and whale falls in the northeastern pacific .\nmla style :\nthree new species of the family neolepetopsidae ( patellogastropoda ) from hydrothermal vents and whale falls in the northeastern pacific . .\nthe free library . 2008 national shellfisheries association , inc . 09 jul . 2018 urltoken\nchicago style : the free library . s . v . three new species of the family neolepetopsidae ( patellogastropoda ) from hydrothermal vents and whale falls in the northeastern pacific . .\nretrieved jul 09 2018 from urltoken\napa style : three new species of the family neolepetopsidae ( patellogastropoda ) from hydrothermal vents and whale falls in the northeastern pacific . . ( n . d . ) > the free library . ( 2014 ) . retrieved jul 09 2018 from urltoken\nspecimens are deposited in the type collection of the natural history museum of los angeles county ( lacm ) .\nneolepetopsis mclean , 1990 : 492 . type species ( od ) : neolepetopsis gordensis mclean , 1990 . type locality : escanaba trough , gorda ridge , off northern california ( 41 [ degrees ] 29 ' n , 128 [ degrees ] 29 ' w ) , 3 , 271 m .\nshell sculpture coarsely clathrate , shell interior with transparent zones . radula with well - formed rachidian , two pairs of laterals , paired pluricuspid teeth , and two pairs of marginals .\nfour species , all from abyssal depths at hydrothermal vents , were originally described by mclean ( 1990 ) . two of these species , n . verruca from the east pacific rise at 21 [ degrees ] n , and n . occulta from the green seamount at 21 [ degrees ] n have not been subsequently reported . the species n . densata from the east pacific rise at 12 [ degrees ] n was reported by gustafson & lutz ( 1994 ) from the galapagos rift ; waren & bouchet ( 2001 ) illustrated the shell and radula of n . densata , with figures that closely matched my original figures .\nthe new species of neolepetopsis described here was collected from whale bone , in contrast to the original records of other species from hydrothermal vents . neolepetopsis remains known only from abyssal depths in the eastern pacific , as yet unreported from other vent / seep sites elsewhere .\nneolepetopsis nicolasensis mclean , new species ( figs . 1c , 3a , 3c )\nholotype lacm 3089 , paratype lacm 3 , 090 , 960 m on whale skeleton , nw of san nicolas island , ca ( 33 [ degrees ] 20 . 35 ' n , 119 [ degrees ] 58 . 85 ' w ) , collected by craig smith ( atv 113 ) , april 30 , 1995 . two specimens . for further information on the habitat and collecting records , see smith & baco ( 2003 ) and baco & smith ( 2003 ) .\nshell ( fig . 1c ) : sturdy , oval to oblong , slightly narrower anteriorly , profile low , highest elevation at apex ; shell margin in same plane ( ends not raised ) . apex on midline , nearly central but slightly closer to anterior end . apex eroded , lacking protoconch ; periostracum lacking . sculpture reticulate , concentric ridges well - defined , about equal in strength to radial ribs , producing nodes on crossing radial ribs ; radial and concentric sculpture diminishing in strength near margin ; radial ribs not projecting at margin . shell interior opaque white in area corresponding to apex ; outline of muscle scar not well marked , sides of interior translucent , revealing concentric sculpture of exterior ; shell margin translucent , with dark line at 0 . 4 mm from edge marking transition to thicker inner layer . length 7 . 5 mm , width 5 . 7 mm , height 2 . 1 mm ( holotype ) , length 6 . 6 mm , width 4 . 6 mm , height 1 . 9 mm ( paratype ) .\nthe shell of n . nicolasensis is not like that of n . gordensis , because the radial sculpture does not have the sharp projections of the radial ribs at the margin , showing in both forms , the regular ( fig . 1b ) and the laterally compressed ( fig . 1a ) . the shell is not comparable to that of n . densata , which has a much lower profile and fully transparent interior . the shell interior is most like that of n . verruca in having a dark band along the margin in interior view , but the band is a line , rather than the broader band of n . verruca . the concentric sculpture of n . verruca is much more pronounced in lateral view . there was no original radular preparation for n . verruca . the shell interior is not like that of n . occulta , which is fully transparent except in the central area .\nshell sculpture of radial ribs and concentric growth lines weak , shell interior fully opaque . radula with rachidian and two pairs of laterals with straight shafts , cusps usually broad .\nthe weak radial and concentric sculpture differs from the strongly clathrate sculpture of neolepetopsis ; the shell interior is opaque , rather than partially transparent .\nholotype lacm 3 , 091 ; 2 , 145 m , clam bed , chowder hill , middle valley segment , juan de fuca ridge west of juan de fuca strait ( 48 [ degrees ] 27 . 5 ' n , 128 [ degrees ] 42 . 5 ' w ) ( station hs 192 ) , collected by verena tunnicliffe , june 26 , 1992 . single specimen . for collection details see juniper et al . ( 1992 ) .\nshell ( fig . 2a ) : elliptical in outline , anterior end slightly narrower , profile moderately high , highest elevation of shell at apex ; shell margin in same plane . apex on midline , closer to anterior edge . apex eroded , protoconch missing . periostracum thin , light tan . all slopes moderately convex . sculpture of fine radial striae and concentric growth irregularities . shell interior with thickened opaque area at apex , slopes of interior translucent , revealing faint indications of radial and concentric irregularities of exterior ; inner margin of lip 0 . 5 mm broad , thinner and more translucent than thicker part of interior slope . muscle scar not well marked , but faintly indicated if the shell is tilted for viewing . length 10 . 6 mm , width 8 . 2 mm , and height 3 . 6 mm ( holotype ) .\nthe shell profile is lower than that of the type species p . floridensis . shell sculpture is similar , but the interior differs in having the muscle scar weakly indicated .\nholotype , lacm 3092 , paratype lacm 3093 , 1 , 800 m , on whale skeleton , san clemente seep , sw of san diego , ca ( 32 [ degrees ] 12 ' n , 117 [ degrees ] 44 ' w ) , collected by craig r . smith , alvin dive 3534 , march 29 , 2000 . two specimens . for further information on the habitat and collecting records , see smith & baco ( 2003 ) and baco & smith ( 2003 ) .\nit is clear that the radula differs from the more northern p . tunnicliffae because the pluricuspid has a narrower base and the marginal teeth are well marked , quite unlike the condition in p . tunnicliffae , in which only the tips are revealed .\nthe whale - fall habitat in the eastern pacific has been known for at least 15 years , and has been reported on by smith et al . ( 1989 ) , smith ( 1992 ) , smith & baco ( 1998 ) , baco & smith ( 2003 ) , smith & baco ( 2003 ) , bennett et al . ( 1994 ) . elsewhere , whale - bone associated molluscs have been reported from new zealand ( marshall 1987 , marshall 1994 ) , from japan by okutani et al . ( 2003 ) , and by fujiwara et al . ( 2007 ) . the mytilid mussel ides washingtonia is the most abundant northeastern pacific molluscan species known from whale bone , sunken wood , and seeps . the whale - fall habitat has also been reported from oligocene deposits ( squires , et al . 1991 , goedert et al . 1995 ) , and widely from cenozoic fossil deposits ( kiel & goedert 2006 ) . kiel & goedert considered the modern whale fall species community to have arisen in the early miocene .\ncocculiniform limpets associated with the whale - fall habitat in southern california have previously been described ( mclean 1992 ) . it is noteworthy that only two of the vent - limpet families , the pyropeltidae and the neolepetopsidae are now known to occur in the hydrothermal vent habitat and the whale - fall habitat . the whale bone oil and the ubiquitous chemosynthetic bacterial mats are not the same , but two species of pyropelta have colonized both habitats , as reported by mclean ( 1992 ) .\nbaco , a . r . & c . r . smith . 2003 . high species richness in deep - sea chemoautotrophic whale skeleton communities . mar . ecol . prog . ser . 260 : 109 - 114 .\nbeck , l . 1996 . morphology and anatomy of new species of neolepetopsid , acmaeid , fissurellid and pyropeltid limpets from edison seamount off lihir islands ( west pacific ) . arehiv fur molluskenkunde 125 : 87 - 103 .\nbennett , b . a . , c . r . smith , b . glaser & h . l . maybaum . 1994 . faunal community structure of a chemoautotrophic assemblage on whale bones in the deep northeast pacific ocean . mar . ecol . prog . ser . 108 : 205 - 223 .\nbouchet , p . & j - p . rocroi . 2005 . classification and nomenclator of gastropod families . malacologia , 47 ( 1 - 2 ) : 1 - 397 [ part 1 . nomenclator of family - group names ( bouchet & rocroi ) . part 2 . working classification of the gastropoda ( modern\narchaeogastropods\nby waren & bouchet ) ] .\ncruz , r . & m . farina . 2005 . mineralization of major lateral teeth in the radula of a deep - sea hydrothermal vent limpet ( gastropoda : neolepetopsidae ) . mar . biol . ( berlin ) 147 : 163 - 168 .\nfretter , v . 1990 . the anatomy of some new archaeogastropod limpets ( order patellogastropoda , suborder lepetopsina ) from hydrothermal vents . j . zool . 222 : 529 - 526 .\nfujiwara , y . , m . kawato , t . yamamoto , t . yamanaka , w . sato - okoshi , c . noda , s . tsuchida , t . komai , s . s . cubelio , t . sasaki , k . jacobsen , k . kubokawa , k . fujikura , t . maruyama , y . furushima , k . okoshi , h . miyake , m . miyazaki , y . noqi , a . yatabe & t . okutani . 2007 . three - year investigations into sperm whale - fall ecosystems in japan . mar . ecol . 28 : 219 - 232 .\ngoedert , j . l . , r . l . squires & l . b . barnes . 1995 . paleoecology of whale - fall habitats from deep - water oligocene rocks , olympic peninsula , washington state . palaeogeogr . palaeoclimatol . palaeoecol . 118 : 151 - 158 .\ngustafson , r . g . & r . a . lutz . 1994 . molluscan life history traits and deep - sea hydrothermal vents and cold methane / sulphide seeps . in : c . m . young & k . j . eckelbarger , editors . reproduction , larval biology , and recruitment of the deep - sea benthos . new york : columbia university press . pp . 76 - 97 .\nhedegaard , c . 1990 . shell structure of the recent vetigastropoda . j . mollus . stud . 63 : 369 - 377 .\njuniper , s . k . , v . tunnicliffe & e . c . southward . 1992 . hydrothermal vents in turbidite sediments on a northeast pacific spreading centre : organisms and substratum at an ocean drill site . can . j . zool . 70 : 1792 - 1809 .\nkiel , s . 2004 . shell structures of selected gastropods from hydrothermal vents and seeps . malacologia 46 : 169 - 183 .\nkiel , s . & j . l . goedert . 2006 . deep - sea food bonanzas : early cenozoic whale - fall communities resemble wood - fall rather than seep communities . proc . roy . soc . , biol . sci . , ser . b , 273 . pp . 2625 - 2631 .\nlindberg , d . r . 1998 . comments on\nlepetopsina .\nin p . l . beesley , g . j . b . ross & a . wells , editors . mollusca : the southern synthesis . fauna of australia , vol . 5 . melbourne : csiro publishing , part b , i - vii , pp . 565 - 1234 .\nmarshall , b . a . 1987 . osteopeltidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) : a new family of limpets associated with whale bone in the deep - sea . j . mollus . stud . 53 : 121 - 127 .\nmarshall , b . a . 1994 . deep - sea gastropods from the new zealand region associated with recent whale bones and an eocene turtle . nautilus 108 : 1 - 8 .\nmclean , j . h . 1990 . neolepetopsidae , a new docoglossate limpet family from hydrothermal vents and its relevance to patellogastropod evolution . j . zool . 222 : 485 - 528 .\nmclean , j . h . 1992 . cocculiniform limpets ( cocculinidae and pyropeltidae ) living on whale bone in the deep sea off california . j . mollus . stud . 58 : 401 - 414 .\nsasaki , t . & a . waren . 2007 . anatomy of eulepetopsis vitrea mclean , 1990 ( patellogastropoda : neolepetopsidae ) . in : k . jordaens , n . van houtte , j . van geothem & t . backeljau , editors . abstracts , world congress of malacology . antwerp , belgium , july 15 - 20 , 2007 . pp . 195 .\nsmith , c . r . 1992 . whale falls . chemosynthesis on the deep seafloor . oceanus 35 : 74 - 78 .\nsmith , c . r . & a . r . baco . 1998 . phylogenetic and functional affinities between whale - fall , seep , and vent chemoautotrophic communities . cah . biol . mar . 39 : 345 - 346 .\nsmith , c . r . & a . r . baco . 2003 . ecology of whale falls at the deep - sea floor . oceanogr . mar . biol . ann . rev . 41 : 311 - 354 .\nsmith , c . r . , h . kulkert , r . a . wheatcroft , p . a . jumars & j . w . deming . 1989 . vent fauna on whale remains . nature 341 : 27 - 28 .\nwaren , a . & p . bouchet . 2001 . gastropoda and monoplacophora from hydrothermal vents and seeps ; new taxa and records . veliger 44 : 116 - 231 .\nnatural history museum of los angeles county , 900 exposition blvd . , los angeles , california 90007\ncopyright 2008 national shellfisheries association , inc . no portion of this article can be reproduced without the express written permission from the copyright holder .\nlife in extreme environments : a tribute to melbourne r . carriker , gentleman malacologist .\ntaxonomic review of the hydrothermal vent shrimp genera rimicaris williams & rona and chorocaris martin & hessler ( crustacea : decapoda : caridea : . . .\ninteractions of deep - sea vent invertebrates with their environment : the case of rimicaris exoculata .\nthe morphology of bacterial symbioses in the gills of mussels of the genera adipicola and idas ( bivalvia : mytilidae ) .\nvariation in sulfur speciation with shellfish presence at a lau basin diffuse flow vent site .\nhydrothermal vent mussel habitat chemistry , pre - and post - eruption at 9 [ degrees ] 50 ' north on the east pacific rise .\ninterrelationships between vent fluid chemistry , temperature , seismic activity , and biological community structure at a mussel - dominated , deep - sea . . .\nterms of use | privacy policy | copyright \u00a9 2018 farlex , inc . | feedback | for webmasters"]}
{"id": 2131, "summary": [{"text": "the snares island snipe ( coenocorypha huegeli ) , also known as the snares snipe or tutukiwi in m\u0101ori , is a species of bird in the sandpiper family , scolopacidae . ", "topic": 27}], "title": "snares snipe", "paragraphs": ["snares island snipe . adult . north east island , snares islands , december 1985 . image \u00a9 colin miskelly by colin miskelly\nthere\u2019s a tray for the snares island snipe , for the chatham islands snipe , one for each of the three subspecies of subantarctic snipe , and one more for the south island snipe , last seen alive in 1964 .\nsnares is ( north - east and broughton ; recorded on alert stack ) .\nthe team were there , variously , to pull down a rickety old hut , photograph the snares crested penguin , and capture tutukiwi , snares island snipe , for a translocation to whenua hou , or codfish island .\nreview a report on the translocation of snares island snipe from north east island to putauhinu island in the titi island group in 2005 .\nmiskelly , c . m . 1999a . breeding ecology of snares island snipe ( coenocorypha aucklandica huegeli ) and chatham island snipe ( c . pusilla ) . notornis 46 : 57 - 71 .\nthe snares islands snipe is the stockiest and most sombre - plumaged member of the new zealand snipes . between 1953 and 2010 it was considered a subspecies of what is now called the subantarctic snipe . genetic comparisons then confirmed earlier suggestions that the snares islands birds were structurally distinct from the snipe found on islands further south . naturally confined to a tiny island group , the snares island snipe has never been impacted by introduced predators . following a translocation to putauhinu island in 2005 ( to replace the extinct south island snipe ) , and subsequent translocations to other islands near stewart island , the snares island snipe is probably more abundant than at any time in its evolutionary history .\nmiskelly , c . m . ( 1999 ) breeding ecology of snares island snipe ( coenocorypha aucklandica buegeli ) and chatham island snipe ( c . pusilla ) . notornis , 46 : 207 - 221 .\nin the early 1980s he started researching snares island snipe for his phd thesis , and spent six summers on the archipelago , observing their ecology and behaviour .\nminden pictures stock photos - adult snares island snipe ( coenocorypha huegeli ) pauses whilst feeding in the leaf - litter codfish island , stewart islan . . .\nmiskelly , c . m . 2005 . evidence for \u2018hakawai\u2019 aerial displaying by snares island snipe ( coenocorypha aucklandica huegeli ) . notornis 52 : 163 - 165 .\ngiven that snares island snipe have already been translocated onto several t\u012bt\u012b islands , the species is now in the unusual position of being more numerous than ever before .\nmiskelly wants to go further . ultimately , as population numbers grow , he\u2019d like to see snares island snipe fill the space left by the extinct south island snipe , on predator - free islands from fiordland to the marlborough sounds .\n\u201cmy grandfather was a cod man , \u201d she says . \u201che fished right down to the snares . \u201d\nmiskelly , c . m . 2013 [ updated 2018 ] . snares island snipe . in miskelly , c . m . ( ed . ) new zealand birds online . urltoken\na well - camouflaged , plump , short - legged snipe mainly found among dense vegetation . naturally confined to the snares islands , but translocated to several islands near stewart island .\nmiskelly knows more about snipe than anyone else in new zealand . he\u2019s been publishing papers about them for three decades , and has snares island snipe footprints engraved into his wedding band ( his wife , a botanist , has plants on hers ) .\nmiskelly , c . m . ; sagar , p . m . 2005 . longevity record for snares island snipe ( coenocorypha aucklandica huegeli ) . notornis 52 : 121 - 122 .\nrange : the snares ( island ) snipe is found in the snares islands , about 200 kilometres s to south island in new zealand . it occurs on north east island , broughton island and alert stack . this species has been introduced to predator - free islands such as putauhinu and codfish island .\nmiskelly , c . m . ; charteris , m . r . ; fraser , j . r . 2012 . successful translocation of snares island snipe coenocorypha huegeli to replace the extinct south island snipe c . iredalei . notornis 59 : 32 - 38 .\nputauhinu island ( 141 ha , off sw stewart island ) . on 16 april 2005 , 30 snares island snipe ( c . a . buegili ) from north east island ( snares islands ) were released on putauhinu . patauhinu formerly had a population of the stewart island snipe ( c . a . iridalei ) , but this population is assumed to have been extirpated by the introduced cats and / or kiore on the island . the cats died out naturally in the 1960s and kiore were eradicated in 1996 . the stewart island snipe became extinct after ship rats invaded big south cape island in the early 1960s ( an attempt to translocate snipe from big south cape in august 1964 was unsuccessful ) . the translocation of snares island snipe therefore represents a taxonomic substitution in terms of restoring the putauhinu ecosystem , and also increases the distribution of snares island snipe which is range restricted . the snipe were captured with handnets , and held in two aviaries until translocation . contact colin miskelly .\nprotection / threats / status : the snares ( island ) snipe has been extirpated in the past from most part of its original range . but today , this species is living on predator - free subantarctic islands and the declines have ceased . however , they have very restricted range , but the population is slowly increasing thanks to successful translocations . the population of the snares ( island ) snipe was estimated at 1000 mature individuals in 2013 , with about 400 pairs on the snares islands , and at least 500 birds on putauhinu island in early 2013 . in addition , the translocated birds were breeding on codfish island in late 2012 . but currently , the snares ( island ) snipe is still considered near threatened .\nnone known ; birds ringed on snares is have never been recorded > 350 m from the original site . in . . .\nintroduction : the snares ( island ) snipe was formerly a subspecies of the subantarctic snipe ( c . aucklandica ) but it is now a full species . the maori name \u201ctutukiwi\u201d alludes to its resemblance , both in appearance and habits , to a small kiwi of the family apterygidae . this species has suffered numerous local extinctions in the past , due to the usual introduced predators . however , thanks to translocations of birds to some predator - free islands , the population of the snares ( island ) snipe is slowly increasing .\nsnares island snipe occur on north east island ( 280 ha ) , broughton island ( 48 ha ) and alert stack ( 5 ha ) in the snares islands . they have been introduced successfully to putauhinu island ( 141 ha ) , a muttonbird island 107 km to the north - east , and ( in december 2012 and 2016 ) to codfish island . on all these islands snipe occur most abundantly in areas with dense ground cover , including poa tussock grasslands , and polystichum fern under forest . the forest on the snares islands is predominantly subantarctic tree daisy ( olearia lyalli ) , and on putauhinu a mix of olearia species , southern rata , and hebe elliptica . on the snares islands , snipe venture into more open areas at night , probing in dense swards of callitriche antarctica and crassula moschata .\ncharteris , matt ; & miskelly , colin ( 2005 ) . snares island snipe ( tutukiwi ) translocation to putauhinu island , april 2005 . wellington : department of conservation . isbn\u00e2 0 - 478 - 22687 - x . \u00e2\nrats on campbell island had eliminated the now - endangered teal , snipe , and the more common pipit by 1840 . all of these species are now confined to rat - free islets scattered around the main island . it is likely that the campbell island snipe will prove to be an endemic subspecies of the new zealand snipe coenocorypha aucklandica , which has surviving populations on the snares , auckland , and antipodes islands .\npera - leask\u2019s family has a long connection to the snares islands . her ancestors have lived in bluff and on stewart island for 12 generations .\ngetting to the snares isn\u2019t easy , nor it is cheap . jo hiscock and ros cole , senior biodiversity rangers at doc\u2019s southland office , needed to top up an \u2018insurance\u2019 population of snares island snipe on whenua hou , a predator - free island off the coast of stewart island . thirty birds had been moved there in 2012\u2014the bare minimum for a viable , genetically diverse population .\ncalls and songs : sounds by xeno - canto the snares ( island ) snipe male gives strident \u201cchup chup chup\u201d , and sometimes loud \u201cqueeyoo queeyoo queeyoo\u201d . during the flight displays at night , the outer rectrices produce a typical whirring sound .\nthis silent footage shows the snares island snipe . these birds spend the day under dense cover , coming out at dusk to feed . they probe into soil , logs or around the roots of plants to find insects , worms and other invertebrates .\nmiskelly , c . m . 1990 . breeding systems of new zealand snipe coenocorypha aucklandica and chatham island snipe c . pusilla ; are they food limited ? ibis 132 : 366 - 379 .\nmiskelly , c . m . ( 1990 ) aerial displaying and flying ability of chatham island snipe coenocorypha pusilla and new zealand snipe c . aucklandica . emu , 90 : 28 - 32 .\nsnares island snipe get all their food by probing in soil and mud , consuming a wide variety of the invertebrates found there . major prey items include amphipods ( hoppers ) , earthworms , adult beetles , and the larvae and pupae of flies and beetles .\nthe eradication went ahead , and 10 years later , davis fulfilled his promise to spencer . in 2005 , 30 snipe were transferred from the snares to putauhinu , the first time a new zealand bird has been introduced to replace a different , extinct species .\n. 2013 ) . a second translocation of 30 individuals from the snares islands to codfish island / whenua hou took place in january 2013 ( mcclelland 2013 ) .\nsebastian denize , an exhibition preparator from canterbury museum , went to the snares to supervise the dismantling of a hut . after helping catch snipe , he was then able to release a pair into their new home , whenua hou . unlike the island\u2019s closely - monitored k\u0101k\u0101p\u014d population , the snipe won\u2019t wear transmitters or receive breeding assistance\u2014they\u2019ll be left to their own devices .\n\u201cyou\u2019ve got all of this habitat that\u2019s just waiting for snipe to move into , \u201d he says .\nhabitat : the snares ( island ) snipe frequents mainly the areas with dense ground vegetation such as tussock grassland ( poa ) and ferns of genus polystichum under trees in forest . it may frequent more open areas at night , while foraging and probing in thick grass .\n\u201cdoc rang me and said , \u2018how\u2019s this for a deal : if you give us your mealworms you can come with us to the snares\u2019 , \u201d she says .\nafter several days rolling over six - metre swells , they sighted the pale , bush - topped cliffs of the snares islands . deep in the roaring forties , the archipelago has never been invaded by rats , and it shows . penguins , sea lions and fur seals lounge on its coasts , muttonbirds fill its skies , and its forests are home to three bird species found nowhere else : the snares island fernbird , tomtit and snipe .\nbehaviour in the wild : the snares ( island ) snipe feeds on a variety of invertebrates found in the soil or the mud . it probes with the bill and takes amphipods , beetles ( adults , larvae and pupae ) , flies ( larvae and pupae ) and earthworms .\nsnares island snipe are unmistakeable within their range , as there are no other similar - sized ground birds present . compared to other living new zealand snipes , snares island snipe are chunkier , with a relatively short bill and legs . they also differ in having barred feathers on the belly , and less variegated dorsal plumage . males usually have clearer buff edges to their dorsal feather than females , and also tend to have yellowish legs ( cf . greenish in the female ) . juveniles are duller than adults , with the plumage washed with grey , and legs olive .\nthe delay meant the team had less than a week in the snares . cole and hiscock revised their expectations\u2014they\u2019d be lucky to get 12 birds . they had enough mealworms to keep the snipe alive for just a few days , so catching them would have to wait until the last minute .\nthen in 1997 , a brand - new snipe was found on jacquemart island , an inhospitable rocky pillar off the coast of campbell island , far to the south of the snares . miskelly believes norway rats swam ashore on campbell after a shipwreck in 1828 , 12 years before the first naturalists reached it . no one had recorded any sign of snipe on the island until this living population turned up .\nas estelle pera - leask released the first snipe onto whenua hou , she recited this karakia , or prayer .\nthat made a total of 20 snipe , far exceeding expectations . hiscock was stoked : \u201cwe absolutely nailed it . \u201d\nuntil that happens , the snipe and their larger - than - life alter ego will keep some mysteries to themselves .\nthey probably perform the typical whirring flight displays at night . the stiffened outer rectrices suggest that this behaviour occurs in this species like in other snipes . the snares ( island ) snipe is sedentary in its range . it has mainly terrestrial habits and is usually seen on the ground except during the aerial displays .\nas a result , miskelly had the very bird - nerdy pleasure of naming and describing the new snipe , which is now regarded as a subspecies of subantarctic snipe . in an even nerdier pun - fest , he named it coenocorypha aucklandica perseverance .\nthe snares islands population is about 400 pairs ( c . 1000 adults ) , and there were at least 320 birds estimated to be present on putauhinu island in 2011 . snipe have been recorded at densities up to 10 birds per hectare on north east island . however , densities are much lower in areas with little ground cover .\ndoc ranger chris bennett went to the snares to pull down a hut , but soon found himself armed with a net chasing snipe : \u201cthey just sort of beetle around on the ground like a mini kiwi . \u201d that meant the snipers had to pursue them through the snares bush . there are just 22 plant species on the islands , and the forest is dominated by two kinds of tree daisy . \u201csometimes the scrub was that thick that you couldn\u2019t move , you\u2019d get hung up in a tree , completely tangled , \u201d says jo hiscock .\nbut the story of snipe is one of tragedy and mystery , miraculous resurrection and myth . almost flightless by day , the snipe\u2019s terrifying alter - ego , the h\u0101kawai , haunts the night sky . catching them involves prancing through the scrub with a butterfly net .\nthat was where lorraine lovatt came in . the gold coast real - estate executive had been trying to reach the snares for years , as part of a personal mission to photograph every penguin species in the world .\nthere was one small problem . the h\u0101kawai had never been reported in the snares , and in all his years on the islands , miskelly had not observed the tell - tale feather damage or heard the call .\nsure enough , they were there . snipe had self - introduced onto the main island , having flown across the channel from jacquemart and begun breeding . the trio caught 12 adults and three chicks in a week , and found the first - ever campbell island snipe nest .\nmeanwhile , hiscock and cole were short on mealworms , which are essential for keeping captured snipe alive . doc\u2019s commercial supplier had run out .\nthere are two techniques for hunting snipe . by night , you creep out after dark with a headtorch and net , avoiding the black bulk of resting sealions . when the beam of light strikes a snipe , you whack the net over it before it realises what is happening .\ntwenty years later , merton thought he heard the same sound on mangere island in the chathams , where he was working with chatham island snipe . he mentioned his theory that the h\u0101kawai and the snipe were the same to a young undergraduate student volunteering with him , colin miskelly .\nbecause snipe replace all their feathers for the next breeding season , the evidence would have disappeared by the time miskelly returned in the spring .\nthere are now an estimated 700 snipe on putauhinu , and davis is overseeing transfers from there to other predator - free t\u012bt\u012b islands nearby .\nthe campbell island snipe , discovered in 1997 , was restricted to a tiny and almost inaccessible rock , jacquemart islet , off campbell island . since rats have been erradicated on campbell island through a massive effort by the new zealand government , snipe have begun to recolonize the campbell island .\nthe chatham island snipe uses its relatively long bill to probe moist soils or leaf litter for earthworms , amphipods , beetles , and insect larvae and pupae . this prey , once found , is generally swallowed without the snipe having to withdraw its bill from the soil ( 2 ) .\nsnipe nest on the ground , are very tame and rarely fly , so are extremely vulnerable to predators such as cats , rats and wekas .\nmiskelly , c . m . 1989 . flexible incubation system and prolonged incubation in new zealand snipe . wilson bulletin 101 : 127 - 132 .\nother snipe species around the world are known to perform acoustic aerial displays , which stresses the tail feathers , and can snap off the tips .\nthe snipe has a distinctive courtship display . at night , males dive vertically from considerable heights . their tails vibrate and make a sound like a bird many times their size . this noise lead to the stories of the hakawai , a huge mythical bird . while snares snipe have never been recorded as making the hakawai noise , there is strong evidence that they do in fact carry out the special courtship flight , and that it was probably a case of no one being on the island at the right time to hear it .\n23 cm . , 105 g . , brown with long slightly drooping bill , head with stripe from forehead to nape . chatham island snipe smaller .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - chatham island snipe ( coenocorypha pusilla )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - chatham island snipe ( coenocorypha pusilla )\ntitle =\narkive species - chatham island snipe ( coenocorypha pusilla )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nchris bennett , a doc ranger from the catlins , thought his sole job on the snares was to dismantle a hut . suddenly he found himself holding a butterfly net , tracking a tiny bird through tangled trunks at the bottom of the world .\nmiskelly , c . m . ; sagar , p . m . ; tennyson , a . j . d . ; scofield , r . p . 2001 . birds of the snares islands , new zealand . notornis 48 : 1 - 40 .\nthis threatened bird once inhabited most of the islands in the chatham group , but following the introduction of predatory rats and cats to chatham , pitt and mangere islands , the snipe became confined to just rangatira and star keys by 1970 ( 7 ) . the chatham island snipe had also come close to extinction on rangatira , with a large sheep population degrading the island\u2019s habitat ( 8 ) . thankfully , all livestock were removed from the island in 1961 ( 2 ) , leaving the snipe population to recover ( 8 ) . the cat population on mangere eventually died - out after extensive hunting ( 7 ) , and the chatham island snipe could be re - introduced to the island . shortly after , the snipe colonised the predator - free little mangere island ( 7 ) ( 9 ) .\nlovatt tried three times to visit the snares on cruises\u2014tourists aren\u2019t allowed to land , but can approach the shore on boats\u2014and each time was foiled by the weather . on the last trip she got talking to someone from doc , who put her onto hiscock .\nthe final chapter of the story of the south island snipe came with the accidental introduction of black rats to big south cape island , and the consequent attempt in 1964 by the new zealand wildlife service to rescue the snipe by transferring individuals to a rat - free island . two birds were caught on 30 august and placed in an aviary . however , they were difficult to care for because of their need for a continuous supply of live food , and both died on 1 september . since then there have been no acceptable records of the species . subsequently , some 40 years later on 16 april 2005 , 30 snares snipe , then considered to be conspecific though a different subspecies , were translocated successfully by the new zealand department of conservation to putauhinu island , only 1 . 5\u00e2 km west of big south cape island and a former home of south island snipe , after the rats were eradicated there .\nthe snares islands population is about 400 pairs ( miskelly 2013 ) , there were at least 500 birds estimated to be present on putauhinu island in early 2013 , and translocated birds were confirmed breeding on whenua hou / codfish island in late 2012 ( p . mcclelland\nworthy , t . h . ; miskelly , c . m . ; ching , r . a . 2002 . taxonomy of north and south island snipe ( aves : scolopacidae : coenocorypha ) , with analysis of a remarkable collection of snipe bones from greymouth , new zealand . new zealand journal of zoology 29 : 231 - 244 .\nit\u2019s become widely accepted that the snipe and the h\u0101kawai are the same , and that the h\u0101kawai is an aerial display that combines vocalisations with the vibration of air through the bird\u2019s tail feathers . yet it\u2019s still not known why they do it , or when , and no one has ever seen a new zealand snipe perform the display .\noliver , narena ( 2005 ) .\nhakawai , the new zealand snipe\n. new zealand birds . nz birds limited . retrieved 2010 - 10 - 10 . \u00e2\nlovatt\u2019s donation meant the expedition could go ahead , but its main priority was dismantling the hut . the snipe hunt would have to come second , if there was time .\nmiskelly went out at night and managed to record the call on tape . he also noticed that some of the snipe he was catching had unusual wear on their tail feathers .\ndel hoyo , j . , collar , n . & kirwan , g . m . ( 2018 ) . snares snipe ( coenocorypha huegeli ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nsnipe are a small wading bird , just slightly larger than a blackbird . their maori name of tutukiwi gives an indication of how they look - with their stout legs and long bill making them appear as a mini kiwi . snipe were once widespread around the new zealand mainland and offshore islands , but rapidly disappeared as rats and other introduced predators invaded their sanctuaries .\nfirst , they helped pull the old hut on north east island apart , and then everyone , including the ship\u2019s crew , received a lesson in the art of snipe - hunting .\nshe had good reason to worry . the birds may be small , but they need a constant supply of invertebrate food\u2014a lesson learned in the last days of the south island snipe .\nis the only member of the genus present on the snares islands , but c . aucklandica is more strongly marked with cream and chocolate streaking and the mid - belly is unpatterned . voice . males have a territorial loud call consisting of a series of vibrant monosyllabic notes that build to disyllabic whistles .\nmiskelly , c . m . 1999b . social constraints on access to mates in a high density population of new zealand snipe ( coenocorypha aucklandica ) . notornis 46 : 223 - 239 .\nas mentioned above , past conservation efforts have seen the chatham island snipe successfully re - introduced to mangere island , following the eradication of feral cats ( 7 ) ( 9 ) . more recently , in 2001 , trials at keeping snipe in captivity were undertaken ( 9 ) . the techniques learnt in this successful trial may be used in the future for a captive - breeding programme , and can be used to implement measures to secure the future of the more highly threatened campbell island snipe , an un - described coenocorypha species restricted to just one tiny island ( 9 ) .\nnot only did the snipe persevere for nearly 200 years on a 19 - hectare scrap of rock , but perseverance was the name of the first ship to visit campbell island , in 1810 . that same sealing brig was the one that was wrecked there in 1828 , likely introducing the rats\u2014and it also gave its name to the island\u2019s main harbour , where snipe can now be seen .\nonly four people could spend the night on north east island : rangers kathryn pemberton and jo hiscock , right , were two of the skeleton crew chosen for hunting snipe during the short subantarctic night . key attributes for night - hunting include fast reflexes and sealion awareness , says hiscock : \u201cthey can get a bit rarked up with the headtorches . \u201d nine snipe were captured the first night .\nwhile snipe are making a comeback , the arrival of one pregnant rat could wipe them out in a flash . that\u2019s why insurance populations , such as the one on whenua hou , are so important .\n\u00e2\u0080\u009dsnipe begin to lay about the end of october and continue during the early november . except that the legs are pale yellow they much resemble the common snipe of the old country . the sexes vary but little , the male rather larger and of rather a richer plumage . the birds stand about two and a half inches high and measure along the body about six inches . both male and female sit . \u00e2\u0080\u009c\n\u201chopefully we can get to the point where they\u2019re introduced to open islands and fenced sanctuaries , so that people can say , \u2018let\u2019s go and look at a snipe today . \u2019 wouldn\u2019t that be wonderful ? \u201d\n0 ne of the most significant ornithological discoveries in new zealand this centuty occurred on 9 november 1997 , when a team searching for campbell island teal on jacquermart island , caught a snipe and saw seven others . jacquermart island is a 19 ha island off campbell island , a subantarctic island south of new zealand . up until this time , there was no evidence that a snipe ever occurred in the campbell island group .\n\u201ci suspect what was happening is that , on the snares , there are so many muttonbirds flying around in the night sky in summer that it would be suicide for a little bird to be diving , \u201d he says . \u201cso i wonder if they only do the display in winter when the muttonbirds have gone away on migration . \u201d\nmerton and bell also captured three south island snipe . one escaped , and the other two had a voracious appetite . mealworms weren\u2019t commercially available in 1964 , and terrible weather kept the wildlife service team trapped on taukihepa .\nthey spent every waking hour digging for grubs and worms to feed the snipe , but the rats had devastated the island\u2019s invertebrates , and the team couldn\u2019t find enough food . the birds faded and died before their eyes .\n\u201cjo was straight up\u2014she told me the amount of money they needed to go down , \u201d says lovatt . \u201ci weighed it up and thought , the snares penguin is the hardest one to photograph in the world , and you know what new zealand weather is like . they needed a sponsor , i needed to get there . it was perfect . \u201d\nworthy , trevor h . ; miskelly , colin m . ; & ching , bob a . ( r . ) . ( 2002 ) .\ntaxonomy of north and south island snipe ( aves : scolopacidae : coenocorypha ) , with analysis of a remarkable collection of snipe bones from greymouth , new zealand\n. new zealand journal of zoology 29 ( 3 ) : 231\u00e2\u0080\n244 . doi : 10 . 1080 / 03014223 . 2002 . 9518307 . \u00e2\nmiskelly , c . and barlow , k . ( 2001 ) chatham island snipe research and management trials , rangatira / south east island , april - may 2001 . wellington conservancy , department of conservation , wellington , new zealand .\nshooters , benefiting from this , place their booths next to the lekking sites and often shoot a couple of individuals in one shot ; the sound silences them for a moment , but if one does not reveal themselves , they will soon start the display again . snares made out of hair are also being set , which allow grabbing them out to the last individual .\npoland is , among all eu countries , particularly responsible for maintaining the favourable conservation status of the great snipe , because 27 . 7 % of the population inhabiting the eec is nesting in this country ( wilk et al . 2010 ) .\nno later than in xixth century europe the great snipe was a common resident of vast fens and flood - meadows in river valleys . it was also observed in denmark , germany and western poland . technical development , intensification of farming and associated large - scale drainage of wetland areas have led to a complete extinction of the great snipe in western european countries , as well as in lowland regions of scandinavia . the drastic decline of the species ' population results , in addition , from a very narrow tolerance limits with respect to various environmental factors , which distinguishes the great snipe among other charadriiform birds . being a specialist both in terms of its diet , as of its habitat , it has become particularly vulnerable to get extinct .\nthe chatham island snipe is a small , rotund bird with beautifully camouflaged plumage . the body is mottled with black , brown and reddish - brown , turning creamy - white on the lower breast and belly ( 2 ) ( 3 ) . the top of the head is striped with black , brown and reddish - brown ( 3 ) , and the bill is long , although not as long as that of other species of snipe ( 4 ) . female chatham island snipes are paler than males , and juveniles have less distinct patterning than adults ( 2 ) . the call of a male chatham island snipe has been recorded as a low \u2018 trerk , trerk , trerk \u2019 and \u2018 queeyoo , queeyoo , queeyoo \u2019 ( 3 ) .\nthe snares ( island ) snipes are mainly monogamous and the pair bonds usually last one season , sometimes more . they are often seen in pairs . during the breeding season , the male feeds the female during three weeks prior to the egg - laying . as the snipes lay fairly large eggs , the females need some nutrients to form the eggs . this behaviour is unique in the family scolopacidae .\nthere was a more urgent task on the snares , too . a research hut built in the 1960s was falling into disrepair . there was a risk it could collapse and send pink batts and sheets of corrugated iron flying around the island , maybe decapitate a sealion or two . canterbury museum wanted the hut for an exhibition . but it\u2019s tough to get the funds for a trip to the subantarctic .\nthe term \u2018snipe hunting\u2019 is used in north america to describe a wild goose chase , an endeavour with little chance of success . it seemed an apt description for the translocation mission , as its leaders wondered countless times whether they would ever pull it off .\nsnares island snipe mainly breed between november and march , laying two large eggs in a well - concealed nest at ground level . both sexes incubate the eggs and share care of the chicks , with the male caring for the first chick to leave the nest , and the female the second . chicks leave the nest on the day of hatching , and are cared for by one of their parents for 8 - 11 weeks . each parent - chick pair is completely independent of the other , and if either adult loses its chick , it may attempt to breed again with a new mate . however , the original pair typically re - unite by the start of the next breeding season .\nthe chatham island snipe can be found from the shore to the islands\u2019 summits , but most commonly occurs in areas with considerable bush cover and forest of olearia traversi ( the ake ake tree ) , especially among sedges ( carex species ) ( 2 ) ( 3 ) .\nit was an incredible discovery , and miskelly was desperate to get down there . in 2001 , rats were spectacularly eradicated from campbell island , and in 2005 , miskelly joined dog - handler james fraser and percy the conservation dog on a trip to campbell to look for snipe .\nin the years since miskelly\u2019s visit , campbell island snipe have multiplied . it\u2019s thought there are now hundreds of them roaming the main island\u2014a recovery so impressive that in may 2017 , they were switched from the highest threat category , \u2018nationally critical\u2019 , to the lowest , \u2018nationally vulnerable\u2019 .\nduring the night , the team caught nine birds , and the following day , 10 more , but two that looked unhealthy were released . the next morning , cole and hiscock sent the newly minted snipe hunters out for a last attempt while they prepared the captured birds for departure .\nros cole , kathryn pemberton and jo hiscock prepared the snipe for their voyage , feeding them a hydrating solution and plenty of mealworms . on the trip north , they stopped off for another feeding session at easy harbour , near the bottom of stewart island , before landing at whenua hou , below .\nit\u2019s still a theory , but the find was a tantalising suggestion that the h\u0101kawai may yet be heard on the t\u012bt\u012b islands . at the release , miskelly showed spencer , then 90 years old , the snipe with the broken feathers , and , deeply moved , spencer released it onto his island .\nthose two snipe now lie in a drawer in te papa\u2019s \u2018bird room\u2019 . one was known to be male , and miskelly recently sexed the second bird for the first time . it had been preserved in ethanol for half a century , and no one had checked . it turned out both were male .\none previous attempt was made to hold chatham island snipe in captivity in 1988 , but all eight adult birds caught were lost due to stress and aspergillosis . however a number of factors have changed in the last 10 years that should increase the likelihood of successfully maintaining and breeding snipes in captivity . they include :\na couple of tiny islands off the coast of stewart island , barely specks on a map , were the final refuges of the mainland snipe . naturalists reported finding them at the start of the 20th century on two \u2018t\u012bt\u012b\u2019 islands frequented by muttonbirders\u2014pukeokaoka , or jacky lee island , and taukihepa , or big south cape island .\npera - leask recites a karakia to welcome the birds to their new home ( see opposite ) . one by one , the boxes are opened , and the snipe make a dash for freedom . they are now free to colonise the whole of whenua hou , an island more than four times the size of their homeland .\nthe exceptional reproductive habits of the great snipe ( lekking behaviour ) have made it an easy prey for hunters , which can certainly be regarded as another important factor in its extermination . this problem was noted already in 1882 by the renowned polish zoologist w\u0142adys\u0142aw taczanowski , who wrote in his book\nthe birds of our country\n:\nfar to the north , in an underground room below te papa in wellington , terrestrial vertebrates curator colin miskelly opens the cupboard containing the museum\u2019s collection of new zealand snipe . an array of drawers holds the taxidermied bodies known in museum parlance as \u2018study skins\u2019\u2014wings tucked in , beaks stretched forward , ancient labels tied with string around crumpled claws .\nhiggins , p . j . ; & davies , s . j . j . f . ( eds ) . ( 1996 ) . handbook of australian , new zealand and antarctic birds . volume 3 : snipe to pigeons . melbourne : oxford university press . pp . \u00e2 54\u00e2\u0080\n66 . isbn\u00e2 0 - 19 - 553070 - 5 . \u00e2\n\u201cunless you\u2019re a pretty keen bird - nerdy conservationist you\u2019ve probably never heard of a snipe , and that\u2019s because it\u2019s so hard to see one . it\u2019s out of sight , out of mind . the only place you can see any of our new zealand snipes is on enderby island in the auckland islands . you have to sign up on a two - week trip to get there , and it\u2019s not cheap .\nsnipe are not one of the stars of new zealand\u2019s pantheon of threatened birds . small , speckled brown , with a long probing beak like a kiwi , they look like a wading bird that\u2019s gone bush . their eyes seem set too far back in their heads , giving them a dopey expression . perfect rat - bait , they\u2019ve long been gone from the mainland , and most new zealanders have never seen one .\nreproduction of this species : the breeding season occurs mainly between november and march . the laying on the snares islands coincides with the annual peak of prey abundance , often between late november and early february . the courting pair chooses the nest - site , and the nest depends on the site . it can be built in fern clump ( polystichum vestitum ) . it is sheltered above by the fern trunk and on the sides by the dead hanging fronds . the nest is made with plant debris found close to the nest - site . fern fragments , tree leaves and pieces of bark are used . the nest is cup - shaped and is often protected from above by dense vegetation .\nthe adult has darker plumage than the other new zealand snipe species . it has compact body , and relatively short bill and legs . on the upperparts , the colour is very cryptic , mainly brown with bars , stripes and spots , ranging from creamy - white to blackish . the uppertail is heavily barred . the outer tail feathers are typically narrow and stiffened . this physical feature produces the characteristic whirring sound during the nocturnal flight displays .\nsnipe rarely fly during the day , and nest at ground level , meaning they are extremely vulnerable to introduced mammals . defences that evolved to deal with birds of prey don\u2019t work on a predator with a good nose . \u201cthey just crouch and hope you\u2019ll go away , \u201d says colin miskelly . \u201cif people can catch them with hand nets , any predator is going to find the nest , eat the chicks , and probably pounce on the adults as well . \u201d\nros cole carries the snipe to their new home on whenua hou , watched over by a pouwhenua , hinekete . carved by the late bluff kaumatua harold ashwell , hinekete is a tribute to the ng\u0101i tahu women who formed the first settlement on the island in the 1820s , alongside their european sealer husbands . one of those women was estelle pera - leask\u2019s great - great - great - great grandmother . \u201cmany ng\u0101i tahu families descend from those women , \u201d she says .\n\u00e2\u0080\u009danother nest placed also in the shelter of a low manuka cushion showed more care in construction ; on granite grit and sand thickly littered with dracophyllum needles , it was piled a couple of inches high with moss , softest lichen and minutest lengths of frayed lissom manuka twiglets . of this nest the eggs , also two in number and also large in proportion to the size of the snipe , were greeny brown in hue with dark spottings and blotches evenly distributed over the whole surface . \u00e2\u0080\u009c\ngreat snipes are not being hunted in our country anymore ( which was unfortunately not abandoned in russia ) . the unusual reproductive system and the status of a\nrarity\nof the great snipe attracts , however , a new type of\nhunters\nequipped in cameras , binoculars and telescopes , who often crave to see this exceptional bird by all means . certainly their motivation is very different from the typical hunters , nevertheless accidental and unintentional startling of the bird may , when occurring on a large scale , lead to a decline in number of leks .\nthe female lays 2 large , very pale brown eggs with dark spots and blotches . the large size of the eggs ( 44 x 32 millimetres ) might indicate poor food resources on the snares islands during the breeding season . both sexes incubate , the male mostly at night , white the female is foraging and recovering after the laying . at hatching , the chicks are covered with blackish - brown down overall and have short black bill . the male cares for the first chick leaving the nest , while the female tends the second one . the chicks are precocial and leave the nest soon after hatching . the parents tend them for 8 - 11 weeks . the pair \u201cadult - chick\u201d is independent from the other , and if the adult loses its chick , it will attempt to breed again with a new mate . but the first two mates usually breed together during the next breeding season .\nthe south island snipe is extinct . its prehistoric distribution comprised the south island and stewart island , including some smaller islands off stewart island . it became extinct on both south island and stewart island following the occupation of new zealand by polynesians ( the ancestors of the m\u00e4\u0081ori people ) and the associated introduction of pacific rats ( rattus exulans ) . it survived on at least nine small islands until the late 19th and 20th centuries but was progressively extirpated on them following introductions of rats and other exotic predators , as well as weka , with the last records coming from big south cape and pukaweka islands in the early 1960s .\neutrophisation is a process of ecosystem enrichment in nutrients ( biogenic elements \u2013 nitrogen and phosphorus ) , which leads to a trophic rise , that is an increase in the habitat ' s fertility . it results in a faster development of vegetation that is followed by an accelerated succession and fast overgrowth of open habitats . in the case of the great snipe ' s biotopes an increased eutrophisation is in the first place caused by the destruction of the natural hydrological equilibria in river valleys ( overdrainage , shortening of spring floods ) and by the influx of biogenic elements from the river ' s drainage area ( chemical and natural fertilizers , communal sewage ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nbuller , walter lawry , birds of new zealand , 1888 . ibis , 1893 .\nheather , b . , & robertson , h . , field guide to the birds of new zealand , 2000 . oliver , w . r . b . , new zealand birds , 1955 .\nclosely related to c . pusilla , with which sometimes considered conspecific , especially in past ; until recently , considered conspecific with \u2020 c . iredalei and c . aucklandica , but differs from latter in extensive dense barring across lower breast and flanks and sometimes most of belly ( 3 ) ; much weaker , paler brown markings on upperparts with much narrower buff fringes , producing much finer and far less blotchy streaking ( 2 ) ; and much more densely barred uppertail ( 2 ) . monotypic .\n20\u201323 cm ; 89\u2013131 g ; wingspan 30\u201335 cm . small , plump , brown wader , with extensive and dense barring across lower breast , flanks and , sometimes , most of belly ; upperparts . . .\nmale has loud territorial call that comprises a series of vibrant monosyllabic notes that build . . .\ntakes soil - dwelling invertebrates , especially earthworms , amphipods , adult beetles , and larvae and pupae of beetles and flies , mainly by . . .\nlays early nov to early apr , with peak hatching in feb . monogamous ( 95 % ) , sometimes polygynous . solitary in territory ; nests at relatively . . .\nnot globally threatened . currently considered near threatened . population increasing in large part due to translocations and is currently thought to number between 1000 and . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\nsequence of species in this family is based largely on findings of a recent phylogenetic study # r .\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\nvoice ( adult male ) : a strident chup chup chup sometimes building to a loud queeyoo queeyoo queeyoo .\nbaker , a . j . ; miskelly , c . m . ; haddrath , o . 2010 . species limits and population differentiation in new zealand snipes ( scolopacidae : coenocorypha ) . conservation genetics 11 : 1363 - 1374 .\nmiskelly , c . m . ; walker , k . j . ; elliott , g . p . 2006 . breeding ecology of three subantarctic snipes ( genus coenocorypha ) . notornis 53 : 361 - 374 .\nthis species has been extirpated from most of its historic range by introduced mammalian predators , to which it is highly susceptible . declines have ceased as it is now confined to a few predator - free subantarctic islands where it is relatively secure within a very small range . owing to the small number of locations that support the species and the small total population , it is considered near threatened .\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : coenocorypha huegeli . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ndel hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . and fishpool , l . d . c . 2014 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 1 : non - passerines . lynx edicions birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .\ncoenocorypha aucklandica , c . huegeli , c . barrierensis and c . iredalei ( del hoyo and collar 2014 ) were previously lumped as c . aucklandica following sibley and monroe ( 1990 , 1993 ) .\n20 - 23 cm . small , plump variegated brown wader . bill brown and slightly drooping , 4 . 5 cm . this species has extensive dense barring across the lower breast , flanks and , sometimes , most of the belly . the upperparts are finely barred giving an overall uniform impression . also the uppertail is densely barred ."]}
{"id": 2132, "summary": [{"text": "chalybeothemis is a genus of dragonflies in the family libellulidae .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it contains three species native to southeast asia .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "species include : chalybeothemis chini chalybeothemis fluviatilis chalybeothemis pruinosa", "topic": 26}], "title": "chalybeothemis", "paragraphs": ["chalybeothemis _ chini _ _ _ ian . jpg uploaded on aug . 9 , 2010\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nschorr , m . and paulson , d . 2017 . world odonata list . revision 28 november 2017 . tacoma , washington , usa available at : urltoken .\njustification : although the species is known from at least twenty locations , only nine of these are based on recent records and still known to be intact . the status of habitats in indonesia is unknown . the species appears to be local in occurrence , and to prefer a low ph habitats , but some populations have been recorded at ponds and reservoirs , but more populations are very likely to exist across its known range . the most significant threat faced by the species is from plantation establishment . although the species is widespread and some of the older records may still refer to viable habitats , and other populations are likely to be found , in view of its apparently specialist habitat requirements and local occurrence there is some cause for concern . with only nine currently known locations , the species arguably qualifies for near threatened status . however it is almost certainly under - recorded and relatively widespread , and is assessed as least concern with some reservations .\nthe species is known from relatively few records , but has a wide range across southeastern asia , however it appears to be very local in occurrence , with scattered populations across its range . there are records from borneo ( south , east and northwest kalimantan , central sarawak , brunei ) , belitung , singapore , peninsular malaysia ( pahang and selangor ) , south thailand ( narathiwat ) ( see dow\nis unknown , but existing records are from lowland habitats . twenty locations have been recorded for this species ( dow\n2007 , dow unpublished 2010 ) : two in northwest kalimantan , one in central kalimantan , one in south kalimantan ( lieftinck 1953 : the information is vague , possibly this refers to up to three separate locations , but it is treated as one location here ) , one in east kalimantan , six locations in peninsular malaysia ( tasik chini , ( c . - y . choong , pers . comm . 2011 ) , the paya indah wetlands , tasek bera and sungai bebar in pahang , ampang and sungai ayer hitam in selangor ) , two locations from brunei ( one of them is now degraded ) , one location from thailand , one from sarawak , four from belitung , three from singapore ( tang\n2010 , r . w . j . ngiam pers . comm . 2010 ) , but from one of these only a single individual has been recorded . for eight locations the only records are fifty years or more old , and we have no information on the current status of the habitats , however there has been widespread degradation of lowland habitats in indonesia . of the recent locations one has already been degraded ( orr 2001 ) , no recent check of this location has been made . on this basis , only nine locations can be considered to be currently known . of the currently known locations , one ( binyo penyilam in sarawak ) is a conservation area within acacia plantations , but enforcement of its protected status is problematic , however it is a proposed national park . the remaining location in brunei is protected . the sites in singapore are either in the national parks system , or in an army training area , and not currently threatened .\nthere is no detailed population information for this species . from the currently known sites , it is quite common at binyo penyilam in sarawak and common at sungai bebar in pahang ( dow unpublished data ) ; norma - rashid\n2001 ) list 19 specimens from tasek bera in pahang , suggesting that the species is at least fairly common there ; it is regularly encountered at the surviving location in brunei ( orr 2001 , v . kalkman unpublished , 2011 ) . based on this information it appears that the species is locally common over much of its range . however it is considered uncommon in singapore ( r . w . j . ngiam pers . comm . 2010 ) .\nplantation establishment is the major potential threat to this species ; very large areas of lowland forest are being or already have been converted to oil palm and acacia plantations in sarawak and peninsular malaysia , the situation is similar in kalimantan and probably in belitung . fire is a serious threat to individual populations , as is pollution or lowering of water tables due to excessive extraction . in sarawak at least twelve large hydroelectric projects are planned before 2020 , these could have a major impact on populations of this species ( including as - yet undiscovered populations ) .\nthere is a need for further data on distribution , population , habitat and threats across the range of c . fluviatilis , especially in indonesia . better protection is needed in at least one already protected habitat ( binyo penyilam in sarawak ) , and more habitats need to be protected .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\none of the more uncommon dragonflies that can be found among the weedy edges of macritchie reservoir , this loving small dragonfly is very attractive and inconspicuous .\nthe male is dark - blue in colour , with unmarked body and thin abdomen . it has a pair of striking green eyes . female is similar , with a more brownish patch at the dorsum of the thorax and brownish tint at the wing base .\nprivacy & cookies : this site uses cookies . by continuing to use this website , you agree to their use . to find out more , including how to control cookies , see here : cookie policy\ni was always fascinated by this species of dragonfly due to it\u2019s shinning green eyes . it is an uncommon and localise species which are found in exposed weedy banks of streams , rivers and near the banks of reservoirs . i have seen this species at just three locations ; 1 ) near the banks of macritchie reservoir ; 2 ) at the big pond at kent ridge park ; and 3 ) at the open pond at bukit timah nature reserve .\nthis male was taken at the last location . a pleasant surprise for me as this was the first time i have seen this species at the location .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis is a small dragonfly . males have dark blue thorax . abdomen is thin , with base slightly swollen and black . eyes are green . female is similar but with brown colour on the dorsum of thorax and the wing base tinted with brownish yellow .\ntang , h . b . , wang , l . k . & h\u00e4m\u00e4l\u00e4inen , m . 2010 . a photographic guide to the dragonflies of singapore . singapore : raffles museum of biodiversity research . 222pp .\nsupported client browser : ie6 + , firefox 1 . 05 + , chrome 12 + , opera 7 . 52 + , netscape 7 . 1 +\nover 250 species of odonates living in all kinds of aquatic habitats in peninsular malaysia . they are waiting for me to be explored . . . . . . . .\n. the former two species can be found in peninsular malaysia while the last one is confined to borneo .\ni started to learn and take photographs of odonata in 2005 . i am fascinated by this group of beautiful insects . at this moment , i try to record the diversity and distribution of odonata for peninsular malaysia .\nyou ' re counted . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\ntip : zoom out ( ctrl + - ) to display more photos one your screen . more help here"]}
{"id": 2140, "summary": [{"text": "the neotropical green anole ( anolis biporcatus ) is a species of anolis lizard , native to central america and northern south america , from mexico to ecuador and venezuela . ", "topic": 25}], "title": "neotropical green anole", "paragraphs": ["the humble green anole has been a mainstay in the pet reptile hobby for decades . the males have attractive throat pouches they use for territorial displays or when courting females .\nthe green anole has long been one of the most widely available species of lizard in the pet trade . often sold as \u201cfeeders\u201d ( prey items for larger , reptile - eating species of snakes and lizards ) , green anoles are available at local pet shops , chain pet store retailers and from online sellers at very affordable prices ; seldom does a green anole command more than a $ 10 price - tag .\nmale green anoles may grow to 8 inches , while females seldom exceed 5 to 6 inches . young hatch at three - quarters to 1 inch in length . with a svl ( snout - to - vent length ) of a large adult male being roughly 4 inches , fully half a green anole\u2019s length is its tail . the head of the green anole is spear - shaped or triangular in form ; the large eye sockets accommodate this diurnal hunter\u2019s keen eyes .\none of the best known positive economic factors involving green anoles are their presence in the pet trade . green anole are sold in many pet stores in the united states . they also are exported for profit . in addition , lizards collected within the united states are sold to zoos and for educational programs . green anoles also have been studied to better understand animal behavior .\n) are particularly common snake predators . this species has eliminated green anoles from portions of guam . examples of birds that regularly prey on green anoles are american kestrels (\nbreeding interval green anoles breed in two week intervals throughout the spring to summer months .\ngreen anoles will eat small invertebrates such as crickets , mealworms , farm - raised maggots , roaches ( genus blaptica ) , and all other insect fare . avoid superworms or kingworms , as these possess sharp , powerful mandibles that can injure your anole . wild - caught insects , such as grasshoppers and leafhoppers , make great supplements to your green anole\u2019s diet , but make certain that any and all wild insects offered to your pets are free of pesticides , herbicides and any other dangerous agricultural chemical .\ngreen anoles also utilize caudal autotomy and use their dropped tails to distract predators while they escape .\nbreeding season green anoles breed 4 to 5 months out of the year , usually april through august .\na lithe species , the green anole is an agile and muscularly built animal . older males are more heavy - bodied than their female counterparts . these slender lizards are lightweight for their length , which allows them to move through their canopy and vegetation with greater ease .\ngreen anoles should be able to enter and exit warmer and cooler areas of the terrarium in order to thermo - regulate , because although they are baskers , green anoles definitely require shady retreats , as well . owing to this species\u2019 arboreal lifestyle , undertank heaters or hot - rock - style heaters are largely ineffectual as heat sources . heat lamps ( both daytime and nighttime , or moon - glow style , bulbs ) work best as heating sources for a green anole enclosure .\ngreen anoles seem to thrive better when their terrarium is slightly elevated , such that they may look out into your home at eye - level . achieve this by placing your anole\u2019s enclosure on a shelf or on top of a piece of furniture . in nature , green anoles dwell in trees and other lofty locations , and anything you can do in arranging and orienting your anole\u2019s enclosure to better simulate this elevated lifestyle is highly recommended . being down lower can make them nervous , especially if there\u2019s a fair amount of activity in the vicinity of their cage .\nsubstrata to avoid are oily or resinous or scented substrates , such as pine shavings , wood shavings , or scented paper towels . excessively dry substrate , such as any type of sand , is also not recommended , because the green anole is a temperate species that does not naturally occur in excessively arid areas . untreated soil or bark substrates , mixed with decaying leaf - litter work well for green anoles .\nthere are more than two dozen anole species in costa rica alone , so it ' s often difficult to identify an individual lizard . fortunately for me , there ' s only one bright green species . this one was on the trunk of a palm tree , hiding behind palm leaves swaying in the breeze .\nvertically oriented terrariums are preferable , as taller enclosures better accommodate the arboreal green anole\u2019s needs . air circulation is important , so a well - ventilated terrarium is recommended . vertically oriented vegetative cover is an absolute necessity ; acrylic vines , plastic plants that adhere to the tank walls by way of suction cups and other such cover are highly recommended . green anoles will sooner take refuge in suspended tangles of vegetation rather than in ground - level hides or caves .\ngreen anoles also are sometimes considered beneficial pest controllers , because they feed on pest species such as spiders , moths , and crickets .\nwild green anoles typically lap water from leaves after a rain shower , or before the sun dries an early - morning dew . some pets may drink standing water from a shallow dish , but all green anoles will drink water misted onto the leaves and walls of their terrarium . if you do opt to provide a water dish , be sure it\u2019s shallow ; green anoles cannot escape from deep or steep - walled water dishes and will quickly drown in deep water . placing a stick or vine in the water dish will ensure your green anoles an escape route should one be necessary .\ngreen anoles are a diurnal species . in both males and females , the majority of the day is dedicated to foraging . prey capture somewhat distinguishes green anoles from related species , as they use a multitude of resources to capture prey . green anoles move freely and range widely , but usually only within their territorial domains . in most cases , green anoles are positioned at a particular perch height , which is determined in a variety of ways , including the search for prey . behavior changes slightly during the breeding season , when males dedicate more time to social interactions such as courting females .\ngreen anoles have a lifespan ranging from 2 to 8 years , determined largely by predation . lifespan in captivity is similar to that in the wild , approximately 4 to 6 years , and dependent on proper care and conditions . longevity also is greatly dependent upon proper nutrition . smaller , slower , green anoles potentially have greater difficulty obtaining necessary nutrients than larger individuals , especially if engaged in competition . larger green anoles under ideal natural conditions have been known to live up to 10 years .\nsome authorities put most of the central and south american anole species ( as opposed to the u . s . / caribbean ones ) into the genus norops . this might become the standard soon , but for now there are still many authorities using\nanolis\n.\ngreen anoles breed roughly four to five months out of the year , usually from april through august . warmer months have the highest reproduction rate , because higher temperatures increase the size of male and female sexual structures ( testes and ovaries ) . ovulation cycle for female green anoles lasts approximately two weeks , which creates the intervals in which they mate .\n) . in other regions , its greatest impact is as a prey species . for example , in guam , green anoles are so heavily preyed upon by brown tree snakes (\noccurs throughout much of the southeastern united states , extending north through parts of north carolina , west to texas , and south through florida . while florida was once the central portion of its united states distribution , today most florida populations have been replaced by introduced anole species , such as\nphil purser has been writing about reptiles and amphibians since 2001 . his book , insect - eating lizards ( tfh publications , 2008 ) , features green anoles and other insectivorous lizards .\ngreen anoles are preyed upon by a relatively large assortment of predators . their main predators are snakes and birds , but they also are preyed on by larger reptiles . brown tree snakes (\ngreen anoles tolerate gentle handling , and they will usually prefer to perch upon a keeper\u2019s hand or shoulder , rather than be tightly gripped . they are fragile lizards , and their tails will break easily , so while they do tolerate gentle interaction with their keepers , it\u2019s best to keep handling to a minimum . newly acquired green anoles should not be handled soon after purchase ; give your new pets a week or two to adapt to their new surroundings before handling them . children should be supervised whenever handling green anoles , and anyone who handles them ( or any other reptiles ) should always wash their hands with antibacterial soap afterward .\nscale colors in green anoles vary . in most cases , these lizards range from shades of brown to green or gray . at times their coloring represents combinations of these colors . color variation results from layers of pigmented cells called chromatophores . three types of pigment cells are present : xanthophores , cyanophores , and melanophores , each responsible for different color variations . green anoles are capable of changing scale color in response to their external environment . many factors affect color change and variation ; most often it is dependent upon temperature and excitation , such as increased activity or competition . darker brown and black colors , produced by melanophores , typically signal cold or stressed conditions .\nto avoid predators , green anoles hide in trees , tall grasses , and other vegetation . they also have developed a structure similar to a patagium that enables them to glide down from tall trees . in addition , green anoles have the ability to walk vertically on surfaces such as trees , walls , and fences using adhesive pads on the bottom of their feet . these provide a means of escape that the majority of their predators do not have .\ngreen anoles have several methods of capturing prey . over 58 % of the prey is captured by perching and watching or anticipating prey until they are within striking distance . this is considered to be the most effective means of capturing prey . this behavior is predominant during breeding , to conserve energy for mating . another method of prey capture is used while the anole is protecting and patrolling their territory . in this case , they leap forward to ensure a capture , but use a slower motion . another common method of prey capture is the ambush , usually used in capturing larger prey items .\nis highly territorial , especially the males , they may prevent certain other species from entering their territory . this potentially prevents certain reproductive variation . a beneficial quality of green anoles is that they consume seeds and grains , potentially aiding in seed dispersal .\ngreen anoles feed on a broad range of prey items . they often will attempt to eat anything smaller than their own head . they are classified as insectivores , eating a wide variety of insects , including beetles and flies , as well as spiders , some arthropods . at times , they also will eat mollusks , grain , and seeds . the importance of a particular prey or food item largely reflects its availability . if an item is abundant within the territory , green anoles are likely to feed on it more frequently .\nis currently considered to be at lower risk or of least concern and is not vulnerable to any major threats at this time . some researchers believe that they may be at risk due to the significant numbers in the pet trade . however , in recent years , sales of green anoles have declined due to lesser demand . also , green anoles appear abundant in the portions of their range from which they are collected and many populations occur in protected areas , such as parks and natural areas , which helps to protect the population .\ngreen anoles are sun - worshipping baskers , and eight hours of full - spectrum uv lighting per day is recommended . ambient temperatures should range from the low - 80s fahrenheit during the day with nightly dips into the upper 60s to low 70s . basking hot spots should reach the mid 90s .\nthe majority of green anoles are polygynous . especially in larger populations , they usually will mate only within their own territories . females are not characteristically known to search for different mates . in cases when a female mates with a different male , it is usually due to intrusion into her territory .\ntwo types of sexual selection occur during the mating season : intersexual and intrasexual selection . the larger a territory range a male has , the more females he is likely to mate with . a territory size usually relates to a male green anoles body size ; the larger he is the more dominant he will be towards intruders and predators as he protects his territory .\ngreen anoles that have not yet reached adulthood do display adult signals and behaviors ( e . g . head bobbing ) . however , since they are not sexually mature , these do not function as courtship mechanisms . interactions between juveniles are similar to those of adult females . they generally are not as serious as those between adult males and usually do not result in injuries . as juveniles mature , their interactions often become more intense . this is mainly due to the development of structural hierarchies for adulthood .\nfemale green anoles have the ability to store sperm ; this may be a trait of intersexual selection . sperm has been found within a female seven months after mating , which may make delayed fertilization possible . prior to releasing her clutch , the female will examine an appropriate area and then dig into the soil . females prefer to release their eggs into moist soil . eggs are oval and on average 6 by 4 . 5 mm . the gestation period varies , but is approximately five to seven weeks long . hatchling anoles weigh 0 . 27 g each . juvenile anoles are sexually mature at 8 to 9 months old .\nthe number of species increased from 10 , 711 to 10 , 793 , i . e . an increase of 82 species . 66 new species have been described , 9 species have been revalidated from synonymy and 16 subspecies were elevated to full species . . .\nover the past 4 months , the number of species increased from 10 , 639 to 10 , 711 .\nthe number of species has grown from 10 , 544 in the may release to now 10 , 639 ( + 95 species ) .\noverall , 212 new taxa have been added or changed their status or name .\nthe reptile database is a taxonomic database that provides basic information about all living reptile species , such as turtles , snakes , lizards , and crocodiles , as well as tuataras and amphisbaenians , but does not include dinosaurs .\ncurrently there are more than 10 , 000 species and an additional 2 , 700 subspecies . this is making reptiles the largest vertebrate group after fish ( ~ 25 , 000 species ) and birds ( ~ 10 , 000 species ) , and significantly larger than mammals ( ~ 5 , 000 species ) or amphibians ( ~ 6 , 000 species ) .\nthe reptile database provides taxonomic information for the catalogue of life and the encyclopedia of life . our taxonomic information has also been used by genbank and many other resources and is the only comprehensive reptile database on the web .\nthe reptile database can be used to find all species within a certain geographic area ( e . g . all snakes of egypt ) . its collection of more than 2 , 500 images allow users to identify a species or at least get an idea how the species or genus may look like . more than 30 , 000 references provide a guide to further information .\nthis database is maintained by peter uetz ( database content ) and jakob hallermann , zoological museum hamburg ( new species and updates ) .\ndactyloa biporcata wiegmann 1834 : 47 anolis biporcatus \u2014 bocourt 1873 anolis copei bocourt 1873 : 77 anolis obtusirostris peters 1874 : 741 anolis copii \u2014 boulenger 1885 : 65 anolis biporcatus \u2014 boulenger 1885 : 88 anolis obtusirostris \u2014 boulenger 1885 : 95 anolis brevipes boettger 1893 anolis solifer ruthven 1916 anolis copei \u2014 dunn 1932 anolis copei \u2014 stuart 1935 : 42 anolis biporcatus \u2014 smith & taylor 1950 : 65 anolis biporcatus biporcatus \u2014 williams 1966 norops biporcatus \u2014 guyer & savage 1986 norops biporcatus \u2014 liner 1994 anolis biporcatus \u2014 bauer et al . 1995 : 59 norops biporcatus \u2014 k\u00f6hler 2000 : 62 anolis biporcatus \u2014 liner 2007 anolis biporcatis \u2014 liner & casas - andreu 2008 : 41 norops biporcatus \u2014 nicholson et al . 2012 norops biporcatus \u2014 mccranie & k\u00f6hler 2015 : 33\ntype locality : mexico ; restricted to piedra parada , chiapas by smith & taylor 1950 . neotype locality : santa rosa de pansos , guatemala .\nnote : tdwg regions are generated automatically from the text in the distribution field and not in every cases it works well . we are working on it .\n\u00e1lvarez del toro , m . , & smith , h . m . 1956 . notulae herpetologicae chiapasiae . i . herpetologica 12 : 3 - 17 - get paper here\nanonymous 2002 . opinion 2015 ( case 3145 ) dactyloa biporcata wiegmann 1834 ( currently anolis biporcatus ) and anolis petersii bocourt 1873 ( reptilia , sauria ) : specific names conserved by the desdignation of a neotype for a . biporcatus . bull . zool . nomenclature 59 ( 3 ) : 230 - 231 - get paper here\narias , erick ; federico bola\u00f1os 2014 . a checklist of the amphibians and reptiles of san isidro de dota , reserva forestal los santos , costa rica . check list 10 ( 4 ) : 870 - 877 - get paper here\narmstead , j . v . , f . ayala - varela , o . torres - carvajal , m . j . ryan & s . poe 2017 . systematics and ecology of anolis biporcatus ( squamata : iguanidae ) . salamandra 53 ( 2 ) : 285 - 293 - get paper here\nbauer , a . m . ; g\u00fcnther , r . & klipfel , m . 1995 . the herpetological contributions of wilhelm c . h . peters ( 1815 - 1883 ) . ssar facsimile reprints in herpetology , 714 pp .\nbernal carlo a . & roze j a . 2005 . lizards of the genus anolis ( reptilia : polychrotidae ) from sierra nevada de santa marta , colombia , with description of two new species . novedades colombianas nueva epoca 8 ( 1 ) : 9 - 26 - get paper here\nbocourt , m . e . 1873 . in : a . dum\u00e9ril , m . f . bocourt , and f . mocquard , ( 1870 - 1909 ) , etudes sur les reptiles , p . i - xiv ; in recherches zoologiques pour servir a l ' histoire de ia faune de l ' am\u00e9rique centrale et du mexique . mission scientifique au mexique et dans l ' am\u00e9rique ce imprimerie imp\u00e9riale , paris , livr . 2 - 15 , pp . 33 - 860 . - get paper here\nboulenger , g . a . 1885 . catalogue of the lizards in the british museum ( natural history ) . vol . 2 , second edition . london , xiii + 497 pp . - get paper here\ncalderon , r . ; cede\u00f1o - v\u00e1zquez , j . r . & pozo , c . 2003 . new distributional records for amphibians and reptiles from campeche , mexico . herpetological review 34 ( 3 ) : 269 - 272 - get paper here\ncalderon - mandujano , r . & mora - tembre , l . 2004 . new distributional records and comments on amphibians and reptiles from quintana roo , mexico . herpetological review 35 ( 3 ) : 295 - 296 - get paper here\ncampbell , j . a . 1998 . amphibians and reptiles of northern guatemala , the yucat\u00e1n , and belize . norman : university of oklahoma press , xiii + 380 pp . - get paper here\ncasas - andreu , g . , f . r . m\u00e9ndez - de la cruz and x . aguilar - miguel . 2004 . anfibios y reptiles ; pp . 375\u2013390 , in a . j . m . garc\u00eda - mendoza , j . ordo\u00f1ez and m . briones - salas ( ed . ) . biodiversidad de oaxaca . instituto de biolog\u00eda , unam - fondo oaxaque\u00f1o para la conservaci\u00f3n de la naturaleza - world wildlife fund , m\u00e9xico , d . f .\ncastro - herrera , f . & vargas - salinas , f . 2008 . anfibios y reptiles en el departamento del valle del cauca , colombia . biota colombiana 9 ( 2 ) : 251 - 277 - get paper here\ncastro - herrera , fernando ; anyelet valencia - aguilar , diego villaquiran - mart\u00ednez 2012 . diversidad de anfibios y reptiles del parque nacional natural isla gorgona universidad del valle , santiago de cali , valle del cauca , 112 pp .\ncrandell , kristen e . ; anthony herrel , mahmood sasa , jonathan b . losos , kellar autumn 2014 . stick or grip ? co - evolution of adhesive toepads and claws in anolis lizards . zoology 117 ( 6 ) : 363 - 369 - get paper here\nduellman , w . e . 1963 . amphibians and reptiles of the rainforest of southern el peten , guatemala . univ . kansas publ . mus . nat . hist . 15 : 205 - 49 . - get paper here\ndunn , emmett reid & emlen , john t . 1932 . reptiles and amphibians from honduras . proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia 84 : 21 - 32 - get paper here\nesquivel , c . , and f . vargas - acu\u00f1a . 2017 . norops biporcatus ( wiegmann , 1834 ) . color change during foraging . mesoamerican herpetology 4 ( 1 ) : 177\u2013178 - get paper here\ngaige , h . 1936 . some reptiles and amphibians from yucatan and campeche , mexico . carnegie inst . wash . publ . , ( 457 ) : 289 - 304 .\nhenderson , c . l . 2010 . mammals , amphibians , and reptiles of costa rica - a field guide . university of texas press , austin , 198 pp .\njohnson , jerry d . ; vicente mata - silva , el\u00ed garc\u00eda padilla , and larry david wilson 2015 . the herpetofauna of chiapas , mexico : composition , distribution , and conservation . mesoamerican herpetology 2 ( 3 ) : 272\u2013329 . - get paper here\nk\u00f6hler , g . 2000 . reptilien und amphibien mittelamerikas , bd 1 : krokodile , schildkr\u00f6ten , echsen . herpeton verlag , offenbach , 158 pp .\nk\u00f6hler , g . 2008 . reptiles of central america . 2nd ed . herpeton - verlag , 400 pp .\nk\u00f6hler , g . & bauer , a . m . 2001 . case 3145 : dactyloa biporcata wiegmann 1834 ( currently anolis biporcatus ) and anolis petersii bocourt 1873 ( reptilia : sauria ) : proposed conservation of the specific names and designation of a neotype for a . biporcatus . bull . zool . nomenclature 58 ( 2 ) : 122 - 125 - get paper here\nk\u00f6hler , gunther 2014 . characters of external morphology used in anolis taxonomy\u2014definition of terms , advice on usage , and illustrated examples . zootaxa 3774 ( 2 ) : 201\u2013257 - get paper here\nlee , j . c . 2000 . a field guide to the amphibians and reptiles of the maya world . cornell university press , ithaca ,\nlee , j . c . 1996 . the amphibians and reptiles of the yucat\u00e1n peninsula . comstock , cornell university press , ithaca , 500 pp .\nliner , ernest a . , and gustavo casas - andreu . 2008 . standard spanish , english and scientific names of the amphibians and reptiles of mexico . herpetological circular 38 : 167 p .\nmata - silva , vicente , jerry d . johnson , larry david wilson and el\u00ed garc\u00eda - padilla . 2015 . the herpetofauna of oaxaca , mexico : composition , physiographic distribution , and conservation status . mesoamerican herpetology 2 ( 1 ) : 6\u201362 - get paper here\nmccranie , j . & casta\u00f1eda , f . e . 2005 . the herpetofauna of parque nacional pico bonito , honduras . phyllomedusa 4 ( 1 ) : 3 - 16 - get paper here\nmccranie , james r . 2015 . a checklist of the amphibians and reptiles of honduras , with additions , comments on taxonomy , some recent taxonomic decisions , and areas of further studies needed . zootaxa 3931 ( 3 ) : 352\u2013386 - get paper here\nmccranie , james r . and gunther k\u00f6hler 2015 . the anoles ( reptilia : squamata : dactyloidae : anolis : norops ) of honduras . systematics , distribution , and conservation . bull . mus . comp . zool . harvard ( special publication series , no . 1 ) : 1 - 280 [ review in q . j . biol . 91 : 227 ] - get paper here\nnicholson , kirsten e . ; brian i . crother , craig guyer & jay m . savage 2012 . it is time for a new classification of anoles ( squamata : dactyloidae ) . zootaxa 3477 : 1\u2013108\nortleb , edward ; heatwole , harold 1965 . comments on some panamanian lizards with a key to the species from barro colorado island , c . z . and vicinity . carib . j . sci . 5 ( 3 - 4 ) : 141 - 147 .\npeters , wilhem carl hartwig 1874 . \u00fcber neue saurier ( sp\u00e6riodactylus , anolis , phrynosoma , tropidolepisma , lygosoma , ophioscincus ) aus centralamerica , mexico und australien . monatsber . k\u00f6nigl . akad . wiss . berlin . 1873 ( november ) : 738 - 747 - get paper here\npoe , s . 2004 . phylogeny of anoles . herpetological monographs 18 : 37 - 89 - get paper here\npoe , s . 2013 . 1986 redux : new genera of anoles ( squamata : dactyloidae ) are unwarranted . zootaxa 3626 ( 2 ) : 295\u2013299 - get paper here\nrengifo m , jhon tailor ; fernando c . herrera , francisco j . purroy 2014 . diversidad de una comunidad de anolis ( iguania : dactyloidae ) en la selva pluvial central , departamento del choc\u00f3 , colombia . basic and applied herpetology 28 : 51 - 63 - get paper here\nrivas , gilson a . ; ce\u0301sar r . molina , gabriel n . ugueto , tito r . barros , ce\u0301sar l . bar - rio - amoro\u0301s & philippe j . r . kok 2012 . reptiles of venezuela : an updated and commented checklist . zootaxa 3211 : 1\u201364 - get paper here\nrivas - fuenmayor , g . & c . l . barrio a . 2003 . geographic distribution ; sauria : norops biporcatus . herpetological review 34 ( 4 ) : 385 - get paper here\nrovito , sean michael ; thomas james devitt , susan cameron devitt 2015 . first survey of the amphibians and reptiles of the nectandra cloud forest reserve , alajuela , costa rica . check list 11 ( 2 ) : 1570 - get paper here\nruthven , alexander g . 1916 . three new species of anolis from the santa marta mountains , colombia . occasional papers of the museum of zoology , university of michigan ( 32 ) : 1 - 8 - get paper here\nsavage , j . m . 2002 . the amphibians and reptiles of costa rica : a herpetofauna between two continents , between two seas . university of chicago press , 934 pp . [ review in copeia 2003 ( 1 ) : 205 ]\nsol\u00eds , jos\u00e9 mario ; rony e . valle , luis a . herrera , carlos m . o\u2019reilly , and roberto downing . 2015 . range extensions and new departmental records for amphibians and reptiles in honduras . mesoamerican herpetology 2 ( 4 ) : 557 - get paper here\nsoli\u0301s , j . m . , l . d . wilson , and j . h . townsend . 2014 . an updated list of the amphibians and reptiles of honduras , with comments on their nomenclature . mesoamerican herpetology 1 : 123\u2013144 - get paper here\nstuart , l . c . 1935 . a contribution to a knowledge of the herpetology of a portion of the savanna region of central peten , guatemala . university of michigan museum of zoology miscellaneous publications 29 : 1 - 56 - get paper here\nstuart , l . c . 1937 . some further notes on the amphibians and reptiles of the peten forest of northern guatemala . copeia 1937 ( 1 ) : 67 - 70 - get paper here\nstuart , l . c . 1948 . the amphibians and reptiles of alta verapaz guatamala . miscellaneous publications , museum of zoology , university of michigan 69 : 1 - 109 - get paper here\nstuart , l . c . 1955 . a brief review of the guatemalan lizards of the genus anolis . misc . publ . mus . zool . , univ . michigan no . 91 : 1 - 31 - get paper here\nsunyer , javier 2014 . an updated checklist of the amphibians and reptiles of nicaragua . mesoamerican herpetology 1 ( 2 ) : 186\u2013202 . - get paper here\nsunyer , javier , jos\u00e9 gabriel mart\u00ednez - fonseca and milton salazar - saavedra . 2016 . new departmental records for lizards in nicaragua . mesoamerican herpetology 3 ( 4 ) : 1049\u20131054 - get paper here\ntaylor , e . h . 1956 . a review of the lizards of costa rica . univ . kansas sci . bull . 38 ( part 1 ) : 3 - 322 - get paper here\nurbina - cardona , j . nicol\u00e1s ; mario olivares - p\u00e9rez , v\u00edctor hugo reynoso 2006 . herpetofauna diversity and microenvironment correlates across a pasture\u2013edge\u2013interior ecotone in tropical rainforest fragments in the los tuxtlas biosphere reserve of veracruz , mexico . biological conservation 132 : 61\u201375\nvalencia - zuleta a , jaramillo - mart\u00ednez af , echeverry - bocanegra a , vi\u00e1fara - vega r , hern\u00e1ndez - c\u00f3rdoba o , cardona - botero ve , guti\u00e9rrez - z\u00fa\u00f1iga j , castro - herrera f . 2014 . conservation status of the herpetofauna , protected areas , and current problems in valle del cauca , colombia . amphibian & reptile conservation 8 ( 2 ) : 1\u201318 ( e87 ) - get paper here\nvan beest , p . a . & haberham , z . l . 2003 . een gebruiksaanwijzing voor een van de meest interessante groepen terrariumdiern : anolissen . deel iii . lacerta 61 ( 5 ) : 163 - 176 - get paper here\nwiegmann , a . f . a . 1834 . herpetologia mexicana , seu descriptio amphibiorum novae hispaniae , quae itineribus comitis de sack , ferdinandi deppe et chr . guil . schiede im museum zoologicum berolinense pervenerunt . pars prima , saurorum species . berlin , l\u00fcderitz , iv + 54 pp . - get paper here\nwilliams , e . e . ; rand , h . ; rand , a . s . & o\u2019hara , r . j . 1995 . a computer approach to the comparison and identification of species in difficult taxonomic groups . breviora ( 502 ) : 1 - 47 - get paper here\nwilliams , ernest e . 1966 . south american anoles : anolis biporcatus and anolis fraseri ( sauria , iguanidae ) compared . breviora ( 239 ) : 1 - 14 - get paper here\nmario urriola spotted one of these anoles sleeping high in a tree at night , and pointed it out to lorrie smith and me . it was too high up to get a flash photo or to try to manipulate the vegetation to get it down lower .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nproject noah is a tool to explore and document wildlife and a platform to harness the power of citizen scientists everywhere .\nmaybe about 12 cm long from nose to tail ? seen near a farmhouse where i would normally easily find yellow - headed geckos and slender anoles .\nhatchlings will reach sexual maturity in 18 months , and adults will continue to grow throughout the duration of their lives . sexual dimorphism also exists in that males sport larger dewlaps and females have a whitish to cream - colored stripe down the midline of the dorsum .\nwhile captive longevity may reach or slightly exceed six years , wild specimens seldom thrive for more than three years .\nthis page requires javascript . it seems that your browser does not have javascript enabled . please enable javascript and press the reload / refresh button on your browser .\nis considered an introduced species . it has become abundant in hawaii since it was discovered in 1950 . it also has been introduced and has flourished in the ogasawara islands of japan , and in cuba , the bahamas , and guam . in guam , however , densities have been impacted drastically by predators , such as introduced brown tree snakes (\n( bishop and echternacht , 2004 ; losos , 2009 ; macedonia , et al . , 2003 ; mattison , 1989 )\nis found most often on shaded tree branches . its positioning within a tree is known as its perch height and is dependent on the proximity of both predators and prey . limited research has been done on their preferred types or species of trees .\nappears mostly to inhabit trees and shrubs within their territory and where prey is readily available . they also are frequently observed in tall grasses .\nalso is one of the most common lizards in urban and suburban areas . it is frequently found near dwellings , particularly on fence posts and the sides of buildings .\nvaries in length from 4 to 8 cm . females typically are smaller in all body size measures , at birth ranging from about 23 to 25 mm long . both males and females have long tails that account for more than half of their total body lengths . adult anoles weigh between 2 and 6 g .\nwithin a population , two different size classes or morphs of adult males may be present : heavyweights and lightweights . these morphs differ in many ways , including bite force , body mass and length , competition , and vertical jump . the heavyweight morph is larger and more dominant . some authors consider these morphs to be different developmental stages or different age classes among sexually mature males .\n( bartlett and bartlett , 2009 ; crews and greenberg , 1981 ; lailvaux , et al . , 2012 ; smith , 1946 )\nmales protect their mating partners from other intruding males by defending their territory . at times , males have been found to deny receptive females due to their focus on territorial protection . females also show protective behavior by mating primarily in sheltered areas and closed terrain , reducing vulnerability to predators . unlike other\noccurs during warmer months , generally april through august . the breeding intervals are based on the female reproductive cycle , as they are only receptive to mating during their ovulatory cycle . the male is the main initiator of reproductive interactions and presents a strong display of attraction . this typically promotes a reproductive state in the female , similar to that of\n. depending on how many ovulatory cycles a female has within a breeding season , she will lay six to nine eggs in a year . on average , she will lay a one to two egg clutch every two weeks . the male\u2019s opportunities for mating correlates with the number of ovulation cycles a female has and the total number of potential mates within his territory range .\nafter ovulation , fertilization , and egg laying , no parental investment is known to occur .\n( jenssen and nunez , 1998 ; losos , 2009 ; orrell , et al . , 2004 )\nmale territory size is directly correlated with its body size . the larger the lizard , the more territory he is able to patrol and protect . female territories are much smaller , less than half of that of a male , and generally within the male\u2019s home range . even though males have much larger territory ranges than females , they spend the majority of their time within a specified female\u2019s territory . year to year , males tend to remain within the same territorial boundaries . territory sizes vary , but on average range from 50 to 100 square meters .\nis equipped with certain communication signals from birth . most communication involves color variations , actions such as head bobbing or neck biting , or use of the dewlap . the dewlap is used for inter - gender communication , especially during the breeding season . displaying the dewlap also may be used to determine competitive status between males ; in these cases , dewlap displays are usually related to territorial boundary disputes . head bobbing or courtship bobbing is performed by both males and females to communicate breeding status , but is also done while in a threatened state .\n) . other common predators , particularly in suburban areas , are cats , dogs , and frogs .\n( lailvaux , et al . , 2012 ; losos , 2009 ; lovern and jenssen , 2001 ; oliver , 1951 )\ndoes not have a large ecosystem impact in most geographical ranges . however , their introduction in the ogasawara islands of japan , however , has led to the decline of or extinction of many species , such as the ogasawara tumbling flower beetle (\nis a relatively harmless reptile . it is not aggressive toward humans , and its bite force is most likely insufficient to damage human skin .\nchelsea crawford ( author ) , radford university , christine small ( editor ) , radford university , rachelle sterling ( editor ) , special projects .\nliving in the nearctic biogeographic province , the northern part of the new world . this includes greenland , the canadian arctic islands , and all of the north american as far south as the highlands of central mexico .\nliving in the southern part of the new world . in other words , central and south america .\nliving in the northern part of the old world . in otherwords , europe and asia and northern africa .\na substantial delay ( longer than the minimum time required for sperm to travel to the egg ) takes place between copulation and fertilization , used to describe female sperm storage .\nforest biomes are dominated by trees , otherwise forest biomes can vary widely in amount of precipitation and seasonality .\nhaving a body temperature that fluctuates with that of the immediate environment ; having no mechanism or a poorly developed mechanism for regulating internal body temperature .\nreferring to animal species that have been transported to and established populations in regions outside of their natural range , usually through human action .\noffspring are produced in more than one group ( litters , clutches , etc . ) and across multiple seasons ( or other periods hospitable to reproduction ) . iteroparous animals must , by definition , survive over multiple seasons ( or periodic condition changes ) .\nthe area in which the animal is naturally found , the region in which it is endemic .\nislands that are not part of continental shelf areas , they are not , and have never been , connected to a continental land mass , most typically these are volcanic islands .\nreproduction in which eggs are released by the female ; development of offspring occurs outside the mother ' s body .\nthe business of buying and selling animals for people to keep in their homes as pets .\none of the sexes ( usually males ) has special physical structures used in courting the other sex or fighting the same sex . for example : antlers , elongated tails , special spurs .\nmature spermatozoa are stored by females following copulation . male sperm storage also occurs , as sperm are retained in the male epididymes ( in mammals ) for a period that can , in some cases , extend over several weeks or more , but here we use the term to refer only to sperm storage by females .\nthat region of the earth between 23 . 5 degrees north and 60 degrees north ( between the tropic of cancer and the arctic circle ) and between 23 . 5 degrees south and 60 degrees south ( between the tropic of capricorn and the antarctic circle ) .\nthe region of the earth that surrounds the equator , from 23 . 5 degrees north to 23 . 5 degrees south .\na terrestrial biome . savannas are grasslands with scattered individual trees that do not form a closed canopy . extensive savannas are found in parts of subtropical and tropical africa and south america , and in australia .\na grassland with scattered trees or scattered clumps of trees , a type of community intermediate between grassland and forest . see also tropical savanna and grassland biome .\na terrestrial biome found in temperate latitudes ( > 23 . 5\u00b0 n or s latitude ) . vegetation is made up mostly of grasses , the height and species diversity of which depend largely on the amount of moisture available . fire and grazing are important in the long - term maintenance of grasslands .\nliving in cities and large towns , landscapes dominated by human structures and activity .\naborn , d . , d . froehlich . 1995 . an observation of a summer tanager attempting to eat an anolis lizard .\ncrews , d . , n . greenberg . 1981 . function and causation of social signals in lizards .\ndirickson , w . 1976 . ecology and physiological aspects of reproductive strategies in two lizards .\nmiller , w . , m . wolbarsht . 1962 . neural activity in the parietal eye of a lizard .\nversely , d . , m . hadly . 1971 . calcium requirement for melanophore - stimulating hormone action on melanophores .\nto cite this page : crawford , c . 2011 .\nanolis carolinensis\n( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services ."]}
{"id": 2144, "summary": [{"text": "the pygmy falcon , or african pygmy falcon ( polihierax semitorquatus ) , is a falcon that lives in eastern and southern africa and is the smallest raptor on the continent .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "as a small falcon , only 19 to 20 cm long , it preys on insects , small reptiles , and small mammals . ", "topic": 12}], "title": "pygmy falcon", "paragraphs": ["the pygmy falcon or african pygmy falcon is the smallest raptor in african and one of the only raptors in the world to practice polyandry . 0188\ninformation on the pygmy falcon is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .\npygmy falcon , kgalagadi national park , south africa . [ photo callie de wet \u00a9 ]\nberger , a . 1956 . the appendicular mycology of the pygmy falcon ( polihierax semitorquatus ) .\nkemp , a . , a . vidhidharm . 1998 . breeding of the white - rumped pygmy falcon .\n\u2022 the african pygmy falcon is 1 of 2 species in the genus polihierax ; the other is the white - rumped falcon , p . insignis . the family falconidae contains 64 species in 10 genera of falcons , falconets , kestrels , caracaras and hobbies . close relatives of the african pygmy falcon include the crested caracara , caracara plancus , the peregrine falcon , falco peregrinus , and the brown falcon , f . berigora .\nhello , your articles here kikuyu escarpment pygmy falcon | muigwithania 2 . 0 to write well , thanks for sharing !\nalso known as african pygmy falcon and scientifically referred to as polihierax semitorquatus , the pygmy falcon is recorded as the africa\u2019s smallest raptor thriving to the south and east of africa where it is explored on africa birding safaris including birding safaris in uganda .\n1 flying a female pygmy falcon flies toward a large nest colony of sociable weavers that the falcon exploits for its own use . 2 hanging . the entrance is located at the bottom of the nest colony ; the falcon hangs upside down in order to enter the nest chamber .\nflight : african pygmy falcon performs undulating flight with bursts of fast wing - beats interspersed with dip and glides , as woodpeckers do .\ndown by our camp on the ewaso nyiro river we discovered yesterday a pygmy falcon nesting inside an abandoned white browed sparrow weaver\u2019s nest .\na treetop a female falcon perches at the top of a tall tree . the african pygmy falcon lives in two distinct and widely separated populations in africa : one in the southwestern part of the continent and the other in the northeast . in either part of the continent , the pygmy falcon inhabits the arid and semiarid savannah and scrubland , which features sparse groundcover and scattered large trees dotting the landscape . the african pygmy falcon typically avoids open forests and forest edges . this falcon also frequents the huge nests of weavers , especially the sociable weaver , philetairus socius , sharing its roosting and nesting site . the pygmy falcon occasionally shares the nests of the white - headed buffalo weaver and those of the sparrow weaver . unlike other falcons , the eggs of the pygmy falcon are pure white , consistent with many birds that lay eggs in concealed nests . the pygmy falcon\u2019s range is dictated by that of the sociable weaver ; it even avoids otherwise suitable savannah habitat that is devoid of weaver nests . in the kalahari region of africa , pygmy falcons occupy about one out of every four sociable weaver colonies .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - pygmy falcon ( polihierax semitorquatus )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - pygmy falcon ( polihierax semitorquatus )\ntitle =\narkive species - pygmy falcon ( polihierax semitorquatus )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\ndespite its small size , the pygmy falcon is a bold predator armed with sharp talons and a strong , hooked beak for catching and killing its prey .\nafrican pygmy falcon is often seen perched on exposed perches , twigs and branches , watching for preys . it is usually alone , in pairs or in family groups .\nspotiswoode , c . , e . herrmann , o . e rasa , c . sapsford . 2004 . co - operative breeding in the pygmy falcon polihierax semitorquatas .\nduring the breeding season , the african pygmy falcon performs some courtship displays such as bobbing the head , bowing and wagging the tail , accompanied by calls . this tiny falcon invariably occupies part of the huge communal nesting structures of sociable weavers . in some regions , such as the kalahari , several pygmy falcons are resident in these nests .\npygmy falcon - polyandry . . . pygmy falcons occasionally engage in polyandrous relationships , where there are more than two adults living together and tending nestlings . . . corroboration for the last is that in winter african pygmy - falcons nest further inside the nest of sociable weavers , where there is better insulation . . .\nafrican pygmy falcons , also known simply as pygmy falcons , have a unique way of nesting . they use empty compartments in large sociable weaver nest structures , or abandoned nests made by other weaver species . pygmy falcons are also known to nest in polyandrous groups , with more adult birds than just the breeding pair caring for nestlings and chicks . the african pygmy falcon was added to birdorable on april 25 , 2012 . if you can ' t get enough of these adorable little raptors , be sure to check out our range of unique pygmy falcon t - shirts and gifts !\nunlike other birds of prey that build a large solitary nest , the african pygmy falcon lives alongside a friendly host , the sociable weaver , and adopts a chamber in the weaver nest .\n( * traditional falconry was practiced by young uncircumcised kikuyu boys as they looked after family cattle and sheep . today the pygmy falcon is a protected bird and traditional falconry is illegal . )\nprotection / threats / status : african pygmy falcon is widespread and common in its range . the species is sometimes considered parasitic according to the location . it is not threatened at this moment .\nthe african pygmy falcons are part of our off - exhibit endangered species breeding program .\nthe mature pygmy falcon is marked by white face and under parts while the top parts are gray with the females marked by a chestnut back . the brown back occur in juveniles duller that the mature females featuring a rufous wash on the breast . the wing flight feathers are marked with white and black spots while the tail is black and white as viewed on uganda birding safaris and tours . the pygmy falcon features a low and undulating flight\nrange : african pygmy falcon has two populations in africa . one in sw africa is associated with the sociable weaver , and the second in e africa , associated with the white - headed buffalo weaver ( dinemellia dinemelli ) .\nthe y - shaped compression strap that maxpedition is so famous for contributes to the bag ' s form and structural integrity . the pygmy falcon - ii has exterior pals webbing for adding on other maxpedition pouches and accessories , using\nthe african pygmy falcon is the smallest bird of prey in africa . females have chestnut brown backs that distinguish them from males , which have grey backs . both sexes have white spots on their backs and tail feathers .\nnest pirates ,\npygmy falcons often use the empty nests of other species to lay their eggs .\ndiet : african pygmy falcon feeds mainly on large insects and lizards . it also takes small birds and rodents , and may sometimes catch weavers and nestlings in the huge nests . it hunts from perch and swoops down onto the prey .\nthe african pygmy falcon is a fairly common resident throughout its range and is not currently endangered . it is listed in appendix ii of cites ( convention in international trade in endangered species ) , which regulates the import and export of animals for the pet trade . since its range is dependent upon weavers for nesting , the pygmy falcon has a very limited distribution . due to its small size , it falls victim to predators , including larger birds of prey found in the same habitat .\nzoo new england participates in the african pygmy falcon species survival plan . by sharing research and knowledge , participating institutions work together to establish guidelines that best ensure the health of captive populations , and with success , the survival of otherwise extinct species .\nafrican pygmy falcon is usually resident in most part of the range . they may perform local movements during the period of great aridity in the driest areas . during winter , it remains confined to the nest - chamber for up to 15 hours per day .\nbreeding season african pygmy falcons breed from june to december in northeastern africa and august to march in southwestern africa .\n, the african pygmy falcon , is native to two separate regions of africa : northeastern africa including sudan , somalia , ethiopia , uganda , and tanzania ; and southwestern africa including namibia , botswana , angola , and cape province . this species is generally non - migratory .\n) or their hatchlings when inhabiting their nests . it is believed that insects alone are insufficient for the dietary needs of young pygmy falcons . lizards , rodents , and birds are crucial for the survival of the young . the falcon catches its prey by swooping quickly from the branch of a tree .\nthe african pygmy falcon\u2019s face , rump and front of body are white . their wings and tails are blackish with white spots . females have a chestnut brown back while males have a grey back . eyes are brown and beaks are blue - grey with a black top . their legs and feet are pinkish orange .\na compact rectangular urban day pack with distinct military styling and 1100 cubic inches ( 18 liters ) of carry capacity . pack for a day out or an overnight and take along plenty of water , as the pygmy falcon - ii is equipped with dual side mesh pouches to accommodate two 32oz / 1l water bottles .\nbehaviour : african pygmy falcon feeds mainly on small lizards and large insects . it also takes some rodents and birds . it hunts from perch , swooping down onto the prey on the ground . it may perform short aerial chases , but rarely . when roosting in the weaver colonies , it may catch sometimes adult weavers and nestlings .\nthe pygmy falcon thrives in dry bush and its subspecies p . s . semitorquatus exists from northern south africa to angola while the p . s . castanonotus exists in uganda , tanzania and from somalia to south sudan . the habitat range is estimated at 2 . 7 million km 2 while their total global population stands between 100 , 000 and 1 million birds .\ndistribution of pygmy falcon in southern africa , based on statistical smoothing of the records from first sa bird atlas project ( \u00a9 animal demography unit , university of cape town ; smoothing by birgit erni and francesca little ) . colours range from dark blue ( most common ) through to yellow ( least common ) . see here for the latest distribution from the sabap2 .\ndue to their small size stretching from \u2013 19 to 20cm in length , the pygmy falcons tend to prey on small reptiles , inspects along with small mammals .\na fully grown pygmy falcon is white on the face and the underside , while the females have a chestnut color on the back and they have white spots on the back of their necks . the young ones have brown feathers on their backs which are duller compared to those of the adult females . their flight feathers on their wings are black and white just as their tail feathers .\nafrican pygmy falcons inhabit dry , arid climates with sparse vegetation . these areas may receive as little as 100 mm / year of precipitation , or up to 600 mm / year ( brown , et . al , 1982 ) . with the exception of a few non - breeding members , african pygmy falcons almost exclusively inhabit areas where social weavers (\nafrican pygmy falcons are carnivorous . they prey mainly on large insects and small lizards . occasionally they will eat small rodents and birds , including the weavers with which they live .\nafrican pygmy falcons rely on the social weavers ( philetairus socius ) in the northeast part of their range and white - headed buffalo weavers ( dinemellia dinemelli ) in the southwestern part of their range for nesting . occasionally northeastern birds will occupy the nests of white - browed sparrow weavers ( plocepasser mahali ) and glossy starlings ( lamprotornis nitens ) . approximately one - quarter of all weaver nests in these areas are occupied by african pygmy falcons . thus , this falcon is one of a few species of birds that are\nobligate nest pirates\n( also see south american troupials , icterus icterus ) .\nafrican pygmy falcons are found in pairs or in groups of three to four . all the adults may share in the care of nestlings . they communicate with each other through mutual head - bobbing and tail - wagging displays . as \u201cnest pirates , \u201d pygmy falcons will occupy nests of some members of the weaver family . although the weavers may fall to predation by the african pygmy falcons , they do receive protection from other predators including snakes . falcons are crepuscular , usually hunting in the morning and the evening when temperatures are more moderate .\nin uganda , the pygmy falcons can be explored in the uganda safari destination of kidepo valley national park . and the species are listed as least concern on the iucn red list .\nhabitat : african pygmy falcon frequents arid and semi - arid steppes with sparse vegetation and some large trees or plants . it uses the weaver nests as roost , but also as nest - site , and especially the huge communal nesting structure of sociable weaver ( philetairus socius ) in south africa . they often roost in pairs or family groups in the same nest - chamber or adjacent ones . it also may use other weaver or starling nests .\nafrican pygmy falcons rarely call outside of the mating season . there have been a few different songs observed , including a\nthin , squeaky ' tsip - tsip ' ; ' kiki -\nafrican pygmy falcons , unlike many species of raptors , have different markings to distinguish males and females \u2013 females have a brown patch between their wings , while males have a solid grey back .\nafrican pygmy falcons live primarily in semi - desert and arid areas with limited vegetation such as acacia and thornbush . they are located in two regions of africa , the northeast and the southwest .\nreproduction : breeding season occurs between june and december in ne africa and between august and march in south africa . african pygmy falcon is usually monogamous during one season , but it may be occasionally polyandrous , with two males or more attending the same nest . this behaviour is mainly observed when the nest - site availability is reduced . the pair occupies a nest - chamber in the weaver communal nest . the nest entrance becomes coated with the droppings of the falcons .\nlittle is known concerning the lifespan of african pygmy falcons , though it is likely similar to the six to eight ( with a maximum of about twenty ) year lifespan of other diurnal birds of prey .\nafrican pygmy falcons live in dry bush in parts of eastern and southern africa . these little cuties measure just over seven inches long , making them the smallest bird of prey found in all of africa .\nvoice : sounds by xeno - canto african pygmy falcon is noisy during the breeding season , uttering high - pitched calls and songs \u201ctwee - twee - twip\u201d or \u201ckiki - kik\u201d used by the male . it also gives thin , squeaky \u201ctsip - tsip\u201d . calls are often high - pitched . the young give sharp \u201cki - ki - ki - ki - ki - ki\u201d when alarmed . while uttering these sounds , the bird bobs the head and moves the tail up and down .\nthis tiny species of falcon is the smallest raptor in africa \u2013 adults are less than 8 inches long . although small , they are predators , and hunt large insects , small reptiles , and even small mammals . they often hunt by perching on dead trees and scanning the surrounding area for potential prey . when they spot a target , african pygmy falcons can frequently be seen bobbing their heads and tails before swooping down to catch their prey . they may also hunt insects in flight .\nis rarely preyed on , as it is a fairly powerful predator itself . occasionally immature african pygmy falcons will be attacked in their nests , but the aggression of the parents during breeding season normally prevents this .\nafrican pygmy falcons have a white face , breast , and abdomen . female members have darker , chestnut colored backs , where males have grey backs . white spots decorate the back of the neck and the tail feathers .\nregarding the nesting , the pygmy falcons tend to nest in the nests of white headed buffalo weaver and the dwelling range of these species overlap . they can as well nest with the sociable weavers which tend to have large nests with many chambers . surprisingly , the pygmy falcons tend to leave the nest owners alone even though they are bigger in size and bird \u2013eaters . however , a few cases of catching nestling along with adults occur .\nafrican pygmy falcons are common birds within their range , they are not considered threatened . man made structures have increased the number of potential nesting sites for these animals . it is possible , however , that urbanization could someday threaten\nin the wild , african pygmy falcons often utilize the empty nests of weaver birds as nesting sites . they will also use tree cavities . they typically lay 3 - 4 eggs per clutch and their incubation is 28 - 30 days . both parents help rear the chicks .\nafrican pygmy falcons are social , relying on one or more partners for breeding and raising young . they prefer sparsely vegetated areas with a few trees for perching . open areas are preferred for hunting . they are sedentary animals and will remain in one locale for most or all of their lives . these falcons usually hunt during the morning and evening , when it is cooler , and seek shelter from the midday heat . african pygmy falcons occasionally attack smaller birds in flight , but prefer to hunt small terrestrial animals . in flight these falcons flap their wings rapidly , with a sporadic distinctive downward thrust .\nintroduction : pygmy falcons ( polihierax semitorquatus ) are largely dependent on the mass nest constructions of the sociable weaver found in flat , open areas of dry grassland with scattered camelthorn trees . they usually occur singly , in pairs or in small family groups , perching on the top of a bush , tree or pylon .\nthe pygmy falcons rarely take part in polyandrous relationships ( where a female is involved with more than one male at a time ) , however they are believed to be doing this primarily for four major reasons which include thermo - regulation ( warmth ) , defense , delayed scattering of their offspring as well as co - operative polyandry .\nthese pygmy falcons prefer to stay in the dry bush . they love dry and semi - dry savanna and scrub - land preferably with less ground - cover and a couple of large trees . they are hardly seen around forest edges or in open forests . they can be seen in somalia , south sudan , uganda as well as tanzania .\nfemale pygmy falcons typically lay eggs from october to november , with one to four eggs per nest . both sexes will sit on the eggs for 28 to 30 days . the nestlings remain in the nest for one to two months after hatching , during which time they are fed by both parents . sexual maturity is reached at about one year .\nthe peregrine falcon is a raptor , or bird of prey . adults have blue - gray wings , dark brown backs , a buff colored underside with brown spots , and white faces with a black tear stripe on their cheeks . they have a hooked beaks and strong talons . their name comes from the latin word peregrinus , which means\nto wander .\nthey are commonly referred to as the duck hawk . peregrine falcons are the fastest - flying birds in the world \u2013 they are able to dive at 200 miles per hour .\nthe main communication between members of this species are the songs sung during mating , which are used to attract potential mates . some bodily communication is seen during the courtship ritual , as the female indicates her availability by crouching and raising her tail feathers . the movements made by the male during courtship can also be perceived as a form of communication . african pygmy falcons have a very keen sense of sight , common to most diurnal birds of prey .\nhas brown eyes and light orange legs . the base of the beak is an orange color , and the beak itself is grey . when hatched , african pygmy falcons are white in color and their eyes are shut . the eyes will normally open in two or three days . young have paler feet than their adult counterparts , with a reddish - brown back and neck . the breast , face , and abdomen of juveniles is white . members of the species will mature in approximately one year .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ndel hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . and fishpool , l . d . c . 2014 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 1 : non - passerines . lynx edicions birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .\njustification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size is very large , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nadult male has pale grey upperparts with narrow white collar and white rump . flight feathers and rectrices are black , finely spotted and tipped white . underparts are white . undertail feathers are barred black and white .\non the head , forehead , crown and nape are grey , extending into a point to the neck sides . face shows white eyebrow and cheeks . cere , lores and eye - rings are red - orange . the hooked bill is grey with black tip . eyes are dark brown . legs and feet are red - orange .\njuvenile resembles adult of the same sex . upperparts are grey with buff - tipped feathers in young male . underparts are slightly washed rufous . in young female , upperparts are dull chestnut on back , with buff - tipped feathers and buffy tinge on underparts . both have paler orange bare parts than adults .\nfemale lays 3 eggs . incubation lasts about 28 days to one month , and both parents share it , but female incubates more than male which brings food to her while she is on the nest . chicks are covered in white down . the male hunts and brings preys to the female , and she feeds and tends the chicks . they fledge about 27 to 40 days after hatching , but they remain in the parental territory for up to two months after leaving the nest . this species may produce two broods per season , but usually only one . parents defend the nest and are very aggressive towards intruders if they approach the nest .\nthe national aviary is supported through the generosity of donors , members , visitors , and the allegheny regional asset district .\nclassified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) and listed on appendix ii of cites ( 2 ) .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken\nanimals animals / earth scenes 17 railroad avenue chatham ny 12037 united states of america tel : + 01 ( 518 ) 3925500 fax : + 01 ( 518 ) 3925550 info @ urltoken http : / / www . urltoken\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s species and habitats from destruction .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nit ' s the perfect everyday backpack with comfortable back padding and ergonomic , supple curvaceous straps and sternum support minimize any stress on the shoulders .\nmaxpedition backpacks are built for hauling gear and ergonomically designed to never drag you down . curvaceous , foam - padded double shoulder straps contour to your chest and a sternum suspension belt helps distribute weight evenly throughout your upper body , so you can carry a load without falling behind .\nmade with high quality nylon stitching , self - repairing ykk\u00ae zippers and a durable water - resistant exterior ; maxpedition backpacks have multiple compartments and pockets and offer plenty of space for mission essentials , camping gear , hydration reservoirs , laptops , textbooks and ccw .\noverall size : 9 . 5\n( l ) x 8\n( w ) x 17 . 5\n( h )\nmain compartment : 9\n( l ) x 4 . 5\n( w ) x 17\n( h )\none ( 1 ) 7\n( l ) x 12\n( h ) x 2 . 5\n( w ) zippered pouch\none ( 1 ) 9\n( l ) x 4 . 5\n( h ) internal slip pocket\nmaxpedition ' s nylon fabric is treated with teflon for superb water and grime resistance .\nto clean , simply wipe down with a damp cloth . allow gear to dry naturally .\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 299 , 342 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\n( sibley and monroe jr . , 1990 ; brown , et al . , 1982 ; del hoyo , et al . , 1994 ; sibley and monroe jr . , 1990 )\n( brown , et al . , 1982 ; del hoyo , et al . , 1994 )\nbreeding habits in the southern portion of their range , but birds in both areas engage in a relatively quiet display that includes bobbing of the head , wagging of the tail , and calling . the female will squat down and raise her tail feathers to indicate that she is prepared to mate .\nis usually seasonally monogamous , but is occasionally polyandrous , and it is not uncommon for two or more males to attend the same nest . this behavior may be influenced by limited availability of suitable nesting sites .\n( brown , et al . , 1982 ; del hoyo , et al . , 1994 ; kruger , et al . , 2002 ; spotiswoode , et al . , 2004 )\nusually will breed once per year , but will sometimes produce two broods in a favorable year . eggs are normally laid about three weeks after copulation . the female lays from two to four eggs which are incubated for 27 to 31 days . females begin incubating with the first egg laid , so hatching is asynchronous . since the young do not hatch at the same time , they may be different sizes . the young will leave their nests from 27 to 40 days after hatching .\nat the beginning of the breeding season , two or more parents choose a nesting chamber and reside there together . after the eggs are laid , the parents share incubation , with the female incubating most of the time and the male incubating while the female feeds . the male will also bring the female food while she is incubating . after hatching the female will tend to the young and the male will hunt for the family . after 21 days , when the chicks have grown feathers , the female will resume hunting . the birds leave the nest at around 27 to 40 days , but may remain with the parents for up to two months , and sporadically return to the nest . both parents are very aggressive near their nest and their young do not usually fall victim to predators .\n( brown , et al . , 1982 ; del hoyo , et al . , 1994 ; spotiswoode , et al . , 2004 )\n( brown , et al . , 1982 ; del hoyo , et al . , 1994 ; spotiswoode , et al . , 2004 ; brown , et al . , 1982 ; del hoyo , et al . , 1994 ; spotiswoode , et al . , 2004 ; brown , et al . , 1982 ; del hoyo , et al . , 1994 ; kruger , et al . , 2002 ; spotiswoode , et al . , 2004 )\n' ( last syllable accented ) , or ' twee - twee - twip ' used by [ the male ] calling [ the female ] from the nest ; a sharp ringing ' ki - ki - ki - ki - ki - ki - ki - ki ' by young in threat ; in copulation , purring ' kirrrrr - kirrrrr - kirrrrr ' ; negging chicks ' seee - seee - seee '\n( brown , et al . , 1982 ) . the calls are usually high in pitch and soft .\nafrican pygymy falcons are carnivorous , with a diet consisting of mostly insects and lizards . smaller birds and certain rodents are also sometimes preyed on . occasionally these falcons will prey on weavers (\n) , can be considered parasitic or symbiotic , depending on the location . in the southwestern portion of their range , african pygymy falcons may protect social weavers from predators such as snakes , while gaining a safe area to raise young . white - headed buffalo weavers , in the northeastern part of their range , are more powerful than african pygymy falcons and receive no benefits from their presence . african pygymy falcons can be considered parasitic to white - headed buffalo weavers and considered a\nnest pirate\n. african pygymy falcons are major predators of insects and lizards and are a danger to smaller birds and rodents .\n( spotiswoode , et al . , 2004 ; brown , et al . , 1982 ; del hoyo , et al . , 1994 ; spotiswoode , et al . , 2004 )\nrarely intersects with humans due to the harsh climate that it lives in . the only real advantages to humans are ornithological study and birdwatching .\ndaniel davieau ( author ) , university of maryland , baltimore county , kevin omland ( editor , instructor ) , university of maryland , baltimore county .\nliving in sub - saharan africa ( south of 30 degrees north ) and madagascar .\nyoung are born in a relatively underdeveloped state ; they are unable to feed or care for themselves or locomote independently for a period of time after birth / hatching . in birds , naked and helpless after hatching .\nhaving body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves . animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides , as well as anterior and posterior ends . synapomorphy of the bilateria .\nin deserts low ( less than 30 cm per year ) and unpredictable rainfall results in landscapes dominated by plants and animals adapted to aridity . vegetation is typically sparse , though spectacular blooms may occur following rain . deserts can be cold or warm and daily temperates typically fluctuate . in dune areas vegetation is also sparse and conditions are dry . this is because sand does not hold water well so little is available to plants . in dunes near seas and oceans this is compounded by the influence of salt in the air and soil . salt limits the ability of plants to take up water through their roots .\nanimals that use metabolically generated heat to regulate body temperature independently of ambient temperature . endothermy is a synapomorphy of the mammalia , although it may have arisen in a ( now extinct ) synapsid ancestor ; the fossil record does not distinguish these possibilities . convergent in birds .\noffspring are produced in more than one group ( litters , clutches , etc . ) and across multiple seasons ( or other periods hospitable to reproduction ) . iteroparous animals must , by definition , survive over multiple seasons ( or periodic condition changes ) .\nthe area in which the animal is naturally found , the region in which it is endemic .\nreproduction in which eggs are released by the female ; development of offspring occurs outside the mother ' s body .\nreferring to a mating system in which a female mates with several males during one breeding season ( compare polygynous ) .\nthe region of the earth that surrounds the equator , from 23 . 5 degrees north to 23 . 5 degrees south .\na terrestrial biome . savannas are grasslands with scattered individual trees that do not form a closed canopy . extensive savannas are found in parts of subtropical and tropical africa and south america , and in australia .\na grassland with scattered trees or scattered clumps of trees , a type of community intermediate between grassland and forest . see also tropical savanna and grassland biome .\na terrestrial biome found in temperate latitudes ( > 23 . 5\u00b0 n or s latitude ) . vegetation is made up mostly of grasses , the height and species diversity of which depend largely on the amount of moisture available . fire and grazing are important in the long - term maintenance of grasslands .\nkruger , o . , r . liversidge , j . lindstrom . 2002 . statistical modelling of the population dynamics of a raptor community in a semi - desert environment .\ndel hoyo , j . , a . elliot , j . sargatal . 1994 .\nto cite this page : davieau , d . 2008 .\npolihierax semitorquatus\n( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\ndistribution : mainly southern and central namibia including the orange river through to etosha national park .\ndiet : eats sand lizards , skinks and agamas but also takes large beetles and occasionally rodents . weaver nestlings are also taken .\ndescription : often confused with a variety of shrikes , even though they are slimmer with longer tails and a black facial mask .\nbreeding : uses nest chambers of sociable weavers instead of building own nest . females lay between 1 and 4 eggs incubated for around 30 days .\n3 days - two nights in the coastal town of swakopmund , this is the ideal get - away for those living or working in windhoek . includes a catamaran cruise on the walvis lagoon\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml + rdfa 1 . 0 / / en\nurltoken\nperegrine falcons eat other birds such as songbirds and ducks , as well as bats . they catch their prey in mid - air .\nthere are an estimated 1 , 650 breeding pairs in the united states and canada .\nthis bird is one of the most widely distributed species in the world . it is found on every continent except antarctica . it can survive in a wide variety of habitats including urban cities , the tropics , deserts and the tundra . some migrate long distances from their wintering areas to their summer nesting areas .\nperegrine falcons have adapted to living in many cities and make use of tall buildings that provide suitable ledges for nesting and depend on the large populations of pigeons and starlings in cities for food . they dive and catch their prey in mid - air . peregrines have few natural predators .\nperegrine falcons mate for life and breed in the same territory each year . the male courts the female for about one month , using aerial displays . they make a nest , or scrape , on ledges and in small caves located high on a cliff . some peregrine falcons will use man - made structures such as bridges and skyscrapers to nest .\nmating season : late march through may . gestation : 29 - 32 days for egg incubation . clutch size : 3 - 4 eggs . both the male and female incubate the eggs for about one month . the chicks start to fly in about 42 days , but are still dependent on their parents to learn how to hunt . peregrine falcons are very territorial during breeding season and will vigorously defend their nests .\nlength : 15 - 21 inches ( wingspan of 3 . 5 feet ) . weight : about 2 lbs . ; females are slightly larger than males . lifespan : 7 - 15 years ; some can live as long as 20 years .\nmsg & data rates may apply . text stop to opt out or help for info . no purchase necessary . expect 4 msgs / mo . terms and conditions\nthis species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size is very large , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : polihierax semitorquatus . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\noops ! it appears that you have disabled your javascript . in order for you to see this page as it is meant to appear , we ask that you please re - enable your javascript !\nit has two separate populations in sub - saharan africa , one extending from somalia through ethiopia and kenya to southern sudan and tanzania and the other in angola and southern africa in namibia , south - western botswana and the northern cape . here it ' s distribution is strongly linked to that of the sociable weaver , as it is uses their communal nests for roosting and nesting ( the northerly population has a similar relationship with buffalo - weavers ) . it generally favours open , arid habitats such as desert , dry savanna and open grassland with scattered camel thorns ( acacia erioloba ) .\nit mainly eats reptiles , insects and occasionally rodents , doing most of it ' s hunting from a high perch , gliding down to the ground and pouncing on its prey . it also hawks small birds aerially and raids the sociable weaver colonies it nests in , taking both adults and chicks . the following food items have been recorded in its diet :\nusually monogamous and territorial , although multiple breeding pairs may occupy a single colony of weavers .\nit usually uses a chamber of a large social weaver communal structure as a nest , either the sociable weaver or the red - billed bufallo - weaver . about a quarter of all sociable weaver nests have about 3 - 4 chambers which are allocated to the falcons for roosting and nesting . it may also use a stand - alone nest of non - communal bird , such as a white - browed sparrow - weaver , cape glossy or wattled starling .\negg - laying season is from august - march , peaking from october - november .\nit lays 1 - 4 eggs , which are mainly incubated by the female for about 27 - 31 days , while the male provides her with food .\nthe chicks are mainly fed by the female , although after fledging both parents provision them food . the young return to the nest regularly after fledging , making the nestling period difficult to determine ; it is though to be about 27 - 40 days .\nnot threatened , although the destruction of weaver nests might have decreased its numbers in the north - west province and free state , however the spread of utility structures has allowed both it and the sociable weaver to head into otherwise treeless areas , thus counteracting this .\nhockey par , dean wrj and ryan pg 2005 . roberts - birds of southern africa , viith ed . the trustees of the john voelcker bird book fund , cape town .\nthe national wildlife federation brings nature to life in the pages of our publications , inspiring people of all ages and reading levels to develop a deeper relationship with our natural world .\nto learn more about receiving magazines from the national wildlife federation , please visit our subscription page .\nour award - winning flagship publication blends spectacular photos with in - depth articles about wildlife .\nbringing the natural world to kids ages 7 to 12 , ranger rick includes exciting animal stories , beautiful photos , and fun puzzles and games .\ndazzling wildlife photos and simple , easy - to - follow text introduce kids ages 4 to 7 to the amazing world of animals .\na smaller size for tiny hands , cub encourages \u201clap time\u201d reading for kids ages 0 to 4 .\nthe national wildlife federation welcomes the news that epa administrator scott pruitt has stepped down from his position to allow new leadership for this critical agency .\nfind out what it means to source wood sustainably , and see how your favorite furniture brands rank based on their wood sourcing policies , goals , and practices .\nclimate change is allowing ticks to survive in greater numbers and expand their range\u2014influencing the survival of their hosts and the bacteria that cause the diseases they carry .\ntell your members of congress to save america ' s vulnerable wildlife by supporting the recovering america ' s wildlife act .\nyou don ' t have to travel far to join us for an event . attend an upcoming event with one of our regional centers or affiliates .\nin 4 seconds , you will be redirected to nwfactionfund . org , the site of the national wildlife action fund , a 501 ( c ) ( 4 ) organization .\ncopyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved\nenter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user\nafter a very turbulent early season , there is some wonderful news out of the rochester falconcam today . the . . . read more\ntoday ' s new bird in our 17 - day - long birdorable bonanza is the american harpy eagle , a powerful raptor that can . . . read more\njust two more days - - we ' ve almost reached the end of birdorable bonanza 2011 . today ' s new bird species . . . read more\nif you think our birdorable birds are cute as adults , what about when they are babies ? below are . . . read more\nthe harris hawk is a bird of prey that lives from the southwestern united states to chile and . . . read more\nit is a sure sign of spring , here in florida , when the iconic outline of swallow - tailed kites can . . . read more\nhave questions ? please contact jack at jack @ urltoken or 307 / 699 - 5152 for a personal consultation .\nthe kikuyu escarpment forest lies 30 km north - north - west of nairobi , and covers the eastern slopes of the escarpment from about 2 , 700 m in the north - west ( bordering grassland at the edge of the kinangop plateau , to around 2 , 050 m in the east , where it borders agricultural land . the main block of forest ( sometimes called kieni ) lies either side of the kamae\u2013kieni\u2013thika road , and is bounded to the north by the chania river ; northwards it is continuous with the forest of the southern aberdare mountains . on the south - west , a narrow strip extends along the wall of the rift valley , beyond kijabe , down to c . 1 , 800 m . to the south , the forest has been much fragmented , and there are only scattered remnants towards its limits ( including the gatamaiyu forest , near uplands ) .\nthe human pressure on this forest has been increasing steadily over time . encroachment along the southern and western boundaries is intensifying , and at lower altitudes large parts have been destroyed . tree poaching has become rampant in the forest bordering the main kieni\u2013thika road , and in the southern remnants . it is evident that the forest department is able to exert very little control . the conservation value of the forest must be more widely recognized , and adequate effort put into policing and managing it\u2014preferably as a joint operation between forest department and kenya wildlife service under their memorandum of understanding . closer involvement of the surrounding communities in forest conservation is also needed : some progress has been made in this regard by an active iba site support group , the kijabe environment volunteers . this forest is close to nairobi , easily accessible , scenically attractive , has a wide range of interesting and unusual birds , and is already a favourite site for local and foreign birdwatchers . it has excellent potential for ecotourism .\nmuigwithania2 . 0 by muigwithania is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial - no derivative works 3 . 0 united states license . based on a work at urltoken . permissions beyond the scope of this license may be available at urltoken .\nerror : twitter did not respond . please wait a few minutes and refresh this page ."]}
{"id": 2161, "summary": [{"text": "melampus coffea , commonly known as the coffee bean snail , is a species of small air-breathing salt marsh snail , a pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family ellobiidae . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "melampus coffea", "paragraphs": ["snails ! melampus coffea - the coffee bean melampus . ep . 7 - youtube\nbelongs to melampus according to a . j . w . hendy et al . 2008\nspotted mangrove crab ( goniopsis cruentata ) , the mangrove land crab ( ucides cordatus ) , the coffee bean snail ( melampus coffea ) and the ladder horn snail ( cerithidea scalariformis ) .\nmelampus coffea ( linnaeus , 1758 ) : lamy & pointier ( 2018 ) [ statut pour la guyane fran\u00e7aise ] lamy , d . & pointier , j . - p . 2018 . mollusques marins et dul\u00e7aquicoles des antilles fran\u00e7aises . plb editions . 788 pp .\nquick video i recorded of some melampus in the everglades , july 2015 . no time for proper camera work here , the mosquitoes were eating me alive .\n( of bulla coffea linnaeus , 1758 ) rosenberg , g . ( 2009 ) . malacolog 4 . 1 . 1 . a database of western atlantic marine mollusca . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of voluta coffea ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) rosenberg , g . ( 2009 ) . malacolog 4 . 1 . 1 . a database of western atlantic marine mollusca . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of melampus microspira pilsbry , 1891 ) rosenberg , g . ( 2009 ) . malacolog 4 . 1 . 1 . a database of western atlantic marine mollusca . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nbulla coffea linnaeus , 1758 : linnaeus ( 1758 ) : 729 . [ description originale ] linnaeus , c . 1758 . systema natur\u00e6 per regna tria natur\u00e6 , secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis . editio decima , reformata . holmi\u00e6 . ( salvius ) . tomus i : 1 - 824 . [ urltoken ]\n( of melampus coffeus [ sic ] ) turgeon , d . ; quinn , j . f . ; bogan , a . e . ; coan , e . v . ; hochberg , f . g . ; lyons , w . g . ; mikkelsen , p . m . ; neves , r . j . ; roper , c . f . e . ; rosenberg , g . ; roth , b . ; scheltema , a . ; thompson , f . g . ; vecchione , m . ; williams , j . d . ( 1998 ) . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks . 2nd ed . american fisheries society special publication , 26 . american fisheries society : bethesda , md ( usa ) . isbn 1 - 888569 - 01 - 8 . ix , 526 + cd - rom pp . ( look up in imis ) page ( s ) : 133 [ details ]\ndiscover a faster , simpler path to publishing in a high - quality journal . plos one promises fair , rigorous peer review , broad scope , and wide readership \u2013 a perfect fit for your research every time .\nthe evolution of gastropod body size in the deep sea is reexamined . using an extended and updated data set , and improved statistical methods , it is shown that some results of the previous study may have been artifactual , but that its central conclusion is robust . it is further shown that the effect is not restricted to a single gastropod clade , that its strength increases markedly with depth , but that it applies even in the mesopelagic zone .\nthe replication of the island rule in a distant taxonomic group and a partially analogous ecological situation could help to uncover the causes of the patterns observed\u2014which are currently much disputed . the gastropod pattern is evident at intermediate depths , and so cannot be attributed to the unique features of abyssal ecology .\ncitation : welch jj ( 2010 ) the \u201cisland rule\u201d and deep - sea gastropods : re - examining the evidence . plos one 5 ( 1 ) : e8776 . urltoken\ncopyright : \u00a9 2010 john j . welch . this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .\nfunding : some preliminary work undertaken when jw was funded by bbsrc grant do17750 awarded to andrew rambaut . the funders had no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .\nhere , i re - examine whether deep - sea gastropods manifest the island rule , making use of the improved statistical methods , and data collated from the recently updated malacolog database [ 24 ] , which has been both expanded , and revised to reflect advances in gastropod systematics [ 25 ] . it is found that the central conclusion of mcclain et al . [ 12 ] is robust , and that gastropod colonists of the deep - sea benthos do indeed exhibit island - rule - like evolution .\npart a shows how different tests of the \u2018island rule\u2019 can give qualitatively different results . \u201cdeep - sea\u201d species were defined as those with a depth range midpoint > 200m , and all other species defined as \u201cshallow - water\u201d . the ordinary - least - squares regression ( dashed line ) differs significantly from the 1\u22361 line of the null ( dotted line ) , but the standardized - major - axis regression ( solid line ) shows no significant departure . part b shows a less ambiguous case : \u201cdeep - sea\u201d species are those never observed above 400m , and \u201cshallow - water\u201d species those never observed below 200m ; body sizes are within - genus means , taking equal numbers of deep - and shallow - water species in each genus .\naveraging across species has untested statistical properties [ 30 ] , but it does have the advantage of reducing noise and the influence of anomalous data . for example , figure 1b plots results for balanced samples with \u201cdeep - sea\u201d defined as > 400m . these data are clearly noisy , and the slope is strongly influenced by a single outlier ( the largest value on both axes ) . this point represents the genus fasciolaria , which contains just a single deep - sea species , the recently discovered fasciolaria tephrina [ 32 ] . to restrict the influence of such isolated observations , mcclain et al . [ 12 ] excluded from their analyses all genera with fewer than two shallow and two deep species . despite reducing sample size by \u223c2 / 3 , this procedure strengthens the observed effect , with a highly significant departure from the null now apparent at the shallowest cutoff depth ( table 1 part b ; figure 2 ) .\nthe body sizes of deep - sea gastropods are plotted against those of their shallow - water congeners . \u201cshallow - water\u201d species were never observed below 200m , and \u201cdeep - sea\u201d species never observed above depths of a : 200m , b : 400m and c : 600m . separate standardized - major - axis regression lines are shown for the neogastropoda ( black points ) and all other groups ( grey points ) . the dotted line is the 1\u22361 expected under the null . genera with fewer than two deep and two shallow species were excluded .\nsimilarly , predator release is a particularly plausible explanation of the vertebrate island rule [ 1 ] , [ 4 ] , [ 6 ] , [ 11 ] ; this is partly because it can naturally account for both dwarfism and gigantism ( by assuming that large and small body sizes evolve as alternative strategies for predator avoidance ) , and partly because predator release is so clearly implicated in other unusual characteristics of island endemics ( such as tameness ) [ 37 ] , [ 38 ] . but there is little evidence that reduced predation characterises the deep - sea [ 12 ] , [ 14 ] , and indeed there is direct evidence of substantial predation acting on deep - sea gastropods [ 12 ] , [ 39 ] \u2013 [ 41 ] . the gastropod results therefore argue against the predator release hypothesis as a general explanation of the island rule [ 12 ] .\nwe are therefore still far from understanding the causes of the patterns observed \u2013 and particularly the roles of inter - and intra - specific competition [ 3 ] , [ 4 ] , [ 11 ] , [ 12 ] . a detailed clarification of where the pattern does and does not hold will be an important step toward achieving this goal [ 4 ] , [ 12 ] , [ 19 ] , [ 20 ] .\nmany thanks are due to andrew rambaut for providing a script to mine the malacolog database . many thanks also to lucy weinert , nicolas bierne , gary rosenberg , shai meiri . simon joly and an anonymous reviewer , who all greatly improved the manuscript with their comments and advice .\nconceived and designed the experiments : jw . performed the experiments : jw . analyzed the data : jw . wrote the paper : jw .\nfoster jb ( 1964 ) evolution of mammals on islands . nature 202 : 234\u2013235 .\nvan valen l ( 1973 ) pattern and balance in nature . evolutionary theory 1 : 31\u201349 .\nlomolino mv ( 1985 ) body size of mammals on islands : the island rule re - examined . am nat 125 : 310\u2013316 .\nlomolino mv ( 2005 ) body size evolution in insular vertebrates : generality of the island rule . j biogeog 32 : 1683\u20131699 .\nmacarthur rh , wilson eo ( 1963 ) an equilibrium theory of insular zoogeography . evolution 17 : 373\u2013387 . ( doi :\nroth vl ( 1992 ) inferences from allometry and fossils : dwarfing of elephants on islands . oxford survey of evolutionary biology 8 : 259\u2013288 .\nsmith fa ( 1992 ) evolution of body size among woodrats from baja california , mexico . funct ecol 6 : 265\u2013273 . ( doi :\nmarquet pa , taper ml ( 1998 ) on size and area : patterns of mammalian body size extremes across landmasses . evol ecol 12 : 127\u2013139 .\nclegg sm , owens ipf ( 2002 ) the \u2018island rule\u2019 in birds : medium body size and its ecological explanation . proc r soc b 269 : 1359\u20131365 .\npalkovacs ep ( 2003 ) explaining adaptive shifts in body size on islands : a life history approach . oikos 103 : 37\u201344 . ( doi :\nmcclain cr , boyer ag , rosenberg g ( 2006 ) the island rule and the evolution of body size in the deep sea . j biogeog 33 : 1578\u20131584 .\nrosenberg g ( 1993 ) a database approach to studies of molluscan taxonomy , biogeography and diversity , with examples from western atlantic marine gastropods . american malacological bulletin 10 : 257\u2013266 .\ndayton pk , hessler rr ( 1972 ) the role of biological disturbance in maintaining diversity in the deep sea . deep\u2013sea research 19 : 199\u2013208 .\ngage jd , tyler pa ( 1991 ) deep\u2013sea biology : a natural history of organisms at the deep\u2013sea floor . cambridge , uk : cambridge university press . 524 p .\nrex ma , etter rj , morris js , crouse j , mcclain cr , et al . ( 2006 ) global bathymetric patterns of standing stock and body size in the deep\u2013sea benthos . mar ecol prog ser 317 : 1\u20138 .\nmeiri s ( 2007 ) size evolution in island lizards . global ecol biogeogr 16 : 702\u2013708 .\nmeiri s , dayan t , simberloff d ( 2005 ) area , isolation and body size evolution in insular carnivores . ecol lett 8 : 1211\u20131217 .\nmeiri s , cooper n , purvis a ( 2008 ) the island rule : made to be broken ? proc r soc b 275 : 141\u2013148 . ( doi :\nwelch jj ( 2009 ) testing the island rule : primates as a case study . proc r soc b 276 : 675\u2013682 .\nprice td , phillimore ab ( 2007 ) reduced major axis regression and the island rule . j biogeog 34 : 1998\u20131999 .\nmartin rd , barbour ad ( 1989 ) aspects of line\u2013fitting in bivariate allometric analyses . folia primatologica 53 : 65\u201381 .\nwarton di , wright ij , falster ds , westoby m ( 2006 ) bivariate line\u2013fitting methods for allometry . biological reviews 81 : 259\u2013291 .\nrosenberg g ( 2009 ) malacolog 4 . 1 . 1 : a database of western atlantic marine mollusca . available :\nbouchet p , rocroi j\u2013p ( 2005 ) classification and nomenclator of gastropod families . malacologia 47 : 1\u2013397 .\nsmith cr , de leo fc , bernardino af , sweetman ak , martinez arbizu p ( 2008 ) abyssal food limitation , ecosystem structure and climate change . trends ecol evol 23 : 518\u2013528 .\nsokal rr , rohlf fj ( 1995 ) biometry : the principles and practice of statistics in biological research . 3rd edition . new york : w . h . freeman and co .\nr development core team ( 2006 ) r : a language and environment for statistical computing . vienna : r foundation for statistical computing . available :\nguo h , weiss re , gu x , suchard ma ( 2007 ) time squared : repeated measures on phylogenies . mol biol evol 24 : 353\u2013362 .\ngage jd , bett bj ( 2005 ) deep\u2013sea benthic sampling . in : eleftheriou a , mcintyre a , editors . methods for the study of marine benthos : third edition . oxford : blackwell science ltd . pp . 273\u2013325 .\n( mollusca : caenogastropoda ) from the southwestern caribbean . zootaxa 49 : 1\u20137 .\nmcclain cr , rex ma , jabbour r ( 2005 ) deconstructing bathymetric body size patterns in deep\u2013sea gastropods . mar ecol prog ser 297 : 181\u2013187 .\nschmidt nm , jensen pm ( 2003 ) changes in mammalian body length over 175 years - adaptations to a fragmented landscape ? conservation ecology 7 : 6 .\nreyment ra ( 1983 ) palaeontological aspects of island biogeography : colonization and evolution of mammals on mediterranean islands . oikos 41 : 299\u2013306 .\nlomolino mv ( 1984 ) immigrant selection , predatory exclusion and the distributions of microtus pennsylvanicus and blarina brevicadua on islands . am nat 123 : 468\u2013483 .\nmcnab bk ( 2002 ) minimizing energy expenditure facilitates vertebrate persistence on oceanic islands . ecol lett 5 : 693\u2013704 .\nduncan rp , blackburn tm ( 2004 ) extinction and endemism in the new zealand avifauna . global ecol biogeogr 13 : 509\u2013517 .\nvale fk , rex ma ( 1988 ) repaired shell damage in deep - sea prosobranch gastropods from the western north atlantic . malacologia 28 : 65\u201379 .\nvale fk , rex ma ( 1989 ) repaired shell damage in a complex of rissoid gastropods from the upper continental slope south of new england . nautilus 103 : 105\u2013108 .\nwalker se , voight jr ( 1994 ) palecological and taphonomic potential of deep - sea gastropods . palaios 9 : 48\u201359 .\nmccollom tm ( 1999 ) geochemical constraints on primary productivity in submarine hydrothermal vent plumes . deep sea research i : oceanographic research papers 47 : 85\u2013101 .\nwassersug rj , yang h , sepkoski jj jr , raup dm ( 1979 ) the evolution of body size on islands : a computer simulation . am nat 114 : 287\u2013295 .\nwilliams gc . natural selection : domains , levels and challenges . oxford : oxford university press . .\nraia p , meiri s ( 2006 ) the island rule in large mammals : paleontology meets ecology . evolution 60 : 1731\u20131742 . ( doi :\ndo these subject areas make sense for this article ? click the target next to the incorrect subject area and let us know . thanks for your help !\nrosenberg , g . ; moretzsohn , f . ; garc\u00eda , e . f . ( 2009 ) . gastropoda ( mollusca ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 579\u2013699 in : felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico\u2013origins , waters , and biota . texas a & m ; press , college station , texas . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of bulimus coniformis brugui\u00e8re , 1789 ) rosenberg , g . ( 2009 ) . malacolog 4 . 1 . 1 . a database of western atlantic marine mollusca . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of auricula coniformis ( brugui\u00e8re , 1789 ) ) rosenberg , g . ( 2009 ) . malacolog 4 . 1 . 1 . a database of western atlantic marine mollusca . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of ellobium barbadense r\u00f6ding , 1798 ) rosenberg , g . ( 2009 ) . malacolog 4 . 1 . 1 . a database of western atlantic marine mollusca . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of auricula biplicata deshayes , 1830 ) rosenberg , g . ( 2009 ) . malacolog 4 . 1 . 1 . a database of western atlantic marine mollusca . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of auricula olivula k\u00fcster , 1844 ) rosenberg , g . ( 2009 ) . malacolog 4 . 1 . 1 . a database of western atlantic marine mollusca . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ndyer , e . , soulsby , a . - m . , whitton , f . , mcguinness , s . , de silva , r . , milligan , h . t . , kasthala , g . , herdson , r . , thorley , j . , mcmillan , k . & collins , a .\nhas been assessed as least concern as it is widely distributed throughout central and south america . although there are several threats potentially impacting upon this species in parts of its range , it is unlikely that it is being threatened on a global scale .\nthis species has a wide distribution loosely covering the area of 32 . 3\u00b0n to 35\u00b0s and 93 . 1\u00b0w to 34 . 9\u00b0w . this range encompasses florida in the usa , mexico , belize , guatemala , colombia , nicaragua , costa rica , panama , the caribbean islands , venezuela , bolivia , guyana , french guiana , suriname , brazil and uruguay ( pilsbry 1891 , pilsbry and brown 1914 , van regteren altena 1969 , swennen et al . 1982 , de frias martins 1995 , borrero 2007 , rosenberg 2009 ) .\nanguilla ; antigua and barbuda ; aruba ; bahamas ; barbados ; belize ; bolivia , plurinational states of ; bonaire , sint eustatius and saba ( saba , sint eustatius ) ; brazil ; cayman islands ; colombia ; costa rica ; cuba ; cura\u00e7ao ; dominica ; dominican republic ; french guiana ; grenada ; guadeloupe ; guatemala ; guyana ; haiti ; jamaica ; martinique ; mexico ; montserrat ; nicaragua ; panama ; puerto rico ; saint kitts and nevis ; saint lucia ; saint martin ( french part ) ; saint vincent and the grenadines ; sint maarten ( dutch part ) ; suriname ; trinidad and tobago ; turks and caicos islands ; united states ( florida ) ; uruguay ; venezuela , bolivarian republic of ; virgin islands , british ; virgin islands , u . s .\nthis brackish species occurs in mangrove swamps , in rivers and estuaries , and can also be found on the roots of plants in lagoons and ditches just behind the shoreline ( van regteren altena 1969 ) . this species forages for mangrove leaf litter at low tide and climbs tree trunks to avoid salt - water inundation during high tide ( proffitt and devlin 2005 ) .\non a local scale , this species is likely to be affected by threats to mangrove ecosystems such as habitat degradation , conversion to aquaculture , agriculture and salt pans , urban development , construction of harbours and channels , mining , liquid waste disposal , solid waste and garbage disposal ( aksornkoae 1995 ) . it is likely that some or all of these threats are impacting upon this species in various parts of its distribution , although due to its wide distribution it is unlikely that these are causing significant declines on a global scale .\nthere are no species - specific conservation measures in place for this species , however , in places its distribution coincides with protected areas .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nin continuing your browsing of this site , you accept the use of cookies to offer you suitable content and services and realize visits statistics . learn more about cookies .\nmassemin et al . ( 2009 ) [ statut pour la guyane fran\u00e7aise ] massemin , d . , lamy , d . , pointier , j . p . & gargominy , o . 2009 . coquillages et escargots de guyane . biotope , collection parth\u00e9nope , m\u00e8ze . 456 pp .\nlamy & pointier ( 2018 ) [ statut pour la martinique ] lamy , d . & pointier , j . - p . 2018 . mollusques marins et dul\u00e7aquicoles des antilles fran\u00e7aises . plb editions . 788 pp .\nlamy & pointier ( 2018 ) [ statut pour la guadeloupe ] lamy , d . & pointier , j . - p . 2018 . mollusques marins et dul\u00e7aquicoles des antilles fran\u00e7aises . plb editions . 788 pp .\nlamy & pointier ( 2018 ) [ statut pour saint - martin ] lamy , d . & pointier , j . - p . 2018 . mollusques marins et dul\u00e7aquicoles des antilles fran\u00e7aises . plb editions . 788 pp .\nnational inventory of natural heritage , website : https : / / inpn . mnhn . fr .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nan educational resource dedicated mainly to the photography and diversity of marine life that can be found in coastal waters and intertidal areas of great britain and ireland .\nscroll down and rollover titles to change screen image or click on title to view image .\nthe 14 . 3mm long specimen above was collected by steve rosenthal , among mangroves on mud , at honeymoon island state park , dunedin , florida , usa . 18 . 01 . 2008 .\naphotomarine supports open source data recording and sharing for the benefit of wildlife , recorders , research , science and education . the project recommends the following websites and works with the following bodies and organisations .\nthe conchological society of great britain and ireland helping to understand , identify , record , and conserve molluscs .\nthe marine biological association or mba , based in plymouth , is one of the world\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s longest - running societies dedicated to promoting research into our oceans and the life they support . since 1884 the mba has been providing a unified , clear , independent voice on behalf of the marine biological community . it has a growing membership in over 40 countries .\nthe cisfbr or cornwall and isles of scilly federation of biological recorders is an independent umbrella organisation supporting independent recorders and recording groups in the county of cornwall .\nthe cornish biodiversity network or cbn is the largest open source wildlife database in cornwall that sends open source data to the nbn ( national biodiversity network ) . it is a new recording system based on the erica database , the largest recording resource in cornwall . the cbn best supports the activities and needs of the independent recording community and recording groups in cornwall .\nthe national biodiversity network or nbn is a charity that supports open source data sharing and recording supporting conservation , science and education .\nwhy do recorders need open source ?\n. simply because it supports the core values of wildlife recording and the free use of records and data over a very wide network that includes partners like the natural history museum . the link here is to the nbn atlas . the link here is to the nbn atlas .\nthe taxonomy used here is based on that of the following database , which is also used by the mba , nhm and the nbn .\nover 99 % of the species records on aphotomarine are open source but they are also copyright david fenwick . species records published on aphotomarine may not be used on any database , list or distribution map , without a signed user agreement . cornish records that appear on aphotomarine are recorded using the erica database to benefit recording in cornwall and scientific and historical recording in general . no financial benefit must be taken from any record produced by david fenwick , records are of educational benefit only . records by david fenwick must ' ' never ' ' be financially traded .\nthe main objective of this website is in furthering environmental awareness and education through the medium of photography . to increase awareness and access to the wildlife of the region and help\npeople find and identify it . sometimes the difference between species is obvious but many species can only be determined by observing microscopic characteristics that are specific to any one species .\ndistribution : usa : florida : east florida , west florida , florida keys ; mexico : veracruz , tabasco , campeche state , cayo arcas , campeche , yucatan state , quintana roo ; belize , guatemala ; colombia : old providence island ; nicaragua , costa rica , panama , colombia ; abc islands : curacao ; venezuela : miranda , sucre , islas los roques , isla margarita ; bermuda , bahamas : grand bahama island , abaco ( great or little ) , bimini , andros , new providence , eleuthera ; cuba : north havana province , north matanzas , holguin ; cayman islands : grand cayman island ; jamaica , haiti , dominican republic , puerto rico ; virgin islands : st . thomas , st . john , st . croix , anegada , tortola ; st . martin / st . maarten , guadeloupe , martinique ; st . vincent & the grenadines : grenada ; barbados ; trinidad & tobago : trinidad , tobago ; guyana , french guiana , surinam , brazil : para , ceara , fernando de noronha , rio grande do norte , pernambuco , sao paulo ; uruguay\nreferences : maury ( 1922 ) n ; marcus & marcus ( 1965a ) dl ; sykes & hall ( 1970 ) dl ; garc\u00eda - cubas ( 1982 ) { w } ; cosel ( 1986 ) s ; mello & perrier ( 1986 ) e ; garc\u00eda - cubas et al . ( 1990 ) w ; martins ( 1996 ) m ; fern\u00e1ndez milera ( 1998 ) ; macsotay & campos ( 2001 )\nencyclop\u00e9die m\u00e9thodique . histoire naturelle des vers encyclop\u00e9die m\u00e9thodique . histoire naturelle des vers 1 1 - 344 . panckoucke : paris .\nsystema naturae systema naturae , 10th ed . , vol . 1 824 pp . laurentii salvii : holmiae [ stockholm , sweden ] .\nland and fresh - water mollusks collected in yucatan and mexico proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia 43 310 - 334 , pls . 14 - 15 .\nmuseum boltenianum viii + 199 pp . hamburg . [ stated date : - - sep 1798 . ]\nsay , 1822 , which was named as a variety ( iczn article 57 . 7 ) . pollock ( 1998 ) misclassified\n( deshayes , 1830 ) in its stead . as deshayes ' name is not in use ,\ncan be maintained ( iczn article 59 . 3 ) . a record from tortola in usnm needs confirmation ( martins 1996 ) .\nreferences : stimpson ( 1851c ) ; kurtz ( 1860 ) sw ; s . smith ( 1860 ) ne ; maury ( 1922 ) s ; martins ( 1996 ) s\nnotes on the mollusca of the bermuda islands nautilus 17 125 - 130 , pl . 4 . [ stated date : - - mar 1904 . ]\nneue auriculaceen malakozoologische bl\u00e4tter 1 111 - 112 . [ stated date : - - jun 1854 . ]\nan account of some of the marine shells of the united states journal of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia 2 221 - 248 , 257 - 276 , 302 - 325 . [ stated date : - - jun 1822 ; true date : - - jul 1822 . ]\ndescription of univalve terrestrial and fluviatile shells of the united states journal of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia 2 370 - 381 . [ stated date : 25 dec 1822 . ]\nusing cookies on urltoken shellauction uses cookies only for technical reasons and to facilitate and speed up your site navigation . by continuing to browse , you accept the use of cookies ; if you do not wish to receive them please disable them or not navigate this website further . more info cookies on urltoken\nutilizzo dei cookies su urltoken shellauction utilizza i cookies esclusivamente per ragioni tecniche e per facilitare e velocizzare la navigazione del sito . continuando a navigare accetti l ' utilizzo dei cookies , se non desideri riceverli ti invitiamo a disabilitarli oppure a non navigare questo sito ulteriormente . altre informazioni sui cookies di urltoken\nprimarily in south america , central america , caribbean islands , west africa , united states of america and areas of australia where it was introduced .\nused for making boats and creating charcoal . a resin can be extracted and used in treating stomach ulcers .\nfairly tall but contorted with many adventitious prop roots shooting out the base with a highly elevated canopy .\ngrows well in humidity , partial to full sun in sandy / silt loam .\nsmall and inconspicuous . develops compound inflorescence , the flowers arise from the axil .\ntube - like fruits of 3 - 5 cm in size , where a propagule will vertically grow out and fall .\nbright green canopy , tree and trunk vary slightly between a tanish - beige to dark brown . its flowers are white with yellow petals . the fruit is brown and as it ripens turns green in colour with a brown tip .\nsmooth but as it ages becomes more rigid as the bark starts to thicken and strengthen .\nk\u00fcster , h . c . 1844 . die ohrschnecken ( auriculacea ) . in abbildungen nach der natur mit beschreibungen . - systematisches conchylien - cabinet von martini und chemnitz 1 ( 16 ( 1 ) ) : 1 - 24 , 23 [ a ] , 24 [ a ] , 25 - 76 , v - vi , taf . a , taf . 1 - 9 . n\u00fcrnberg .\nyou will be directed to the entry page of the digitized work . go to the page you need in the navigation system there .\nthe basic data of this taxon were entered by hand , consulting the original description , and following animalbase standard .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding ."]}
{"id": 2165, "summary": [{"text": "orthops campestris is a species of plant bugs belonging to the family miridae , subfamily mirinae , that can be found everywhere in europe except for azores , faroe islands , iceland and african islands such as canary islands and cyprus . ", "topic": 29}], "title": "orthops campestris", "paragraphs": ["you selected lygus ( orthops ) campestris stillata stichel , 1958 . this is a synonym for :\nlength around 4 mm . this genus contains three similar species which are often found on umbellifers . they generally have dark antennae . although external characters are useful , some specimens cannot be reliably identified without dissection . o . campestris is usually green or green - tinged and is the smallest and most oval orthops species . note the short antennae ; the 3rd segment is much shorter than the head width .\nwrzesinska d ; wawrzyniak m , 2005 . harmful heteroptera of orthops genus ( miridae , heteroptera ) occurring on sosnowski ' s hogweed ( heracleum sosnowskyi manden . ) in poland . journal of plant protection research , 45 ( 2 ) : 107 - 114 .\ncimex campestris linnaeus , 1758 : linnaeus ( 1758 ) : 448 . [ description originale ] linnaeus , c . 1758 . systema natur\u00e6 per regna tria natur\u00e6 , secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis . editio decima , reformata . holmi\u00e6 . ( salvius ) . tomus i : 1 - 824 . [ urltoken ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\numbellifers ( apiaceae ) . they generally have dark antennae . although external characters are useful ,\nnote the short antennae ; the 3rd segment is much shorter than the head width .\na very common bug throughout the uk , often associated with wild parsnip , the foodplant . adults overwinter and mate in the spring ; the new generation is complete from july onwards .\nenter the name or part of a name you wish to search for . the asterisk character * can be used as wildcard . e . g . ' papilio * ' . keep in mind that the search is only based on the full taxon name .\nwe are still having problems with the search feature . unfortunately we cannot give a timeline when the advanced search will be fixed .\nthe id resolving service for stable taxon ids is currently under maintenance . meanwhile , please use the name search in order to find the taxon page .\nmuseum f\u00fcr naturkunde leibniz - institut f\u00fcr evolutions - und biodiversit\u00e4tsforschung invalidenstr . 43 10115 berlin germany e - mail : fauna - eu ( at ) mfn - berlin . de website : urltoken\nclick here to support naturespot by making a donation - small or large - your gift is very much appreciated . thank you .\nadults overwinter and mate in the spring ; the new generation is complete from july onwards .\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nakingbohungbe , a . e . ( 1974 ) chromosome numbers of some north american mirids ( heteroptera : miridae ) . : canadian journal of genetics and cytology 16 : 251 - - 256 .\nakingbohungbe , a . e . ( 1983 ) variation in testis follicle number in the miridae ( hemiptera : heteroptera ) and its relationship to the higher classification of the family . : annals of the entomological society of america 76 : 37 - - 43 .\nakingbohungbe , a . e . , j . l . libby , and r . d . shenefelt . ( 1973 ) nymphs of wisconsin miridae ( hemiptera : heteroptera ) . : university of wisconsin research bulletin r2561 : 25 pp .\ncarvalho , j . c . m . ( 1959 ) a catalogue of the miridae of the world . part iv . : arquivos do museu nacional , rio de janeiro 48 : 384 pp .\ncoulianos , c . c . and f . ossiannilsson . ( 1976 ) catalogus insectorum sueciae . 7 . hemiptera - heteroptera . 2nd ed . : entomologisk tidskrift 97 ( 3 - - 4 ) : 135 - - 173 , map , 13 tabs .\nfranz , h . and e . wagner . ( 1961 ) die nordost - alpen im spiegel ihrer landtierwelt , ii . : universitatsverlag wagner , innsbruck , pp . 271 - - 401 .\ngollner - scheiding , u . ( 1970 ) beitr\u00e4ge zur heteropteren - fauna brandenburgs . 1 . die heteropteren - fauna des gross - machnower weinbergs und seiner naheren umgebung . : archiv fur naturschutz und landschaftsforschung 10 : 41 - - 70 .\ngollner - scheiding , u . ( 1972 ) beitr\u00e4ge zur heteropteren - fauna brandenburgs . 2 . \u00fcbersicht \u00fcber die heteropteren von brandenburg . : veroffentl . bizirksheimat mus . potsdam 25 / 26 : 5 - - 39 .\ngollner - scheiding , u . ( 1974 ) beitr\u00e4ge zur heteropterenfauna brandenburgs . 3 . die heteropterenfauna der oderwiesen und - hange bei lebus / oder ( hemiptera , heteroptera ) . : faunistische abhandlungen 5 : 181 - - 198 .\ngollner - scheiding , u . ( 1978 ) beitrag zur kenntnis der heteropterenfauna mazedoniens . : acta musei macedonici scientiae naturales 15 : 145 - - 150 .\nhoberlandt , l . ( 1956 ) results of the zoological scientific expedition of the national museum in praha to turkey . 18 . hemiptera iv . terrestrial hemiptera - heteroptera of turkey . : acta entomologica musei nationalis pragae 3 ( suppl . ) : 1 - - 264 ( 1955 ) .\nkerzhner , i . m . ( 1964 ) family isometopidae . family miridae ( capsidae ) , pp . 700 - - 765 . in : bei - bienko , g . y . ( ed . ) . , opredelitel ' nasekomykh evropeiskoichasti sssr [ keys to the insects of the european part of the ussr ] . vol . 1 . apterygota , palaeoptera , hemimetabol : nauka , moskova and leningrad . [ in russian ; english translation : 1967 , israel program for scientific translation , jerusalem , pp . 913 - - 1003 ] .\nknight , h . h . ( 1968 ) taxonomic review : miridae of the nevada test site and the western united states . : brigham young university science bulletin , biological series 9 : 282pp .\nkulik , s . a . ( 1965 ) blindwanzen ost sibiriens und des fernen ostens ( heteroptera - miridae ) . : acta faunistica entomologica musei nationalis pragae 11 : 39 - - 70 . [ in russian ]\npericart , j . ( 1965 ) contribution a la fanistique de la corse : h\u00e9teropt\u00e8res miridae et anthocoridae ( hem . ) . : bulletin mensuel de la societe linneenne de lyon 34 : 377 - - 384 .\nribes , j . ( 1965 ) hemipteros de mallorca . : publ . inst . biol . apl . , barcelona 39 : 71 - - 95 .\nsouthwood , t . r . e . ( 1960 ) the flight activity of heteroptera . : transactions of the royal entomological society of london 112 : 173 - - 220 .\nsouthwood , t . r . e . and d . leston ( 1959 ) land and water bugs of the british isles . : frederick warne and co . , london . 436 pp .\ntamanini , l . ( 1981 ) gli eterotteri della basilicata e della calabria ( italia meridionale ) ( hemiptera , heteroptera ) . : memorie del museo civico di storia naturale di verona , ser . 2 , a , 3 : 1 - - 164 .\n80x5 - 240x3 - 240x4 - 320x1 - 320x2 - 320x3 - 640x1 - 640x2 set display option above . click on images to enlarge .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with nbn atlas , please upload using the upload tools .\nin continuing your browsing of this site , you accept the use of cookies to offer you suitable content and services and realize visits statistics . learn more about cookies .\nnational inventory of natural heritage , website : https : / / inpn . mnhn . fr .\nbl\u00e5 punkter visar fynd registrerade i artportalen och \u00f6vriga databaser anslutna till lifewatch . kan inneh\u00e5lla observationer som inte \u00e4r validerade . kartan uppdateras var fj\u00e4rde vecka .\ni det avancerade verktyget kan man s\u00f6ka ut och f\u00e5 fram artlistor , t ex arter i ett visst l\u00e4n , i en viss biotop , substrat , som p\u00e5verkas av en hotfaktor , eller som \u00e4r knutna till en sk v\u00e4rdart , t ex tr\u00e4det alm . dessa kan \u00e4ven kombineras .\ns\u00f6ka fram arter som \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade , knutna till alm , \u00e4r beroende av d\u00f6d ved och som finns i kronobergs l\u00e4n .\ns\u00f6ka fram arter som \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade , lever i sm\u00e5vatten och som p\u00e5verkas negativt av igenv\u00e4xning .\ndefaultl\u00e4get i verktyget \u00e4r arter som \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade 2015 och dessa \u00e4r klassade p\u00e5 samtliga s\u00f6kfaktorer . under fliken r\u00f6dlistekategori kan man dock v\u00e4lja att \u00e4ven inkludera arter som inte \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade . om man v\u00e4ljer att inkludera icke r\u00f6dlistade arter beh\u00f6ver man vara medveten om att samtliga arter inte \u00e4r klassade p\u00e5 samtliga faktorer . nedan en sammanst\u00e4llning av vad som \u00e4r komplett .\ndenna funktion anv\u00e4nds n\u00e4r du vill skapa din egen lista av arter att hantera . du kan t . ex . navigera mellan arterna i listan genom att klicka p\u00e5 deras namn . du kan ocks\u00e5 v\u00e4lja att anv\u00e4nda knappen \u201dj\u00e4mf\u00f6r arter\u201d f\u00f6r att se bilder , kartor och k\u00e4nnetecken i en j\u00e4mf\u00f6relsevy .\ndu kan komponera ditt eget urval av arter genom att klicka dig fram via sl\u00e4kttr\u00e4det och d\u00e4r v\u00e4lja arter eller artgrupper till din lista . ett annat s\u00e4tt att g\u00f6ra ditt urval \u00e4r att anv\u00e4nda fliken \u201dfiltrera\u201d , d\u00e4r du kan s\u00f6ka p\u00e5 olika egenskaper . ovanf\u00f6r listan med s\u00f6kresultatet finns en knapp \u201dl\u00e4gg i mitt urval\u201d .\nthe mit license copyright ( c ) 2014 - 2016 google , inc . urltoken permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\nthe mit license ( mit ) copyright ( c ) 2011 - 2015 twitter , inc permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright ( c ) 2008 - 2013 sprymedia limited urltoken permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright 2008 - 2015 martin wendt , urltoken permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\nthe mit license ( mit ) - urltoken copyright ( c ) steven sanderson , the knockout . js team , and other contributors urltoken permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright ( c ) 2009\u20132015 permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322c1faa - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322c25e1 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322c277b - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322c38fa - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 323a5beb - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 323a5d1f - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 33f6f2af - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nschuh r . t . ( 2018 ) . pbi plant bug : on - line systematic catalog of plant bugs ( insecta : heteroptera : miridae ) ( version mar 2013 ) . in : roskov y . , abucay l . , orrell t . , nicolson d . , bailly n . , kirk p . m . , bourgoin t . , dewalt r . e . , decock w . , de wever a . , nieukerken e . van , zarucchi j . , penev l . , eds . ( 2018 ) . species 2000 & itis catalogue of life , 30th june 2018 . digital resource at urltoken species 2000 : naturalis , leiden , the netherlands . issn 2405 - 8858 .\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 5d859509 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\n. if you continue to use the site we will assume that you agree with this .\nit is 4 millimetres ( 0 . 16 in ) long with short antennae . they feed on wild parsnip . adults overwinter after which they mate in spring . the new generation starts in july .\ncopyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved\nenter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nlike most websites we use cookies . this is to ensure that we give you the best experience possible .\ncontinuing to use urltoken means you agree to our use of cookies . if you would like to , you can learn more about the cookies we use .\nwe\u2019d value your feedback on the tool . our survey takes only five minutes to complete .\nc . maculatum is an herbaceous biennial and highly toxic plant , native across northern europe , western asia and north africa . it has been introduced widely outside its native area to many parts of america , south . . .\nconium maculatum ( poison hemlock ) ; habit . plants can reach 2m in height . mexico .\n\u00a9pedro tenorio - lezama / bugwood . org - cc by - nc 3 . 0 us\nconium maculatum ( poison hemlock ) ; typical , ' purple ' blotched stems . mexico .\nconium maculatum ( poison hemlock ) ; characteristic stem with purple blotching . oregon , usa . june , 2005 .\n\u00a9eric coombs / oregon department of agriculture / bugwood . org - cc by 3 . 0 us\nconium maculatum ( poison hemlock ) ; foliage . p\u00e1ndzsa - patak v\u00f6lgye , pannonhalma , hungary .\n\u00a9robert vid\u00e9ki / doronicum kft . / bugwood . org - cc by - nc 3 . 0 us\nconium maculatum ( poison hemlock ) ; flowering habit . oregon , usa . june , 2005 .\nconium maculatum ( poison hemlock ) ; close - up of a flowering umbel . oregon , usa . june , 2005 .\n\u00a9steve hurst / usda nrcs plants database / bugwood . org - cc by - nc 3 . 0 us\n\u00a9ohio state weed lab archive / the ohio state university / bugwood . org - cc by - nc 3 . 0 us\nc . maculatum is an herbaceous biennial and highly toxic plant , native across northern europe , western asia and north africa . it has been introduced widely outside its native area to many parts of america , southern africa , china , new zealand and australia . c . maculatum is a twofold invader , competing with pasture and crops and encroaching on native vegetation , while also posing a serious health hazard to virtually all livestock , and humans . even within its native range , c . maculatum is increasing and tending to occur more commonly in crops .\nthe derivation of the genus name conium is uncertain , but may be from the greek koneion meaning to whirl or spin , describing the toxic effects of the plant ( mitich , 1998 ) . the specific name maculatum means spotted , from the characteristically spotted stem . although a wide range of synonyms have been applied to c . maculatum , the original linnean name is the only one to have been widely or consistently used , and there are no closely related species with which there is common confusion .\nc . maculatum is an erect annual or biennial , virtually glabrous , with a foetid , mousy odour when crushed . the long taproot is forked , white or pale yellow and 1 - 2 cm in diameter . stems are hollow , striate , up to 2 - ( 3 ) m high , usually light green and purple spotted or blotched , sometimes tinged purple - ish or pink , particularly toward their base . leaves 2 - 4 - pinnate ; ultimate segments narrowly or broadly ovate to deltoid , pinnatisect or serrate , 5 - 40 mm long ; petioles light green and purple blotched when mature ; stem leaves similar to basal , but shortly petiolate and 1 - 3 - pinnate . umbels 1 - 8 cm in diameter ; rays 4 - 16 ; lateral umbels overtopping the terminal ; bracts c . > 4 - 8 , narrow - triangular , acuminate , reflexed ; bracteoles 3 - 6 , triangular , confined to outer side of umbellets . flowers numerous , white , c . 2 mm in diameter , hermaphrodite . sepals 0 , petals 5 notched at the broad tip . fruit 2 - seeded , dark brown , almost round , 2 . 5 - 3 mm long ; slightly flattened , ribs slender , light brown , often crenulate .\nnative across northern europe , western asia and n . africa , c . maculatum has been introduced , deliberately or otherwise to many countries of america , to southern africa and to china , new zealand and australia . introduction to micronesia is indicated by weber ( 2003 ) and by usda - ars ( 2015 ) but no specimens are recorded by gbif ( 2015 ) , nor is it noted by the normally very comprehensive pier ( 2015 ) . weber ( 2003 ) classes c . maculatum as invasive in australia and western usa , while pier ( 2015 ) additionally lists it as invasive in many central and south american countries and the chilean off - shore juan fern\u00e1ndez islands .\nthe distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available . when several references are cited , they may give conflicting information on the status . further details may be available for individual references in the distribution table details section which can be selected by going to generate report .\nthompson , 1922 ; webb et al . , 1988 ; pier , 2015 ; royal new zealand institute of horticulture , 2015\n) . in the latter instance it is believed to have been introduced accidentally with grain imports from the former ussr .\nfirst record in hobart , tasmania . this plant is likely but not confirmed to have been sourced from the uk\nthe risk of introduction is relatively low . the seed is conspicuous and , although possible , it is unlikely to be an undetected contaminant of any crop seed . deliberate introduction as a garden plant or herbal medicine has occurred in the past but is less likely today .\nthrives in a number of habitats , including grassland , forest margins , riparian habitats , freshwater wetlands , waste ground , disturbed sites , field margins and fallows . in fallows , however , the infestations are relatively short - lived , persisting only 1 - 2 years (\nthis plant grows best in moist and fertile soils ( weber , 2003 ) , avoiding acid soils and heavy shade ( pfaf , 2015 ) .\nc . maculatum is thought to be more tolerant of soils containing heavy metals ( arsenic , cadmium , lead ) than some native species in usa , perhaps contributing to its competitive ability in such a situation ( gulezian et al . , 2012 ) . in usa , c . maculatum is associated with usda hardiness zones 4 - 8 , so is tolerant of moderate to hard frosts . in chile it may occur in usda hardiness zone 9 where there may be dry periods of 3 - 5 months and where precipitation of 400 - 800 mm is concentrated in the winter .\nalthough growing mainly in non - crop areas , c . maculatum can invade field edges and encroach significantly on crops : maize in new zealand ; sugar beet in slovakia and in france ; pastures in turkey , poland , australia and new zealand ; olive in spain ; lucerne ( alfalfa ) in usa ; sunflower in czech republic ; chickpea in spain . mitich ( 1998 ) refers to its occurrence in pastures , cereals , vegetable crops and orchards in many countries .\na wide range of sources confirm c . maculatum to have a chromosome number of 2n = 22 ( missouri botanical garden , 2015 ) .\na detailed study by baskin and baskin ( 1990 ) concluded that in north - central kentucky , usa , seeds of c . maculatum are dispersed from mid - september to mid - late february , with up to 95 % of them being dispersed by late december . depending on the year , 40 - 85 % of the freshly matured seeds had morphological dormancy and thus only required a moist substrate for embryo growth and germination . the other seeds had morpho - physiological dormancy , which had to be broken before embryo growth and germination could occur . during late autumn and winter , a deeper form of dormancy was induced in most of the undispersed seeds . germination was found to be higher on soil than on sand , and in light than in darkness .\nsuggest that dormant seeds require high summer temperatures , low winter temperatures , or both , before they can germinate . once seeds break dormancy , they can germinate from late summer to early spring , as long as temperatures remain cool and the soil remains moist . they found that\ndegrees celsius were a more important requirement . germination was low at a constant 26\nc in the light . furthermore germination was not greatly reduced by burial below 5 cm depth .\ngermination may occur in the autumn or the spring . after germination in spring it can flower and behave as an annual , but most plants behave as biennials , forming a low rosette of leaves before flowering in their second summer . flowering occurs in mid - summer , while seed shed may continue through the autumn and winter to the following spring .\nthe established plant does not normally persist for more than two summers . seeds can persist in the soil for up to six years ( csontos , 2008 ) .\nc . maculatum can occur across a wide range of soil types and levels of fertility . it is most commonly found , however , in moist conditions along rivers and in marshy ground . it can persist through relatively dry periods in the summer provided the winter is wet ( chileflora , 2006 ) . it is stated to prefer high - nitrogen soils ( vetter 2004 ) .\nwarm average temp . > 10\u00b0c , cold average temp . > 0\u00b0c , wet all year\nwarm average temp . > 10\u00b0c , cold average temp . > 0\u00b0c , dry summers\nwarm temperate climate with dry winter ( warm average temp . > 10\u00b0c , cold average temp . > 0\u00b0c , dry winters )\ncontinental climate with dry summer ( warm average temp . > 10\u00b0c , coldest month < 0\u00b0c , dry summers )\nnatural dispersal of c . maculatum is limited . it may be moved by water or wind but most seed falls close to the parent plant .\nsome seed may cling to animal fur but there is no specialized mechanism for this . mitich ( 1998 ) refers to spread by rodents and birds .\naccidental introduction can occur locally through movement of garden waste , and more widely via contaminated seed of crops , but neither is likely to be frequent .\ndeliberate introduction is possible , where c . maculatum is considered a garden plant or used as a medicinal herb . however , it seems that the latter use is not common .\nsignificant damage may be caused by c . maculatum in establishing or established pastures , due to competition for light and other resources . losses in other crops may occur locally , but are not widespread or severe and no crop loss data are available .\n) ; carrot thin leaf virus , e . g . in california , usa (\nthe most important source of losses from c . maculatum is through toxicity to livestock . all parts of the plant are poisonous . toxicity is due to a group of piperidine alkaloids of which the representative members are coniine and gamma - coniceine . the latter is the more toxic and is the first formed biosynthetically . its levels in relation to coniine vary widely according to environmental conditions and to provenance of the plants ( reynolds , 2005 ) .\nacute toxicity doses are 3 . 3 mg / kg for cattle , 15 . 5 mg / kg for horses and 44 . 0 mg / kg for sheep ( ceh , 2004 ) . pigs are even more sensitive than cattle while goats are less sensitive than sheep ( usda , 2015 ) . mice given a fatal dose orally may die within 10 minutes . poultry , pigs , hamsters , nutria and rabbits are also susceptible . although birds can be poisoned , it appears that some at least are unharmed after eating the seeds . their bodies are , however , then toxic to other animals including humans ( the poison garden , 2015 ) . c . maculatum may cause birth defects in farm animals ( e . g . cleft palate , arthrogryposis , scoliosis , troticollis , kyphosis ) ( panter and keeler , 1993 ) , in addition to acute toxicity .\nthe estimated economic loss of livestock due to poisonous weeds , including c . maculatum , in the seventeen western states of usa , was $ 340 million ( n . b . based on prices and figures in 1989 ) . this was estimated from a 1 % death loss in cattle , a 3 . 5 % death loss in sheep , and a 1 % decrease in calf and lamb crops ( james et al . , 1992 ; nielsen and james , 1992 ) . we do not know , however , what proportion of those losses can be attributed to c . maculatum .\nlivestock tend to avoid the fresh plant but do not recognise it in the dried state . this and other aspects of toxicity to livestock are well reviewed by cao et al . ( 2015 ) .\nspread of c . maculatum into grassland or other low vegetation can significantly modify environments , and is of concern in conservation areas ( royal new zealand institute of horticulture , 2015 ) .\nc . maculatum can spread quickly in disturbed areas and is highly competitive , preventing the establishment of native grasses and forbs by shading and competing for space ( weber , 2003 ) .\nc . maculatum is dangerously poisonous and children have died from its toxicity . it is famously reputed to have been involved in the death of socrates , though this is challenged by some , who find that the symptoms described do not adequately match those normally observed ( dayan , 2009 ) .\nsymptoms in humans include irritation and tachycardia leading to brachycardia , muscular paralysis and respiratory failure . rhabdomyolysis and convulsions may also occur . death can occur in two hours ( dauncey , 2010 ) .\nthese symptoms reflect effects on the nervous system : stimulation followed by paralysis of motor nerve endings ; and cns stimulation followed by cns depression . other effects include vomiting , trembling , problems in movement , slow and weak pulse becoming rapid , rapid respiration , salivation , urination , nausea , convulsions , coma and death ( vetter , 2004 ) . advice on treatment following accidental ingestion is provided by toxinz poisons information ( 2015 ) .\napart from the risks from ingestion , there is also a danger of significant effects from handling the plants without gloves , from breathing dust or pollen from the plant and from using the hollow stems as pea - shooters .\nchemicals from c . maculatum have been shown to have plant protection properties . young chinese cabbage plants were sprayed with alkaloids from c . maculatum , including gamma - coniceine , and exposed to large numbers of starved slugs ( deroceras reticulatum ) . the alkaloids protected the plants over a 24 - hour test period ( dodds and henderson , 2002 ) . likewise , coniine from c . maculatum has proved effective against aphids and blowflies ( cao et al . , 2015 ) . alinezhad et al . ( 2012 ) have demonstrated useful activity against aspergillus parasiticus and a corresponding reduction in aflatoxin production . extracts were shown to inhibit fusarium pallidoroseum , the cause of twig blight in mulberry ( gulzar et al . , 2013 ) . however , it is unknown whether any of these ideas are being used in practice .\nc . maculatum is superficially similar to a number of other apiaceae . most dangerously it has been mistaken for wild carrot ( daucus carota ) , by children who have unwisely chewed on the yellowish root , but d . carota is clearly distinguished by having finely hairy foliage . anthriscus sylvestris has similar foliage to c . maculatum but a hairy stem . the related and equally dangerous water hemlock , cicuta maculata , has a glabrous hollow stem which may also be spotted , but the leaves have much wider segments and it has a cluster of fleshy roots and occurs in wetter situations . in general , c . maculatum is distinguished by its glabrous multi - pinnate leaves , the glabrous , hollow , spotted stem and mousy odour .\nc . maculatum is a declared noxious weed in the following states of usa : colorado , idaho , iowa , new mexico , nevada , ohio , oregon , utah , washington , west virginia , wyoming ( usda - ars , 2015 ) .\nhand pulling of c . maculatum plants may be effective , especially prior to seed set . spring mowing kills mature plants effectively , and a second mowing in late summer kills emerged seedlings and regrowth ( weber , 2003 ) . it is warned that gloves should be used for any hand - pulling operation , and a mask if there is pollen or dry , powdery material to be handled .\nasav and kadioglu ( 2008 ) demonstrated effective control of c . maculatum by solarisation in turkey .\nagonopterix alstroemeriana ( moth ) has been introduced and spread naturally in the usa and new zealand . the caterpillars of the moth can cause almost complete defoliation of the weed . their use has been approved in usa for biological control and the moth has been utilized in eradication programmes ( mckenna et al . , 2001 ) . caterpillars are collected from infested areas and spread to where they are needed . care is needed to avoid excessive contact with the weed , and gloves are advised .\nglyphosate is effective , but control is influenced by the surfactant used in the formulation ( gonzalez - gutierrez et al . , 2000 ) .\nother effective post - emergent herbicides include 2 , 4 - d ester , 2 , 4 - d amine , dicamba and triclopyr ( weber , 2003 ) . effective pre - emergence herbicides include imazapyr , tebuthiuron , chlorsulfuron , metsulfuron , hexazinone , metribuzin , terbacil , aminopyralid .\nherbicides for specific crops include pyridate and propaquizafop in chickpea ; clopyralid in rapeseed ; hexazinone , metribuzin and terbacil in lucerne / alfalfa . in clover - based pastures , flumetsulam or bentazone were better than 2 , 4 - db ( gawn et al . , 2012 ) .\n\u2018basic management recommendations to reduce reproductive losses to poisonous plants include : ( 1 ) keep good records ; ( 2 ) know what poisonous plants grow on ranges and understand their effects ; ( 3 ) develop a management plan to provide for alternate grazing in poisonous plant - free pastures during critical times ; ( 4 ) provide for balanced nutrition , including protein , energy , minerals and vitamins ; ( 5 ) maintain a good herd health program ; ( 6 ) integrate a herbicide treatment programme to reduce poisonous plant populations or to maintain clean pastures for alternate grazing ; and ( 7 ) manage the range for maximum forage production . \u2019\nalinezhad s ; kamalzadeh a ; rezaee mb ; jaimand k ; shams - ghahfarokhi m ; razzaghi - abyaneh m , 2012 . inhibitory effects of some native medicinal plants on aspergillus parasiticus growth and aflatoxin production . acta horticulturae [ i international symposium on mycotoxins in nuts and dried fruits , damghan , iran ] , 963 : 207 - 210 .\nasav \u00fc ; kadioglu i , 2008 . effects of soil solarization and poultry manure combinations on seed germination of some weed species . ( toprak solarizasyonu ile tavuk g\u00fcbresigt ; kombinasyonunun bazi yabanci ot tohumlarinin \u00e7imlenmelerine etkileri ) . t\u00fcrkiye herboloji dergisi , 12 ( 2 ) : 11 - 22 .\nbaskin jm ; baskin cc , 1990 . seed germination ecology of poison hemlock , conium maculatum . canadian journal of botany , 68 ( 9 ) : 2018 - 2024 .\nbotanical . com , 2015 . hemlock . electronic version of\na modern herbal\nby mrs m . grieve . urltoken\ncao l ; larson j ; berent l ; fusaro a , 2015 . nonindigenous aquatic species database : conium maculatum . gainesville , florida , usa : us geological survey .\ncastells e ; berenbaum mr , 2008a . resistance of the generalist moth trichoplusia ni ( noctuidae ) to a novel chemical defense in the invasive plant conium maculatum . chemoecology , 18 ( 1 ) : 11 - 18 .\ncastells e ; berenbaum mr , 2008b . host plant selection by a monophagous herbivore is not mediated by quantitative changes in unique plant chemistry : agonopterix alstroemeriana and conium maculatum . arthropod - plant interactions , 2 ( 1 ) : 43 - 51 .\nceh , 2004 . information sheet 15 : poison - hemlock . wallingford , uk : centre for ecology and hydrology , 3 pp . urltoken\nchileflora , 2006 . conium maculatum l . talca , chile : chileflora . urltoken\ncouncil of heads of australasian herbaria , 2015 . australia ' s virtual herbarium . australia : council of heads of australasian herbaria . urltoken\ncsontos p , 2008 . longevity of conium maculatum l . achenes in a 6 - year - long seed burial experiment . ( a b\u00fcr\u00f6k ( conium maculatum l . ) term\u00e9seinek t\u00fal\u00e9l\u00e9se a talajban ) . n\u00f6v\u00e9nyv\u00e9delem , 44 ( 9 ) : 441 - 443 .\ndauncey ea , 2010 . poisonous plants : a guide for parents and childcare providers . richmond , uk : royal botanic gardens kew , 180 pp .\ndayan ad , 2009 . what killed socrates ? toxicological considerations and questions . postgraduate medical journal , 85 ( 999 ) : 34 - 37 .\ndistribution maps of plant pests , 1957 . psila rosae [ distribution map 84 ] . wallingford , uk : cab international .\nditomaso jm ; roncoroni ja ; swain sv ; wright sd , 2014 . pest notes : poison hemlock . davis , california , usa : statewide ipm program , agriculture and natural resources , university of california . [ uc anr publication 74162 . ] urltoken\ndodds cj ; henderson if , 2002 . control of slug and snail damage using low toxicity , plant - derived repellents and antifeedants . hgca project report , no . 294 : 49 pp .\neastwell kc ; glass jr ; seymour lm ; druffel kj , 2008 . first report of infection of poison hemlock and celery by apium virus y in washington state . plant disease , 92 ( 12 ) : 1710 .\nfletcher jd , 2001 . new hosts of alfalfa mosaic virus , cucumber mosaic virus , potato virus y , soybean dwarf virus , and tomato spotted wilt virus in new zealand . new zealand journal of crop and horticultural science , 29 ( 3 ) : 213 - 217 .\nflora of china editorial committee , 2015 . flora of china . st . louis , missouri and cambridge , massachusetts , usa : missouri botanical garden and harvard university herbaria . urltoken\ngawn tl ; harrington kc ; matthew c , 2012 . weed control in establishing mixed swards of clover , plantain and chicory . new zealand plant protection [ new zealand plant protection society ' s annual conference , rutherford hotel , nelson , new zealand , 14 - 16 august 2012 . ] , 65 : 59 - 63 . urltoken\ngoeden rd ; ricker dw , 1982 . poison hemlock , conium maculatum , in southern california - an alien weed attacked by few insects . annals of the entomological society of america , 75 ( 2 ) : 173 - 176 .\ngonzalez - gutierrez j ; osuna md ; de prado r , 2000 . behaviour of glyphosate in conium maculatum control . mededelingen - faculteit landbouwkundige en toegepaste biologische wetenschappen , universiteit gent [ proceedings , 52nd international symposium on crop protection , gent , belgium , 9 may 2000 , part i . ] , 65 ( 2a ) : 157 - 160 .\ngracia o ; feldman jm , 1977 . isolation and identification of two celery viruses in argentina . plant disease reporter , 61 ( 11 ) : 905 - 908 .\ngulezian pz ; ison jl ; granberg kj , 2012 . establishment of an invasive plant species ( conium maculatum ) in contaminated roadside soil in cook county , illinois . american midland naturalist , 168 ( 2 ) : 375 - 395 .\ngulzar p ; kausar t ; sahaf ka ; munshi na ; ahmad s ; raja ta , 2013 . screening of ethanolic extracts of various botanicals against fusarium pallidoroseum ( cooke ) sacc . - the causal agent of twig blight of mulberry . indian journal of sericulture , 52 ( 1 ) : 24 - 28 .\nherbs2000 . com , 2015 . homeopathy - conium maculatum . herbs2000 . com . urltoken\nhowell we ; mink gi , 1977 . the role of weed hosts , volunteer carrots , and overlapping growing seasons in the epidemiology of carrot thin leaf and carrot motley dwarf viruses in central washington . plant disease reporter , 61 ( 3 ) : 217 - 222 .\njames lf ; nielsen db ; panter ke , 1992 . impact of poisonous plants on the livestock industry . journal of range management , 45 ( 1 ) : 3 - 8 .\nkielland - lund j ; often a , 1998 . conium maculatum in hedmark county , eastern norway . ( giftkjeks conium maculatum pa hedemarken . ) blyttia , 56 ( 2 ) : 92 - 93 .\nlorenzi h , 1982 . plantas daninhas do brasil . nova odessa , san paulo , brazil : h . lorenzi .\nmagyar d ; t\u00f3th s , 2003 . data to the knowledge of the microscopic fungi in the forests around budakeszi ( buda hills , hungary ) . acta phytopathologica et entomologica hungarica , 38 ( 1 / 2 ) : 61 - 72 .\nmckenna dd ; zangerl ar ; berenbaum mr , 2001 . a native hymenopteran predator of agonopterix alstroemeriana ( lepidoptera : oecophoridae ) in east - central illinois . great lakes entomologist , 34 ( 1 ) : 71 - 75 .\nmilanova sd ; nikolova v ; maneva s , 2003 . some morphological and bioecological characteristics of conium maculatum l . in : uygur s , kol\u00f6ren o , eds . proceedings of the 7th ewrs ( european weed research society ) mediterranean symposium . doorwerth , netherlands : european weed research society , 161 - 162 .\nmissouri botanical garden , 2015 . tropicos database . st . louis , missouri , usa : missouri botanical garden . urltoken\nmitich lw , 1998 . poison - hemlock ( conium maculatum l . ) . weed technology , 12 ( 1 ) : 194 - 197 .\nnemeth i , 2001 . weed flora of fields set - aside for a long period in northern hungary . novenytermeles , 50 ( 2 / 3 ) : 217 - 230 .\nnielsen db ; james lf , 1992 . economic impact of poisonous plants on livestock production . in : james lf , keeler rf , bailey em , cheeke pr , hegarty mp , eds . poisonous plants : proceedings of the third international symposium . ames , usa : iowa state university press , 3 - 10 .\npanter ke ; james lf ; gardner dr ; ralphs mh ; pfister ja ; stegelmeier bl ; lee st , 2002 . reproductive losses to poisonous plants : influence of management strategies . journal of range management , 55 ( 3 ) : 301 - 308 .\npanter ke ; keeler rf , 1993 . quinolizidine and piperidine alkaloid teratogens from poisonous plants and their mechanism of action in animals . veterinary clinics of north america , food animal practice , 9 ( 1 ) : 33 - 40 .\nparsons wt ; cuthbertson eg , 1992 . noxious weeds of australia . melbourne , australia : inkata press , 692 pp .\npier , 2015 . pacific islands ecosystems at risk . honolulu , usa : hear , university of hawaii . urltoken\nreynolds t , 2005 . hemlock alkaloids from socrates to poison aloes . phytochemistry , 66 ( 12 ) : 1399 - 1406 .\nroyal new zealand institute of horticulture , 2015 . conium maculatum : hemlock . in : popay i , champion p , james t , eds . an illustrated guide to common weeds of new zealand ( reproduced online version ) . canterbury , new zealand : new zealand plant protection society . urltoken\nthe poison garden , 2015 . conium maculatum , poison hemlock . alnwick , uk : the poison garden . urltoken\nthompson gm , 1922 . the naturalisation of animals and plants in new zealand . london , uk : cambridge university press , 607 pp .\ntoxinz poisons information , 2015 . conium maculatum . dunedin , new zealand : national poisons centre . urltoken\nusda , 2015 . field guide for managing poison hemlock in the southwest . washington dc , usa : us department of agriculture , 12 pp . urltoken\nusda - ars , 2015 . germplasm resources information network ( grin ) . online database . beltsville , maryland , usa : national germplasm resources laboratory . urltoken\nusda - nrcs , 2015 . the plants database . baton rouge , usa : national plant data center . urltoken\nvenclov\u00e1 v ; neck\u00e1r k ; brant v , 2007 . the influence of field border plant communities on the occurrence of conium maculatum ( l . ) in agrophytocoenoses . in : floistad e , ed . european weed research society , 14th ewrs symposium , hamar , norway , 17 - 21 june 2007 . doorwerth , netherlands : european weed research society , 227 .\nvetter j , 2004 . poison hemlock ( conium maculatum l . ) . food and chemical toxicology , 42 ( 9 ) : 1373 - 1382 .\nwebb cj ; sykes wr ; garnock - jones pj , 1988 . flora of new zealand , volume iv : naturalised pteridophytes , gymnosperms , dicotyledons . christchurch , new zealand : botany division , dsir , 1365 pp .\nweber e , 2003 . invasive plant species of the world : a reference guide to environmental weeds . wallingford , uk : cab international , 548 pp .\nwebmd , 2015 . find a vitamin or supplement - hemlock . new york , usa : webmd . urltoken ; = hemlock\nwoodard ca , 2008 . poison hemlock ( conium maculatum l . ) : biology , implications for pastures and response to herbicides . ms thesis . columbia , usa : university of missouri , 80 pp .\nwunderlin rp ; hansen bf , 2008 . atlas of florida vascular plants . tampa , florida , usa : university of south florida . urltoken\none or more of the features that are needed to show you the maps functionality are not available in the web browser that you are using .\nplease consider upgrading your browser to the latest version or installing a new browser .\nh . sosnowskyi is a monocarpic biennial or perennial plant that grows up to 3 m tall . leaves are divided into segments and can reach up to 3 m in length . white or pinkish flowers are organized in umbels and flower . . .\nheracleum sosnowskyi ( sosnowskyi ' s hogweed ) ; habit . shkmeri , georgia . july 2009 .\npublic domain / via wikipedia - released by its author , popadius . this applies worldwide .\nh . sosnowskyi is a monocarpic biennial or perennial plant that grows up to 3 m tall . leaves are divided into segments and can reach up to 3 m in length . white or pinkish flowers are organized in umbels and flowering occurs in the second year or later ( nielsen et al . , 2005 ) . an average plant can produce around 9000 fruits ( tkatschenko , 1989 ) . the mother plant dies after producing seeds , however the plant is reported to live up to 6 years before flowering ( satsiperova , 1984 ) . the whole plant contains photosensitizing furanocoumarins that can burn and / or blister human skin ( after contact with plant sap and subsequent uv irradiation ) .\nthe plant\u2019s large size , high fecundity , early germination and vigorous growth makes h . sosnowskyi a very successful invader that can out - compete local flora , cause river bank erosion and is toxic to humans .\nhad been cultivated for biomass and silage production in the former ussr in the second half of the twentieth century . from the 1990s there were reports of the plant escaping from cultivation and methods of treating\net al . , 2005 ) . the plant is listed as invasive in several european lists and databases , e . g . eppo , nobanis , daisie .\n( hoffm . ) m . bieb . , which she regarded as endemic to crimea . later authors consider\na . v . yena and e . s . kraynyuk speculate that h . sosnowskyi is synonymous with h . pubescens ( greuter and raus , 2007 ) but more research needs to be done to confirm this .\nthe section pubescentia comprises other heracleum species that have been reported as invasive in europe and / or north america : h . mantegazzianum sommier & levier and h . persicum desf . ex fisch . recent molecular - genetic studies showed close genetic relationship between all three invasive species , particularly between h . sosnowskyi and h . mantegazzianum ( jahodov\u00e1 et al . , 2007b ; logacheva et al . , 2008 ) . however , not all species from the section pubescentia were analysed in either study .\nbecause h . sosnowskyi and h . mantegazzianum are not only genetically but also morphologically very similar , several botanists consider h . sosnowskyi only a subtaxon of h . mantegazzianum or h . pubescens . therefore , h . sosnowskyi does not appear in the lists of weedy flora in many ( western - ) european countries ( kabuce , 2006 ) . for practical reasons in countries where both species invade , authorities often collect combined data on distribution and monitoring of these two species ( personnel are not trained to distinguish the two species , which requires specialist expertise ) .\nh . sosnowskyi has been bred and hybridized with other heracleum species . popular varieties were \u2018uspekh\u2019 and \u2018severzhanin\u2019 ( boodiak et al . , 1981 ; satsiperova , 1984 ; eppo , 2008 ) .\nas well as sosnowskyi\u2019s hogweed , other common names have been used for h . sosnowskyi in english . these include giant hogweed , giant cow parsnip ( normally used for h . mantegazzianum ) , cow parsnip ( the common name of north american h . lanatum [ h . sphondylium subsp . montanum ] ) or cow parsley ( the common name of anthriscus sylvestris ) .\nthe type specimen was collected in georgia , in \u2018meschetia , distr . adygeni in pratis silvaticis in itinere ad jalas lelovani , 9 / 8 / 1936\u2019 , and is deposited in tbilisi ( tbi ) .\ndetailed descriptions can be found in mandenova ( 1950 ) , satsiperova ( 1984 ) and other descriptions are given in nielsen et al . ( 2005 ) , kabuce ( 2006 ) and eppo ( 2008 ) .\nh . sosnowskyi is native to the eastern main caucasian ridge and south - western and eastern transcaucasia ( mandenova , 1950 ) . countries in this region that have h . sosnowskyi among their native flora are georgia , russia , armenia , azerbaijan and turkey . type locality lies in meschetia district , adygeni in georgia .\nin europe the plant is distributed mainly in eastern parts - reflecting the history of planting in the former ussr . most invaded areas are estonia , latvia , lithuania . there are reports of\nbeing invasive in belarus , hungary , poland , ukraine and european parts of russia , however , detailed distribution for those areas is not known . in denmark there is only one known population from ryvangen naturpark in copenhagen (\nj . thiele , institute of landscape ecology , m\u00fcnster , germany , personal communication ) .\nafter world war ii ( in 1946 - 1947 ) the seeds of h . sosnowskyi were brought to the polar - alpine botanical garden - institute ( pabgi ) in kirovsk , northern russia , where experiments took place to investigate the usefulness of this plant as fodder ( silage ) . in 1953 similar experiments began in leningrad ( st petersburg ) - in cooperation with three institutes ( the komarov botanical institute and two agricultural institutes ) . the aim of the experiments and breeding was to produce highly productive cultivars that would have minimal furanocoumarin content .\nseeds of h . sosnowskyi for the first experiments were obtained from kabardino - balkaria ( north caucasus , russia ) , however later reports mention seeds from other sources , e . g . dagestan ( east caucasus , russia ) ( marchenko , 1954 ; satsiperova , 1984 ; jahodov\u00e1 et al . , 2007a ) . breeding programmes later spread to many other places in the former ussr ( including belarus , estonia , latvia , lithuania , ukraine ) . reports of introduction to these regions do not detail whether seeds were distributed only via the leningrad and / or kirovsk institutes or whether additional seeds were obtained from the native range of h . sosnowskyi ."]}
{"id": 2179, "summary": [{"text": "abalistes stellatus is a member of the triggerfish family that occurs along the coasts of the indian ocean , the red sea , the persian gulf , and along the western edge of the pacific ocean . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "abalistes stellatus", "paragraphs": ["citation : - abalistes stellatus . malaysia biodiversity information system ( mybis ) . urltoken downloaded on 10 july 2018 .\nthere are no known species - specific conservation measures in place for abalistes stellatus . however , there are several marine protected areas within its distribution , including the jubail marine wildlife sanctuary , where abalistes stellatus has been recorded ( krupp and m\u00fcller 1994 ) .\na starry triggerfish , abalistes stellatus , at lizard island , great barrier reef , queensland . source : anne hoggett / lizard island filed guide , urltoken license : cc by attribution\nabalistes stellatus is rather common in the persian gulf and often observed in markets ( kuronuma and abe 1972 ) . oceanographic data suggests that a rescue effect through the strait of hormuz is negligible .\nsynonymy trated as a synonym of abalistes stellaris in fishbase , not by eschmeyer . [ details ]\nabalistes stellatus is taken incidentally by bottom trawls and utilized for human consumption ( hutchins 1984 ) , however , this is not thought to be a major threat at this time ( k . matsuura pers . comm . 2014 ) .\nbalistes stellatus anonymous 1798 , allgemeine literatur - zeitung , berlin 3 ( 287 ) : 682 . type locality : mauritius .\n( of balistes stellatus anonymous , 1798 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nmatsuura , keiichi , and tetsuo yoshino , 2004 : a new triggerfish of the genus abalistes ( tetraodontiformes : balistidae ) from the western pacific . records of the australian museum , vol . 56 . 189 - 194 .\nthe similar hairfin triggerfish , abalistes filamentosus has filamentous upper and lower caudal - fin rays , 3\u20134 longitudinal grooves on the cheek , and lacks the yellow or pale blue spots and yellow reticulations on the body of the starry triggerfish .\na greyish to greenish - brown triggerfish becoming whitish below , with four large white blotches along the back ( the last on the caudal peduncle ) , pale yellowish - brown spots on the body , and sometimes a white streak on the upper midside . video of starry triggerfish ( abalistes stellatus ) , coral trout ( plectropomus leopardus ) , and yellowtail fusiliers ( caesio cuning ) at a baited remote underwater video camera ( bruv ) in the blue zone , at karamea bank , queensland .\n. two similar specific names , stellaris and stellatus , have been used for this triggerfish by many authors . based on reviews of the descriptions made by lacep\u00e8de in 1798 by anonymous in an article in the allgemeine literatur - zeitung ( general literature newspaper ) , matsuura and yoshino ( 2004 ) conclude that\npufferfishes found in a fish landing place 60 km north of nha trang in southern vietnam ( a ) and a fish market in sabah , malaysia ( b ) : a many small pufferfishes of lagocephalus and a large specimen of l . inermis in the center ; b large specimens of arothron hispidus , a . reticularis , and a . stellatus\nrepresentatives of the 10 extant families of tetraodontiformes . a triacanthodidae , triacanthodes anomalus ; b triacanthidae , triacanthus biaculeatus ; c balistidae , abalistes filamentosus ; d monacanthidae , thamnaconus hypargyreus ; e aracanidae , kentrocapros aculeatus ; f ostraciidae , ostracion immaculatus ; g triodontidae triodon macropterus ; h tetraodonitidae , arothron mappa ; i diodontidae , diodon liturosus ; j molidae , masturus lanceolatus . photographs of a and e provided by bsku ; b , d , f , h , and i by kaum ; c and g by nsmt ; j by hideki sugiyama\ngreek , a = without + greek , ballo = to throw ( ref . 45335 )\nmarine ; reef - associated ; depth range 7 - 350 m ( ref . 58488 ) . tropical ; 30\u00b0n - 38\u00b0s , 32\u00b0e - 179\u00b0w ( ref . 56007 )\nindo - west pacific : red sea and persian gulf to south africa ( also reported from west africa ) , east to the western pacific .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 60 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 11441 )\ndorsal spines ( total ) : 3 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 25 - 27 ; anal soft rays : 24 - 25 . body grey brown to olivaceous dorsally with very small pale spots , becoming whitish ventrally with brownish yellow spots many of which anastomose into a reticulum ; 3 large oval white spots along the back and a small one dorsally on caudal peduncle ; a broad white streak often on side of body posterior to upper end of gill opening . an oblique groove before the eye . behind gill opening are large osseous scales . greatest body depth 2 - 2 . 5 sl . first dorsal spine 1 . 6 - 1 . 9 hl ; 3rd dorsal spine about 1 / 3 length of first spine . front of soft dorsal and anal fins not elevated ; caudal fin double emarginate , lobes longer with growth . depressed caudal peduncle , width greater than least depth , very slender and tapering , much longer than deep ( ref . 11441 ) .\ninhabits mud and silt sand bottoms ( ref . 11441 , 48637 ) . adults on deep coastal slopes and usually seen swimming high above the bottom , sometimes found in estuaries . juveniles in sheltered coastal bays and estuaries with outcrops of rubble or debris on open substrates ( ref . 48637 ) .\nrandall , j . e . , 1995 . coastal fishes of oman . university of hawaii press , honolulu , hawaii . 439 p . ( ref . 11441 )\n) : 18 . 5 - 28 . 1 , mean 25 ( based on 856 cells ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 6250 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 02570 ( 0 . 01243 - 0 . 05316 ) , b = 2 . 94 ( 2 . 77 - 3 . 11 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 4 \u00b10 . 4 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : moderate vulnerability ( 45 of 100 ) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\npictures | can ' t connect to mysql database fbwebwritev4 . errorcode : too many connections\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ninhabits coastal areas , usually found on sand , sponge , and weed bottoms to depths of 100 m ( hutchins 1984 ) . juveniles are found in estuarine areas ( kuiter and tonozuka 2001 ) .\n1997 ) . the recorded maximum total length ( tl ) is 60 cm ( hutchins 1984 ) .\nis taken incidentally by bottom trawls and marketed fresh and dried salted ( hutchins 1984 ) . often observed in persian gulf markets ( kuronuma and abe 1972 ) .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\ndorsal fin iii + 25 - 27 ; anal fin 24 - 25 . an oblique groove before the eye ; large bony scales behind gill opening ; greatest body depth 2 - 2 . 5 sl . caudal peduncle depressed , width greater than least depth , very slender and tapering , much longer than deep first dorsal spine 1 . 6 - 1 . 9 hl ; 3rd dorsal spine about 1 / 3 length of first spine . front of soft dorsal and anal fins not elevated ; caudal fin double emarginate , lobes longer with growth .\nthe marine fishes of north - western australia . a field guide for anglers and divers\n. perth , wa : western australian museum vi 201 pp . , 70 pls .\nanonymous 1798 . review of tome i of ` histoire naturelle des poissons ' by lac\u00e9p\u00e8de ( 1798 ) .\nhutchins , b . 2004 . fishes of the dampier archipelago , western australia .\njohnson , j . w . 1999 . annotated checklist of the fishes of moreton bay , queensland , australia .\njohnson , j . w . 2010 . fishes of the moreton bay marine park and adjacent continental shelf waters , queensland , australia . pp . 299 - 353 in davie , p . j . f . & phillips , j . a . proceedings of the thirteenth international marine biological workshop , the marine fauna and flora of moreton bay .\njordan , d . s . & seale , a . 1906 . the fishes of samoa . description of the species found in the archipelago , with a provisional checklist of the fishes of oceania . b\n. sydney , nsw , australia : new holland publishers xvii , 434 pp .\nlarson , h . k . , williams , r . s . & hammer , m . p . 2013 . an annotated checklist of the fishes of the northern territory , australia .\nmatsuura , k . 1980 . a revision of the japanese balistoid fishes . i . family balistidae .\nmatsuura , k . 2014 . taxonomy and systematics of tetraodontiform fishes : a review focusing primarily on progress in the period 1980 to 2014 . review for ipfc9 special issue .\n. the iucn red list of threatened species 2015 : e . t193587a56996805 . downloaded on 09 march 2018 .\nreef and shore fishes of the south pacific . new caledonia to tahiti and the pitcairn islands .\nrichardson , j . 1846 . description of six fish taken by the officers of the beagle on the coasts of australia . 484 - 497 pls 1 - 4 in stokes , j . l . ( ed . )\nrussell , b . c . 1983 . annotated checklist of the coral reef fishes in the capricorn - bunker group , great barrier reef , australia .\nthe webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 license\neschmeyer , w . n . ; fricke , r . ; van der laan , r . ( eds ) . ( 2017 ) . catalog of fishes : genera , species , references . electronic version . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nfroese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nliu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\neschmeyer , w . n . ( ed ) . catalog of fishes . urltoken electronic version accessed 03 - nov - 2014\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\ninhabits mud and silt sand bottoms ( ref . 11441 , 48637 ) . adults on deep coastal slopes and usually seen swimming high above the bottom , sometimes found in estuaries . juveniles in sheltered coastal bays and estuaries with outcrops of rubble or debris on open substrates ( ref . 48637 ) .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nmcculloch , a . r . 1929 ,\na check - list of the fishes recorded from australia . part iii\n, records of the australian museum , vol . 5 , pp . 329\u2013436\nrichardson , j . 1846 ,\ndescription of six fish taken by the officers of the beagle on the coasts of australia\n, ed . stokes , j . l . ( ed . ) , discoveries in australia , vol . 1 , pp . 484 - 497 pls 1 - 4 , t . & w . boone , london\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 994a75d7 - e293 - 42fb - be3f - 7895efc3a056\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : f27d4ace - 8e5d - 4686 - aa37 - 5cdf517559aa\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 354058\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\na starry triggerfish ( ams i . 44703 - 004 ) collected at palfrey island , queensland , 5 sep 2008 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nscales of starry triggerfish enlarged above pectoral - fin base and just behind gill opening to form a flexible tympanum ; terminal mouth and depressed and wider caudal peduncle . it has grayish brown to olivaceous on back with small pale blue or yellow spots dorsally and large yellow spots ventrally and 3 large white blotches on back . this species occurring in sand , sponge and weed bottoms . it feeds on marine invertebrates .\nyoshida , t , motomura , h , musikasinthorn , p & matsuura , , k ( 2013 ) . fishes of northern gulf of thailand , volume 8 . national museum of nature and science , tsukuba . research institute for humanity and nature , kyoto . kagoshima university museum , kagoshima . , japan . pp . 239 .\nmatsunuma , m . , motomura , h . , matsuura , k . , shazili , n . a . m . & ambak , m . a . ( 2011 ) . fishes of terengganu : east coast of malay peninsula , malaysia . national museum of nature and science , universiti malaysia terengganu and kagoshima universiti museum , malaysia . pp . ix + 251 .\nacknowledgements : - ms . aida salihah binti abu bakar , ms . nurfadzilah bt azmi , ms . nurfarhana hizan binti hijas , nursyafiqa madzlen , siti zubaidah binti abdul latif & mr . yasser mohamed arifin\nfeedback : - if you see any errors or have any questions or suggestions on what is shown on this page , please provide us with feedback .\nget updates and an exclusive news when you sign up to our free newsletter .\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 , ministry of natural resources and environment ( nre ) . all rights reserved . disclaimer - the malaysian government , and ministry of natural resources and environment ( nre ) shall not be liable for any loss or damage caused by the usage of any information obtained from this website . by entering this site , you acknowledge and agree that no portion of this site , including but not limited to names , logos , trademarks , patents , sound , graphics , charts , text , audio , video , information or images are either mybis property or the property permitted by third - party and shall not be used without prior written approval from the owner ( s ) .\nbest viewed using latest mozila firefox , google chrome and internet explorer 10 with resolution 1024 x 768px or above . version 2 . 0 / 2016\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nchinese academy of fishery sciences ( 2003 ) chinese aquatic germplasm resources database . : urltoken\neschmeyer , w . n . ; fricke , r . ; van der laan , r . ( eds ) . ( 2017 ) . catalog of fishes : genera , species , references . electronic version .\nfroese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication .\nkhalaf , m . a . and a . m . disi ( 1997 ) fishes of the gulf of aqaba . : marine science station , aqaba , jordan . 252 p .\nkinch , j . ( 1999 ) economics and environment in island melanesia : a general overview of resource use and livelihoods on brooker island in the calvados chain of the louisiade archipelago , milne bay province , papua new guinea . : a report prepared for conservation international , port moresby , national capital district , papua new guinea .\nkuiter , r . h . and t . tonozuka ( 2001 ) pictorial guide to indonesian reef fishes . part 3 . jawfishes - sunfishes , opistognathidae - molidae . : zoonetics , australia . p . 623 - 893 .\nliu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . < em > china science press . < / em > 1267 pp .\nmyers , r . f . ( 1999 ) micronesian reef fishes : a comprehensive guide to the coral reef fishes of micronesia , 3rd revised and expanded edition . : coral graphics , barrigada , guam . 330 p .\noceana philippines international ( 2016 ) atong ta\u00f1on , atong ampingan : fisheries challenges in the ta\u00f1on strait protected seascape . : manila : oceana philippines , 48 p . urltoken [ accessed 27 / 09 / 16 ] .\nrandall , j . e . ( 1995 ) coastal fishes of oman . : university of hawaii press , honolulu , hawaii . 439 p .\nrandall , j . e . , g . r . allen and r . c . steene ( 1990 ) fishes of the great barrier reef and coral sea . : university of hawaii press , honolulu , hawaii . 506 p .\nstobbs , r . e . ( 1990 ) comorian fish names with a preliminary list of malagasy common names . : investigational report no . 35\nthaman , r . r . , t . fong and a . balawa ( 2008 ) ilava ni navakavu : finfishes of vanua navakavu , viti levu , fiji islands . : sprh - fio biodiversity and ethnobiodiversity report no . 4 , the university of the south pacific , suva , fiji islands .\nwu , h . l . , k . - t . shao and c . f . lai ( eds . ) ( 1999 ) latin - chinese dictionary of fishes names . : the sueichan press , taiwan . 1028 p .\nwe use cookies on this website . by using this site , you agree that we may store and access cookies on your device . more information\nthis article was published as an online first article on the online publication date shown on this page . the article should be cited by using the doi number .\ntetraodontiform fishes are distributed in tropical to temperate seas and freshwaters of the world . they show a remarkable diversity in shape , size , and way of life ( fig .\n) . because of their peculiar morphological characters , tetraodontiforms have long attracted the attention of ichthyologists and biologists .\n) provided their interpretations of the phylogenetic relationships of tetraodontiforms based on myology and osteology , respectively .\n) published an excellent monograph on the superfamily triacanthoidea including the triacanthodidae and triacanthidae . he recognized 19 triacanthodid species in 11 genera ( table\n) , their taxonomic features are not repeated here , except for new information that provides a better understanding of taxa .\nmany species of the triacanthodidae are known from the tropical and warm regions of the indo - pacific . however , five species are distributed in the western atlantic :\nwith a color photograph based on specimens collected from off surinam . mceachran and fechhelm (\nfrom the gulf of mexico and off greater new england , respectively . tyler et al . (\nto the northeast coast of the usa off massachusetts , whereas this species had previously only been known from the florida keys , bahamas , bermuda , gulf of mexico , caribbean , and south to brazil , with the new northern occurence perhaps associated with warming currents along the east coast of north america .\nin contrast to the atlantic spikefishes , many papers on indo - pacific spikefishes were published after 1980 . matsuura (\nbased on 13 specimens collected from the western indian ocean . this species is characterized by relatively large nasal organs compared to other species of\nbased on 25 specimens collected from the marquesas islands . in addition to these contributions , papers and books on taxonomic and zoogeographical studies of spikefishes were published by authors from various countries including australia , china , japan , korea , russia , taiwan , ukraine , and the usa .\nwith detailed descriptions and color photographs of fresh specimens collected from the kyushu - palau ridge . matsuura (\n, these are the first records for the species from new caledonia . chen et al . (\n) were based on specimens deposited at museums and institutions in taiwan and the usa . larson et al . (\nhas a narrower pelvis , a shorter postorbital length , a less distinctly supraterminal mouth , and a more concave snout profile . because the holotype of\n) concluded that the most reliable character separating the two species is the degree of concavity of the snout . the depth of the snout in the middle of its length is 10 . 8\u221213 . 4 % sl ( average 12 . 0 ) in\n) confirmed this difference in three specimens ( 86 . 2\u221293 . 0 mm sl ) of\n) provided keys to the genera and species of spikefishes known from south and east africa . he recognized 11 species in this region :\n) studied coastal fishes of the arabian sea based on specimens collected by research vessels of russia and ukraine from 1967 to 1991 . they also examined specimens collected by the german\n, which are deposited at the zoological museum of hamburg university . the two authors recorded\n( previously known only from the holotype , 52 . 2 mm sl from the andaman sea and a non - type specimen , 66 . 0 mm sl from off somalia in the western indian ocean ) , but did not provide descriptions of the two species . the specimens they studied are deposited at the national museum of natural history , national academy of sciences , ukraine , the zoological museum of the russian academy of sciences , and the zoological museum of moscow state university . in addition to these , venkataramanujam et al . (\nthis brief historical review clearly shows that there are many collection lacunae with respect to the distribution and diversity of spikefishes in the world oceans . new caledonia is one example of how collection efforts could provide us with better understanding of spikefish diversity . when matsuura and fourmanoir (\nfrom new caledonia , only two type specimens were available for their study . long - term deep - water surveys by orstom around new caledonia added six species of spikefishes including 16 specimens of\n) . many regions of the world oceans need to be surveyed , but the most promising areas would be waters in french polynesia and the indian ocean coast of sumatra and java in indonesia . japanese and indonesian fisheries agencies have recently implemented a joint survey along the indian ocean coast of sumatra and java . their surveys have resulted in many interesting spikefishes , including two undescribed species and several rarely collected species , which will be published elsewhere ( matsuura and kawai in preparation ) .\n) reported that four specimens from the gulf of thailand near paknam have differences in eye size and the width of the interorbital space . two of these specimens ( 111 . 5 mm sl and 113 . 9 mm sl ) have exceptionally large eyes ( 10 . 4 % sl ) and the other two ( 105 . 6 mm sl and 107 . 9 mm sl ) have a normal eye size ( 7 . 8 and 8 . 5 % sl ) . the two large - eye specimens have eyes that are also larger than those of any other specimens of equivalent size . the large - eye specimens have a wider interorbital space ( 10 . 2\u221210 . 5 % sl vs . 6 . 3\u221210 . 0 % sl in many other specimens ) . tyler (\nbased on color notes or color photographs of fresh specimens , but neither was available for the other species . matsuura (\ncollected from phuket in the andaman sea : body silvery white with light brown tinge on dorsal half of body ; first dorsal spine silvery white with a black membrane between the first and third dorsal spines ; second dorsal , anal , and pectoral fins with light yellowish rays ; caudal fin dark yellow . matsuura (\ncollected from the northern gulf of thailand : body silvery white with several irregular golden brownish markings on head and body ; basal half of first dorsal spine silvery white and proximal half black with yellowish orange first dorsal fin membrane ; second dorsal , anal , and pectoral fins with light yellowish rays ; caudal fin dusky yellow .\n) . after his monograph appeared , many publications on fish faunas , field guides and checklists have provided additional information on triplespine distributions ( e . g . , matsuura\n) reported a 60 - mm sl specimen of this species from freshwater in indonesia .\n) diagnosed and illustrated the 20 species of 10 genera found in japanese waters . his latter paper covered many of the 25 species that were known from the indo - pacific before 1980 . prior to this publication two papers reviewed triggerfishes in the eastern pacific ( berry and baldwin\n. these were important contributions about the taxonomy of triggerfishes up to and including 1980 . a brief historical review of triggerfish taxonomy follows .\n) published a review of the balistidae , one of his series of taxonomic studies of tetraodontiform fishes . he recognized 13 genera in the balistidae and provided a platform for triggerfish taxonomy . although de beaufort and briggs (\n) reviewed triggerfishes of the eastern pacific with comments on fraser - brunner\u2019s classification . they pointed out that fraser - brunner (\non trivial differences of squamation and the anterior few soft rays of the dorsal fin . berry and baldwin (\n( i . e . , triggerfishes of other genera not occurring in the western atlantic ) . just after his review of the western atlantic triggerfishes , moore (\n) also accepted these 11 genera in his phylogenetic study on tetraodontiform fishes . the osteologically based phylogenies of balistoids given by matsuura (\nas a new species , based on a small juvenile washed up on a beach at the mouth of the van stadens river , south africa .\non the basis of two specimens collected off the northeast coast of kume - jima in the ryukyu islands , at depths of 120\u2212150 m , which is quite deep for triggerfishes . matsuura and yoshino (\n, which recognizes 37 species of triggerfishes in 11 genera . in addition to the above contributions , many checklists and illustrated books on shallow - water fishes also provided taxonomic and zoogeographical information of the balistidae and other tetraodontiforms ( b\u00f6hlke and chaplin\nhas 28\u221230 dorsal rays and 24\u221226 anal rays . however , berry and baldwin (\nfrom japan that dorsal rays range from 27 to 30 and anal rays from 24 to 27 . randall (\n) comprised only 50 words with fin ray counts \u201cd . 1 ? , a . 26 , p . 13 . \u201d because the poor original description fits several species of the balistidae , it is impossible to verify that\nin a phylogenetic tree of the balistidae based on molecular analysis . their molecular analysis suggests that\n) represent a single clade . these species should be revisited with detailed morphological examinations .\neast africa , mozambique channel , comores and mascarenes , north to southern japan , ogasawara islands and hawaiian islands , south to new caledonia , lord howe island , rapa and ducie ( pitcairn group ) . east to central america\nthere are no comprehensive reviews of the monacanthidae , although in 1988 barry hutchins provided taxonomic , morphological , and phylogenetic data for all monacanthid species in the world in his doctoral dissertation . some parts of his dissertation were published , however , the taxonomic accounts of many species and genera and the phylogenetic analysis of the genera remain unpublished . hutchins published a series of articles on the monacanthidae between 1977 and 2002 . his first article on australian filefishes recognized 28 genera in australia ( hutchins\n) published a review paper on the monacanthidae ( his aluteridae ) , recognizing 22 genera . although de beaufort and briggs (\nlack long spines or long setae on the mid - side of the body . randall (\n) provided brief accounts and color photographs of 26 monacanthids found in japanese waters . hutchins and matsuura (\nand recognized four species with comments on their ability to inflate the abdomen . hutchins (\n) provided a key and brief taxonomic accounts for 16 species of filefishes found along south africa . hutchins (\n, a detailed study of diagnostic characters , including encasing scales of the posterior end of the pelvis , is needed . hutchins suggested in his dissertation that\nremain . as in the case of triggerfishes , many checklists and illustrated guidebooks have provided much useful information on the taxonomy , distribution , and biology of filefishes ( see the section on the balistidae ) .\ntrunkfishes of the family aracanidae occur in shallow to relatively deep waters in depths from 5 m to 300 m . the species of\nthe aracanidae and ostraciidae have been placed in separate families by some authors ( e . g . , winterbottom\n) , but they have also been treated as two subfamilies of the family ostraciidae by others ( e . g . , winterbottom and tyler\n) . all the above authors recognized the two groups as closely related phylogenetic clades ( sister groups ) , but placed them at different taxonomic ranks . santini and tyler (\n) studied fossils and extant members of the tetraodontiformes extensively and recognized familial groupings for the aracanidae and ostraciidae . recently , santini et al . (\n) investigated the phylogenetic relationships of the aracanidae and ostraciidae based on molecular analysis of many taxa ( nine species of five genera of aracanidae and 17 species of six genera of ostraciidae ) . they demonstrated that the species examined in their studies ( santini and tyler\n) published his article on indian zoology , he used two different spellings for a species of trunkfish . at the beginning of the article , a section titled \u201cdirections for arranging the plates\u201d provided the name of animals in the plates where he presented the name of the trunkfish as \u201cmany spined coffin fish .\n. \u201d plate 98 provided a good illustration of the species showing appropriate characters to identify the species . it is the type species of the subgenus by monotypy . however , in 1838 john e . gray published another paper in which he described three species ,\n\u201d indicating his intention to establish the group at the subgeneric level . although the name\nthus creating a nomenclatural problem . if one follows the priority rule of the code ( iczn\nshould be preserved under article 33 . 3 . 1 of the code , making the spelling of the family group name aracanidae preserved under article 35 . 4 . 1 .\n) provided brief reviews of the family , his accounts of genera and species were cursory as they were based on few specimens and did not provide adequate characteristics for the species treated . kuiter (\nis unique in having a fusiform body and the caudal peduncle nearly completely covered by discrete bony plates . in addition to australian genera of aracanidae , detailed descriptions and illustrations of all four known species of\nkentrocapros eco ( nmnz p . 903 , 102 mm tl , from pahia , bay of islands , new zealand ; a lateral view ; b dorsal view ) and an undescribed species of kentrocapros ( c nsmt - p 43344 , 104 mm sl ) collected from new zealand\nas discussed above , no major taxonomic problems remain in the aracanidae . however , there still remains a need to clarify the nomenclature of some species of anoplocapros as well as the intraspecific variation of morphological characters related to ontogenetic development of kentrocapros .\neastern atlantic from st . helena , ascension and azores islands , ghana and angola\n, he differentiated it from other ostraciid genera by the degree of the development of the dorsal ridge , the convexity of the dorsal surface of the carapace , and the projection of the snout anterior to the mouth . however , the two characters involving the carapace do not clearly differentiate\n, protrudes anteriorly beyond the mouth in adults but not juveniles . in addition , large adults of\nhave a snout protruding to some extent beyond the mouth . these factors led matsuura (\nin their own genus in his key and brief accounts of ostraciids found in the western central pacific . klassen (\nbecause the latter has priority over the former . however , it seems premature to accept his proposal because there are species - level taxonomic problems in several species of\n) provided keys and accounts accompanied by illustrations to boxfishes found in the western atlantic . they recognized five species ,\nare nested in a single clade on the basis of his extensive osteological analysis ; i agree with this .\non the basis of a specimen from queensland , australia . however , there seems little doubt that it is actually\nfrom australia may suggest that the specimen was transferred by ballast water from a ship or released from an aquarium . as with the balistidae , many checklists and illustrated guidebooks have provided a great deal of information on the taxonomy , distribution , and biology of boxfishes ( see the section on the balistidae ) . on the basis of the above overview , i recognize 22 species in the ostraciidae ( table\nholotype of acanthostracion bucephalus ( ams ib . 6355 ) collected from queensland , australia . photograph provided by mark mcgrouther\ntwo forms of tetrosomus reipublicae collected from the ryukyu islands ( a , b ) and kochi , japan ( c ) . a deep body with no blue lines ( bsku 29663 ) ; b , c slender body with wavy blue lines ( b bsku 29697 ; c bsku 59588 )\nis rare in museum collections and poorly known . it is a deep - water species collected at depths of 50\u2212377 m ( kyushin et al .\nin detail , only 20 specimens were available for his study : five from the indian ocean ( mauritius , reunion and india ) and 15 from the west pacific ( indonesia , philippines and japan ) . due to the poor condition of two specimens , tyler (\n) used 18 specimens to determine whether the first dorsal fin , composed of one or two spines , is present or absent . his examination revealed 12 specimens from the west pacific to have a first dorsal fin , and five indian ocean specimens and a specimen from the west pacific to lack a first dorsal fin ( table\n) . however , he did not find other differences between the indian ocean specimens and those from the west pacific . this led him to recognize the two groups as being conspecific . i have recently had the opportunity of examining 28 specimens of\n) also provided frequency distributions of fin - ray counts . my examination of 28 specimens produced almost the same frequency distributions of fin - ray counts as those of tyler (\n) showed that a specimen ( 448 . 3 mm sl ) collected from the volcano islands , south of the ogasawara islands , had a single spine\nfrequency distributions of fin - ray counts in triodon macropterus . counts of fin rays of damaged or abnormal fins are excluded . counts of pectoral - fin rays were obtained from fins on both sides\nwas reported ( with color photographs ) from several areas in the indo - west pacific : the chagos archipelago ( kyushin et al .\nto have the following coloration : body yellowish brown dorsally , becoming white ventrally ; ventral flap yellow in the ventral four - fifths and white in the proximal one - fifth ; a large black ocellus with a narrow white edge in the proximal part of the ventral flap ; second dorsal , anal , pectoral , and caudal fins yellow or yellowish brown ; when present , membrane of first dorsal fin black ( fig .\n( 20 mm sl ) , collected at wallis and futuna at a depth of 245\u2212440 m . they provided detailed characters and the visceral anatomy of the early juvenile that differs from adults in having a huge head ( 45 % sl vs 28 . 5\u221232 . 7 % sl in adults ) , no ventral flap , and different scale structure . juveniles also differ from adults in having a very large distended stomach .\n) . because pufferfishes possess very few external characters useful for taxonomy and specimens are easily distorted when they are fixed in formalin and preserved in ethanol , it is often not easy for ichthyologists to recognize species limits and classify them into natural groups . consequently , they have been poorly studied and taxonomic confusion remains . although the tetraodontidae has never been comprehensively reviewed , the taxonomy of pufferfishes has progressed since fraser - brunner\u2019s (\n, based on osteological characters of the skull , the lateral - line system on the head and body , a skin fold on the ventrolateral side of the body , and spinule distributions on the body . although fraser - brunner (\n) provided keys and accounts of pufferfishes in the seas around japan . subsequently , abe (\nis the appropriate generic name for warmwater pufferfishes found mainly around japan , korea , and china . as with other tetraodontiform families , de beaufort and briggs (\nmarine pufferfishes occurring in warm and tropical regions of the world were studied by many authors from the 1970s to present . allen and randall (\nand described seven new species , bringing the total number of species to 22 . since allen and randall\u2019s (\nfrom the gambier archipelago in french polynesia . in addition , randall et al . (\nfrom the west coast of africa . the above studies bring the total number of species of\nin the atlantic and provided a key to the species , along with detailed accounts of all atlantic species . walker and bussing (\n) . the former is endemic to the atlantic and the latter is distributed in tropical and other warm seas of the world . abe and tabeta (\n) based on an examination of the holotype and many specimens from the red sea . although the genus\nhas not been comprehensively reviewed , an ongoing study by the author has revealed 11 valid species in the genus . this study will be published elsewhere .\n, many species found along the coast of china were not included in his articles . cheng et al . (\nfrom brackish waters of modaomen zhuhai , guangdong . these chinese and japanese authors increased the number of\nspecies making it the second largest genus in the tetraodontidae , with 25 species . however , taxonomic problems still remain in\nas a new genus and species based on a single specimen collected at norfolk island .\nis externally distinguished from other pufferfishes by its nasal apparatus in the form of an open , flat , and relatively unornamented disk . heemstra and smith (\nin the period from 1980 to 1989 , graham s . hardy published a series of papers on the taxonomy of pufferfishes that are distributed mainly in the southern hemisphere . hardy (\nfrom south africa revealed them to be conspecific , making the former a junior synonym of the latter . matsuura (\nis unique in building large spawning nests , called \u201cmystery circles\u201d by local scuba divers . thus , the above studies of\n) discussed nomenclatural issues of the tetraodontidae found in southeast asia in detail . he established the new genus\n, but differentiated from other pufferfishes by their unique color pattern and a very elongate premaxillary pedicel that creates a greatly enlarged open space between their dorsomedial edges . thus , the generic name\nas a new species from the mekong basin of thailand . because of its publication date , july 2013 , the authors were unaware of kottelat\u2019s (\nhave a sufficient number of character differences to warrant being placed in separate genera . the type species of\n. however , this is likely to cause confusion not only in pufferfish taxonomy , but also in the fisheries of east asia where pufferfishes are treated as important and expensive fishes ( e . g . , several species of\ncost about us $ 100 per kilogram at fish markets ) . in addition , because pufferfishes have fatal poison in their viscera , scientific names are very important for food security management in east asia . as suggested by kottelat (\n) , on the basis of the holotype from penang and two additional specimens from the west pacific . matsuura (\nas a new species from the tropical region of the indo - west pacific . matsuura (\nwith a key to species and accounts of all members of the genus including two undescribed species .\nas indicated above , there has been a great deal of progress in taxonomy of the tetraodontidae during the past several decades , especially in the period from the mid - 1970s to the present . however , there remain taxonomic problems in genera such as\nwhere many species await description and detailed morphological and molecular comparisons to classify them into appropriate groups . the taxonomy of pufferfishes in southeast asia is important not only for the understanding of fish diversity of the region , but also for the welfare and food management for humans . dao et al . (\n) reported that the number of victims of food poisoning by eating pufferfishes reached 737 , with 127 mortalities from 1999 to 2003 . due to the lack of knowledge about pufferfishes and their toxicity , pufferfishes are still found in southeast asian fish markets ( fig .\n) , although local and state governments in countries around the south china sea have prohibited the sale of pufferfishes for food .\n) provided a list of synonyms and keys for all species of the diodontidae . keys to regional species were also provided by leis (\n, western indian ocean ; 2001 , eastern indian ocean and western central pacific ; 2003 , western atlantic ) . accounts and color photographs for species of the eastern pacific were provided by allen and robertson (\nreach more than 3 m in length and two tons in weight , it is difficult to preserve specimens of adults in museums . it is also difficult for ichthyologists to obtain measurements and counts on large adult ocean sunfishes in the field , and specimens of\nhave also been rarely collected . since ichthyologists have few opportunities to study an adequate number of adult specimens of ocean sunfishes , authors have been unable to agree how many species in the family , some believing a single species exists in each genus , and others recognizing two species each in\n) published a list of nominal species in the molidae . bass et al (\nis found in all oceans . however , they were unable to differentiate among specimens of\nfrom the west pacific ( taiwan ) and the western atlantic ( florida ) . yoshita et al . (\naround japan . they took measurements and counted 99 specimens of young and adults ( maximum size 332 cm tl , fig .\n) . they showed convincingly that there are two species with clear morphological differences : a well - developed head bump ( head bump height 12 . 1 % tl ) in group a vs . with no distinct head bump ( head bump height 7 . 8 % tl ) in group b , number of clavus fin rays 14\u221217 in group a vs 10\u221213 in group b , number of clavus ossicles 8\u221215 in group a vs . 8\u22129 in group b , and edge of clavus not wavy in group a vs . wavy in group b . yoshita et al . (\nmust await the availability of more specimens from other regions of the world\u2019s oceans for study by both morphological and molecular methods .\n) pioneered the classification of tetraodontiform fishes by placing them in the order plectognathi based on his detailed anatomical studies . since cuvier\u2019s (\n) , yseult le danois tried to destroy the order tetraodontiformes . she stated that the triacanthoids and balisoitds are of acanthurid origin and that the other plectognaths ( her orbiculati ) are not even of percoid derivation , being related to the isospondylous fishes , and that\nis related to the ostracioids rather than the tetraodontids . however , her statements were based on erroneous observations and interpretations of the osteological and myological characters of tetraodontiforms ( tyler\n) supported the monophyly of tetraodontiformes by adding to the already substantial list of synapomorphies . in addition , wiley and johnson (\n) analyzed relationships of tetraodontiformes using cladistic methods . he recognized three major clades : ( 1 ) triacanthodidae + triacanthidae , ( 2 ) ( balistidae + monacanthidae ) + ( aracanidae + ostraciidae ) , and ( 3 ) triodontidae + [ ( tetraodontidae + diodontidae ) + molidae ] ( fig .\n) . the first clade , including the triacanthodidae and triacanthidae , was considered to be the sister group of all other tetraodontiforms . tyler (\n) studied tetraodontiforms extensively and provided a huge number of osteological descriptions , comparative diagnoses , and illustrations for all extant families , major representatives of extant genera , and most of the known fossil taxa of the tetraodontiformes . tyler (\n) , except for placing the superfamily triacanthoidea ( triacanthodidae + triacanthidae ) as the basal sister group to the two superfamilies , the balistoidea ( balistidae and monacanthidae ) and the ostracioidea ( aracanidae and ostraciidae ) .\nphylogenetic relationships of the extant families of tetraodontiformes inferred from cladistic analyses of morphological characters .\n) proposed on the basis of his osteological analysis that zeoids have a sister - group relationship with tetraodontiforms and the two groups are sister to the caproids . leis (\n) used characters of eggs and larvae to investigate tetraodontiform relationships . although no aracanid and triodontid larvae were available for his study , leis (\n) placed the ostraciidae in an unresolved trichotomy , ostraciidae + diodontidae + molidae , and placed the three families as a sister clade to the tetraodontidae ( fig .\nb ) . this was the first time that the ostraciidae was placed in the gymnodonts ( triodontidae , tetraodontidae , diodontidae , and molidae ) . winterbottom and tyler (\n) also provided many synapomorphies involving osteological and myological characters that supported a sister - group relationship of balistoids and ostracioids . klassen (\njames c . tyler and other authors published many papers on fossil tetraodontiforms ( e . g . , tyler and patterson\n) used osteological data on fossil and extant tetraodontiform fishes accumulated by previous contributions to generate a new classification of all known families represented by fossil and extant forms . for extant families , santini and tyler (\n) placed the triacanthodidae as a sister group to all other families of the tetraodontiformes ( fig .\n) . they arranged the other families into two suborders , the balistoidei and tetraodontoidei . the former is composed of the triacanthidae + [ ( balistidae + monacanthidae ) + ( aracanidae + ostraciidae ) ] . the latter suborder is composed of the triodontidae + [ ( tetraodontidae + diodontidae ) + molidae ] . this classification is similar to those of winterbottom (\n) analyzed molecular data for 100 species of higher teleosteans . their study was the first to hypothesize close relationships among lophiiforms , tetraodontiforms , and caproids . they retrieved phylogenetic topologies placing caproids as a sister group with tetraodontiforms and the two groups as sister to lophiiforms . however , they used few taxa : one species of caproidae , two species of tetraodontiformes , and six species of lophiiformes . yamanoue et al . (\n) analyzed more species of the three groups and provided a robust phylogenetic topology that placed the caproidei as sister to the lophiiformes , and the two groups as a clade that is sister to the tetraodontiformes .\n) studied the lateral - line system and its innervations of nine species of tetraodontiforms ( representing all families examined except for the molidae ) and a single species each from the lophiidae , zeidae , caproidae , and siganidae . their analysis supported a close relationship of the tetraodontiformes with the lophiidae , but not with the zeidae , caproidae , or siganidae . recently , chanet et al . (\n) presented synapomorphies of tetraodontiforms and lophiiforms involving soft anatomical characters : rounded and anteriorly disposed kidneys , a compact thyroid included in a blood sinus , an abbreviated spinal cord , an asymmetric liver , and clusters of supramedullary neurons in the rostral part of the spinal cord . baldwin ("]}
{"id": 2182, "summary": [{"text": "powelliphanta hochstetteri consobrina , known as one of the amber snails , is a subspecies of large , carnivorous land snail , a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusc in the family rhytididae . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "powelliphanta hochstetteri consobrina", "paragraphs": ["worms - world register of marine species - powelliphanta hochstetteri ( l . pfeiffer , 1862 )\nthe holotype of powelliphanta hochstetteri consobrina . the holotype is the standard against which to measure similarities between related species as well as differences that may lead to recognition of new species .\n. 5\u20137 . \u2014pa yphanta ( powelliphanta ) hochstetteri ( pfeiffer ) . subgenotype . x 1 .\ntype : helix hochstetteri pfeiffer , mal . bl . , viii , 146 , 1862 ( see pi . 6 , figs . 5\u20138 ) .\npowelliphanta will include all new zealand species previously included in paryphanta except the type of that genus , p . busbyi ( gray , 1840 ) which is confined to the north auckland peninsula .\np . busbyi ( pi . 5 ) has a very thick coating of conchin , as well as an inner limy shell , and specimens are not infrequently found in north auckland pleistocene dune deposits which have weathered down to a strong , limy shell even when all the conchin has gone . all other new zealand paryphantas have a flexible shell composed chiefly of conchin with a much reduced limy layer , so that they generally collapse soon after death . powelliphanta is known in a sub - fossil condition only in limestone caves where replacement of conchin by lime has apparently occurred . empty , \u201cdead\u201d shells of some species of powelliphanta , which are mostly conchin with practically no inner limy shell , such as gagei , fletcheri , rossiana and spedeni , are sometimes so collapsed and distorted when found that they appear worthless as specimens . they can usually be restored , however , by soaking in very hot water , but on no account must they be lifted out until the water is absolutely cold . in most cases , if this is done , it will be found that the shape has been brought back without any alteration in colour . on no account must any of the other coloured species be treated in this way , otherwise the colour will be spoilt .\nthe australian and tasmanian species of paryphanta ( i . e . , victaphanta and melavitrina , ( iredale , 1933 ) agree with paryphanta busbyi in shell colour , in radula characters , and it is likely that they have the same type of egg , while in new zealand , the genus wainuia has comparable shell colouration . it would appear that the production of limy eggs without cuticle , and the possession of a uniformly dark coloured conchin coating to the shell are primitive features shared by wainuia , p . busbyi and the australian species [ v . atramentaria ( shuttleworth , 1853 ) , v . compacta ( cox and hedley , 1912 ) , m . milligani ( pfeiffer , 1854 ) ] , and that the variously complicated colour patterns , and cuticled eggs of the hochstetteri\u2014lignaria\u2014gilliesi series are specialised characters . to give taxonomic recognition to these differences , which are accompanied by anatomical differences ( murdoch , 1904 ) , the two groups may therefore be separated sub - generically .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnotes on the eggs of new zealand paryphantidae , with description of a new subgenus .\n[ read before wellington branch , october 26 , 1944 ; received by the editor , october 26 , 1944 ; issued separately , june , 1945 . ]\n, and , in the process , have acquired quite a good range of their eggs . of the latter , most have not previously been described , and as they are of interest , i have compiled a list of measurements and other data concerning the eggs of the various species and subspecies available .\nit may be noted that the eggs are not as easily procured as some people imagine . their finding entails a lot of hard work in searching amongst leaf mould , or , as an alternative , they may be obtained by shutting up live captive snails in damp moss in the hope that they will lay . although the latter method is uncertain , it is the way by which most of the specimens have been obtained . if the captives do not lay in a few days , or at the most , in say a fortnight , it is practically certain that no eggs will be obtained from them , and the collector often shuts up snails to no purpose . in odd cases , where laying has occurred after some time in captivity , the eggs are generally not normal , owing no doubt to uncongenial conditions . the usual laying period is late october , november , and early december , but in one case\u2014i . e . , spedeni , new - laid eggs have been taken in march .\nthe eggs are generally deposited in leaf mould . as i have not obtained many in natural conditions , there are few records of the numbers usually laid together . mrs . i . worthy informs me that she has found eggs of paryphanta busbyi at kaeo in nests of 3 , 5 , 8 and 10 . rhytida eggs are found in larger numbers , viz : r . dunni\u0153 8 , 9 , 15 , 17 , 19 ( mrs . worthy ) ; r . greenwoodi 9 , 14 , 22 , 25 , 26 ; r . patula , 3 to 9 ; schizoglossa : 4 , 9 , 14 , but generally about 9 . wainui : unfortunately i omitted to take an exact count of those i found , but mr . r . a . prouse , of levin , has found them in nests of 4 , 5 , 9 and 13 .\nparyphanta eggs are all large in relation to the size of the shell and animal , but the most remarkable case is that of p . spedeni , a snail which reaches a maximum size of 40 mm . and produces an egg up to the amazing size of 11 . 5 mm . , or . 2875 of its parent ' s major shell dimension\u2014truly this species is the \u201ckiwi\u201d of the family . shape of the eggs is seldom constant ; most are oval , and in one species , unicolorata , they occasionally are completely round .\n[ the section below cannot be correctly rendered as it contains complex formatting . see the image of the page for a more accurate rendering . ]\nwithout cuticle ( pi . 5 ; fig . 4 ) . all other new zealand paryphanta species have eggs with a glossy membranous cuticle ( pi . 6 , fig . 8 ) , which , when the egg is new laid , is always of a pale buff colour , but which after preservation very seldom keeps its colour . they are very hard to preserve , especially when not treated . the best method of treatment is to puncture a small hole in the side , place in methylated spirits for , say 24 hours , then dry out slowly in a cool place . never dry out quickly , or in a hot room , as the percentage of breakages then would be very high . even when treated as above , quite a number will break . after treatment the eggs alter in colour to brown or palish green .\neggs found in leaf mould , which are not known to be freshly laid , are nearly always either dark brown or badly stained , an effect possibly due to development of the embryo , and to contact with the leaf mould .\nthe difference in egg structure between paryphanta busbyi and the more southern members of the genus is paralleled by differences in shell shape , structure and colour . in his first paper on the family , powell ( 1930 , p . 32 ) stated : \u2014\n\u201cthe species of paryphanta in new zealand are covered by two groups , occupying two distinct areas of distribution separated by a gap of about 300 miles . the northern area is represented by p . busbyi , a shell having a uniformly dark greenish - black coating of conchin , while the southern area is represented by seven distinct species and three sub - species , all differing from the northern busbyi in being variously coloured and banded . \u201d\nthe number of species and sub - species , of course , has been much added to since the above was written .\nalternating and contrasting colours . more important is the paucity of lime compared with conchin in the shell .\ndistribution : north island of new zealand , in and south of the ruahine range ( possibly once as far north as east cape ) and south island .\n( for list , see powell , 1938 , pp . 140 , 141 . )\nthe sub - genus is named in recognition of the great service rendered to the study of the family by mr a . w . b . powell .\nthe writer is indebted to mr . j . t . salmon for the fine photographic illustrations accompanying this paper , and to the various collectors who have generously provided material as acknowledged in the table .\n\u2014\u2014 1938 . the paryphantidae of new zealand no . iv . rec . auck . mus . , vol . ii , no . 3 , pp . 133\u2013150 .\n. 1\u20133 . \u2014paryphanta ( paryphanta ) busbys ( gray ) . genotype . x 1 .\ntransactions of the royal society of new zealand , vol . 75 , part i , pp . 57\u201364 , 2 text figs .\nspencer , h . g . , marshall , b . a . & willan , r . c . ( 2009 ) . checklist of new zealand living mollusca . pp 196 - 219 . in : gordon , d . p . ( ed . ) new zealand inventory of biodiversity . volume one . kingdom animalia : radiata , lophotrochozoa , deuterostomia . canterbury university press , christchurch . [ details ]\nthe paryphantidae of new zealand . 3 . further new species of paryphanta and wainuia ( primary title ) records of the auckland institute and museum , 2 ( 1 ) , 29 - 41 ( other title ) a . w . b . powell 1936\ncontribute more detail to this record by adding your own names , classifications or categories via a tag . tags also make this record more findable on search .\nthe development of the auckland war memorial museum online collection is an ongoing process ; updates , new images and records are added weekly . in some cases , records have yet to be confirmed by museum staff , and there could be mistakes or omissions in the information provided .\nthe source code for museums victoria collections is available on github under the mit license ."]}
{"id": 2183, "summary": [{"text": "the common river galaxias or canterbury galaxias ( galaxias vulgaris ) is a galaxiid fish of the genus galaxias , found only in canterbury , new zealand . ", "topic": 6}], "title": "common river galaxias", "paragraphs": ["common galaxias , galaxias maculatus . avon river , stratford , gippsland , victoria .\nkeywords : common bullies , ecology , longfin eels , selwyn river , styx river .\ncommon galaxias , galaxias maculatus . source : rudie h . kuiter / aquatic photographics . license : all rights reserved\nthe swan galaxias cannot coexist with introduced fish , particularly brown trout and redfin perch , and the native common jollytail galaxias maculatus .\nspotted galaxias ( galaxias truttaceus ) , common galaxias ( galaxias maculatus ) , freshwater flathead , tupong ( pseudaphritis urvillii ) and southern shortfin eel ( anguilla australis ) in fotheringate creek , flinders island , tasmania .\nbray , d . and gomon , m . ( 2015 ) galaxias maculatus common galaxias in museums victoria collections urltoken accessed 10 july 2018\ncommon galaxias and pygmy perch ( nannoperca ) in darlot creek , western victoria , april 2017 .\nglenelg shire - crawford river , ellengowan wetland - tyrendarra , fitzroy river , glenelg river , kangaroo creek , long swamp , shaw river , wannon river , bridgewater lakes , eumeralla river .\nvideo of common galaxias stranded in pools left by high spring tides in the lower reaches of the thurra river in croajingolong national park , victoria .\nkeywords : aesthetic quality , aesthetic values , aesthetics , canterbury rivers , halswell river , river flow preferences , selwyn river , waimakariri river .\nkeywords : ephemeral river , ephemeral river reach , flow levels , invertebrates , microbes , river flows , selwyn river , solutes , subsurface flowpaths .\nthe common galaxias is very widespread . it is found in australia , new zealand , patagonian south america and the falkland islands .\nkeywords : ecological , hydrologically complex , modelling , relationship , river characteristics , river flow , river recharge , runoff , selwyn river , water resource consent .\nnote : both the dwarf galaxias and little galaxias should be considered nationally endangered ( coleman et al 2015 ) .\nkeywords : avon river , banks peninsula streams , canterbury rivers , catchment map , cultural sites , ecological times , ellesmere area streams , ellesmere system , habitats , halswell river , hawkins , heathcote river , hororata river , irwell , kaituna river , long bay stream , maps , okuti river , rakaia river , selwyn river , significant sites , species , styx river , waianiwaniwa river , waterway threats .\nthe species grows to 19 cm but is more common to about 10 cm in length .\nthe common galaxias is usually found in still or slow - flowing waters like streams rivers and lakes . they feed on aquatic and terrestial insects and crustaceans .\nkeywords : control works , erosion , flood mitigation , flooding , modification , river characteristics , rivers , selwyn river , waimakariri river .\nkeywords : alluvial plain system , groundwater , modelling , selwyn river , selwyn river basin .\nriver flow controls ecological processes and invertebrate assemblages in subsurface flowpaths of an ephemeral river reach .\nwellington shire - bruthen creek deep creek north of yarram , dingo creek , flooding creek , latrobe river , merriman creek , monkey creek , perry river , sale common , long waterhole - longford .\nkeywords : alpine rivers , ashley , avon river , biomass , chlorophyll a concentration , dissolved reactive phosphorus , drp , flows , foothill river , nitrogen , nutrient , periphyton , periphyton biomass , periphyton chlorophyll river flow , rakaia , regulation , selwyn river , spring fed river , waimakariri river .\nkeywords : dolomedes aquaticus , fishing spider , future , impacts , low flows , low river flow , predictions , riparian fishing spider , river drying , river flow , selwyn river , spatial distribution .\nkeywords : ephemeral river , ephemeral waterways , inundation , invertebrate , microbes , responses , selwyn river .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nheavily - infected fish are weak and slow - moving , making them an easy target for predators . galaxiids ( minnows ) , particularly the common galaxias , are often infected by ligula .\nshort resource summary : [ hide ] this article looks at longfin eels and common bullies collected from the selwyn river and styx river in canterbury and a study was carried out determining the different interactions between the two species .\nclearing and plantation practices also posses a threat to the habitat of dwarf galaxias and little galaxias through reduced water yields ( saddlier et al . 2006 ) .\nkeywords : abstraction , alluvial river , benchmark , flow rates , increasing demand , river system , selwyn river , system , undammed , variable flow , water demand .\ngreek , galaxias , ou = a kind of fish ( ref . 45335 )\nimpacts of longfin eels ( anguilla dieffenbachii ) on the behaviour of common bullies ( gobiomorphus cotidianus ) held in captivity .\nplease contribute information regarding the dwarf galaxias - observations , images or projects . contact swifft\nthe known range of the swan galaxias includes headwater streams in eastern tasmania in the swan river and macquarie river catchments , and between upper st pauls river in the north and rocka rivulet in the south ( see distribution map , above ) . the potential range for the swan galaxias may include other as yet un - surveyed streams in the tamar catchment .\nhill and waikakahi streams , awakino river , otekaieke river , maerewhenua river , and welcome creek / whakapapa ariki ) flow into the main stream . collectively these tributaries , which have peak flows in winter , provide two percent of the river flow\u2026\nkeywords : catchment characteristics , geology , glaciation , homogenous , landscape change , landscape evolution , moraine , physiographic history , propositions , river course , river path , selwyn catchment , selwyn river , selwyn river catchment , shingle fans , stream erosion .\nshort resource summary : [ hide ] this paper uses the selwyn river as a case study of an ephemeral river reach and considers the way different river flows influence ecological processes occurring in the waterway .\nkeywords : benthic invertebrates , flowing permanence , flowing water , river characteristics , selwyn river , suface - subsurface exchange , water present .\nlittle galaxias - galaxiella toourtkoourt . male ( top ) and female . image : michael hammer .\nkeywords : brown trout , canterbury galaxias , fish , persistence , refugia , selwyn river , spatial distribution , spatial patterns , surveys , upland bullies , upland bully .\ndwarf galaxias galaxiella pusilla female ( upper ) and male . image : rudie kuiter , aquatic photographics .\ntoxoplasma gondii is a common zoonotic parasite of mammals , including people , and birds . studies have found that toxoplasma is common and widely distributed among native animals in western australia . 1 the parasite is genetically highly variable with many different strains that vary in how much damage they cause to the host .\nlittle galaxias - galaxiella toourtkoourt is now known to occur from the upper barwon river system near barwon downs , victoria , west to the cortina lakes , near the coorong , south australia . the common name little galaxias is based on it being the smallest species in the galaxiidae . the scientific name toourtkoourt is from the australian indigenous language groups tjapwurrung , korn kopan noot , and peekwurrung , meaning \u2018little fish in freshwater\u2019 ( coleman et al . 2015 ) .\nnumbers of selected fish species collected in the four river stretches and their percent occurrence ( in parentheses ) . dominant species for each river stretch are boldfaced .\nnew distribution of little galaxias includes areas west of dotted line . ( based on colman et al . 2015 )\nboth dwarf galaxias and little galaxias occur through a variety of different land tenures e . g . national parks , urban reserves , state forest , heritage rivers and private land / other tenures . these different land / water tenures divide the responsibility of the dwarf galaxias and little galaxias habitat to the corresponding agencies or individual stakeholders which could interfere with the implementation of future management actions . in victoria , 42 locations have been identified as important areas for management actions .\ncharacteristics and substrate type . we surveyed \ue0bfshes in four 1 - km long river\nin a large southeastern brazil river . hydrobiologia , 556 : 69 - 83 .\naquatic invertebrate community structure along an intermittence gradient : selwyn river , new zealand .\nlow river flow alters the biomass and population structure of a riparian predatory invertebrate .\nthe selwyn river of new zealand : a benchmark system for alluvial plain rivers .\n' like a fish out of water ' : life in a disappearing river .\nthe common galaxias can be recognised by a combination of characters that include an elongate body , dorsal and anal fins located opposite each other at the posterior of the body and a forked tail . its colouration ranges from green to amber , with a variable covering of spots and blotches .\nprimarily fed by the the upper waitaki , an additional 2 % of water flow comes from the hakataramea river , elephant hill and waikakahi streams , awakino river , otekaieke river , maerewhenua river , welcome creek / whakapapa ariki , and wainono lagoon and its tributaries including the waihao and hook rivers and the makikihi and otaio rivers .\nkeywords : annual , banks peninsula , biotic health , coes ford , foothill river , habitat health , habitat trend analysis , health , inter - montane basin , lowland river , macroinvertebrate , mountain fed rivers , river classification , trends , wadeable streams .\nin australian waters , common galaxias inhabit temperate coastal flowing streams and rivers east and south of the great dividing range , from brisbane , queensland , to albany , western australia . the species also occurs on flinders island and king island , bass strait , and is widespread at low elevations in tasmania .\nmartin f . gomon & dianne j . bray , galaxias maculatus in fishes of australia , accessed 10 jul 2018 , urltoken\nkeywords : brown trout , hydrology , management , recreation , selwyn river , trout .\nmclean , f . , s . e . swearer & n . c . barbee . 2007 . the role of olfaction in the avoidance of native versus non - native predators by recruits of the common galaxiid , galaxias maculatus . new zealand journal of marine and freshwater research 41 : 175 - 184 .\ndwarf galaxias galaxiella pusilla is now only known from the mitchell river basin near bairnsdale , west to dandenong creek near melbourne in victoria , flinders island in bass strait and north - eastern and north - western tasmania .\ncontrol of predator / competitor species ; stocking of species such as trout and redfin should be avoided where dwarf galaxias are known to occur and where feasible species such as gambusia and redfin should be reduced from habitats where populations of dwarf galaxias are under threat .\ndwarf galaxias galaxiella pusilla - is now only known from the mitchell river basin near bairnsdale , west to dandenong creek near melbourne in victoria , flinders island in bass strait and north - eastern and north - western tasmania .\nfishes in the slovak section of the river danube . j appl ichthyol 21 : 345\u2013349 .\nkeywords : air exposure , leaf litter , selwyn river , submerged , terrestrial leaf litter .\nkeywords : contact recreation , contact recreation guideline , contamination , management , microbial water quality , recreation , recreational use , selwyn river , waimakariri river , water quality , water quality .\nhydrological aspects of brown trout management in the selwyn river system , canterbury , new zealand .\nkeywords : 7dmalf , abstractions , allocation , isohydal map , low flows , naturalising river flows , regression equations , selwyn river , seven - day mean annual low flow , water availability .\nthe dwarf galaxias is considered vulnerable in victoria due to threats which have significantly impacted upon its distribution and abundance and the continuation of threats such as habitat destruction and potential predation from introduced species which are likely to lead to extinction . it was recommended for listing under the flora & fauna guarantee act 1988 in 1991 . coleman et al . 2015 recommend both the dwarf galaxias and little galaxias should be considered nationally \u2018endangered\u2019\nstudy area , guandu river , indicating the four sampled stretches . wtp , water treatment plant .\nthe aesthetic value of river flows : an assessment of flow preferences for large and small rivers .\nshort resource summary : [ hide ] this journal article looks at the selwyn river and uses it as a \u2018benchmark system\u2019 to exemplify an undammed alluvial river which is under increasing pressure to increase abstraction quantities . the selwyn river system is overviewed , along with the ongoing monitoring programme being implemented .\nkeywords : causes , coes ford , low flows , low flows , selwyn river , trends .\nbeyond the dwarf galaxias\u2019s immediate habitat , damage to streamside vegetation within the catchment can lead to increased run off , sedimentation , flow of chemicals and nutrients from the land into the water which can impact on the dwarf galaxias habitat even though these impacts may be some distance away .\nother critical habitat which is often utilised by the dwarf galaxias , particularly in extended dry conditions are areas which naturally connect wetlands to a river or creek ( saddlier et al . 2006 ) . the dwarf galaxias has a remarkable capacity to travel great distances overland between different pools , provided there is flowing water of no less than 2cm deep connecting these pools ( beck 1985 ) .\nkeywords : benthic , benthic invertebrates , ephemeral waterways , flow duration , flow duration , intermittent flow , invertebrate , location , perennial - losing , perrennial - gaining , river habitat , selwyn river .\nshort resource summary : [ hide ] this article uses the selwyn river as an example of a hydrologically complex river to determine the relationships between runoff , recharge and river flow . understanding the relationships between the different river characteristics is useful for water resource developments and for determining the impact that different hydrological characteristics have on ecological processes . linear and logistic models were used for the purpose of this study .\n) in the rhine river . tagungsband der deutschen gesellschaft f\u00fcr protozoologie und parasitologie 2010 : 244 p .\nnatural variation in immersion and emersion affects breakdown and invertebrate colonization of leaf litter in a temporary river .\nmean annual low flow ( seven day ) and mean flow mapping for the upper selwyn river catchment .\nkeywords : dams , demand , groundwater , irrigation , resource management , selwyn river , surface water .\njung , c . a . , n . c . barbee & s . e . swearer 2009 . post - settlement migratory behaviour and growth - related costs in two diadromous fish species , galaxias maculatus and galaxias brevipinnis . journal of fish biology 75 ( 3 ) : 503 - 515 .\nto avoid increasing the risk of population extinction \u2013 do not carry out any activities which could enable these fish to enter streams supporting the swan galaxias .\nthis species complex has always been assessed as a single species , and therefore no conservation actions specifically target this species . some of the taxa within this complex will benefit from river health monitoring and the planned river rehabilitation programs on the krom and rondegat rivers ( cederberg ) and the krom river ( eastern cape ) .\nshort resource summary : [ hide ] this article looks at the selwyn river and the different benthic invertebrates that were witnessed at four different locations along the river . this allowed for the relationship between the various river habitat conditions ( i . e . flow duration ) and the different species present to be commented on .\nto what extent are the fish compositions of a regulated river related to physico - chemical variables . . .\n( p = 93 . 0 % ) in the danube river . nachev et al . ( 2010 )\nriver research and applications . vol . 24 . # 1 . page ( s ) 1 - 21 .\nwhere the lowland section of the river starts to braid . the video above shows how badly the river is affected by introduced weed species including willow and gorse . some islands have been cleared of weeds as part of an\nin order to recognise the species if it occurs on your property , learn to identify the swan galaxias . if in doubt , seek expert assistance with identification .\nkeywords : agriculture , broom , gorse , nitrate , nitrogen , nitrogen fixing , riparian zones , selwyn river .\nshort resource summary : [ hide ] this article uses five new zealand rivers , including the selwyn river to investigate the influence of low river flows on the riparian fishing spider , dolomedes aqauticus . this was undertaken as part of a consideration of the impacts of river drying which is expected to increase in extent and severity in the future .\ninvertebrate and microbial responses to inundation in an ephemeral river reach in new zealand : effects of preceding dry periods .\nto avoid loss of remaining populations \u2013 do not construct dams or other water storages in locations where these may lead to loss of trout barriers to swan galaxias populations .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 19 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 44894 ) ; common length : 10 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 5259 )\nidentifying cultural service values of a small river in the agricultural landscape of canterbury , new zealand , using combined methods .\nkeywords : ecosystems , fish , fish species , freshwater , habitat , intermittent flow , selwyn river , wetted area .\nlake ellesmere water management plan : age and size of the selwyn river brown trout spawning runs , 1912 - 1987 .\nshort resource summary : [ hide ] this thesis was submitted as part of a master of science at the university of canterbury and looks at brown trout management in the selwyn river as related to hydrological characteristics . it includes a description of the selwyn river characteristics and an overview of recommendations for how to improve the quality of the trout fishery in the river .\nshort resource summary : [ hide ] this niwa powerpoint presentation looks at the selwyn river , new zealand and presents an overview of the selwyn river and catchment . a study was undertaken to gather baseline data on the river and to conduct sampling and experiments to do so . this presentation includes some of the data gathered and depicts the process of doing so .\njowett , i . g . & j . richardson . 1995 . habitat preferences of common , riverine new zealand native fishes and implications for flow management . new zealand journal of marine and freshwater research , 29 : 13 - 23 . [ links ]\ngalaxias maculatu s has one of the world ' s largest natural distributions for a freshwater fish . it is known australia , new zealand and the southern tip of south america .\nmountain , coastal and lowland streams of the cape floristic region from tributaries of the gamtoos and krom river systems in the east to the cederberg mountains ( olifants river system ) in the west ( western and eastern cape provinces of south africa ) .\n( andrusov , 1897 ) in the main river ( germany ) . aquatic invasions 2 , 3 : 261\u2013264 . available :\nkeywords : biofilm quality , biofilms , groundwater , groundwater biofilms , nutrient concentration , nutrient gradient , nutrients , selwyn river .\nkeywords : aquifer structure , artificial aquifer recharge , artificial discharge , geology , groundwater , groundwater abstraction , groundwater recharge , hydrogeological investigations , inter - aquifer recharge , land use change , land use intensification , modelling , piezometric data , rainfall recharge , rakaia catchment , rakaia river , raw data , recharge , river characteristics , river - aquifer interaction , selwyn catchment , selwyn river , selwyn - rakaia groundwater , surface - groundwater interface , transmissivity , water abstraction , water availability , water balance .\nkeywords : baseline , baseline data , cross - section , ephemeral channel , ephemeral river , flow monitoring , flow path , groundwater level , intermittent flow , monitoring , perennial - losing , piezometers , sampling , selwyn river , trends , well monitoring .\nflora & fauna guarantee act 1988 ; action statement no . 258 dwarf galaxias galaxiella pusilla , 2015 , department of environment , land , water & planning , victoria . view as pdf\nto avoid inundation of habitat , alteration of water flow regimes and breaching of barriers to introduced fish \u2013 avoid construction of water storages in or near known populations of the swan galaxias .\n( pallas , 1814 ) ( gobiidae ) in the longitudinal profile of the danube river . j appl ichthyol 27 : 879\u2013886 .\nkeywords : empirical longitudinal flow model , flow estimation , flow frequencies , flow magnitude , longitudinal study , selwyn river , trends .\nshort resource summary : [ hide ] this paper outlines a study undertaken to assess flow regime requirements for the lower selwyn river . minimum residual flows , seasonal flow requirements and a flow regime required to maintain and sustain instream values on the river is included .\nbecause riparian vegetation is utilised by the dwarf galaxias as both habitat and a food source it is important to maintain the integrity of wetland and streamside vegetation . damage to this vital resource by clearing or uncontrolled stock access damages habitat and increases the risk of sedimentation and deterioration of water quality . drainage of wetlands that are capable of supporting populations of dwarf galaxias reduces the population viability .\nkeywords : aquifer characteristics , aquifers , aquifers , dairy expansion , farming , farming practices , future management , geology , geomorphology , geomorphology , groundwater , groundwater , groundwater age , groundwater ages , groundwater chemistry , groundwater demand , groundwater flow , groundwater recharge , groundwater recharge , groundwater - surface water interface , hororata river , hororata river , hydrology , hydrology , intensive farming , intensive land use , irrigation , irrigation , land surface activities , land use change , management , nitrate - nitrogen , oxygen - 18 , piezometric contours , recharge , recharge sources , river gaugings , selwyn catchment , selwyn plains , selwyn river , selwyn river , spring - fed , springs , surface water , upper selwyn catchment , upper selwyn plains , waianiwaniwa river , water chemistry , water levels , water quality , water quantity .\nsaddlier s , jackson j , hammer m , 2006 , draft recovery plan for dwarf galaxias , galaxiella pusilla ( mack ) 2005 \u2013 2009 , department of sustainability and environment , heidelberg , victoria .\n) ( cottidae ) from the st . clair river and lake st . clair , michigan , usa . folia parasit 44 : 1\u20136 .\necosystem health monitoring programme november - december 2006 and site specific habitat trend analysis 2000 \u2013 2006 . study of selwyn river at coes ford .\nhale , r . & s . e . swearer . 2008 . otolith microstructural and microchemical changes associated with settlement in the diadromous fish galaxias maculatus . marine ecology progress series 354 : 229 - 234 .\neducation and awareness ; raising community awareness and working with landholders to protect dwarf galaxias habitat through retention of wetlands , protection of riparian zones and control of fertilizer run off assists with conservation of this species .\nlatrobe city - loy yang creek , moe contour drain , morwell river wetlands , wades creek , waterhole creek swamp , triutary of boyds creek .\nsantos , a . b . i . , b . f . terra & f . g . ara\u00fajo . 2010 . fish assemblage in a dammed tropical river an analysis along the longitudinal and temporal gradients from river to reservoir . zoologia , 27 : 732 - 740 . [ links ]\n( guenther , 1861 ) ( osteichthyes , gobiidae ) from the danube river in austria . diploma thesis , university of wien : 47 p .\nstreams supporting the swan galaxias are all protected from trout invasion by some form of barrier ( waterfall , marsh , small channel ) , and maintaining these barriers to trout movements is vital in protecting the populations .\nshort resource summary : [ hide ] this report looks at the selwyn river and investigates the brown trout spawning runs present in the river . data from 1912 to 1987 was analysed and used to determine any changes or trends that have occurred in regards to the age and size ( growth ) of the brown trout in the river . the raw data utilised for the purposes of this report is included in tables at the back of this resource\nkeywords : algal bloom , benthic algae , benthic cyanobacteria , benthic cyanobacteria , benthic taxa , cyanobacteria , health risk , lake ellesmere , lake forsyth , nodularia , phormidium autumnale , sampling , scytonema , selwyn river , surface water quality , taxonomy , the groynes , waimakariri river , water quality .\nshort resource summary : [ hide ] focusing on aesthetic value , this paper looks at the various preferences for river flow levels for eight different sized rivers . a survey was carried out to determine what the desired flow level was for each river and the results are presented in this journal article .\nshort resource summary : [ hide ] this journal article looks at the selwyn river as an example of an ephemeral river in new zealand and investigated the invertebrate and microbial responses to changes in the level of inundation ( where there is a shift from a terrestrial ecosystem to an aquatic ecosystem ) .\nkeywords : base flow , calcium , chemical analysis , dissolved reactive phosphorous , flow rate , median conditions , median flow , new zealand rivers , potassium , raw data , rivers , selwyn river , sodium , surface water , temperature , turbidity , waimakariri river , water chemistry , water quality .\njowett , i . g . 2002 . in - stream habitat suitability criteria for feeding inanga ( galaxias maculatus ) . new zealand journal of marine and freshwater research , 36 : 399 - 407 . [ links ]\nterra , b . f . , a . b . i . santos & f . g . ara\u00fajo . 2010 . fish assemblage in a dammed tropical river : an analysis along the longitudinal and temporal gradients from river to reservoir . neotropical ichthyology , 8 : 599 - 606 . [ links ]\nshort resource summary : [ hide ] this report presents the mapping of 7 - day mean annual flows for the upper tributaries of the selwyn river .\nto avoid introduction of exotic fish to waters currently free from these species \u2013 do not carry out any activities , including active stocking , which could lead to the establishment of introduced fish in streams supporting the swan galaxias .\nberra , t . m . , l . crowley , w . ivantsoff & p . a . fuerst . 1996 . galaxias maculatus : an explanation of its biogeography . mar . freshw . res . 47 : 845\u2013849 .\npollard , d . a . 1972 . the biology of a landlocked form of the normally catadromous salmoniform fish galaxias maculatus ( jenyns ) . iv . nutritional cycle . australian journal of marine and freshwater research 23 : 39\u201348 .\nin the murray - darling basin the species is known from lake alexandrina and lake albert near the murray river mouth to about mannum on the lower murray and streams of the mt lofty ranges in south australia . the species is thought to have been introduced into the wimmera , loddon and campaspe river catchments in victoria .\nshort resource summary : [ hide ] this article looks at the selwyn river with its intermittent flow which is a difficult habitat for aquatic creatures to reside in . it offers some answers on how fish and other species survive in a river which may only be wetted for as little as 30 % of the year .\nkeywords : agricultural development , border dyke irrigaiton , canterbury groundwater , central plains , geological data , groundwater , groundwater quantity , groundwater recharge , irrigation , irrigation efficiency , irrigation recharge , land use intensification , rainfall recharge , rakaia river , recharge depths , selwyn river , spray irrigation , water infiltration , water table .\nbarbee , n . c . & s . e . swearer . 2007 . characterizing natal source population signatures in the diadromous fish , galaxias maculatus , using embryonic otolith chemistry . marine ecology progress series 343 : 273 - 282 .\nmcdowall , r . m . 1972 . the species problem in freshwater fishes and the taxonomy of diadromous and lacustrine populations of galaxias maculatus ( jenyns ) . j . r . soc . n . z . 2 : 325\u2013367 .\nthe loss of geocherax sp . through predation , change in hydrological flows and habitat loss is a key threatening process to the dwarf galaxias . the reliance of the geocherax sp . burrows for refuge in dry times and for protection from other species consequently means that this species of yabbie and its subsequent requirements such as diet must also be maintained to prevent the extinction of the dwarf galaxias ( beck 1985 , saddlier et al . 2006 , threatened species section 2006 ) .\nkeywords : aesthetic , aesthetic values , agricultural development , agriculture , choice experiment , cultural service , ecosystem service , habitat , intensive agriculture , irrigation , land use change , land use intensification , lower selwyn river , management , q method , recreation , selwyn river , spirit recreational values , spiritual values , value , values .\nchessman , b . c . & williams , w . d . 1975 . salinity tolerance and osmoregulatory ability of galaxias maculatus ( jenyns ) ( pisces , salmoniformes , galaxiidae ) . freshw . biol . 5 : 135 - 140 .\npollard , d . a . 1971 . the biology of a landlocked form of the normally catadromous salmoniform fish galaxias maculatus ( jenyns ) . i . life cycle and origin . australian journal of marine and freshwater research 22 : 91\u2013123 .\npollard , d . a . 1971 . the biology of a landlocked form of the normally catadromous salmoniform fish galaxias maculatus ( jenyns ) . ii . morphology and systematic relationships . australian journal of marine and freshwater research 22 : 125\u2013137 .\npollard , d . a . 1972 . the biology of a landlocked form of the normally catadromous salmoniform fish galaxias maculatus ( jenyns ) . iii . structure of the gonads . australian journal of marine and freshwater research 23 : 17\u201338 .\npollard , d . a . 1973 . the biology of a landlocked form of the normally catadromous salmoniform fish galaxias maculatus ( jenyns ) . v . composition of the diet . australian journal of marine and freshwater research 24 : 281\u2013295 .\n. . . lts of river sounding on mahakam river , especially in the location of fish and shrimp sampling as well as water sampling showed that the water depth ranges between 6 . 0 - 11 . 0 m . the detailed profile of measured river is presented infigure 3and 4 . generally , species of fish can live in various places , but they , specifically , occupy a particular place . costa et al . ( 2013 ) caught 1223 fishes of seven species in four rivers with different depths ( > 8 m ) and wide range of conditions . 70 % of the fishes were caught from river with depth of < 4 m and had a weight of 64 % of overall weight . lakra et al . ( 2010 ) added that the species richness of river fish with hydrology attributes positively correlated to the depth . . .\nshort resource summary : [ hide ] this article presents the chemical analysis results of a survey of 96 rivers across new zealand sampled in 1987 to determine their base flow ( median conditions ) . sampled three times , the rivers included the selwyn river and waimakariri river . appendix one of includes the raw data gathered from this sampling project .\nshort resource summary : [ hide ] this 1950\u2019s thesis looks at the selwyn river catchment , describing both its nature and origin . the geology of the area is detailed in this thesis and three theories or propositions are justified and explained by the author . these propositions include but are not limited to the proposition that until ice modified the selwyn river valley the whole catchment could have had a homogenous physiographic history and that the selwyn river course has been determined by shingle fans originating from other larger , nearby rivers .\ntypical dwarf galaxias habitat ; shallow wetland connected to a creek . wetland containing species such juncus , persecaria , phragmites , triglochin and typha . melaleuca trees are also a dominant feature of the vegetation community at some sites . image : daniel stoessel .\nthe dwarf galaxias is a generalist carnivore that feeds mainly on zooplankton , where planktonic crustaceans and chironomids can be the main sources of their diets but they have also been observed feeding on filamentous algae ( cadwallader & backhouse 1983 , humphries 1986 ) .\nkeywords : brown trout , fish , fish characteristics , fish stock , patterns , selwyn river , spawning runs , surface water , trends , trout age , trout size .\nwe conducted fish sampling and environmental measurements in four 1 - km long river stretches in two ( winter / dry and summer / wet ) seasons during two years ( 2010 and 2011 ) . seven evenly spaced longitudinal sections were established as the sampling sites along each 1 - km river stretch . each river stretch encompassed different mesohabitats , such as runs , riffles , and pools ( table 1 ) . the sampling design comprised a total of 112 samples ( 2 seasons \u00d7 2 years \u00d7 4 stretches \u00d7 7 sections ) .\npollard , d . a . 1974 . the biology of a landlocked form of the normally catadromous salmoniform fish galaxias maculatus ( jenyns ) vi . effects of cestode and nematode parasites . australian journal of marine and freshwater research 25 : 105 - 120 .\nwaters , j . m . & c . p . burridge . 1999 . extreme intraspecific mitochondrial dna divergence in galaxias maculatus ( osteichthyes : galaxiidae ) , one of the world\u2019s most widespread freshwater fish . mol . phylogenet . evol . 11 : 1\u201312 .\njowett , i . g . 1989 . river hydraulic and habitat simulation , rhyhabsim computer manual . ministry of agriculture and fisheries , new zealand fisheries miscellaneous report 49 . [ links ]\nmaitland , p . s . 1965 . the distribution , life cycle , and predators of ephemerella ignita ( poda ) in the river endrick , scotland . oikos 16 : 48\u201357 .\n, which apparently serve as second intermediate hosts in the river rhine , get infected by oral intake of the first intermediate hosts . specified final hosts are bird species of the family laridae\nchapman , a . , morgan , d . l . & gill , h . s . 2009 . description of the larval development of galaxias maculatus in landlocked lentic and lotic systems in western australia . new zealand journal of marine and freshwater research 43 : 563\u2013569 .\ncochran , p . a . and d . r . mcconville . 1983 . feeding by trionyx spiniferus in backwaters of the upper mississippi river . j . herpetol . 17 : 82\u201386 .\nsac ( scientific advisory committee ) , 1991 , final recommendation on a nomination for listing : galaxiella pusilla ( mack , 1936 ) \u2013 dwarf galaxias ( nomination no . 141 ) , scientific advisory committee , flora and fauna guarantee , department of conservation and environment , melbourne .\nbernauer d , jansen w ( 2006 ) recent invasions of alien macroinvertebrates and loss of native species in the upper rhine river , germany . aquatic invasions 1 , 2 : 55\u201371 . available :\nparasites of the recently established round goby ( neogobius melanostomus ) and tubenose goby ( proterorhinus marmoratus ) ( cottidae ) from the st . clair river and lake st . clair , michigan , usa\nglova , g . j . , p . m . sagar and i . n\u00e4slund . 1992 . interaction for food and space between populations of galaxias vulgaris stokell and juvenile salmo trutta l . in a new zealand stream . j . fish . biol . 41 : 909\u2013925 .\na review of the dwarf galaxias galaxiella pusilla in 2015 has resulted in the description of two distinct species across what was previously considered one species . the revised distribution of galaxiella pusilla s . s . has reduced its range by approximately 60 % ( coleman et al . 2015 ) .\nmonitoring ; all critical populations of dwarf galaxias should be monitored and their habitats also monitored for quality ( both water and vegetation ) and habitat quantities ( beck 1985 , koster 2003 , saddlier et al . 2006 ) . this is being carried out through an on - going monitoring program .\ncadwallader , p . l . 1975b . feeding relationships of galaxiids , bullies , eels and trout in a new zealand river . aust . j . mar . freshw . res . 26 : 299\u2013316 .\nsome remarks on parasitic infections of the invasive neogobius spp . ( pisces ) in the hungarian reaches of the danube river , with a description of goussia szekelyi sp . n . ( apicomplexa : eimeriidae )\nhicks , a . , n . c . barbee , s . e . swearer & b . j . downes . 2010 . estuarine geomorphology and low salinity requirement for fertilisation influence spawning site location in the diadromous fish , galaxias maculatus . marine and freshwater research 61 : 1252 - 1258 .\nthe dwarf galaxias is thought to be an annual species , where adults die after spawning . therefore it is vital to have successful recruitment each year , or severe declines in populations will occur , potentially leading to the extinction in certain areas ( humphries 1986 , saddlier et al . 2006 ) .\nfuller , r . l . and k . w . stewart . 1977 . the food habits of stoneflies ( plecoptera ) in the upper gunnison river , colorado . environ . ent . 6 : 293\u2013302 .\nshort resource summary : [ hide ] this article uses the lower selwyn river basin as a case study to assess whether a 1 - d model would be suitable to an alluvial plain system in new zealand .\nbecker , a . , laurenson , l . j . b . , jones , p . l . & newman , d . m . 2005 . competitive interactions between the australian native fish galaxias maculatus and the exotic mosquitofish gambusia holbrooki , in a series of laboratory experiments . hydrobiologia 549 : 187\u2013196 .\nhickford , m . j . h . , cagnon , m . & schiel , d . r . 2010 . predation , vegetation and habitat - specific survival of terrestrial eggs of a diadromous fish , galaxias maculatus ( jenyns , 1842 ) . journal of experimental marine biology and ecology 385 : 66\u201372 .\nthe recent and remarkable hydrologic changes in the guandu system , with the introduction of an additional water discharge of 160 m 3 s - 1 , the withdrawal of 47 m 3 s - 1 , may have influenced habitat availability , among other physical constraints , most likely affecting fish distributions throughout the river . according to poff ( 1997 ) , each aquatic system has peculiar characteristics that act as filters to determine which species are apt to occupy the habitats , and the patterns of abundance and distribution are a result of the ways in which the species adjust to local environmental conditions . the strong fish - habitat relationship observed in this study suggests that hydraulic and substrate variables are important environmental filters affecting the guandu river . although our findings are specific to the guandu river basin , the patterns of preferences observed may be consistent and transferable to other neotropical river basins .\nshort resource summary : [ hide ] this journal article uses the selwyn river as a case study for looking at terrestrial leaf litter and how this relates to the proportion of time spent submerged or exposed to air .\nshort resource summary : [ hide ] this report contains information on a number of different rivers in canterbury . for each river a description and overview is given , the important species and habitats are identified , along with important sites . threats to the waterway are also listed , as well as the significant ecological times throughout the year . a map of each river and its catchment , with the identified significant sites is also included .\nchapman , a . , morgan , d . l . , beatty , s . j . & gill , h . s . 2006 . variation in life history of land - locked lacustrine and riverine populations of galaxias maculatus ( jenyns 1842 ) in western australia . environmental biology of fishes 77 : 21\u201337 .\nmayflies are ubiquitous in freshwater environments . as a result , they are a common and important component in the flow of energy through ecosystems , both aquatic and terrestrial . many predators include mayflies on their menu of organisms consumed including invertebrates , vertebrates and at least one plant . this paper examines the diversity of organisms that consume mayflies . some of the more interesting aspects of this predation are discussed . a list of 224 predators is included as a table .\nsubstrate preferences of seven dominant native fish species in the guandu river . type of substrate : 1 , clay ; 2 , mud ; 3 , sand ; 4 , boulder / cobble / gravel ; 5 , bedrock .\ncopp , g . h . 1990 . effect of regulation on 0 + fish recruitment in the great ouse , a lowland river . regulated rivers : research & management , 5 : 251 - 263 . [ links ]\nfuller , r . l . and k . w . stewart . 1979 . stonefly ( plecoptera ) food habits and prey preference in the dolores river , colorado . amer . midl . natural . 101 : 170\u2013181 .\nshort resource summary : [ hide ] this report summarises data from the annual health monitoring programme of canterbury\u2019s wadeable streams and rivers gathered between 2000 and 2006 . it includes a study of the selwyn river at coes ford .\nfuller , r . l . and h . b . n . hynes . 1987 . feeding ecology of three predacious aquatic insects and two fish in a riffle of the speed river , ontario . hydrobiologia 150 : 243\u2013255 .\nlavandier , p . 1982 . larval development , feeding and production of isoperla viridinervis pictet ( plecoptera , perlodidae ) in a cold river in the high mountains . ann . limnol . 18 : 301\u2013318 . ( in french )\nshort resource summary : [ hide ] the selwyn river is used as the basis of the research presented in this journal article which looks at the onsite response of groundwater biofilms positioned in monitoring wells to changes in nutrients levels .\n7 - page pdf file that includes maps , habitat types , and threats relevant to this river . this document was extracted from forest & bird\u2019s 177 - page 20mb file on all rivers , lakes , and coastal areas .\nhabitat for the swan galaxias includes the following elements : streams generally in forested country , with low gradient and range in size from extremely small , spring - fed streams to large rivers . streams occupied by healthy populations are protected from trout invasion and establishment by some form of barrier ( waterfall , marsh , variable flow ) .\nbernauer d , jansen w ( 2006 ) recent invasions of alien macroinvertebrates and loss of native species in the upper rhine river , germany . aquatic invasions 1 , 2 : 55\u201371 . available : urltoken . accessed 05 june 2012 .\nshort resource summary : [ hide ] this article looks at the proportion of time that flowing water is present in water bodies and how this influences benthic invertebrates . the selwyn river was used as a case study for this research .\na small slender , elongate olive - grey to amber galaxias with irregular darker spots or blotches on the back and sides , a slightly forked tail , and the anal - fin origin directly below the dorsal - fin origin . the eyes , gill covers and belly are silvery - olive to white , and the fins are translucent .\ndenoncourt , c . e . and j . r . stauffer , jr . 1993 . feeding selectivity of the american eel anguilla rostrata ( lesueur ) in the upper delaware river . amer . midl . natural . 129 : 301\u2013308 .\nshort resource summary : [ hide ] this article looks at the nitrogen fixing capabilities of different vegetation along riparian areas . the selwyn river is used as a case study with the source of nitrogen into the waterway and surrounding soils examined .\nsarcoptic mange , or scabies , is a well - known threat to the health of endangered or isolated wildlife populations . 51 in southeast australia , common wombats ( vombatus ursinus ) are under threat from sarcoptes scabei var . wombati , a variant of scabies which occurs throughout their home range . 52 this has the potential to severely reduce local wombat numbers , and threaten the survival of small isolated populations . scientists have strong evidence that this variant of scabies came from humans and domestic dogs . 53\nmcdowall , r . m . , m . r . main , d . w . west and g . l . lyon . 1996 . terrestrial and benthic foods in the diet of the shorjawed kokopu , galaxias postvectis clarke ( teleostei : galaxiidae ) . n . z . j . mar . freshw . res . 30 : 257\u2013269 .\nthe principal method for surveying for freshwater fish including the swan galaxias involves electro - fishing . this technique requires specialist equipment and expertise , where an electric current is passed through the stream water to stun any fish present . when performed correctly , the sampled fish are unharmed . this technique should only performed by trained specialists with the appropriate permits .\nbrookes , a . , k . l . gregory & f . h . dawson . 1983 . an assessment of river channelization in england and wales . the science of the total environment , 27 : 97 - 111 . [ links ]\nleuven rsew , van der velde g , baijens i , snijders j , van der zwart c , et al . ( 2009 ) the river rhine : a global highway for dispersal of aquatic invasive species . biol invasions 11 : 1989\u20132008 .\nvan der velde g , platvoet d ( 2007 ) quagga mussels dreissena rostriformis bugensis ( andrusov , 1897 ) in the main river ( germany ) . aquatic invasions 2 , 3 : 261\u2013264 . available : urltoken . accessed 05 june 2012 .\ngalaxias maculatus inhabits a wide range of environments , usually in still or slow - flowing waters such as streams , rivers and lakes within a short distance of the sea . the species is sometimes found in brackish streams and can tolerate salinities up to 50 ppt . some populations are landlocked and others are diadromous , migrating downstream to the estuaries to spawn .\nrhame , r . e . and k . w . stewart . 1976 . life cycles and food habits of three hydropsychidae ( trichoptera ) species in the brazos river , texas . trans . amer . ent . soc . 102 : 65\u201399 .\nscrimgeour , g . j . and m . j . winterbourn . 1987 . diet , food resource partitioning and feeding periodicity of two riffle - dwelling fish species in a new zealand river . j . fish . biol . 31 : 309\u2013324 .\ncitation : emde s , rueckert s , palm hw , klimpel s ( 2012 ) invasive ponto - caspian amphipods and fish increase the distribution range of the acanthocephalan pomphorhynchus tereticollis in the river rhine . plos one 7 ( 12 ) : e53218 . urltoken\nshort resource summary : [ hide ] this article looks at the position of refugia ( those fish which have survived in a certain area but have been made extinct in other surrounding areas ) and how this relates to the landscape of the selwyn river .\nshort resource summary : [ hide ] this article uses a regression equation to model and predict the seasonal low flows at coes ford , on the selwyn river between 1984 and 2005 . the trends are commented on , namely the decrease in low flow occurrences .\nalthough there is a clear consensus that modified flow regimes in regulated rivers are affecting fishes and fish habitat , the severity and direction of the response varies widely ( murchie et al . , 2008 ) . the guandu river represents a good opportunity for the study of fish habitat preferences . accordingly , the aim of this study was to describe habitat suitability for the dominant fish species in the guandu river . we assessed fish occurrence and measured three physical variables : depth , water velocity , and type of substrate . we sampled four 1 - km long river stretches encompassing different mesohabitats , surveying two stretches upstream from the impoundment and two downstream . we tested the hypothesis that fish preferences for a given habitat stretch differ depending on local differences in water velocity , depth , and type of substrate .\normerod , s . j . and s . j . tyler . 1991 . exploitation of prey by a river bird , the dipper cinclus cinclus ( l . ) , along acidic and circumneutral streams in upland wales . freshw . biol . 25 : 105\u2013116 .\nsuzuki , h . i . , a . a . agostinho & k . o . winemiller . 2000 . relationship between oocyte morphology and reproductive strategy in loricariid catfishes of the parana river , brazilian journal fish biology , 57 : 791 - 807 . [ links ]\ncollier , k . j . and g . l . lyon . 1991 . trophic pathways and diet of blue duck ( hymenolaimus malacorhynchos ) on manganuiateao river : a stable carbon isotope study . n . z . j . mar . freshw . res . 25 : 181\u2013186 .\nthe dwarf galaxias galaxiella pusilla is a very small , scaleless and elongated native freshwater fish . and one of four members of the genus galaxiella in australia , other members being ; galaxiella toourtkoourt south - west victoria to south eastern south australia , galaxiella munda and galaxiella nigrostriata , which are both located in southern western australia ( coleman et al . 2015 , fishbase 2007 , waters et al . 2000 ) .\npinto , b . c . t . , f . g . ara\u00fajo & r . m . hughes . 2006 . effects of landscape and riparian condition on a fish index of biotic integrity in a large southeastern brazil river . hydrobiologia , 556 : 69 - 83 . [ links ]\nbianca jagger : cop18 failed to turn down the heat huffington post restored land can be put to a mosaic of uses such as agriculture , protected wildlife reserves , ecological corridors , regenerated forests , managed plantations , agroforestry systems and river or lakeside plantings to protect waterways . we launched plant \u2026\nstewart , k . w , g . p . friday and r . e . rhame . 1973 . food habits of hellgrammite larvae , corydalus cornutus ( megaloptera : corydalidae ) , in the brazos river , texas . ann . ent . soc . amer . 66 : 959\u2013 963 .\ndedual , m . and k . j . collier . 1995 . aspects of juvenile rainbow trout ( oncorhynchus mykiss ) diet in relation to food supply during summer in the lower tongariro river , new zealand . n . z . j . mar . freshw . res . 29 : 381\u2013391 .\nkeywords : algae , avon - heathcote estuary , central plains , central plains water , central plains water enhancement scheme , construction effects , discharges , dissolved oxygen , dissolved reactive phosphorus , drp , estuares , hydrodynamics , hydrology , lake ellesmere , lowland streams , microbiology , nitrogen , nutrient concentration , nutrients , pesticides , phosphorus , rakaia , selwyn river , surface runoff , surface water , surface water quality , suspended solids , te waihora , temperature , turbidity , turbidity , waianiwaniwa river valley , waianiwaniwa valley , waimakariri , water clarity , water quality , water quality , water races , wetlands .\nogle , d . h . , j . h . selgeby , r . m . newman and m . g . henry . 1995 . diet and feeding periodicity of ruffe in the st . louis river estuary , lake superior . trans . amer . fish . soc . 124 : 356\u2013369 ."]}
{"id": 2186, "summary": [{"text": "tschudi 's yellow-shouldered bat ( sturnira oporaphilum ) , is an extant species of leaf-nosed bat indigenous to argentina , ecuador , and peru , with its range also encompassing bolivia . ", "topic": 13}], "title": "tschudi ' s yellow - shouldered bat", "paragraphs": ["no children of tschudi ' s yellow - shouldered bat ( sturnira oporaphilum ) found .\nyou selected tschudi ' s yellow - shouldered bat ( english ) . this is a common name for :\nwikipedia article copyright notice : this article is licensed under the gnu free documentation license . it uses material from the wikipedia article\ntschudi ' s yellow - shouldered bat\n.\nglenn , c . r . 2006 .\nearth ' s endangered creatures - tschudi ' s yellow - shouldered bat facts\n( online ) - licensed article from wikipedia : the free encyclopedia . accessed\ns\u00e1nchez , m . s . , n . p . giannini , and r . m . barquez . 2012 . bat frugivory in two subtropical rain forests of northern argentina : testing hypotheses of fruit selection in the neotropics . mammalian biology 77 : 22 - 31 .\nthis species is found in peru , bolivia , and northwestern argentina ( anderson et al . 1982 , gardner 2008 ) . simmons ( 2005 ) included ecuador as part of the geographic range but that is a mistake with populations of s . ludovici ; gardner ( 2008 ) included s . ludovici as a subspecies of s . oporaphilum .\nanderson , s . 1997 . mammals of bolivia : taxonomy and distribution . bulletin of the american museum of natural history 231 : 1\u2013652 .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\nanderson , s . , koopman , k . f . and creighton , k . 1982 . bats of bolivia : an annotated checklist . american museum novitates 2750 : 1\u201324 .\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nvery rare in southern argentina ( r . barquez , pers . comm . ) ; in bolivia is restricted to very nearly places ( anderson 1997 ) . however , it appears be common at some montane forests in southeastern peru ( s . solari , pers . comm . ) . it could be locally endangered because its low population density and high impact on some andean habitats though its geographic range .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\njustification : listed as least concern because of its wide occurrence through a large geographic distribution . although there is no information on specific requirements for its presence at a local scale , it shows some tolerance to habitat transformations . at the present , the impacts on the andean forests it inhabits are not noticeable on their populations or overall distribution .\nbeyond the fact that the species prefers humid montane forests over 1 , 000 m , there is no information on habitat and ecology . similar to other species in the genus , it is expected to be mainly frugivorous ; in northern argentina it was found to be strongly depending on solanaceae and piperaceae ( s\u00e1nchez et al . 2012 ) .\nsimilar to other andean species it may be affected by the impact on montane forests through its range on the eastern versant of the andes . agricultural , small scale wood extraction and illegal crops are permanent threats in southern peru and northern bolivia .\nbecause of the few data on the species ( but see s\u00e1nchez et al . 2012 ) , most research actions are needed at places where the species is still common , like southeastern peru , to gather further data on ecology and life history . the species is present at some protected areas in peru , bolivia and argentina .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\ngardner , a . l . 2008 . tribe sturnirini . in : gardner , a . l . ( ed . ) , mammals of south america . volume 1 . , pp . 363 - 376 . the university of chicago press , chicago .\niucn . 2016 . the iucn red list of threatened species . version 2016 - 2 . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 04 september 2016 ) .\nsimmons , n . b . 2005 . order chiroptera . in : d . e . wilson and d . m . reeder ( eds ) , mammal species of the world , pp . 312 - 529 . the johns hopkins university press , baltimore , md , usa .\nthis article is only an excerpt . if it appears incomplete or if you wish to see article references , visit the rest of its contents here .\nthe solenodon is a mammal found primarily in cuba and hispanola . the species was thought to be extinct until scientists found a few still alive in 2003 . solenodons only prefer to come out at night . they eat primarily insects and they are one of the few mammal species that are venomous , delivering a very powerful toxin . symptoms of a solenodon bite are very similar to a snake bite , including swelling and severe pain , lasting several days .\nlist of all endangered animals . list of all endangered plants . list of all endangered species ( animals & plants ) . by species group ( mammal , birds , etc ) . . . united states endangered species list . browse by country , island , us state . . . search for an endangered species profile .\nare you inspired by endangered animals ? check out our games and coloring pages ! more to come soon .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322c1faa - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322c2a8c - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322e8317 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322e8824 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322e9101 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 33cdd6b6 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\ntom orrell ( custodian ) , dave nicolson ( ed ) . ( 2018 ) . itis global : the integrated taxonomic information system ( version jun 2017 ) . in : roskov y . , abucay l . , orrell t . , nicolson d . , bailly n . , kirk p . m . , bourgoin t . , dewalt r . e . , decock w . , de wever a . , nieukerken e . van , zarucchi j . , penev l . , eds . ( 2018 ) . species 2000 & itis catalogue of life , 30th june 2018 . digital resource at urltoken species 2000 : naturalis , leiden , the netherlands . issn 2405 - 8858 .\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 67e5f8b0 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\n. if you continue to use the site we will assume that you agree with this .\ndata and apps idaho fish and wildlife information system bringing information to bear on the management and conservation of fish , wildlife , and plants in idaho .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nsimmons , nancy b . / wilson , don e . , and deeann m . reeder , eds .\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 3rd ed . , vols . 1 & 2\ncomments : subgenus sturnira . often confused with bogotensis ; see pacheco and patterson ( 1992 )"]}
{"id": 2187, "summary": [{"text": "virginia valeriae , commonly known as the smooth earth snake , is a species of nonvenomous natricine colubrid snake native to the eastern half of the united states . ", "topic": 16}], "title": "virginia valeriae", "paragraphs": ["conservation and management : virginia v . valeriae is not a species of special concern in virginia due to its widespread occurrence .\nthe western smooth earth snake , virginia valeriae elegans , is the subspecies found in iowa .\necology of the smooth earth snake ( virginia valeriae ) and redbelly snake ( storeria . . . | kufs research\na relatively small snake , adult virginia valeriae measure 17 . 5 - 25 cm ( 7 - 10 in ) .\nvirginia valeriae is found in portions of northeast texas , oklahoma and kansas east to the atlantic coast from new jersey to florida .\nvaleriae is to honor miss valeria blaney , the first documented collector of the species .\nvirginia - virgo ( latin ) meaning virgin . this name might have been coined for the state of virginia ;\nthe single subspecies of virginia valeriae present in texas , v . v . elegans , is found from the austin and san antonio areas northeastward towards tyler and longview .\nnoteworthy snake records from false cape state park , city of virginia beach , virginia - gary m . williamson and steven m . roble\nvirginia valeriae is a live - bearing species . litters of between 5 - 10 snakes , measuring 6 cm ( 2 . 5 in ) , are typically seen in august and september .\nsubspecies : virginia v . valeriae has 15 dorsal scale rows at midbody and smooth scales ( except above the cloaca ) , and is usually gray . virginia v . pulchra has 17 dorsal scale rows at midbody and weakly keeled scales , and is usually brownish .\n1861 - 1862 asst . surgeon , 5th pa cavalry . served in virginia .\na herpetological survey of mole hill in rockingham county , virginia . - matthew neff\na herpetological survey of the quarry gardens at schuyler , virginia . - matthew neff\nfluctuations in mating activity of hyla chrysoscelis in southside virginia - richard l . hoffman\nsome noteworthy lizard observations from virginia and nearby areas - w . h . martin\nturtle mortality in powhatan county , virginia - jason d . gibson ( full article )\namphibians and reptiles from candler mountain , campbell county , virginia - paul w . sattler\nreproduction in a western smooth earth snake ( virginia valeriae elegans ) from western kentucky ; 1991 ; article ; journal ; bulletin of the chicago herpetological society ; morris , m . a . ; walsh . , s . j .\nan annotated checklist of reptiles and amphibians from highland county , virginia - david a . young\nnaomi and darson found a smooth earth snake ( virginia valeriae ) . this species does not grow large - 7 to 10 inches . they live in moist environments - under logs boards on the ground , eating soft - bellied insects .\nvirginia herpetological society survey of back bay nwr and false cape state park - david a . perry\nan annotated checklist of the amphibians and reptiles of shenandoah national park virginia - william l . witt\npisani , g . , w . h . busby . 2011 . ecology of the smooth earth snake ( virginia valeriae ) and redbelly snake ( storeria occipitomaculata ) in northeastern kansas . kansas biological survey , lawrence , ks report no . 172 : 37 pp .\nsmooth earth snake , virginia valeriae , which it shares range and habitat . the keeling on the scales being the only way to distinguish the species . for additional detail , see identification of smooth and keeled scales , university of florida , department of herpetology . more\nchecklist and keys to the amphibians and reptiles of virginia ' s eastern shore - joseph c . mitchell\nthe smooth earth snake is currently listed by south carolina and virginia as a species of special concern . more\nthe new kent county , virginia timber rattlesnake ( crotalus horridus ) locality is invalid . - joseph c . mitchell\na survey of the amphibians and reptiles of old colchester park in fairfax county , virginia - john m . orr\nresults of the spring 2008 annual vhs survey : colonial national historic park yorktown , virginia - timothy p . christensen\nthe upland chorus frog ( pseudacris feriarum ) in virginia : a species in decline ? - carol a . pollio\nreptile and amphibian survey of selected tracts on the northern neck and middle peninsula of virginia - robert s . greenlee\ncopperheads on the york - james peninsula , virginia - robert a . s . wright and warren p . gray\nthe wood turtle ( clemmys insculpta ) in eastern fairfax county , virginia - joseph c . mitchell and john pilcicki\ngeographic variation : male v . v . pulchra in virginia had a slightly higher average number of ventral scales ( 116 . 0 \u00b1 2 . 2 , 113 - 118 , n = 4 ) and a higher average number of subcaudals ( 41 . 8 \u00b1 2 . 9 , 38 - 45 , n = 4 ) ) than male v . v . valeriae ( ventrals 113 . 8 \u00b1 3 . 2 , 107 - 119 , n = 28 ; subcaudals 34 . 1 \u00b1 2 . 7 , 29 - 40 , n = 28 ) . the total v . v . pulchra sample exhibited a higher average number of ventrals + subcaudals ( 157 . 2 \u00b1 3 . 6 , 154 - 162 , n = 5 ) than the sample of v . v . valeriae ( 146 . 6 \u00b1 4 . 4 , 139 - 156 , n = 66 ) . the largest known female virginia valeriae in virginia ( 320 mm total length ) is a v . v . pulchra ; the largest v . v . valeriae female is 308 mm total length .\na herpetological survey of dixie caverns and explore park in roanoke , virginia , and the wehrle\u2019s salamander . - matthew neff\namphibian and reptile survey of the naval security group activity northwest , city of chesapeake , virginia - michael j . pinder\neastern narrow - mouthed toads ( gastrophryne carolinensis ) in mathews county , virginia - john b . bazuin , jr .\nsummary of virginia geographic distribution records and natural history notes published in herpetological review from 1991 - 2005 - steven m . roble\namphibians and reptiles of beaver pond habitats in the laurel fork recreation area , highland county , virginia - steven m . roble\nvaleriae - ( new latin ) in honor of valery blaney ( 1828 - 1900 ) , collector of the type specimen ; elegans - ( latin ) meaning tasteful , choice , fine , select .\nturtle diversity of u . s . army installation , fort eustis , virginia - james d . dolan and timothy p . christensen\nherpetofaunal biodiversity of the rice center for environmental life sciences , charles city county , virginia - jason d . gibson and paul sattler\nsummary of virginia sea turtle strandings during 2002 - erin e . seney , katherine l . mansfield , and john a . musick\nrecords of amphibians and reptiles from fort lee , prince george county , virginia - steven m . roble and christopher s . hobson\namphibians and reptiles of sugarland run , fairfax and loudoun counties , virginia : estimated numbers and commercial value - joseph c . mitchell\n1712 - 1719 studied flora and fauna of virginia . he was one of the first english naturalists working on southeastern us coastal plain .\nconfusing species : in virginia , this species may be confused with several other small snakes . virginia striatula has strongly keeled scales and 17 dorsal scale rows ; juveniles have a light collar behind the head . other potentially confusing species are in the h . striatula account .\nresults of the 2013 herpblitz at dick cross wildlife management area , mecklenburg county virginia - paul w . sattler and jason d . gibson\nmark - recapture study of an isolated population of the mediterranean gecko ( h . turcicus ) in bedford co . , virginia - kyle harris\neffects of ph and heavy metal concentrations on amphibian breeding and community structure on a reclaimed pyrite mine in northern virginia - carol a . pollio\nrecords of amphibians and reptiles from\nthe cedars\nregion of lee county , virginia - steven m . roble and christopher s . hobson\nsurvey of herpetofauna on the campus of hampden - sydney college in prince edward county , virginia - rachel e . goodman and e . davis carter\npreliminary estimation of capture rates for red - backed salamanders at the randolph - macon college environmental station , doswell , virginia - j . d . mcghee\nscalation of the eastern mudsnake ( farancia abacura abacura ) in virginia - john d . kleopfer , anne b . wright , and holly s . houtz\nherpetofauna of logged and unlogged forest stands in south - central virginia : preliminary results - todd s . fredericksen , ken graves and tim pohlad - thomas\npaul r . burch ' s herpetological collection at radford college , virginia : a valuable resource lost - richard l . hoffman and joseph c . mitchell\nrecords of amphibians and reptiles from breaks interstate park , dickenson county , virginia - jason d . gibson , paul w . sattler and steven m . roble\nimpact of prescribed burning on three eastern box turtles ( terrapene carolina carolina ) in southwestern virginia . - todd s . fredericksen , gage station and javin metz\ntiming of juvenile amphibian dispersal from small ponds in southern virginia - todd s . fredericksen , anthony garcia , justin hall , kaitlyn deforest , and adam morehead\nopportunistic anuran surveys in southeastern virginia : looking for oak toads , but finding . . . . . . spadefoots ! - paul sattler and jason daniel gibson\nan unusual breeding event in an urban park in danville , virginia with specific notes on the eastern spadefoot ( scaphiopus holbrookii ) - jason d . gibson and paul sattler\noverwintering behavior of the eastern box turtle ( terrapene carolina carolina ) in the virginia piedmont - david ellington , kelly rae ingram , tiffany walker and todd s . fredericksen\nobservations on the responce of four eastern box turtles ( terrapene carolina carolina ) to clearcut logging and chipping in southern virginia - todd s . fredericksen and joshua l . bernard\nrecords of amphibians and reptiles from fort pickett , virginia - steven m . roble , anne c . chazal , katharine l . derge , and christopher s . hobson .\nnetting and mittleman , 1938\nto a collector , mr . neil d . richmond , who has done much to increase our knowledge of the herpetofauna of\n( west virginia ) .\nm . c . swartwout , r . andrews , and d . linzey . 2014 . geographic distribution hemidactylus turcicus from montgomery county , virginia . herpetolocial review 45 ( 1 ) : 92\ndiscovery of a population of scarlet kingsnakes ( lampropeltis triangulum elapsoides ) in the virginia piedmont - steven m . roble , gregory n . woodie and michael d . kinsler ( full article )\nsalamander diversity and abundance along buck run in the laurel fork area of highland county , virginia - h . steve adams , michael s . hayslett , and chris hobson ( full article )\nopportunistic surveys for the oak toad ( bufo quercicus ) in southeastern virginia : on the trail of leslie burger - steven m . roble , christopher s . hobson , and anne c . chazal\na preliminary survey of the amphibians and reptiles of savage neck dunes natural area preserve , northampton county , virginia - steven m . roble , anne c . chazal , and amber k . foster\ncollins ( 1991 ) suggested that v . v . pulchra should be elevated to full species status , largely because it was allopatric with v . v . valeriae . this suggestion and others have not been verified or accepted by the herpetological community . any taxonomic conclusion about the specific status of pulchra should await a definitive systematic study .\n. other names that have been used in the illinois literature include haldea valeriae elegans ( stejneger & barbour , 1939 , a checklist . . . 4th ed . ) ; v . harpeti elegans ( boucourt , 1886 ) and potamophis striatulus ( van cleave , 1928 , illinois state acad . sci . trans . 20 : 133 - 136 ) .\nfulton , j . n . , m . couch , and w h . smith . 2014 . new geographic distribution records for herpetofauna in southwestern virginia , usa . herpetological review 45 ( 1 ) : 105 - 106 .\nsyntopic occurrence of eurycea lucifuga ( cave salamander ) , e . longicauda longicauda ( long - tailed salamander ) , and e . guttolineata ( three - lined salamander ) in the piedmont of virginia - norman reichenbach and liberty university students\nremarks : other common names for this snake in virginia are valeria ' s snake ( hay , 1902 ; dunn , 1936 ) ; eastern ground snake ( carroll , 1950 ) ; and brown snake , worm snake , and ground snake ( linzey and clifford , 1981 ) .\nan investigation of co - infection by batrachochytrium dendrobatidis and ranavirus ( fv3 ) in anurans of two natural areas in anne arundel county , maryland and fairfax county , virginia , usa . - lauren d . fuchs , todd a . tupper , christine a . bozarth , david fernandez , and robert aguilar\nseveral steps are recommended for conserving and managing this snake . the full extent of its distribution in virginia needs to be revealed , as does its ecological requirements and life history . we also need to determine the extent of logging threats and where selected populations should be protected . management could include limitations on logging practices , exclusion of some areas from logging , and maintenance of open sunlit areas for gravid females .\ndescription : a small snake reaching a maximum total length of 393 mm ( 15 . 5 inches ) ( conant and collins , 1991 ) . in virginia , maximum known snout - vent length ( svl ) is 276 mm ( 10 . 9 inches ) and maximum total length is 320 mm ( 12 . 6 inches ) . in this study , tail length / total length was 11 . 0 - 21 . 8 % ( ave . = 15 . 8 \u00b1 3 . 0 , n = 72 ) .\nrange and habitat : this species can be found in scattered locations throughout the eastern and central u . s . and throughout georgia and south carolina . its geographic range includes much of the coastal plain , piedmont , and mountains , from southern virginia to louisiana , but the species is absent from peninsular florida and most of the region of either side of the mississippi river . this species is found in a variety of forested habitats with plenty of ground cover , but is most common in moist deciduous forests and edge habitats .\nalexandria city alleghany county amelia county amherst county bedford county botetourt county campbell county caroline county charles city county chesterfield county clarke county cumberland county danville city fairfax city fairfax county falls church city fauquier county fluvanna county franklin county fredericksburg city gloucester county hampton city hanover county henrico county henry county highland county james city county lancaster county lynchburg city mecklenburg county new kent county newport news city northumberland county page county petersburg city pittsylvania county powhatan county prince george county prince william county richmond county rockingham county scott county shenandoah county southampton county spotsylvania county stafford county suffolk city surry county virginia beach city westmoreland county williamsburg city york county verified in 52 counties / cities .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ncopyright and all rights reserved by ellin beltz , 2006 . information for users at the bottom of the page\nklauber , 1945 :\nnamed for clinton g . abbott , director of the san diego society of natural history , a friend , editorial guide and a scientific associate for many years .\n1881 born in liverpool , england , son of american citizens , april 17th .\nmember of the american ornithologists union , western society of naturalists and many other professional societies .\n] after the celebrated zoologist , whose work on the development , anatomy and classification of american turtles [\ncontributions to the natural history of the united states\n] leaves nothing to be desired in these particulars . we may hope before long to see his descriptions of the genera and species , on which he has been engaged for several years , and which , like the tortoise itself , though slow in coming , will doubtless prove of solid worth and durable quality .\nstudied at jardin des plantes , paris , france under baron cuvier , the founder of comparative anatomy .\n1832 lecturer and curator at the u neuchatel , switzerland . by the time he left switzerland , he had 175 publications including : 20 books with 2000 plates .\n1846 awarded funds by king friedrich wilhelm iv of prussia to travel to america and study glaciers . he was appointed to the lowell lectureship at harvard . his popular lectures in us paid neuchatel debts and provided funds for continuing researches .\nmy intention is not , however , to impart information , but to throw the burden of study on you . if i succeed in teaching you to observe , my aim will be attained .\n1848 chair of zoology and geology , lawrence scientific school , harvard , cambridge , ma . henry d . thoreau sent agassiz , turtles , fish and a black snake . the fish was new to science .\n1850 wed elizabeth cabot cary , who had to become adjusted to snakes in the closet and worse .\n1865 went to brazil with mrs . a . , paid assistants and student volunteers aboard the\n. dom pedro ii , emperor of brazil opened the amazon to the expedition for study .\n1866 in july , the thayer expedition returned home with more than 80 , 000 specimens .\n1871 explored a glacier in the strait of magellan . named it in honor of their steamer , the\n1873 john anderson , gave his island of penikese in buzzard ' s bay off new bedford , ma and $ 50k to start a summer school for marine natural history , which became the marine biological laboratory at wood ' s hole , ma . authored\ncontributions to the natural history of the united states of america ,\n1st 2 volumes on turtles .\nneill , 1949\nin honor of mr . [ e . ross ] allen , for it was his assiduous collecting which focused attention on the form . . .\n1911 - 1922 family moved several times : topeka , ks ; mt . vernon , oh ; muncie , in ; akron , oh ; middletown , oh . he studied the natural history of each of those areas .\n1929 founder and director of the ross allen reptile institute , silver springs , florida .\n1941 - 1945 directed the milking of 73 , 960 poisonous snakes to fill war contracts for antivenin .\nbiography by hylander , c . j .\nadventures with reptiles , the story of ross allen .\njulian messner inc . new york , 1957\nscion of two historic american families , the allen ' s back to 1640 , and the trumbull ' s to 1639 .\n1852 at the age of 14 , made a collection of birds and attempted to draw and color them .\n1861 sold his collections to wilbraham academy , springfield , ma , to finance his studies at harvard with louis agassiz .\n1865 - 1866 zoological assistant , thayer expedition to brazil , under prof . agassiz .\n1867 collecting expedition to western ny , southeastern in , northern il , western ia , southern mi .\n1868 - 1869 expedition to east florida , via st . johns river to the head of lake george for mcz .\n1868 - 1880 curator of reptiles , birds and mammals , boston society of natural history .\n1870 - 1875 asst . ornithology and curator of birds and mammals , museum of comparative zoology ( mcz ) , harvard .\n1871 - 1872 fort leavenworth , ks , west to northern ut for mcz .\n1873 chief of the party of naturalists of the n . pacific railroad expedition from bismark , nd to the yellowstone and back for the smithsonian .\n1876 - 1883 corresponding secretary , nuttall ornithological club and editor of its bulletin .\n1883 - 1891 president of the american ornithologist union . editor of\nthe auk\nfrom 1883 - 1912\n1910 + member of the commission on zoological nomenclature of the international congress of zoology .\nhe received many honorary degrees and continued writing until close to his death . he was impatient of careless work and generalizations based on insufficient data .\npre 1859 collected type in the town of hyatt in anderson county , ks .\n1887 - 1933 began collecting for the us department of agriculture and continued the work until his retirement as chief field naturalist of the us biological survey .\n1893 wrote\nspermophiles of the mississippi valley ,\nand many other publications .\n1894 - 1895 studied at the columbian u ( now george washington u , washington , dc ) .\nfellow of the american association for the advancement of science , american ornithologists union , and the cooper ornithological club .\n1846 baird ' s collection added to those of the us exploring expedition ( wilkes expedition ) specimens formed core of natural history specimens at the smithsonian institution .\nbiographies : ( 1 ) dall ,\nspencer fullerton baird ,\nlippincott , philadelphia 1915 . and\nletters of spencer fullerton baird ;\n( 3 ) biographical memoirs of spencer fullerton baird , published in both the auk , vol . 5 , 1888 , # 1 ; and smithsonian report for 1888 , washington , dc , 1890 ; ( 4 ) bibliography : bull . us natl . mus . # 20 .\nbabcock , 1937\nin proposing subspecific distinction for this isolated group , i associate the name of my friend the late mr . outram bangs who first called by attention to this unique new england colony .\nattended noble ' s school , boston and the lawrence scientific school , harvard .\n1895 traveled to lake edward , quebec and micco , brevard county , fl .\n1896 worked at st . mary ' s , ga and made short visits to cumberland island , and localities on the fl side of the st . mary ' s river .\n1897 collected at pt . matanzas , carterville , anastasia is . , oak lodge , eau gallie and gainesville , fl .\n1899 his collection of mammals , over 10 , 000 skins and skulls and including over 100 type specimens was purchased by subscription and presented to harvard college . appointed asst . in mammalogy .\n1906 visited jamaica . collected over 100 birds , but his trip was cut short by dengue fever .\n1908 his collection of birds , over 24 , 000 skins was presented to the museum of comparative zoology at harvard . he assumed charge of the arrangement and increase of the bird collection .\nkraus and petranka , 1989\n. . . the name of dr . thomas barbour , who has contributed extensively to our knowledge of florida reptiles and amphibians .\n1903 presented his preserved collection of reptiles and amphibians to the museum of comparative anatomy ( mcz ) at harvard . many specimens came from the ny zoological gardens whose keepers had saved dead animals for him .\n1907 - 1908 delegate from harvard to first pan - american scientific congress , santiago , chile .\n1911 - 1927 from assoc . curator to curator reptiles and amphibians , mcz , harvard u .\nauthored\nchecklist of north american amphibians and reptiles\nwith stejneger ( 5 editions ) .\n1923 - 1945 executive officer in charge of barro colorado island laboratory ( now the canal zone biological area ) , gatun lake , panama .\nreceived honorary degrees ( scd ) from harvard u in 1940 and u of fl in 1944 .\nexplored e and w indies , india , burma , china japan and s . and central america for mcz .\nhis popular writings include :\na naturalist in cuba , this vanishing eden ,\nand\na naturalist ' s scrapbook\n( 1946 ) . he was a huge , sentimental irishman and a fine writer . adjacent to his mcz office was the\neateria ,\nto which he invited all to eat and converse . his secretary , helen robinson , prepared all the food for his , literally , thousands of guests .\nharper , 1939 [ son of john bartram , ( 1699 - 1777 ) , quaker botanist . ]\n1791 published\ntravels through north and south carolina , georgia , east and west florida .\nseminole native americans called him\npuc - puggy\nwhich means\nflower - hunter .\nplanted seeds and cuttings of the plants he collected during his travels to the family residence and garden , kingsessing , on the west bank of the schuylkill river , pa .\npre1803 drew a majority of the plates for professor william barton ' s\nelements of botany .\n, as captain , reached cape of good hope . turned back from australia by hurricanes . continued to india , persian gulf and cape of good hope . shipwrecked .\n1795 returned to france leaving his botanical collection from the indies at trinidad . involved with the jardin des plants , museum national d ' histoire naturell , paris .\n1797 - 1803 voyaged to australia in command of the geographe and the naturaliste .\ntaylor , 1895\nthis species is named for dr . baur , who first noticed the peculiarities of the type , but having only the one specimen considered it an exceptional individual of\nporter , 1968\nnamed in honor of george t . baxter who discovered the relict population .\nvan denburgh , 1905\ni take pleasure in naming this island form in honor of mr . r . h . beck who collected the specimens .\n1870 born in los gatos , santa clara county , ca , august 26 .\njoined the fb webster - harris expedition to the galapagos to collect giant tortoises for lord rothschild .\n1905 2nd expedition to the galapagos , collecting birds and tortoises for the ca academy of sciences .\n1906 - 1908 collected sea birds off the ca coast near monterey bay and waterfowl in the san joaquin valley near los banos .\n1912 rediscovered the hornby petrel on the coast of peru . head of the whitney south sea expedition . spent several years exploring the islands of the south pacific and the interior of new guinea for the american museum of natural history .\n1936 published a brief autobiography in rc murphy ' s\noceanic birds of south america .\nstejneger , 1894\ni take great pleasure in naming this new species after mr . l . belding , whose extensive and excellent herpetological ( contribution ) in lower california as well as in upper california has never been adequately recognized .\n1879 authored\na partial list of the birds of central california ,\ncontaining notes on 220 species .\n1881 - 1883 trips to the cape region of lower ca . collected new birds and studied avifauna of the region .\n1883 elected an active member of the american ornithologists ' union . selected by the committee on bird migration to take charge of the migration work in the pacific district .\nschwartz , 1952\n. . . of the u of miami , whose aid in securing the original series cannot be minimized .\n1958 - 1960 served in u . s . air force in minnesota and montana\n1977 - 1981 attended university of california at berkeley . bs in entomology and phd graduate student for three years . published several small papers on acquatic beetles ( dytiscidae and helmidae )\nroyal college of surgeons , described as a\ndental surgeon and naturalist .\n( agassiz , 1857 )\ncollected by the late mr . berlandier , a zealous french naturalist , to whom we are indebted for much of what we know of the natural history of northern mexico .\nstudied with decandolle , author of\nprodomus ,\na world botany book .\n1826 left europe for mexico as a collector for decandolle and other genevese botanists .\n1827 - 1828 worked for mexican government on their survey of eastern tx . it was a very difficult trip and many specimens were lost and destroyed . his work with the boundary commission was the first extensive collecting in texas . primarily interested in botany , also collected fauna . contracted malaria which made collecting for his patrons impossible . decandolle was not pleased with the condition and quantity of botanical materials . berlandier stayed in mexico , settled in matamoros and married a local woman . engaged in a pharmaceutical business and made frequent botanical exploration in various parts of mexico .\n1834 collected in goliad and bexar , tx . lt . couch reported that berlandier was well respected in matamoros and had served as an interpreter to general arista during the mexican war . he was in charge of the hospitals at matamoros during the war . collected the type specimen of\nviosca , 1937\nnamed for the pioneer student of louisiana herpetology , the late george e . beyer .\n1918 - 1926 la state board of health ( note : viosca also worked there ) .\npresident of the la naturalists society and a member of the us yellow fever institute and commission to veracruz , mexico . he was a special inspector for the biological survey of the us department of agriculture .\ngrobman , 1943\nit is fitting to associate with this hitherto unrecognized salamander the name of sherman c . bishop , of the university of rochester , who has contributed largely to our understanding of the salamanders of the united states .\n1887 born in sloatsburg , ny , november 18 . spent his childhood by erie canal , clyde , ny .\n1928 - 1951 asst . professor biology to professor vertebrate zoology , u rochester , ny .\n1943 completed\nhandbook of salamanders ,\nthe first serious and comprehensive work on north american salamanders since cope ( 1889 ) .\n1822 authored\nnew classification of animals based on external rather than internal organs .\nmecham , littlejohn , oldham , brown and brown , 1973\n. . . in honor of w . frank blair because of his early suggestion that there were cryptic `\nin texas in 1963 ) , and more generally in recognition of his contributions to our knowledge of the systematics and evolutionary biology of anurans .\n1922 - 1930 lived in tulsa where his interest in biology was influenced by two teachers .\n1935 - 1937 asst . mammal division , u mi . 1938 , phd , u mi .\n1941 - 1946 drafted into the army , served in the air force altitude training and survival programs . he taught the use of natural foods and his delight in serving snake , rodent , etc . to high - ranking officers is featured in his recollections .\n1972 director of the breckenridge field laboratory , u tx , austin , tx .\nauthored 129 articles ( 19 more with co - authors ) , 5 books , 8 testimonies before congressional committees , innumerable book reviews and abstracts , and supervised over 100 scientific publications resulting from his student ' s work , without being listed as co - author .\n1888 born in stoneham , ma . promoted the careful study of habits and life histories of snakes .\n1913 - 1916 taught zoology , ma agricultural college ( ma state college ) , amherst , ma .\n1918 - 1919 aide , division of reptiles , us national museum , smithsonian , worked under stejneger .\n1927 - 1928 sabbatical in new zealand , australia and tasmania , studied tuatara and urged its conservation .\n1935 spent a semester with hk gloyd on a trip through the southwestern and western us . began work on a manual of the snakes of the us which dr . gloyd continued after his death .\n( holbrook , 1838 )\nthis animal was first observed by dr . william blanding , of philadelphia , an accurate naturalist , whose name i have given to the species .\nc1830 collected the holotype known as : ansp ( phila , pa ) 26123 , illinois fox river .\n1834 he was a\nnewer member\nof the academy of natural sciences ( ansp ) at this time .\ncollected many reptiles for ansp . and in 1838 holbrook acknowledged dr . blanding\n. . . formerly of columbia , south carolina and now residing in philadelphia for several undescribed reptiles from the south and west .\nfor baird and girard in kent county , on the eastern shore of md .\n1856 married august 20 to brig . general washington lafayette elliott ( 1825 - 29 jun 1888 )\n1883 wrote\netudes sur les poissons\n( studies of fish ) with leon vaillant .\n1870 co - authored\netudes sur les reptiles et les batraciens\n( studies of reptiles and amphibians ) with auguste dumeril .\ndowling and price , 1988\ncharles m . bogert , emeritus curator of the department of herpetology of the american museum of natural history , in recognition of his many contributions to the systematics of colubrid snakes .\nprice ( 1990 ) , cat . amer . amphib . rept . 497\n1936 - 1940 assistant curator , department of herpetology , american museum of natural history ( amnh ) .\n1939 faunal investigations in mexico were initiated with a grant - in - aid from the carnegie corporation . since then collections have been assembled in nearly every state in mexico , except those in the peninsula of yucatan .\n1940 - 1941 associate curator , in charge of the department of herpetology , amnh .\n1946 initiated explorations in the mexican state of coahuila , with k . p . schmidt of the field museum of natural history .\n1946 first president of the herpetologist ' s league , appointed by chapman grant , founder of the herpetologists league .\n1946 - 1948 served as secretary to the council of the scientific staff of the amnh .\n1948 - 1950 researches in honduras , nicaragua , costa rica and bimini island , bahamas .\n1951 - 1953 traveled in the southwest : az , nm , tx and mexico .\n1953 initiated investigations of the behavioral significance of anuran vocalizations in chiricahua mountains , in az and in mexico , continued in florida ( archbold biological station ) and in az , mexico , fl , tx , wy , ut , ca , and ceylon ( 1965 ) .\n1953 taped recordings of various animals initiated in the chiricahua mountains , az , during this year led to four long - playing discs issued by folk records , including\nsounds of the american southwest\nin 1954 ,\nsounds of north american frogs\nin 1958 , as well as two records of folk music recorded in mexico in 1958 and 1960 .\n1960 university of colorado , lectures to teachers enrolled in biological sciences curriculum study .\n1965 traveled to ceylon . continued faunal , thermal and behavioral investigations in mexico .\n1979 + has traveled widely in north , south , and central america , australia and africa . worked on a monograph on the genus salvadora as well as a revision of the 1956 monograph on heloderma until his death at home in santa fe .\n1843 - 1846 archaeological pioneer , excavated and identified khorsabad as ninevah , discovered sargon ' s palace . found 7th cent b . c . dictionary for class iii cuneiform script at kuyunjik .\n1847 - 1846 wrote\nmonuments de ninive decoverts et decrits par botta , mesures et dessines par e . flandin .\n1821 born in blacklick township , indiana country , pa , december 12th . the family moved to columbus , oh . he was educated in local schools , worked at a printing press and as a public school teacher .\nc1840 ' s entered starling medical college ( now included in oh state u college of medicine ) .\n1848 - 1849 caught\ngoldrush fever\nand joined the columbus and california industrial association party as its official physician , travelling the oregon trail to ca in summer .\n1849 - 1850 prospected briefly along the south fork of the american river , near coloma , el dorado county , ca . apparently spent more time practicing medicine than prospecting . by summer 1850 , he had a practice in placerville , ca . collected reptile and amphibian specimens which were later sent to the smithsonian and examined by baird and girard . collected the syntypes ,\n1850 - 1852 moved to san francisco in the fall . built a sailboat with several friends and sailed it around cape horn arriving in norfolk , va in april 1852 .\n1860 - 1865 served as a surgeon in the 9th oh regiment . achieved the rank of captain . after the war returned to medical practice in columbus .\ndr . boyle was an accomplished linguist ( fluent in 32 languages ) and speaker . although largely self educated , he was much in demand for local meetings and clubs due to his vast knowledge , phenomenal memory , and often accurate predictions of future events . he also gave much of his time and practice to the poor of the city and as a result never amassed much money and died poor himself\non february 16th , 1870 .\nstejneger , 1894 ( see h . h . brimley )\nhaving referred to this interesting novelty - which i dedicate to messrs . h . h . and c . s . brimley , from whom the museum has obtained much interesting material . . .\n1863 born in great linford , england . attended bedford county school at elstows .\n1880 his family migrated to north carolina and settled at raleigh . a book on taxidermy inspired cs and his brother hh to begin collecting , preparing and selling natural history specimens .\n1907 authored\nartificial key to the species of snakes and lizards which are found in nc .\n1919 + division of entomology , state department of agriculture , raleigh , nc , became state museum .\n1919 co - authored\nbirds of north carolina\nwith hh brimley and t . gilbert pearson .\n1938 u of nc awarded him a doctor of laws degree in recognition of his achievements .\n1938 wrote\nthe insects of north carolina < listing more than 10 , 000 species .\nmember of the american ornithologists union , the wilson club , nc bird club and other professional societies .\nstejneger , 1894 ( see c . s . brimley )\nhaving referred to this interesting novelty - which i dedicate to messrs . h . h . and c . s . brimley , from whom the museum has obtained much interesting material . . .\n1861 born in willington , bedford , england . attended bedford county school at elstows .\n1880 his family migrated to north carolina and settled at raleigh . taught school in a one - room log building on the present meredith college campus ( nc ) . a book on taxidermy inspired hh and his brother cs to begin collecting , preparing and selling natural history specimens .\n1884 prepared exhibits for the north carolina board of agriculture and immigration . the work eventually grew into the development of a state museum .\n1884 - 1907 mounted specimens for the state centennial exposition ( 1884 ) , the chicago exposition ( 1892 ) , the charleston exposition ( 1901 ) , the saint louis exposition ( 1904 ) , the boston food fair ( 1906 ) and the jamestown exposition ( 1907 ) .\n1895 took charge of the nc state museum . accommodated exhibits returning from expositions .\n1919 co - authored\nthe birds of north carolina\nwith cs brimley and t . gilbert pearson .\n1941 nc board of agriculture designated the library as the\nbrimley library of natural history .\nfounder and life member of the north carolina academy of science , the raleigh natural history club , the raleigh bird club and the north carolina bird club .\nstejneger , 1890\n. . . in recognition of his successful researches in that territory ( tucson , az ) . . .\n1873 moved to tucson , az . prospected in the desert mountains of az and northern sonora . he had several narrow escapes from apache indians and from death by thirst on the waterless plains of that region .\nhe was connected with newspapers in tucson as a reporter , editor and owner .\nto 1913 president of the audubon society of az and clerk of the superior court of pima county .\n1954 - present collected extensively in the southwestern us , northwestern us and the american midwest .\n1973 - 2000 environmental specialist in vector control , nm environmental department , working extensively investigating human and animal cases of plague , hantavirus , other vector - borne diseases ; co - author of\na manual for the investigation of plague cases in new mexico\nand several papers on plague and hantavirus in nm ; retired december 2000 .\nhe just recently retired from nm environment dept . in santa fe after about 25 years of service in their vector control program . ted ' s an avid non - professional herpetologist who knows nm intimately and is a walking database of local herp information ( and he ' ll gladly share it with you ) . j . n . stuart\ndid not publish as much as some of his colleagues ; reportedly encouraging his students ( a who ' s who of natural history for the next 50 years ) to take credit for their discoveries while under his wing . developed the dermestid beetle method of cleaning specimens .\n1927 u mi , student of ht gaige , fn blanchard , and ag ruthven .\n1932 wrote the amphibian and reptiles section of report on the amnh whitney expedition to the pacific islands . received a grant in aid from the national research council to prepare an illustrated key to the lizards of the us and canada .\n1936 published\na key to the lizards of the us and canada .\nat kansas state college at quivira , authored more than 80 scientific papers , a fellow of the american association for the advancement of science and the american society of zoologists .\na founder of american anthropology society and american association of mammalogists , in audubon society , and the academy of sciences of in .\nhaynes and mckown , 1974\nwe name it in memory of fred r . cagle whose research greatly increased our knowledge of\n1938 - 1940 southern il normal u , carbondale , il ( now southern il university ) .\n1950 professor of zoology and chairman of the graduate department of zoology , tulane u .\nmarlow , brode and wake , 1979\nthe new species is named in honor of the late charles l . camp , herpetologist , paleontologist , and historian , who contributed greatly to our knowledge of the american west . prof . camp discovered the genus\nin the new world . . . and very early recognized the diversification within the genus\n1918 - 1919 1st lt . american expeditionary forces , served in europe , south africa and china .\nmember of the california academy of sciences , american society of ichthyologists and herpetologists , and the california folklore society .\nwrote\njames clyman : american frontiersman ,\nan invaluable source of information on early explorations of the american west .\nwas secretary of\namerican ornithologists\nas shown by minutes in the auk , vol . 5 , number 2 , pages 220 to 224 .\n1731 - 1748 produced the\nnatural history of carolina , florida and the bahama islands\nwith 200 color plates , vol . i in 1731 , vol . 2 in 1743 , and the appendix in 1748 . combined illustrations showing birds in natural environments . studied reptiles , etc . on isle of providence . illustrated book on american insects , died in london .\n1850 - 1855 zoologist , us / mexican boundary survey , under colonel jd graham .\nwhile surveying , clark and schott made very fine zoological collections . their vertebrates contained possibly 100 new species .\nc1852 collected type of rana areolata for baird and girard in calhoun county , tx ; and type of eumeces obsoletus , rio san pedro , tx . worked in md , tx , nm and sonora , mexico .\nrossman , 1958\nnamed for roger conant , zoological society of philadelphia in recognition of his contributions to herpetology .\nacademic course in biology at the u pa terminated by causes stemming from the great depression .\n1929 - 1933 curator of reptiles , toledo zoological park , toledo , oh .\n1936 - 1969 wrote and presented a 15 minute , weekly , educational , radio program entitled\nlet ' s visit the zoo\nfor kyw in philadelphia , pa .\n1943 - 1945 served in the volunteer port security force of the us coast guard .\n1953 - 1958 secretary of philadelphia conservationists , a group active in preserving wildlife habitats in pa , nj and de .\n1957 - 1973 vice - president of the ludwick institute , which provides educational opportunities for children .\n1961 - 1973 secretary of philadelphia conservationists , a group active in preserving wildlife habitats in pa , nj and de .\n1973 a plaque was dedicated in the reptile house of the philadelphia zoo , designating the natural habitat settings throughout the building as the\nroger conant exhibits .\n1983 delivered the distinguished herpetologist ' s lecture , herpetologists ' league , u ut , salt lake city , aug . 8th .\nnational consultant for reptile study , and author of the reptile merit badge pamphlet for the boy scouts of america . past - president of the museum council of philadelphia , an organization of all cultural museums and similar institutions in that metro area . past - president and former secretary of the american association of zoological parks and aquariums ( aazpa ) . editor of the zoo section of\nmagazine , ( aazpa ) for 20 years . served on the board of directors of the american institute of park executives , formerly affiliated with aazpa . editor of\n, the magazine of the philadelphia zoo , during its ten years of publication . editor of\n, for 18 years . president of the american society of ichthyologists and herpetologists ( asih ) . secretary and vice president of asih .\nuntil 1956 chairman of committee on standardization of common names for north american amphibians and reptiles ( results published in 1956 ) .\nauthor of 198 primarily herpetological papers , including a monograph on the water snakes of mexico , many popular articles , and three books . contributions have been published in eight countries . wrote literally hundreds of short articles , many of which are not signed by him .\nwrote\nthe field guide to reptiles and amphibians of eastern and central north america .\nconducted extensive field work on reptiles and amphibians , largely in the us and mexico , but also to a lesser extent in africa and asia . has visited and consulted natural history collections worldwide .\nserved as a member of the national research council , national academy of sciences , for three years .\nmember of many scientific and cultural organizations from whom he has received numerous awards and honors .\nreceived three grants from the national science foundation for field research on reptiles and amphibians in mexico .\n1989 published\nsnakes of the agkistrodon complex ,\na monograph begun by dr . conant and the late dr . hk gloyd in the early 1930 ' s .\n1863 - 1864 studied in europe , at the british museum and jardin des plantes .\n1869 - 1870\nsystematic arrangement of the extinct batrachia , reptiles and aves of north america .\n1870 paleontologist us geological survey , discovered 100 ' s of new species of extinct vertebrates .\nbiographies : ( 1 ) osborn ,\ncope : master naturalist ,\n1931 , princeton u press ; copeia , 1932 , # 1 , pp . 39 - 41 ; ( 2 ) copeia , 1940 , # 2 , pp . 60 - 69 ; davis , w . h .\nedward drinker cope , herpetologist ,\nbull . of the antivenin inst . of america , vol . 5 , no . 3 , pp . 71 - 80 , may 1932 .\nbaird , 1854 . geiser wrote that the species were named\nin honor of its indefatigable discoverer , lt . d . n . couch , who , at his own risk and cost , undertook a journey into northern mexico , when the country was swarming with bands of mauraders , and made large collections in all branches of zoology . . .\n1847 fought in the battle of buena vista , promoted to 1st lt . for gallantry .\n. purchased berlandier ' s papers , herbarium and zoological and mineral collections from his widow . shipped some to smithsonian and sent part of the plant collection to switzerland . by early 1854 , he had returned to washington , dc .\n1861 - 1863 volunteered - colonel 7th ma infantry , appointed brigadier general of volunteers .\noffered resignation due to ill health , but was promoted to major general of volunteers .\nbiography : conant , roger , american museum novitates , # 2350 , 10 - 4 - 1968 .\n1804 bought land in ga , his father had a large plantation on san simeon island , ga .\n1814 graduated yale . spent time in holland studying water control . one of first us farmers to conduct plantation on basis of scientific research and experimentation .\n1838 changed crop from sugar to rice . introduced exotic plants including bermuda grass , now the principle grass in georgia .\n1846 presented on fossils at chatahoochie river , ga to boston society of natural history .\nc1861 the civil war destroyed his way of life . he opposed secession , but all 5 of his sons enlisted in the confederate army . 2 were killed . couper died broken financially and spiritually . he is buried on san simeon island .\nlowe and norris , 1956\nnamed in honor of professor raymond b . cowles of the university of california , los angeles .\n( blatchley , 1901 )\ntwo specimens are in the writer ' s collection from sevier county , tn , collected by mr . l . e . daniels to whom i dedicate the species .\n1922 - 1934 instructor , school of medicine , u mi and part time asst . professor .\n1925 - 1929 chief , obstetrics and gynecology , grace hospital , detroit , mi .\n1928 chief , obstetrics and gynecology , women ' s hospital , detroit , mi .\nhe was a republican , episcopalian and was active in the american boxer club and judged many dog shows throughout the us .\n1842 - 1844\nzoology of new york ,\nvolume 3 , reptiles and amphibians .\ncollected a specimen of storeria dekayi while it was\nswimming across a large bay on the northern coast of long island .\nscudday , 1973\npatronym for dr . james r . dixon who has contributed much to our understanding of the herpetology of the southwest .\n1959 - 1961 assoc . professor , veterinary medicine , texas a and m university , where he is affectionately known as\nbwana jim .\n1965 - 1967 curator of herpetology , life sciences division , los angeles county museum , ca .\n1971 + professor , wildlife and fisheries science , texas a and m university u .\n1987 published\namphibians and reptiles of texas .\nspecializes in : zoogeography , systematics and ecology of geckos ."]}
{"id": 2193, "summary": [{"text": "in american comic books published by marvel comics , a mutant is a being ( usually otherwise human ) who possesses a genetic trait called an x-gene that allows the mutant to naturally develop superhuman powers and abilities .", "topic": 4}, {"text": "human mutants are considered to be of the subspecies homo sapiens superior or simply homo superior , an evolutionary progeny of homo sapiens , and are considered the next stage in human evolution , although whether this is true or not is a subject of much debate in the marvel universe .", "topic": 4}, {"text": "unlike marvel 's mutates , which are characters who develop their powers only after exposure to outside stimuli or energies ( such as the hulk , spider-man , the fantastic four , and absorbing man ) , mutants are those whose mutations are pre-natal , and whose powers typically manifest at puberty . ", "topic": 4}], "title": "mutant ( marvel comics )", "paragraphs": ["mutant ( marvel knights 2099 ) - marvel universe wiki : the definitive online source for marvel super hero bios .\nalpha the ultimate mutant - marvel universe wiki : the definitive online source for marvel super hero bios .\nnothing lasts forever , but nothing stays dead in comic books . marvel comics ' november solicitations\nnamor the sub - mariner is often labeled as marvel ' s first mutant , which is true insofar as he is the first mutant character published by marvel .\nso for your benefit , here are the six basic categories of mutants in the marvel comics universe .\ncage , luke - marvel universe wiki : the definitive online source for marvel super hero bios .\nboudreaux , bella donna - marvel universe wiki : the definitive online source for marvel super hero bios .\nthe simple answer that marvel would give you is that they don\u2019t have the mutant gene .\nin american comic books published by marvel comics , a mutant is a being who possesses a genetic trait called an x - gene that allows the mutant to naturally develop superhuman powers and abilities .\nmarvel comics is an american comic book line published by marvel entertainment , inc . affectionately called the house of ideas by the fan press , marvel\u2019s best - known comics titles include fantastic four , the amazing spider - man , the incredible hulk , iron man , daredevil , thor , captain america , and x - men . most of marvel\u2019s fictional characters reside in the marvel universe .\nmarvel adventures take place in this reality . the marvel adventures line replaced the marvel age line which replaced the tsunami line . namor has faced the fantastic four and the hulk and the avengers in this universe . marvel adventures fantastic four # , marvel super heroes #\ndeadpool ( wade wilson ) - marvel universe wiki : the definitive online source for marvel super hero bios .\nbeast ( henry mccoy ) - marvel universe wiki : the definitive online source for marvel super hero bios .\ncypher ( douglas ramsey ) - marvel universe wiki : the definitive online source for marvel super hero bios .\nthe recent dates are given regarding the comics ' edition . due to the sliding timescale , the temporal connections ( sometimes stated in the comics ) may be incoherent outside of the comics context .\napocalypse ( en sabah nur ) - marvel universe wiki : the definitive online source for marvel super hero bios .\nanother mutant birth was witnessed , by the mutant wolfsbahne : tier . [ 176 ]\nthough the mutants are considered a modern concept , introduced with marvel comics uncanny x - men # 1 ( september , 1963 ) , the term was ( seemingly ) introduced by marvel predecessor atlas comics . also , some timely comics ( atlas predecessor ) characters were later retconned as mutants . please consult the\nmutant editorial history\npage for more informations .\nnot the answer you ' re looking for ? browse other questions tagged comics marvel x - men or ask your own question .\npak , greg , and carmine di giandomenico . x - men : magneto testament . new york : marvel comics , 2009 . print .\nsome call thanos a mutant , but he really isn\u2019t . he\u2019s a titan who is a eternal / deviant hybrid . which makes him a \u201cmutant\u201d but not a marvel mutant . which is what makes all this difficult .\ncomics which tackle real world issues in society using real world groups : better .\nin 1973 , perfect film and chemical corporation changed its name to cadence industries , which in turn renamed magazine management co . as marvel comics group . goodman , now completely disconnected from marvel , created a new company called atlas / seaboard comics in 1974 , reviving marvel\u2019s old atlas name , but this project lasted only a year - and - a - half .\n- - - . \u201ci , magneto ! \u201d classic x - men # 19 . new york : marvel comics , 1988 . 21\u201332 . print .\nwe want to see ourselves in comics . we want to celebrate freaks like us .\nnot the answer you ' re looking for ? browse other questions tagged marvel x - men mutant or ask your own question .\nin the mutant x universe , namor allied with doctor doom at the request of magneto . mutant x # 12\nmutant gila monster or dr . paine\u2019s artificial mutant crocodiles\u2026 there\u2019s also the extradimensional mutant hauk\u2019ka ( i sould recheck if they are said to be mutants ) or devil dinosaur .\nin the wake of dc comics\u2019 success reviving superheroes in the late 1950s and early 1960s , particularly with the justice league of america , marvel decided to follow suit .\nin 1990 , marvel begin selling marvel universe cards with trading card maker impel . these were collectible trading cards that featured the characters and events of the marvel universe , which would spawn several more series of cards and imitations by dc .\ngiven there was little internal logic being directed toward mutant populations in the marvel universe before m - day , all we can offer is speculation based upon cultural , social , environmental and technological possibilities in the marvel universe .\ncould be . know one really knows who / what / u / vargas is , so he / she / they could in fact be marvel comics comic book villain vargas .\nthe mutant rogue is now an alpha level mutant since she can control her power , but once was a beta level .\nsuch a trigger further enhances the original powers of a mutant or can substantially alter the powers already possessed by a mutant .\nthe new mutants are three series featuring an eponymous group of teenaged mutant superheroes - in - training . the three series , two of which are now defunct , are spin - offs of the popular x - men franchise published by marvel comics .\nsinister was also listed as an alpha - level mutant , [ 17 ] although he is not a mutant but a mutate .\nhowever , the first , as in oldest known mutant in the marvel universe , would be selene , being well over 17 , 000 years old .\nnamor had his own segment in the marvel super heroes , voiced by john vernon .\nis talking about when it mentions \u201cthe most dramatic return in the marvel universe . \u201d\nedit : better not be teenage logan or i will kick marvel in the genitals .\n\u201cit really saved the industry at that time , \u201d longtime comics journalist heidi macdonald said . \u201cultimate [ marvel ] reignited interest among marvel fans and got new readers . \u201d to bring some shine and excitement to its non - ultimate universe , marvel put bendis and millar in charge of mainstream marvel titles like the avengers and wolverine as well . marvel regained the top spot in market share , and ultimate marvel was the engine that drove it there . as ultimate fantastic four writer mike carey put it , if you were an ultimate writer , artist , or editor , you were in the \u201ccool kids\u2019 club . \u201d\nboycotting marvel since one more day boycotting dc since damian wayne and the pu52 never boycotting hcrealms . ya ' ll are too much fun ! dc comics : just one more to go !\npublisher : marvel comics writer : jeff lemire artists : humberto ramos , victor olazaba colourist : edgar delgado editor : daniel ketchum release date : out now ! price : $ 3 . 99\nnamor ( or the sub - mariner as he was then known ) debuted in the golden age of comics and was the original anti - hero of comics . interestingly , namor was the first super - hero who was able to fly . his meeting and subsequent battle with the original human torch ( the android called jim hammond ) in marvel mystery comics # 8 ( june 1940 ) , made comic history as it was the first superhero meeting and team - up in comics history and it established for the first time the concept of a shared fictional universe inhabited by many various superheroes in comics .\nit began as a hail mary maneuver . ultimate marvel was a publishing experiment launched by marvel comics \u2014 the superhero - comics company that had invented the avengers , spider - man , the x - men , and countless other icons \u2014 during its darkest hour . the idea was simple : launch various comics series where all the famous marvel characters are young again and just starting their superhero careers in the modern day . give the series flashy titles like ultimate spider - man and ultimate x - men and make sure no reader will have to go back and read decades\u2019 worth of comics to understand what\u2019s going on . return to core principles . make these icons fresh again .\nnon - marvel copyright info all characters mentioned or pictured are \u2122 and \u00a9 1941 - 2099 marvel characters , inc . all rights reserved . if you like this stuff , you should check out the real thing ! please visit the marvel official site at : urltoken\nnow that i\u2019ve got that out of the way . mutants in marvel is a tricky thing because there is a \u201cmutant\u201d race . humans who are born with the \u201cx - gene\u201d . however , in the comics the term \u201cmutant\u201d is also frequently used to describe anyone of any race who happens to be different from the norm .\nmarvel has not officially stated why mutant populations appeared to be greater in the european and western world than they do in the rest of the planetary populations .\nafter necrosha and the loss of many mutant lives , doctor nemesis stated that the mutant population consisted of 181 individuals . [ 171 ]\nmarvel comics was founded by established pulp - magazine publisher martin goodman in 1939 as an eventual group of subsidiary companies under the umbrella name timely comics . its first publication was marvel comics # 1 ( oct . 1939 ) , featuring the second appearance of carl burgos\u2019 android superhero , the human torch , and the first generally available appearance of bill everett\u2019s mutant anti - hero namor the sub - mariner . the contents of that sales blockbuster were supplied by an outside packager , funnies , inc . , but by the following year timely had a staff in place .\nnon - marvel copyright info all other characters mentioned or pictured are \u2122 and \u00a9 1941 - 2099 marvel characters , inc . all rights reserved . if you like this stuff , you should check out the real thing ! please visit the marvel official site at : urltoken\ngenter , robert . \u201c\u2018with great power comes great responsibility\u2019 : cold war culture and the birth of marvel comics . \u201d journal of popular culture 40 . 6 ( 2007 ) : 953\u2013978 . print .\nlee , stan ( w ) , and jack kirby ( p ) , et al . , essential uncanny x - men vol . 1 . new york : marvel comics , 1999 . print .\nmonet st . croix is a mutant with a wide variety of mutant powers at superhuman levels and representing a near - perfect human being .\ntoday ' s marvel solicits didn ' t just give us a new look at doctor octopus ' return to amazing spider - man . we also have one hell of a tease for something to come in one of the new x - men comics , x - men : blue \u2014 one that marvel is very much wanting you to think involves a potential return for wolverine to the marvel comicsverse .\nit doesn ' t help that the terms homo superior and homo sapiens superior are used interchangeably in the comics .\ncomics which tackle real world issues between individuals using the lens of \u201cmutants\u201d instead of real world groups : fine .\ncomics which tackle real world issues in society using the lens of \u201cmutants\u201d instead of real world groups : stop .\nexcept that in logan , unlike in the comics that inspired it , that hope is very much in vain .\nmarvel\u2019s comics were noted for focusing on characterization to a greater extent than most superhero comics before them . this was true of the amazing spider - man , in particular . its young hero suffered from self - doubt and mundane problems like any other teenager . marvel superheroes are often flawed , freaks , and misfits , unlike the perfect , handsome , athletic heroes found in previous traditional comic books . some marvel heroes looked like villains and monsters . in time , this non - traditional approach would revolutionize comic books .\n, felt in love with marvel at giant size x - men 1 . never stopped since .\nfollow the avengers of the marvel cinematic universe in their adventures leading up to this . . .\nin 1968 , company founder martin goodman sold marvel comics and his other publishing businesses to the perfect film and chemical corporation . it grouped these businesses in a subsidiary called magazine management co . goodman remained as publisher .\nclaremont , chris ( w ) , and john bolton ( a ) . \u201ca fire in the night ! \u201d classic x - men # 12 . new york : marvel comics , 1987 . 21\u201332 . print .\nall names of characters and the distinctive likeness ( es ) thereof are trademarks of marvel character , inc . and are used with permission . copyright\u0161 2001 marvel characters , inc . all rights reserved .\n, a mutant is a being who possesses a genetic trait called an x - gene that allows the mutant to naturally develop superhuman powers and abilities .\nthere were many reasons the initiative could have failed , but it instead succeeded beyond its creators ' wildest dreams . indeed , the world of marvel movie adaptations \u2014 including this summer ' s megahit avengers sequel and upcoming fantastic four \u2014 owe more to the ultimate imprint than any other single marvel comics initiative . and yet , 15 years after the ultimate line\u2019s birth , marvel just killed it . last week , a five - issue miniseries called ultimate end debuted , and when it ' s done , there will be no more ultimate marvel . there is little mourning , even among die - hard comics fans who once loved the imprint .\nnamor appeared in toybiz ' s second ever marvel legends series , complete with an aquatic display base .\ni ' d say genetic ethnicity is closer to what the marvel u . identifies then as though .\nfollow the avengers of the marvel cinematic universe in their adventures leading up to this summer ' s blockbuster event , marvel ' s avengers : infinity war ! plus , tales from the long and villainous history of the mad titan , thanos ! collecting : marvel ' s avengers : infinity war . . .\nclaremont , chris ( w ) , john byrne ( p ) , and kieron dwyer ( p ) . \u201cshowdown ! \u201d classic x - men # 19 . new york : marvel comics , 1988 . 1\u201320 . print .\njames is a staff writer for io9 . he reads comics so you don ' t have to\u2014but sometimes you should anyway !\nthose dates can also be replaced if proven in comics ( or handbooks ) to be different from the publication dates . a\nas far , no known mutant has been classified as being as a dreg .\nhe is a human mutant with an undisclosed amount of lupine ancestry .\n- he lost his adamantium - he regained his adamantium lol i loved and hated when marvel did that .\ninvestor carl icahn attempted to take control of marvel , but in 199 7 , after protracted legal battles , control landed in the hands of isaac perlmutter , owner of the marvel subsidiary toy biz . with his business partner avi arad , publisher bill jemas , and editor - in - chief bob harras , perlmutter helped revitalize the comics line .\nmutants , marvel comics & apos ; best known superhuman minority group , have long served as an imperfect analogue for real world minority struggles and injustices , from the concentration camps of days of future past to the segregationist society of genosha .\ndipaolo , marc . war , politics and superheroes : ethics and propaganda in comics and film . mcfarland , 2011 . print .\nnamor , notorious mutant , attacked new york city and caused tens of thousands death and millions of displaced , along with early anti - mutant sentiment . [ 56 ]\ngenosha is a fictional country appearing in american comic book series published by marvel comics . it is an island nation that exists in marvel ' s main shared universe , known as\nearth 616\nin the marvel universe and a prominent place in the x - men chronology . the fictional nation served as an allegory for slavery and later for south african apartheid before becoming a mutant homeland and subsequently a disaster zone . the island is located off the southeastern african coast northwest from seychelles and northeast of madagascar . its capital city was hammer bay .\nthere was a wide array of causes for marvel\u2019s woes \u2014 the collapse of a comics - as - collectible - items bubble and multiple defections by top artists , for example . but one ailment was obvious to any brand - new reader who bought a marvel comic for the first time : there was so much backstory that the stories were almost incomprehensible .\nnamor ' s mutant power are the wings on his ankles which appear to allow him to fly and his greater degree of strength . namor was actually the first comic book character with the power of flight , already flying in his second comic book appearance in marvel comics # 1 , while all other contemporary characters like captain marvel , superman and wonder woman only could leap great distances and didn ' t fly canonically until several months later .\nclaremont , chris ( w ) , dave cockrum ( p ) , and sam grainger ( i ) . \u201cthe gentleman\u2019s name is magneto . \u201d classic x - men # 12 . new york : marvel comics , 1987 . 1\u201320 . print .\n\u201cwhen i got hired , i literally thought i was going to be writing one of the last \u2014 if not the last \u2014 marvel comics , \u201d says now - legendary comics writer brian michael bendis , who wrote the first comic of the ultimate line and will be writing the final one , too . when he wrote that first issue in 2000 , the once - venerable marvel was in chaos . \u201cit ' s so the opposite now , that people don ' t even know . \u201d\nin the marvel universe there are humans , mutates ( humans bestowed with powers ) , gods , aliens , homo superior superiors ( evolution ' s solution to the mutant problem ) , and mutants .\ni think ol wolvie is a mutant , but one thing hade thinking forever and bugging me whenever i go to sleep . . . is spiderman a mutant or what ?\napocalypse was not happy to learn that he was not the oldest mutant after all .\njimmy jupiter , maybe an early mutant , was active in wwii . [ 114 ]\nsince her first appearance , destiny aka irene adler has always looked older than even aunt may ( the elderly comics version , not the hot new marvel cinematic universe marisa tomei version ) and with good reason \u2013 she was born in the early 1900s .\nif they do a trade of frankencastle , i will buy it . i never buy comics but that is straight up my fucking alley .\nlund , martin . \u201crethinking the jewish - comics connection . \u201d centre for theology and religious studies , lund university , 2013 . print .\nin 1986 , marvel was sold to new world entertainment , which within three years sold it to macandrews and forbes , owned by revlon executive ronald perelman . perelman took the company public on the new york stock exchange and oversaw a great increase in the number of titles marvel published . as part of the process , marvel productions sold its back catalog to saban entertainment ( acquired in 2001 by disney ) , and marvel management closed the animation studio , opting to outsource .\nnope . there have been a number of non - human mutants important to x - men and the marvel universe .\nfor a number of years , the \u201cx - men\u201d were so popular that most of marvel\u2019s highest - selling titles were either \u201cx - men\u201d or related to \u201cx - men\u201d in some way ( \u201cx - factor , \u201d \u201cwolverine , \u201d \u201cnew mutants\u201d / \u201dx - force , \u201d etc . ) . it got to the point when characters began to associate with \u201cx - men\u201d even if they had no connection at all . \u201cspider - man\u201d promoted itself as marvel\u2019s most popular non - mutant . a new \u201cnamor\u201d ongoing series launched by touting him as marvel\u2019s first mutant . being a mutant was the thing to be for many years .\ndc was the equivalent of the big hollywood studios : after the brilliance of dc\u2019s reinvention of the superhero \u2026 in the late 1950s and early 1960s , it had run into a creative drought by the decade\u2019s end . there was a new audience for comics now , and it wasn\u2019t just the little kids that traditionally had read the books . the marvel of the 1960s was in its own way the counterpart of the french new wave\u2026 . marvel was pioneering new methods of comics storytelling and characterization , addressing more serious themes , and in the process keeping and attracting readers in their teens and beyond . moreover , among this new generation of readers were people who wanted to write or draw comics themselves , within the new style that marvel had pioneered , and push the creative envelope still further .\njuston seyfert ' s sentinel considered that lethal force was necessary to take down brian rinehart , a mutant whose mutant power level classification was beta demonstrated powerful telekinetic powers . [ 16 ]\nwhy are these comics brought into the film only for logan to dismiss them ? in part they serve as a convenient means for laura\u2019s surrogate mother to learn about eden ( which does in fact exist , raising the question of who the writers of these comics are and where they\u2019re getting their information ) , but they\u2019re also symbolically important as another reference to mythology . superhero comics have often been called \u201cmodern mythology\u201d or \u201camerican mythology , \u201d as they are where we in the contemporary world get most of our ideas about heroism . it\u2019s not hard to see how superhero comics have inherited the role that mythology played in earlier civilizations , particularly with comics frequent adaptation of mythological figures like thor , hercules , and so on .\nand what\u2019s more , among the guest creators , the solicitation lists \u201ca legendary comic strip artist making his marvel debut . \u201d\nthus , the third and final evocation of mythology is in the repeated appearance of x - men comics within the movie itself . we\u2019re shown that someone has been publishing comics based loosely on the real - life adventures of the x - men . according to logan , only about a quarter of it really happened , and what did happen didn\u2019t happen like that . this leads logan to doubt even the existence of eden , dismissing it as wishful thinking from a desperate reader . the existence of comics featuring \u201creal life\u201d superheroes is straight out of the marvel comics , where official , semi - official , and unofficial publications depicting the heroics of the fantastic four , avengers , x - men , and others are occasionally referenced .\nyou can have felines : the beast - like cat , or mutant lions created by dr .\nand the prime skrull , only known individual of the prime skrulls , who became a mutant .\nsince the 1960s , it has been one of the two largest american comics companies , along with dc comics . located in new york city , marvel has been successively headquartered in the mcgraw - hill building on west 42nd street ( where it originated as timely comics in 1939 ) ; in suite 1401 of the empire state building ; at 635 madison avenue ( the actual location , though the comic books\u2019 indicia listed the parent publishing - company\u2019s address of 625 madison ave . ) ; 575 madison avenue ; 387 park avenue south ; 10 east 40th street ; and 417 fifth avenue .\nnamor appeared in the marvel legends showdown figure game from toybiz and upper deck . he came packaged with a hammerhead shark toy .\nalthough his father never officially received the classification , david\u2019s psionic ability to absorb consciousnesses and superpowers into his own persona classifies him as an \u201comega - level mutant . \u201d although in the comics the term has not been fully defined , but has still changed in meaning over the years , typically it denotes a rare mutant of vast , vast power .\nfingeroth , danny . disguised as clark kent : jews , comics , and the creation of the superhero . new york : continuum , 2007 . print .\nabsolutely . it\u2019s certainly not a perfect metaphor\u2013 few are\u2013 but in this case the comics have done a pretty good job of addressing both of these concerns .\nsure , occasionally marvel\u2019s non - mutant heroes have to pacify public apprehension , but that\u2019s the exception , not the rule . civil war \u2018s superhuman registration act ( which has been quickly forgotten ) is little more than a blip in avengers\u2019 history , whereas mutants have been fighting the mutant registration act for decades . ( for more oppressive anti - mutant legislation see prop x which sought to rob mutants of their reproductive rights . )\nthis article suggests that scholarship on comics and identity is vulnerable to strong confirmation bias . engaging with a few common assumptions presented in writing on x - men comics ( 1963\u20131970 , 1975\u20131991 ) and identity , it offers alternative interpretations on the series\u2019 engagement with the cold war , civil rights , individual authenticity , persecution , and the holocaust . based on these discussions , the article then offers a few methodological suggestions that might help reduce bias in future studies of comics and identity .\nof course , within the marvel universe there is an option beyond registering mutants . eradicating them . at its most extreme , that idea means death camps . just below that in terms of atrocities is the idea of a mutant cure .\nhammond was apparently a mutant , having the ability to pass through solid walls and possibly other abilities .\non earth - 616 , the mutant classifications are not really used , except for the omega levels .\nthe term\nalpha mutant\n( less powerful ) can , but does not necessarily , intersect .\nwhich x - men or mutant death struck you the hardest ? let\u2019s mourn together in the comments .\ni remember an issue where a dying mutant was detected , i think by professor x using cerebro .\nxavier : the x - men will stop you , magneto ! it will be mutant against mutant\u2014to the death , need be ! ! but mankind must be saved ! ( # 4 , 10 . )\nin the sole xavier institute , the mutant students count went from 182 to 27 . [ 158 ]\ni this article is an abridged and revised version of an argument that first appeared in the author\u2019s dissertation , rethinking the jewish\u2013comics connection . see bibliography for information .\nlogan \u2013 the tenth movie in the x - men franchise of films \u2013 takes its characters and storylines from a number of different sources in the original comics .\nmarvel in 1992 acquired fleer corporation , known primarily for its trading cards , and shortly thereafter created marvel studios , devoted to film and tv projects . avi arad became director of that division in 1993 , with production accelerating in 1998 following the success of the film blade .\nmillar\u2019s initial stories for ultimate x - men may have sold like gangbusters in 2001 , but they weren\u2019t especially groundbreaking ( other than the awful goatees that artist adam kubert gave to wolverine and cyclops ) . his greatest achievement was brewing in the background . jemas and quesada had asked him to team up with superstar artist bryan hitch for the launch of ultimate marvel\u2019s take on marvel comics\u2019 premier superteam , the avengers . hitch had drawn for the authority ( though his run didn\u2019t overlap with millar\u2019s ) , where he earned a reputation for drawing comics that looked like movies : full of photorealistic figures and enormous action sequences . the ultimate - universe avengers series would be called the ultimates , and marvel wanted it to be the imprint\u2019s biggest series yet .\nwho is the most powerful x - men character in the marvel universe ? check out our ranking of the top mutants and their powers .\nnamor the sub - mariner is the ruler of undersea atlantis . the offspring of a sea captain and an atlantean princess , he has been both a hero and a villain to the surface world . namor is one of marvel ' s oldest published characters with his origins in the golden age of comics .\nuntil a certain point , the soviet union euthanized mutant children . afterwards , they started having them serve the state instead . { { r | official handbook of the marvel universe a - z update # 2 | ; ursa major ' entry }\nthey technically are mutants . . . but the term and all of its\nbaggage\nwasn ' t in vogue when the comic book series was begun . also in the marvel universe , being a\nmutant\nimplies that one was born with mutant traits or abilities , rather than gaining them through an accident or by an act of design .\nsaul was one of the externals , a rob liefeld creation that is best consigned to mutant history books .\nrachel summers was the first mutant referred to as omega - level in uncanny x - men # 208 .\n) there was talk of \u201canti - mutant hysteria . \u201d just after \u201cdays , \u201d claremont remarked that \u201c\nbel\u00e9n was an emerging mutant whose powers wreaked havoc on barcelona , spain . she was targeted by bastion ' s reprogrammed\nmutant sentinels ,\nwhich neutralized her powers and intended to take her to their master .\nfrom 1840 to 1870 , there was a small yet significant increase in the mutant population . [ 17 ]\ndespite an alleged normalization of the mutant - inhuman relations , resent and defiance kept on . [ 200 ]\nto be fair to marvel , eye - scream\u2019s power was supposed to be a joke . he was a nemesis of obnoxio the clown who starred in marvel\u2019s mad magazine rip off called crazy . i\u2019m pretty sure that if i had this power , i would eat myself to death .\nrunning from 2000 to 2015 , the \u201cultimate marvel\u201d line featured a reimagined marvel universe for the modern world . at first , it served as a way for creators to tell updated origins for classic marvel heroes and villains . later in the line\u2019s life , however , it became a place where comic book creators could tell stories that took huge risks and do things they could never get away with in the main comic book line .\nanyway , the release of the x - men : apocalypse movie revisits the whole \u201cwho\u2019s older\u201d question but from a \u201cwho\u2019s the first mutant\u201d angle . the main antagonist apocalypse , a . k . a . en sabah nur , is declared to be the world\u2019s first mutant . that was true in the comics for quite some time , but it has since been overtaken by other developments .\ntom baker is the comics editor at whatculture ! he ' s heard all the doctor who jokes , but not many about randall and hopkirk . he also blogs at urltoken\nshe was at the end of her cat years , and all she wanted was to be left alone to die in peace . one of the saddest comics i\u2019ve read .\n) , marvel comics\u2019 mutants have been increasingly inscribed with allegorical otherness . they have been subject to many of the prejudices that have historically plagued marginalized minorities , including , among other things , forced and voluntary segregation , slurs , persecution , and genocidal campaigns , and , conspiracy theories about their aims as a group .\nafter a reading on cerebro , xavier sent hank mccoy and bobby drake to investigate about\na possible class one [ mutant ]\n, who was revealed to be the gargoyle - like mutant alistair . [ 102 ]\nultimately , mutants with cgt or inhumans with kgt embedded in their genes will likely continue to exist for the foreseeable future as marvel works out its licensing issues and will return to the marvel universe in manageable numbers , likely with little consideration toward how or why their populations are what they are . what i offer here are potential reasons such disparities could exist despite the lack of awareness on the part of marvel ' s writers or editors .\nironically , scarlet witch & apos ; s attempted genocide must be a major moment in the shared history of marvel & apos ; s mutant community . it & apos ; s probably in her interests to pretend there & apos ; s no such thing .\nvary , adam b . \u201cmutant is the new gay . \u201d advocate 23 may 2006 : 44 - 45 .\nhope summers is an omega - level mutant in the card - and - figurines game heroclix . [ 49 ]\nvargas isnt a mutant he claims to be the next stage in human evolution like a naturally created captain america .\n, it is a social stigma to be a mutant . that is , to have superpowers . one issue of\nthe mutant population have varied on earth - 616 , climbing to millions and decreasing to a few hundred individuals .\nsoon after that event , yet another rise in mutant birth occurred , tied to solar flares . [ 140 ]\ncreatively and commercially , the \u201990s were dominated by the use of gimmickry to boost sales , such as variant covers , cover enhancements , regular company - wide crossovers that threw the universe\u2019s continuity into disarray , and even special swimsuit issues . in 1996 , marvel had almost all its titles participate in the onslaught saga , a crossover that allowed marvel to relaunch some of its flagship characters , such as the avengers and the fantastic four , in the heroes reborn universe , in which marvel defectors jim lee and rob liefeld were given permission to revamp the properties from scratch . after an initial sales bump , sales quickly declined below expected levels , and marvel discontinued the experiment after a one - year run ; the characters returned to the marvel universe proper . in 1998 , the company launched the imprint marvel knights , taking place within marvel continuity ; helmed by soon - to - become editor - in - chief joe quesada , and featuring tough , gritty stories showcasing such characters as the inhumans , black panther and daredevil , it achieved substantial success .\nmy first \u201cmutant experience\u201d came from the pages of x - men # 1 ( 1963 ) , when professor charles xavier gathered the original x - team of cyclops , marvel girl / jean grey , angel , iceman and beast . by default , xavier being the oldest person in the team made him the oldest / first mutant \u2026 or so i thought at the time .\nthis year , the big blue villain is set to steal the limelight again , with the ongoing apocalypse wars currently unfolding in marvel\u2019s x - titles .\nreintroduces the seemingly still vampiric monet st . croix to the marvel universe \u2013 who was revealed to be behind recent troubles the new team has faced .\n1990s peter parker : spider - man # 1 ( aug . 1990 ; black & gold edition ) , one of many spin - offs of the amazing spider man . cover art by todd mcfarlane . marvel earned a great deal of money and recognition during the early decade\u2019s comic - book boom , launching the highly successful 2099 line of comics set in the future ( spider - man 2099 etc . ) and the creatively daring though commercially unsuccessful razorline imprint of superhero comics created by novelist and filmmaker clive barker . yet by the middle of the decade , the industry had slumped and marvel filed for bankruptcy amidst investigations of perelman\u2019s financial activities regarding the company .\ndefinition of a species is any isolated group that can reproduce and create stable and viable offspring . in terms of the comics i think they consider them a different species than humans but that only shows the writers have a lack of understanding of biology . mutants have had offspring with non mutants in the comics and humans are able to produce mutant offspring therefore while the mutants have a specific gene giving them powers it ' s not enough to consider them a new species .\nmarvel studios and warner bros . are currently the big two producers of superhero television . if you\u2019re watching network television , you\u2019ll likely come across dc comics series like supergirl and the new powerless . if you prefer to stream everything you watch , you\u2019ve almost certainly seen marvel series like daredevil and luke cage . these are good and sometimes great efforts , and more series are already on the way in their respective camps . however , something has been missing : the x - men .\nthis was all well and good back in the 1970s when writers were able to tackle racism , homophobia , religious persecution , etc . in coded terms , flying under the radar of the comics code authority . but it\u2019s not the 1970s anymore and marvel can ( and should ) just go ahead and tackle those issues directly . if the creative staff at marvel isn\u2019t sure they can handle these topics using real people and cultures properly , go ahead and find some people who can .\ndespite being the first mutant , she has had minimal impact on the overall marvel mythos \u2013 her major feuds involving the likes of rachel summers and firestar \u2013 aside from headlining the necrosha x - event . she is currently a member of the sisterhood of mutants and looks resigned to the fact that she will only be famous for being the undisputed first mutant , and little else .\nrather than being represented as a force for good , as had previously been the norm in superhero comics , institutional authority was increasingly depicted as cracking down on the denizens of the marvel universe ( cf . costello 133\u2013138 ) . senator kelly was already well - established , \u201cdays\u201d presented the pentagon as \u201cmore truly representative\u2014for good or ill\u2014of the\nhere\u2019s some context to understand the red - alert disaster the comics industry had become by the eve of the ultimate experiment . in 1993 , annual combined comics sales across all publishers had been close to a billion dollars ; in 1999 , that same number was a microscopic $ 270 million . in 1989 , batman was the most - talked - about movie in america ; by 1999 , the disastrous batman & robin had squirted a stink on the very idea of a cinematic comic - book adaptation . marvel especially was feeling the burn : it went through a humiliating chapter 11 bankruptcy in the late ' 90s , saw wave after wave of layoffs , and executive leadership was shuffled every few weeks . in 1999 , after years of comics - publishing dominance , the company lost its top spot in industry market share and watched its rival , dc comics , take the throne .\nink . joined in young x - men , his mutant tattoo artist imbued him with super - powers through symbolic tattoos . he didn ' t find out he wasn ' t a mutant until a few issues into the series .\nnamor , born in 1920 , [ 47 ] is considered the\nfirst of the first mutant boom\n( he is also considered sometimes as the very first mutant erroneously ) . [ 99 ] [ 107 ] [ 108 ]\narguably what is at issue here is that marvel\u2019s mutant toys do not represent actual human beings , even though they ( like the kingpin toy ) represent fictional human beings . no actual human has been or ( probably ) could be like kingpin or marvel\u2019s mutants ( who are perhaps more properly called saltations urltoken ) even if when we tell the story of kingpin or longshot or wolverine we speak of those characters as humans .\nnamor is now a zombie attacking black bolt . he was later killed by the silver surfer in the initial attack of the marvel zombies against the herald .\nthe mutant response division ( or mrd ) was originally conceived in the wolverine and the x - men television series .\nmister sinister returned in extraordinary x - men # 4 to deliver a shocking twist in the mutant / inhuman conflict .\nborn in 1932 , [ 113 ] james\njimmy jupiter\njankovicz was maybe an early mutant . [ 114 ]\na mutant baby boom occurred in 2001 , linked by hank mccoy to his feline form secondary mutation . [ 133 ]\nsteve rogers stated that blindfold was the sole remaining mutant precog among the past larger number of them . [ 43 ]\nto marvel\u2019s credit , the ultimate universe is getting a viking funeral . there has been a years - long story line in the mainstream marvel universe , written by hickman , which has climaxed in a massive crossover event called secret wars . the catalyst , seen in this month\u2019s secret wars no . 1 , is an interdimensional apocalypse in which the ultimate universe and the mainstream marvel universe literally collide , destroying each other . at the end of the issue , a sparse page features text reading \u201c the marvel universe \u2022 1961 - 2015\u201d and \u201cthe ultimate universe \u2022 2000 - 2015 . \u201d this is , however , a bit of a misdirect : marvel has already announced plans for its post\u2013 secret wars status quo , which appears mostly to be a reconstruction of mainstream marvel ( it remains to be seen how much of this new status quo will be a reboot of its own ) . the only real death here is an ultimate death .\nwhen wanda maximoff declared \u201cno more mutants\u201d it sent a shockwave through marvel comics , with the x - men being the most affected . rogue resented scarlet witch , even though she was a former ally in the past . when steve rogers and havok created the unity squad , rogue is the most hesitant , having a strong distrust of wanda .\nwhen you expand it out to the grander narrative of marvel comics of the past fifteen years , it gets really silly . as everybody knows , mutantkind was decimated in 2005 when wanda maximoff used her poorly defined mutant powers to take away all mutant powers except for a few of the most marketable ones . for the next eight or so years , the mega - arc of all of the x - books was about people desperately trying to \u201cpreserve / re - ignite the mutant race\u201d , culminating in 2012\u2019s avengers vs . x - men , where the x - men\u2019s militant leader cyclops thought that rolling the dice on \u201cthe destruction of the planet earth\u201d versus \u201ca cosmic being might bypass planetary annihilation and instead reignite the mutant gene\u201d is a gamble worth taking , and the avengers thought it might not be ? chaos ensued .\nroyal , derek parker . \u201cjewish comics ; or , visualizing current jewish narrative . \u201d shofar : an interdisciplinary journal of jewish studies 29 . 2 ( 2011 ) : 1\u201312 . print .\n) argues his anti - mutantcy from a workingman\u2019s perspective ( np ) . mutant otherness , expressed in a variety of ways that recall real - life corollaries , had become an unmistakable part of the marvel universe\u2019s fabric . indeed , in # 234 ( late sept . 1988 ,\nin 1981 marvel purchased the depatie - freleng enterprises animation studio from famed looney tunes director friz freleng and his business partner david h . depatie . the company was renamed marvel productions and it produced well - known animated tv series and movies featuring such characters as g . i . joe , the transformers , jim henson\u2019s muppet babies , and such tv series as dungeons & dragons , as well as cartoons based on marvel characters , including spider - man and his amazing friends .\ni admit , this is a better fit , especially in terms of localized social groups and especially in terms of sinister being oscar wilde . you get the whole \u201ccoming out\u201d process , self - loathing closeted politicians , people trying to \u2018pass\u2019 , praying the mutant away , taking medication to suppress their mutant powers , girls pretending to be mutants at frat parties to impress humans\u2026 at least some of these things have happened in comics !\nthere\u2019s also longshot . who isn\u2019t really human , mutant , or even alien . he\u2019s a manufactured humanoid who resembles a human except for having 3 fingers . oh , and he has luck powers , but he\u2019s not a mutant despite appearances .\nnamor appears in the 2006 marvel ultimate alliance game as an npc . he also appears in the game boy advance version of the title as a playable character .\nideally , a critical perspective that pays attention to history , context , and biography , and takes authorial self - representation and stated intentions seriously should be developed as scholarship on comics and identity proceeds . in an ideal world , the meaning of neither comics characters nor cultural identities should be asserted without consideration of their contingency . similarly , no critical study should reduce a writer\u2019s or artist\u2019s biography to only their group belongings . and no critical study should assume , for example , that simply because jews wrote comics , they surreptitiously wrote their jewishness into them or that , because there are jews in some stories , it is ethnography . nothing should take precedence over direct engagement and quotation of the comics themselves . from the shoddiest piece of golden age hackwork to the most ostensibly literary graphic novel , every work of comics speaks volumes about the identity climate in which it was created ; as scholars , we should try to set aside our preconceived notions and listen .\nso in the movie , the reason for the mutant extinction has changed ( spoiler warning : genetically modified corn ) , and the identity of the new mutant who must be protected has changed , but the essence of the story is the same : drive across america , protect this little girl at all costs , because she is the last hope for the mutant species .\nbut there were cracks in the foundation , and they were widening . jemas was ousted in 2004 after a string of high - publicity publishing flops \u2014 some related to ultimate marvel , some tied to mainstream marvel . the second volume of the ultimates began in 2005 and was perpetually delayed due to hitch\u2019s agonizingly slow artistic process , infuriating fans and retailers . aging sci - fi writer orson scott card wrote a reviled ultimate iron man miniseries . on top of all that , marvel was simply running out of characters to ultimize . to keep this massive reboot effort relevant , quesada needed something big to get readers excited again , so he and longtime superhero writer jeph loeb concocted a major story to shake up the ultimate line . what they created was one of the biggest creative disasters in comics history , one from which ultimate marvel never quite recovered .\nthe final comic to bear the atlas globe logo was dippy duck # 1 , the company\u2019s only release with an october 1957 cover date . the first comic book labeled \u201cmarvel comics\u201d was the science - fiction anthology amazing adventures # 3 , which showed the \u201cmc\u201d box on its cover . cover - dated august 1961 , it was published may 9 , 1961 .\nenter bill jemas . he was a relative outsider to the comics world ( he\u2019d gotten his law degree from harvard before spending most of his career in the collectible - trading - card industry ) who was put in charge of marvel\u2019s editorial direction in 2000 . he hated what marvel had become : a place that was \u201cpublishing stories that were all but impossible for teens to read \u2014 and unaffordable , to boot , \u201d as he put it to me . but jemas had an idea , born of a suggestion he says the ceo of wizard , a comics - industry magazine , gave to him : \u201cturn our middle - aging heroes back into teens . \u201d in other words , he wanted to launch a reboot .\npresenting stories that , in the context of the title , were created by marvel characters ( if you remember , steve rogers was once a working comic artist ) .\nclaremont , chris ( w ) , et al . essential x - men vol . 1\u201311 . new york : marvel publishing , inc . , 1998\u20132013 . print .\n) , about an enemy who thinks that \u201cthe only good mutant is a dead mutant , \u201d that his cheyenne \u201cancestors knew the type\u201d ( np ) . there are also references to nazism and the holocaust scattered throughout the run ( e . g .\ndavid haller is a mutant \u2014 as in x - men , mutant . while he appears alongside ( and against ) many of the x - men in marvel comics , the fx show will take place in an unconnected universe to the established films . \u201cthe us government is in the early days of being aware that something called mutants exists but the public is not , \u201d said fx president john landgraf during a press tour last year . in other words , don ' t expect to see the x - men running around . legion aims to be more of a stand - alone supernatural character drama than a superhero show ."]}
{"id": 2214, "summary": [{"text": "the congo lion ( panthera leo melanochaita ) is a lion population in central africa .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "formerly , it was recognized as a distinct subspecies under the scientific name panthera leo azandica , which was considered native to the democratic republic of the congo and western parts of uganda .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it was also known as the uganda lion . ", "topic": 5}], "title": "congo lion", "paragraphs": ["the congo lion or northeast congo lion ( panthera leo azandica ) , was proposed as a lion subspecies from the northeastern part of the democratic republic of the congo and western parts of uganda . it is also known as the\nuganda lion .\nthe congo lion ( panthera leo azandica ) or northeast congo lion , also known as the uganda lion , was proposed as a lion subspecies from northeastern d . r . congo and western parts of uganda . their taxonomic history dates back to the early 20th century .\nlocated in the democratic republic of the congo , but no evidence of lion presence was found . there is a single lion conservation unit in the\nin africa , lion populations once lived outside this strict savannah zone . for example , until recently a lion population was present in forest - savannah mosaics in gabon and the republic of congo ( \u201ccongo - brazzaville\u201d ) ( henschel\nregional strains or subspecies of african lion : panthera leo azandica ( north east congo lion ) , p l bleyenberghi ( katanga / southwest african lion ) , p l hollisteri ( congo lion ) , p l krugeri ( south african / southeast african lion of which the white lion is a colour variant ) , p l leo / p l berberisca ( barbary lion , extinct in the wild ) , p l melanochaita ( extinct cape lion ) , p l massaicus ( masai lion ) , p l nubica ( ethiopian / nubian / east african lion ) , p l roosevelti ( abyssinian lion ) , p l somaliensis ( somali lion ) , p l senegalensis ( senegal / west african lion ) , p l verneyi ( kalahari lion ) .\nissued a face value of 50 , 000 francs by the republic of congo .\ncongo silver african lion coins are an annual silver coin release of the republic of congo . the coins debuted with the 1 oz release in 2015 , and prior to the release of the 2016 10 oz congo silver african lion coin , there had never been larger weight coins . previous releases were limited to 1 oz silver coins .\nthe northeast congo lion has been around since 120 , 000 years ago , which was when scientists estimated that the lion subspecies had diverged from a common ancestor . they now live in the congo , but it is unlikely that they had originated there .\nthe congo landscape is home to people , wildlife , and the second largest rainforest in the world .\nthe reverse of each 2016 congo silver african lion coin bears the coat of arms for the republic of congo . in addition to the engravings of the nation\u2019s full name , the face value of the coin , and its weight , purity , and metal content , you\u2019ll find the crest of the republic of congo . featuring a lion in the center of the shield , a pair of massive elephant heads prop up the shield on either side .\nnortheast congo lion - - is extremely rare in the wild and in danger of becoming extinct . | tigers and other big cats | pinterest | extinct , lions and cat\ncongo is notorious for his grumpy attitude . he can be very aggressive and likes to settle arguments through fighting .\nbefore meeting congo , timon worries that he ' ll be squashed by the young elephant , and pumbaa attempts to comfort him by telling jokes . when the friends at last meet congo , the young elephant refuses to return to the pride lands . timon threatens to remove congo by force , and congo laughs , doubting timon ' s claim that pumbaa is stronger than him . he then challenges pumbaa to a fight , promising to think about returning to the pride lands if the warthog wins .\nin the congo river basin , virunga national park in the democratic republic of the congo , and the adjacent queen elizabeth national park in uganda may be a potential stronghold for lions in central africa , if poaching is curbed and prey species recover .\nyoung lions often leave their natal home in search of new territory and mates , roaming hundreds of kilometers if necessary . henschel believes this lion most likely swam across the congo river from the malebo region of the democratic republic of the congo , 250 kilometers away ; an area where other biologists have spotted lions in recent years .\nstronghold in queen elizabeth national park , uganda , and parc national des virunga , democratic republic of congo . oryx 43 : 60\u201366\nlions are known to live a few hundred kilometers ( miles ) away in democratic republic of congo and henschel said the animal could have swum across the congo river , one of the world ' s largest , and traveled over to gabon ' s savannah .\nthere\u2019s another release in the 2016 congo silver african lion coin series , and it\u2019s one of the three new products available in the young series . these coins debuted in 2015 , and continued in 2016 with the 1 oz coin\u2019s release . now , three additional weights are available in this silver coin series . the 2016 10 oz congo silver african lion coin is available in bu condition courtesy of jm bullion .\nwomen in the democratic republic of congo ( drc ) have faced many challenges as a result of ongoing conflict and social . . .\nsince 1996 , african lion populations have been assessed as vulnerable by iucn . they are killed pre - emptively or in retaliation for preying on livestock , and are threatened by depletion of prey base , loss and conversion of habitat . to address these threats , lion - human conflict needs to be reduced , and lion habitat and prey base increased . no captive individual of the congo lion population is registered in the international species information system .\ntoday , lowland rainforest stretches 1 , 000 kilometers to the north of the plateau , separating it from small lion populations in cameroon and the central african republic . to the south , the congo river separates gabon from the few remaining lions in the democratic republic of the congo . both the dense rainforest and the deep river are formidable obstacles for lions seeking new territory . but that\u2019s exactly what henschel thinks this lion was doing .\non the obverse of the 2016 10 oz congo silver african lion coin is the image of a male and female lion as they prowl the savanna for food . included in the larger surface area of this coin you\u2019ll find another female lion working with the pair , and the mountain in the background has more of its size and scope visible courtesy of the extra space .\nawf created the congo shipping project as a means to help . the civil war destroyed the infrastructure and the only means farmers along the banks of the congo and maringa rivers had to bring their goods to market . struggling for their own survival , they fled into the forest for food . to help farmers return to their fields\u2014rather than stay in forests and degrade those resources\u2014awf initiated the return of cargo boats to the congo and maringa rivers .\nthe lion population is inferred to have undergone a reduction of approximately 43 % over the past 21 years ( approximately three lion generations , 1993 - 2014 ) .\n, where since 1995 no sign of lion presence was detected during surveys . in\nfelid taxon advisory group ( aza ) : panthera leo . african lion fact sheet\n) jaguar conservation units . lcus are areas of known , occasional or possible lion range that one could consider an ecological unit of importance for lion conservation ( iucn\nincorporate \u201cpermanent\u201d lion distributions that more recent reports identify as such and , when possible , remove areas listed as having \u201cpossible , temporary , or occasional\u201d lion populations .\nthe democratic republic of congo itself is recovering from years of civil war and striving to rebuild the livelihoods of its people , infrastructure , and environment .\nbasic facts about congo lions .\ndefenders of wildlife . n . p . , 20 mar . 2012 . web . 28 nov . 2015 .\ntree - climbing lion , ishasha sector of the queen elizabeth national park , uganda .\nwe wanted to take a few minutes to close the story of male lion cabral .\n, but this number includes areas described as containing both occasional and probable lion populations .\nbauer h ( 2006 ) synthesis of threats , distribution and status of the lion from the two lion conservation strategies . in : second large carnivore workshop . cedc , maroua\nwe created lion areas by modifying lcus with updated information and observed land conversion or predictions of high human population density . we find broad agreement between our lion areas and lcus . there are important differences , however . our lion areas consider all places containing resident lion populations , not just those regions deemed important for lion conservation . in addition , our explicit habitat modelling allows for updated future assessments . it also permits us to understand where and how rapidly lion populations have become isolated , a subject we will address elsewhere .\nuntil recently , lions roamed throughout the plateau , a mosaic of forest and grassland spanning 200 , 000 square kilometers across southern gabon , congo , and the democratic republic of the congo . but the last confirmed lion sighting in gabon occurred in 1995 . and when henschel surveyed the area in 2001 and 2003 as part of a government - wide evaluation , he found more signs of poachers than of wildlife .\nn our new amazing animals video series urltoken gets up close and personal with some interesting animals . discover how animals mature , learn about their diet and find out if they are endangered . this week we are at bowmanville zoo . meet congo , an 11 - month - old lion . watch congo and his younger sister , gracie , meet each other for the first time . congo is the great - grandson of the late bongo , one of the most famous movie animals . bongo starred in the ghost and the darkness , george of the jungle and in the tv series animorphs\nvirunga is africa\u2019s oldest national park and a treasured world heritage site . it\u2019s the size of a small country , straddling the equator in democratic republic of the congo .\nallen , j . a . ( 1924 ) . carnivora collected by the american museum congo expedition . bulletin of the american museum of natural history 47 : 73\u2013281 .\ncongo is an elephant calf who lived during scar ' s reign . due to the poor conditions of the pride lands , he left to live in the jungle .\nthe two fight , and pumbaa wins the match . an impressed congo proclaims that he hasn ' t had so much fun in a long time and promises to\npack up his trunks\nand return to the pride lands . when timon questions him , congo explains that he plans to bring a few tree trunks with him .\none of the greatest threats to wildlife in the democratic republic of congo ( drc ) is loss of habitat due to land conversion , human encroachment , . . .\nthe congo shipping project has drastically reduced the amount of land lost to unsustainable farming practices . with your support awf can implement other programs that will limit habitat loss .\nan african lion climed so high on tree . . . . . . african rainforest in\n) is not very much different from the other seven species of lion . the name \u2018\nsituated between the lopori and maringa rivers , the congo landscape features mesmerizing scenery and wildlife . it holds the congo basin , home to 1 , 000 bird species , more than 400 fish species , three of the world\u2019s five great apes , 10 , 000 species of plants , and the second - largest tropical forest in the world .\neach of these 2016 10 oz congo silver african lion coins are in brilliant uncirculated condition . coins with a bu grade exhibit no signs of wear and tear , but do feature minor blemishes such as breaks in the luster , spotted surfaces , or contact marks .\nbeautiful trek thru ishasha forest which borders uganda and the congo . 600 species of birds and of coarse the tree climbing lions . another awesome day in the bush ! !\nthe 60 , 000 - square - kilometer bili - u\u00e9l\u00e9 domaine de chasse is the largest protected area in the democratic republic of congo ( drc ) and . . .\n, here ' s a young male lion photographed in uganda ' s kidepo valley national park .\nthis map contains our best estimates of lion areas\u2014places that , as best we can tell , likely have resident lion populations . human impacts delineate many of these areas . how human impacts have changed\u2014and will change\u2014give clues needed to understand past lion population trends and allows us to speculate about their future .\nlion areas across africa . lion areas ( light or dark green , outlined in purple ) , lcus ( orange outline ) , lion areas with boundaries identical to lcus ( light or dark green outlined in brown ) and protected areas with lions ( dark green ) . ( color figure online )\nfor this assessment , we do not aim to provide a new estimate of total lion numbers , we present no new data . a recent paper summarized and updated efforts to estimate the population size of the african lion leading to the most recent estimate of 32 , 000 lions in 67 lion areas ( riggio\ni didn\u2019t see spartacus again after this encounter , but the \u201clion king\u201d photo above went viral online .\n) survives in india . recent research has demonstrated that the lion in west and central africa is genetically different from the lion in east and southern africa and more closely resembles asiatic populations ( bertola et al .\nafrican lion distribution adapted from urltoken according to iucn fact sheet click here for detailed distribution ( iucn ) .\nit is known that hybrids between the barbary lion and other african lion subspecies are held in zoos . there are only a few remaining pure - bred barbary lions and careful management is required to avoid excessive inbreeding . it may , therefore , become necessary to analyse the dna of hybrids and to use those with the greatest proportions of barbary lion dna and the closest resemblance to the barbary lion ' s appearance . if the latter is the case , the barabary lion would be a recreation of the type rather than a restoration of the subspecies .\nyou can help protect one of man\u2019s closest relatives\u2014the endagered bonobo . vital supplies are needed for scouts \u0003in the faunal reserve of lomako - yokokala , a critical bonobo habitat in the democratic republic of congo .\nwe take the opportunity on this day to reflect on the past year in our lion conservation and research activities .\nthough we may have lost a lion ' s life recently . . . it appears new life is beginning .\nthe forest lion of gabon , captured by a remote video camera . ( photo : philipp henschel / panthera )\n. ) . as noted above , the area devoted to lion hunting is large and lindsey et al . (\ncentral africa may have sizable lion and prey populations , but they are poorly known , even by african standards .\n\u2018 is from it\u2019s area of distribution , which is in the north eastern part of the congo . they have a life span of approximately ten to fourteen years in the wild and inhabit the grassland areas .\nlion conservation units ( lcus ) . lion conservation units are expert opinions typically produced at meetings by freehand drawing of boundaries on maps . they can combine considerable experience and profound ignorance , of course , and beg objectively defined criteria . we used existing delineations ( step 1 ) . we occasionally made small modifications to them by adding small , adjacent areas of low human impact . since the creation of lcus in 2005 / 2006 , a number of detailed countrywide reports have produced updated lion range maps . we include these new data on lion distribution for the refined lion areas .\ni for the life of me cannot understand why the thought of the last giraffe standing in the congo gets such little attention . . the last giraffe in the drc are in imminent danger of disappearing forever . .\ntreves , a . , plumptre , a . j . , hunter , l . t . , & ziwa , j . ( 2009 ) . identifying a potential lion panthera leo stronghold in queen elizabeth national park , uganda , and parc national des virunga , democratic republic of congo . oryx 43 ( 01 ) : 60\u201366 .\nthe congo lions also belong to the subspecies of the african lion . however , this clade of african lions was the one that gave the birth to the asiatic lions ( including barbary lions / persian lions / european lions ) . like their endangered descendants from outside of the sub saharan africa , their population is also becoming extremely vulnerable . i think these african lions are the most suitable ones to get involved into the asiatic lion breeding program . reply\niucn ( 2006b ) conservation strategy for the lion in west and central africa . iucn ssc cat specialist group , yaounde\nhidden cameras planted as part of a chimpanzee study in southeastern gabon ' s bateke plateau have captured on tape a single male lion three times since january , said dr . philipp henschel , lion program survey coordinator for campaign group panthera .\nthe regional lion conservation strategies of 2006 defined \u201clion conservation units\u201d ( lcus ) . these are expert - defined regions intended to classify areas suitable for lions , an idea already in use by the conservation community following sanderson et al . \u2019s (\nseven additional lion areas are potential lion strongholds , which contain nearly 4 , 400 lions ( table s1 ) . these include two populations in west and central africa . the only remaining regions with potentially large numbers of lions that could act as future lion strongholds are angola , somalia , and the western half of south sudan . the data on lion populations in these regions are relatively poor , while political instability makes the protection of wildlife in some areas difficult in the near future .\ndespite only being a calf , congo is considerably broad and robust , with a strong physique and impressive fighting skills . his hide is pale gray in color , though his underbelly is pale , and his eyes are black .\nafrican wildlife foundation has helped farmers return to the congo river as a means of finding new markets for their goods . to improve livelihoods and reduce locals\u2019 reliance on wildlife hunting for survival , efforts like this need continued funding .\n) assessed lion range in west and central africa , they noted 20 lcus in the region . henschel et al . (\na lion bred on a farm in south africa for commercial use . photograph : stephane de sakutin / afp / getty images\nbreeders argue it is better that hunters shoot a captive - bred lion than further endanger the wild populations , but conservationists and animal welfare groups dispute this . wild populations of lions have declined by 80 % in 20 years , so the rise of lion farms and canned hunting has not protected wild lions . in fact , according to fiona miles , director of lionsrock , a big cat sanctuary in south africa run by the charity four paws , it is fuelling it . the lion farms ' creation of a market for canned lion hunts puts a clear price - tag on the head of every wild lion , she says ; they create a financial incentive for local people , who collude with poachers or turn a blind eye to illegal lion kills . trophy - hunters who begin with a captive - bred lion may then graduate to the real , wild thing .\nour two objectives address the need for an updated geographical framework onto which we can map the numbers of lions and the areas they occupy . countrywide estimates of lion numbers fail to capture the size and degree of isolation and consequent population viability . nor do they show the trans - boundary distributions of many lion populations . here we present all known lion population data in a single map .\na final component in assessing the status of lions determines which populations are \u201clion strongholds , \u201d by meeting the necessary requirements for long - term viability . the concept of a lion stronghold is not new and recent calls for lion conservation action have included the need to \u201c\u2026identify regional strongholds for the species that have the highest probability of persistence in the long - term\u201d ( treves et al .\npopulation estimates for each region after segregation based on size classes . in parenthesis is the number of lion areas in each size class\n: - ) four of the seven parks managed by african parks have known resident lion populations : garamba np ( drc ) , liuwa plain np ( zambia ) , majete wildlife reserve ( malawi ) , and zakouma np ( chad ) . african parks has implemented , supported and funded vital lion conservation management programmes in these areas and our continuing work is ensuring the long time survival of these populations . if you would like to support our lion conservation efforts as well as other lion conservation organisations , click on the link below\nwithin the congo landscape , years of civil unrest have virtually destroyed the infrastructure along the banks of the congo and maringa rivers that allowed farmers to bring their crops to market . as the civil war in the drc continued , impoverished farmers fled deep into the forest in search of food . this led to deforestation and an increase in the hunting and selling of bushmeat , which has reduced the number of bonobos to an estimated 30 , 000 to 50 , 000 left in the world .\nthree hours ' drive from the ranch is lionsrock , a former lion breeding farm transformed into a sanctuary for more than 80 abused big cats since it was bought by four paws . some come from local breeding farms , but four paws also rescues animals kept in appalling conditions in zoos in romania , jordan and the congo . unlike in the lion farms , the animals here are not allowed to breed , and instead live within large enclosures in their natural prides , family groups of up to 10 lions .\nproject life lion\nis a major campaign to vaccinate as many dogs as possible to guard against canine distemper . ( sunquist )\n) . densities of prey also vary widely when considering the variation in rainfall and soil type across lion range ( coe et al .\nlionsrock can rehouse another 100 lions but does not have space for every captive - bred lion in south africa . four paws and other charities working in south africa want a moratorium on lion breeding because they fear that if lion farms were abruptly outlawed thousands of lions would be dumped or killed . after its high court defeat , there is little sign that the south african government will take on the powerful lion breeders again any time soon .\nif we can stop people supporting those industries in the first place and make them aware of what ' s actually going on and what the life of a [ captive - bred ] lion is actually like , i believe there will be an outcry ,\nsays miles .\nthere ' s far more value for a live lion long - term .\nlike many african animals , the northeast congo lions are also an endangered species and the reason is loss of their habitat . their numbers have fallen by fifty percent in the last two decades . an international breeding program is trying to increase their population .\n. they are killed pre - emptively or in retaliation for preying on livestock , and are threatened by depletion of prey base , loss and conversion of habitat . to address these threats , lion - human conflict needs to be reduced , and lion habitat and prey base increased .\n) . we still decided to use these lcus , however , as a starting point and as an important international reference for lion conservation .\nchardonnet p ( 2002 ) conservation of the african lion : contribution to a status survey . international foundation for the conservation of wildlife , france\nwith your help , awf can continue working on vital programs like helping farmers sell their crops in faraway markets or reducing deforestation in critical bonobo habitat . donate for a cause that will help the people , their land , and wildlife conservation within the congo landscape .\nin sub - saharan africa , the lion conservation community works in the context of four regions : west , central , east , and southern .\nin the wild the average lifespan of a lion is up to 16 years , but in captivity , they often live 10 years beyond that .\n. ) as we define it , this domain is most of africa south of the sahara , excluding the tropical moist forests of west africa , the congo , patches of montane forests throughout east africa , and drier areas in the southwest , such as the namib .\ni would like to see images and have current news of lions in the garamba and virunga parks . i do not know of any lion conservation program in this country , i have no information about their situation , their numbers , and their current area of occurrence . the democratic republic of congo ( drc ) is fighting for the conservation of its last 35 giraffes in garamba . already the lions ? no information .\nintroducing the kabobo natural reserve in the democratic republic of congo ! this newly - created protected area is home to chimpanzees , hippos , elephants , and lions . wcs surveys here in recent years discovered new mammals and plants ( and likely amphibians ) previously unknown to science .\nhenschel p ( 2009 ) the status and conservation of leopards and other large carnivores in the congo basin , and the potential role of reintroduction . in : hayward mw , somers m ( eds ) reintroduction of top - order predators . blackwell publishing , oxford , pp 206\u2013237\nfor the convenience of the reader , there are 2 accepted lion sub - species \u2013 panthera leo persica ( asian / asiatic / south asian lion ) and the african lion ( p leo leo ) . these have differences in anatomy . the european lion ( p l europaea ) is now extinct . sub - saharan african lions are genetically and anatomically similar enough to be considered a single subspecies , but differences in size , mane , colour and behaviour has led to localised populations being considered subspecies by some taxonomists . they are possibly more analogous to\nbreeds\nas found in domestic cats .\ni would like to see images and have current news of lions in the garamba and virunga parks . i do not know of any lion conservation program in this country , i have no information about their situation , their numbers , and their current area of occurrence . the democratic republic of congo ( drc ) is fighting for the conservation of its last 35 giraffes in garamba . already the lions ? no information . reply\n) . those reports rightly generated considerable efforts to improve population estimates across africa . however , a recent meeting of the african lion working group in etosha , namibia , suggested that these regional lion conservation strategies had a poor follow - up and needed an urgent update ( see final communiqu\u00e9 from the 2\nwe compiled all of the most current available estimates of lion populations\u2014see supplementary materials . three continent - wide assessments provide the core of these data ( chardonnet\nmake a symbolic sea lion adoption to help save some of the world ' s most endangered animals from extinction and support wwf ' s conservation efforts .\nits affinity for forest cover might have helped . two days after henschel saw the lion images he was at the park setting up more camera traps , placing most of them in typical lion habitat in the savannah . \u201cnone of those cameras have filmed that lion , \u201d henschel says . \u201cwhereas the cameras we set up in forest areas have filmed it repeatedly . \u201d henschel speculates that the forest might provide refuge from people , which the lion could now fear . \u201che seems to have adapted to a life in the forest . but how an animal that size hunts in the forest we don\u2019t know yet . \u201d\n1916 : the roar of a lion from the panama - california exposition in san diego , inspired dr . harry wegeforth to establish the san diego zoo .\n) ( table s3 ) . on the other hand , some lion areas were overlooked and not included in lcus ( table s4 ) . in the supplementary materials , table s5 highlights examples of lion populations showing differences between the major population assessments and compares them to the most recent data used for this analysis .\nif you have questions , we encourage you to reach out to jm bullion . our customer service team is available on the phone at 800 - 276 - 6508 , online using our live web chat service , and via our email address . check out our full selection of congo silver coins .\n) . supplementing these continent - wide reports , we added lion conservation strategies and action plans that highlight the status of lions in specific countries . we searched the primary articles these reports cite and newly published lion population surveys to obtain the most up - to - date data on lion numbers and distribution . most of these reports include expert opinions on lion numbers or structured surveys , not formal counts . we also include individual personal comments from the authors and colleagues on the numbers in supplementary materials . given how difficult it is to count lions this inevitably begs the question of how good are these expert opinions , an issue we address in \u201c\nshows the lion areas across the african continent by their respective size class . currently 27 countries across africa contain resident populations of free - ranging lions ( fig .\nrepeated mapping of areas which have at least the potential for lions because of their low human impacts may provide the only quantifiable measures of how savannah africa is shrinking from the lion\u2019s viewpoint . this is necessary , but definitely not sufficient . the lack of repeated , statistically credible lion counts , for well - defined areas is a striking omission , one that must be rectified if we are to assess not only the trends in lion numbers , but our success in reversing their declines .\nferreira sm , funston pj ( 2010 ) estimating lion population variables : prey and disease effects in kruger national park , south africa . wildl res 37 : 194\u2013206\n. ( 2015 ) the red list guidelines are ambiguous as to the inclusion or exclusion of fenced areas . their exclusion from the analysis would raise the inferred lion decline rate to 49 % . following through on our supposition that unmonitored lion populations have undergone an even higher rate than our monitored sample , this could potentially have been interpreted as a suspected rate of decline over 50 % , qualifying the lion as endangered . however , we did not exclude fenced populations from our assessment . hayward\nthere have been many subspecies of all four panthera species suggested ; however , many of the leopard and lion subspecies are questionable . recently it has been proposed that all sub - saharan populations of leopards are all the same leopard subspecies , and all sub - saharan populations of lions likewise belong to the same lion subspecies , as they do not have sufficient genetic distinction between them . some prehistoric lion subspecies have been described from historical evidence and fossils . they may have been separate species .\n) delineated lcus . they include national parks , hunting zones and other forms of land use . to determine the current extent and distribution of lion areas we further refined these lcus using additional data that we will describe in the sections to come : ( 1 ) user - identified land conversion , ( 2 ) human population density , ( 3 ) lion distribution from country - specific reports , and ( 4 ) additional data from recent lion population surveys . we utilised these four data layers to refine lion areas using the following , rule - based hierarchical system ( rule # 2 takes precedence over the information in rule # 1 , etc . ) :\n. 2014 ) . little is known about lion subpopulations in angola , central african republic and south sudan , but we fear drastic declines especially for the latter two .\nto apply the user - identified land conversion layer to the creation of lion areas , we converted the google earth products ( keyhole markup language , or kml files ) to a raster dataset in arcgis . then , we ran the boundary clean tool to remove cells of data too small to have an impact on lion distribution . we converted this raster to a polygon to smooth the lion area borders . both the original and cleaned versions of these layers are available as kml files from the authors on request .\nbauer h , de iongh hh , princee fpg , ngantou d ( 2003 ) research needs for lion conservation in west and central africa . comptes rendus biol 326 : 112\u2013118\n. ) conversely , the maps sometimes suggest areas with low human impact that connect existing protected areas\u2014as do the lcus . in some cases , lion areas extended beyond the lcus .\nlion breeders such as van der merwe are not so sure . she says her caged lions have little to do with canned hunting , but admits that if the authorities banned canned hunting ,\nit would probably not be good for us \u2026 there ' s a lot of people from overseas coming to shoot lions . all the people know you come to africa to shoot the lion or have a mount against your wall to say ' i ' ve shot a lion ' . they surely bring some money into south africa .\nwe evaluate the state of the african savannah with two objectives , namely estimating the areas of savannah still suitable for lion populations and estimating the lion populations themselves within these areas . if areas retain lions , the continent\u2019s top predator , they are likely to be reasonably intact ecosystems . by considering the size of savannah africa from the lion\u2019s perspective , we can assess how much of it remains in large , relatively intact areas , not yet heavily modified by human influence . clearly , smaller areas will still support less complete sets of species .\ndemand from the far east is also driving profits for lions breeders . in 2001 , two lions were exported as\ntrophies\nto china , laos and vietnam ; in 2011 , 70 lion trophies were exported to those nations . while the trade in tiger parts is now illegal , demand for lion parts for traditional asian medicine is soaring . in 2009 , five lion skeletons were exported from south africa to laos ; in 2011 , it was 496 . the legal export of lion bones and whole carcasses has also soared .\nit ' s definitely a rapidly growing source of revenue for these canned breeding facilities ,\nsays will travers of the charity born free .\nthe increase and volume are terrifying .\nin the meantime , the lion of gabon walks the forest paths alone\u2014an outlier in so many ways , but a hopeful sign that the remarkable dispersal of the past might happen again .\n) . these lcus arose from regional workshops held in 2005 and 2006 and maps included in the regional strategy reports delineate them . however , recent lion field surveys in west and central africa revealed that much of the information on lion distribution used for defining these lcus is either out of date or was not very accurate in the first place ( henschel et al .\napplying user - identified land conversion whenever possible and human population density where not , we examined each lcu and modified it as appropriate to create lion areas . for example , fig .\nit was originally hoped that the hybrids could be introduced into the wild to bolster the asian lion stock , but instead of hybrid vigour , the programme resulted in inbreeding depression . the hybrids have apparently weakened the asian lion ' s gene pool , resulting in lions with physical and mental defects and weakened immune systems . reports are suggestive of postzygotic incompatibility between the lion subspecies , however some of the defects are probably attributable to inbreeding of a limited gene pool ( hybrid or otherwise ) for mass - production and not simply to the lions being hybrids .\n) who assessed the risk of inbreeding in lion populations due to habitat loss . he determined that , \u201c\u2026to sustain a large out - bred population of lions , a continuous population of at least 50 prides , but preferably 100 prides , with no limits to dispersal is required . \u201d we took the average lion pride as containing approximately five adults ( bauer et al .\na lion has been spotted in gabon for the first time in nearly 20 years , raising hopes the animals long feared extinct in the country could be returning , conservationists said on thursday .\nasian lion = critically endangered . single population of ~ 250 mature breeding individuals , all occurring within one area . numbers are expected to suffer a decrease due to increasing conflict with people .\nin 1913 , heller gave the taxonomic name\npanthera leo nyanzae\nto lions in uganda . in 1924 , allen gave the trinomen\npanthera leo hollisteri\nto lions on the northern bank of lake victoria , before ugandan lions were seen as being of the same subspecies as those in the northeastern part of the democratic republic of the congo .\nhenschel is now the lion survey project coordinator for panthera , a global wildcat conservation organization . since last month\u2019s discovery , his group , along with the max planck institute for evolutionary anthropology\u2019s pan africa programme and the aspinall foundation , have repeatedly captured clear video footage of a male lion walking down a forest path in gabon\u2019s bat\u00e9k\u00e9 plateau national park\u2014an ecological wonder for more reasons than one .\nneck - bite common in many mating cats ( probably to induce temporary passiveness in female ) has become ritualized in the lion . ( light , brief bites in 60 % of observed matings )\nmap showing the new boundaries of the niokolo - guinea lion area after restriction of the niokolo - guinea lcu with user - identified land conversion . the original niokolo - guinea lcu ( orange outline ) , user - identified land conversion ( dark grey ) , protected areas ( dark green ) , and lion areas ( light green , outlined in purple ) . ( color figure online )\nhenschel p , azani d , burton c , malanda g , saidu y et al ( 2010 ) lion status updates from five range countries in west and central africa . cat news 52 : 34\u201339\nthe overall classification of the lion as vulnerable masks a dichotomy : we observe that sample lion subpopulations increased by 12 % in four southern african countries ( botswana , namibia , south africa and zimbabwe ) and in india , while an observed decline of 60 % in sample subpopulations outside these countries is inferred for the remainder of its african range . in other words , in the majority of its range the lion meets the a2 criterion for endangered with the inferred rate of decline over 50 % in three generations , but this trend is numerically mitigated by a small number of subpopulations in a restricted geographical range .\npieter kat , who founded the charity lion aid , says the lion walks are simply another income stream for breeders before their lucrative charges are sold on . van der merwe is doubtful that quinn ' s lion walks could replace the income the farm receives from selling its lions :\nwe keep them up until six months for attractions for the people so they can play with them and then we sell them to other lion parks ,\nshe says . she insists her ranch ' s website is wrong , and it does not hunt lions :\nwe sell them to other people who have the permit for lions . what they do with the lions is up to them . so we don ' t know what they do with the lions , but we don ' t do the canned hunting .\n) . if a lion area has at least 250 individuals but does not satisfy either requirement ( 2 ) or ( 3 ) , it is a potential stronghold . we explore these criteria in the \u201c\n) . whether trophy hunters and the reports they fund also consistently inflate lion numbers to ensure continued business should be detached from any heated rhetoric and viewed simply as the legitimate scientific question that it is .\nbecker ms , watson fgr , droge e , leigh k , carlson rs , carlson aa ( 2012 ) . estimating past and future male loss in three zambian lion populations . j wild manag . doi :\nloveridge a , searle a , murindagomo f , macdonald d ( 2007 ) the impact of sport - hunting on the population dynamics of an african lion population in a protected area . biol conserv 134 : 548\u2013558\nmedium - sized prey grabbed by rump with forepaws and brought down . killing bite to throat strangles prey ( may hold for as long as 10 minutes ) . while one lion grasps throat others begin to eat .\ndavidson z , valeix m , loveridge a , madzikanda h , macdonald d ( 2011 ) socio - spatial behaviour of an african lion population following perturbation by sport hunting . biol conserv 144 ( 1 ) : 114\u2013121\n. ( 2013 ) include numbers from 2002 and 2004 for areas where we believe the downward trend described above occurred . we therefore consider these sources to be insufficiently precautionary for our purpose and feel that an assessment on numbers is less robust than our assessment based on trends . considering the difficulty in interpreting lion numbers and the availability of an alternative ( see above ) , we decided not to use total lion numbers for the present assessment\nafrican lion = vulnerable . species population reductin of 30 % - 50 % over the past 2 decades ( 3 lion generations ) . recent surveys have shown that the lions of west africa are in serious decline - the number of mature individuals have been estimated by two separate recent surveys at 850 ( bauer and van der merwe 2004 ) and 1163 ( chardonnet 2002 ) . both estimates are well below the endangered level of 2500 .\nhunting areas are extensive , so the fate of lions depends on how well user - communities manage them . the same principle applies to lions within protected areas , with responsibility falling on protected area managers to secure these populations . finally , lions also occur well beyond protected areas , and how well one manages lion - human conflict will determine persistence there . yet , conflict outside protected areas can affect lion persistence within ( woodroffe and ginsberg\nmaps the 67 lion areas for four overlapping sub - regions and table s1 in the supplemental materials provides their details . our definition sometimes restricted lcus and sometimes split them into more than one area ( as in fig .\n\u201d section . given our simple criteria , 10 lion areas qualify . four of these are in east africa and six in southern africa ( table s1 ) . these strongholds span eight countries , contain roughly 19 , 000 lions in protected areas alone ( more than 50 % of the remaining lions in africa ) , and over 24 , 000 lions in the entire lion areas as delineated . no areas in west or central africa qualify .\nmr . grey , shown here on the left , was 18 years old when he died of natural causes in july 2012 ! this was quite an old age for a lion in the wild , and he\u2019s got the battle marks to prove it ! his eye was likely damaged by a waterbuck or kob long ago . he was frequently in the company of male lion twin , who was likely mr . grey ' s son .\nyet the amount of wildlife in the park remains low , and lion populations throughout africa are in trouble\u2014not just in the unusual mosaic of the bat\u00e9k\u00e9 plateau , but in the iconic serengeti of east africa as well . the international union for the conservation of nature lists the african lion as a vulnerable species . it estimated in 2012 that africa\u2019s lion population had decreased by at least 30 percent over the last 20 years , largely because of declines in natural prey and corresponding conflicts over livestock . those figures were based on studies conducted a decade ago , and some conservation groups believe lions number as few as 20 , 000 continent wide , down from 450 , 000 as recently as 1940 .\ndescriber ( date ) : linnaeus ( 1758 ) syst . nat . , 10th ed . , 1 : 41 kingdom : animalia phylum : chordata class : mammalia order : carnivora family : felidae ( fischer de waldheim 1817 ) subfamily : acinonychinae ( pocock 1917 ) - cheetah subfamily : felinae ( fischer de waldheim 1817 ) - small and medium - sized non - pantherine cats subfamily : pantherinae ( pocock 1917 ) - leopard , jaguar , lion , tiger , snow leopard genus : neofelis ( gray 1854 ) genus : panthera ( oken , 1816 ) species : panthera leo ( linnaeus 1758 ) - lion subspecies : panthera leo leo - african lion subspecies : panthera leo persicus ( meyer 1826 ) - asian lion species : panthera onca - jaguar species : panthera pardus - leopard species : panthera tigris - tiger genus : pardofelis ( severtozov 1858 ) - marbled cat genus : uncia ( gray 1854 ) - snow leopard\nhunting is banned in angola , cameroon , congo , gabon , ghana , malawi , mauritania , niger , nigeria , and rwanda . hunting is restricted to\nproblem\nanimals over in benin , botswana , burkina faso , central african republic , ethiopia , ivory coast , kenya , mali , mozambique , senegal , somalia , sudan , tanzania , togo , uganda , zaire , zambia and zimbabwe ( nowell & jackson 1996 ) .\nthe latest indication of wildlife recovery in gabon is a solitary male lion captured on a remote video camera that was set up to study chimpanzees . nobody knows how he got there , or why he\u2019s chosen the forest as his home .\n\u201cwe were basically looking at a very small image of the hindquarters of an animal , \u201d henschel says . \u201cthe second i saw it i was sure it was a lion . we went out to the nearest bar to celebrate . \u201d\npanthera is a genus of large , wild cats in the mammalian family , felidae , and includes the four , well - known living species of the lion ( panthera leo ) , the tiger ( panthera tigris ) , the jaguar ( panthera onca ) , and the leopard ( panthera pardus ) . these four extant cat species are considered unique in having the anatomical changes enabling them to roar . the cave lion is an example of an extinct member of this genus .\n1716 : a lion was first exotic animal exhibited in north america - boston , ma . housed at the home of captain arthur savage , later moved and exhibited at the home of martha adams ( 1720 ) before touring major new england cities\n2004 :\nlion camp\nopens at the san diego wild animal park featuring a 6 - member pride of lions . the 33 , 000 sq ft exhibit has a 40 - foot - long glass viewing window regular demonstrations of current animal training techniques\na long time i wanted to share information about the lions in uganda , but between one thing and another . . . i had already insert information about\nthe coalition of three\nin thread\nlion directory\n, you can also copy here .\n) reports , based on regional workshops and inventories during 2005 and 2006 , estimated a total lion population of approximately 33 , 000 individuals . these estimates are already out of date and included populations that we now know no longer exist ( henschel et al .\nan alternative use for the captive - bred lions might be tourism . we go for a\nlion walk\nwith martin quinn , a conservation educator and lion whisperer . this involves strolling through the veld with three adolescent white lions , which have been bred on moreson ranch and trained by quinn and his assistant , thompson . these striking white lions ( which tend to be very inbred , say animal welfare groups ) bound around us , rush on , and then lie in the grass , ready for an ambush . armed only with sticks , quinn and thompson control them , while warning us that they are still wild animals . it is an unnerving experience , but quinn hopes this venture will persuade moreson ranch that a live lion is worth more than a dead one ."]}
{"id": 2216, "summary": [{"text": "the red-naped bushshrike or red-naped boubou ( laniarius ruficeps ) is a species of bird in the malaconotidae family , which is native to the dry lowlands of the eastern afrotropics . ", "topic": 3}], "title": "red - naped bushshrike", "paragraphs": ["red - naped bushshrike ( laniarius ruficeps ) is a species of bird in the malaconotidae family .\nthis article is part of project malaconotidae , a all birds project that aims to write comprehensive articles on each bushshrike , including made - up species .\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nfry , h . ( 2018 ) . red - naped bush - shrike ( laniarius ruficeps ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\n18\u201319 cm ; one male 35 g , female 29\u201333\u00b74 g . male nominate race has forehead black , crown , nape and hindneck bright orange - rufous or rufous - red , well - defined . . .\n( sharpe , 1895 ) \u2013 ec , s & se ethiopia , c & s somalia ( except se coast ) and ne & se kenya .\n( erlanger , 1901 ) \u2013 s somalia coastal lowlands and adjacent e kenya ( kiunga ) .\nnot well known ; varied , described as creaking ( like sound of fishing reel ) , and harsh cawing very . . .\nadult and larval insects . forages on ground and lower branches in thickets , where it hunts silently , moving rapidly but furtively ; . . .\npoorly known . season may . solitary breeder ; possibly at times loosely colonial , with old ( 1920 ) record of 14 individuals found at kyal , in . . .\nnot globally threatened . patchily distributed , and uncommon to locally common . in somalia , present in nw in burao region , common at kyal , and patchily distributed from coast . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\ndel hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . , fishpool , l . d . c . , boesman , p . and kirwan , g . m . 2016 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 2 : passerines . lynx edicions and birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .\njustification : this species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthe global population size has not been quantified , but the species is described as uncommon to locally common ( harris and franklin 2000 ) . trend justification : the population is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence for any declines or substantial threats .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nsonogram images \u00a9 xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 289 , 642 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\nenglish french online dictionary term bank , where you can search in more than 2 million words in categories and different pronunciation options .\nthis article is part of project aves , a all birds project that aims to write comprehensive articles on each bird , including made - up species .\nthis article is part of project passeriformes , a all birds project that aims to write comprehensive articles on each passerine , including made - up species .\ncan ' t find a community you love ? create your own and start something epic .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en"]}
{"id": 2224, "summary": [{"text": "crepidula depressa is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family calyptraeidae , the slipper snails or slipper limpets , cup-and-saucer snails , and hat snails . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "crepidula depressa", "paragraphs": ["calyptraeidae \u00bb crepidula depressa , id : 334247 , shell detail \u00ab shell encyclopedia , conchology , inc .\nc . depressa\u2019s body pigmentation is \u201ctranslusent white\u201d with \u201csome white spots in the mantle and neck . \u201d\n1 = attached parallel to margin ( e . g . crepidula , calyptraea )\nillustration of calyptraeid penises . ( a ) crepidula aculeata , ( b ) crepidula complanata , ( c ) crepidula n . sp . from la paz , ( d ) calyptraea chinensis , ( e ) crucibulum lignarum , ( f ) calyptraea lichen .\nevolution of mode of development in . crepidula . gastropoda : calyptraeidae ) : causes and consequences\nlarval and habitat selection in crepidula ( l . ) and its effect on adult distribution patterns\n0 = angled forward on right ( e . g . crepidula maculosa fig . 2a )\nillustrations of calyptraeid osphradia . ( a ) crepidula aculeata and ( b ) crepidula norrisiarum . fp = food pouch , g = gill , mm = mantle margin , os = osphradium .\nrelationship between larval and juvenile growth rates in two marein gastropods , crepidula plana and c . fornicata\n0 = convex ( e . g . crepidula coquimbensis , c . monoxyla fig . 1c )\n1 = flat ( e . g . crepidula fornicata , c . costata fig . 1g )\n0 = on the same level as the shell aperture ( e . g . crepidula plana )\nresearch note crepidula convexa say , 1822 ( caenogastropoda : calyptraeidae ) in washington state , u . s . a\nphotographs of calyptraeid osphradia . ( a ) crepidula adunca , ( b ) crepipatella lingulata and ( c ) calyptraea fastigata .\n( pdf ) research note crepidula convexa say , 1822 ( caenogastropoda : calyptraeidae ) in washington state , u . s . a\nanother last word on crepidula convexa with a description of c . ustulatulina n . sp . ( gastropoda : cal . . .\n\u00fcber die anatomie , die entwicklung , und biologie des veligers und der veliconcha von crepidula fornicata l . ( gastropoda : prosobranchia )\nrepresentative calyptraeid shells i . ( a ) crepidula williamsi , santa barbara , california fmnh 299415 . ( b ) crepidula depressa , florida fmnh 299412 . ( c ) maoricrypta monoxyla , leigh , new zealand , from hermit crabs fmnh 299413 . ( d ) maoricrypta monoxyla , leigh , new zealand , fmnh 299413 from turbo smaragdus gmelin ( 1791 ) . ( e ) calyptraea mamillaris , panama fmnh 299416 . ( f ) calyptraea fastigata , washington fmnh 299422 . ( g ) maoricrypta costata leigh , new zealand fmnh 299414 . ( h ) siphopatella walshi , oman . scale bar = 1 cm .\n( of crepidula uncinata philippi , 1887 ) hoagland , k . e . 1977 . systematic review of fossil and recent crepidula and discussion of the evolution of the calyptraeidae . malacologia , 16 ( 2 ) : 353 - 420 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of crepidula dilatata lamarck , 1822 ) hoagland , k . e . 1977 . systematic review of fossil and recent crepidula and discussion of the evolution of the calyptraeidae . malacologia , 16 ( 2 ) : 353 - 420 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nillustration of calyptraeid female reproductive tracts . ( a ) crepidula aculeata , ( b ) crepidula excavata and ( c ) trochita calyptraeformis . fgp = female genital papilla , mm = mantle margin , cg = capsule gland , ag = albumin gland and sr = seminal recepticals .\nanother last word on crepidula convexa and a description of c . ustulatulina sp . nov . ( gastropoda : calyptraeidae ) from the gulf of mexico\nrepresentative calyptraeid shells ii . ( a ) crepidula maculosa , florida fmnh 299419 . ( b ) crepidula ( bostrycapulus ) aculeata , panama . ( c ) crepidula grandis , japan fmnh 299421 . ( d ) crucibulum spinosum panama fmnh 299418 . ( e ) bicatillus extinctorum , singapore fmnh 299402 . ( f ) crepipatella n . sp . , totorelillo , chile fmnh 299417 . ( g ) crepidula cf . onyx , panama fmnh 299420 . ( h ) sigapatella novaezelandiae , portabello , new zealand fmnh 299423 . ( i ) trochita calyptraeformis , peru fmnh 29924 . scale bar = 1 cm .\nespecies gemelas del g\u00e9nero crepidula ( gastropoda , calyptraeidae ) en la costa de chile : una redescripci\u00f3n de c dilatata lamarck y descripci\u00f3n de c . fecunda n . sp\nillustration of the internal anatomy of calyptraeids . in this dorsal view the mantle is reflected to the left . ( a ) crepidula complanata , ( b ) crepidula monoxyla , ( c ) crepidula aculeata . cg = capsule gland , ct = ctenidia , e = oesophagus , f = foot , fgp = female genital papilla , gd = gonad , hg = hypobranchial gland , i = intestine , k = kidney , nr = nerve ring , pc = pericardium , sg = salivary gland , sr = seminal receptical , ss = style sac , st = stomach .\ncollin r . ( 2000 ) phylogeny of the crepidula plana ( gastropoda : calyptraeidae ) cryptic species complex in north america . canadian journal of zoology 78 : 1500 - 1514 . [ details ]\nthe taxonomy of crepidula has a history of instability due to the low number of informative shell characters and their phenotypic plasticity . molecular and developmental data show that crepidula convexa sensu hoagland 1977 is composed of two distinct species . animals of the northern species are relatively larger , and have darker shells and direct development , while animals from the gulf of . . . [ show full abstract ]\nillustration of the dorsal anatomy of calyptraeids ( a ) crepidula complanata , ( b ) crepidula aculeata , ( c ) crepipatella dilatata , ( d ) crepidula monoxyla , ( e ) calyptraea chinensis , ( f ) crucibulum cf . personatum . am = dorsal attachment muscle , cg = capsule gland , cp = connective tissue pad , ct = ctenidium , dg = digestive gland , f = foot , gd = gonad , hg = hypobranchical gland , i = intestine , lm = left shell muscle , os = osphradium , pc = pericardium , rm = right shell muscle , sr = seminal receptical , ss = style sac , st = stomach .\nconsensus of the \u2018best estimate trees\u2019 . the consensus of most parsimonious trees from the analysis of all data combined . proportion of parsimonious trees with the branch given above the branch . species without genus names are crepidula species .\nhoagland , k . e . 1977 . systematic review of fossil and recent crepidula and discussion of the evolution of the calyptraeidae . malacologia , 16 ( 2 ) : 353 - 420 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\none of the 16 \u2018best estimate trees\u2019 . a phylogram of a most parsimonious tree from the analysis of all the data combined . bootstrap supports of > 70 % are above the branches . species without genus names are crepidula species .\ncrepidula and calyptraea species generally have very little shell sculpture , however , numerous crucibulum species have distinctive sculpture . it is difficult to assess the levels of homology among the various spines or ribs , as considerable variation in the development of these features occurs within many species .\n( of crypta subdilatata mabille & rochebrune , 1889 ) hoagland , k . e . 1977 . systematic review of fossil and recent crepidula and discussion of the evolution of the calyptraeidae . malacologia , 16 ( 2 ) : 353 - 420 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nthe consensus of all most parsimonious trees from the analysis of shell characters . proportion of parsimonious trees with the branch given above the branch . * branches that also occur in the consensus of the \u2018best estimate trees\u2019 . \u2020branches conflicting the consensus of the \u2018best estimate trees\u2019 . species without genus names are crepidula species .\nthe consensus of most parsimonious trees from the analysis of coi dna sequence data . proportion of parsimonious trees with the branch given above the branch . * branches that also occur in the consensus of the \u2018best estimate trees\u2019 . \u2020branches conflicting the consensus of the \u2018best estimate trees\u2019 . species without genus names are crepidula species .\nthe consensus of most parsimonious trees from the analysis of 16s dna sequence data . proportion of parsimonious trees with the branch given above the branch . * branches that also occur in the consensus of the \u2018best estimate trees\u2019 . \u2020branches conflicting the consensus of the \u2018best estimate trees\u2019 . species without genus names are crepidula species .\nthe consensus of most parsimonious trees from the analysis of 28s dna sequence data . proportion of parsimonious trees with the branch given above the branch . * branches that also occur in the consensus of the \u2018best estimate trees\u2019 . \u2020branches conflicting the consensus of the \u2018best estimate trees\u2019 . species without genus names are crepidula species .\nthe consensus of most parsimonious trees from the analysis of all the morphological data . proportion of parsimonious trees with the branch given above the branch . * branches that also occur in the consensus of the \u2018best estimate trees\u2019 . \u2020branches conflicting the consensus of the \u2018best estimate trees\u2019 . species without genus names are crepidula species .\nthe consensus of all most parsimonious trees from the analysis of all the dna data . proportion of parsimonious trees with the branch given above the branch . * branches that also occur in the consensus of the \u2018best estimate trees\u2019 . \u2020branches conflicting the consensus of the \u2018best estimate trees\u2019 . species without genus names are crepidula species .\nthe consensus of all most parsimonious trees from the analysis of characters from soft morphology . proportion of parsimonious trees with the branch given above the branch . * branches that also occur in the consensus of the \u2018best estimate trees\u2019 . \u2020branches conflicting the consensus of the \u2018best estimate trees\u2019 . species without genus names are crepidula species .\n( of crepidula dilatata lamarck , 1822 ) lamarck [ j . - b . m . ] de . ( 1822 ) . histoire naturelle des animaux sans vert\u00e8bres . tome sixi\u00e8me , 2me partie . paris : published by the author , 232 pp . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 25 [ details ]\na single most parsimonious tree from the analysis of coi dna sequence data . bootstrap supports of > 70 % are above the branches . * branches supported with > 70 % boostrap in the \u2018best estimate tree\u2019 . \u2020branches conflicting with > 70 % bootstrap supported branches in the \u2018best estimate tree\u2019 . species without genus names are crepidula species .\na single most parsimonious tree from the analysis of 16s dna sequence data . bootstrap support of > 70 % are above the branches . * branches supported with > 70 % bootstrap in the \u2018best estimate tree\u2019 . \u2020branches conflicting with > 70 % bootstrap supported branches in the \u2018best estimate tree\u2019 . species without genus names are crepidula species .\na single most parsimonious tree from the analysis of 28s dna sequence data . bootstrap support of > 70 % are above the branches . * branches supported with > 70 % bootstrap in the \u2018best estimate tree\u2019 . \u2020branches conflicting with > 70 % bootstrap supported branches in the \u2018best estimate tree\u2019 . species without genus names are crepidula species .\na single most parsimonious tree from the analysis of all the dna data . bootstrap support of > 70 % are above the branches . * branches supported with > 70 % boostrap in the \u2018best estimate tree\u2019 . \u2020branches conflicting with > 70 % bootstrap supported branches in the \u2018best estimate tree\u2019 . species without genus names are crepidula species .\na single most parsimonious tree from the analysis of all the morphological data . bootstrap support of > 70 % are above the branches . * branches supported with > 70 % bootstrap in the \u2018best estimate tree\u2019 . \u2020branches conflicting with > 70 % bootstrap supported branches in the \u2018best estimate tree\u2019 . species without genus names are crepidula species .\na single most parsimonious tree from the analysis of characters from soft morphology . bootstrap supports of > 70 % are above the branches . * branches supported with > 70 % bootstrap in the \u2018best estimate tree\u2019 . \u2020branches conflicting with > 70 % bootstrap supported branches in the \u2018best estimate tree\u2019 . species without genus names are crepidula species .\n( of crepidula nautiloides lesson , 1832 ) veliz , d . ; winkler , f . m . ; guisados , c . ; collin , r . ( 2012 ) . a new species of crepipatella ( gastropoda : calyptraeidae ) from northern chile . molluscan research . 32 ( 3 ) : 145 - 153 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of crepidula dilatata lamarck , 1822 ) veliz , d . ; winkler , f . m . ; guisados , c . ; collin , r . ( 2012 ) . a new species of crepipatella ( gastropoda : calyptraeidae ) from northern chile . molluscan research . 32 ( 3 ) : 145 - 153 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nwith the increasing attention to the expansion and impact of invasive species , it has become more important to document carefully new observations of introduced species . here we document the occurrence of crepidula convexa , a species from the north atlantic , in washington state , u . s . a . dna sequence data suggest that the animals in washington originated from the northern part of the species ' s native range .\nthe mantle cavity runs along the dorsal left side of the visceral mass in calyptraeids . in calyptraea and crepidula it extends simply to the posterior edge of the visceral mass , while in crucibulum it extends around to the right side of the animal . the characters listed here pertain to the general arrangement of visceral mass . finally , note that character a13 is sensitive to fixation : live animals and ethanol preserved animals retain this feature , while it is always absent in formalin - fixed animals .\nthere are various modifications of the calyptraeid and hipponicid foot that reflect their sedentary life - styles . crepidula have a relatively well - developed flexible propodium and mesopodium , while other calyptraeids have a more rectangular and less flexible foot . hipponix and sabia have extremely reduced feet which are little more than thin flaps of epithelial tissue . calyptraeids have well developed eyes at the base of the somewhat stubby ( when fixed ) tentacles . hipponicids have evenly tapering conical tentacles and the eye is often extremely reduced or absent .\nthe planktotrophic veliger larvae of calyptraeids have been described in some detail for crepidula fornicata ( werner , 1955 ) , and crepipatella lingulata ( collin , 2000b ) and intracapsular development has been described for a number of other species ( reviewed in collin , 2002b ) . capulus and trichotropis have been described as having a echinospira larva , however , the thickened larval shell does not appear to be homologous to the \u2018true\u2019 echinospira of lamellarids ( a . war\u00e9n pers . comm . , b . pernet , pers . comm . ) . the thickened and elaborate larval shell of these groups is , however , clearly different from the simple larval shell of calyptraeids and is therefore coded as a separate state here .\ndiscover a faster , simpler path to publishing in a high - quality journal . plos one promises fair , rigorous peer review , broad scope , and wide readership \u2013 a perfect fit for your research every time .\none of the most intriguing patterns in mammalian biogeography is the \u201cisland rule\u201d , which states that colonising species have a tendency to converge in body size , with larger species evolving decreased sizes and smaller species increased sizes . it has recently been suggested that an analogous pattern holds for the colonisation of the deep - sea benthos by marine gastropoda . in particular , a pioneering study showed that gastropods from the western atlantic showed the same graded trend from dwarfism to gigantism that is evident in island endemic mammals . however , subsequent to the publication of the gastropod study , the standard tests of the island rule have been shown to yield false positives at a very high rate , leaving the result open to doubt .\nthe evolution of gastropod body size in the deep sea is reexamined . using an extended and updated data set , and improved statistical methods , it is shown that some results of the previous study may have been artifactual , but that its central conclusion is robust . it is further shown that the effect is not restricted to a single gastropod clade , that its strength increases markedly with depth , but that it applies even in the mesopelagic zone .\nthe replication of the island rule in a distant taxonomic group and a partially analogous ecological situation could help to uncover the causes of the patterns observed\u2014which are currently much disputed . the gastropod pattern is evident at intermediate depths , and so cannot be attributed to the unique features of abyssal ecology .\ncitation : welch jj ( 2010 ) the \u201cisland rule\u201d and deep - sea gastropods : re - examining the evidence . plos one 5 ( 1 ) : e8776 . urltoken\ncopyright : \u00a9 2010 john j . welch . this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .\nfunding : some preliminary work undertaken when jw was funded by bbsrc grant do17750 awarded to andrew rambaut . the funders had no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .\nhere , i re - examine whether deep - sea gastropods manifest the island rule , making use of the improved statistical methods , and data collated from the recently updated malacolog database [ 24 ] , which has been both expanded , and revised to reflect advances in gastropod systematics [ 25 ] . it is found that the central conclusion of mcclain et al . [ 12 ] is robust , and that gastropod colonists of the deep - sea benthos do indeed exhibit island - rule - like evolution .\nto demonstrate the liberal nature of the standard tests of the island rule , consider results when deep - sea habitation is defined via the midpoint of the recorded depth range , i . e . , \u201cdeep - sea species\u201d have a range midpoint below 200m , and all other species are deemed \u201cshallow - water\u201d . with this definition , 254 genera contained both deep and shallow species , and their generic mean body sizes are plotted in figure 1a . applying the standard test [ 3 ] , [ 12 ] , the ordinary - least - squares regression slope ( dashed line ) is found to be highly significantly less than one ( n = 254 ; b = 0 . 902 ; t - test p = 0 . 0015 ) , which offers strong apparent support for the island rule . however , assigning species groups to the \u201cdeep\u201d or \u201cshallow\u201d categories at random , showed that even stronger support was obtained with \u223c43 % of 100 , 000 randomized data sets , suggesting that there is nothing exceptional in the trend observed in the true data . accordingly , the standardized - major - axis slope ( solid line ) was very close to one , and the permutation test showed no significant deviation from the pattern expected if deep - sea colonization had no effect on body size evolution ( n = 254 ; b = 1 . 020 ; permutation p = 0 . 476 ) .\npart a shows how different tests of the \u2018island rule\u2019 can give qualitatively different results . \u201cdeep - sea\u201d species were defined as those with a depth range midpoint > 200m , and all other species defined as \u201cshallow - water\u201d . the ordinary - least - squares regression ( dashed line ) differs significantly from the 1\u22361 line of the null ( dotted line ) , but the standardized - major - axis regression ( solid line ) shows no significant departure . part b shows a less ambiguous case : \u201cdeep - sea\u201d species are those never observed above 400m , and \u201cshallow - water\u201d species those never observed below 200m ; body sizes are within - genus means , taking equal numbers of deep - and shallow - water species in each genus .\nthe body sizes of deep - sea gastropods are plotted against those of their shallow - water congeners . \u201cshallow - water\u201d species were never observed below 200m , and \u201cdeep - sea\u201d species never observed above depths of a : 200m , b : 400m and c : 600m . separate standardized - major - axis regression lines are shown for the neogastropoda ( black points ) and all other groups ( grey points ) . the dotted line is the 1\u22361 expected under the null . genera with fewer than two deep and two shallow species were excluded .\nwe are therefore still far from understanding the causes of the patterns observed \u2013 and particularly the roles of inter - and intra - specific competition [ 3 ] , [ 4 ] , [ 11 ] , [ 12 ] . a detailed clarification of where the pattern does and does not hold will be an important step toward achieving this goal [ 4 ] , [ 12 ] , [ 19 ] , [ 20 ] .\nmany thanks are due to andrew rambaut for providing a script to mine the malacolog database . many thanks also to lucy weinert , nicolas bierne , gary rosenberg , shai meiri . simon joly and an anonymous reviewer , who all greatly improved the manuscript with their comments and advice .\nconceived and designed the experiments : jw . performed the experiments : jw . analyzed the data : jw . wrote the paper : jw .\nfoster jb ( 1964 ) evolution of mammals on islands . nature 202 : 234\u2013235 .\nvan valen l ( 1973 ) pattern and balance in nature . evolutionary theory 1 : 31\u201349 .\nlomolino mv ( 1985 ) body size of mammals on islands : the island rule re - examined . am nat 125 : 310\u2013316 .\nlomolino mv ( 2005 ) body size evolution in insular vertebrates : generality of the island rule . j biogeog 32 : 1683\u20131699 .\nmacarthur rh , wilson eo ( 1963 ) an equilibrium theory of insular zoogeography . evolution 17 : 373\u2013387 . 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( doi :\ndo these subject areas make sense for this article ? click the target next to the incorrect subject area and let us know . thanks for your help !\nrosenberg , g . ; moretzsohn , f . ; garc\u00eda , e . f . ( 2009 ) . gastropoda ( mollusca ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 579\u2013699 in : felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico\u2013origins , waters , and biota . texas a & m ; press , college station , texas . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ngastropod ( 1 shell ) ; shell oval , nearly flat , smooth with fine concentric growth lines , thin ; small pointed apex on posterior end ; color whitish to yellowish ; shelf or deck ( septum ) on underside slightly convex , covers about 1 / 2 of shell , notched on one side .\nthe convex slippersnail ' s shelf covers less than 1 / 2 of shell ( covers about 1 / 2 in eastern white slippersnail ) . the common atlantic slippersnail is much more convex ( inflated ) than the eastern white slippersnail .\ncopyright 2012 - 2018 . created by brenda bowling , texas parks and wildlife department .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nversion 43 . 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed . my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthe star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :\nwe want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only , as we handle very few foreign shells in general . as time goes , the system will become more and more performant .\nenter your email address and we will send you an email with your username and password .\ne - mail jecilia sisican if you do not receive your email with your username and password .\nunited states of america . texas . freeport . surfside beach . found living on gastropods . ex - coll . d . and m . meyer . january . 1988 .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 0 . 002 seconds . )\nshell gallery view \u00ab shell encyclopedia , conchology , inc . \u00bb conchological megadatabase on mollusks\nclick on an image to view all the information : family , species , author , date , and full locality .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 4 . 824 seconds . )\nparedes c . & cardoso f . 2007 . la familia calyptraeidae en el per\u00fa ( gastropoda : caenogastropoda ) . revista peruana de biolog\u00eda , n\u00famero especial 13 ( 3 ) : 177 - 184 , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nveliz , d . ; winkler , f . m . ; guisados , c . ; collin , r . ( 2012 ) . a new species of crepipatella ( gastropoda : calyptraeidae ) from northern chile . molluscan research . 32 ( 3 ) : 145 - 153 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\naguirre , m . ( 1993 ) . type specimens of quaternary marine gastropods from argentina . ameghiniana , 30 ( 1 ) , 23 - 38 . , available online at urltoken ; = pa347 note : lectotype designated [ details ]\nkatsanevakis , s . ; bogucarskis , k . ; gatto , f . ; vandekerkhove , j . ; deriu , i . ; cardoso a . s . ( 2012 ) . building the european alien species information network ( easin ) : a novel approach for the exploration of distributed alien species data . bioinvasions records . 1 : 235 - 245 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nlamarck [ j . - b . m . ] de . ( 1822 ) . histoire naturelle des animaux sans vert\u00e8bres . tome sixi\u00e8me , 2me partie . paris : published by the author , 232 pp . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 25 [ details ]\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\ndepartment of zoology , university of washington , box 351800 , 24 kincaid hall , seattle , washington 98195 - 1800 , u . s . a .\ndepartment of biology , university of louisiana , p . o . box 42451 , lafayette ,\nin washington state , u . s . a . dna sequence data suggest that the animals in washington originated from the northern part of the species\u2019s\nnot always been clear - cut ( e . g . , the initial misidentification\nbay and j . t . carlton and d . franz for helpful comments .\ncoast of north america . ph . d . thesis . university of califor -\nnorth america : an end - of - the - 20th - century perspective .\njeffrey , r . 1976 . a preliminary inventory of the biota of padilla bay .\nminchin , d . , d . mcgrath , and c . b . duggan . 1995 . the slipper\nconnor , m . , m . wonham , and c . harley . 2002 . quantifying the\nwoodruff , d . s . , l . l . mcmeekin , m . mulvey , and m . p . carpenter .\n. . . fornicata , c . convexa , and c . plana are all native to the east coast of the united states . both c . fornicata and c . convexa , however , are now widely distributed along the west coast of the united states and elsewhere in the world ( blanchard , 1997 ; thieltges et al . , 2004 ; collin et al . , 2006 ) . over time , it will be important to see whether individuals in some of these invasive populations acquire larval trematode infections that the species apparently avoid in their native range . . . .\nthe mode of development in marine invertebrates is believed to have consequences for dispersal , gene flow , geographic range , and speciation and extinction rates . the factors responsible for among - species differences in mode of development are not well understood and patterns of vari - ation in mode of development have not been documented for many groups . i present a compiled data set of . . . [ show full abstract ]\nthe utility of morphological characters in gastropod phylogenetics : an example from the calyptraeida . . .\norganismal taxonomy is often based on a single or a small number of morphological characters . when they are morphologically simple or known to be plastic , we may not have great confidence in the taxonomic conclusions of analyses based on these characters . for example , calyptraeid gastropod shells are well known for their simplicity and plasticity , and appear to be subject to frequent . . . [ show full abstract ]\nwe ' ve updated our privacy policy and by continuing you ' re agreeing to the updated terms .\nwhen you visit our site , preselected companies may use cookies or other certain information on your device to serve relevant ads and for analytics purposes . learn more\ndiscussions , photo series , how to identify or distinguish a species or between species .\nthe eastern white slipper shell is probably one of the most common shells found along the north american atlantic and gulf coasts . because it lives clinging to almost any object it is often observed in dead shells , each one of which may house well over a dozen slippers . until 2000 the eastern white slipper shell was pretty much universally identified as\n. life was easy . if it was a flat , white slipper shell , it was\n, can . j . zool . 78 : 1500 - 1514 ( 2000 ) * , and it went from easy to complex ( and in florida , very complex ) . dr . collin did some pretty extensive research and concluded one was really three . not only did this range include both\n. dr . collin then went on to make life difficult for us collectors by essentially saying , except for two characters visible to the naked eye , these three species are essentially indistinguishable . one character is the body pigmentation on the foot and mantle and the other is slight differences in the shape of the protoconch . unfortunately , most collectors never see the animal and , as dr . collin acknowledges , the protoconch is usually eroded . the saving grace for us florida collectors is that she also concluded that\nrange is limited to the ne atlantic coast only as far south as georgia . so , if we find a live white slipper shell in florida , we can easily distinguish ( ha , ha ) as to whether it is\nbody pigmentation on the foot , neck and mantle of c . atrasolea is \u201cdiffuse to intense sooty black . \u201d\nno problem , just collect all your florida white slipper shells live , identify them immediately , and be sure not to mix them up during cleaning and preparation for storage - because they regularly occur together . if you are confronted with a cleaned , dead white slipper shell from florida and the protoconch is present , then you may be able to make an identification if its condition is good enough . the protoconch of\nis composed of one whorl . rachel has reviewed this presentation of her findings and commented ,\ni just read your posting and it ' s great . i couldn ' t agree more with everything .\nmakes me wonder how the two species are able to coexist in the same environment . it ' s rather rare one species usually outcompete the other species . then you throw in a few other slipper snails species thou those are usually one species on rocks , another on outside of living shells . maybe those of us who collects beached dead shells should just call those we collected eastern white slippershell .\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience on our website . by continuing to use our website , you are agreeing to our use of cookies . you can change your cookie settings at any time .\ncommittee on evolutionary biology , university of chicago , culver hall , rm . 402 , 1025 e . 57th st . , chicago , il 60637 , usa ; and department of zoology , the field museum of natural history , 1400 s . lake shore drive , chicago , il 60605 , usa ; and * smithsonian tropical research institute , unit 0948 , apo aa 34002 , usa\n\u2018in the cabinets of the naturalist , the shells of the crepidul\u00e6 and calyptr\u00e6\u00e6 attract by the singularity rather than the beauty of their forms\u2019 . richard owen ( 1834 )\nnatural variability and morphological plasticity are common characteristics of organisms . when such variation occurs in combination with simple morphology , taxonomic and systematic analyses are extraordinarily difficult . a combination of variability and relatively simple morphologies is particularly common in colonial marine invertebrates such as sponges and corals , lichens , algae and unicellular organisms . this situation often results in difficulty in species identification , lack of confidence in systematic conclusions , generally poorly resolved phylogenetic hypotheses and unstable taxonomies .\nabbreviations follow leviton ( 1985 ) with smnh for swedish museum of natural history and anm for australian national museum . numerous additional lots from other localities have also been deposited at these institutions .\nillustration of hipponicid anatomy . cg = capsule gland , ct = ctenidium , dg = digestive gland , i = intestine , m = shell muscle , nr = nerve ring , os = osphradium , pc = pericardium , sg = salivary gland , st = stomach .\noutgroups were selected on the basis of traditional beliefs about caenogastropod relationships . because hipponicids , trichotropids and capulids have all been considered close relatives of the calyptraeids ( broderip , 1834 ; reeve , 1859 ; hoagland , 1986 ; bandel & riedel , 1994 ) , they were included as outgroups . a variety of outgroups were used because it is not clear which are the closest relatives of the calyptraeids . outgroup polarization of characters using living taxa was chosen because polarization using the earliest occurrence in fossils or ontogeny could not be applied equally to the molecular dataset .\nprior to phylogenetic analysis , i scored all morphological characters with respect to expected reliability and utility . characters that represented large morphological differences and were easy to score unambiguously ( e . g . presence / absence of a large shell muscle ) were given a reliability score of 1 , while characters that were more difficult to score , or showed more intraspecific variability , were given a score of 0 ( e . g . differences in the shape of the subesophageal ganglion ) . similarly , the anticipated phylogenetic utility of the characters , or the expected level of homoplasy was scored as 1 for characters that were not expected to be subject to high levels of homoplasy ( e . g . presence / absence of large shell muscles ) or 0 for characters for which high levels of homoplasy were expected ( e . g . body colour ) . these scores reflect the likelihood that each character would be included in a morphological analysis in which characters deemed to be of low quality were subjectively excluded a priori .\nthe morphological dataset was concatenated with a molecular dataset composed of sequences from mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase i , 16s and nuclear 28s genes ( table 3 ) . taxa for which all datasets were not complete were deleted , creating a dataset of 77 taxa ( including 69 calyptraeid operational taxonomic unit ( otus ) , one trichotropid , one capulid , one vanikorid and five hipponicids ) . details of dna sequencing and alignment are given in collin ( 2002b ) , and alignments can be obtained by the author .\ncomparison of the four datasets and the trees they produce . genbank numbers 28s : af545871\u2013af545947 ; 16s : af545948\u2013af546016 , ay061765 , ay061789 , ay061770 , ay061763 , ay061764 , ay061766 , ay061767 , ay061774 ; coi : af546017\u2013af546076 ay061780 , ay061789 , ay061786 , ay061780 , ay061794 , ay061783 , ay061793 , ay061792 , af178155 , af388698 , af178147 , af178120 , af178130 , af353129 , af388726 , af388700 , af353123\nall random addition replicates that did not converge on the island of most parsimonious tree hit the maximum number of trees and therefore did not swap to completion . the 28s , coi and combined datasets never hit the maxtrees and the morphological dataset seldom did .\neach of the four datasets ( coi , 16s , 28s and morphology ) were analysed separately . an unrooted , unordered , equal - weighted parsimony analysis was performed on each dataset using a heuristic search with tree - bisection - reconnection ( tbr ) branch - swapping , 1000 random additions , saving two trees at each step , and maxtrees set to 10 000 . gaps were treated as a fifth character state and areas of ambiguous alignment were excluded from the sequence data ( collin , 2002b ) . bootstrap support for the resultant topologies was assessed based on 500 bootstrap replicates of a heuristic search , with tbr branch - swapping , 10 random additions saving two trees at each step , maxtrees set to 1000 , and constant characters were excluded . the concatenated morphological and sequence dataset was analysed in the same way . dataset combinability was assessed using the ild - test as implemented in paup * version 4 . 0b8 ( swofford , 1998 ) with 100 replicates after excluding constant characters ( cunningham , 1997b ) .\nprevious analysis of the dna sequence data suggested that the hipponicids are a distant outgroup of calyptraeids and may alter the ingroup relationships ( collin , 2002b ) . in addition , their limpet - like morphology that was most likely independently derived may mislead the morphological analysis . therefore , the combined dataset was also analysed without the hipponicids and vanikorid . exclusion of these taxa did not alter the results substantially ( collin , 2002b ) .\nthe taxonomic utility of different data sets was compared using a number of different metrics . the trees produced by analysis of the combined dataset were considered to be the current \u2018best estimate\u2019 of calyptraeid phylogeny . the average consistency index [ ci ] , kluge and farris ( 1969 ) ; and retention index [ ri ] , farris ( 1989 ) were calculated for parsimony informative characters from each dataset on the best estimate topologies . these indices reflect the levels of homoplasy and the retention of phylogenetic information for each data partition throughout the tree .\nthe power of each dataset to recover a topology , in which the nodes present in the \u2018best estimate\u2019 topologies are well resolved and well supported , was assessed by comparing the analyses of the individual datasets with the \u2018best estimate\u2019 topologies . the resolving power of each dataset was assessed by counting the number of resolved nodes in the consensus of the most - parsimonious trees from each data set . the resolved nodes recovered by each data set were compared to the resolved nodes present in the consensus of the \u2018best estimate tree\u2019 to assess consistency of the dataset with the best estimate . the level of support each dataset provides for the recovered topology was assessed in a similar way by comparing nodes with > 70 % bootstrap support in the tree from each dataset to the nodes with > 70 % bootstrap consensus of the combined data ( i . e . the bootstrap of the \u2018best estimate tree\u2019 ) .\na total of 100 replicates of the ild test demonstrated conflict among the datasets when all four datasets are included ( p = 0 . 01 ) , when the combined dna dataset is compared to the morphological dataset ( p = 0 . 008 ) , and when the shell data were compared to the data from soft anatomy ( p = 0 . 007 ) . because conflict among the three dna datasets was not demonstrated by the ild test ( collin , 2002b ; r . collin , unpubl . observ . ) this result is almost certainly due to conflict between the morphological and dna data . the ild test has been demonstrated to be a conservative test for conflict among datasets ( e . g . sullivan , 1996 ; cunningham , 1997a , b ; messenger & mcguire , 1998 ; yoder et al . , 2001 ) and the small number of characters in the datasets for shell and soft anatomy may additionally weaken the test . however , the results of the ild tests are also supported by the differences between the topologies produced by analysis of the dna data and the morphological data ( see below ) .\nparsimony analysis of the total dataset was used to produce a topology that will be subsequently referred to as the \u2018best estimate topology\u2019 . this analysis resulted in a single island of 16 equally parsimonious trees with length 5773 ( table 3 ; figs 10 , 11 ) . about half ( 47 ) of the nodes had bootstrap support > 70 % ( fig . 10 ) . overall , the tree topology was well resolved ( fig . 11 ) , well supported and in general agreement with the topologies supported by analysis of dna data for 120 species ( collin , 2002b ) . exclusion of the hipponicid and vanikorid outgroups did not significantly alter the best estimate topology ( data not shown ; collin , 2002b ) .\nthere were different levels of average homoplasy and phylogenetic retention for each of the different datasets on the best estimate topology ( table 4 ) . the average ci , ri and rescaled consistency index [ rci ] for the morphological characters , the dna characters and all of the characters combined were more or less the same . however , 28s and 16s characters performed higher than average , both soft anatomy and shell characters had average scores and coi had substantially lower values for all three indices ( table 4 ) . the lower values for coi sequences could reflect high levels of homoplasy resulting from saturation in these quickly evolving sequences ( collin , 2002b ) or from constraints imposed by selection on amino acid sequence .\nthe number of both resolved and supported nodes increased when the different datasets were combined . the combined dna dataset produced more resolution and support than 16s , 28s or coi alone . despite the general weak performance of the morphological data alone , when the morphological characters were combined with the dna dataset there was an additional increase in resolution and support ( tables 5 , 6 ) .\na compound index of predicted character quality was obtained by adding the expected reliability and expected utility . this index was correlated with the length , ci and ri of each anatomical character on the best estimate tree ( fig . 25 ) . however the cis and ris varied greatly both in characters that were and were not expected to be useful . this demonstrates that , although the characters chosen a priori as subjectively \u2018better\u2019 perform better on average than the characters identified as \u2018poor\u2019 , the phylogenetic quality of any specific character cannot be well predicted a priori .\nexpected phylogenetic utility vs . realized utility . the relationship between expected phylogenetic utility of the morphological characters and character length , consistency index and retention index . lines join the means of each category .\ndespite the fact that analyses can be misled by these convergences if morphological characters are used alone , these characters contribute significantly to the combined dataset . the cis and ris of morphological characters on the best estimate tree are no worse than they are for the dna data . when the morphological characters are added to the dna dataset the resolution and bootstrap support is significantly increased . however the evidence of pervasive convergences in shell morphology demonstrated here , warn against the use of morphological characters alone .\nthe best estimate phylogeny from this analysis and the combined molecular phylogeny of 94 calyptraeids ( collin , 2002b ; r . collin , unpub . observ . ) demonstrate some biogeographical patterns that are worth further discussion . most noteworthy is the observation that patterns of coincidence between molecular and morphological divergence differ regionally ( see below ) .\ncharacters of new genera and species of mollusca and conchifera , collected by mr . cuming . descriptions of new species of calyptraeidae\nvoyage autour du monde ex\u00e9cut\u00e9 par ordre du roi , sur la corvette de s . m . la coquille pendant les ann\u00e9es 1822\u201325 . zoologie 2 ( 1 ) .\nstandards in herpetology and ichthyology . part i . standard symbolic codes for institutional resource collections in herpetology and ichthyology\na neotenous dwarf - form of capulus ungaricus ( l . ) ( gastropoda , prosobranchia ) commensalistic on turritella communis risso\nproceedings of the second international workshop on the malacofauna of hong kong and southern china .\nmorphological data were coded from dissections of live , formalin - or ethanol - preserved material for all calyptraeids , hipponix and trichotropis . capulus was coded from my observations of the single female provided by a . war\u00e9n ( table 2 ) , male reproductive characters were obtained from young , 1938 ) , graham ( 1954 ) and simone ( 2002 ) which were in general agreement with each other ."]}
{"id": 2225, "summary": [{"text": "the cinnamon quail-thrush ( cinclosoma cinnamomeum ) is cryptic arid-zone species that is endemic to australia .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "this small to medium-sized species of bird is found in the arid and semi-arid regions of central australia . ", "topic": 24}], "title": "cinnamon quail - thrush", "paragraphs": [". . . cinnamon quail - thrush , adult male , mt lyndhurst , s . a .\ncinnamon quail - thrush ( cinclosoma cinnamomeum ) is a species of bird in the psophodidae family .\ncinnamon quail - thrush a male near the water treatment plant finke , northern territory , australia .\n. . . cinnamon quail - thrush , adult male , mt . lyndhurst , s . a .\n. . . nullarbor quail - thrush , the smallest and shyest of all the quail - thrushes .\n* black breasted cinnamon quail thrush view larger version * print friendly version * purchase this item quail title black breasted cinnamon quail thrush description distribution : wa . first described by mathews bull . brit . ornith . club 1910 . date c1922 artist h . more\nthe cinnamon quail - thrush is a species of bird in the cinclosomatidae family . it is endemic to australia .\ncinnamon quail - thrush ( cinclosoma ( samuela ) cinnamomeum ) occurrence records from continental australia suitable for species distribution modelling .\nthe park ' s bruce pascoe says it has taken eight years of trying to breed a fledgling of the cinnamon quail - thrush .\nthe female and immature birds are also cinnamon colour with white throat and pale cinnamon - grey breast .\nthe cinnamon quail - thrush ( cinclosoma cinnamomeum ) is a species of bird in the cinclosomatidae family . it is endemic to australia . . . .\nthese medium - sized birds are a distinctive cinnamon - backed quail - thrush , that live in arid stony plains usually with sparsely vegetated and low shrub cover .\nthe cinnamon quail thrush is classified as least concern . does not qualify for a more at risk category . widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category .\nthe alice springs desert park in central australia says the first captive breeding of two cinnamon quail - thrush chicks could help with the protection of endangered bird species .\nnatural resources , environment , the arts and sport - media release - cinnamon quail - thrush ( 11 october 2005 ) ( pdf ) , retrieved august 29 , 2008 .\n. . . nullabor quail - thrush , adult male , 3 km n of nullabor roadhouse , august 2016 .\nmr pascoe says the cinnamon quail - thrush inhabits areas south - east of alice springs around titjikala and the edge of the simpson desert but little more is known about it .\nvanderwal , j . ( 2013 ) . cinnamon quail - thrush ( cinclosoma ( samuela ) cinnamomeum ) - current and future species distribution models . centre for tropical biodiversity & climate change , james cook university . [ data files ] urltoken quail - thrush ( cinclosoma ( samuela ) cinnamomeum ) / suitability\nvanderwal , j . ( 2013 ) . cinnamon quail - thrush ( cinclosoma ( samuela ) cinnamomeum ) - occurrence records filtered for species distribution modelling . centre for tropical biodiversity & climate change , james cook university . [ data files ] urltoken quail - thrush ( cinclosoma ( samuela ) cinnamomeum ) / occurrences\nthat may have implications down the track if it ' s decided that it may be a good idea to do some captive work with some of the rarer species such as the chestnut quail - thrush or the spotted quail - thrush over on the east coast ,\nhe said .\nwe had got as far as having birds lay eggs but . . . the eggs were not fertile . this year we swapped some pairings around to try and achieve some more compatible pairings and we now have successfully fledged cinnamon quail - thrush chicks ,\nhe said .\nthis dataset consists of current and future species distribution models generated using 4 representative concentration pathways ( rcps ) carbon emission scenarios , 18 global climate models ( gcms ) , and 8 time steps between 2015 and 2085 , for cinnamon quail - thrush ( cinclosoma ( samuela ) cinnamomeum ) .\nthis dataset includes observations of cinnamon quail - thrush ( cinclosoma ( samuela ) cinnamomeum ) that are sourced from the atlas of living australia ( ala ) database . rather than raw observations , these have been filtered such that they are assumed to be suitable for species distribution modelling exercises . the cleaning process included :\nthe cinnamon quail - thrush is a small bird of the gibber deserts of central australia . although it is believed to be reasonably common within its range , it is cryptic in plumage and behaviour , and is very shy to boot . accordingly it is not seen often - google can find less than a dozen images on the internet , and there are only two other images on flickr .\nthe male of the species are cinnamon brown above , and sometimes a shade browner on the head . they have black markings on the throat , with a black banded on white breast . the flanks are also cinnamon in colour on birds from the gibber deserts of the east - central regions .\nboles , w . & christie , d . a . ( 2018 ) . cinnamon quail - thrush ( cinclosoma cinnamomeum ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\na quail - thrush is a bird of the genus cinclosoma , which contains seven species . the genus is found in australia and new guinea in a variety of habitats ranging from rainforest to deserts . the genus is closely related to the jewel - babblers of new guinea . seven species are currently recognised . [ 1 ]\ntoon , a . , austin , j . j . , dolman , g . , pedler , l . and joseph , l . ( 2012 ) evolution of arid zone birds in australia : leapfrog distribution patterns and mesic - arid connections in quail - thrush ( cinclosoma , cinclosomatidae ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 62 ( 1 ) : 286 - 295\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nthese birds are a cryptic arid - zone species , often alone , in pairs or small family groups . they feed exclusively on the ground , foraging for insects , and seeds .\nthe first known captive species was bred by staff at the alice springs desert park in october 2005 . 1\n. . . when disturbed , they fly low and fast for about 200 m and hide behind a saltbush . spot the quailthrush !\n. . . good habitat , edge of nullarbor plain ne of rawlinna , w . a .\nhome | biography | resources | photo library | top shots | contact copyright \u00a9 2005 - 2016 graeme chapman . all rights reserved .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe areas shown in pink and / purple are the sub - regions where the species or community is known or predicted to occur . they may not occur thoughout the sub - region but may be restricted to certain areas . ( click here to see geographic restrictions ) . the information presented in this map is only indicative and may contain errors and omissions .\nthis species is endemic to arid and semi - arid southern australia , reaching its northern extent in the south of the northern territory . three subspecies have been described with the nominate (\nthroughout its distribution it occurs in a wide range of arid and semi - arid habitats ; mainly in the low shrubs and undergrowth of mallee scrub , but also in acacia scrubs , dry sclerophyll woodland , heath , and native pine . however , in nsw it seems to occur almost exclusively in mallee habitats , with understorey dominated by spinifex , chenopods or other shrubs including acacia species . only rarely , such as in cocoparra np , is it recorded in other types of woodland , and in these areas a dense understorey may be a prerequisite .\noccupies vegetation with a wide range of fire histories , though appears to occur at highest densities in areas two to fifteen years post fire . there is some evidence from the victorian mallee that if the interval between fires is too short ( less than fifteen years ) local declines may occur .\nthese birds forage on the ground , often among spinifex clumps , on a wide range of invertebrates ( including grasshoppers , bugs , beetles , flies , caterpillars and ants ) , seeds of both native and introduced species and , more rarely , fruits .\nits nest is a depression in the ground lined with strips of bark , fine grass or sticks , placed near a mallee trunk , against a fallen branch , under a low bush or in a sparse tuft of grass . almost always lays a clutch of two eggs .\nclick on a region below to view detailed distribution , habitat and vegetation information .\nfragmentation , resulting from clearing or degradation of the habitat has reduced genetic variability and reproductive opportunities and has increased genetic isolation and the potential for significant impacts arising from stochatic events such as drought or fire .\ndegradation of the habitat , as a result of inappropriate grazing or fire regimes , has resulted in changes to the physical nature of the habitat , for example change in diversity and structure of floristics or invertebrates . changes to the habitat may result in it being unsuitable for the species or may increase other threatening processes such as predation .\nfire may cause the direct loss of individuals , and inappropriate fire regimes may cause long - term changes to physical features such as floristic structure or leaf litter , which is unfavourable to sustaining a viable population of the species .\npredation by foxes or cats may have an impact , particularly where populations have already declined .\nanthropogenic climate change is a long term significant threat as it will alter physical characteristics of the habitat such that it is no longer able to sustain a viable population .\na targeted strategy for managing this species has been developed under the saving our species program ; click here for details . for more information on the saving our species program click here\ncontrol of vertebrate pest populations , e . g . foxes , cats and rabbits , which either prey on , or compete against this species for resources .\nappears to be less sensitive to impacts of fire compared to other mallee birds . however , maintenance of a mosaic of fire ages is probably beneficial . no more than 10 % of the area should be burnt in a single year , and no more than 30 % in five years . following occurrence of wildfire , monitoring is required prior to additional ecological burns .\nreduce stock intensity of , or exclude grazing in , some areas to allow regeneration of vegetation for habitat , food sources or nest sites .\nretention of grasslands , including the full cycle of grass development such a seed set and tussock formation .\nretain fallen logs and other ground debris as habitat , including logs embedded in the soil and hollow logs .\nchristidis , l . and boles , w . e . ( 2008 ) systematics and taxonomy of australian birds . ( csiro publishing , collingwood , victoria )\ngarnett , s . t . , szabo , j . k . and dutson , g . ( 2011 ) action plan for australian birds 2010 . ( csiro publishing , collingwood , victoria )\nhiggins , p . j . and peter , j . m . ( eds . ) ( 2002 ) handbook of australian , new zealand and antarctic birds . volume 6 : pardalotes to shrike - thrushes . ( oxford university press , melbourne )\nluck , g . w . , possingham , h . p . and paton , d . c . ( 1999 ) bird responses at inherent and induced edges in the murray mallee , south australia . 1 . differences in abundance and diversity . emu 99 ( 3 ) : 157 - 169\npizzey , g . and knight , f . ( 2003 ) the field guide to the birds of australia . 7th edition\nschodde , r . and mason , i . j . ( 1999 ) the directory of australian birds . ( csiro publishing , melbourne )\nval , j . , oliver , d . , pennay , m . , mclaughlin , j . , ewin , p . and foster , e . ( 2012 ) the reptile , bird and small mammal fauna of dune mallee woodlands in south - western new south wales . australian zoologist 36 ( 1 ) : 29 - 48\nwatson , s . j . , taylor , r . s . , nimmo , d . g . , kelly , l . t . , clarke , m . f . and bennett , a . f . ( 2012 ) the influence of unburnt patches and distance from refuges on post - fire bird communities . animal conservation 15 ( 5 ) : 499 - 507\ncommonly treated as conspecific with c . alisteri , and in the past also with c . castaneothorax ( with marginatum ) . see also c . castanotum . races doubtfully separable , intergrading over a broad zone ; proposed race samueli ( south australia ) inseparable from nominate . two subspecies currently recognized .\nschodde & mason , 1999 \u2013 deserts of ec australia ( se northern territory , ne south australia , cw queensland ) .\ngould , 1846 \u2013 cs northern territory , n , c & ce south australia , extreme sw queensland and nw new south wales .\n19\u201322 cm ; 55\u201360 g . male nominate race has black lores , narrow creamy supercilium extending from above lores to side of nape , brownish - grey ear - coverts ; narrow . . .\nsong ( both races ) a series of notes on even pitch or on two pitches . contact call a high - pitched , . . .\ndiet made up chiefly of seeds , insects and spiders ( araneae ) . forages on ground , walking slowly and deliberately on a meandering course , . . .\nrecorded in all months , timing possibly influenced by rainfall ; probably double - brooded , but forgoes breeding in times of severe drought . . . .\nappears to be sedentary , with no evidence of large - scale movements ; may occasionally make more . . .\nnot globally threatened . locally common in suitable habitat . has suffered some decline , possibly as a result of grazing by domestic livestock and introduced rabbits (\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\ntaxonomic position historically uncertain , and in past typically placed in a giant muscicapidae , close to timaliidae ; there , it was grouped in a dubious assemblage with species now widely scattered in orthonychidae , psophodidae , ifritidae , melampittidae and eupetidae # r . genetic studies suggest closest relatives may be paramythiidae , psophodidae or falcunculidae # r # r .\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\nhbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .\nno flash player has been set up . please select a player to play flash videos .\na male running along the foot of a sand dune before stopping to look around .\na male looking around while standing on the trunk of a very small tree .\na male walking on the ground , flying a short distance after being startled by me before running away .\nfr\u00e9d\u00e9ric pelsy , rhonda hansch , peter waanders , lindsay hansch , mat gilfedder , john o ' malley .\n. . . nests are usually placed under the shelter of a shrub . clutch size is usually two .\nthis species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : cinclosoma cinnamomeum . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\nsonogram images \u00a9 xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 42e3020f - b588 - 4145 - 8c7b - e7c6d32cec02\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 58e70e12 - 3cad - 4c89 - b126 - da8582bdf67a\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 6676301d - fbe1 - 4cd9 - a48f - 8e59cbe270d5\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 461381\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nenglish - german online dictionary developed to help you share your knowledge with others . more information ! contains translations by tu chemnitz and mr honey ' s business dictionary ( german - english ) . thanks on that account ! links to this dictionary or to single translations are very welcome ! questions and answers\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\ncinclosoma cinnamomeum : se qld . to nw nsw , cent . and ne sa and se nt\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 292 , 703 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ndel hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . , fishpool , l . d . c . , boesman , p . and kirwan , g . m . 2016 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 2 : passerines . lynx edicions and birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .\njustification : this species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthe global population size has not been quantified , but the species is reported to be locally fairly common ( flegg and madge 1995 ) . trend justification : this population is estimated to be in decline owing to ongoing habitat degradation due to livestock and introduced herbivores ( del hoyo et al . 2007 ) .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nhoward and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :\navibase has been visited 263 , 294 , 814 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\na fun page devoted to those that wish to record their totals within our region . if you wish your total to be added simply email your tally to tonyp @ urltoken to be fair and consistent for the purposes of maintaining this list a few basic rules shall apply :\n1 . all species counted should be seen alive and in the wild 2 . geography includes mainland australia , its territories or anywhere within the 200 nm limit ( excluding antarctica ) . 3 . taxonomy should follow ioc taxonomy and recommended bird names within . urltoken 4 . submissions should be honest , accurate and dated .\nioc australian checklist ( includes all external territories : heard , macquarie , norfolk , lord howe , christmas and cocos ( keeling ) islands . mainland australia does not include macquarie island , lord howe island , or ashmore reef etc but does include the torres strait ) .\nbased on comments from others , here is my updated list of differences between c & b and the various flavours of ioc . further comments welcome .\nand i believe that c & b already lumps all ringnecks into one species , australian ringneck \u2013 which has also been adopted by ioc .\nfrom : kevin and lizzie [ mailto : dikkops @ gmail . com ] sent : wednesday , 13 june 2012 11 : 20 pm to : paul @ urltoken cc : birding - aus @ urltoken subject : re : [ birding - aus ] c & b vs ioc taxonomy\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nsearch is restricted to [ [ filters . class | getlabelfor : class _ choices ] ]\nopen access . if the data is not available via the provided link , please contact an associated party ( preferably the manager if specified ) for access .\nobservation records were filtered from the atlas of living australia & apos ; s ( ala ) database based on ala & apos ; s & apos ; assertions & apos ; , expert - derived range polygons and expert opinion , and those observations inappropriate for modelling were excluded . only species with > 20 unique spatiotemporal records were used for modelling .\ncurrent climate was sourced as monthly precipitation and temperature minima and maxima from 1975 until 2005 at a 0 . 05\u00b0 grid scale from the australian water availability project ( awap - urltoken ) ( jones et al 2007 , grant et al 2008 ) .\nused in the modelling were annual mean temperature , temperature seasonality , max and min monthly temperature , annual precipitation , precipitation seasonality , and precipitation of the wettest and driest quarters for current and all rcp scenarios ( rcp3pd , rcp45 , rcp6 , rcp85 ) at 8 time steps between 2015 and 2085 .\nspecies distribution models were run using the presence - only modelling program maxent ( phillips et al 2006 ) . maxent uses species presence records to statistically relate species occurrence to environmental variables on the principle of maximum entropy . all default settings were used except for background point allocation . we used a target group background ( phillips & dudik 2008 ) to remove any spatial or temporal sampling bias in the modelling exercise .\nthe dataset is a tarred , zipped file ( . tar . gz ) , approximately 5gb in size and contains 609 ascii grid files :\nassociated with maximum entropy modelling of species geographic distributions uri : 10 . 1016 / j . ecomodel . 2005 . 03 . 026\ncopy and paste a formatted citation or use one of the links to import into a bibliography manager .\n[ [ item . name | formatfacet ] ] ( [ [ item . value ] ] )\n[ [ item . name | formatfacet ] ] ( [ [ item . value ] ] )\nto filter your results by a time period enter a year range between [ [ earliest _ year ] ] and [ [ latest _ year ] ] inclusive . open ranges can be specified by leaving one of the fields blank . please note that adding a time period filter to your search will restrict your search to only those records in research data australia which contain temporal information .\n[ [ item . preflabel | totitlecase ] ] ( [ [ item . collectionnum ] ] )\nnote : adding a location filter will restrict your search to only records that have location information described .\n[ [ preresult . response . numfound ] ] result ( s ) found with these filters . hit search\nthe advanced search popout allows you to build / refine complex queries all in a single tabbed popout . from within the advanced search you can construct boolean searches and apply one or more filter categories to your search .\nnote that there is no defined order to the tabs in the advanced search and you can apply the filters in any order you choose . where there are multiple options for a filter category e . g . ( subjects ) the options & record counts displayed are based on your query . each time you switch tabs the available filter options and record counts are updated to reflect any changes on the previous tab .\nas you build / refine your search in the advanced search popout , you can review the entire search and the number of results which will be returned by selecting the \u2018review\u2019 tab . the tab also allows you to modify your search by removing filters .\nthe query constructor provides a way of searching for records using multiple search term combinations and boolean operators .\nthe advanced queries created using the query constructor are comprised of rows . each row consists of a field , condition operator and a value . the value tells the search what to look for , the field tells the search where to look , and the condition operator tells the search whether a record should \u2018contain\u2019 or \u2018exclude\u2019 the value .\nmultiple search terms entered into a single condition value are treated by the search as being separated by the boolean operator and .\nthe search terms are treated as case insensitive e . g . \u2018rain\u2019 is the same as \u2018rain\u2019 .\nexact phrases can also be entered into condition values by using quotes\ne . g .\nice sheets\nthe ? symbol can be used to perform a single character wildcard search . e . g . organi ? ations .\nthe * symbol can be used to perform multiple character wildcard search . e . g . extend *\nnote : wildcard characters can be applied to single search terms , but not to search phrases .\nthe query constructor supports the use of the boolean operators \u2018and\u2019 & \u2018or\u2019 between query rows . the operators are applied at the search level , meaning all query rows are separated by the same boolean value . changing the boolean value between two query rows will change the value between all query rows .\nhere we will step through constructing an advanced query where we would like to find all the records which contain \u2018rain\u2019 in the title , and \u2018flood\u2019 and \u2018weather\u2019 in the description .\nopen the advanced search popout and ensure you are on the \u2018search terms\u2019 tab . two query rows should be displayed by default .\nin the empty value field in the 1st query row enter the search term \u2018rain\u2019 .\nin the empty value field in the 2nd query row enter the search term \u2018flood\u2019 .\nin the empty value field in the 3rd query row enter the search term \u2018weather\u2019 .\nthe subject tab allows you to refine your search by selecting subjects which have been used to describe data records . the default subject vocabulary in research data australia , and the one which is used consistently by data providers , is the anzsrc field of research . other supported subject vocabularies are also available and can be selected by using the drop down displayed at the top of the tab ( note that these can take a little while to load ) .\nsubject vocabularies are displayed as browsable hierarchical trees . subject literals displayed as green links can be clicked to display or hide child subjects .\nsubjects can be added or removed from your search by using the checkbox displayed with each subject literal . multiple subjects can be selected within a single subject vocabulary and also across vocabularies .\nthe number of records with a subject will be displayed at the end of each subject literal e . g \u2018economics ( 30 ) \u2019 . note that because the relationships between records and subjects are many to many , the counts displayed with the subjects will not necessarily match the count of records returned by your search . for example you may see 3 subjects all showing a ( 1 ) beside them . this could resolve to a single record containing all 3 of the subjects . where no records exist with a subject value a ( 0 ) will be displayed with the literal .\nthe data provider tab allows you to limit your search to records published to research data australia by specific providers . the number of records available from providers will be displayed at the end of each provider literal e . g \u2018bond university ( 25 ) \u2019 .\ndata providers can be added or removed from your search by using the checkbox displayed with each data provider literal .\nthe access tab allows you to limit your search to records with specific access types . data records in research data australia fall into one of four access types :\ndata that is accessible and reusable , providing certain conditions are met ( e . g . free registration is required )\ndata access is limited in some way ( e . g . only available to a particular group of users or at a specific physical location )\nthe number of records available in each access type will be displayed at the end of the access literal e . g \u2018open ( 23 ) \u2019 .\naccess types can be added or removed from your search by using the checkbox displayed with each access literal .\nopen licence : a licence bearing broad permissions that may include a requirement to attribute the source , or share - alike ( or both ) , requiring a derivative work to be licensed on the same or similar terms as the reused material .\nnon - commercial licence : as for the open licence but also restricting reuse only for non - commercial purposes .\n: as for the open licence but also prohibits adaptation of the material , and in the second case also restricts reuse only for non - commercial purposes .\nrestrictive licence : a licence preventing reuse of material unless certain restrictive conditions are satisfied . note licence restrictions , and contact rights holder for permissions beyond the terms of the licence .\nno licence : all rights to reuse , communicate , publish or reproduce the material are reserved , with the exception of specific rights contained within the copyright act 1968 or similar laws . contact the copyright holder for permission to reuse this material .\nthe number of records available in each licence filter group will be displayed at the end of the licence literal e . g \u2018no licence ( 57 ) \u2019 .\nlicence groups can be added or removed from your search by using the checkbox displayed with each licence literal .\nthe time period tab allows you to restrict your search to only records which contain temporal coverage * information which falls within a specific year range . the filter has been implemented as a pair of text fields which allow you to enter a \u2018from year and \u2018to year\u2019 . the placeholder text shown in the text fields indicates the available temporal range you can search within .\nto filter your results by a time period : open the advanced search popout and ensure you are on the \u2018time period\u2019 tab . enter a time period range by using the from year and to year fields . click the \u2018search\u2019 button to execute the search .\nnote : where the records in your search contain no temporal information the following message will be displayed on the tab :\nsearch results contain no time period information .\nthe location tab will allow you to filter your search results to only records that have mappable location information described , which falls within a specified region .\nuse the map navigation tools on the left hand side of the map until you have the required map view .\nrelease the mouse to finish . if there are records with location information available for your selection a red marker will be displayed for the first 15 records .\nnote to change or redraw a region simply carry out the above steps again .\nresearch data australia is the data discovery service of the australian national data service ( ands ) . ands is supported by the australian government through the national collaborative research infrastructure strategy program . read more about ands . . .\nautomatic vetting based on the ala & apos ; s & apos ; assertions & apos ; whereby observations were assessed as inappropriate for modelling ( ie . & apos ; zero _ coordinates & apos ; , & apos ; invalid scientific name & apos ; ) ;\ndetermining if the observations fell within expert - derived range polygons . these polygons were supplied by birdlife australia to represent , for each species , its core breeding habitat , non - breeding , historic , irruptive , or invasive ranges . records that fall outside these ranges were marked as inappropriate for modelling ; and\nhuman - derived classification of records after previous two assessments . through the edgar project ( urltoken ) , users were able to map all species observations and comment on the suitability of records for distribution modelling . this included records deemed inappropriate by other means .\nevery 6 months the occurrence record download file is updated to reflect recent vetting by experts . in the data download , sensitive records have been obfuscated by truncating the lat / long to two decimal places . obfuscated records will be indicated in the data file . access to the accurate data will need to be arranged with the original data owners - contact the ala for more information .\nthe resulting downloadable file of occurrence records reflects which records are suitable for species distribution modelling .\nshrubland : subtropical / tropical dry ; grassland : subtropical / tropical dry ; rocky areas ( eg . inland cliffs , mountain peaks ) :\ntaxonomic note cinclosoma cinnamomeum and c . alisteri ( del hoyo and collar 2016 ) were previously lumped as c . cinnamomeum following christidis & boles ( 2008 ) and sibley & monroe ( 1990 , 1993 ) .\ntaxonomic source ( s ) del hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . , fishpool , l . d . c . , boesman , p . and kirwan , g . m . 2016 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 2 : passerines . lynx edicions and birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .\npopulation justification : the global population size has not been quantified , but the species is reported to be locally fairly common ( flegg and madge 1995 ) .\ntrend justification : this population is estimated to be in decline owing to ongoing habitat degradation due to livestock and introduced herbivores ( del hoyo et al . 2007 ) .\nse qld . to nw nsw , cent . and ne sa and se nt .\njennifer hammock split the classifications by urltoken import from cinclosoma cinnamomeum gould 1846 to their own page .\nkari pihlaviita marked the finnish common name\nhietaviiri\u00e4istimali\nfrom\ncinclosoma cinnamomeum gould 1846\nas trusted .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\ncinclosoma marginatum and c . castanotum occur sympatrically but in different habitats in the south - west of the northern territory . the implications of the occurrence of c . marginatum as far east at mt olga are discussed . evidence is presented which suggests that the taxonomic status of c . marginatum , castaneothorax , cinnamomeum and alisteri should be re - examined . c . marginatum and c . castaneothorax are probably conspecific ; c . cinnamomeum is possibly more closely related to c . alisteri .\ni found a pair of these birds in some sand dunes a kilometre or so north of the normally empty cooper creek on the birdsville track . the light was terrible , as i was shooting straight into the morning sun . so these aren ' t the best shots i ' ve put up , but i think the rarity of the images makes up for the lack of technical quality . in any event , getting them certainly made my day !\nthis article is part of project aves , a all birds project that aims to write comprehensive articles on each bird , including made - up species .\nthis article is part of project passeriformes , a all birds project that aims to write comprehensive articles on each passerine , including made - up species .\nthis article is part of project cinclosomatidae , a all birds project that aims to write comprehensive articles on each cinclosomatid , including made - up species .\ncan ' t find a community you love ? create your own and start something epic .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\nhe says the methods developed during that breeding program might help with the reproduction of rarer species .\nhe says the fledgling is cause for great excitement as it will shed light on the social dynamics and natural history of the secretive bird .\nif you have inside knowledge of a topic in the news , contact the abc .\nabc teams share the story behind the story and insights into the making of digital , tv and radio content .\nwe ' ve ranked the top 50 wimbledon players over the last 50 years .\npeter sagan is a triple world champion and the most charismatic rider in professional road cycling . he is now the leader of the 2018 tour de france , writes rob arnold .\ncould you bring yourself to support england ? are the french or belgians more your cup of tea ? we want to know who your pick is to take out the 2018 world cup title .\nthe beautiful game has shown an ugly side in russia , with the treatment of the referees coming into sharp focus .\nthis service may include material from agence france - presse ( afp ) , aptn , reuters , aap , cnn and the bbc world service which is copyright and cannot be reproduced .\nspecial thanks to tropical birding for outstanding photo contributions to the bird data family of apps .\nthis application is created by interactive maps . you can also have your visited countries map on your site . if you see this message , you need to upgrade your flash player .\nthis citation will be automatically completed in the next few minutes . you can jump the queue or expand by hand\ndel hoyo , j . ; elliot , a . & christie d . ( editors ) . ( 2007 ) . handbook of the birds of the world . volume 12 : picathartes to tits and chickadees . lynx edicions . isbn 978 - 84 - 96553 - 42 - 2\nthis article is part of project bird genera , a all birds project that aims to write comprehensive articles on each genus , including made - up genera .\nthis page uses creative commons licensed content from wikipedia ( view authors ) . please help by writing it in the style of all birds wiki !\nthank you for dropping by to check out my blog . you will see a lot of other blogs about birds i follow down the left hand side . i strongly encourage you to check some of these out as well , they are entertaining and i love to see birds from all over the world , i hope you do too .\ni came across three major mitchell cockatoos near alice springs recently . their unmistakable squawk gave their position on the power lines . . .\nsaw all of these birds of prey in the last week , and had some amazing close - up experiences . hope you enjoy the photos . wedge - tailed eagle . . .\nsaw a pair of wedge - tailed eagles today near alice springs . i suspect i actually drove past them and didn ' t notice them sitting in a tr . . .\nthe red - tailed black cockatoos were in full voice around lajamanu and surrounds . both in town and out at the turkey nest\nswimming & quo . . . ;\ni had a truly amazing experience recently where i saw budgies darken the sky with numbers , then come down to drink , get chased by birds of . . .\nhome . . . . . yeah ok then . . . sweet home !\nthe global population size has not been quantified , but the species is reported to be locally fairly common ( flegg and madge 1995 ) . . . .\nthe iucn red list of threatened species . version 2018 - 1 . < urltoken > . downloaded on 09 july 2018 .\nnote : wildlife statistics are based on information that has been submitted to the des wildnet database and converted to a 10km\u00b2 grid . the grid information has been intersected with the mapping polygons to determine the species lists . click here to view the species grid metadata .\ndisclaimer : while every care is taken to ensure the accuracy of this product , the queensland government and australian government make no representations or warranties about its accuracy , reliability , completeness or suitability for any particular purpose and disclaim all responsibility and all liability ( including without limitation , liability in negligence ) for all expenses , losses , damages ( including indirect or consequential damage ) and costs which might be incurred as a consequence of reliance on the product , or as a result of the product being inaccurate or incomplete in any way and for any reason ."]}
{"id": 2246, "summary": [{"text": "eumenidiopsis is an afrotropical genus of afrotropical potter wasps with eight known species , which are set out below : eumenidiopsis astutus ( kohl , 1906 ) eumenidiopsis bacilliformis ( giordani soika , 1940 ) eumenidiopsis jacoti giordani soika , 1977 eumenidiopsis mixtus ( giordani soika , 1943 ) eumenidiopsis nigritus ( kohl , 1906 ) eumenidiopsis nitens ( giordani soika , 1939 ) eumenidiopsis striativentris ( giordani soika , 1940 ) eumenidiopsis subtilis ( giordani soika , 1939 )", "topic": 3}], "title": "eumenidiopsis", "paragraphs": ["afrodynerus monstruosus ( giordani soika , 1934 ) ( eritrea . also palaearctic region )\ncameroon , djibouti , eritrea , ethiopia , ghana , mali , niger , nigeria , sudan . also in the palaearctic region )\neritrea , mauritania , nigeria , sudan , yemen . also in the palaearctic region )\nangola , benin , burkina faso , cameroon , democratic republic of congo , equatorial guinea , eritrea , ethiopia , gabon , gambia , ghana , guinea bissau , ivory coast , kenya , mali , mozambique , nigeria , republic of congo , republic of guinea , senegal , sierra leone , south africa , sudan , tanzania , uganda , zimbabwe . also in the palaearctic region )\n[ probably a synonym of antodynerus oogaster ( gribodo , 1895 ) . the type material ( museum dresden ) was destroyed during world war ii ] ( tanzania )\nburkina faso , democratic republic of congo , gambia , kenya , malawi , mali , mozambique , nigeria , senegal , south africa , tanzania , zimbabwe . also in the palaearctic region )\nburkina faso , chad , djibouti , mali . also in the palaearctic region )\nchad , eritrea , ethiopia , niger , somalia . also in the palaearctic region )\nsomalia , south africa , sudan , uganda . also in the palaearctic and oriental regions )\nverde , central african republic , chad ,\ncongo\n, democratic republic of congo , equatorial guinea , eritrea , ethiopia , gabon , gambia , ivory coast , kenya , liberia , malawi , mali , mauritania , mozambique , namibia , niger , nigeria , rwanda , senegal , sierra leone , somalia , south africa , sudan , tanzania , togo , uganda , yemen , zambia , zimbabwe . also in the palaearctic region . in the malagasy subregion recorded from seychelles ( aldabra , assumption , astove , cosmoledo ) , comoros ( grande comore , anjouan ) , mayotte and madagascar ) .\n. also in the palaearctic region ) . in the malagasy subregion recorded from seychelles ( aldabra )\ncongo\n, democratic republic of congo , eritrea , ethiopia , gambia , ivory coast , kenya , mali , mozambique , namibia , niger , nigeria , senegal , south africa , tanzania ( tanzania , zanzibar ) , togo , uganda , yemen . also in the palaearctic region )\nangola , democratic republic of congo , eritrea , ethiopia , somalia , tanzania , yemen , zimbabwe . also in the palaearctic region )\n( de saussure , 1852 ) ( angola , botswana , burkina faso , democratic republic of congo , eritrea , ethiopia , kenya , mali , mozambique , namibia , niger , nigeria , senegal , socotra , somalia , south africa , sudan , tanzania ( tanzania , zanzibar ) , yemen . also in the palaearctic region )\n( eustenancistrocerus ) inconstans ( de saussure , 1863 ) ( chad , eritrea , mali , sudan .\nburkina faso , eritrea , ethiopia , mali , niger , senegal , sudan . also in the palaearctic region )\nangola , burkina faso , democratic republic of congo , ghana , ivory coast , kenya , republic of congo , senegal , tanzania , togo . also in the palaearctic region )\ndjibouti , eritrea , ethiopia , niger , nigeria , sudan . also in the palaearctic region )\ncameroon , democratic republic of congo , ethiopia , mali , niger , senegal ( ? ) , south africa . also in the palaearctic region )\ncameroon , mali , niger , senegal , sudan . also in the palaearctic region )\n( paragris ) spinosuscula de saussure , 1852 ( eritrea , ethiopia , kenya .\n( gribodo , 1884 ) ( eritrea , ethiopia , kenya , somalia , sudan , yemen .\nburkina faso , cameroon , central african republic , democratic republic of congo , equatorial guinea , eritrea , ethiopia , gabon , gambia , ghana , mali , niger , nigeria , republic of congo , republic of guinea , senegal , somalia , sudan , togo , uganda . also in the palaearctic region )\nburundi , djibouti , kenya , south africa , sudan , tanzania , zimbabwe . also in the palaearctic region )\n. a revision of the vespidae of the belgian congo based on the collection of the american museum congo expedition , with a list of ethiopian diplopterous wasps .\nlatreille , in south africa , with a revision of the ethiopian species ( hymenoptera . )\na catalogue of the vespidae of the malagasy subregion ( insecta , hymenoptera ) .\na catalogue of the eumeninae ( hymenoptera : vespidae ) of the ethiopian region excluding malagasy subregion . part i : introduction , key to genera , genera\na catalogue of the eumeninae ( hymenoptera : vespidae ) of the ethiopian region excluding malagasy subregion . part ii : genera\ncarpenter , j . m . , j . gusenleitner , & m . madl . 2010b . a catalogue of the eumeninae ( hymenoptera : vespidae ) of the ethiopian region excluding malagasy subregion . part iii : classification , additions , corrections and index . linzer biologische beitr\u00e4ge 42 ( 1 ) : 919 - 1004 .\ncitation : van noort , s . 2018 . waspweb : hymenoptera of the afrotropical region . url : urltoken ( accessed on < day / month / year > ) .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nnomenclator zoologicus . a list of the names of genera and subgenera in zoology from the tenth edition of linnaeus , 1758 to the end of 2004 . digitised by ubio from vols . 1 - 9 of neave ( ed . ) , 1939 - 1996 plus supplementary digital - only volume . urltoken ( as at 2006 ) .\nbequaert j . , 1918 . a revision of the vespidae of the belgian congo based on the collection of the american museum congo expedition , with a list of ethiopian diplopterous wasps . bulletin a . m . n . h , vol . 39 : 2 - 384 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe source code for the wiki 2 extension is being checked by specialists of the mozilla foundation , google , and apple . you could also do it yourself at any point in time .\nwould you like wikipedia to always look as professional and up - to - date ? we have created a browser extension .\nit will enhance any encyclopedic page you visit with the magic of the wiki 2 technology .\ni use wiki 2 every day and almost forgot how the original wikipedia looks like .\nof perfecting techniques ; in live mode . quite the same wikipedia . just better .\ncarpenter , j . m . , j . gusenleitner & m . madl . 2010a . a catalogue of the eumeninae ( hymenoptera : vespidae ) of the ethiopian region excluding malagasy subregion . part ii : genera delta de saussure 1885 to zethus fabricius 1804 and species incertae sedis . linzer biologischer beitrage 42 ( 1 ) : 95 - 315 .\nthis page was last edited on 10 april 2018 , at 02 : 46 .\nbasis of this page is in wikipedia . text is available under the cc by - sa 3 . 0 unported license . non - text media are available under their specified licenses . wikipedia\u00ae is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation , inc . wiki 2 is an independent company and has no affiliation with wikimedia foundation .\nnote : you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments . please , create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\nthere are no photos of this species on the website yet . you can offer your photo by logging into your account\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .\nthis webpage was generated by the domain owner using sedo domain parking . disclaimer : sedo maintains no relationship with third party advertisers . reference to any specific service or trade mark is not controlled by sedo nor does it constitute or imply its association , endorsement or recommendation .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en"]}
{"id": 2259, "summary": [{"text": "sublimity ( foaled 23 april 2000 ) is an irish thoroughbred racehorse whose flat racing and hurdling career was highlighted in 2007 when he won the champion hurdle at the cheltenham festival .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "by selkirk and out of fig tree drive , sublimity is owned by bill hennessy and trained by his son robert alan hennessy in ratoath , county meath , ireland . ", "topic": 22}], "title": "sublimity ( horse )", "paragraphs": ["bbc sport | other sport . . . | horse racing | sublimity claims champion hurdle\nthe horse ' s owner , billionaire jp mcmanus , admitted that for once he had not backed the horse .\nall the latest horse racing form , betting odds , news , breeding , jockey and trainer information for sublimity . sublimity is a mare born in 2006 october 19 by testa rossa out of rather droll\nhighlights for this hillsboro horseback riding lessons instructor include : horse leases , classical dressage , adult riding lessons , riding clinics , horse training , group lessons , horse boarding , beginning riders welcome , intermediate riders , private lessons , balanced seat , dressage training , beginner riding lessons for adults , weekend lessons , sublimity young riders , timid riders , confidence building for horse and rider , and lesson horses available .\n\u201chang on a second , \u201d said robbie . \u201cthis is a good horse . \u201d\nwinning flat mare out of gr . 2 winning dam for sale | paradering horse sales\n, 7pm , sublimity city hall , 245 nw johnson street , sublimity . meetings are open to the public . click for agenda > >\n1910 - here are a couple of photos from the\nhorse and buggy\ndays .\n- \u201cour horse would never be sold without paradering . ie\u201d jimmy & mary mangan - trainer\ncheck out all the latest bookmakers free bets to be claimed on this weekend\u2019s horse racing .\n1915 - roy e . king of sublimity ( courtesy santiam historical society ) . he rests in the union hill / king cemetery near sublimity .\nparelli 1 star junior instructor charlie johnson . a natural approach to horse training - if you truly love horses and have an interest in natural horse training , you\u0092ll love the parelli method of natural horsemanship - a holistic approach to natural horse training based on developing a natural relationship with your horse through understanding his / her nature and understanding the world from the horse ' s point of view . based on respect , love , and understanding horse nature and psychology \u0096 the parelli method enables anyone at any level to have fun with horses and achieve amazi ( cont ' d )\nabove , left to right : lena hermens , mary vanhandel , jesse ( the horse ) .\nhighlights for this hillsboro , oregon horseback riding lessons instructor include : classical dressage , confidence building for horse and rider , starting horses , timid riders , haul - ins , beginner riding lessons for adults , weekend lessons , horse boarding , lesson horses available , private lessons , ground work , balanced seat , horse training , dressage training , and sublimity group lessons .\nsublimity will be back at cheltenham in march when he tries to become only the second horse in history to regain the champion hurdle crown . photograph : toby melville / reuters / reuters\nhennessy , who is the son of sublimity ' s owner bill , has only recently taken out a training licence but rode much of the work on the horse when with carr .\n1995 - alan w . mcmahen became sublimity ' s first career fire chief .\nsteve wheeler tire center 400 sw sublimity blvd . sublimity map ( 503 ) 769 - 3446 mon - fri : 8am - 6pm , sat : 8am - 5pm\n40 listings were found in the sublimity , oregon horseback riding lessons instructor directory .\ncarberry said :\ni couldn ' t believe how well he was travelling going down to the last . what a horse , he is the best horse i ' ve ever ridden or ever likely to .\n' the boss ( bill hennessy ) is looking for a horse that might be able to go for the triumph hurdle , something with a similar rating as sublimity on the flat . '\nsomebody has made a proper job of getting this horse well - handicapped . so who is the trainer ?\nhenderson\u2019s appraisal is perhaps worth noting : \u201cbinocular is a year younger [ than punjabi ] and i still think he\u2019s a horse with a big future . \u2018ap\u2019 said he might just have had a bit of a blow from the horse . but the horse is young and i wouldn\u2019t be surprised if he has his day . \u201d\ni couldn ' t believe how well he was travelling going down to the last ,\nhe said .\nwhat a horse , he is the best horse i ' ve ever ridden or ever likely to .\nhighlights for this oregon city , oregon horseback riding lessons instructor include : horse leases , timid riders , lunge lessons , trailer loading , gift certificates available , beginner riding lessons for adults , private lessons , lesson horses available , young riders , problem horses , leasing , horse training , starting horses , beginning riders welcome , sublimity family friendly atmosphere , trail riding lessons , adult riding lessons , confidence building for horse and rider , ground work , weekend lessons , natural horsemanship training , haul - ins , and horse boarding .\nperforming at the union grange hall northeast of sublimity . ( photo by denny barnes for\nhe won a listed race on the flat for us and we knew he was a serious horse .\na delighted carberry said after the race :\nhe ' s the best horse i ' ve ridden .\nwe focus on a holistic horse / rider relationship . our english riding lessons encourage harmony between horse and rider . you will learn about the horse ' s physical and mental needs in accordance with the guidelines of classical dressage , natural horsemanship , and psycho - spiritual disciplines . our wonderful lesson horses support various riding levels and riding goals .\nhighlights for this sherwood horseback riding lessons instructor include : horseback riding , horse boarding , 5 years & up , balanced seat , balance and confidence for all types of riders , adult riding lessons , affordable , competing , starting horses , family friendly atmosphere , english instruction , and gentleness in your horse from the ground to the saddle , horse lessons , haul - ins , sublimity riding clinics , horse training , children ' s riding lessons , hunter jumper training , usef judge , advanced riders , private lessons , after school program , english , working student program , english horseback riding lessons . , intermediate riders , sales preparation & representation , coaching , confidence building for horse and rider , sublimity indoor riding arena , a circuit showing , english equitation , horse shows , jumper lessons , weekend lessons , internships , equitation , eventing coach , timid riders , ground work , and showing .\nhighlights for this hillsboro horseback riding lessons instructor include : hunter jumper training , ground work , hunt seat , family friendly atmosphere , young riders , private lessons , reasonable rates , breeding program , hunt seat equitation , hunters , family - friendly rates , weekend lessons , horse leases , lunge lessons , sublimity group lessons , children ' s riding lessons , showing , coaching , dressage training , confidence building for horse and rider , starting horses , beginning riders welcome , horse sales , beginner riding lessons for adults , sales preparation & representation , adult riding lessons , leasing , horse training , a circuit showing , sublimity haul - ins , and lesson horses available .\n( note : sublimity got its post office about twenty years before its larger neighbor stayton . in fact , drury s . stayton was one of the original trustees of sublimity college and sublimity ' s second postmaster . stayton was named for him only after he moved there . )\nsublimity ' s victory was so comprehensive that ladbrokes offers only 7 - 2 about a repeat success next year . betfred , on the other hand , expects to hold its offer of 8 - 1 until this morning and can expect plenty of takers , even though sublimity is apparently a difficult horse to keep healthy .\n1923 - the knights of columbus organized st . anthony ' s council # 2439 in sublimity .\nsublimity , a 16 - 1 shot , today won the smurfitt kappa champion hurdle at cheltenham .\nshould sublimity run in the limestone lad there is a strong possibility he will clash with dunguib .\nhighlights for this eagle creek , oregon horseback riding lessons instructor include : private lessons , traveling instructor , horse boarding , saddle fitting , group lessons , intermediate riders , horse sales , ground work , lunge lessons , natural horsemanship training , beginner riding lessons for adults , young riders , reasonable rates , weekend lessons , sublimity adult riding lessons , trailer loading , confidence building for horse and rider , children ' s riding lessons , coaching , certified instructor , and timid riders .\nhighlights for this banks horseback riding lessons instructor include : ground work , horseback riding camps , traveling instructor , weekend lessons , hunter jumper training , horse training , lunge lessons , group lessons , timid riders , dressage training , reasonable rates , showing , children ' s horse / pony birthday parties , gift certificates available , sublimity horse boarding , beginning riders welcome , family friendly atmosphere , private lessons , equitation all seats , children ' s riding lessons , trail riding lessons , starting horses , adult riding lessons , sales preparation & representation , haul - ins , lesson horses available , confidence building for horse and rider , natural horsemanship training , beginner riding lessons for adults , sublimity balanced seat , western pleasure , horse leases , family - friendly rates , leasing , classical dressage , young riders , intermediate riders , and working student program .\nfurthermore the horse he beat at chepstow pepite de soleil came out and won at wincanton at the weekend \u2013 get stuck in .\nvendors register now , space is limited . vendors must be approved in advance by city of sublimity .\npunjabi won the wbx . com\nfighting fifth\nhurdle at wetherby by a head from sublimity .\neven brave inca , last year ' s winner and as tough as any horse to have run up the cheltenham hill , offered little resistance as sublimity and philip carberry quickened into the lead just after the final flight . it had been obvious from the top of the hill , though , that any leader but sublimity would be on borrowed time .\nwill hayler : champion hurdle winner sublimity bows out from racing after a final spin at punchestown tomorrow evening .\nshe is a half sister to the champion hurdler sublimity , who also won 4 times on the flat .\nhighlights for this junction city , oregon horseback riding lessons instructor include : children ' s horse / pony birthday parties , and riding clinics .\nhighlights for this hillsboro horseback riding lessons instructor include : traveling instructor , young riders , trailer loading , ground work , beginner riding lessons for adults , problem horses , gift certificates available , haul - ins , sales preparation & representation , beginning riders welcome , starting horses , timid riders , horse leases , 4 - h , sublimity family - friendly rates , showing , confidence building for horse and rider , horse training , gaming and ohset training , barrel racing lessons , family friendly atmosphere , reasonable rates , lunge lessons , trail riding lessons , children ' s riding lessons , adult riding lessons , lesson horses available , horse boarding , breaking , sublimity private lessons , weekend lessons , balanced seat , coaching , western pleasure , group lessons , leasing , and intermediate riders .\ni have been very lucky to ride him from day one . he is a very good horse and he has proved it today .\nhe got into horse ownership as robbie went down the road of becoming a jockey and his primary aspiration was to have a runner at cheltenham .\nformer champion hurdle winner sublimity bounced back with a terrfic victory of the grade 1 leopardstown golf centre december hurdle .\nsublimity claimed a surprise victory in the champion hurdle after holding off fellow irish challengers brave inca and hardy eustace .\n1996 - on july 1 , sublimity school district no . 7 became part of the north santiam school district .\nwe ' ve already found the best sublimity horseback riding lessons instructor for you . simply press the continue button !\n1875 - drury smith stayton , in 1854 postmaster of sublimity and one of the founders of sublimity college , was one of the first buried in the grier cemetery between sublimity and stayton , which town he founded ( but that ' s another story ) . he was followed by his wife and later by these bronze markers on the original stones .\n\u201cyou\u2019d better hope that horse fails the vet tomorrow , \u201d said shane . \u201chis pelvis pops out , and he has loads of other problems . \u201d\n1907 - here is a class of public school district no . 7 , sublimity with its teacher , sister imelda .\njoseph and elizabeth bany susbauer family at the catholic foresters hall in sublimity , celebrating their golden wedding anniversary , 1925 .\n1914 - 1915 sublimity installed electric street lights from the stayton light company , paid for by a special city tax .\nhighlights for this west linn , oregon horseback riding lessons instructor include : group lessons , disabilities and special needs , certified instructor , children ' s horse / pony birthday parties , confidence building for horse and rider , beginner riding lessons for adults , beginning riders welcome , private lessons , and weekend lessons .\nurltoken horse sales helps horse trainers and horse breeders buy horses and sell horses in a more cost and time efficient way . thoroughbred buyers and bloodstock agents can find the latest irish horses for sale easily through urltoken this online community is enabling thoroughbred buyers and sellers to interact in a more convenient way . irish thoroughbreds are known for their quality across the world and urltoken provides a proven platform to sell irish horses . through our . . . read more about paradering\nas all eyes turn to the cheltenham festival , horse & hound\u2019s racing experts share their thoughts on which horses you should be looking out for this week .\nstay in touch with all the action from the cheltenham festival as it happens with daily reports and blogs from horse & hound\u2019s racing editor , catherine austen .\nwith that in mind , i\u2019m happy to look to the bottom of the weights and a young horse with a big future ; tom george\u2019s island flyer .\n1960 - after 108 years sublimity finally got a real post office building . postmistress clara neal received many requests from afar for first day cancellations from the only post office in the world named sublimity . ( a letter arrived from london , england simply addressed to\nsublimity .\n) it replaced the post office in mrs . neal ' s home , below .\nhighlights for this beavercreek , oregon horseback riding lessons instructor include : family friendly atmosphere , beginner to intermediate riders , weekend lessons , gift certificates available , western pleasure , riding lessons , english pleasure , showing , lesson horses available , leasing , trail riding lessons , beginning riders welcome , horseback riding lessons , horse lessons , sublimity beginner to advanced riders , equitation , english , western riding discipline , balance and confidence for all types of riders , 4h club , timid riders , ponies , private lessons , western games , beginner riding lessons for adults , horseback riding , horses , young riders , horseback riding camps , sublimity horse sales , horse boarding , adult riding lessons , group lessons , horse training , summer day camp program , hunter under saddle , intermediate riders , indoor riding arena , english pleasure and equitation , english horseback riding lessons . , and 4 - h .\n1997 - the santiam canyon stampede was established as an annual prca rodeo at the sublimity harvest festival grounds in early august .\ntrainer john carr ensured that members of the hennessy family walked away with a cool five figure sum . robbie hennessy , the son of the horse ' s owner , revealed that he had backed the horse at 400 - 1 - and , after another drunken night out , put more money down at 200 - 1 .\nin walked sublimity and out walked carr - or at least he tried . robbie told him to wait around , that this was a proper horse ; and that was exactly why carr had no interest .\nwe ' ve no chance of getting him ,\nthe trainer reasonably imparted .\nrobbie hennessy would love sublimity to land his first success for over two years in the mccarthy insurance group hurdle at cork today .\n1949 - the rural fire district was formed . one engine was purchased , equipped , housed and manned in the sublimity station .\n1962 - ed hassler next to a field of orchard grass . ( oregon state archives ) doerfler farms of sublimity is the largest grass seed producer in the world . christmas trees are also a major crop in the sublimity area , and are shipped worldwide .\ncheck the usdf web site to verify that your horse has been declared , verify your horse has been accepted by the breed or performance registry , verify award requirements and finally , to follow theadequan\u00ae / usdf all - breeds preliminary awards standings . learn more about the adequan\u00ae / usdf all - breeds awards program ( pdf file ) .\ntrained by sir michael stoute on the flat , he was bought by robbie hennessy at the sales for 32 , 000 guineas . hennessy now trains the horse himself , but it was in the care of john carr that sublimity beat brave inca to take the hurdling crown in 2007 under philip carberry .\nsir des champs returned from a near two - year injury layoff to record a listed victory in the boomerang animal bedding and boomerang horse & country store chase at thurles .\nsublime flight\nchampion hurdle winner sublimity in oils on canvas36x24\n\u00a32750a limited giclee is also available please contact us for details .\nserving : stayton , sublimity , aumsville , turner , scio , lyons , mill city , gates , detroit and the santiam canyon .\nrobbie hennessy is eyeing the urltoken ' fighting fifth ' hurdle at newcastle as the likely return date for 2007 champion hurdle hero sublimity .\nit was at leopardstown in 2008 where sublimity had his only grade one victory under robbie ' s care - probably bill ' s proudest day of them all . the reception for the little horse that day will be rivalled if coneygree wins in foxrock next month and only jumps racing can do that to us .\n1934 - the confectionary in sublimity , ben toepfer proprietor . ben started with food and\nnear beer\nduring prohibition , later had the real thing . ( courtesy santiam historical society ) this building and bar served as meier ' s sublimity saloon early in the century .\ngreat - grandfather was first sublimity settler by carl hobson , keizer , oregon ( a letter to the editor , date ? )\ni have been following with interest the possibility of the town of sublimity merging with stayton . i am opposed based upon a personal interest .\nplease keep me up to date with special offers and news from horse & hound and other brands operated by ti media limited via email . you can unsubscribe at any time .\nsublimity passed his wind test the following morning . robbie was gutted . two and a half years later , he won the champion hurdle .\n1890 - center street , sublimity , looking south . the rooming house or hotel is at the right ; the stores are farther along .\nlike other sublimity families , mathies and bernadine schmid shared sons and daughters with the church . in the front row , left to right , are sisters rosaria and thecla , and fathers mark and leo . mark wrote the history sublimity , story of an oregon countryside in 1951 .\n' at the moment sublimity is working very well and i couldn ' t be happier with him to be honest , ' said hennessy .\n1919 - i . j . boedigheimer and helen frances smith ' s 25th wedding anniversary in 1919 , taken on their front porch in sublimity .\ncarr also revealed that sublimity nearly took his chance in the vincent o ' brien county hurdle at the festival as he was so attractively weighted .\nreigning smurfit champion hurdler sublimity is bang on course for this year ' s cheltenham showpiece after pleasing in a work - out at navan yesterday .\nhennessy was not standing for that , and why should he ? for this breakthrough , with just his seventh runner , was an audacious vindication for the rookie , whose father , bill , owns sublimity and had transferred him from john carr . however enviable the privileges of nepotism , to some degree they left hennessy jnr on a hiding to nothing . if sublimity excelled , it would be down to the horse ; if not , well , it would obviously be down to the trainer .\npresident mcaleese left the plush royal box to present the hennessys with the trophy for the champion hurdle after watching willie mullin ' s horse ebaziyan set the irish on track in the first race .\nbill hennessy , owner of sublimity and robbie ' s dad , passed away over the weekend at the age of 79 . a bar owner in artane , the kick he got out of the former michael stoute - trained horse was probably something he recalled to help his waning spirits as he struggled with illness for several of his later years .\nchampion hurdle winner sublimity bowed out from racing at punchestown this evening , finishing fourth behind action master in the motivate challenge supported by failte ireland hurdle .\nthe other dual winners are bula ( 1970 and 71 ) , comedy of errors - the only horse to regain the title ( 1973 and 75 ) and hardy eustace ( 2004 and 05 ) .\nlong talked about by paul nicholls as his possible 2009 cheltenham festival arkle chase horse , this sturdy classic jumping type gets a handy four - year - old allowance in a field of just five .\nsublimity was settled in last place throughout the early stages , but moved menacingly into contention under a confident ride as the runners descended towards three from home .\nsublimity overtook former winners hardy eustace and brave inca at the last fence and raced clear to win the champion hurdle at cheltenham , england , on tuesday .\nnothing short of brilliant in four racecourse outings last season , the only horse to lower his colours was captain cee bee when he still emerged with huge credit as runner up in the supreme novices\u2019 hurdle .\nsublimity ' s route to a second \u00adchampion hurdle crown in march will probably need to go through binocular , currently the hot favourite for the race at around 6 - 4 . \u00adhennessy ' s horse is still a 10 - 1 chance \u2014 though he will surely be shorter if he wins tomorrow \u2014 and the trainer is in no doubt where the value lies .\ndents originals fine art :\nsublime flight\nchampion hurdle winner sublimity in oils on canvas36x24\n\u00a32750a limited giclee is also available please contact us for details .\n1947 - sublimity built its water system including a 370 ft . well and a 50 , 00 gallon water tower with asbestos pipes - how times have changed !\nchampion hurdle winner sublimity could be given an intriguing entry in the totesport ebor , a top flat race run at york , according to his trainer john carr .\n1920s - tony van handel ' s harness shop . jim ripp worked here . it is now the site of dr . heuberger ' s veterinary office . a leather horse collar rests on the plank sidewalk .\nall content copyright \u00a9 2016 urltoken horse sales . all rights reserved . paradering ltd is registered in ireland . office : ignite innovation centre , western gateway building , western road , cork . company number : 508031\nthe form of his run at cheltenham\u2019s open meeting back in november looks very solid , with the horse that beat him that day punchestowns now favourite for the world hurdle after following up in style at ascot .\nthe bookmaker was worst hit by a 400 - 1 bet on the hennessy ' s horse at the betting shop in dublin ' s ballyfermot , with a ? 50 , 000 payout to one lucky punter .\n1973 - the scarcity of nuns and high staffing costs forced st . boniface to close its grade school too . ( reminiscent of sublimity college closing a hundred years before on the same location ? ) school district 7c leased the former st . boniface high school for $ 10 , 000 annually for use as sublimity middle school .\ncastaway farms horseback riding school offers horse camps for kids . new this year is the miniature horse camp for children ages 5 - 10 yrs old . your child will be all smiles when they meet our mini horses ! they will enjoy learning about this unique and amazing breed in a fun & safe environment . working with a mini horse encourages discipline , responsibility and respect . the gentle nature of the mini helps build confidence and self - esteem - - important qualities that will carry over into adulthood . this camp will be the highlight of the summer and create long lasting memories for your child ! camp wi ( cont ' d )\nmurphy acknowledges masterminded is an exceptional horse , but he thinks if someone takes him on in the early stages of the champion chase , he may just lose concentration , which would then give big zeb a chance .\nthat rival did not go through with his effort quite as wholeheartedly , however , and sublimity was driven out by philip carberry to win by half a length . no doubt the intrusion of won in the dark contributed to ladbrokes ' decision to cut binocular to even money for the champion , with sublimity next at 10 - 1 .\n1987 - the rural fire district annexed the city fire department to become the current sublimity fire district . 1989 - a new headquarters station was built on parker st .\n2004 - sublimity ' s mayor ( for the second time ) is ray heuberger dvm . heubergers have been part of the church and town from the early days .\nwe took eight horses to navan and they worked over two miles . sublimity jumped very well and came away from them readily ,\nsaid trainer john carr .\nthe sublimity , oregon ( marion county ) horseback riding lessons instructor page is a match - when using our zip search - for the following zip codes : 97385 .\nlast year - two hurdles from home katchit appeared to have mastered osana but both favourite sizing europe and the previous year ' s winner sublimity loomed large . sizing europe lost his action and was virtually pulled up while a mistake at the last cost sublimity his chance . however osana wasn ' t done with and pushed katchit all the way . to the line failing by a length in a thrilling finish . in doing so , katchit became the first horse since persian war to win the champion after success in the previous season ' s triumph hurdle .\nthe horse is now 11 years old and has had his fair share of problems so we would love to finish him up while he is still in relatively good shape . he will spend his retirement with us and his days will be kept busy as a work partner and lead horse . it is important to keep him active because while his body might not be at its best shape , his mind is very sharp .\nperhaps , but maybe not quite yet , because the second winner of hennessy ' s training career could well arrive in a grade one too . sublimity is the second - favourite for the toshiba irish champion \u00adhurdle at leopardstown tomorrow , which will be his prep race before an attempt to become only the second horse \u2014 after comedy of errors \u2014 to regain the hurdling \u00adchampionship at cheltenham .\n1903 - in stayton the catholic community built themselves a church . it is said that the steeple was made a foot higher than sublimity ' s ! immaculate conception was dedicated in 1904 ( photo below courtesy vera boedigheimer ) , but it was not until 1931 that they had a resident pastor . father lainck drove his horse and buggy to stayton to say mass there on alternate sundays .\nregular readers of this column will know i\u2019m quite a fan of this horse , and he can earn us a few quid with a big run in the feature race at the newton - le - willows track tomorrow .\ncolorful new mural on the old 1960 post office building reflecting its new use as a telephone office . sublimity now has a large new post office , below , 2002 .\nthe picture may become clearer on sunday week in the aig europe champion hurdle at leopardstown if straw bear takes on the likes of al eile , sublimity and sizing europe .\n- \u201cbought a very nice mare through the website & sold one of mine as well . it\u2019s a really welcome addition to the horse industry & is changing the industry for the better . \u201d liam casey \u2013 breeder & owner\none horse who did hurdle like a natural was victor dartnall\u2019s lodge lane , and there\u2019s genuine excitement about his first try over the larger obstacles in the devon county show exeter novices\u2019 chase at 1 . 40pm ( friday ) .\n1896 - after a series of small farm fires , a group of farmers organized the\nfarmers relief association\nto provide mutual insurance , later known as sublimity insurance company .\n2006 - six months later , in august , there was an\nopen house\nfor the new archives facility . for lots more about this program , see sublimity history .\n. ) their music is a living continuation of the musical traditions of sublimity familes dating back 60 or 70 years . these traditions are profiled in an article by sharon barnes entitled\n2011 - the september sublimity harvest festival has grown hugely since 1972 , mostly in a mechanical direction , but we still see the ever popular draft horses . here are the herman hendrickses driving the tim bielenbergs ' fine team and oaklea farm freight wagon . ( it was my pleasure to tour downtown sublimity in this conveyance on a recent summer evening . )\nsublimity had to fight from there but just had the extra edge in speed on the run to the line , prevailing by half a length as the 11 / 10 favourite .\nphilip won the big race of the day , the smurfit kappa champion hurdle , riding sublimity . the horse is owned by the man who gave u2 frontman bono his name . bill hennessy , whose dublin hearing aid company bonavox reached worldwide fame thanks to a rock star formerly known as paul hewson , was the name on everyone ' s lips - including those of president mary mcaleese - after the race .\ncarr ' s bid of 32 , 000 guineas later and he was theirs . it had to be too good to be true : the horse had won a listed race only a few months later and had been rated 110 .\nwilliams will be at rosehill before flying out to ride flying tamari for almond lee , who was hayes ' no . 2 in hong kong before taking out his own licence . dunn will ride another lee horse , infinite delight .\nimperial commander is a handicapper stepping up massively in class , voy por ustedes is short enough at 7 / 2 , while the jury is still out on comeback horse war of attrition as he steps back up to three miles .\nsublimity , touched off in last month\u2019s fighting fifth and who won the 2007 champion hurdle before finishing fourth to katchit last season , had his cheltenham odds cut to 10 - 1 .\nthere was a big upset on day one of the cheltenham festival when 16 - 1 outsider sublimity lived up to his name with an emphatic victory in the grade one champion hurdle .\nsublimity and philip carberry landed odds of 16 - 1 in a thrilling renewal of the smurfit kappa champion hurdle , the feature race on the opening day of the 2007 cheltenham festival .\n1972 - the sublimity harvest festival began . the largest show of its kind west of the mississippi , it draws over 30 , 000 visitors on the weekend following labor day . the emphasis has shifted through the years from grass seed farming to tractor , draft horse , and truck pulls to\nmonster trucks ,\netc . originally in town it now has permanent competition fairgrounds adjacent to the local chemeketa community college .\nsport homepage | football | cricket | rugby union | rugby league | tennis | golf | motorsport | boxing | athletics | snooker | horse racing | cycling | disability sport | olympics 2012 | sport relief | other sport . . .\nwe\u2019ll strike early on friday with a horse your correspondent has been waiting three months to see in the shape of alan king\u2019s mount helicon , who makes his english debut in newbury\u2019s 1 . 00 race the q associates juvenile novices\u2019 hurdle .\nhighlights for this west linn horseback riding lessons instructor include : beginner riding lessons for adults , lesson horses available , confidence building for horse and rider , balanced seat , group lessons , young riders , certified instructor , and timid riders .\nhighlights for this portland , oregon horseback riding lessons instructor include : children ' s riding lessons , pony rides , family friendly atmosphere , company picnics , church events , school carnivals , and children ' s horse / pony birthday parties .\ncarr wanted to send sublimity for friday ' s county hurdle ( in which he has 10st 13lb ) but hennessy ruled otherwise .\nwe thought he ' d be a bit of a certainty if the topweight stayed in [ the county hurdle ] . but we decided the horse could be hurt , or we could be dead , so we ' d have a go at the champion this year ,\nhe said .\n2004 - june 5 was the 125th anniversary of our parish and the 1250th anniversary of the martyrdom of bishop boniface . mass with bishop steiner . german sausage picnic and music in a huge tent welcome to the community . display of historical artifacts , such as this door from the old sublimity college , supplied and displayed by sublimity ' s favorite historian , vera boedigheimer .\nsublimity has been carr ' s only runner to date at cheltenham , having run there in the past two years , which might change this year as motarqueb , racing in sublimity ' s colours might get a run in the vincent o ' brien county hurdle and killeaney could go for a spin in the cross - country race . but these horses are only bit players to the star of the show , sublimity , who will travel over on saturday by boat and be stabled at prestbury park prior to his challenge on the opening day of the festival .\nhennessy said : \u2018i was working there when the horse was with john as i was only going over to him two or three times a week . the chap who was killed had shaken my hand about 20 minutes before he was shot .\nthe expected heavy ground at leopardstown tomorrow is unlikely to suit sublimity ' s cruise - and - quicken style , though hennessy feels he may now be better equipped to deal with adversity .\n1853 - the hobson - whitney cemetery was established east of sublimity . family members of jeremiah kenoyer and john f . brewer , who were among the founders of sublimity college , are buried there , along with other pioneers . pioneer life was precarious . salem dixon , perhaps the first to be buried in the cemetery , died by\naccidental\nshooting . his epitaph :\nca 1950 - lively saturday nights were provided by local musicians , many from sublimity , at the aumsville pavilion . this is the\nrangeriders\nband . ( aumsville historical society photo )\nof the four previous champions in the field , katchit ( sixth ) fared best , followed by hardy eustace ( ninth ) , sublimity ( 15th ) and then brave inca ( 18th ) .\n1927 - rev . francis scherbring was appointed to minister to the sublimity and stayton parishes . he had served previously at salem and shaw . he organized the young people ' s club . noting the growth in the sublimity area he made plans to build a new gothic church ; these were near the final stage when he unexpectedly died in 1935 . 1927 - 1935 father francis scherbring , pastor\nthe pastor of st . boniface now celebrates the 8 : 00am sunday mass in shaw instead of sublimity . the st . boniface mixed choir continues to inspire at the 10 : 00am sunday mass in sublimity , but without their 8 : 00am mass , the st . boniface men ' s choir , active since the 1930s , is reduced to part time service at saturday evening vigil masses .\nwhen bill hennessy paid 32 , 000 guineas for a horse called sublimity at the newmarket sales in 2004 , he was more interested in his form on the flat than the fact his name means\nnobility in thought , feeling or style\n. it proved to be a worthy name for a champion here yesterday , though , as the seven - year - old won the champion hurdle by three lengths having travelled with exceptional ease throughout the race .\nsublimity and won in the dark were powerfully joining issue at that stage , but once again sizing europe was travelling better still . just as at cheltenham , however , the candle would abruptly flicker and die , as though a bitter wind had flung open the window . suddenly he was running on the spot , and instead sublimity was followed through by an apparent interloper in won in the dark .\n1863 - sublimity elementary school officially became district no . 7 , with 110 students . the term was extended from three months to five months , and teachers were paid $ 20 . 00 monthly .\n1912 - october , after several large fires , the city of sublimity formed the sublimity fire department . the fire department acquired one a . g . long # 10 chemical fire engine that had a 45 gallon tank , two wagon style wheels , two kerosene lanterns , an axe and a crowbar . information as to the leadership of the department is sketchy , however g . h . bell was president at its formation . many names still common to current sublimity appear on the early rosters , such as zuber , ditter , etzel , ripp , susbauer , kintz , riesterer , and welter .\nno admission charge . learn about sublimity ' s history , and maybe even your own family genealogy , through archived documents , photos and conversation with knowledgeable volunteer staff . coffee and cookies always available .\nthe ante - post betting suggests that there could well be another imminent victory for the visitors as the bill hennessy - owned sublimity is the 4 / 1 market leader for a follow - up .\n- \u201cthis is the new way of trading horses . i put up my horse for sale and she was sold in 2 days ! this is definitely the way things are going and it\u2019s definitely the way forward to sell horses . \u201d tom mullins \u2013 trainer\nwhat\u2019s even more remarkable is that binocular might face his biggest challenge for hurdling\u2019s greatest prize from a horse who stands in the same yard \u2013 punjabi . you could say henderson isn\u2019t so much facing an embarrassment of riches in this department as wallowing in them .\nfairytales can still come true , even today when the most promising jumpers change hands for anything up half - a - million pounds . sublimity , a lightly - raced ex - flat horse , who had been backed at 599 - 1 several months ago , landed yesterday ' s smurfit kappa champion hurdle at cheltenham to give the supremely - confident jockey philip carberry , perhaps the lowest - profile member of the famous irish racing family , his first festival winner .\ntherefore the horse carrying my cash at 9 / 1 each way with coral will be bottom weight seven is my number \u2013 he\u2019ll have no issues with the ground and badly needs a penalty to get into the weights for his various possible festival assignments next week .\ncarberry was always travelling well just in behind the front two and when he asked his mount to quicken , sublimity shot up the final incline to win by three lengths with afsoun a further neck away .\nbill van handel had purchased property northeast of sublimity near triumph road . his oldest daughter , mary , stayed with relatives in verboort while the new home place was prepared for the family . early one summer morning , all by herself , mary left for sublimity in the buggy shown with jesse , who was a fast walker . after about 75 miles they arrived at the crossroads of the sublimity / silverton silver creek roads . jesse balked and refused to continue straight east . it was near sunset and mary was very concerned , then remembered her dad saying if jesse ever gave any trouble , to\nlet him have his head .\nshe loosened the reins and he turned south to sublimity and they soon arrived safely , after dark at the new homesite . ( photo and story thanks to joe spenner . )\n1940s - sublimity got a new municipal water system , a new grade school , two general stores , a building supply store , and a tavern . wheat , oats , and barley were major crops .\nsublimity joined the leaders at the final flight and scooted right away to win in impressive fashion , ensuring philip joined siblings paul and nina in the record books having won a race at the showpiece meeting .\nphilip carberry - - who partnered dublin owner bill hennessy ' s gelding to success a year ago - - was again aboard sublimity and expressed himself very happy with the way his mount asserted his superiority .\neffective 10 / 1 / 2009 , a completed all - breeds declaration form must accompany all breed or performance registry papers for a horse to be declared for the usdf all - breeds program . the all - breeds declaration form is located on the usdf web site .\nthanks to joe spenner , this fine logging scene is at gale creek near verboort , oregon with wm . vanhandel on the right , before settling in sublimity , after perhaps traveling with these oxen to oregon .\n2010 in may the unused old municipal water tower was finally cut up and trucked away in pieces , a landmark not likely to be much missed . for years sublimity has shared a water system with stayton .\n1860s - sublimity had been bustling when the civil war broke out . it had a chinese laundry , five stores , a gun maker ' s shop , public school , college , methodist church , united brethren church , hotel , post office , public well and a furniture shop . some say sublimity was as large then as it is now . the civil war caused a severe decline in sublimity ' s population as settlers returned to their native states to fight , dissension over slavery being intense . the town became deserted ; the college closed but reopened in 1865 at the end of the war . it closed permanently in 1870 .\nif robbie hennessy was ever going to give it a go as a racehorse trainer , this was the year to do it , this year when he could have a high profile horse , a champion hurdle winner , who would draw media attention like a blooming rose draws bees . it wasn\u2019t easy on john carr . it\u2019s not often that you win a champion hurdle with a horse and then lose him from the yard the following year . but there was no falling out between carr and the hennessys . it was just one of those things .\n1904 - a new rural postal route began from sublimity to silver creek falls . 1905 - in the stayton mail : rural mail carrier b . s . branch went to the fair and brought back a wife .\nwith 6 - 4 favorite detroit city well back in the field of 10 , philip carberry kept 16 - 1 shot sublimity behind the two front runners until they approached the end of the 2 - mile race .\nsublimity had been backed ( including by his trainer ) at odds as big as 600 / 1 on the betting exchanges and started at just 16 / 1 having been well backed by the public in recent weeks .\n2009 vera boedigheimer , our dear friend passed away on may 12 . at the spring event of the oregon catholic historical society held at st . boniface archives & museum in sublimity , it was my privelege to announce :\nthanks to wikipedia for explaining the three - year - old is named after a greek mountain \u2013 \u201cone celebrated by hesiod because two springs sacred to the muses were located here : the aganippe and the hippocrene , both of which bear \u201chorse\u201d ( ? ? ? ? ? hippos ) in their toponym . in a related myth , the hippocrene spring was created when the winged horse pegasus aimed his hoof at a rock , striking it with such force that the spring burst from the spot . on helicon too was the spring where narcissus was inspired by his own beauty\u201d .\ncome have some fun and learn how to ride or just brush up on your skills ! riding is for all ages and all abilities . improves balance & eye hand coordination therapeutic riding lessons available i give private and group lessons ! your horse or lesson horse english & western with dressage basics well trained lesson horses ponies for young riders full sized lesson horses pony rides & parties training from the ground up\nriding and training with an emphasis on natural horsemanship\nplease fill out the contact form so i can contact you thanks : ) emai ( cont ' d )\nthe 599 - 1 was taken on the betting exchanges - some of it by the horse ' s trainer john carr - and the 66 - 1 with the bookmakers started disappearing before sublimity was seen on a track this season - in a small hurdle race at navan at the end of january . he hacked up that day by 20 lengths , but so lacking was that race in quality , many dismissed the performance out of hand . it was deemed to be of little relevance in champion hurdle discussions .\nthe chase offers horse riding lessons and training to beginning thru advanced students in a fun and supportive environment . we have over 20 years of experience teaching english riding and jumping . we teach riders how to develop clear communication skills to enable them to establish the willing cooperation of their equine partners . we offer private as well as group lessons , and have school horses available for riders without their own . the chase also trains horses and riders for competition , and attends horse shows and jumping competitions with our team throughout the year . we have a number ( cont ' d )\nbradstock and john carr have something in common : neither has reached double figures in terms of winners in a season . neither sublimity nor the late bill hennessy will be at leopardstown come christmas but there is talk coneygree might .\nbill hennessy , from artane , an owner of 40 years ' experience , paid 32 , 000 guineas to buy sublimity out of the stable of sir michael stoute . at one stage last year , hennessy feared his latest investment was in danger of dying .\nthere was a virus in the yard at christmas and sublimity got the worst of it . there was a time when we thought we were going to lose him ,\nhe recalled .\nthe balance of power still appears to be held by the irish contenders for the smurfit kappa champion hurdle , spearheaded by last year ' s hero sublimity and backed up by former dual title - holder hardy eustace and harchibald .\n1920 - joe schrewe resting after falling a douglas fir on his land in southwest sublimity . the stump looks to be about seven feet wide . born in germany , joe died in 1961 at 88 . he had three children .\nwith an irish grand national win on point barrow for pat hughes , in addition to numerous top class victories in sean mulryan ' s colours in france , carberry has been handed the task of steering sublimity in this years challenge .\nthe manner of sublimity ' s victory was such that , provided he remains sound , he should be defending his title next year . he is already quoted as high as 8 - 1 but as low as 7 - 2 .\n\u25a0the irish collected again when sublimity , backed at up to 600 - 1 several months ago and 66 - 1 more recently , won the champion hurdle on the opening day of england ' s famous cheltenham jumps carnival on tuesday ."]}
{"id": 2271, "summary": [{"text": "blepharipoda is a genus of mole crabs , containing the following species : blepharipoda doelloi schmitt , 1942 blepharipoda liberata shen , 1949 blepharipoda occidentalis randall , 1840 blepharipoda spinosa ( h. milne-edwards & lucas , 1841 )", "topic": 26}], "title": "blepharipoda", "paragraphs": ["burrowing abilities and swash behavior of three crabs , emerita analoga stimpson , blepharipoda occidentalis randall , and lepidopa californica efford . . . - pubmed - ncbi\nburrowing abilities and swash behavior of three crabs , emerita analoga stimpson , blepharipoda occidentalis randall , and lepidopa californica efford ( anomura , hippoidea ) , of exposed sandy beaches .\nrandall , j . w . ( 1840 ) . catalogue of the crustacea brought by thomas nutall and j . k . townsend , from the west coast of north america and the sandwich islands , with descriptions of such species as are apparently new , among which are included several species of different localities , previously existing in the collection of the academy . journal of the academy of natural sciences at philadelphia . 8 : 106 - 147 , plates 3 - 7 . [ details ]\n( of albunhippa h . milne edwards & lucas , 1841 ) milne edwards , h . & h . lucas . ( 1841 ) . description des crustac\u00e9s nouveaux ou peu connus conserv\u00e9s dans la collection du mus\u00e9um d ' histoire naturelle . archives du mus\u00e9um d\u2019histoire naturelle , paris . 2 : 461 - 483 , pls . 24 - 28 . [ details ]\n( of abrote philippi , 1857 ) philippi , r . a . ( 1857 ) . abrote , ein neues geschlect der crustaceen , aus der familie der hippaceen . archiv f\u00fcr naturgeschichte . 23 ( 1 ) : 124 - 129 , pl . 8 . [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml + rdfa 1 . 0 / / en\nurltoken\nas planktonic zooea larvae , in nearshore shallow water ; as adults : on sandy bottoms .\nthere are five planktonic zoeal stages . in the zoeal stages the abdomen and telson are long and slender , the carapace is short and round with a long rostrum .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nj exp mar bio ecol . 2000 dec 20 ; 255 ( 2 ) : 229 - 245 .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\njavascript is disabled for your browser . some features of this site may not work without it .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmclaughlin et al . 2005 . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : crustaceans . american fisheries society special publication 31\nwilliams , austin b . , lawrence g . abele , d . l . felder , h . h . hobbs , jr . , r . b . manning , et al .\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\nfull reference : m . j . rathbun . 1926 . the fossil stalk - eyed crustacea of the pacific slope of north america . smithsonian institution united states national museum\njavascript is disabled on your browser . please enable javascript to use all the features on this page .\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 elsevier b . v . or its licensors or contributors . sciencedirect \u00ae is a registered trademark of elsevier b . v ."]}
{"id": 2273, "summary": [{"text": "known as taylor 's bow-fingered gecko , four-striped forest gecko and marbled bent-toed gecko , cyrtodactylus quadrivirgatus is a species of gecko found in thailand , malaysia , singapore and indonesia . ", "topic": 27}], "title": "cyrtodactylus quadrivirgatus", "paragraphs": ["cyrtodactylus quadrivirgatus taylor 1962 : 210 cyrtodactylus quadrivirgatus \u2014 taylor 1963 : 722 cyrtodactylus quadrivirgatus \u2014 manthey & grossmann 1997 : 227 cyrtodactylus quadrivirgatus \u2014 cox et al . 1998 : 89 cyrtodactylus ( cyrtodactylus ) quadrivirgatus \u2014 r\u00f6sler 2000 : 67 cyrtodactylus quadrivirgatus \u2014 grismer 2011\nfigure 3 . upper : cyrtodactylus quadrivirgatus from endau - rompin , johor . lower : c . quadrivirgatus from pulau langkawi , kedah .\nupper : cyrtodactylus quadrivirgatus from endau - rompin , johor . lower : c . . . . | download scientific diagram\ngoldberg , stephen r . and grismer , l . lee 2016 . cyrtodactylus quadrivirgatus ( four - striped forest gecko ) reproduction herpetological review 47 ( 4 ) : 667 - 668\nvan tri , ngo 2011 . cyrtodactylus martini , another new karst - dwelling cyrtodactylus gray , 1827 ( squamata : gekkonidae ) from northwestern vietnam . zootaxa 2834 : 33\u201346 - get paper here\ndas , indraneil d 2005 . bornean geckos of the genus cyrtodactylus . gekko 4 ( 2 ) : 11 - 19\nchan kin onn & norhayati ahmad 2010 . a new insular species of cyrtodactylus ( squamata : gekkonidae ) from northeastern peninsular malaysia , malaysia . zootaxa 2389 : 47\u201356 - get paper here\nngo , van tri & l . lee grismer 2012 . a new endemic species of cyrtodactylus gray ( squamata : gekkonidae ) from tho chu island , southwestern vietnam . zootaxa 3228 : 48\u201360\ntri , ngo van & onn , chan kinn 2010 . a new species of cyrtodactylus gray , 1826 ( squamata : gekkonidae ) from khanh hoa province , southern vietnam . zootaxa 2504 : 47\u201360 - get paper here\ngrismer , l . lee & ahmad , n . 2008 . a new insular species of cyrtodactylus ( squamata : gekkonidae ) from the langkawi archipelago , kedah , peninsular malaysia . zootaxa 1924 : 53\u201368 - get paper here\ngrismer l . lee & leong , t . m . 2005 . new species of cyrtodactylus ( squamata : gekkonidae ) from southern peninsular malaysia . journal of herpetology 39 ( 4 ) : 584 - 591 - get paper here\ngrismer l . lee 2005 . new species of bent - toed gecko ( cyrtodactylus gray 1827 ) from pulau aur , johor , west malaysia . journal of herpetology 39 ( 3 ) : 424 - 432 . - get paper here\nyoumans , timothy m . & l . lee grismer 2006 . a new species of cyrtodactylus ( reptilia : squamata : gekkonidae ) from the seribuat archipelago , west malaysia . herpetological natural history 10 ( 1 ) : 61 - 70\nsumontha , m . , panitvong , n . & deein , g . 2010 . cyrtodactylus auribalteatus ( squamata : gekkonidae ) , a new cave - dwelling gecko from phitsanulok province , thailand . zootaxa 2370 : 53\u201364 - get paper here\nr\u00f6sler , herbert ; thanh , vu ngoc ; truong , nguyen quang ; tri , ngo van & ziegler , thomas 2008 . a new cyrtodactylus ( squamata : gekkonidae ) from central vietnam . hamadryad 33 ( 1 ) : 48 \u2013 63\ngrismer , l . l . ; wood , p . l . & youmans , t . m . 2007 . redescription of the gekkonid lizard cyrtodactylus sworderi ( smith 1925 ) from southern peninsular malaysia . hamadryad 31 ( 2 ) : 250 - 257\nluu , vinh quang ; thomas calame , truong quang nguyen , michael bonkowski & thomas ziegler 2015 . a new species of cyrtodactylus ( squamata : gekkonidae ) from the limestone forest of khammouane province , central laos . zootaxa 4058 ( 3 ) : 388\u2013402\nr\u00f6sler , h . & glaw , f . 2008 . a new species of cyrtodactylus gray , 1827 ( squamata : gekkonidae ) from malaysia including a literature survey of mensural and meristic data in the genus . zootaxa 1729 : 8\u201322 - get paper here\ndring j c m 1979 . amphibians and reptiles from northern trengganu , malaysia , with descriptions of two new geckos : cnemaspis and cyrtodactylus . bulletin of the british museum ( natural history ) zoology 34 ( 5 ) : 181 - 241 - get paper here\nschneider , nicole ; trung my phung , minh duc le , truong quang nguyen , & thomas ziegler 2014 . a new cyrtodactylus ( squamata : gekkonidae ) from khanh hoa province , southern vietnam . zootaxa 3785 ( 4 ) : 518\u2013532 - get paper here\nngo van tri , l . lee grismer & j . l . grismer 2010 . a new species of cyrtodactylus gray , 1827 ( squamata : gekkonidae ) in phu quoc national park , kien giang biosphere reserve , southwestern vietnam . zootaxa 2604 : 37\u201351 - get paper here\ngrismer , l . lee ; chan k . onn ; grismer , j . k . ; wood , p . l . & belabut , d . 2008 . three new species of cyrtodactylus ( squamata : gekkonidae ) from peninsular malaysia . zootaxa 1921 : 1\u201323 - get paper here\nmecke , sven ; max kieckbusch , lukas hartmann , hinrich kaiser 2016 . historical considerations and comments on the type series of cyrtodactylus marmoratus gray , 1831 , with an updated comparative table for the bent - toed geckos of the sunda islands and sulawesi . zootaxa 4175 ( 4 ) : 353\u2013365\nsumontha , montri ; olivier s . g . pauwels , nonn panitvong , kirati kunya & l . lee grismer 2015 . a new lowland forest bent - toed gecko ( squamata : gekkonidae : cyrtodactylus ) from ranong province , peninsular thailand . zootaxa 3911 ( 1 ) : 106\u2013118 - get paper here\nwelton , luke j . ; cameron d . siler , arvin diesmos , and rafe m . brown 2009 . a new bent - toed gecko ( genus cyrtodactylus ) from southern palawan island , philippines and clarification of the taxonomic status of c . annulatus . herpetologica 65 ( 3 ) : 328 - 343 - get paper here\nstrong > awal riyanto , l . lee grismer & perry l . wood , jr . ( 2015 ) cyrtodactylus rosichonariefi sp . nov . ( squamata : gekkonidae ) , a new swamp - dwelling bent - toed gecko from bunguran island ( great natuna ) , indonesia . zootaxa , 3964 ( 1 ) : 114\u2013124 . < / strong\ngrismer , l . ; lee perry l . wood , jr . and kelvin k . p . lim 2012 . cyrtodactylus majulah , a new species of bent - toed gecko ( reptilia : squamata : gekkonidae ) from singapore and the riau archipelago . the raffles bulletin of zoology 60 ( 2 ) : 487 - 499 - get paper here\nlinkem , charles w . ; jimmy a . mcguire , christopher j . hayden , mohammed iqbal setiadi , david p . bickford , and rafe m . brown 2008 . a new species of bent - toe gecko ( gekkonidae : cyrtodactylus ) from sulawesi island , eastern indonesia . herpetologica 64 ( 2 ) : 224 - 234 - get paper here\nwelton , l . j , siler , c . d . , diesmos , a . c . & brown , r . m . 2010 . phylogeny - based species delimitation of southern philippines bent - toed geckos and a new species of cyrtodactylus ( squamata : gekkonidae ) from western mindanao and the sulu archipelago . zootaxa 2390 : 49\u201368 - get paper here\ngrismer , l . lee ; shahrul anuar , mohd abdul muin , evan s . h . quah & perry l . wood , jr . 2013 . phylogenetic relationships and description of a new upland species of bent - toed gecko ( cyrtodactylus gray , 1827 ) of the c . sworderi complex from northeastern peninsular malaysia . zootaxa 3616 ( 3 ) : 239\u2013252 - get paper here\nhartmann , lukas ; sven mecke , max kieckbusch , felix mader , hinrich kaiser 2016 . a new species of bent - toed gecko , genus cyrtodactylus gray , 1827 ( reptilia : squamata : gekkonidae ) , from jawa timur province , java , indonesia , with taxonomic remarks on c . fumosus ( m\u00fcller , 1895 ) . zootaxa 4067 ( 5 ) : 552\u2013568 - get paper here\nquang , hoang xuan , nikolai l . orlov , natalia b . ananjeva , andrew g . johns , hoang n . thao and dau q . vinh . 2007 . description of a new species of the genus cyrtodactylus gray , 1827 ( squamata : sauria : gekkonidae ) from the karst of north central vietnam . russ . j . herpetol . 14 ( 2 ) : 98 - 106 - get paper here\ngrismer , l . lee ; daicus m . belabut , , evan s . h . quah , chan kin onn , perry l . wood , jr . & rosli hasim 2014 . a new species of karst forest - adapted bent - toed gecko ( genus cyrtodactylus gray , 1827 ) belonging to the c . sworderi complex from a threatened karst forest in perak , peninsular malaysia . zootaxa 3755 ( 5 ) : 434\u2013446 - get paper here\ngrismer , l . lee ; p . l . wood , jr . , shahrul anuar , h . r . davis , a . j . cobos & m . l . murdoch 2016 . a new species of karst forest bent - toed gecko ( genus cyrtodactylus gray ) not yet threatened by foreign cement companies and a summary of peninsular malaysia\u2019s endemic karst forest herpetofauna and the need for its conservation zootaxa 4061 ( 1 ) : 001\u2013017 - get paper here\nnote : tdwg regions are generated automatically from the text in the distribution field and not in every cases it works well . we are working on it .\nhabitat : this is a forest dwelling , scansorial , habitat generalist ranging from sea level to 1400 m in elevation .\nchan - ard , t . , parr , j . w . k . & nabhitabhata , j . 2015 . a field guide to the reptiles of thailand . oxford university press , ny , 352 pp . [ see book reviews by pauwels & grismer 2015 and hikida 2015 for corrections ] - get paper here\nchan - ard , t . ; grossmann , w . ; gumprecht , a . & schulz , k . d . 1999 . amphibians and reptiles of peninsular malaysia and thailand - an illustrated checklist [ bilingual english and german ] . bushmaster publications , w\u00fcrselen , gemany , 240 pp . [ book review in russ . j herp . 7 : 87 ] - get paper here\ncox , merel j . ; van dijk , peter paul ; jarujin nabhitabhata & thirakhupt , kumthorn 1998 . a photographic guide to snakes and other reptiles of peninsular malaysia , singapore and thailand . ralph curtis publishing , 144 pp .\ndas , i . 2004 . lizards of borneo . natural history publications , kota kinabalu , borneo\ngrismer , l . lee ; chan k . onn , jesse l . grismer , perry l . wood , jr . , and a . norhayati 2010 . a checklist of the herpetofauna of the banjaran bintang , peninsular malaysia . russ . j . herpetol . 17 ( 2 ) : 147 - 160 - get paper here\ngrismer , l . l . 2011 . amphibians and reptiles of the seribuat archipelago . edition chimaira , frankfurt , 239 pp .\ngrismer , l . l . 2011 . lizards of peninsular malaysia , singapore and their adjacent archipelagos . edition chimaira , frankfurt , 728 pp . [ review in herp . rev . 43 : 155 ] - get paper here\ngrismer , l . l . , mcguire , j . a . ; sosa , r . & kaiser , h . 2002 . revised checklist and comments on the terrestrial herpetofauna of pulau tioman , peninsular malaysia . herpetological review 33 ( 1 ) : 26 - 29 - get paper here\nhien , p . grossmann , w . & sch\u00e4fer , c . 2001 . beitrag zur kenntnis der landbewohnenden reptilienfauna von pulau tioman , west - malaysia . sauria 23 ( 4 ) : 11 - 28 - get paper here\nkreuzer , m . 2007 . eine m\u00f6glichkeit zum einfangen ungewollter freig\u00e4nger . sauria 29 ( 3 ) : 31 - 32 - get paper here\nlim , k . k . p . & ng , h . h . 1999 . the terrestrial herpetofauna of pulau tioman , peninsular malaysia . raffles bull . zool . , suppl . no . 6 : 131 - 155 - get paper here\nluu , vinh quang ; truong quang nguyen , minh duc le , michael bonkowski , thomas ziegler 2016 . a new species of karst - dwelling bent - toed gecko ( squamata : gekkonidae ) from khammouane province , central laos . zootaxa 4079 ( 1 ) : 087\u2013102\nmanthey , u . & grossmann , w . 1997 . amphibien & reptilien s\u00fcdostasiens . natur und tier verlag ( m\u00fcnster ) , 512 pp . - get paper here\nnur - amalina m . i . ; azhari , m . , norshaqinah , a . , nor azrin , n . a . , shukor , m . n . , aisah , m . s . , amirrudin , a . , grismer , l . l . and norhayati , a . 2017 . species composition of amphibians and reptiles in tembat forest reserve , hulu terengganu , terengganu , peninsular malaysia . malays . appl . biol . 46 ( 4 ) : 119\u2013129 - get paper here\nonn , chan kin ; j . van rooijen , l . lee grismer , daicus belabut , , mohd . abdul muin md . akil , hamidi jamaludin , rick gregory , and norhayati ahmad 2010 . first report on the herpetofauna of pulau pangkor , perak , malaysia . russ . j . herpetol . 17 ( 2 ) : 139 \u2013 146 - get paper here\nonn , chan kin ; mohd . shahfiz azman , nor azlin and pan khang aun 2009 . additions to the herpetofauna of pasoh forest reserve , negeri sembilan , peninsular malaysia . tropical life sciences research , 20 ( 1 ) : 71\u201380 - get paper here\ntaylor , e . h . 1962 . new oriental reptiles . univ . kansas sci . bull . 43 : 209 - 263 - get paper here\ntaylor , e . h . 1963 . the lizards of thailand . univ . kansas sci . bull . 44 : 687 - 1077 . - get paper here\nteo , r . c . h . & rajathurai , s . 1997 . mammals , reptiles and amphibians in the nature reserves of singapore - diversity , abundance and distribution . proc . nature reserves survey seminar . gardens\u2019 bulletin singapore 49 : 353 - 425\nteynie\u0301 , alexandre ; patrick david , & annemarie ohler 2010 . note on a collection of amphibians and reptiles from western sumatra ( indonesia ) , with the description of a new species of the genus bufo . zootaxa 2416 : 1\u201343 - get paper here\nthis database is maintained by peter uetz ( database content ) and jakob hallermann , zoological museum hamburg ( new species and updates ) .\nthis article uses material from the wikipedia released under the creative commons attribution - share - alike licence 3 . 0 . please see license details for photos in photo by - lines .\nplease note that this non - official list is not complete nor necessarily accurate . this list is a summary of checklists from other websites , blogs , publications , photo / videos published on various websites or our own findings . we appreciate your contributions with photo proof .\nimportant note ; our range maps are generated automatically based on very limited data we have about the protected sites , the data is not necessarily accurate . please help us to improve our range maps by sharing your findings / knowledge .\n\u00a9 thai national parks , 2018 | t . a . t . license : 12 / 02497 , license issued for gibbonwoot ( managing company )\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\ncontinent : asia distribution : thailand ( khao chong , trang , pattani , narathiwat ) , w malaysia ( pulau langkawi , pulau pinang , perak , pahang , selangor , negeri sembilan , pulau tioman , borneo ) , singapore , indonesia ( n sumatra ) type locality : khao chong forest experiment station , trang province , thailand .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\njoin researchgate to access over 30 million figures and 118 + million publications \u2013 all in one place ."]}
{"id": 2282, "summary": [{"text": "amalda mamillata , common name the mammillate ancilla , is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family olividae , the olives . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "amalda mamillata", "paragraphs": ["what type of species is amalda mamillata ? below , you will find the taxonomic groups the amalda mamillata species belongs to .\nwhich photographers have photos of amalda mamillata species ? below , you will find the list of underwater photographers and their photos of the marine species amalda mamillata .\nhow to identify amalda mamillata marine species ? below , you will find the list of main identification criteria and physical characteristics of marine species amalda mamillata . for each identification criteria , the corresponding physical characteristics of marine species amalda mamillata are marked in green .\nwhere is amalda mamillata found in the world ? below , you will find the list and a world map of the geographic distribution where the marine species amalda mamillata can be found .\nancillariidae \u00bb amalda mamillata , id : 1032504 , shell detail \u00ab shell encyclopedia , conchology , inc .\namalda mamillata ( hinds , 1843 ) - taiwan , 38mm ; - trawled . indo - pacific distribution .\namalda similis ( sowerby , 1859 ) - mozambique , 57mm - one of the larger and more beautiful of the amalda species . this sand - dweller lives at depths accessible by scuba divers .\namalda h . & a . adams , 1853 : 148 . type species ( s . d . vokes , 1939 ) : ancillaria tankervillianus sow . [ sic ] = ancillaria tankervillii swainson , 1825 ; vaught , 1989 : 53 [ ancillinae ] ; pacaud & le renard , 1995 : 166 [ ancillinae ] , sandella gray , 1857 , subgenus : baryspira fischer , 1883 , gamaspira olsson , 1956 , amalda ( baryspira ) ; vaught , 1989 : 53 [ ancillinae ] ; pacaud & le renard , 1995 : 166 [ ancillinae ] . subgenus : gracilispira olsson , 1956 , amalda ( gracilispira ) ; vaught , 1989 : 53 [ ancillinae ] ; pacaud & le renard , 1995 : 166 [ ancillinae ] . subgenus : alcospira cossmann , 1899 , amalda ( alcospira ) ; vaught , 1989 : 53 [ ancillinae ] . subgenus : pinguispira finlay , 1927 , amalda ( pinguispira ) ; vaught , 1989 : 53 [ ancillinae ] . subgenus : spinaspira olsson , 1956 ? , amalda ( spinispira ) ; vaught , 1989 : 53 [ ancillinae ] .\namalda fuscolingua kilburn & bouchet , 1988 - new caledonia , 29mm ; - a rare species restricted to deepwater off southern new caledonia . the illustrated specimens are from \u00b1 400 meters of water .\namalda contusa ( reeve , 1864 ) - south africa , 32mm - taken by scuba divers in the remote transeki region . the flush of purple color on the spire is characteristic of the species .\namalda aureomarginata kilburn & bouchet , 1988 - new caledonia , 28mm - discovered during deep - water research . the species is found at depths up to 600 meters of water . it has only been recorded from off of southern new caledonia .\namalda vernedei heerlari van pel , 1989 - arafura sea , 78mm - trawled in 300 meters of water . there has been much speculation as the the identity of this species and its relationship to a . hilgendorfi von martens and a . vernedei sowerby . this illustrated shell seems far closer to vernedei than hilgendorfi , the latter which is less inflated and has a characteristic ridge on the spire .\n( of ancillaria mamillata hinds , 1844 ) hinds r . b . ( 1844 ) . mollusca . in : the zoology of the voyage of h . m . s .\nsulphur\n, under the command of captain sir edward belcher , r . n . , c . b . , f . r . g . s . , etc . , during the years 1836 - 42 . london : smith , elder and co . v + 72 pp . , 21 pls . [ pp . 1 - 24 , pls . 1 - 7 , july 1844 ; pp . 25 - 48 , pl . 8 - 14 , october 1844 ; p . i - v , 49 - 72 , pl . 15 - 21 , january 1845 ] . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 44 [ details ]\nancilla mammilla sowerby [ of authors ; non g . b . sowerby i , 1844 ]\n( of ancilla mammilla sowerby [ of authors ; non g . b . sowerby i , 1844 ] ) hu , c . h . & tao , h . j . 1995 . shells of taiwan illustrated in colour . national museum taiwan . 483p . [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nversion 43 . 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed . my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nshell gallery view \u00ab shell encyclopedia , conchology , inc . \u00bb conchological megadatabase on mollusks\nthe star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :\nwe want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only , as we handle very few foreign shells in general . as time goes , the system will become more and more performant .\nenter your email address and we will send you an email with your username and password .\ne - mail jecilia sisican if you do not receive your email with your username and password .\nclick on an image to view all the information : family , species , author , date , and full locality .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 1 . 337 seconds . )\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 0 . 002 seconds . )\n- note : several protected species are illustrated here only for identification purposes . they are not for sale . - the photos in our gallery are in most cases just a sample from our stock , except when only one specimen is offered . we try to match the original color but it can vary if your screen is not correctly adjusted ( gamma correction ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en\nexcept where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence .\nthe photos in our gallery are in most cases just a sample from our stock , except when only one specimen is offered . we try to match the original color but it can vary if your screen is not correctly adjusted ( gamma correction ) .\ndoctype html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nsearch urltoken search urltoken - enter search word . avoid using the word\nshell\n- e . g . , use oliva instead of oliva shell . * * * google olividae on the internet\nclick on the thumbnail images for an enlarged view . images will open up in a separate , resizeable window .\n* turn off your browser ' s pop - up blocker to see enlarged pictures and links . *\ntaxonomic ref . : ponder & lindberg . 1997 . towards a phylogeny of gastropod molluscs ; an analysis using morphological characters . zoological journal of the linnean society , 119 83 - 2651 .\noliva brugui\u00e8re , 1789 ; vaught , 1989 : 53 ; greifeneder & trusch , 1996 : 164 , cylindrus breyn , 1732 , strephopoma browne , 1758 , porphyria r\u00f6ding , 1798 , olivaria rafinesque , 1815 , ispidula gray , 1847 , dactylus h . & a . adams , 1853 ; subgenus : acutoliva petuch & sargent , 1986 , oliva ( acutoliva ) ; vaught , 1989 : 53 [ olivinae ] . subgenus : annulatoliva petuch & sargent , 1986 , oliva ( annulatoliva ) ; vaught , 1989 : 53 [ olivinae ] . subgenus : arctoliva petuch & sargent , 1986 , oliva ( arctoliva ) ; vaught , 1989 : 53 [ olivinae ] . subgenus : cariboliva petuch & sargent , 1986 , oliva ( cariboliva ) ; vaught , 1989 : 53 [ olivinae ] . subgenus : miniaceoliva petuch & sargent , 1986 , oliva ( miniaceoliva ) ; vaught , 1989 : 53 [ olivinae ] . subgenus : multiplicoliva petuch & sargent , 1986 , oliva ( multiplicoliva ) ; vaught , 1989 : 53 [ olivinae ] . subgenus : musteloliva petuch & sargent , 1986 , oliva ( musteloliva ) ; vaught , 1989 : 53 [ olivinae ] . subgenus : proxoliva petuch & sargent , 1986 , oliva ( proxoliva ) ; vaught , 1989 : 53 [ olivinae ] . subgenus : rufoliva petuch & sargent , 1986 , oliva ( rufoliva ) ; vaught , 1989 : 53 [ olivinae ] . subgenus : viduoliva petuch & sargent , 1986 , oliva ( viduoliva ) ; vaught , 1989 : 53 [ olivinae ] . subgenus : carmione gray , 1858 , oliva ( carmione ) ; vaught , 1989 : 53 [ olivinae ] . subgenus : galeola gray , 1858 ( non klein , 1753 ) ? , oliva ( galeola ) ; vaught , 1989 : 53 [ olivinae ] . subgenus : neocylindricus fischer , 1883 , oliva ( neocylindricus ) ; vaught , 1989 : 53 [ olivinae ] . subgenus : omogymna von martens , 1897 , oliva ( omogymna ) ; vaught , 1989 : 53 [ olivinae ] . subgenus : parvoliva thiele , 1929 , oliva ( paroliva ) ; vaught , 1989 : 53 [ olivinae ] . subgenus : strephona m\u00f6rch , 1852 , oliva ( strephona ) ; vaught , 1989 : 53 [ olivinae ] . subgenus : strephonella dall , 1909 , oliva ( strephonella ) ; vaught , 1989 : 53 [ olivinae ] .\noliva fulgurator r\u00f6ding , 1798 - aruba , 57mm - this intertidal sand - dweller is limited to the southern caribbean .\noliva miniacea r\u00f6ding , 1798 - philippines , 89mm - a fairly sizable specimen of this common indo - pacific species . a number of color forms can be found throughout the range of the species .\noliva porphyria linn\u00e9 , 1758 - mexico , 101mm - the largest and most well - known of the oliva species . the species ranges from panama up into mexico . specimens larger than 5 inches have been found and are much sought - after by collectors .\noliva reticularis bollingi clench , 1934 - cuba , 46mm - specimens with brown banding have been given this form name . it is one of many reticularis - morphs that can be found throughout the caribbean .\noliva reticularis goajira petuch & sargent , 1986 - colombia , 44 - 55mm - one of many regional forms in the reticularis complex . the color pattern and mauve tint inside the aperture is characteristic of this subspecies , considered by some to be only a form .\noliva richerti kay , 1979 - hawaii , 28 - 31mm - one of the truly rare species of the genus , known only from \u00b1 200 meters of water off oahu . photo by mike severns hawaiian seashells image \u00a9 2001 - not to be reproduced or transmitted electronically .\noliva sairosa kilburn , 1978 - mozambique , 30 - 35mm - the species has dark purple color inside the aperture .\noliva ( strephona ) tisiphona duclos , 1844 - colombia , 40mm - an odd orange color form . related to the reticularis complex of olives . o . oblonga is a synonym .\nolivancillaria d ' orbigny , 1840 ( non d ' orbigny , 1839 ) ; vaught , 1989 : 53 [ olivinae ] ; pacaud & le renard , 1995 : 166 [ olivinae ] ; scaphula swainson , 1840 ( non benson , 1834 ) utriculina gray , 1847 , lintricula h . & a . adams , 1853 , claneophila gray , 1858 .\nagaronia gray , 1839 . hiatula swainson , 1840 ( non modeer , 1793 ) subgenus : morionella dall , 1909 ; cassis ( morionella ) ; pacaud & le renard , 1995 : 164 [ cassidae ] .\npetuch , 1987 - honduras , 28 - 29mm - taken by fishing trawlers . color pattern varies . the species is named for the late shell dealer leonard hill .\nolivella swainson , 1831 ; vaught , 1989 : 53 ; le renard , 1996 : 79 , olivina d ' orbigny , 1839 , micana gray , 1858 ; subgenus : callianax h . & a . adams , 1853 , scaphula gray , 1858 ( non benson , 1834 ) . subgenus : cupidoliva iredale , 1924 . subgenus : dactylidella woodring , 1928 . subgenus : dactylidia h . & a . adams , 1853 . subgenus : lamprodoma swainson , 1840 . ramola gray , 1858 , subgenus : lamprodomina marwick , 1931 . subgenus : macgintiella olsson , 1956 . subgenus : mansfieldella olssan & harbison , 1953 . subgenus : minioliva olsson , 1956 . subgenus : niteoliva olsson , 1956 . subgenus : orbignytesta klappenbach , 1962 . subgenus : pachyoliva olsson , 1956 . subgenus : ramoliva cotton & godfrey , 1932 . subgenus : toroliva olsson & harbison , 1953 . subgenus : zanoetella olsson , 1956 . belloliva peile , 1922 , subgenus : gemmoliva iredale , 1924 . subgenus : olivellopsis thiele , 1929 .\nancilla glabrata ( linn\u00e9 , 1758 ) - colombia , 67mm - an uncommon white color form with a hint of an orange band on the spire ; exceptiona size for the species .\nancilla glabrata ( linn\u00e9 , 1758 ) - colombia , 54mm - a rare pure white specimen with no hint of any other color .\nancilla mauritiana ( sowerby i , 1830 ) - somalia , 52mm - trawled in deepwater . limited to the western indian ocean .\nancilla v . ventricosa ( lamarck , 1811 ) - somalia , 34mm - a deepwater species limited to the indian ocean . there is some debate as to whether the deepwater somalian shells are actually this species .\nolividae on this page click name to view image - click \u00bb to view caption below .\nfour new species of the southern african holandric genus microchaetus rapp , 1849 are descriptionbed and illustrated : madidus , ritae , montanus and rivus . their relationships with other species are discussed , and keys are provided to distinguish the species . new localities are recorded for m . franciscus pickford , 1975 and m . pentheri rosa , 1898 . new synonyms : microchaeta pentheri var . saxatilis rosa , 1898 , microchaeta pentheri var . elizabethae michaelsen , 1899 and microchaetus saundersi brock & dick , 1935 = microchaetus pentheri rosa , 1898 .\nclanculus largillierti ( philippi , 1849 ) , previously of unknown provenance , has been found living intertidally and in shallow water off the mascarene islands of mauritius and reunion . as none of the original material is extant a neotype is designated . the taxon is redescriptionbed and is shown to be distinct from clanculus mauritianus melvill , 1909 .\nturridae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) of southern africa and mozambique . part 7 . subfamily mangeliinae , section 2"]}
{"id": 2283, "summary": [{"text": "atylidae is a family of amphipod crustaceans , containing the following genera : anatylus bulycheva , 1955 kamehatylus j. l. barnard , 1970 austroniphargus monod , 1925 sandro karaman & barnard , 1979 atylus leach , 1815 lepechinella stebbing , 1908 lepechinelloides thurston , 1980 lepechinellopsis ledoyer , 1983 paralepechinella pirlot , 1933 aberratylus bousfield & kendall , 1994", "topic": 26}], "title": "atylidae", "paragraphs": ["no one has contributed data records for atylidae yet . learn how to contribute .\nbousfield , e . l . ; kendall , j . a . ( 1994 ) . the amphipod superfamily dexaminoidea on the north american pacific coast ; families atylidae and dexaminidae : systematics and distributional ecology . amphipacifica . 1 ( 3 ) : 3 - 66 . page ( s ) : 8 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nhorton , t . ; lowry , j . ; de broyer , c . ; bellan - santini , d . ; coleman , c . o . ; corbari , l . ; daneliya , m . ; dauvin , j - c . ; fi\u0161er , c . ; gasca , r . ; grabowski , m . ; guerra - garc\u00eda , j . m . ; hendrycks , e . ; hughes , l . ; jaume , d . ; jazdzewski , k . ; kim , y . - h . ; king , r . ; krapp - schickel , t . ; lecroy , s . ; l\u00f6rz , a . - n . ; mamos , t . ; senna , a . r . ; serejo , c . ; sket , b . ; souza - filho , j . f . ; tandberg , a . h . ; thomas , j . ; thurston , m . ; vader , w . ; v\u00e4in\u00f6l\u00e4 , r . ; vonk , r . ; white , k . ; zeidler , w . ( 2018 ) . world amphipoda database . atylidae lilljeborg , 1865 . accessed through : world register of marine species at : urltoken ; = 146525 on 2018 - 07 - 09\nde broyer , c . ; lowry , j . k . ; jazdzewski , k . & robert , h . ( 2007 ) . catalogue of the gammaridean and corophiidean amphipoda ( crustacea ) of the southern ocean , with distribution and ecological data . in : de broyer c . ( ed . ) . census of antarctic marine life : synopsis of the amphipoda of the southern ocean . vol . i . bulletin de l ' institut royal des sciences naturelles de belgique , biologie . 77 , suppl . 1 : 1 - 325 . [ details ]\nhayward , p . j . ; ryland , j . s . ( ed . ) . ( 1990 ) . the marine fauna of the british isles and north - west europe : 1 . introduction and protozoans to arthropods . clarendon press : oxford , uk . isbn 0 - 19 - 857356 - 1 . 627 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nbarnard , j . l . ; karaman , g . s . ( 1991 ) . the families and genera of marine gammaridean amphipoda ( except marine gammaroids ) . part 1 . records of the australian museum , supplement . 13 ( 1 ) : 1 - 417 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with nbn atlas , please upload using the upload tools .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 1b0558db - d4ce - 422e - 8271 - 568eb3e6b646\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : ba6a6962 - abbc - 4371 - 8ab4 - ab70b84f976b\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : c2474f9f - 7ddf - 4b25 - b761 - 1bd1dc6c4e70\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : cd98ecae - fd93 - 4f3a - bbf6 - 3538f9797d90\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : f37859a9 - 4dce - 4954 - a429 - dcb724e5ca5b\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 52c2926b - 3d2a - 4c3c - b577 - beabe8014e4e\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 480185\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthis site uses cookies . by continuing to browse the site you are agreeing to our use of cookies .\nbrill\u2019s mybook program is exclusively available on brillonline books and journals . students and scholars affiliated with an institution that has purchased a brill e - book on the brillonline platform automatically have access to the mybook option for the title ( s ) acquired by the library . brill mybook is a print - on - demand paperback copy which is sold at a favorably uniform low price .\n< ? xml version =\n1 . 0\nencoding =\nutf - 8\n? > < event > < eventlog > < portalid > brill < / portalid > < sessionid > tf2pg0s7nho8aolsav6ktmzk . x - brill - live - 02 < / sessionid > < useragent > python / 3 . 5 aiohttp / 3 . 3 . 2 < / useragent > < identityid > guest < / identityid > < identity _ list > guest < / identity _ list > < ipaddress > 35 . 239 . 254 . 181 < / ipaddress > < eventtype > personalisation < / eventtype > < createdon > 1531172502972 < / createdon > < / eventlog > < eventlogproperty > < item _ id > urltoken < / item _ id > < type > favourite < / type > < / eventlogproperty > < / event >\nthe population structure , growth and fecundity of the amphipod nototropis minikoi in front of the campechen lagoon , quintana roo , were analysed . a total of 1207 juveniles , 120 adult females and 211 adult males were collected . the relationship of the total length and head length was allometric . using the von bertalanffy equation the maximum length was calculated to be 6 . 66 \u00b1 0 . 55 mm , the growth rate was 0 . 67 \u00b1 0 . 02 , which is faster and higher than in other peracarids . there was a significant relationship between the size of ovigerous females and the number of eggs , with an average of 6 \u00b1 3 . 27 eggs and total length of 5 . 21 \u00b1 0 . 57 mm , similar to that found in other studies . the net reproduction rate was 4 . 98 , generation time 124 . 49 days , maximum intrinsic growth rate of 0 . 0131 and a low survival ( 15 % ) . this work represents the first study on the population structure of the amphipod n . minikoi .\n1 : laboratorio de crust\u00e1ceos , facultad de estudios superiores iztacala , universidad nacional aut\u00f3noma de m\u00e9xico , av . de los barrios 1 , los reyes iztacala , tlalnepantla , estado de m\u00e9xico , c . p . 54090 , mexico\n.\ngrowth and moulting of neomysis integer ( crustacea : mysidacea )\n.\n.\nperacarid crustaceans of central laguna madre tamaulipas in the southwestern gulf of mexico\n.\n.\nvariaci\u00f3n de la densidad y la biomasa de peces juveniles y dec\u00e1podos epib\u00e9nticos de la regi\u00f3n central de la laguna madre , tamaulipas\n.\n.\naspectos sobre la biolog\u00eda de talitrus saltator ( montagu , 1808 ) ( amphipoda : talidridae ) en la costa gallega\n.\n.\na simple method of resolution of a distribution into gaussian components\n.\n.\nthe autofluorescent age pigment lipofuscin : key to age , growth and productivity of the antartic amphipod waldeckia obesa ( cheureux , 1905 )\n.\n.\naspects of the antartic amphipod bovallia gigantea pfeffer at signy island\n.\n.\nperacarid crustaceans from three inlets in the southwestern gulf of mexico : new records and range extensions\n.\n.\nlife history and production of three amphipod species on georges bank\n.\n.\nchronology of post - embryonic development in siriella armata ( m . edw . ) ( crustacea : mysidacea ) reared in the laboratory : growth and sexual differentiation\n.\n.\nvariation among populations of the troglobitic amphipod crustacean crangonyx antennatus packard ( crangonyctidae ) living in different habitats , iii population dynamics and stability\n.\n.\npopulation dynamics and life cycle of hyale barbicornis ( amphipoda , crustacea ) in a blue mussel zone\n.\n. instituto nacional para el federalismo y el desarrollo municipal h . ayuntamiento tulum , available online at\n.\npopulation structure , growth , mortality , and size at sexual maturity of palaemon gravieri ( decapoda : caridea : palaemonidae )\n.\n. an illustrated identification guide to the nearshore marine and estuarine gammaridean amphipoda of florida . volume 1 , families gammaridae , hadziidae , isaeidae , melitidae and oedicerotidae . annual report , contract no . wm724 . ( florida department of environmental protection , tallahassee , fl ) .\n. an illustrated identification guide to the nearshore marine and estuarine gammaridean amphipoda of florida . volume 3 , families bateidae , biancolinidae , cheluridae , colomastigidae , corophiidae , cypropoideiae and dexaminidae . ( florida department of environmental protection , tallahassee , fl ) .\n.\nfaune mobile des herbiers de phanerogames marines ( halodule et thalassia ) de la laguna de terminos ( mexique , campeche ) . ii . les gammariens ( crustacea )\n.\n.\nlife history , growth and production of neomysis integer in the westerschelde estuary ( sw netherlands )\n.\n.\nrelative growth of amazon river prawn macrobrachium amazonicum ( heller ) ( crustacea , decapoda , palaemonidae ) in earthen ponds\n.\n.\non a swarm of amphipods atylus minikoi ( walker ) in the shallow waters of the karwar bay\n.\n.\nlista y referencias de los crust\u00e1ceos anf\u00edpodos ( amphipoda : gammaridea ) del atl\u00e1ntico occidental tropical\n.\n.\ndistribuci\u00f3n de los anf\u00edpodos ( crustacea , malacostraca , peracarida ) de los sub\u00f3rdenes gammaridea , caprellidea e hyperiidea , presentes en el archipi\u00e9lago cubano\n.\n.\nintertidal and shallow water amphipods ( amphipoda : gammaridea and corophiidea ) from isla p\u00e9rez , alacranes reef , southern gulf of mexico\n.\ndel arrecife alacranes con respecto a las poblaciones del norte de yucat\u00e1n y del caribe mexicano . ( tesis de doctorado en ciencias marinas , centro de investigaci\u00f3n y de estudios avanzados del instituto polit\u00e9cnico nacional , unidad m\u00e9rida , departamento de recursos del mar , m\u00e9rida ) .\n.\ncrecimiento en crust\u00e1ceos dec\u00e1podos : resultados de investigaciones realizadas en argentina ( growth in decapod crustaceans : results of research conducted in argentina )\n.\n.\ngrowth , production and productivity of the artic sympagic amphipod gammarus wilkitzki\n.\n.\nseguimiento del ciclo reproductivo en el anf\u00edpodo marino parhyale hawaiensis ( dana ) ( gammaridea : hyalidae )\n.\n. introducci\u00f3n a la ecolog\u00eda de poblaciones animals : 113 - 127 . ( centro de ecolog\u00eda . instituto venezolano de investigaciones cient\u00edficas , caracas ) .\n.\na review of the reproductive bionomics of aquatic gammaridean amphipods : variation of the life history traits with latitude , depth , salinity and superfamily\n.\n.\na new approach to length - frequency analysis : growth structure\n.\n. programa de manejo de \u00e1reas naturales protegidas . reserva de la bi\u00f3sfera de sian ka\u2019an . secretar\u00eda de medio ambiente y recursos naturales . instituto de ecolog\u00eda y cambio clim\u00e1tico . m\u00e9xico , available online at\n.\nthe amphipod nototropis minikoi on the east coast of the united states\n.\n.\nsex ratio , growth and recruitment of the pelagic shrimp acetes americanus on the southeastern coast of brazil\n.\n.\npopulation biology of dyopedos monacanthus ( crustacea : amphipoda ) on estuarine soft bottoms ; importance of extended parental care and pelagic movements\n.\n.\nestructura de las comunidades de peces en sistemas de pastos marinos ( thalassia testudinum ) de la laguna de t\u00e9rmino , campeche , m\u00e9xico\n.\n.\nlaboratory studies of the effect of temperature on growth , moulting and reproduction in the co - occurring mysids neomysis integer and praunus flexuosus\n.\n.\nfactors regulating population dynamics of the amphipod ampithoe valida in a eutrophic subtropical coastal lagoon\n.\nh . h . hobbs ; joan p . jass and jay v . huner\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nin : nishimura , s . ( ed . ) , guide to seashore animals of japan with color pictures and keys , vol . ii . hoikusha , osaka , 173 - 193 ( in japanese ) .\noccurrence record in darwincore format ( elements of obis schema and some of dwc1 . 4 )"]}
{"id": 2316, "summary": [{"text": "whartonia carpenteri is a species of trombiculid mite collected from the eastern red bat , lasiurus borealis , and the gray sac-winged bat , balantiopteryx plicata . ", "topic": 25}], "title": "whartonia carpenteri", "paragraphs": ["whartonia carpenteri\nhas been recorded from the state of morelos in central mexico .\n. . . remarks : our specimens exhibit a unique suite of features suggesting an as yet undescribed species . the material resembles whartonia ( asolentria ) carpenteri ( brennan , 1962 ) but differs in the ramification of sensilas ( brennan , 1962 ) . . . .\n. . . remarks : our specimens exhibit a unique suite of features suggesting an as yet undescribed species . the material resembles whartonia ( asolentria ) carpenteri ( brennan , 1962 ) but differs in the ramification of sensilas ( brennan , 1962 ) . . . .\nmitromorpha carpenteri is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family mitromorphidae .\npachodynerus carpenteri is a potter wasp classified in the family vespidae , subfamily eumeninae , native to mexico , colombia and venezuela .\ncynoglossus carpenteri , commonly known as the hooked tonguesole is a species of tonguefish . it is commonly found in the indian ocean .\ntrogolaphysa carpenteri is a species of aquatic springtail that is known from argentina , costa rica , mexico , and cayenne , french guiana .\ncarpenter ' s yellowtop jewelfish , meganthias carpenteri anderson , 2006 is a pink and yellow fish found in the eastern atlantic ocean named after old dominion university marine biologist kent e . carpenter .\nmeganthias carpenteri\nis a member of the taxonomic subfamily anthiinae , family serranidae .\nthe species is classified in the subgenus asolentria . the specific epithet honors\nlt . cmdr . malcolm scott carpenter , usa , who completed three orbits of the earth in the aurora vii , 24 may 1962 .\ntrombicula is a genus of harvest mites ( also known as red bugs , scrub - itch mites , berry bugs , or in their larval stage , as chiggers or chigoe ) in the trombiculidae family .\nthe harvest mite , trombicula autumnalis , is a species of mite of the family trombiculidae .\nleptotrombidium ( / \u02ccl\u025bpto\u028atr\u0252m\u02c8b\u026adi\u0259m / ) is a genus of mites in the family trombiculidae , that are able to infect humans with scrub typhus ( orientia tsutsugamushi infection ) through their bite .\ntrombicula alfreddugesi , also called eutrombicula alfreddugesi , is a species in the genus trombicula .\ntrombicula hirsti is a species in the genus trombicula , commonly called the scrub - itch mite , it is found in northern australia .\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\n. . . these genera parasitize mainly water birds or birds nesting in various ground or tree holes ( nadchatram & upham 1966 ) . small forest or mountain birds , too , are frequently parasitized ( brennan 1948brennan , 1951 brennan , 1962 brennan , 1965 ) . a good example of various host distribution is seen in the largest genus , leptotrombidium nagayo , miyagawa , mitamura and imamura , 1916 , which includes about 340 species ( stekolnikov 2013 ) . . . .\n. . . other records . mexico : balantiopteryx plicata : morelos ( brennan 1962 , palacios - vargas & morales - malacara 1983 ) ; oaxaca ( vercammengrandjean et al . 1965 ) . choeronycteris mexicana : [ sic ] mexico ( webb & loomis 1977 ) . . . .\nacarofauna ( arachnida : acari ) del estado de morelos . [ mite fauna ( arachnida : acari ) from the state of morelos ] .\nthe new mites family proterorhagiidae ( acari : endeostigmata ) is described and the genus and types species from mexico .\nasiapygmephorus gen . nov . , a new genus of mite family pygmephoridae ( acarina : heterostigmata ) from t . . .\na new genus of pygmephorid mites ( acarina : pygmephoridae ) named asiapygmephorus is described from turkmenistan , with the type species pediculaster paucisetosus sevastianov et chydyrov , 1991 . the redescription of pediculaster paucisetosus is given .\na new genus and twelve new species of mites from mexico and southeast united states ( acarina : blatti . . .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nthe species is named for\nwilliam k . carpenter of fort lauderdale , florida . mr . carpenter , an outstanding big game fisherman , has long been president and leading sponsor of the international game fish association . his dedicated support of marine science includes generous financial contributions and outstanding personal participation in research activities .\n( original description ) the rather small , pale brownish shell is solid and slender . its surface is glossy . the shell contains 8 whorls , somewhat convex , crossed by about twelve strong , elevated , flexuous , smooth , rounded longitudinal ribs , which extend entirely across the upper whorls , and on the body whorl from the suture to the middle , below which the surface is smooth . the interstices between the ribs are deeply concave , wider than the ribs , and perfectly smooth , except the faint lines of growth . the outer lip shows a broad shallow notch , below the suture . the ovate aperture is rather small . the siphonal canal is short , narrow and straight . the columella is nearly straight .\nthe type specimen was found in the pacific ocean off san pedro , california .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\nsorry , preview is currently unavailable . you can download the paper by clicking the button above .\nenter the email address you signed up with and we ' ll email you a reset link .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , world , geography , . . . more"]}
{"id": 2336, "summary": [{"text": "gato del sol ( february 23 , 1979 \u2013 august 7 , 2007 ) was an american thoroughbred racehorse best known for his win in the 1982 kentucky derby . ", "topic": 22}], "title": "gato del sol", "paragraphs": ["ransom also was a pretty good prophet when it came to gato del sol .\nwith the headline : gato del sol , 21 - 1 , rallies and wins the derby .\nplease click here to read a wonderful recent article from the courier journal about gato del sol .\nthe hancocks brought gato del sol home five years ago , and some people still are talking about it .\nexercise rider linda smithwick holds the reins of 1982 kentucky derby winner gato del sol . may 2 , 1982\nit makes one long for the days of 1982 winner gato del sol , who ran until he was six .\nkentucky derby countdown | gato del sol , 1982 remembering the 1982 kentucky derby winner . check out this story on urltoken urltoken\nhancock sold gato del sol to a german breeder , hoping he would turn out distance runners fit for european grass courses . but gato became a flop on two continents .\nhistory will not be kind to gato del sol . he will be remembered as one of the least accomplished winners of the kentucky derby .\ntwenty - three years later gato del sol trainer eddie gregson , known for always putting the horse first and foremost , became the next to decide against a preakness run . gato del sol came back in the belmont stakes , finishing second to conquistador cielo , beaten 14 lengths .\nthis writer said there were seven horses that had legitimate chances to win the ' 82 derby , and gato del sol wasn ' t one of them .\namerican pharoah is the fourth to complete the del mar futurity - kentucky derby double . the previous three were : tomy lee ( 1958 - 59 ) , gato del sol ( 1981 - 82 ) and silver charm ( 1996 - 97 ) . connections for both tomy lee and gato del sol passed on the preakness , a rarity then , unheard of now .\ngato del sol is only the seventh derby winner to come to the race via california and the santa anita derby . the most recent was affirmed in 1978 .\nthrough endurance and numerous close finishes in big races , gato del sol went out a millionaire , his $ 1 . 3 million ranking him 26th in career earnings .\nnatalie voss , in a story for the paulick report headlined \u2018triple frown\u2019 : derby dreamers who woke up before the preakness - included the tomy lee and gato del sol cases .\ntomy lee is one of three del mar futurity champions to go on and win the derby . the others are gato del sol ( 1981 futurity , 1982 kentucky derby ) and silver charm ( 1996 futurity , 1997 derby ) .\nalthough gato del sol had finished second in the blue grass stakes at keeneland the week before , he went off at 21 - 1 odds in the derby . and why not ?\nto the owners ' credit , they never stopped trying with gato del sol , whose sire , cougar ii , had been a grass champion as a 6 - year - old .\nparis , ky . \u2014 gato del sol ' s hair has turned white . this probably can be laid more to his age \u2014 25 \u2014 than to , say , worry .\nhouse focus works exclusively for the buyer , which makes us the only exclusive buying agent on the costa del sol .\nthe 1981 del mar futurity winner gato del sol was the first del mar futurity winner to win the kentucky derby the following year . others to complete the double were silver charm ( 1996 - 97 ) , american pharoah ( 2014 - 15 ) and nyquist ( 2015 - 16 ) .\ngato del sol raced until the age of six for hancock and peters , eventually switching to the turf . before his racing career concluded , he won or placed in 17 stakes events and earned $ 1 , 340 , 107 . when he retired in 1985 , gato del sol had tallied seven of 39 starts and a place in history as the 1982 kentucky derby winner .\nthe 1982 case study is slightly different , in that derby upsetter gato del sol skipped the preakness won by aloma\u2019s ruler . neither could cope with conquistador cielo in the belmont , where gato del sol was best of the rest , but aloma\u2019s ruler turned the tables in both of their ensuing meetings , memorably when they were second and fifth , respectively , in the travers .\nso it was only fitting with the tone of surprising reversals that eddie gregson , the winner ' s trainer , said that gato del sol would probably not run in the preakness stakes may 15 .\n! our goal is to save you money and make sure that fantastic place on the sunny costa del sol will be yours .\nin the fall of ' 83 , gregson lost gato del sol to charlie whittingham , who had trained cougar . maturity , an emphasis on grass races and whittingham ' s considerable expertise still couldn ' t produce another major win for gato del sol . what jockey angel cordero once said about gato applied to too many of his races :\nthe horse is what you would call a plodder ; he keeps running at the same pace all the way around the track .\ngregson said earlier this week that his entire stable would accompany him when he takes gato del sol to belmont . gregson will then race most of his stock in new york , at least through autumn .\nby keith williams , the c - j staci and arthur hancock found gato del sol , now 25 , was living in germany and brought him back to their paris , ky . , farm in august 1999 . about top jobs paris , ky . \u2014 gato del sol ' s hair has turned white . this probably can be laid more to his age \u2014 25 \u2014 than to , say , worry .\nthe arlington million had a strong field , including the champion mare royal heroine as well as gato del sol , yet john henry made it look easy , drawing off to win by a length and three quarters .\ngato del sol , who won the ' 82 derby against 18 horses whose remaining careers were just about as lackluster as his , won only four subsequent races before his owners finally retired him to stud the other day .\nhad gato del sol ' s owners , arthur hancock iii and leone peters , known what was ahead , they might have retired their horse the day after the derby . gato del sol was probably an $ 8 - million stallion then , but last november , before he ran eighth in the breeders ' cup turf stakes at hollywood park , hancock estimated that the horse ' s value had shrunk to about $ 2 . 5 million .\nwhen exceller , a prime racer and a disappointing stud , ended up in a swedish slaughterhouse , arthur ' s wife , staci , began to worry . she fretted that gato del sol might meet the same fate .\neddie gregson trained gato del sol , and eddie delahoussaye rode him . in the derby their horse went off as a long shot from a seemingly impossible post position \u2014 19 \u2014 and won by 2\u00bd lengths over laser light .\nthe last time the travers field included three different triple crown winners was in 1982 , when gato del sol , aloma\u2019s ruler , and conquistador cielo competed . none of those horses won , however , as runaway groom finished first .\nlaser light , who lost ground at almost every opportunity , was moving fastest of all on the outside , but gato del sol , under 11 right - handed cracks of delahoussaye ' s whip , was able to maintain his margin .\nit will be remembered as the topsy - turvy derby , the one in which the last finished first . by the end of the mile - and - a - quarter race today at churchill downs , gato del sol had come from last place in a field of 19 to win the 108th kentucky derby . so it was only fitting with the tone of surprising reversals that eddie gregson , the winner ' s trainer , said that gato del sol would probably not run in the preakness stakes may 15 . gato del sol , a son of cougar whose name translates from spanish as cat of the sun , finished 2 1 / 2 lengths ahead of laser light , who nipped reinvested by a neck for second . urltoken\ngato del sol is owned and was bred in kentucky by arthur hancock 3d and leone j . peters , who collected $ 417 , 600 from a record derby purse of $ 522 , 600 . otherwise , the gray colt ' s victory was a california production . both delahoussaye and gregson do their racing in california , as had gato del sol until he finished second in the blue grass stakes nine days ago . the colt ' s victory was his first in five starts this year .\ngato del sol has now earned $ 724 , 793 in winning three of 13 career starts . his other two victories were at del mar near san diego , where he won a maiden race last august , and the rich del mar futurity a month later . he also has been second in the blue grass and san felipe , third in the balboa and norfolk , and fourth in the santa anita derby .\nimmediately following the derby , trainer eddie gregson announced plans to skip the preakness s . - g1 and focus on the belmont s . - g1 , a race better suited to gato del sol ' s abilities . it would be the first time in 23 years that the derby winner opted to pass the preakness and a chance at triple crown splendor . unfortunately , gato del sol ' s belmont bid fell just short , as he finished second to eventual horse of the year conquistador cielo , who also won the metropolitan h . - g1 just five days earlier .\ngato del sol , a son of cougar whose name translates from spanish as cat of the sun , finished 2 1 / 2 lengths ahead of laser light , who nipped reinvested by a neck for second . the three had been running in that order early in the race - at the back of the pack . if the field had been stopped at that point and turned backward , the result would have been the same as it was at the finish : coming out of the first turn , gato del sol was 19th , laser light was 18th and reinvested 17th .\nas a juvenile , gato del sol ' s potential was evident when he captured the del mar futurity - g2 in september of 1981 . although it would be his last victory until the run for the roses , the gray colt was runner - up in the prestigious blue grass s . - g1 as his last prep race for the derby and also had placed in the norfolk s . - g1 , san felipe h . - g2 , and hollywood prevue s . no race carries quite the impact as the derby , however , and gato del sol , rallying from last in the field of 19 , crossed the wire first in the most coveted race in north america .\nstanding at stone farm , gato del sol never lived up to expectations at stud , although he did sire some useful horses . he was sold to stand in germany beginning in 1993 , as it was hoped that european breeding would nicely compliment the strong turf and distance aspects of his pedigree . six years later , after hearing the disturbing news of exceller ' s untimely death in a swedish slaughterhouse , the hancocks bought gato del sol back and immediately pensioned him . the derby winner now enjoys his days in retirement , spending his time in a paddock at his birthplace and enjoying the attention of visiting fans .\ngato del sol , who was gray in his youth , went off at 21 - 1 odds and won the derby in shocking style . on the track he never again approached such eminence , retiring at age 6 . his second career , as a stud , was uninspiring , to put it kindly .\ndublino gets even in the $ 300 , 000 del mar oaks g1 . . .\nit will be remembered as the topsy - turvy derby , the one in which the last finished first . by the end of the mile - and - a - quarter race today at churchill downs , gato del sol had come from last place in a field of 19 to win the 108th kentucky derby .\nbut suddenly , they were going nowhere and a second flight of horses ran by them as they moved into the final turn . reinvested stuck his big white nose in front for a few strides , but gato del sol passed him on the outside as they straightened away in the stretch . fast on the outside\nmay britt has some thoroughbred horse connections . in 1958 she was briefly married to actor and future horse - trainer edwin gregson , trainer of 1982 kentucky derby winner gato del sol . since 1993 she has been married to lennart ringqust , who was the second husband of penny chenery , the owner of secretariat .\ngato was like a fairy tale ,\nhancock said .\nit was like seeing a vision .\ngato del sol ( usa ) gr . h , 1979 { a1 } dp = 6 - 3 - 5 - 2 - 2 ( 18 ) di = 1 . 77 cd = 0 . 50 - 39 starts , 7 wins , 9 places , 7 shows career earnings : $ 1 , 340 , 107\nironically , linkage , the colt who beat gato del sol by 5 1 / 2 lengths in the blue grass , was sent to maryland after that race to prepare for the preakness . that decision to skip the derby was almost as surprising as gregson ' s to skip the preakness . ' a longrunning horse '\nthis year , the horse developed an ankle problem , and even though whittingham squeezed out that last win in the 1 1 / 2 - mile caballero two months ago , gato del sol still finished with a record of only 2 wins in 17 starts on the turf . even the grass wasn ' t greener .\nlaser light might also pass the preakness in favor of the belmont . like gato del sol , he gets better the farther he runs and his trainer , pat kelly , said earlier this week that the belmont was his ultimate goal . the last derby winner to skip the preakness was tomy lee in 1959 . unusual misfortunes\nringquist is now married to may britt , the former actress . not long removed from her native sweden , britt had a brief marriage to the late eddie gregson , a 19 - year - old fledgling actor , in the late 1950s . in 1982 , gregson trained gato del sol , winner of the kentucky derby .\ntomy lee returns to the winner\u2019s circle under bill shoemaker following the 1958 del mar futurity .\nthe third - longest shot on the board , gato del sol flew under everyone ' s radar and pulled a massive upset to win the 1982 kentucky derby at odds of 21 - 1 . though the field that assembled was arguably one of the weakest in recent years , he rallied from last to first to win by 2\nthe hancocks found that gato del sol had been sold to a farm in germany . they plunked down about $ 5 , 500 to buy him back \u2014 and another $ 12 , 500 or so to ship him back to kentucky . he ' s one of about 200 horses on their 2 , 000 - acre farm .\namerican pharoah ( 2015 ) and gato del sol ( 1982 ) are the only two to win from post # 18 . # 19 and # 20 only have one winner apiece : i\u2019ll have another ( 2012 ) , and big brown ( 2008 ) respectively . the only post to never host a derby winner is # 17 .\ngato del sol carried eddie delahoussaye through the 10 furlongs in 2 : 02 2 / 5 , creditable time considering this derby field had been considered the weakest in recent years . he returned $ 44 . 40 for $ 2 to win , the longest derby payoff since proud clarion paid $ 62 . 20 in 1967 . second largest crowd\nless jaundiced historians will remember gato del sol as a derby winner who raced into his sixth year , the first to last that long since tomy lee , winner of the race in ' 59 . he was still on the track as a 7 - year - old . but tomy lee made only three starts from ages 4 through 6 .\nin 1984 , at the age of nine , the mighty gelding was back for still another grueling season . in his first start that year , he was beaten by champion interco and kentucky derby winner gato del sol in the santa anita handicap after stumbling out of the gate . he was third behind the same pair in the san luis rey .\n( hank wesch was the turf writer for the san diego union and union - tribune for 25 years . he authored a book on del mar\u2019s history \u201cdel mar : where the turf meets the surf , \u201d in 2011 and has written del mar\u2019s \u201cstable notes\u201d for the past four years . )\ntheir absences left many racing people feeling that this was an unusually sub - par field . that the first two finishers were sent off at 21 - 1 and 18 - 1 would support that notion . also , gato del sol ' s winning time was the fourth slowest in the last 20 years , over a track that was otherwise fast today .\nthe california - bred colt would become the seventh horse to race at del mar after winning the kentucky derby , joining gato del sol ( 1982 kentucky derby winner ) , ferdinand ( 1986 ) , unbridled ( 1990 ) , silver charm ( 1997 ) , war emblem ( 2002 ) and giacomo ( 2005 ) . a son of lucky pulpit , california chrome drew post no . 5 with regular rider victor espinoza and is scheduled to meet five three - year - old rivals .\ngregson had said several times this week that he thought gato del sol would be at his best in the mile - and - a - half belmont stakes , three weeks after the preakness . but a mile and a quarter seemed long enough for him today . now gregson , hancock and peters will have to decide whether shortening him up only a sixteenth of a mile will really compromise his form .\ngato del sol went through all of 1984 without winning . even so , he probably ran his best post - derby races last year . he was beaten by a neck by interco in the san luis rey stakes at santa anita , ran third behind john henry and royal heroine in the arlington park million , and was second , a length behind both ends burning , in the oak tree invitational .\nthere were physical problems along the way . trainer eddie gregson wisely skipped the preakness , incurring the wrath of most of the state of maryland , and after a distant second - place finish to conquistador cielo in the belmont stakes , gregson wanted to bypass the travers at saratoga , too . but gato del sol did run in the travers , finished last and suffered a chipped knee that sidelined him for almost nine months after surgery .\nalthough known as the\nmost exciting two minutes in sports ,\nthe kentucky derby - g1 can take a lifetime to win , or in arthur b . hancock iii ' s case , four lifetimes , as he is a fourth - generation horseman but the first in his family to capture the elusive prize . in 1982 , gato del sol , a flashy gray homebred , brought derby glory to hancock ' s stone farm .\nuna de las asociaciones decanas en la pr\u00e1ctica del senderismo andaluz , con miembros muy activos y una variada oferta de rutas .\nfour horses won the del mar futurity as juveniles and then went on to win the kentucky derby . name the horses .\nnone of the four later wins - - which gave the 6 - year - old gray a career total of seven - - amounted to anything . there was an allowance race at saratoga in 1982 , three months after his derby victory ; in ' 83 , a win on the grass in the spring at hollywood park and a win in the minor cabrillo handicap at del mar in august ; and this year , a win in the obscure caballero handicap at hollywood may 18 , which was the last start in gato del sol ' s 39 - race career .\na kentucky derby winner from this century won just one more race in his career , at del mar . name the horse .\nthere were two things in gato del sol ' s favor , however . for openers , no one knew that he was running against one of the weakest derby fields in years . timely writer , who had won the flamingo stakes and the florida derby , and hostage , winner of the arkansas derby , were out with injuries . the lukewarm favorite was air forbes won , winner of the wood memorial and undefeated , but a colt who had run only four times .\nthe colt , born in 1979 , was bred in partnership by hancock and leone peters , a longtime client of stone farm ' s . hancock and peters had bought his dam , peacefully , as a yearling at saratoga and campaigned her to a stakes win . after she was retired to stone farm as a broodmare , she was bred to stone farm stallion and eclipse award winner cougar ii for two consecutive years . her second mating to the stallion produced gato del sol .\ngato ' s victory meant it was time to reward ransom . the boss had a chevy in mind . once again , hancock and ransom were not on the same page .\ncalifornia chrome had offered a small hint of things to come with a victory in del mar\u2019s graduation stakes for california - breds before the futurity setback .\nthe popular grey silver charm began his career with a second - place finish at del mar aug . 10 in 1996 , and followed it with a maiden victory aug . 24 and victory in the del mar futurity , then grade 2 , sept . 11 . he won the derby and preakness the following year .\nhowever , delve back a little and there are some intriguing links . here\u2019s a few posers to test your knowledge of the connections between the derby and del mar .\na kentucky derby winner of the 1990s had his first three races at del mar , finishing second , first , and first in those races . which horse was it ?\nwhen it was all over , sunday silence wore the derby roses with easy goer placing second . hancock had his second derby in seven years , having won in 1982 with gato del sol . horse racing is the sport of dreams , and there is no higher dream , no more colossal wish , no more powerful hope , than to be standing in the kentucky derby winner ' s circle on the first saturday in may . it has reduced grown men to tears . hancock had his second derby and sunday silence was the star , but still neither hancock nor the world could possibly anticipate the greatness that was sunday silence .\ngato del sol came away relaxed in last position and clear of horses , advanced on the outside under his own courage in the backstretch , picked up the field with a strong run completing the turn to take command before the furlong pole , was unaffected by reinvested leaning on him briefly and drew clear under strong right hand use of the whip into the final yards . laser light also relaxed in the early running , followed gato del sol around horses leaving the backstretch and was wide straightening away for the final stretch drive , loomed boldly but could not sustain his bid while gamely besting reinvested for the place . reinvested , intimidated by water bank leaving the half - mile marker and bothering cassaleria , swung slightly out on that rival getting room on the outside to follow gato del sol approaching mid - stretch , leaned in briefly under right hand urging and hung . water bank saved ground early , found room between rivals with a stretch bid and hung . muttering , well placed from the beginning , made a bid between horses entering the stretch and weakened slightly . rockwall finished well without being a threat . air forbes won responded with a strong run to reach the leaders completing the final turn and weakened late . star gallant was never a serious factor . majesty ' s prince bore out slightly while tiring . cupecoy ' s joy set the pace in comfortable fashion into the stretch turn before giving way . el baba , well situated closest to the pace , drew on even terms for the lead entering the stretch and weakened suddenly . cassaleria was being outrun when bothered by reinvested in the backstretch and never became a factor . royal roberto was outrun at all stages . bold style saved ground racing forwardly placed for six furlongs and tired . wolfie ' s rascal lost ground and dropped back early . new discovery gave a dull effort . real dare tired badly . scratched - rock steady .\nbaffert . callahan . espinoza . stevens . zayat . zetcher . all familiar names and faces at del mar for the summer and , as of last year , fall meetings .\nthis saturday , kentucky derby winner always dreaming , preakness stakes winner cloud computing , and belmont stakes winner tapwrit will square off in the mile - and - a - quarter travers stakes at saratoga . thirty - five years earlier , in 1982 , the three classic winners \u2014 gato del sol , aloma\u2019s ruler , and conquistador cielo \u2014 all met in the travers as well , but runaway groom , winner of the prince of wales stakes in canada , surprised them all in the stretch to win . in 1918 , the kentucky derby , the preakness , and the belmont winners all faced off in the travers stakes at saratoga , also with a surprising result .\nsince 1981 , six cashcall futurity participants have gone on to win the kentucky derby ( gato del sol , 1981 ; ferdinand , 1985 ; alysheba , 1986 ; thunder gulch , 1994 ; real quiet , 1997 ; and giacomo , 2004 ) . six have also come back to win the preakness ( tanks prospect , 1984 ; snow chief , 1985 ; alysheba , 1986 ; real quiet , 1997 ; point given , 2000 ; and lookin at lucky , 2009 ) . three have won the belmont stakes ( a . p . indy , 1991 ; thunder gulch , 1994 ; and point given , 2000 ) . eleven cashcall starters have won a breeders\u2019 cup race .\nhe had won only two races in his life , and the blue grass was his seventh non - winning performance since he had taken the del mar futurity in september of ' 81 .\nfusaichi pegasus is the third winner of racing ' s most coveted prize to be bred and / or raised at stone farm . gato del sol , winner of the 1982 derby , also was bred by stone and raised on stone ' s rich land . horse of the year sunday silence , winner of the 1989 derby and preakness s . - g1 , was raised by stone as well and later owned in partnership by hancock . in addition , secretariat ' s best son , risen star , who won the preakness and belmont s . - g1 in 1988 and was subsequently named champion 3 - year - old colt , also was bred , raised , and sold by stone .\n' ' we ' ll be sitting down and talking about it , ' ' peters said . ' ' it ' s up to our trainer . ' ' hancock and peters were represented in last year ' s derby by tap shoes , one of the favorites , who finished 14th . hancock is the eldest son of arthur hancock 2d , owner of claiborne farm , perhaps the most regal breeding farm in the country and the current home of several retired derby winners , including secretariat and spectacular bid . but the younger hancock went on his own after a dispute with his family and founded stone farm on an adjacent piece of land , where gato del sol was born and raised . a brilliant future\ndel mar renamed its escondido handicap in cougar ii ' s honor in 2007 . the 1 - 1 / 2 mile grade iii stakes for horses aged 3 and up is run on the main track .\nfor another thing , cupecoy ' s joy , a filly , ran one of the fastest three - quarter miles in derby history , and air forbes won and el baba , the second betting choice , tried to stay with her . all three horses paid the penalty . by the time they had to look down churchill downs ' long stretch , they were spent . gato del sol , who broke from the 18th post position , was in last place for a while , looped the field going down the backstretch and then was brought between horses by jockey eddie delahoussaye through the stretch . the horses who finished second , third and fourth - - laser light , reinvested and water bank - - also came from far back .\nthe 2005 kentucky derby was won at 50 - 1 by the californian - trained colt giacomo . he ran several good races afterwards , but his only subsequent victory was the 2006 san diego handicap at del mar .\nin 2005 , o\u2019neill saddled steviewonderboy , owned by entertainment mogul merv griffin , to victories in the del mar futurity and breeders\u2019 cup juvenile - - making the colt the future book favorite for a derby he wouldn\u2019t make .\nnow , for both of them , it\u2019s on to saturday\u2019s preakness , the second jewel in the triple crown series . a jewel which horses with strong del mar connections have both grasped , and declined to reach for .\nno kentucky derby winner has won del mar\u2019s richest race , the pacific classic in the same year . however , four 3 - year - olds beaten in the derby won the pacific classic later that year . name them .\nbut a look at the history of the del mar futurity , which will be run for the 67th time on wednesday ( september 3 ) , shows an admirable record for providing horses to watch when the triple crown series begins .\nwe continue straight at first , until we find a pair of little , ruined houses known as del consumo and del fielato . they used to be checkpoints for the products that arrived to the city of ronda . we continue through a clear piece of land that used be a sand mining area ( arenas de santander ) and then descend among the country houses of the ca\u00f1ada real del campo de gibraltar , with which we will also share our itinerary from now on . the track ends at the road from ronda to benaoj\u00e1n ( ma - 7401 ) . we will follow the road for 400m and then , after crossing it , continue down the track that goes to junta de los r\u00edos .\n1986 kentucky derby winner ferdinand won a memorable breeders\u2019 cup classic in 1987 over that year\u2019s derby winner alysheba . it was ferdinand\u2019s fourth win in a row , one of which came at the del mar summer meet . name that race .\nfour years ago loes fell in love with andaluc\u00eda and the spanish life . her passion for other cultures and languages made her professional career successful as international project manager , doing business with several countries in europe and south america . during these years in spain she built up a great local and international network on the costa del sol . a peoples person is what they call her , dedicated and honest . she will do everything in her power to make her clients walk away with greater than expected results and completely satisfied with their experience with house focus .\nin 2012 , o\u2019neill won the kentucky derby and preakness with a horse , i\u2019ll have another , who finished second to creative cause in the 2011 best pal stakes at del mar , but o\u2019neill opted not to run him in the futurity .\nin its 11th running , in 1958 , the del mar futurity produced a winner , english - bred tomy lee , who would wear the blanket of roses on the first saturday in may the following year through a victory in the kentucky derby .\nthe shock of that . . . really moved me and gave it some sense of urgency ,\nshe said .\nit was exceller that prompted me thinking , ` i want to keep an eye on him ( gato ) , and i want to know where he is at all times . '\nnyquist remained unbeaten after eight starts when he won the 2016 kentucky derby . he recorded his first graded stakes victories the previous year in the best pal stakes and the del mar futurity on the way to becoming champion 2 - year - old male .\nin recent years , trainer doug o\u2019neill has experienced the high of winning a del mar futurity and the low of missing the derby with the same horse . and the low of losing the futurity with one horse , and winning the kentucky derby with a stablemate .\nthe wide and stone paved path starts with a steep slope that twists and turns in between the almond trees , known as the cuesta del cachondeo . in front of the worn walls of the albacara , which were once plastered with rammed earth and lime , we find a fork on the road . the path runs alongside the wall and connects the puerta del viento ( gate of the wind ) , to the left , with the puerta de los molinos ( gate of the mills ) , to the right . after crossing the puerta del viento , we turn to a path which descends to the right . this path is made of slippery pebbles that can make the walk more difficult when it rains . if so , be careful not to fall and watch out for any passing vehicles .\nthe kentucky derby in spring may not always seem closely linked to california\u2019s great late - summer meet at del mar , especially given that derby 3 - year - olds often chase east coast races in summer such as the jim dandy stakes , haskell invitational , and travers stakes .\ndel mar racegoers one day in the 1990s who watched a colt finish fourth in a maiden special weight juvenile race over a mile \u2013 thus meaning he was still a maiden after six races \u2013 would have been surprised to learn that he would win the kentucky derby . name the horse .\namerican pharaoah made his racing debut at del mar on august 9 and finished fifth of nine , making behavioral and competitive mistakes that haven\u2019t been seen since , then returned to shine in the futurity . firing line broke his maiden in his second career start on the closing day of the fall meeting .\nthe gr - 141 continues its way to jimera de l\u00edbar after a level crossing and the bridge over the guadiaro . the path that we see by the river leads to the charco de la barranca and the cueva del gato . we will turn south , following the signs of the gr - 141 , gr - 249 and sl - a 138 . we will encounter the ruins of some old mills associated near the river banks and inns like the one of mar\u00eda joaquina , located on the left bank and easily recognisable for its two palm trees in the front patio , devoured by the red palm weevil . we can see again how the erosion removes the soil that hides the stone pavement .\nwe leave behind the municipality of ronda and enter that of benaoj\u00e1n . a road crosses the railway towards the pasada de gibraltar , fording the guadiaro river and resuming the ca\u00f1ada real together with the pr - 251 and heading to cueva del gato , estaci\u00f3n de benaoj\u00e1n and benaoj\u00e1n . we continue straight into a well marked trail , the camino viejo de ronda ( old road to ronda ) , which gradually climbs higher and higher through huge retamas ( a species of broom bush ) and groups of fan palms . asparagus plants , thorny brooms , buckthorns and wild olive trees also grow here . if we look up to the sky we will surely spot committees of griffon vultures , which are abundant in the area .\n' ' i ' ve pointed this colt for the kentucky derby ever since he won the del mar futurity as a 2 - year - old , ' ' gregson said . ' ' he ' s a longrunning horse , and win , lose or draw i wasn ' t planning on the preakness . ' '\nferdinand\u2019s del mar victory \u2013 the second in a four - race streak which also included the hollywood gold cup and the goodwood handicap ( now the awesome again stakes ) \u2013 was the cabrillo handicap . this ungraded event was run for the last time in 1990 , giving way when the pacific classic was inaugurated in 1991 .\nwe are now entering the sierra de grazalema natural park . at this point we can cross the ca\u00f1ada real del campo de gibraltar through the itineraries gr - 7 and pr - 251 to montejaque and to the boquete de mures . our choice is to follow the track that overlaps with the pr - 253 and the gr - 249 . we walk alongside railroad track and the guadiaro river . we will see the limestone mountainsides of the cerro de mures and the sierra del algarrobo to the west , dedicated to dry - land farming . after leaving behind the wide meadow known as vega of huertas nuevas , at the point where the guadiaro approaches the ca\u00f1ada real , we find a prominent and solitary ash tree .\nthere are plenty of reasons to play saturday at del mar , from the exceptional stakes races , headlined by the pacific classic , to the exceptional wager menu , topped by a $ 1 million guaranteed late pick 4 ( races 8 \u2013 11 ) . to help you bet the races , we welcome you to check out our free pacific classic wager guide , which is loaded with picks , analysis , wagering strategies and stats for the day\u2019s three graded stakes races . a full xpressbet account is not required to access the guide , however if you don\u2019t have an account , you must sign up for a trial account prior to downloading . xpressbet customers - log in & download non - xpressbet customers - sign up for a free trial account . no ssn or address required . plus , bet the races with us on saturday at del mar to split 3 million xb rewards points . first post from del mar is 5 : 00pm et and the pacific classic goes as race 8 , at 8 : 45pm et . watch the pacific classic live on the nbc sports network at 8 : 00pm et .\nwith years of experience working in real estate and banking in the netherlands , peter decided 11 years ago to start a new life in spain . during these 11 years he and his partner set up and managed successfully the restaurant el gato lounge in torremolinos . never losing his interest in real estate , they started renting out holiday properties for home owners several years ago . he would love to represent your interests and will be proud to arrange the best possible deal for you .\n\u201csteviewonderboy had such a great mind . i think it takes a brilliant two - year - old who also has a brilliant mind to win a race like the del mar futurity , \u201d o\u2019neill said . \u201csteviewonderboy just got stung by the injury bug early on in his three - year - old campaign or i think he would have been a factor in the derby . \u201d\nwe begin the first part of the gr 141 gran senda de la serran\u00eda de ronda ( great track of the serrania de ronda ) in plaza de mar\u00eda auxiliadora ( mar\u00eda auxiliadora square ) , also known as plaza del campillo . it is located in the historical centre of the city and near a row of natural balconies that look over the hoya del tajo ( river basin of the tajo de ronda ) , a great steep depression through which the guadalevin river runs . the quickest way to get here , taking the municipal tourism office next to the bull ring as reference , would be to get to the nearby plaza de espa\u00f1a and to cross the famous puente nuevo ( new bridge ) . then , we just have to follow armi\u00f1an and tenorio streets .\nthe neighbourhood of estaci\u00f3n de benaoj\u00e1n was built due to the construction of the bobadilla - algeciras railroad . it reached its peak in the mid - 20th century , when the delicatessen lived its best moments . the industrial restructuring of the 80s caused its decline and many abandoned factories remain as proof . nevertheless , we can still buy different pork products ( like manteca de lomo , zurrapa color\u00e1 , ca\u00f1a de lomo , salchich\u00f3n , etc . ) . in the last few years tourism activities have developed and we now find numerous restaurants and accommodations . from benaoj\u00e1n station we can follow several tracks of great interest . the one that takes you through the sl - a 139 towards the cueva del gato ( 2 . 2km long ) , and the one going up to the cueva de la pileta and through the sierra de grazalema natural park ( 3 . 2km ) are highly recommendable .\nwhy it was shocking : though he had won the prestigious del mar futurity as a juvenile , his three - year - old season had been less inspiring . from four races as a sophomore , he had failed to win and was fourth in the santa anita derby in his final prep , leaving questions as to whether or not he had peaked as a two - year - old .\nkentucky derby and preakness winner california chrome will make his turf debut in saturday ' s grade 1 , $ 300 , 000 hollywood derby at del mar . a neck third in the breeders ' cup classic , the art sherman - trained colt can make a push for horse of the year and champion three - year - old male with a victory in the 1 1 / 8 - mile turf affair .\namerican pharoah , who first showcased his talent winning the 2014 del mar futurity , was the derby favorite and obvious horse to watch . and it wasn\u2019t difficult to follow the yellow and blue dotted silks of owner ahmed zayat as jockey victor espinoza guided american pharoah on a wide - but - clear trip from the no . 18 post and prevailed by a length over a game firing line and gary stevens .\nreal quiet couldn\u2019t win at his first six race attempts in 1997 . he had finished third in four races prior to his del mar fourth - place finish . but he won two of his next three starts , including the hollywood futurity ( g1 ) , and the following year went closer than any horse between affirmed and american pharoah to completing the triple crown , losing the belmont stakes on the line by a nose .\nkentucky - bred and venezuelan - raced canonero ii finished fifth , 7 3 / 4 lengths behind june darling in the 1970 del mar futurity . the following may , however , he shocked the racing world with a 3 3 / 4 length victory in the derby . part of the six - horse \u201cfield\u201d in a race with 20 horses but technology for only 14 betting interests , canonero ii paid $ 19 . 20 to win and left horse players to wonder what his odds might have been as a solo option .\nafter a steep slope , we finally surmount the mountain pass of la muela , superb balcony to make a stop and to look back . up to here , the track coincides with the local trail sl - a 38 molinos del tajo ( mills of the tajo ) . this itinerary is also part of the montejaque - ronda section of the gr - 7 ( e / 4 ) and the small routes that lead to benaoj\u00e1n ( pr - a 251 ) and montejaque ( pr - a 253 ) , that converge from this point onwards .\nhowever , the filly lexie lou , winner of the queen ' s plate at woodbine and most recently the autumn miss at santa anita , is cross - entered to sunday ' s grade 1 matriarch for fillies and mare on turf . the hollywood derby is one of three stakes on the penultimate day of del mar ' s bing crosby season along with the native diver , a grade 3 event at 1 1 / 8 miles on polytrack ; and jimmy durante , a one - mile grade 3 turf affair for three - year - old fillies .\nfrom the small bridge that crosses the guadalcobac\u00edn river , we can see the point where the two rivers ( guadalcobac\u00edn and guadalev\u00edn ) meet . from this point onwards the river is known as guadiaro . black poplars , poplars , willows and ash trees grow on the river bank and barbels are easily spotted in its waters . further on , we will see a small stream , the arroyo del cupil , flowing into the guadiaro river . we leave the paved track and cross the railroad at the level crossing , after which we will find another fork in the road .\nonce we arrive at a mound on the road , we can look out to see a splendid panoramic of benaoj\u00e1n and its mountain range . afterwards , we will follow our path along the oak - covered mountainside . we will also find oaks , ardiviejas ( a type of rockrose ) , furzes , matagallos ( a type of nettle ) , and osyrises . on the other side of the river , in the paraje de la fresnedilla , we will observe the water supply facilities of benaoj\u00e1n and the old vegetable gardens of andalusi origin , which are still cultivated . after a small descent , the road crosses a bridge over the arroyo del agua ( stream of the water ) . once we have crossed the river , which is covered in rosebays , we can visit the ruins of the inn of arroyo del agua with the ruiniform cach\u00f3n background on the opposite bank . behind the walls and looking to the river , a part of the old stone paving is still preserved , as well as some fig trees and a marvellous laurel . it is here that the road turns into a small path . after a light ascent , we reach another fabulous hillock where the path cuts through the rock .\nowner : a . b . hancock iii / stone farm breeder : a . b . hancock iii & l . j . peters state bred : ky winnings : 39 starts : 7 - 9 - 7 , $ 1 , 340 , 107 at 2 : 1st del mar futurity ( g2 ) ; 2nd hollywood prevue s . ; 3rd norfolk s . ( g1 ) , balboa s . at 3 : 1st kentucky derby ( g1 ) ; 2nd san felipe h . ( g2 ) , blue grass s . ( g1 ) , belmont s . ( g1 ) at 4 : 1st cabrillo h . ; 2nd del mar invitational h . ( g2 ) at 5 : 2nd san luis rey s . ( g1 ) , oak tree invitational ( g1 ) ; 3rd santa anita h . ( g1 ) , budweiser million ( g1 ) , carleton f . burke h . ( g2 ) at 6 : 1st caballero h . ; 2nd premiere h . ( only 2 starts in last year ) went out a winner in the 1985 caballero handicap . at stud : stone farm / ky 1986 - 92 ; gestut goerlsdorf , germany 1993 - 99 returned to stone farm ( pensioned ) in august 2000 euthanized due to the infirmities of old age at stone farm , august 7 , 2007 . urltoken ( close )\nas it happened with the benaoj\u00e1n station , this neighborhood rose thanks to the construction of the algeciras - bobadilla railroad . the nice climate of the town , in which vegetable gardens and citrus fruits proliferate , did not come unnoticed by the tourists , who made the area the leading edge in rural tourism in the region of m\u00e1laga . from here we can make different itineraries : on one hand , across the ca\u00f1ada real del campo de gibraltar and the guadiaro , and through the proper town of jimera de l\u00edbar on the other . you can also practice canoeing , as the section of the river in between the stations of benaoj\u00e1n and jimera is perfect for doing so . several whitewater rafting competitions have been held here ."]}
{"id": 2343, "summary": [{"text": "paratoxodera borneana , common name borneo stick mantis , is a species of praying mantis found in brunei that was first identified as a subspecies of p. cornicollis . ", "topic": 16}], "title": "paratoxodera borneana", "paragraphs": ["no one has contributed data records for paratoxodera cornicollis yet . learn how to contribute .\n*\nparatoxodera borneana\n( bicho - pau de born\u00e9o ) *\nparatoxodera cornicollis\n( bicho - pau gigante da mal\u00e1sia ) *\nparatoxodera meggitti\n*\nparatoxodera pluto\n= = g\u00eanero\nparoxyophthalmus\n= = *\nparoxyophthamus collaris\n*\nparoxyophthalmus nigericus\n*\nparoxyophthalmus ornatus\n*\nparoxyophthalmus savatieri\n= = g\u00eanero\nparamorphoscelis\n= = *\nparamorphoscelis gondokorensis\n= = g\u00eanero\nparatithrone\n= = *\nparatithrone royi\n= = g\u00eanero\nparaoxypilus\n= = *\nparaoxypilus armatus\n*\nparaoxypilus distinctus\n*\nparaoxypilus flavifemur\n*\nparaoxypilus insularis\n*\nparaoxypilus kimberleyensis\n*\nparaoxypilus laticollis\n*\nparaoxypilus tasmaniensis\n*\nparaoxypilus verreauxii\n= = g\u00eanero\npareuthyphlebs\n= = *\npareuthyphlebs arabica\n*\npareuthyphlebs occidentalis\n*\npareuthyphlebs palmonii\n*\npareuthyphlebs popovi\n*\npareuthyphlebs scorteccii\n*\npareuthyphlebs somalica\n*\npareuthyphlebs uvarovi\n= = g\u00eanero\nparymenopus\n( wood - mason , 1890 ) = = *\nparymenopus davisoni\n( wood - mason , 1890 ) ( davidson ' s mantis ) = = g\u00eanero\nperlamantis\n= = *\nperlamantis algerica\n*\nperlamantis allibertii\n= = g\u00eanero\npezomantis\n= = *\npezomantis henryi\n= = g\u00eanero\nphthersigena\n= = *\nphthersigena centralis\n*\nphthersigena conspersa\n*\nphthersigena insularis\n*\nphthersigena melania\n*\nphthersigena minor\n*\nphthersigena nebulosa\n*\nphthersigena timorensis\n*\nphthersigena unicornis\n= = g\u00eanero\nphyllocrania\n= = *\nphyllocrania illudens\n( saussure & zehntner , 1895 ) *\nphyllocrania insignis\n( westwood , 1843 ) *\nphyllocrania paradoxa\n( burmeister , 1838 ) = = g\u00eanero\nphyllovates\n= = esp\u00e9cies de louva - a - deus - unic\u00f3rnio s\u00e3o encontrados nesse g\u00eanero .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nehrmann , r . 2002 . mantodea : gottesanbeterinnen der welt . natur und tier , m\u00fcnster .\nm . beier . 1935 . mantodea . fam . mantidae . subfam . thespinae . genera insectorum de p . wytsman 200 : 1 - 32\n. note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own license , and they may or may not be available for reuse . click on an image or a media link to access the media data window , which provides the relevant licensing information . for the general terms and conditions of tol material reuse and redistribution , please see the\neach tol branch page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a branch of the tree of life . the major distinction between a branch and a leaf of the tree of life is that each branch can be further subdivided into descendent branches , that is , subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages .\nfor a more detailed explanation of the different tol page types , have a look at the structure of the tree of life page .\ntree of life design and icons copyright \u00a9 1995 - 2004 tree of life project . all rights reserved .\nm . beier . 1934 . mantodea . fam . mantidae . subfam . toxoderinae . genera insectorum de p . wytsman 198 : 1 - 10\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nthe mantis comes to us when we need peace , quiet and calm in our lives .\nwe are always eager to help . contact us either by email or live help by clicking bottom right\nlive help\ncredits - computer translations are provided by a combination of our statistical machine translator , google , microsoft , systran and worldlingo .\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience . by continuing to visit this site you agree to our use of cookies . learn more .\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nhallan , j . ( 2000 - current ) . biology catalog . web compilation accessible at urltoken ( accessed june 2012 ) .\nnomenclator zoologicus . a list of the names of genera and subgenera in zoology from the tenth edition of linnaeus , 1758 to the end of 2004 . digitised by ubio from vols . 1 - 9 of neave ( ed . ) , 1939 - 1996 plus supplementary digital - only volume . urltoken ( as at 2006 ) .\nroy . 2009 . revision destoxoderini sensu novo ( mantodea , toxodetinae ) . rev . suisse zool . 116 ( 1 ) : 93 - 183"]}
{"id": 2366, "summary": [{"text": "pseudosimnia pyrulina is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family ovulidae , the ovulids , cowry allies or false cowries . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "pseudosimnia pyrulina", "paragraphs": ["species margovula pyrulina ( a . adams , 1854 ) accepted as pseudosimnia pyrulina ( a . adams , 1855 )\nworms - world register of marine species - pseudosimnia pyrulina ( a . adams , 1855 )\n( of margovula pyrulina ( a . adams , 1854 ) ) cate c . n . ( 1978 ) . new species of ovulidae and reinstatement of margovula pyrulina ( a . adams , 1854 ) . the nautilus 92 ( 4 ) : 160 - 167 [ details ]\nspecies pseudosimnia pyrifera c . n . cate , 1973 accepted as pseudosimnia vanhyningi ( m . smith , 1940 )\nspecies pseudosimnia sphoni c . n . cate , 1973 accepted as pseudosimnia vanhyningi ( m . smith , 1940 )\nto barcode of life to biodiversity heritage library ( 3 publications ) ( from synonym margovula pyrulina ( a . adams , 1854 ) ) to encyclopedia of life\nno one has contributed data records for pseudosimnia lacrima yet . learn how to contribute .\n( of amphiperas pyrulina a . adams , 1855 ) lorenz f . & fehse d . ( 2009 ) the living ovulidae . a manual of the families of allied cowries : ovulidae , pediculariidae and eocypraeidae . hackenheim : conchbooks . [ details ]\npseudosimnia albomarginata cate , c . n . , 1978 : solomons ; japan ( ? )\nspecies pseudosimnia filia azuma , 1974 accepted as primovula rosewateri ( c . n . cate , 1973 )\nspecies pseudosimnia whitworthi c . n . cate , 1973 accepted as diminovula whitworthi c . n . cate , 1973\nspecies pseudosimnia coroniola c . n . cate , 1973 accepted as diminovula coroniola ( c . n . cate , 1973 )\nspecies pseudosimnia culmen c . n . cate , 1973 accepted as diminovula culmen ( c . n . cate , 1973 )\nspecies pseudosimnia emilyreidae c . n . cate , 1973 accepted as diminovula kosugei ( c . n . cate , 1973 )\nspecies pseudosimnia perilla c . n . cate , 1973 accepted as diminovula dautzenbergi ( f . a . schilder , 1931 )\nspecies pseudosimnia striola c . n . cate , 1973 accepted as diminovula dautzenbergi ( f . a . schilder , 1931 )\nspecies pseudosimnia translineata c . n . cate , 1973 accepted as margovula translineata ( c . n . cate , 1973 )\nspecies pseudosimnia carnea sensu f . a . schilder , 1941 not poiret , 1789 accepted as sandalia triticea ( lamarck , 1810 )\n( of amphiperas pyrulina a . adams , 1855 ) adams a . ( 1855 [\n1854\n] ) . descriptions of thirty - nine new species of shells , from the collection of hugh cuming , esq . proceedings of the zoological society of london . 22 : 130 - 138 , pl . 28 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nspecies pseudosimnia incisa azuma & c . n . cate , 1971 accepted as diminovula incisa azuma & c . n . cate , 1971\nspecies pseudosimnia marginata g . b . sowerby i , 1828 accepted as margovula marginata ( g . b . sowerby i , 1828 )\nspecies pseudosimnia pyriformis sensu kuroda , 1958 not g . b . sowerby i , 1828 accepted as diminovula alabaster ( reeve , 1865 )\nhans - martin braun added the english common name\ndwarf red simnia\nto\npseudosimnia carnea ( poiret , 1789 )\n.\n\u00bb species pseudosimnia ( diminovula ) fruticum ( reeve , 1865 ) accepted as prionovolva brevis ( g . b . sowerby i , 1828 )\nhans - martin braun added the english common name\ndwarf red egg cowrie\nto\npseudosimnia carnea ( poiret , 1789 )\n.\nhans - martin braun added the english common name\nblood - stained simnia\nto\npseudosimnia carnea ( poiret , 1789 )\n.\nspecies pseudosimnia fulguris azuma & c . n . cate , 1971 accepted as primovula fulguris ( azuma & c . n . cate , 1971 )\nspecies pseudosimnia kandai c . n . cate & azuma in c . n . cate , 1973 accepted as testudovolva nipponensis ( pilsbry , 1913 )\nspecies pseudosimnia nubila c . n . cate & azuma in c . n . cate , 1973 accepted as diminovula whitworthi c . n . cate , 1973\nspecies pseudosimnia pyriformis sensu f . a . schilder , 1941 not g . b . sowerby i , 1828 accepted as diminovula alabaster ( reeve , 1865 )\nspecies pseudosimnia aurantiomacula c . n . cate & azuma , 1973 accepted as diminovula aurantiomacula ( c . n . cate & azuma , 1973 ) ( original combination )\n( of aperiovula aurora omi , 2003 ) omi y . 2003 . a nnew species of aperiovula ( gastropoda : ovulidae ) collected near the boso peninsula , japan . venus 62 ( 1 - 2 ) : 11 - 18 [ details ]\nlorenz f . & fehse d . ( 2009 ) the living ovulidae . a manual of the families of allied cowries : ovulidae , pediculariidae and eocypraeidae . hackenheim : conchbooks . [ details ]\n( of aperiovula aurora omi , 2003 ) lorenz f . & fehse d . ( 2009 ) the living ovulidae . a manual of the families of allied cowries : ovulidae , pediculariidae and eocypraeidae . hackenheim : conchbooks . [ details ]\n( of aperiovula albomarginata c . n . cate , 1978 ) cate c . n . ( 1973 ) . a systematic revision of the recent cypraeid family ovulidae . the veliger . 15 ( supplement ) : 1 - 117 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of aperiovula albomarginata c . n . cate , 1978 ) lorenz f . & fehse d . ( 2009 ) the living ovulidae . a manual of the families of allied cowries : ovulidae , pediculariidae and eocypraeidae . hackenheim : conchbooks . [ details ]\n( of aperiovula yukitai azuma , 1974 ) cate c . n . ( 1973 ) . a systematic revision of the recent cypraeid family ovulidae . the veliger . 15 ( supplement ) : 1 - 117 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of aperiovula yukitai azuma , 1974 ) lorenz f . & fehse d . ( 2009 ) the living ovulidae . a manual of the families of allied cowries : ovulidae , pediculariidae and eocypraeidae . hackenheim : conchbooks . [ details ]\n( of prionovolva aureomarginata shikama , 1973 ) cate c . n . ( 1973 ) . a systematic revision of the recent cypraeid family ovulidae . the veliger . 15 ( supplement ) : 1 - 117 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of prionovolva aureomarginata shikama , 1973 ) lorenz f . & fehse d . ( 2009 ) the living ovulidae . a manual of the families of allied cowries : ovulidae , pediculariidae and eocypraeidae . hackenheim : conchbooks . [ details ]\n( of prionovolva aureomarginata shikama , 1973 ) liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of aperiovula c . n . cate , 1973 ) cate c . n . ( 1973 ) . a systematic revision of the recent cypraeid family ovulidae . the veliger . 15 ( supplement ) : 1 - 117 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 36 [ details ]\ngofas , s . ; le renard , j . ; bouchet , p . ( 2001 ) . mollusca . in : costello , m . j . et al . ( eds ) , european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . patrimoines naturels . 50 : 180 - 213 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nworms - world register of marine species - margovula c . n . cate , 1973\nspecies margovula aboriginea c . n . cate , 1973 accepted as diminovula aboriginea ( c . n . cate , 1973 )\nspecies margovula changi ma , 1997 accepted as diminovula margarita ( g . b . sowerby i , 1828 )\nspecies margovula kosugei c . n . cate , 1973 accepted as diminovula kosugei ( c . n . cate , 1973 )\niredale t . ( 1935 ) . australian cowries . the australian zoologist . 8 ( 2 ) : 96 - 135 , pls 8 - 9 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 103 ; note : not available : no description [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nversion 43 . 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed . my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nmerci de saisir vos informations de connexions . vous pouvez demander la cr\u00e9ation d ' un compte directement en cliquant ici\nmot de passe oubli\u00e9 ? saisissez votre adresse email ci - dessous . si vous ne retrouvez pas l ' adresse email correspondant \u00e0 votre compte merci de nous contacter directement\nthis shell has been added to your booking list . show my booking list continue browsing shell\nyou have to be logged to be able to book and buy shells . click here to log in or create an account .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en\nexcept where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nthe star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :\nwe want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only , as we handle very few foreign shells in general . as time goes , the system will become more and more performant .\nenter your email address and we will send you an email with your username and password .\ne - mail jecilia sisican if you do not receive your email with your username and password .\nclick on an image to view all the information : family , species , author , date , and full locality .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . 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{"id": 2382, "summary": [{"text": "whiteleg shrimp ( litopenaeus vannamei , formerly penaeus vannamei ) , also known as pacific white shrimp , king prawn , is a variety of prawn of the eastern pacific ocean commonly caught or farmed for food . ", "topic": 15}], "title": "whiteleg shrimp", "paragraphs": ["the most common species substitution was farmed whiteleg shrimp ( l . vannamei ) sold as \u201cwild\u201d shrimp and \u201cgulf\u201d shrimp ;\nwhiteleg shrimp ( vannamei ) output to cross 4 . 5 lakh tonnes in 2017\nen - whiteleg shrimp , fr - crevette pattes blanches , sp - camar\u00f3n patiblanco .\nthis guide from the fao cultured aquatic species information programme provides information on farming whiteleg shrimp .\nproteasome properties of hemocytes differ between the whiteleg shrimp penaeus vannamei and the brown shrimp crangon crangon ( crustacea , decapoda ) .\nproteasome properties of hemocytes differ between the whiteleg shrimp penaeus vannamei and the brown shrimp crangon crangon ( crustacea , decapoda ) . - pubmed - ncbi\nindia\u2019s whiteleg shrimp or vannamei output is expected to see an overall 10 per cent growth hike over 2015 - 16 .\nkitani h , 1993 . morphology of postlarvae of the whiteleg shrimp penaeus vannamei . nippon suisan gakkaishi , 59 ( 2 ) : 223 - 227 .\nthis species is native to the eastern pacific ocean - ranging from mexico to peru . whiteleg can be found on muddy bottoms at depths of 0 \u2013 240 feet .\nwhiteleg shrimp is native to the pacific ocean and is farmed in central and south america as well as in asia . our product portfolio includes hatchery diets for the larval and post - larval stages as well as grower and broodstock diets .\nrosenberry b , 2003 . world shrimp farming , no . 16 . shrimp news international . san diego , california , usa .\nthe whiteleg shrimp is native to the eastern pacific coast from sonora , mexico in the north , through central and south america as far south as tumbes in peru , in areas where water temperatures are normally > 20 \u00b0c throughout the year .\nhas led to serious price depression in the international markets . similarly , farm gate value for 15\u201320 g size whiteleg shrimp has steadily decreased from usd 5 / kg in 2000 to about usd 3 . 0\u20133 . 5 / kg in 2005 .\n\u203a litopenaeus vannamei ( boone , 1931 ) \u203a pacific white shrimp \u203a penaeus ( litopenaeus ) vannamei \u203a penaeus sp . at - 2008 \u203a penaeus vanameii \u203a penaeus vannameii \u203a white pacific shrimp \u203a white shrimp\naquaculture in belize formally began in 1982 with the development of ten acres ( 4 ha ) of experimental ponds by a private company , in the southern part of the country . this initiative was designed to test certain primary production functions of the whiteleg shrimp (\nrosenberry b , 1995 . ecuadorian white shrimp prices - - january to november 1994 . shrimp news international , 20 ( 1 ) : 24 .\naquaculture in belize formally began in 1982 with the development of ten ( 10 ) acres ( 4 ha ) of experimental ponds by a private company , in the south of the country . this initiative was designed to test certain primary production functions of the whiteleg shrimp (\nmost mislabeling relates to whether the shrimp was caught in the wild , a problem that cuts both ways\u2014either saying shrimp is wild - caught when it ' s not , or failing to say it ' s wild - caught when it is . according to warner , one of the most common instances of mislabeling was for farmed whiteleg shrimp to be passed off as wild - caught , especially as wild - caught from the gulf .\ncite as : \u00abvolstorf , jenny . 2018 . pacific whiteleg shrimp ( findings ) . in : fishethobase , ed . fishethobase research group . world wide web electronic publication . version 1 . 22 . www . fishethobase . fair - fish . net . \u00bb \u00a9 fair - fish international\nlightner dv , 1996 . a handbook of shrimp pathology and diagnostic procedure for diseases of cultured penaeid shrimp . world aquaculture society , baton rouge , la .\nreplacement of non - environmental friendly and costly fishmeal and artemia in shrimp feeds .\nmatsuda , keishi , and marcy n . wilder . 2010 . difference in light perception capability and spectral response between juveniles and sub - adults of the whiteleg shrimp litopenaeus vannamei as determined by electroretinogram . fisheries science 76 : 633\u2013641 . doi : 10 . 1007 / s12562 - 010 - 0253 - 3 .\naparicio - sim\u00f3n , benjamin , manuel pi\u00f1\u00f3n , radu racotta , and ilie s . racotta . 2010 . neuroendocrine and metabolic responses of pacific whiteleg shrimp litopenaeus vannamei exposed to acute handling stress . aquaculture 298 : 308\u2013314 . doi : 10 . 1016 / j . aquaculture . 2009 . 10 . 016 .\nshrimp is displayed for sale in galveston , texas , in 2010 . americans eat 3 . 8 pounds of shrimp per capita , more than any other seafood item .\nby 2012 , 89 percent of the shrimp consumed in the u . s . was imported . most of the domestically produced shrimp is caught in 19 states , with 70 percent coming from the gulf of mexico . about 21 percent comes from the pacific northwest in the form of smaller coldwater shrimp , often called\nocean shrimp .\nshrimp are highly resilient to overfishing because they have a short lifespan , are fast growers and produce many young . farmed whiteleg shrimp have been ranked on the \u201cavoid\u201d list by environmental organizations . this ranking is due to pollution including - nutrient effluent discharge , use of banned antibiotics and habitat degradation . in addition - depending on the country - management practices are sometimes non - existent or poorly enforced .\nnicaragua : white shrimp ( this name is used for all species of litopenaeus ) .\necuador : white shrimp ( this name is used for all species of litopenaeus ) .\nmoss sm , 1998 . proceedings us marine shrimp farming biosecurity workshop . usmsfp publications .\nzhang , peidong , xiumei zhang , jian li , and guoqiang huang . 2006 . swimming ability and physiological response to swimming fatigue in whiteleg shrimp , litopenaeus vannamei . comparative biochemistry and physiology part a : molecular integrative physiology 145 : 26\u201332 . doi : 10 . 1016 / j . cbpa . 2006 . 04 . 014 .\nwhile also suggesting two additional principles to be considered by the noc committee , the southern shrimp alliance\u2019s comments included a presentation to noaa\u2019s office of international affairs and seafood inspection titled \u201coverview of fraud in shrimp trade . \u201d this presentation provided a broad overview of historical issues confronted by the domestic shrimp industry regarding competition with falsely labeled and fraudulently - traded imported shrimp .\ncosta rica : white shrimp ( this name is used for all species of litopenaeus ) .\nmore than one - third of u . s . shrimp may be mislabeled , study says\naccording to gavin gibbons , a spokesperson for the national fisheries institute \u2014the leading trade group for the u . s . seafood industry\u2014many shrimp buyers don ' t view wild and farmed shrimp as interchangeable . they may buy some wild shrimp for higher - end uses and farmed shrimp for other uses , and often place specific orders far in advance , depending on market prices .\nfarm discharges , causing self - pollution in shrimp growing areas as well as viral disease outbreaks .\nto meet this growing appetite , the shrimp aquaculture industry has grown dramatically since the 1980s . farmed shrimp usually can be produced for a lower price and generally comes from southeast asia and india .\nmercier , laurence , elena palacios , \u00e1ngel i . campa - c\u00f3rdova , dariel tovar - ram\u00edrez , roberto hern\u00e1ndez - herrera , and ilie s . racotta . 2006 . metabolic and immune responses in pacific whiteleg shrimp litopenaeus vannamei exposed to a repeated handling stress . aquaculture 258 : 633\u2013640 . doi : 10 . 1016 / j . aquaculture . 2006 . 04 . 036 .\nmexico : camar\u00f3n blanco , white shrimp ( this name is used for all species of litopenaeus ) .\npanama : white shrimp ( this name is used for all species of litopenaeus ) , camar\u00f3n patiblanco .\ncolombia : white shrimp ( this name is used for all species of litopenaeus ) , camar\u00f3n caf\u00e9 .\nnational marine fisheries service , 2004 . tokyo wholesale shrimp prices . internet urltoken accessed 30 september 2004 .\nyu , xiaoming , xiumei zhang , yan duan , peidong zhang , and zhenqing miao . 2010 . effects of temperature , salinity , body length , and starvation on the critical swimming speed of whiteleg shrimp , litopenaeus vannamei . comparative biochemistry and physiology part a : molecular integrative physiology 157 : 392\u2013397 . doi : 10 . 1016 / j . cbpa . 2010 . 08 . 021 .\nintroduced species remark in thailand ( nation ) : impacts of shrimp aquaculture are controversial , and include loss of mangroves and other coastal habitat , salinization of groundwater , escape of nonindigenous shrimp species , and spread of viral shrimp diseases ( senanan et al . 2007 ; food and agriculture organization 2011 ) . [ details ]\nintroduced species remark in venezuela ( nation ) : impacts of shrimp aquaculture are controversial , and include loss of mangroves and other coastal habitat , salinization of groundwater , escape of nonindigenous shrimp species , and spread of viral shrimp diseases ( senanan et al . 2007 ; food and agriculture organization 2011 ) . [ details ]\nintroduced species remark in india ( nation ) : impacts of shrimp aquaculture are controversial , and include loss of mangroves and other coastal habitat , salinization of groundwater , escape of nonindigenous shrimp species , and spread of viral shrimp diseases ( senanan et al . 2007 ; food and agriculture organization 2011 ) . [ details ]\nintroduced species remark in china ( nation ) : impacts of shrimp aquaculture are controversial , and include loss of mangroves and other coastal habitat , salinization of groundwater , escape of nonindigenous shrimp species , and spread of viral shrimp diseases ( senanan et al . 2007 ; food and agriculture organization 2011 ) . [ details ]\nsuppliers of pathology expertise no specific institutes or laboratories named , but shrimp pathology expertise is now readily available .\nadvances and innovations for managing shrimp diseases speaker : dr . gourav rathore , deputy director , nbfgr , lucknow\nmpeda chairman a jayathilak states the coastal shrimp aquaculture production has grown consistently during the last couple of years .\n. social conflicts remain , but the shrimp culture industry employs thousands of rural people , who would be far worse off without it . the adoption of more eco - friendly shrimp culture practices should further reduce such conflicts .\nif shrimp are sold directly to processing plants , specialized teams for harvesting and handling are commonly used to maintain shrimp quality . after sorting , shrimp are washed , weighed and immediately killed in iced water at 0\u20134 \u00b0c . often sodium metabisulphate is added to the chilled water to prevent melanosis and red - head . shrimp are then kept in ice in insulated containers and transported by truck either to processing plants or domestic shrimp markets . in processing plants , shrimp are placed in iced bins and cleaned and sorted according to standard export sizes . shrimp are processed , quickly frozen at - 10 \u00b0c and stored at - 20 \u00b0c for export by ship or air cargo . due to an increasing demand , no taxes and higher profit margins , many processing plants operate value - added product lines .\nboyd ce , 1989 . water quality management and aeration in shrimp farming . alabama agricultural experiment station , auburn .\nhawaii department of agriculture , 2004 . kauai\u2019s ceatech shrimp farm under state quarantine . news release nr04 - 04 .\nintroduced species remark in united states exclusive economic zone ( eez ) : impacts of shrimp aquaculture are controversial , and include loss of mangroves and other coastal habitat , salinization of groundwater , escape of nonindigenous shrimp species , and spread of viral shrimp diseases ( senanan et al . 2007 ; food and agriculture organization 2011 ) . [ details ]\noverall , americans eat 3 . 8 pounds of shrimp per capita , more than any other seafood item . shrimp is now the most highly traded seafood product by value in the u . s . and around the world .\nalso common , though to an extent that was harder to quantify , was gulf shrimp that was sold simply as\nshrimp ,\nwith no information on the source . she considered that to be a lost marketing opportunity , denying producers the chance to get the price premium that many consumers are willing to pay for wild - caught shrimp .\ntaw , n . 2005 . indonesia shrimp production . presented in the indonesian shrimp farmers session of world aquaculture 2005 , may 9\u201313 , 2005 , nusa dua , bali , indonesia . charoen pokphand , jakarta indonesia . 18 pp .\nthe situation is different for farmed shrimp , however . most foreign farmed shrimp is on monterey bay aquarium ' s\navoid\nlist because of concerns about habitat destruction , overfishing of other organisms to serve as feed , waste pollution , spread of diseases , and overuse of chemical treatments . some shrimp farmers in thailand have even been linked to human trafficking .\nfox jm ; treece gd , 2000 . shrimp nutrition and feed management . in : haws mc , boyd ce , eds . methods for improvement of shrimp farming in central america . managua , nicaragua : uca press , 65 - 90 .\nthe close relation between skretting and farmers helps the farmers achieve their goals . watch our video from shrimp farming in vietnam .\neach were paired in glass aquaria with a 0 . 5 g - piece of fresh shrimp meat put in the middle .\n) , the husbandry of other penaeid species has also been attempted in belize . these include the exotic pacific blue shrimp (\nconcluding that wild - caught shrimp imports from mexico , amongst other products , carried \u201cparticularly high levels\u201d of possible iuu infection .\nsenanan w ; tangkrock - olan n ; panutrakul s ; barnette p ; wongwiwatanawute c ; niphonkit n ; anderson dj , 2007 . the presence of the pacific whiteleg shrimp ( litopenaeus vannamei , boone , 1931 ) in the wild in thailand . journal of shellfish research , 26 ( 4 ) : 1187 - 1192 . urltoken ; = 10 . 2983 % 2f0730 - 8000 % 282007 % 2926 % 5b1187 % 3atpotpw % 5d2 . 0 . co % 3b2\nquackenbush ls ; keeley ll , 1987 . vitellogenesis in the shrimp , p . vannamei . american zoologist , 26 : 810a .\nwith regard to the area devoted to shrimp farming in 2004 , there were 6 888 acres ( 2 789 ha ) under production with fourteen farms in operation . this represents a 12 . 5 percent of the overall area under the tenureship of shrimp farmers .\nthe ngo community has expressed no known concerns with regards to the social impacts of shrimp farming , or other forms of aquaculture .\ninnovations in shrimp culture \u2013 farmers perspective speaker : mr . saji chacko , senior vice president , onaway industries , navsari , gujarat\ntreece gd , 2002 . inland shrimp farming in west texas . global aquaculture advocate , 5 ( 3 ) : 46 - 47 .\nin addition to the comments from the southern shrimp alliance , the noc committee received dozens of comments from other individuals , businesses , governments , and non - governmental organizations . some of these also highlighted continuing significant concerns with iuu fishing and seafood fraud in shrimp trade .\nall shrimp farmers are becoming acutely aware of the growing need to farm shrimp in a responsible , traceable and low impact manner which can enhance biosecurity , and help protect the environment , whilst producing shrimp in a cost efficient manner . the newly developed intensive bacterial floc and super - intensive systems may have potential to address all of these concerns and should be investigated more thoroughly . in order to continue the growth of shrimp farming smoothly in the long term , domestic consumption should be promoted ( as in china ) to supplement the problematic export markets .\nsuch rules can lead , for instance , to a bag of shrimp that is native to north america being marked\nproduct of india .\nwas the shrimp processed in india or somehow mixed up ?\nshe asks .\nwe don ' t know .\nperu : white shrimp ( this name is used for all species of litopenaeus ) , langostino ( used for all species of litopenaeus ) .\nare very efficient at utilizing the natural productivity of shrimp ponds , even under intensive culture conditions . additionally , feed costs are generally less for\nboyd ce ; clay jw , 1998 . shrimp aquaculture and the environment . scientific american , 278 ( 6 ) : 42 - 49 .\njory de , 2003 . stock domestication and genetic improvement in shrimp culture . aquaculture magazine , 29 ( 2 ) : 66 - 72 .\nthere were fourteen shrimp farms operational in belize at the end of 2004 . these farms were utilizing four distinct husbandry systems . these were :\nforty percent of the 20 shrimp species or categories collected and identified were not previously known to be sold in the u . s . ;\nthe farmed shrimp supply chain is complex , consisting of approximately 400 , 000 producers worldwide , numerous processing plants , and multiple distributors , the aquarium notes on its website .\nthis makes it difficult for consumers to know the origin of their shrimp and how it was farmed .\nalcivar - warren a , 2004 . us marine shrimp farming industry report . online at www . usmsfp . org . accessed 30 september 2004 .\nthe policy responses have dealt with : disease management , aquatic pollution , the movement of exotic species , education and training , diversification of the shrimp farming industry , and the integration of small - , and medium - scale producers in shrimp farming , tilapia farming and other aspects of aquaculture .\nadapting to a new reality : shrimp nurseries speaker : mr . s chandrasekhar , area manager , india & south asia , inve aquaculture , thailand\neurofish , 2004 . fishinfo network : market report on shrimp , may 2004 . online at www . eurofish . dk . accessed 27 august 2004 .\nlightner dv ; redman rm , 1998 . shrimp diseases and current diagnostic methods . aquaculture , 164 ( 1 / 4 ) : 201 - 220 .\nthe next most important market is the european union ( importing 183 000 tonnes in the first half of 2005 ) , which favours small ( 31 / 40 count ) , whole , frozen shrimp . japan , whose market mainly requires large headless ( 16 / 20 count ) shrimp , is typically supplied by\nthe mislabeling that oceana uncovered can interfere with people ' s ability to choose their shrimp according to whatever matters to them , whether it be taste , price , or environmental concerns .\nif everything is simply called ' shrimp , '\nsays warner ,\nconsumers are left in the dark .\nfinally , nfi\u2019s comments also downplayed mislabeling concerns regarding certain seafood species , including shrimp , indicating that the following \u201cshould represent lower concern\u201d to the noc committee : \u201cspecies that are mislabeled within the same genus or within the same acceptable market name grouping , e , g , shrimp , cod or grouper . \u201d\nlethargy , anorexia , dark coloured shrimp ; reduced feeding & growth rates ; often increased surface & gill fouling with various epibiotic & epicommensal organisms ; severely affected larvae & postlarvae may exhibit a white midgut line through the abdomen ; acute mbv causes loss of hepatopancreatic tubule & midgut epithelia & , consequently , dysfunction of these organs , often followed by secondary bacterial infections ; linked with high mortalities ( > 90 % ) in late postlarvae & juvenile shrimp in many culture facilities ; usually juvenile & adult p . monodon are more resistant to mbv than larval shrimp ; mbv may predispose infected shrimp to infections by other pathogens ;\naquatic network , 2003 . shrimp - farming report strong on attack , weak on focus . online at urltoken ; = 1 . accessed 27 august 2004 .\nmassaut l , 1999 . mangrove management and shrimp aquaculture . research and development series no . 44 . alabama , usa : auburn university , 45 pp .\ntreece gd , 2001 . shrimp maturation and spawning . ujnr technical report no . 28 : 121 - 134 . online at urltoken accessed 29 july 2004 .\nhad higher frequency of antenna - to - body contact with males than with females . no such difference in males and neither females nor males of snapping shrimp\ndiversification of brackishwater aquaculture with special reference to indigenous species of shrimp speaker : dr . k k vijayan , director , central institute of brackishwater aquaculture , chennai\namericans eat more shrimp than any other seafood product , yet they are often given little information about where it comes from or even if it is wild or farmed . in our 2014 shrimp testing report , we found that 30 percent of the 143 shrimp products sampled from 111 vendors visited nationwide were misrepresented . of the 70 restaurants visited , 31 percent sold misrepresented products , while 41 percent of the 41 grocery stores and markets visited sold misrepresented products . highlights include :\nyesterday , the southern shrimp alliance submitted formal comments to the national ocean council ( noc ) committee regarding \u201cprinciples\u201d to be used in determining which seafood species are \u201cat risk\u201d for illegal , unreported , and unregulated ( iuu ) fishing and seafood fraud . in those comments , the southern shrimp alliance observed that the \u201cpossible principles\u201d identified in the request for comments published in the federal register strongly support a determination that shrimp is a seafood species \u201cat risk\u201d for iuu fishing and seafood fraud .\nwyban , j . a . & sweeney , j . n . 1991 . intensive shrimp production technology . high health aquaculture , hawaii , usa . 158 pp .\nhe h ; lawrence al , 1993 . vitamin c requirements of the shrimp penaeus vannamei . . aquaculture , 114 ( 3 / 4 ) : 305 - 316 .\nin 2004 , the volume of exported shrimp continued to increase in a significant way . total farmed shrimp exports were 16 . 86 million pounds ( 7 664 tons ) valued at bz $ 84 . 28 million ( us $ 42 . 14 thousand ) , with an increase in export volume of 5 . 6 percent . for this time period however , there was a decline of 8 . 2 percent in export value when compared to the 2003 scenario . the downward trend in export value has been as a result of a continued decline in global shrimp prices since 2000 due to increased volumes of shrimp by the asian countries , at very low and competitive prices .\nfarmed shrimp production in belize is expected to remain fairly stable for the next two years . shrimp farmers have been hesitant to continue farm expansion over the past years and are examining options that would ostensibly allow them to survive the current crisis . while improvements in shrimp farming technology are expected to gradually lower production costs , with strong price declines such as those experienced in the past years , farmers are in the process of reducing operational costs at the farm level and improving on production per unit area over time .\nboyd , c . e . & clay , j . w . 2002 . evaluation of belize aquaculture ltd : a superintensive shrimp aquaculture system . report prepared under the world bank , naca , wwf and fao consortium program on shrimp farming and the environment . published by the consortium and obtainable through naca , bangkok , thailand . 17 pp .\naquacop , 1977 . observations on the maturation and reproduction of penaeid shrimp in captivity in a tropical medium . aquaculture workshop , ices , may 1977 , brest , france .\nall commercial aquaculture production activities are in the hands of the private sector . after some vacillation in the mid - , and late - 1990s , a shrimp farmers association was formed in belize in mid - 2000 . the association has a broad mandate that is to conceptually attend all issues relating to the interest and livelihood of the shrimp farmers .\nacutely infected shrimp show reduced food consumption ; lethargy ; high mortality of 100 % within 3\u201310 days of onset of clinical signs ; loose cuticles with white spots of 0 . 5\u20132 . 0 mm diameter , most apparent inside the carapace ; moribund shrimp often have pink to reddish - brown colouration due to expansion of cuticular chromatophores & few if any white spots\nkulakovskii ee ; baturin ya , 1979 . the sinus gland of the shrimp eualus gaimardi and its state related to environmental salinity variations . tsitologiya , 21 : 1200 - 1203 .\nshrimp may be america ' s favorite seafood , but consumers may not always get what they ask for . according to dna analyses conducted by the environmental advocacy group oceana , 35 percent of shrimp sold in u . s . grocery stores and restaurants was improperly labeled by species or type , raising questions about food safety and complicating efforts to promote sustainability .\nin its report on shrimp , oceana found misrepresentation almost everywhere it looked : farmed shrimp passed off as wild or\ngulf caught ,\none species swapped for another , unidentified mixing of species . the problem was worst in new york city , where 43 percent of shrimp samples were improperly labeled , and almost as bad in washington , d . c . , and the gulf coast , with mislabeling in 30 percent of the samples . portland , oregon , had the best result , with a mislabeling rate of only 5 percent .\noddly , the group also found some unknown shrimp species , or at least species that weren ' t usually considered fit for human consumption . of the 20 species the oceana team identified , eight were not previously known to be on the market for consumption . these included coral\ncleaner\nshrimp that pick parasites off reefs and are popular in the aquarium trade .\naccording to oceana ' s warner , a problem with foreign shrimp is that asian shrimp farms might be using toxic chemicals that are banned in the u . s . and consumers can ' t always rely on the mandatory country - of - origin label system , she says , because the rules state that only the last country where seafood was processed must be listed .\nacutely infected shrimp show rapid reduction in food consumption ; lethargy ; high mortality rates with cumulative mortalities reaching 100 percent within 3 to 10 days of the onset of clinical signs ; acutely infected shrimp often have loose cuticle with white spots ( which represent abnormal deposits of calcium salts by the cuticular epidermis ) of 0 . 5 - 2 . 0 mm in diameter that are most apparent on the inside surface of the carapace ; in many cases moribund shrimp display a pink to reddish - brown colouration due to expansion of cuticular chromatophores & few if any white spots\ncaillouet cw , 1972 . ovarian maturation induced by eyestalk ablation in pink shrimp , penaeus duorarum ( burkenroad ) . proc . world maricul . soc . , 3 : 205 - 225 .\njohnson sk , 1996 . summary of key virus diseases of shrimp aquaculture . prepared for the texas senate natural resources interim subcommittee , texas a & m ; university , 19 april 1996 .\npreston np ; clifford hc , 2002 . genetic improvement of farmed shrimp : summary and implications of a global survey . global aquaculture advocate , 5 ( 1 ) : 48 - 50 .\noverall , 30 % of the shrimp products surveyed in grocery stores lacked information on country of origin , 29 % lacked farmed / wild information and one in five did not provide either .\nakiyma dm , 1986 . the development of a purified diet and nutritional requirement of lysine in penaeid shrimp . phd thesis . texas , usa : texas a & m ; university college station .\nmoss sm ; arce sm ; argua bj ; otoshi ca ; calderon fro ; tacon agc , 2001 . greening of the blue revolution : efforts toward environmentally responsible shrimp culture . in : browdy cl , jory de , eds . the new wave , proceedings of the special session on sustainable shrimp culture , aquaculture 2001 . the world aquaculture society , baton rouge , louisiana , usa .\nthere has been a slowly increasing demand for shrimp in world markets , as capture fisheries stagnate and people became more affluent and conscious of healthy food choices . despite the increased demand , the price for\nbrock ja , 1997 . special topic review : taura syndrome , a disease important to shrimp farms in the americas . world journal of microbiology & biotechnology , 13 ( 4 ) : 415 - 418 .\nclifford hc , 2000 . personal communication . in : haws mc , boyd ce , eds . methods for improving shrimp farming in central america : fertilization . managua , nicaragua : uca press , 304pp .\nkureshy n ; davis da , 2002 . protein requirement for maintenance and maximum weight gain for the pacific white shrimp , litopenaeus vannamei . aquaculture , 204 ( 1 / 2 ) : 125 - 143 .\nmagarelli pc , 1981 . nutritional and behavioral components of reproduction in the blue shrimp , penaeus stylirostris , reared under controlled environment conditions . phd thesis . tucson , arizona , usa : university of arizona .\ncultured shrimp harvested from ponds ( after 4\u20135 months at 15\u201325 g ) , are on - grown for 2\u20133 months and then transferred to maturation facilities at > 7 months of age when they weigh 30\u201335 g .\ncastille fl ; lawrence al , 1989 . the effect of deleting dietary constituents from pelleted feeds on the growth of shrimp in the presence of natural foods . j . world aquacul . soc . , 20 : 22a .\nsecretariat of the convention on biological diversity , 2004 . solutions for sustainable mariculture penaeus [ litopenaeus ] vannamei - avoiding the adverse affects of mariculture on biological diversity - b . case study shrimp farming , 51 - 52 .\ntreece gd ; fox jm , 1993 . design , operation and training manual for an intensive culture shrimp hatchery . texas a & m ; university sea grant college program publication tamu - sg - 93 - 505 , 183pp .\ntreece gd ; yates me , 1990 . laboratory manual for the culture of penaeid shrimp larvae . texas a & m ; university sea grant college program , bryan , tx , pub . 88 - 202 ( r ) .\narcos fg ; racotta is ; ibarra am , 2004 . genetic parameter estimates for reproductive traits and egg composition in pacific white shrimp penaeus ( litopenaeus ) vannamei . aquaculture , 236 ( 1 / 4 ) : 151 - 165 .\nbradfield jy ; berlin rl ; rankin sm ; keeley ; ll , 1989 . cloned cdna and antibody for an ovarian cortical granule polypeptide of the shrimp p . vannamei . biol . bull . , 177 : 344 - 349 .\nlaubier - bonichon a ; laubier l , 1976 . reproduction control with the shrimp p . japonicus fao tech . conf . aqua . kyoto , japan fir : aq / conf . / 76 / e . 38 , 6pp .\nextensive and semi - intensive ponds are harvested by draining the pond at low tide through a bag net installed in the outlet sluice gate . if the tide does not allow harvesting , the water can be pumped out . in some larger farms , harvesting machines pump shrimp and water up to the pond bank where they are dewatered . intensive ponds may be harvested similarly and small 2\u20136 man seine nets are dragged around the pond to corral shrimp to the side of the pond from where they are removed by cast or dip net or perforated buckets . partial harvesting is common in asian intensive culture after the first 3 months . in thailand , artificial sluice gates are temporarily installed inside one corner of the pond to harvest closed system ponds . shrimp are then trapped in nets attached to this temporary gate when the pond is pumped out . in super - intensive systems , the shrimp are simply harvested with large scoop nets when required for processing .\nbonami jr ; hasson kw ; mari j ; poulos bt ; lightner dv , 1997 . taura syndrome of marine penaeid shrimp : characterization of the viral agent . journal of general virology , 78 ( 2 ) : 313 - 319 .\nabandoning the suffering paradigm we are able to discover other and at least as meaningful criteria for animal welfare , like e . g . joy , the opposite of pleasure . another criterion , deception , has been investigated with the shrimp species\ngriffith , d . r . w . , and j . m . wigglesworth . 1993 . growth rhythms in the shrimp penaeus vannamei and p . schmitti . marine biology 115 : 295\u2013299 . doi : 10 . 1007 / bf00346347 .\nduronslet m ; yudin ai ; wheller rs ; clark wh jr , 1975 . light and fine structural studies of natural and artificially induced egg growth of penaeid shrimp . proc . world maricul . soc . , 6 : 105 - 122 .\nlightner dv , 1995 . taura syndrome : an economically important viral disease impacting the shrimp farming industries of the americas including the united states . proceedings of the annual meeting of the united states animal health association , 99 : 36 - 52 .\nthese results clearly show that misrepresentation and mislabeling of shrimp is prevalent in the marketplace . lack of clear labeling not only leaves consumers in the dark , but it also hurts honest fishermen who are trying to sell their products into the market .\ndittel ai ; epifanio ce ; cifuentes la ; kirchman dl , 1997 . carbon and nitrogen sources for shrimp postlarvae fed natural diets from a tropical mangrove system . estuarine , coastal and shelf science , 45 ( 5 ) : 629 - 637 .\nlightner dv , 1996 . the penaeid shrimp viruses ihhnv and tsv : epizootiology , production impacts and role of international trade in their distribution in the americas . \u2018revues scientifique et technique office interantional des epizooties\u2019 15 ( 2 ) : 579 - 601 .\notoshi , clete a . , scott s . naguwa , frank c . falesch , and shaun m . moss . 2007 . shrimp behavior may affect culture performance at super - intensive stocking densities . global aquaculture advocate march / april : 67\u201369 .\nkumlu , metin , serhat t\u00fcrkmen , mehmet kumlu , and o . tufan eroldo\u011fan . 2011 . off - season maturation and spawning of the pacific white shrimp litopenaeus vannamei in sub - tropical conditions . turkish journal of fisheries and aquatic sciences 11 .\nalthough not mentioned in wwf / traffic\u2019s comments , the latest official statistics show significant growth in the volume of imports from areas identified by these ngos . for example , the official statistics indicate that through the first third of this year , frozen non - breaded warmwater shrimp imports from pakistan are over 1 , 000 % larger than they were during the first four months of 2014 . in fact , the total volume of shrimp imports from pakistan between january and april of this year is more than what the united states has imported from that country in any single year since 2001 . further , frozen non - breaded warmwater shrimp imports from mexico are 90 % higher through the first four months of this year than they were over the first four months of 2014 . and the total volume of frozen non - breaded warmwater shrimp imported from argentina into the united states in 2014 was larger , by a substantial margin , than any previous year , with imports remaining at nearly the same level in 2015 .\notoshi ca ; montgomery ad ; look am ; moss sm , 2001 . effects of diet and water source on the nursery production of pacific white shrimp litopenaeus vannamei . journal of the world aquaculture society , 32 ( 2 ) : 243 - 249 .\nparnes s ; mills e ; segall c ; raviv s ; davis c ; sagi a , 2004 . reproductive readiness of the shrimp litopenaeus vannamei grown in a brackish water system . aquaculture , 236 ( 1 / 4 ) : 593 - 606 .\nobaldo , leonard g . , and reiji masuda . 2006 . effect of diet size on feeding behavior and growth of pacific white shrimp , litopenaeus vannamei . journal of applied aquaculture 18 : 101\u2013110 . doi : 10 . 1300 / j028v18n01 _ 07 .\nkitani , hiroshi . 1986 . larval development of the white shrimp penaeus vannamei boone reared in the laboratory and the statistical observation of its naupliar stages . nippon suisan gakkaishi 52 : 1131\u20131139 . doi : 10 . 2331 / suisan . 52 . 1131 .\nparker , j . c . , conte , f . s . , macgrath , w . s . & miller , b . w . 1974 . an intensive culture system for penaeid shrimp . proceedings of the world mariculture society , 5 : 65\u201379 .\nbray wa ; lawrence al , 1992 . reproduction of penaeus species in captivity . in : fast a , lester aj , eds . culture of marine shrimp : principles and practices . amsterdam , netherlands : elsevier sci . publ . , 93 - 170 .\nkitani h , 1986 . larval development of the white shrimp penaeus vannamei boone reared in the laboratory and the statistical observation of its naupliar stages . bull . jap . soc . of sci . fish . , 52 ( 7 ) : 1131 - 1139 .\nmiddleditch bs ; missler sr ; hines hb ; mcvey jp ; brown a ; ward dg ; lawrence al , 1980 . metabolic profiles of penaeid shrimp : dietary lipids and ovarian maturation . journal of chromatography , 195 ( 3 ) : 359 - 368 .\nbalakrishnan , gunalan , soundarapandian peyail , kumaran ramachandran , anand theivasigamani , maheswaran chokkaiah , and pushparaj nataraj . 2011 . growth of cultured white leg shrimp litopenaeus vannamei ( boone 1931 ) in different stocking density . advances in applied science research 2 : 107\u2013113 .\nbut it ' s not just about the taste or the pricing ; it ' s also about sustainability . farmed and wild shrimp are not equal when it comes to environmental impact , says the monterey bay aquarium . ( also learn about illegal fishing . )\nis expected to become more competitive , due mainly to the saturation of export markets and reduction in world economic growth , as well as the emergence of non - tariff barriers in shrimp trade . additionally , the industry will need to accommodate importing countries requirements on :\nrye m , 2002 . applied genetic improvement programs for shrimp species \u2013 the selection approach . in : book of abstracts , was annual meeting , beijing , people\u2019s republic of china . world aquaculture society , baton rouge , louisiana , usa , p . 664 .\nyano , i . , r . a . kanna , r . n . oyama , and j . a . wyban . 1988 . mating behaviour in the penaeid shrimp penaeus vannamei . marine biology 97 : 171\u2013175 . doi : 10 . 1007 / bf00391299 .\nchang pohshing ; lo chufang ; wang yuchi ; kou guanghsiung , 1996 . identification of white spot syndrome associated baculovirus ( wsbv ) target organs in the shrimp penaeus monodon by in situ hybridization . diseases of aquatic organisms , 27 ( 2 ) : 131 - 139 .\nvickery , rachel , kathleen hollowell , and melissa hughes . 2012 . why have long antennae ? exploring the function of antennal contact in snapping shrimp . marine and freshwater behaviour and physiology 45 : 161\u2013176 . doi : 10 . 1080 / 10236244 . 2012 . 699644 .\nthe participation of the ngo community in issues of aquaculture development is limited to the conservation - oriented ngo ' s . the involvement of these ngo ' s with issues relating to shrimp farming or other aspects of aquaculture has been relatively limited . the most significant intervention of the conservation - oriented ngo ' s was by the belize audubon society ( bas ) in the early - 1990s in regard to the impacts of shrimp farming on waterfowl , and in more recent times the probable impacts of tilapia on the ecology of the crooked tree lagoon .\nakiyama dm ; coelho sr ; lawrence al ; robinson eh , 1989 . apparent digestibility of feedstuffs by the marine shrimp penaeus vannamei boone . nippon suisan gakkaishi = bulletin of the japanese society of scientific fisheries , 55 ( 1 ) : 91 - 98 ; 28 ref .\nbalboa , william a . , timothy l . king , and paul c . hammerschmidt . 1991 . occurrence of pacific white shrimp in lower laguna madre , texas . proc . annu . conf . southeast . assoc . fish . and wildl . agencies 45 : 288\u2013292 .\nsanudin , noorsyarinah , audrey daning tuzan , and annita seok kian yong . 2014 . feeding activity and growth performance of shrimp post larvae litopenaeus vannamei under light and dark condition . journal of agricultural science 6 : p103 . doi : 10 . 5539 / jas . v6n11p103 .\nmomoyana k ; hiraoka m ; nakano h ; koube h ; inouye k ; oseko n , 1994 . mass mortalities of cultured kuruma shrimp , penaeus japonicus , in japan in 1993 : histopathological study . gyobyo kenkyu = fish pathology , 29 ( 2 ) : 141 - 148 .\nin belize shrimp farming is at a transition between stage iv ( accelerated development ) and stage v ( immature development ) - where the development of aquaculture is accelerated as a result of the activities of producers and institutions , and where production is predominantly oriented to the generation of income .\nbarnette p ; khururat o ; sananan w ; tangkrad - olan n ; upatham s ; pantuwatana s ; wongwiwatanawute c , 2006 . the prevalence of taura syndrome virus , white spot syndrome virus and yellow head virus in wild shrimp species in thailand . in : icais conference proceedings . urltoken\nfor shrimp farming to succeed to the stage of ' mature development ' , where it is self - sufficient at an advanced technological level and external assistance or aid from donor agencies is not required - it is necessary to synthesize and implement a definitive and comprehensive development plan for the sector .\nbailey - brock jh ; moss sm , 1992 . penaeid taxonomy , biology and zoogeography . in : fast aw , lester lj , eds . marine shrimp culture : principles and practices . developments in aquaculture and fisheries science , volume 23 . the netherlands : elsevier science , 9 - 27 .\nvaradharajan , d . , and n . pushparajan . 2013 . food and feeding habits of aquaculture candidate a potential crustacean of pacific white shrimp litopenaeus vannamei , south east coast of india . j aquac res development 4 : 5 . doi : 10 . 4172 / 2155 - 9546 . 1000161 .\nsuper - intensive farming systems with one stocking and one harvest per cycle after four to five months - stocking densities were 500 000 pl ' s per acre ( 1 235 million pl ' s per ha ) with yields of 9 700 lbs / acre / crop ( 10 890 kg / ha / crop ) of shrimp tails and harvested shrimp being in the medium to large size classes ( 15 - 18g ) , the system is based on re - circulation technology with a diminished demand for water , and little or no immediate effluents : the system also relies heavily on artificial aeration .\nthe aquarium ' s seafood watch program considers u . s . - caught wild shrimp to be a\nbest choice\nor\ngood alternative\nfrom an environmental point of view , thanks to rigorous fisheries laws that reduce unintended bycatch of turtles , marine mammals , and other threatened organisms .\ntakahashi y ; itami t ; kondo m ; maeda m ; fuji r ; tomonaga s ; supamattaya k ; boonyaratpalin s , 1994 . electron microscopic evidence of bacilliform virus infection in kuruma shrimp ( penaeus japonicus ) . gyobyo kenkyu = fish pathology , 29 ( 2 ) : 121 - 125 .\nparnes , s , e mills , c segall , s raviv , c davis , and a sagi . 2004 . reproductive readiness of the shrimp litopenaeus vannamei grown in a brackish water system . aquaculture 236 : 593\u2013606 . doi : 10 . 1016 / j . aquaculture . 2004 . 01 . 040 .\nlu y ; tapay lm ; brock ja ; loh pc , 1994 . infection of the yellow head baculo - virus ( yhv ) in two species of penaeid shrimp , penaeus stylirostris ( stimpson ) and penaeus vannamei ( boone ) . journal of fish diseases , 17 ( 6 ) : 649 - 656 .\nmoss , dustin r . , and shaun m . moss . 2006 . effects of gender and size on feed acquisition in the pacific white shrimp litopenaeus vannamei . journal of the world aquaculture society 37 : 161\u2013167 . doi : 10 . 1111 / j . 1749 - 7345 . 2006 . 00022 . x .\ninouye k ; miwa s ; oseko n ; nakano h ; kimura t ; momoyama k ; hiraoka m , 1994 . mass mortalities of cultured kuruma shrimp penaeus japonicus in japan in 1993 : electron microscopic evidence of the causative virus . gyobyo kenkyu = fish pathology , 29 ( 2 ) : 149 - 158 .\nnakano h ; koube h ; umezawa s ; momoyama k ; hiraoka m ; inouye k ; oseko n , 1994 . mass mortalities of cultures kuruma shrimp , penaeus japonicus , in japan in 1993 : epizootiological survey and infection trials . gyobyo kenkyu = fish pathology , 29 ( 2 ) : 135 - 139 .\nbaloi , manecas , rafael arantes , rodrigo schveitzer , caio magnotti , and luis vinatea . 2013 . performance of pacific white shrimp litopenaeus vannamei raised in biofloc systems with varying levels of light exposure . aquacultural engineering 52 : 39\u201344 . doi : 10 . 1016 / j . aquaeng . 2012 . 07 . 003 .\nthe oceana team tested shrimp from 111 vendors ( 70 restaurants and 41 grocery stores ) in the second half of 2013 , and found that 35 percent had at least some mislabeled products\u201431 percent of the restaurants and 41 percent of the grocery stores . when calculated by overall volume , the mislabeling rate was 30 percent .\nthe major market for shrimp is the united states of america , which was expected to import approximately 477 000 tonnes worth usd 3 . 1 billion in 2005 , 1 . 8 times more than the 264 000 tonnes imported in 2000 . the united states of america was traditionally supplied with small frozen or processed headless shrimp from latin america . more recently , the united states of america has looked to asia to supply its increasing demand ( 1 . 9 kg / capita in 2004 ) . major suppliers to the united states of america in 2005 were thailand , ecuador , india , china and viet nam . however , the rapidly increasing production of\naquacop , 1975 . maturation and spawning in captivity of penaeid shrimp : p . merguiensis de man , p . japonicus bate , p . aztecus ives , metap . ensis de haan , and p . semiculcatus de haan . proceedings of the 6th annual meeting of the world mariculture society , 6 : 123 - 132 .\nluchiari , a . c . , a . o . marques , and f . a . m . freire . 2012 . effects of substrate colour preference on growth of the shrimp litopenaeus vannamei ( boone , 1931 ) ( decapoda , penaeoidea ) . crustaceana 85 : 789\u2013800 . doi : 10 . 1163 / 156854012x650232 .\nthat means , in part , more testing and more inspecting by the fda , says williams of the southern shrimp alliance .\nthe agencies are doing a heck of a job ,\nhe says .\nbut they need more resources , more manpower , and more dollars if you want to see better enforcement .\nbrock ja ; gose r ; lightner dv ; hasson k , 1995 . an overview on taura syndrome , an important disease of farmed penaeus vannamei . swimming through troubled water . proceedings of the special session on shrimp farming , san diego , california , usa , 1 - 4 february , 1995 . , 84 - 94 .\nyou , kui , hongsheng yang , ying liu , shilin liu , yi zhou , and tao zhang . 2006 . effects of different light sources and illumination methods on growth and body color of shrimp litopenaeus vannamei . aquaculture 252 : 557\u2013565 . doi : 10 . 1016 / j . aquaculture . 2005 . 06 . 041 .\nwhite shrimp are short - lived prawns with ranges that include the gulf of mexico and the eastern coast of the united states from florida to new york . this species is the largest prawn in its range , reaching lengths of nearly 8 inches ( 20 cm ) , and is one of the more highly sought seafood species wherever it lives . it therefore supports a highly lucrative fishery in the gulf of mexico and in the southeast united states . along with true crabs , lobsters , and other prawns , the white shrimp is a decapod ; it has ten legs , and it is covered with a spiny exoskeleton that provides it some protection from potential predators .\n) . the growth performance of this aspect of the sector is reflected in the increase in export production and revenues from 189 thousand pounds ( 86 tons ) and bz $ 1 . 8 million ( us $ 900 thousand ) respectively in 1990 to 15 . 9 million pounds ( 7 227 tons ) and bz $ 91 . 8 million ( us $ 45 . 9 million ) respectively in 2003 . in 2004 , the volume of exported shrimp continued to increase in a significant way . total farmed shrimp exports were 16 . 86 million pounds ( 7 664 tons ) valued at bz $ 84 . 28 million ( us $ 42 . 14 million ) .\nalikunhi kh ; poernomo a ; adisufresno s ; budiono m ; busman s , 1975 . preliminary observations on induction of maturity and spawning in penaeus monodon ( fabricius ) and penaeus merquiensis ( de man ) by eyestalk extirpation . bull . shrimp cult . res . cent . jepara , 1 ( 1 ) : 1 - 11 .\ngarza - torres , rodolfo , rafael campos - ramos , and alejandro m . maeda - mart\u00ednez . 2009 . organogenesis and subsequent development of the genital organs in female and male pacific white shrimp penaeus ( litopenaeus ) vannamei . aquaculture 296 : 136\u2013142 . doi : 10 . 1016 / j . aquaculture . 2009 . 08 . 012 .\noceana ' s study of shrimp mislabeling , released thursday , is part of a broader effort to uncover and address fraud in the american seafood marketplace . in february 2013 , oceana released a study of mislabeling in finfish , which found that one - third of the fish sold at retail outlets was not what the label said it was .\n\u2022 escapes : escapees from shrimp farms have negative or at most unpredictable influences on the local ecosystem [ 9 ] [ 10 ] [ 11 ] , for example as competitor for food and space [ 9 ] [ 12 ] [ 11 ] or distributor of pathogens [ 9 ] [ 11 ] ( taura syndrome virus [ 10 ] ) .\nis conducted in tidal areas where minimal or no water pumping or aeration is provided . ponds are of irregular shape , usually 5\u201310 ha ( up to 30 ha ) and 0 . 7\u20131 . 2 m deep . originally , wild seeds entering the pond tidally through the gate , or purchased from collectors were used ; since the 1980s hatchery reared pl are stocked at 4\u201310 / m\u00b2 . shrimp feed mainly on natural foods enhanced by fertilization , and once - daily feeding with low protein formulated diets . despite low stocking densities , small shrimp of 11\u201312 g are harvested in 4\u20135 months . the yield in these extensive systems , is 150\u2013500 kg / ha / crop , with 1\u20132 crops per year .\njohn williams , the executive director of the southern shrimp alliance , agrees that his producers sometimes miss out on fetching a higher price .\nthose who live around the gulf coast can look at or taste the product and know where it comes from , but people in other parts of the country aren ' t as aware ,\nhe says .\nrivera - vel\u00e1zquez , g . , l . a . soto , i . h . salgado - ugarte , and e . j . naranjo . 2008 . growth , mortality and migratory pattern of white shrimp ( litopenaeus vannamei , crustacea , penaeidae ) in the carretas - pereyra coastal lagoon system , mexico . revista de biolog\u00eda tropical 56 : 523\u2013533 .\npontes , cibele soares , maria de fatima arruda , alexandre augusto de lara menezes , and patr\u00edcia pereira de lima . 2006 . daily activity pattern of the marine shrimp litopenaeus vannamei ( boone 1931 ) juveniles under laboratory conditions . aquaculture research 37 : 1001\u20131006 . doi : 10 . 1111 / j . 1365 - 2109 . 2006 . 01519 . x .\nrodr\u00edguez , sergio rend\u00f3n , emilio mac\u00edas regalado , jos\u00e9 antonio calder\u00f3n p\u00e9rez , arturo n\u00fa\u00f1ez past\u00e9n , and rafael sol\u00eds ibarra . 2007 . comparison of some reproductive characteristics of farmed and wild white shrimp males litopenaeus vannamei ( decapoda : penaeidae ) . international journal of tropical biology and conservation 55 . doi : 10 . 15517 / rbt . v55i1 . 6071 .\nproteasome activities in shrimp hemocytes . hemocytes from crangon crangon showed fluorescence after incubation with specific substrates for a try - , b chy - , and c cas - like activities . the bars represent 20 \u03bcm . d no fluorescence was detected when hemocytes were simultaneously incubated with the substrate for chy - like activity and the inhibitor epoxomicin . the bar represents 20 \u03bcm\nwakida - kusunoki , armando t . , luis enrique amador - del angel , patricia carrillo alejandro , and cecilia quiroga brahms . 2011 . presence of pacific white shrimp litopenaeus vannamei ( boone , 1931 ) in the southern gulf of mexico . aquatic invasions 6 : s139\u2013s142 . doi : 10 . 3391 / ai . 2011 . 6 . s1 . 031 .\npalacios , elena , ilie s . racolta , and acuacultores de la paz . 1999 . spawning frequency analysis of wild and pond - reared pacific white shrimp penaeus vannamei broodstock under large - scale hatchery conditions . journal of the world aquaculture society 30 : 180\u2013191 . doi : 10 . 1111 / j . 1749 - 7345 . 1999 . tb00865 . x .\nreaction kinetics of proteasome activities of shrimp hemocytes . means , n = 3 . a trypsin - like activity of penaeus vannamei , b trypsin - like activity of crangon crangon , c chymotrypsin - like activity of penaeus vannamei , d chymotrypsin - like activity of crangon crangon , e caspase - like activity of penaeus vannamei , and f caspase - like activity of crangon crangon"]}
{"id": 2386, "summary": [{"text": "nassarius coralligenus is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family nassariidae , the nassa mud snails or dog whelks . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "nassarius coralligenus", "paragraphs": ["what type of species is nassarius coralligenus ? below , you will find the taxonomic groups the nassarius coralligenus species belongs to .\nwhich photographers have photos of nassarius coralligenus species ? below , you will find the list of underwater photographers and their photos of the marine species nassarius coralligenus .\nhow to identify nassarius coralligenus marine species ? below , you will find the list of main identification criteria and physical characteristics of marine species nassarius coralligenus . for each identification criteria , the corresponding physical characteristics of marine species nassarius coralligenus are marked in green .\nwhere is nassarius coralligenus found in the world ? below , you will find the list and a world map of the geographic distribution where the marine species nassarius coralligenus can be found .\nsubgenus nassarius ( aciculina ) a . adams , 1853 accepted as nassarius dum\u00e9ril , 1805\nspecies nassarius brychius ( r . b . watson , 1882 ) accepted as nassarius frigens ( martens , 1878 ) accepted as tritia frigens ( martens , 1878 )\nspecies nassarius antiquatus ( r . b . watson , 1897 ) accepted as nassarius recidivus ( martens , 1876 ) accepted as tritia recidiva ( von martens , 1876 )\nsubgenus nassarius ( usita ) [ sic ] accepted as nassarius ( uzita ) h . adams & a . adams , 1853 accepted as tritia risso , 1826 ( incorrect subsequent spelling )\nsubgenus nassarius ( telasco ) h . adams & a . adams , 1853 accepted as tritia risso , 1826\nsubgenus nassarius ( uzita ) h . adams & a . adams , 1853 accepted as tritia risso , 1826\nspecies nassarius denticulatus ( a . adams , 1852 ) accepted as tritia denticulata ( a . adams , 1852 )\n( of nassarius ( plicarcularia ) thiele , 1929 ) cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]\n( of nassarius ( aciculina ) a . adams , 1853 ) cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]\nnassarius - species dictionary - global : ispot nature - your place to share nature . ispot is a website aimed at helping anyone identify anything in nature . once you ' ve registered , you can add an observation to the website and suggest an identification yourself or see if anyone else can identify it for you .\n( of nassarius ( plicarcularia ) thiele , 1929 ) galindo , l . a . ; puillandre , n . ; utge , j . ; lozouet , p . ; bouchet , p . ( 2016 ) . the phylogeny and systematics of the nassariidae revisited ( gastropoda , buccinoidea ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution . 99 : 337 - 353 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors\n( of nassarius ( aciculina ) a . adams , 1853 ) galindo , l . a . ; puillandre , n . ; utge , j . ; lozouet , p . ; bouchet , p . ( 2016 ) . the phylogeny and systematics of the nassariidae revisited ( gastropoda , buccinoidea ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution . 99 : 337 - 353 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors\n( of nassa coralligena pallary , 1900 ) pallary p . ( 1900 ) . coquilles marines du littoral du d\u00e9partment d ' oran . journal de conchyliologie . 48 ( 3 ) : 211 - 422 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 275 ; pl . 6 fig . 13 [ details ]\ngofas , s . ; le renard , j . ; bouchet , p . ( 2001 ) . mollusca . in : costello , m . j . et al . ( eds ) , european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . patrimoines naturels . 50 : 180 - 213 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nversion 43 . 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed . my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .\n- note : several protected species are illustrated here only for identification purposes . they are not for sale . - the photos in our gallery are in most cases just a sample from our stock , except when only one specimen is offered . we try to match the original color but it can vary if your screen is not correctly adjusted ( gamma correction ) .\npallary , p . 1900 . coquilles marines du littoral du d\u00e9partement d ' oran . - journal de conchyliologie 48 : 211 - 422 , pl . vi - vii [ = 6 - 8 ] . paris .\ngofas , s . ; le renard , j . ; bouchet , p . ( 2001 ) . mollusca , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 180 - 213\n( pallary , 1900 ) . in : costello , m . j . ; bouchet , p . ; boxshall , g . ; arvantidis , c . ; appeltans , w . ( 2014 ) european register of marine species , accessed through pesi at\nthis work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - share alike 3 . 0 license\npesi is funded by the european union 7th framework programme within the research infrastructures programme . contract no . ri - 223806 . activity area : capacities . period 2008 - 2011 - website hosted & developed by vliz banner picture : gannet ( morus bassanus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) by karl van ginderdeuren - contact pesi\ndum\u00e9ril , a . m . c . ( 1805 ) . zoologie analytique , ou m\u00e9thode naturelle de classification des animaux , rendue plus facile \u00e0 l\u2019aide de tableaux synoptiques . paris , allais . pp . i - xxxiii + 1 - 344 [ imprint date 1806 ] . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 166 [ details ]\ndum\u00e9ril , 1805 . accessed through : costello , m . j . ; bouchet , p . ; boxshall , g . ; arvanitidis , c . ; appeltans , w . ( 2018 ) european register of marine species at : urltoken ; = 138235 on 2018 - 07 - 09\ncostello , m . j . ; bouchet , p . ; boxshall , g . ; arvanitidis , c . ; appeltans , w . ( 2018 ) . european register of marine species .\n( of arcularia link , 1807 ) link d . h . f . ( 1807 - 1808 ) . beschreibung der naturalien - sammlung der universit\u00e4t zu rostock . rostock : adlers erben . 1 abt . [ part 1 ] , pp . 1 - 50 ; 2 abt . [ part 2 ] , pp . 51 - 100 ; 3 abt . [ part 3 ] , pp . 101 - 165 ; abt . 4 [ part 4 ] , pp . 1 - 30 ; abt . 5 [ part 5 ] , pp . 1 - 38 [ 1808 ] ; abt . 6 [ part 6 ] , pp . 1 - 38 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 126 [ details ]\ncernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]\n( of arcularia link , 1807 ) m\u00f6rch o . a . l . ( 1863 ) . on the genera of mollusca established by h . f . link in the catalogue of the rostock museum . proceedings of the zoological society of london . for 1862 : 226 - 228 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 227 [ details ]\n( of arcularia link , 1807 ) galindo , l . a . ; puillandre , n . ; utge , j . ; lozouet , p . ; bouchet , p . ( 2016 ) . the phylogeny and systematics of the nassariidae revisited ( gastropoda , buccinoidea ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution . 99 : 337 - 353 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors\nusing cookies on urltoken shellauction uses cookies only for technical reasons and to facilitate and speed up your site navigation . by continuing to browse , you accept the use of cookies ; if you do not wish to receive them please disable them or not navigate this website further . more info cookies on urltoken\nutilizzo dei cookies su urltoken shellauction utilizza i cookies esclusivamente per ragioni tecniche e per facilitare e velocizzare la navigazione del sito . continuando a navigare accetti l ' utilizzo dei cookies , se non desideri riceverli ti invitiamo a disabilitarli oppure a non navigare questo sito ulteriormente . altre informazioni sui cookies di urltoken\n( pallary , 1900 ) . accessed through : costello , m . j . ; bouchet , p . ; boxshall , g . ; arvanitidis , c . ; appeltans , w . ( 2018 ) european register of marine species at : urltoken ; = 140493 on 2018 - 07 - 09\ngofas , s . ; le renard , j . ; bouchet , p . ( 2001 ) . mollusca . in : costello , m . j . et al . ( eds ) , european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . patrimoines naturels . 50 : 180 - 213 . ( look up in ror ) [ details ]"]}
{"id": 2387, "summary": [{"text": "the pavonine cuckoo ( dromococcyx pavoninus ) is a neotropical cuckoo with a long graduated tail and a short crest .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "it is one of three species of neoptropical cuckoo which are known to be brood parasites . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "pavonine cuckoo", "paragraphs": ["pavonine cuckoo ( dromococcyx pavoninus ) is a species of bird in the cuculidae family .\nthese long - legged and long - tailed cuckoos have variable breeding habits . three of them are brood - parasitic species , the striped cuckoo ( tapera naevia ) , and the two species of genus dromococcyx , the pheasant cuckoo ( dromococcyx phasianellus ) and the pavonine cuckoo ( dromococcyx pavoninus ) . these three species occur in south america and central america , except the pavonine cuckoo which is only present in ne south america .\nthe pavonine cuckoo is a medium - sized , long - tailed cuckoo found in the understory of forests of south america . the pavonine cuckoo is known to be a brood parasite , laying its eggs in the nests of other species . but otherwise very little is known of the behavior of this widespread but reclusive species , which is heard far more often than it is seen .\nthis reed warbler is raising the young of a common cuckoo , the best - known cuckoo .\ncuckoo ' s nest\nredirects here . for other uses , see cuckoo ' s nest ( disambiguation ) .\nin some species the migration is diurnal , as in the channel - billed cuckoo , or nocturnal , as in the yellow - billed cuckoo .\nthe pavonine cuckoo is rare and difficult to see as it does not move much and remains inconspicuous . it favors terra firme and mature floodplain forests . it is known to range at elevations of up to 900 m along the foothill of the andes . it also occurs in\nthe african cuckoo was identified as a separate species on the basis of its call .\nsome species , like the asian emerald cuckoo ( chrysococcyx maculatus ) exhibit iridescent plumage .\n, the god of desire and longing , whereas in japan , the cuckoo symbolises unrequited love .\nthe plumage typically is a dull grayish brown , but some , such as the bronze cuckoos\u2014shining bronze - cuckoo ( chrysococcyx lucidus ) , horsfield ' s bronze - cuckoo ( chrysococcyx basalis ) , and so forth\u2014are brightly colored or iridescent . cuckoo genera differ in the number of primary wing feathers as below .\nin this case , raising the cuckoo chick is less of a cost than the alternative\u2014total clutch destruction .\nthis species is a recent split from fork - tailed drongo - cuckoo surniculus dicruroides . both were previously lumped as\nasian drongo - cuckoo\nin southeast asia . the square - tailed , however , is the only one to reach palawan , the south - easternmost of the philippine islands . in the rest of the philippines the resident is philippine drongo - cuckoo surniculus velutinus . a final drongo - cuckoo inhabits the moluccas .\npayne , r . ( 2018 ) . pavonine cuckoo ( dromococcyx pavoninus ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nother species of cuckoo lay\ncryptic\neggs , which are dark in color when their hosts ' eggs are light .\nquite a number of species of cuckoo , such as the well - known european cuckoo ( cuculus canorus ) , practice brood parasitism , laying eggs in the nests of other bird species for rearing . such an instinctual behavior adds to the diversity and wonder of the animal world and has made the cuckoo a well - known bird , especially the unforgettable sight of a small parent bird feeding a very large cuckoo nestling\u2014a nestling that may have ejected the parent bird ' s other eggs or nestlings from the nest .\nmost species of cuckoo are sedentary , but some undertake regular seasonal migrations and others undertake partial migrations over part of their range .\nthe cuckoo egg hatches earlier than the host ' s , and the cuckoo chick grows faster ; in most cases the chick evicts the eggs or young of the host species . the chick has no time to learn this behavior , so it must be an\nkarubian , j ; carrasco , l ( 2008 ) .\nhome range and habitat preferences of the banded ground - cuckoo (\ncuckoo chicks start to mimic the cries that their foster parents ' young make from the moment they hatch , a scientist has proved .\nstoddard mc , stevens m ( july 2011 ) .\navian vision and the evolution of egg color mimicry in the common cuckoo\n.\nthe cuckoo family gets its english and scientific names from the call of the common cuckoo , which is also familiar from cuckoo clocks . some of the names of other species and genera are also derived from their calls , for example the koels of asia and australasia . in most cuckoos the calls are distinctive to particular species , and are useful for identification . several cryptic species are best identified on the basis of their calls .\n. the pavonine cuckoo has multi - toned rufous head and neck with a dusky streak from behind the eye . the rest of the underparts are pale . the throat and breast are unmarked ( no black specks ) . it has a buffy superciliary line from above the eye . the tail is long , broad , and graduated with long and ornate rump feathers and uppertail coverts . it forages on the ground where it extends the wings and tail to flush insects before it chases and catches them . it is similar to the\nthe cuckoo family gets its english and scientific names from the familiar , two - note call of the common cuckoo , which is also familiar from cuckoo clocks . some of the names of other species and genera are also derived from their calls , for example the koels of asia and australasia . in most cuckoos , the calls are distinctive to particular species , and are useful for identification . several cryptic species have been identified on the basis of their calls .\nlevaillant ' s cuckoo ( below ) \u2014 quite a large cuckoo of arid woodlands\u2014 parasitizes mostly turdoides babblers , such as arrow - marked babbler t . jardineii , but also uses chestnut - bellied starling spreo pulcher as a host . these hosts are resident in the dry country but they breed in the wet season , and that is when levaillant ' s cuckoo arrives . after the wet season it is an intra - continental migrant back to the equatorial primary forests .\nthis article is part of project cucuiformes / idae , a all birds project that aims to write comprehensive articles on each cuckoo , including made - up species .\nseveral koels , couas , and the channel - billed cuckoo feed mainly on fruit ( corlett and ping 1995 ) , but they are not exclusively frugivores . the parasitic koels and channel - billed cuckoo in particular consume mainly fruit when raised by fruigivore hosts such as the figbird and pied currawong . other species will occasionally take fruit as well .\n, being around the same size as the channel - billed cuckoo . the subfamily coccyzinae are arboreal and long tailed as well , with a number of large insular forms . the\nnot globally threatened . a solitary cuckoo , uncommon to rare , not well known , and sensitive to habitat disturbance . its distribution is patchy and discontinuous , though the . . .\nthe other ani \u2014 the yellow - eyed greater ani c . major \u2014 and guira cuckoo are only in south america , favoring , respectively , marshy edges and dry brushy country .\nantonov , anton ; stokke , bard g . ; moksnes , arne ; roeskaft , eivin ( 2008 ) .\ndoes the cuckoo benefit from laying unusually strong eggs ?\n.\nabout 56 of the old world species and 3 of the new world species are brood parasites , laying their eggs in the nests of other birds ( payne 2005 ) . the best - known example is the european common cuckoo ( cuculus canorus ) . the cuckoo egg hatches earlier than the host ' s , and the cuckoo chick grows faster ; in most cases , the chick evicts the eggs or young of the host species . the chick has no time to learn this behavior , so it must be an instinct passed on genetically . the mother still feeds the cuckoo chick as if it were her own , the chick ' s open mouth serving as a sign stimulus for the host to feed it ( campbell 1996 ) .\ndifferent species and even populations of cuckoo select different host species , laying eggs that closely resemble the eggs of their chosen host . this also seems to have been aided by natural selection , as some birds are able to distinguish cuckoo eggs from their own , leading to those eggs least like the host ' s being thrown out of the nest ( campbell 1996 ) .\nin central & south america , squirrel cuckoo piaya cayana is common and do seem\nsquirrel - like\nas they move through the canopy . a very small version is little cuckoo ( left ) . several south american cuckoos are migratory , moving to the equator in the southern winter ( our summer ) . one of these is ash - colored cuckoo c . cinereus . in july 1975 , i discovered this tiny cuckoo on the banks of the amazon river at leticia where it proved to be a first record for colombia ( hilty & brown 1986 ) . it was one of my best personal finds , even though i didn ' t know what it was at the time . i showed the bird to others and together we sorted it out using meyer de schauensee ( 1966 ) .\ngaines , d . , and s . a . laymon . 1984 . decline , status and preservation of the yellow - billed cuckoo in california . w . birds 15 : 49 - 80 .\ncuckoos have played a role in human culture for thousands of years , appearing in greek mythology as sacred to the goddess hera . in europe , the cuckoo is associated with spring , and with cuckoldry , for example in shakespeare ' s love ' s labours lost . in india , cuckoos are sacred to kamadeva , the god of desire and longing , whereas in japan , the cuckoo symbolises unrequited love .\n, but there are exceptions . the anis and the guira cuckoo lay their eggs in communal nests , although this behaviour is not completely cooperative ; a female may remove others ' eggs when laying hers .\navil\u00e9s jm , stokke bg , moksnes a , r\u00f8skaft e , asmul m , m\u00f8ller ap ( november 2006 ) .\nrapid increase in cuckoo egg matching in a recently parasitized reed warbler population\n.\nin the far east are four species of drongo - cuckoo , named for a resemblance to drongos ( genus dicurus ) . this ( right ) is square - tailed drongo - cuckoo . notice it has a shiny plumage like a drongo . here it looks to be consuming a hairy caterpillar . it parasitizes a variety of bulbuls , babblers and tit - babblers . no drongo is known to be a host .\n38\u201340 cm ; 116\u2013163 g . the largest hawk - cuckoo . adult dark morph is brown above , ashy - grey on crown , nape and neck , tail barred brownish grey and black , tipped . . .\nlaymon , s . a . , and m . d . halterman . 1987 . can the western subspecies of the yellow - billed cuckoo be saved from extinction . w . birds 18 : 19 - 26 .\nbogert , c ( 1937 ) birds collected during the whitney south sea expedition . 34 , the distribution and the migration of the long - tailed cuckoo ( urodynamis taitensis sparrman ) . american museum novitates 933 12 p .\nthey tend to conform to the classic shape , with ( usually ) long tails , short legs , long narrow wings and an arboreal lifestyle . the largest species , the channel - billed cuckoo , also has the most outsized\nthis is a trick to hide the egg from the host , and is exhibited in cuckoos that parasitize hosts with dark , domed nests . some adult parasitic cuckoos completely destroy the host ' s clutch if they reject the cuckoo egg .\nsome host species may directly try to prevent cuckoos laying eggs in their nest in the first place \u2013 birds whose nests are at high risk of cuckoo - contamination are known to ' mob ' cuckoos to drive them out of the area .\nmost of the nest - building cuckoos are monogamous , but the anis and the guira cuckoo lay their eggs in communal nests . their behavior is not completely cooperative ; a female may remove others ' eggs when laying hers ( payne 2005 ) .\nthe common cuckoo shown at near right is typically gray male from a population in china . to the far right is a ' hepatic ' ( rufous ) morph female in its first autumn . females of this and other cuculus species often have gray morphs and hepatic morphs . this particular hepatic morph female represents california ' s first and only record of this old world species . long - distance migration can sometimes spin off vagrants on the ' wrong ' side of the pacific . there are a handful of records of common cuckoo and oriental cuckoo c . optatus in alaska , but this one was found by friends ( lois goldfrank , steve gerow ) at watsonville , in nearby santa cruz co . , and lingered from 28 sep\u20132 oct 2012 .\nfemale parasitic cuckoos sometimes specialize and lay eggs that closely resemble the eggs of their chosen host . some birds are able to distinguish cuckoo eggs from their own , leading to those eggs least like the host ' s being thrown out of the nest .\ncuckoos are birds of variable size with slender bodies , long tails , pointed wings , down - curved bills , and strong legs . the feet are zygodactyl : the two inner toes pointed forward and the two outer toes pointed backward . cuckoos range in size from the little bronze cuckoo , at 17 grams ( 0 . 6 ounces ) and 15 centimeters ( 6 inches ) , to the channel - billed cuckoo , at 630 grams ( 1 . 4 pounds ) and 63 centimeters ( 25 inches ) .\nthere are four species of lizard - cuckoos in the caribbean , almost all are single - island endemics and each has a dramatic long and impressive tail , and an equally dramatic long bill . this is puerto rican lizard - cuckoo ( above right ) .\non the other hand , the large forest species of south america often follow swarms of army - ants . these species belong to the genus neomorphus . they are uncommon to rare , and the banded ground - cuckoo ( neomorphus radiolosus ) is evaluated as endangered due to forest destruction .\nsome hosts do not exhibit egg rejection behavior and the cuckoo eggs look very dissimilar from the host eggs . it has also been shown in a study of the european cuckoos that females will lay their egg in the nest of a host that has eggs that look similar to its own .\nthe parasitism is not necessarily entirely detrimental to the host species . a 16 - year dataset was used in 2014 to find that parasitized crows ' nests were more successful overall ( more likely to produce at least one crow fledgling ) than cuckoo - free nests . the researchers attributed this to a strong - smelling substance secreted by cuckoo chicks when attacked that repels predators , and commented\ninteractions that have been clearly classified as ' parasitic ' or ' mutualistic ' might be more complex . perhaps we need to look more closely at these interactions before giving species such tags or labels\n.\nthe roadrunners are fairly common in their habitat . the striped cuckoo is variably common to uncommon while the dromococcyx species are rare and local , as the neomorphus . all are resident in their range . they are sensitive to habitat disturbance , land clearance and overgrazing which destroys the low vegetation , and some species have restricted range .\nthe majority of cuckoo species , including malkohas , couas , coucals , and roadrunners , and most other american cuckoos , build their own nests . most of these species nest in trees or bushes , but the coucals lay their eggs in nests on the ground or in low shrubs . though on some occasions non - parasitic cuckoos parasitize other species , the parent still helps feed the chick .\npayne , r . ( 2018 ) . pheasant cuckoo ( dromococcyx phasianellus ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nthe stripped cuckoo is the smallest of this subfamily with a length of 26 - 29 cm . this species frequents the open country with scattered trees , low seasonally wet grasslands , clearing in forest , brush at tropical forest edge and roadsides . it feeds on large insects and caterpillars , and forages alone on the ground . it often sways from side to side and fans the alula , probably to flush insects .\nthe three cuckoos mentioned represent different subfamilies . the variation among the cuculidae ranges from parasitic songsters that lay eggs in the nests of other birds ( the classic old world cuckoo ) to rangy ground - feeders in the new world to secretive skulkers whose gurgling\nwater - bottle\ncalls dominate an african swamp . this diversity supports the feeling among some that these wonderfully strange birds might better be separated into several families .\npayne , r . & kirwan , g . m . ( 2018 ) . large hawk - cuckoo ( hierococcyx sparverioides ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\npayne , r . , de juana , e . & kirwan , g . m . ( 2018 ) . lesser cuckoo ( cuculus poliocephalus ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nthe final subfamily [ crotophaginae ] consists of three species of anis ( genus crotophaga ) \u2014 all of them all - black birds like the smooth - billed ani ( right ) \u2014 and one species in the genus guira , the guira cuckoo ( below ) which is sort - of like a blonde ani . all these birds forage on the ground or in small bushes in small flocks . they are communal birds that often roost together , and are co - operative breeders .\ndel hoyo , j . , collar , n . , kirwan , g . m . & sharpe , c . j . ( 2018 ) . moluccan cuckoo ( cacomantis aeruginosus ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 10 july 2018 ) .\nthis species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : dromococcyx pavoninus . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\n) , version 1 . 0 . in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa .\nid certainty 100 % . ( archiv . tape 15 side a track 44 seq . a )\nel individuo se manifest\u00f3 espont\u00e1neamente desde el estrato bajo , en un borde de selva marginal secundaria del r\u00edo paran\u00e1 con capueras y vegetaci\u00f3n cerrada . posado en un gajo visible y bastante confiado , marcaba ac\u00fasticamente su territorio . el canto de este registro presenta cierta variaci\u00f3n con respecto al habitual .\nindividuo vocalizando de manera espont\u00e1nea perchando a menos de un metro de altura del suelo en un sector de vegetaci\u00f3n arbustiva aleda\u00f1o a un camino de la isla . todo el sector se encontraba rodeado de ba\u00f1ados .\nid accurancy : 95 % . habitat : low montane second growth forest . distance to mic : 20 m . tascam dr - 100mkii reference : 150409 _ 0037\nid certainty 100 % . ( archiv . tape 16 side a track 2 seq . b )\nsonogram images \u00a9 xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\nproposed race perijanus ( from sierra de perij\u00e1 , on n colombia\u2013nw venezuela border ) generally considered inseparable . monotypic .\nvery patchily from colombia # r # r , venezuela and guyana through e peru and bolivia to brazil ( s to mato grosso , paran\u00e1 , s\u00e3o paulo and rio de janeiro ) , paraguay and n argentina ( misiones ) ; recorded once in e ecuador ( napo ) # r .\n27\u201330\u00b75 cm ; 40\u00b75\u201354 g . adult small - headed , thin - necked , dark above , with scaly feathers edged white on outer webs ( frosted appearance ) , crown , face . . .\ncall a whistled \u201cp\u00fc\u00fc , pee , p\u00fc\u00fc - pe - pe\u201d , first note lowest , last note . . .\nlowland tropical evergreen forest , montane evergreen forest , scrub thickets , tangled forests with . . .\nbrood - parasitic : hosts include species with closed or bag - shaped nests ( tyrannidae , formicariidae ) . eggs white with purplish spots ; 21 mm . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\nhbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .\nno flash player has been set up . please select a player to play flash videos .\na bird looking around while perched on a low branch above the forest floor .\nphilgunson , scott olmstead , dubi shapiro , douglas meyer , rodrigo y castro , josef widmer , nick athanas , caduagne , joe tobias .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nenglish - german online dictionary developed to help you share your knowledge with others . more information ! contains translations by tu chemnitz and mr honey ' s business dictionary ( german - english ) . thanks on that account ! links to this dictionary or to single translations are very welcome ! questions and answers\ndouble - check spelling , grammar , punctuation . translators work best when there are no errors or typos .\nif words are different , search our dictionary to understand why and pick the right word .\nif phrases are different , try searching our examples to help pick the right phrase .\nwe ' ve combined the most accurate english to spanish translations , dictionary , verb conjugations , and spanish to english translators into one very powerful search box .\nspanishdict is devoted to improving our site based on user feedback and introducing new and innovative features that will continue to help people learn and love the spanish language . have a suggestion , idea , or comment ? send us your feedback .\nall ranks domain kingdom subkingdom phylum subphylum superclass class subclass infraclass superorder order suborder infraorder superfamily family subfamily tribe subtribe genus subgenus species subspecies variety group ( polytypic ) group ( monotypic ) species split life sp . ssp . intra - specific hybrid interspecific hybrid intergeneric hybrid species pair\nall records ( accepted , rejected , pending ) . to filter / search please enter a phrase . e . g . to filter rejected records , type rejected into the search box , all columns can be filtered .\nhave you seen something interesting ? click submit to share your rare bird sightings via our simple form .\n\u00a9 2018 birdguides , warners group publications plc . all rights reserved . company registered in england no . 2572212 | vat registration no . gb 638 3492 15\nmost cuckoos reside in forests , but some prefer more open country . most are insect eaters , with hairy caterpillars , which are avoided by many birds , being a specialty .\nparasitic female cuckoos are grouped into gentes ( singular\ngens\n) , that is , populations favoring a particular host species ' nest , with each gens laying eggs that match those of the host species in color and pattern . brood parasites , such as cuckoos , which use multiple host species to raise their chicks , evolve different gentes , each one specific to its host species . this specialization allows the parasites to lay eggs that mimic those of their hosts , which in turn reduces the chances of the eggs being rejected by the hosts . there is some evidence that the gentes are genetically different from one another .\nnon - parasitic cuckoos , like most other non - passerines , lay white eggs , but many of the parasitic species lay colored eggs to match those of their passerine hosts .\nthe young of all species are altricial ( newly hatched young are relatively immobile , have closed eyes , lack feathers , and must be cared for by the adults ) . non - parasitic cuckoos leave the nest before they can fly , and some new world species have the shortest incubation periods among birds ( payne 2005 ) .\ncuckoos are often highly secretive and in many cases best known for their wide repertoire of calls . calls are usually relatively simple , resembling whistles , flutes , or hiccups ( brooke and horsfall 2003 .\nalthough cuckoos are diurnal , many species call at night ( payne 2005 ) .\nthe following is the systematics of the family cuculidae including coucals and anis as subfamilies within this taxon .\ngenus cursoricoccyx \u2014 fossil ( early miocene of logan county , u . s . ) \u2014neomorphinae\ncuculidae gen . et sp . indet . \u2014 fossil ( early pliocene of lee creek mine , u . s . : olson 1985 )\ngenus eocuculus \u2014 fossil ( late eocene of teller county , u . s . )\nbrooke , m . de l . , and j . a . horsfall . 2003 . cuckoos . in c . perrins ( ed . ) , firefly encyclopedia of birds . firefly books . isbn 1552977773 .\ncorlett , r . , and i . ping . 1995 . frugivory by koels in hong kong . memoirs of the hong kong natural history society 20 : 221 - 222 .\nfeduccia , a . 1996 . the origin and evolution of birds . new haven : yale university press . isbn 0300064608 .\nkaiser , g . w . 2007 . the inner bird ; anatomy and evolution . vancouver , bc : ubc press . isbn 9780774813433 .\nolson , s . l . 1985 . section vii . c . cuculidae . in d . s . farner , j . r . king , and k . c . parkes ( eds . ) , avian biology 8 : 110 - 111 .\npayne , r . b . 2005 . the cuckoos . oxford university press . isbn 0198502133 .\nnew world encyclopedia writers and editors rewrote and completed the wikipedia article in accordance with new world encyclopedia standards . this article abides by terms of the creative commons cc - by - sa 3 . 0 license ( cc - by - sa ) , which may be used and disseminated with proper attribution . credit is due under the terms of this license that can reference both the new world encyclopedia contributors and the selfless volunteer contributors of the wikimedia foundation . to cite this article click here for a list of acceptable citing formats . the history of earlier contributions by wikipedians is accessible to researchers here :\nnote : some restrictions may apply to use of individual images which are separately licensed .\nthis page was last modified on 5 november 2008 , at 18 : 58 .\ncontent is available under creative commons attribution / share - alike license ; additional terms may apply . see terms of use for details .\nhas been thought to be closely related to c . rochii , the two sometimes being treated as conspecific ; dna data , however , do not support a sister relationship between them # r . c . lepidus has been placed in present species , but available evidence does not support that treatment . monotypic .\nn pakistan # r and kashmir e through himalayan foothills to khasi and naga hills , n myanmar and n indochina , and across china ( including taiwan and hainan , where seems to be resident # r # r ) to ussuriland , korea and japan . winters in sri lanka and e africa .\n22\u201327 cm ; 40\u201359 g . adult male slate - grey above , tail and uppertail - coverts contrastingly blackish , tail with white tip and white spots at sides ; bend of wing . . .\nloud , husky chattering song , \u201ceat your ch\u00f3ky pepper\u201d , comprising six notes at 1 . . .\nforests , both broadleaf and pine , scrub , second growth ; in ussuriland in broadleaf forests of . . .\ninsects , mainly caterpillars ( geometrids , noctuids ) , also beetles , hymenoptera , mantids .\nmigratory , entire breeding population apparently moving sw or s to wintering grounds . winters in . . .\nnot globally threatened . few data on abundance ; common to fairly common locally in nepal . populations depend on maintaining habitat and numbers of its host species . not . . .\nusually treated as conspecific with h . bocki . thought to be closer to h . varius , the two forming a clade with h . bocki as sister # r . monotypic .\nhimalayas from n pakistan and india to nepal , naga hills , manipur and meghalaya , thence e to china ( sichuan , n to lower yellow r valley ) , taiwan , and s to myanmar , thailand and indochina . winters mainly from ne india and thailand s to s & e india , peninsular malaysia , andaman is # r , greater and lesser sundas and philippines .\nin breeding season , calls at dawn and at sunset into night ( especially during overcast weather ) , a . . .\ndeciduous and evergreen wooded areas , especially with oaks ( or oak - rhododendron in nepal ) , also in . . .\ninsects , mainly caterpillars ( including hairy species ) ; also hemiptera , crickets , grasshoppers , beetles , bugs , roaches , ants and spiders ; . . .\nbreeds apr\u2013jul in w himalayas , apr\u2013jun in assam ; eggs apr\u2013may in myanmar ( where vocalizes late feb\u2013jun ) . brood - . . .\nmainly migratory : most individuals , at least from n of range and over most of china , move s to . . .\nnot globally threatened ( least concern ) . common or fairly common breeder in many parts of range , notably thailand , nepal and india , and considered abundant in bhutan , but . . .\noften subsumed within cuculus but shows notable morphological differences ( e . g . in wing shape and tail - barring ) , and genetic data support this grouping # r .\nthis article is part of project aves , a all birds project that aims to write comprehensive articles on each bird , including made - up species .\ncan ' t find a community you love ? create your own and start something epic .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe other major question is how many families to create out of the diversity in the cuculiformes . sibley & ahlquist ( 1990 ) and sibley & monroe ( 1990 ) settled on five families but the handbook of the birds of the world account ( payne 1997 ) considers these five groups to be subfamilies , and further separates the malkohas and couas as another subfamily , making six subfamilies in all . then the malkohas and the couas are given\ntribe\nstatus , thus forming at least seven distinctive groups of cuckoos . i recommend that birders learn all seven groups , and that you search for each as you enjoy birding the world . here are the hbw six subfamilies :\nprum et al . ( 2015 ) matched molecular evidence with fossil evidence to construct a phylogeny of modern birds . their evidence showed that the old world subfamily cuculinae diverged from the new world coccyzinae group about 22 million years ago ( mya ) and that the combined clade of old and new world cuckoos diverged from the coucals about 32 mya .\nsmooth - billed and groove - billed c . sulcirostris anis are very widespread species in the neotropics , and both reach north into the united states in south florida and south texas , respectively . smooth - bills , though , have become quite scarce and hard to find in florida ; groove - bills are interesting because vagrants can turn up widely throughout the u . s . ( i have chased three in california and finally got the third one ) . a recent survey on their u . s . status , plus good identification points , is in mlodinow & karlson ( 1999 ) .\nwas at intervales np , brazil , on 31 july 2010 . the party of\n( at the top ) and the lone bird ( bottom of page ) were both taken at porte jofre , pantanal , brazil , on 21 july 2010 . the\nwas taken from a blind in kruger nat ' l park , south africa , in july 1996 . the\nwas at rajah sikatuna park , bohol , philippines on 20 dec 2005 . the drying\nat mt . makiling , luzon , philippines , on 10 dec 2005 . dan singer shot the\nwere taken , respectively , at huzu , china , on 23 june 2004 , and watsonville , california , on 28 sep 2012 . the male\nwas at kalkapa reserve , ghana , on 29 nov 2013 . both shots of\nwere of a single male at antwikwaa , ghana , on 3 dec 2013 . the\nwas in puerto princesa np , palawan , philippines , on 23 dec 2005 . the\nwas in the hills above the baliem valley , irian jaya , new guinea , in aug 1994 . the\nwas at the olobogu river grasslands , sulawesi , indonesia , on 1 oct 2011 .\nwas in shirttail canyon , monterey county , california , on 19 oct 2014 . marc fenner photographed the\nabove lagartos , costa rica , on the road to monteverde , in april 1990 . kevin j . zimmer photographed the\nat el valle , panama , on 29 mar 2010 . sarah hamilton took the photos of\nthat was netted and banded at the big sur ornithology lab , monterey co . , california , on 4 june 2003 . the\nwas along the rio cuiba , pantanal , brazil , on 22 july 2010 . the\nwas amongst a small party at ft . lauderdale , florida , on 21 dec 2006 .\nuncredited photos \u00a9 don roberson . credited photos \u00a9 blake matheson , dan singer , marc fenner , kevin zimmer , and sarah hamilton of big sur ornithology lab , as credited , and used with permission ; all rights reserved .\npayne , robert b . 2005 . the cuckoos . oxford univ . press , oxford .\nbeehler , b . m . , and t . k . pratt . 2016 . birds of new guinea : distribution , taxonomy , and systematics , princeton univ . press , princeton , n . j .\ncollar , n . j . , and a . j . long . 1995 . taxonomy and names of carpococcyx cuckoos from the greater sundas . forktail 11 : 135 - 150 .\nfry , c . h . , s . keith , and e . k . urban , eds . 1988 . the birds of africa . vol iii . academic press , london .\nhilty , s . l . , and w . l . brown . 1986 . a guide to the birds of colombia . princeton univ . press , princeton , n . j .\nmeyer de schauensee , r . 1966 . the species of birds of south america and their distribution . livingston publ . , narbeth , pa .\nmlodinow , s . g . , and k . t . karlson . 1999 . anis in the united states and canada . n . am . birds 53 : 237 - 245 .\npayne , r . b . 1997 . family cuculidae ( cuckoos ) , pp . 508\u2013607 in handbook of the birds of the world ( del hoyo , j . , a . elliott , & j . sargatal , eds . ) . vol . 4 . lynx edicions , barcelona .\nprum , r . o . , j . s . bery , a . dornburg , d . j . field , j . p . townsend , e . m . lemmon , and a . r . lemmon . 2015 . a comprehensive phylogeny of birds ( aves ) using targeted next - generation dna sequencing . nature 526 : 569\u2013573 .\nsibley , c . g . , and j . e . ahlquist . 1990 . phylogeny and classification of birds : a study in molecular evolution . yale univ . press , new haven , ct .\nsibley , c . g . , and b . l . monroe , jr . 1990 . distribution and taxonomy of birds of the world . yale univ . press , new haven , ct . .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; no other information is captured .\nin general , only the information that you provide , or the choices you make while visiting a web site , can be stored in a cookie . for example , the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it . allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer , and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\nthe cuckoos are generally medium - sized slender birds . the majority are arboreal , with a sizeable minority that are terrestrial . the family has a cosmopolitan distribution , with the majority of species being tropical . some species are migratory . the cuckoos feed on insects , insect larvae and a variety of other animals , as well as fruit . many species are brood parasites , laying their eggs in the nests of other species , but the majority of species raise their own young .\nthe chestnut - breasted malkoha is typical of the phaenicophaeinae in having brightly coloured skin around the eye .\nin size , but where it exists , it can be either the male or the female that is larger . one of the most important distinguishing features of the family are the feet , which are\n, meaning that the two inner toes point forward and the two outer backward . there are two basic body forms , arboreal species ( like the\n) which are more heavy set and have long tarsi . almost all species have long tails which are used for steering in terrestrial species and as a rudder during\nin the arboreal species . the wing shape also varies with lifestyle , with the more\n. the subfamily phaenicophaeinae are the non - parasitic cuckoos of the old world , and include the couas , malkohas , and ground - cuckoos . they are more terrestrial cuckoos , with strong and often long legs and short rounded wings . the subfamily typically has brighter plumage and brightly coloured bare skin around the eye . the\nare another terrestrial subfamily of long tailed long legged and short winged cuckoos . they are large heavyset birds with the largest , the\nof the cuckoos are generally soft , and often become waterlogged in heavy rain . cuckoos often sun themselves after rain , and the anis hold their wings open in the manner of a\nplumage , whereas others have bright and elaborate plumage . this is particularly true of the\nplumage . some cuckoos have a resemblance to hawks with barring on the underside ; this apparently alarms potential hosts , allowing the female to access a host nest .\nthe young of some brood parasites are coloured so as to resemble the young of the host . for example , the\nin plumage is uncommon in the cuckoos , being most common in the parasitic old world species .\ncuculinae is the most widespread subfamily of cuckoos , and is distributed across europe , asia , africa , australia and oceania . amongst the phaenicophaeinae cuckoos the malkohas and asian ground - cuckoos are restricted to southern asia , the couas are endemic to madagascar and the yellowbill widespread across africa . the coucals are distributed from africa through tropical asia down into australia and the solomon islands . the remaining three subfamilies have a new world distribution , all three are found in both north and south america . the coccyzinae reaches the furthest north of the three subfamilies , breeding in canada , whereas the anis reach as far north as florida and the typical ground - cuckoos the south west united states .\nspecies breeding at higher latitudes migrate to warmer climates during the winter due to food availability . the\n, which breeds in new zealand , flies to its wintering grounds in polynesia , micronesia , and melanesia , a feat described as\nperhaps the most remarkable overwater migration of any land bird .\nwithin africa , ten species make regular intra - continental migrations that are described as polarised ; that is , they spend the non - breeding season in the tropical centre of the continent and move north and south to breed in the more arid and open savannah and deserts .\nthis is the same as the situation in the neotropics , where no species have this migration pattern , or tropical asia , where a single species does . 83 % of the australian species are partial migrants within australia or travel to\n, including noxious hairy types avoided by other birds . they are unusual among birds in processing their prey prior to swallowing , rubbing it back and forth on hard objects such as branches and then crushing it with special bony plates in the back of the mouth .\n, specialised in taking lizards . larger , ground types such as coucals and roadrunners also feed variously on snakes , lizards , small rodents , and other birds , which they bludgeon with their strong bills . ground species may employ different techniques to catch prey . a study of two\nran and pounced on prey . both species also showed seasonal flexibility in prey and foraging techniques .\n, although some studies in eastern australia found several species participated in the non - breeding season , but were mobbed and unable to do so in the breeding season .\nthey snatch prey flushed by the cattle and enjoy higher foraging success rates in this way .\n. other species occasionally take fruit as well . couas consume fruit in the dry season when prey is harder to find .\nthe cuckoos are an extremely diverse group of birds with regards to breeding systems .\nand is suspected to occur in the other coucals , perhaps explaining the reversed sexual dimorphism in the group .\n( see below ) . most of these species nest in trees or bushes , but the coucals lay their eggs in nests on the ground or in low shrubs . though on some occasions non - parasitic cuckoos parasitize other species , the parent still helps feed the chick .\nnon - parasitic cuckoos , like most other non - passerines , lay white eggs , but many of the parasitic species lay coloured eggs to match those of their passerine hosts .\n. non - parasitic cuckoos leave the nest before they can fly , and some new world species have the shortest incubation periods among birds .\nthese species are obligate brood parasites , meaning that they only reproduce in this fashion . in addition to the above noted species , yet others sometimes engage in non - obligate brood parasitism , laying their eggs in the nests of members of their own species in addition to raising their own young . the best - known example is the european\nthey have two distinct layers with an outer chalky layer that is believed to provide resistance to cracking when the eggs are dropped in the host nest .\ncuckoos have various strategies for getting their egg into a host nest . different species use different strategies based on host defensive strategies . female cuckoos have secretive and fast laying behaviors , but in some cases , males have been shown to lure host adults away from their nests so that the female can lay her egg in the nest .\n, with each gens specializing in a particular host . there is some evidence that the gentes are genetically different from one another .\nparasitic cuckoos that show the highest levels of egg mimicry are those whose hosts exhibit high levels of egg rejection behavior .\n. calls are usually relatively simple , resembling whistles , flutes , or hiccups .\nand to attract a mate . within a species the calls are remarkably consistent across the range , even in species with very large ranges . this suggests , along with the fact that many species are not raised by their true parents , that the calls of cuckoos are innate and not learnt . although cuckoos are diurnal , many species call at night .\nhackett , s . j . ; et al . ( 2008 ) .\na phylogenomic study of birds reveals their evolutionary history\n.\npayne r . b . ( 1997 )\nfamily cuculidae ( cuckoos )\n, pp . 508\u201345 in del hoyo j , elliott a , sargatal j ( eds ) ( 1997 ) . handbook of the birds of the world volume 4 ; sandgrouse to cuckoos lynx edicions : barcelona . isbn 84 - 87334 - 22 - 9\nellis , d ; kepler , c ; kepler , a ; teebaki , k ( 1990 ) .\nhockey , p ( 2000 ) .\npatterns and correlates of bird migrations in sub - saharan africa\n.\nchan , k ( 2001 ) .\npartial migration in australian landbirds : a review\n.\nkaiser , g . w . ( 2007 ) the inner bird ; anatomy and evolution . ubc press . vancouver . isbn 978 - 0 - 7748 - 1343 - 3 .\nchouteau , philippe ; raymond fenosoa ( 2008 ) .\nseasonal effects on foraging behaviour of two sympatric species of couas in the western dry forest of madagascar\n.\nbell , h ( 1986 ) .\nthe participation by cuckoos in mixed - species flocks of insectivorous birds in south - eastern australia\n.\nsmith , s ( 1971 ) .\nthe relationship of grazing cattle to foraging rates in anis\n.\ncorlett , r ; ping , i ( 1995 ) .\nfrugivory by koels in hong kong\n.\ngoymann , w ; wittenzellner , a ; wingfield , j ( 2004 ) .\ncompeting females and caring males . polyandry and sex - role reversal in african black coucals ,\nrobert b . payne , michael d . sorenson , karen klitz ( 2005 ) the cuckoos : cuculidae . oxford university press . p . 127"]}
{"id": 2393, "summary": [{"text": "nassarius castus is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family nassariidae , the nassa mud snails or dog whelks . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "nassarius castus", "paragraphs": ["what type of species is nassarius castus ? below , you will find the taxonomic groups the nassarius castus species belongs to .\nwhich photographers have photos of nassarius castus species ? below , you will find the list of underwater photographers and their photos of the marine species nassarius castus .\nhow to identify nassarius castus marine species ? below , you will find the list of main identification criteria and physical characteristics of marine species nassarius castus . for each identification criteria , the corresponding physical characteristics of marine species nassarius castus are marked in green .\nwhere is nassarius castus found in the world ? below , you will find the list and a world map of the geographic distribution where the marine species nassarius castus can be found .\nnassarius ( zeuxis ) h . adams & a . adams , 1853 accepted as nassarius dum\u00e9ril , 1805\nkool h . h . 2008 . on the identity of < i > nassarius castus < / i > ( gould , 1850 ) , with the description of < i > nassarius multivocus < / i > n . sp . from the northwestern pacific . < i > miscellanea malacologica < / i > , 3 ( 2 ) : 13 - 20 .\n( of nassarius ( zeuxis ) castus ( gould , 1850 ) ) cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]\nspecimen count 1 paulay , g . ! ; bfij - 44 ; 15 jul 1985 ; ex . paulay ; loc . 117 record last modified 16 may 2016 nmnh - invertebrate zoology dept . common name gastropods taxonomy animalia mollusca gastropoda nassariidae ocean / sea / gulf south pacific ocean preparation dry see more items in inventory invertebrate zoology place south pacific ocean ; ; fiji ; ; , fiji , south pacific ocean other numbers sort order : gp - r19 - c057 - 275 usnm number 879932 published name nassarius castus ( gould , 1850 )\n( of nassarius maldivensis ( e . a . smith , 1903 ) ) taylor , j . d . ( 1971 ) . marine mollusca from diego garcia . atoll research bulletin . 149 : 105 - 125 . [ details ]\n( of nassarius ( zeuxis ) minoensis itoigawa , 1960 \u2020 ) cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]\n( of nassarius ( zeuxis ) miyazakiensis shuto , 1962 \u2020 ) cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]\n( of nassarius ( hinia ) caelatus danitensis makiyama , 1927 ) cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]\n( of nassarius ( zeuxis ) caelatus verbeeki ( k . martin , 1895 ) \u2020 ) cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]\nnassarius - species dictionary - global : ispot nature - your place to share nature . ispot is a website aimed at helping anyone identify anything in nature . once you ' ve registered , you can add an observation to the website and suggest an identification yourself or see if anyone else can identify it for you .\nnassa ( nassa ) costata a . adams , 1853 ( invalid : junior homonym of nassa costata s . v . wood , 1848 )\n( of nassa casta gould , 1850 ) gould , a . a . ( 1850 ) . [ descriptions of new species of shells from the united states exploring expedition ] . proceedings of the boston society of natural history . 3 : 151 - 156 , 169 - 172 , 275 - 278 , 292 - 296 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 154 [ details ]\n( of nassa incognita thiele , 1925 ) thiele j . ( 1925 ) . gastropoden der deutschen tiefsee - expedition . ii teil . wissenschaftliche ergebnisse der deutschen tiefsee - expedition auf dem dampfer\nvaldivia\n1898 - 1899 . 17 ( 2 ) : 35 - 382 , pls 13 - 46 [ reprints paginated 1\u2013348 , pls 1\u201334 ] . page ( s ) : 183 , pl . 20 fig . 11 [ details ]\n( of nassa ( nassa ) costata a . adams , 1853 ) adams a . ( 1852 - 1853 [\n1851\n] ) . catalogue of the species of nassa , a genus of gasteropodous mollusca belonging to the family buccinidae , in the collection of hugh cuming , esq . , with the description of some new species . proceedings of the zoological society of london . 19 : 94 - 112 [ 7 december 1852 ] , 113 - 114 [ 29 april 1853 ] . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 98 [ details ]\ncernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]\nliu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nmarais j . p . & kilburn r . n . ( 2010 ) nassariidae . pp . 138 - 173 , in : marais a . p . & seccombe a . d . ( eds ) , identification guide to the seashells of south africa . volume 1 . groenkloof : centre for molluscan studies . 376 pp . [ details ]\n( of nassa ( nassa ) costata a . adams , 1853 ) cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]\n( of nassa elongata marrat , 1874 ) cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]\n( of nassa incognita thiele , 1925 ) cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]\n( of nassa lactea marrat , 1880 ) cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]\n( of nassa maldivensis e . a . smith , 1903 ) cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]\n( of nassa mukulensis e . a . smith , 1903 ) cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]\n( of nassa oriens marrat , 1880 ) cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]\n( of nassa sinensis marrat , 1877 ) cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]\n( of nassa ( hinia ) verbeeki k . martin , 1895 \u2020 ) cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]\n( of nassa ( telasco ) verbeeki k . martin , 1895 \u2020 ) cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]\n( of nassa ( zeuxis ) levukensis r . b . watson , 1882 ) cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]\n( of nassa ( hinia ) verbeeki fekuensis koperberg , 1931 \u2020 ) cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]\n( of nassa ( hinia ) verbeeki fischeri koperberg , 1931 \u2020 ) cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]\nto biodiversity heritage library ( 10 publications ) ( from synonym nassa elongata marrat , 1874 ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 2 publications ) ( from synonym nassa maldivensis e . a . smith , 1903 ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 2 publications ) ( from synonym nassa oriens marrat , 1880 ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 9 publications ) ( from synonym nassa ( nassa ) costata a . adams , 1853 ) to encyclopedia of life to genbank ( 1 nucleotides ; 0 proteins ) to usnm invertebrate zoology mollusca collection ( from synonym nassa casta gould , 1850 ) to usnm invertebrate zoology mollusca collection\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nshell gallery view \u00ab shell encyclopedia , conchology , inc . \u00bb conchological megadatabase on mollusks\nthe star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :\nwe want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only , as we handle very few foreign shells in general . as time goes , the system will become more and more performant .\nenter your email address and we will send you an email with your username and password .\ne - mail jecilia sisican if you do not receive your email with your username and password .\nclick on an image to view all the information : family , species , author , date , and full locality .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 1 . 355 seconds . )\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\ncernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . < i > bulletin of the auckland institute and museum < / i > 14 : 1 - 356 .\ncernohorsky , w . o . ( 1984 ) systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda : i > bulletin of the auckland institute and museum < / i . 14 : 1 - 356\nliu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . < em > china science press . < / em > 1267 pp .\nmarais j . p . & kilburn r . n . ( 2010 ) nassariidae . pp . 138 - 173 , in : marais a . p . & seccombe a . d . ( eds ) , identification guide to the seashells of south africa . volume 1 . groenkloof : centre for molluscan studies . 376 pp .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nin : okutani , t . ( ed . ) , marine mollusks in japan . tokai university press , tokyo , 439 - 451 ( in japanese ) .\noccurrence record in darwincore format ( elements of obis schema and some of dwc1 . 4 )\nmerci de saisir vos informations de connexions . vous pouvez demander la cr\u00e9ation d ' un compte directement en cliquant ici\nmot de passe oubli\u00e9 ? saisissez votre adresse email ci - dessous . si vous ne retrouvez pas l ' adresse email correspondant \u00e0 votre compte merci de nous contacter directement\nthis shell has been added to your booking list . show my booking list continue browsing shell\nyou have to be logged to be able to book and buy shells . click here to log in or create an account .\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nyang cc 1 , han kc , lin tj , tsai wj , deng jf .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nsorry , preview is currently unavailable . you can download the paper by clicking the button above .\nenter the email address you signed up with and we ' ll email you a reset link ."]}
{"id": 2396, "summary": [{"text": "antipodolycaena is a subgenus of the genus lycaena which is found only in new zealand .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "antipodolycaena includes four species that are endemic to new zealand : lycaena boldenarum white , 1862 ( type species ) lycaena feredayi ( bates , 1867 ) lycaena rauparaha ( fereday , 1877 ) lycaena salustius ( fabricius , 1793 )", "topic": 26}], "title": "antipodolycaena", "paragraphs": ["antipodolycaena is a subgenus of the genus lycaena which is found only in new zealand . antipodolycaena includes four species that are endemic to new zealand :\nhow can i put and write and define antipodolycaena in a sentence and how is the word antipodolycaena used in a sentence and examples ? \u7528antipodolycaena\u9020\u53e5 , \u7528antipodolycaena\u9020\u53e5 , \u7528antipodolycaena\u9020\u53e5 , antipodolycaena meaning , definition , pronunciation , synonyms and example sentences are provided by ichacha . net .\nrobert : hi robin , thank for your clarification on these matters . there is certainly great confusion on the genus naming of admirals & coppers . confusion regarding blues is not as bad , but is still there too . any chance you can point me to the relevant articles by for the vanessa ( field ) & zizina genus ' ? as i would like to read through them . as for the genus lycaena , i have a copy of the russians work ( * see quote ) , but have never heard of antipodolycaena being used , this is news to me . any chance this is to do with smart , p . 1975 : the international butterfly book . n . y . : thomas c . crowell . ? quote * on the systematics of the genera lycaena f . and heliophorus geyer ( lepidoptera : lycaenidae ) by ab zhdanko , institute of zoology , kazakhstan national academy of sciences , alma - ata . english publication in entomological review , 75 ( 9 ) , 1996 . 595 . 789 take care , robert .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ntype - species : lycaena boldenarum white , 1862 . trans . r . ent . soc . lond . ( 3 ) , 1 : 26 . [ bhl ]\ntype specimens : ? type status new zealand : ? locality , ( ? depository ) . .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nhtml public\n- / / wapforum / / dtd xhtml mobile 1 . 0 / / en\nurltoken\nrobert : quote from : copper on ( 10 aug 2010 ) tue 09 : 30 pm there is no evidence of hybridization between southern and common blue blues in new zealand . i have updated the common & southern blue pages urltoken & urltoken from ; quote in the areas where both the common & southern blue hybridise , like north canterbury & the waiho gorge . these hybrids are extremely viable in pattern on the underwing ( which makes the females impossible to tell apart & the males need close inspection of their genitals to tell ) . to ; quote there are rumours of hybridisation between the common & southern blue in north canterbury & the waiho gorge , however there has being no published evidence of this . for the time being , i ' m going to leave the boulder copper page alone as i have it as lycaena ( boldenaria ) boldenarum & refer to boldenaria as a sub - genus . i put it this way after reading the kazakhstani article i mentioned above as it concluded this same answer . robert .\ncopper : yes its quite ok to use boldenaria as ` a subgeneric name ; the zizina article is accessible on google scholar and was published in zootaxa 2008 ; the field revision was published in early 1970s in smithsonian contributions to zoology .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , world , . . . more\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en"]}
{"id": 2403, "summary": [{"text": "the southern pied babbler ( turdoides bicolor ) is a species of bird in the leiothrichidae family , found in dry savannah of botswana , namibia , south africa , and zimbabwe . ", "topic": 3}], "title": "southern pied babbler", "paragraphs": ["southern pied babbler ( turdoides bicolor ) is a species of bird in the leiothrichidae family .\nchorus - call classification in the southern pied babbler : multiple call types given in overlapping contexts .\nsouthern pied babbler nest with eggs , nylsvley area , south africa . [ photo warwick tarboton \u00a9 ]\nmuseum specimens indicate historical distributions . the map below shows locations from which museum specimens of southern pied babbler were collected . you can see more information on the individual museum specimens of southern pied babbler here .\nnelson - flower , m . j . 2010 . kinship and its consequences in the cooperatively breeding southern pied babbler (\nthe pied babbler research project was established by me in 2003 and is based in the southern kalahari desert , south africa .\nsouthern pied babblers , marakele national park , south africa . [ photo trevor hardaker \u00a9 ]\npied babbler sentinel . image by alex thompson , cc by - sa 3 . 0 .\n[ a southern pied babbler ( turdoides bicolor ) subordinate female immediately before dispersal to become dominant in a new group . dispersal is an important mechanism whereby southern pied babblers avoid inbreeding ; though there is no sex - bias in dispersal distance , individuals move twice as far from birth groups as from subsequent groups . southern pied babblers are found throughout the kalahari . . . [ show full abstract ]\ngolabek ka , radford an ( 2013 ) chorus - call classification in the southern pied babbler : multiple call types given in overlapping contexts . behaviour . pp . 1\u201322 .\nnelson - flower mj ( 2010 ) kinship and its consequences in the cooperatively breeding southern pied babbler , turdoides bicolor cape town : university of cape town . 139 p .\nhumphries dj . 2013 . the mechanisms and function of social recognition in the cooperatively breeding southern pied babbler , turdoides bicolor . phd thesis , macquarie university , sydney , australia .\n55 . engesser , s . , ridley , a . r . & townsend , s . w . 2016 . meaningful call combinations and compositional processing in the southern pied babbler .\n[ 2 ] golabek k . 2011 . vocal communication and the facilitation of social behaviour in the southern pied babbler ( turdoides bicolor ) . phd thesis , university of bristol , bristol .\n51 . ridley , a . r . 2016 . southern pied babblers : the dynamics of conflict and cooperation in a group living society . in\n3 . ridley , a . r . & thompson , a . m . 2010 . dominatricks : reproductive conflict between female southern pied babblers .\nhappily for us there will be several presentations of our babbler research at the isbe conference in lund this year ( both pied and arabian babbler research ) . we look forward to presenting our babbler research to the behavioural ecology community . for a link to the isbe website , click\nwe welcome rute and robbie to the babbler project . both will be collecting data on pied babbler behaviour for several months over the summer breeding season and have done very will to learn the ropes so quickly .\nridley a , raihani n ( 2007 ) facultative response to a kleptoparasite by the cooperatively breeding pied babbler . behavioral ecology 18 : 324\u2013330 .\na r ridley , a m thompson ( 2010 ) dominatricks : reproductive conflict between female southern pied babblers . africa birds & birding 15 , 30 - 34 [ magazine articles ]\ndistribution of southern pied babbler in southern africa , based on statistical smoothing of the records from first sa bird atlas project ( \u00a9 animal demography unit , university of cape town ; smoothing by birgit erni and francesca little ) . colours range from dark blue ( most common ) through to yellow ( least common ) . see here for the latest distribution from the sabap2 .\ndu plessis , k . l . 2011 . heat tolerance of southern pied babblers in the kalahari desert - how will they respond to climate change ? msc thesis , university of cape town .\n2 . ridley , a . r . & raihani , n . j . 2007 . facultative response to a kleptoparasite by the cooperatively breeding pied babbler .\nthe southern african bird atlas project ( sabap1 ) in namibia gathered a huge amount of distribution data between 1970 and 1993 .\nmay 2012 a new baby has been born to members of the pied babbler research community . congratulations to nichola and dave on the birth of their son joseph .\nendemic to southern africa , where it is locally common in arid and semi - arid savanna woodland across northern namibia , botswana , zimbabwe and northern south africa . it is absent from more open habitats , such as that of the southern kalahari desert .\nresearch on southern pied babblers was approved by the northern cape conservation authority and by the ethics committee , department of zoology , university of cape town ( aec no . 2006 / v15 / ar ) .\nlyons , c . 2006 . the effect of environmental versus social factors on changes in territory size in the pied babbler . hons thesis , university of cape town .\na r ridley , n j raihani ( 2007 ) facultative response to a kleptoparasite by the cooperatively breeding pied babbler behavioral ecology 18 : 2 . 324 - 330 mar\n24 . ridley , a . r . & thompson , a . m . 2011 . heterospecific egg destruction by wattled starlings and the impact on pied babbler reproductive success .\noctober 2012 a new baby has been born to members of the pied babbler research community ! congratulations to krys and neil on the birth of their beautiful baby son arun .\ncongratulations to sabrina engesser , who will also be joining the pied babbler research team this breeding season . sabrina won a phd scholarship to zurich university . we are delighted to have two new researchers join the pied babbler team ( james & sabrina ) , especially since dave humphries and alex thompson finished the fieldwork component of their phds this april !\nnelson - flower mj , hockey par , o\u2019ryan c , ridley ar ( 2012 ) inbreeding avoidance mechanisms : dispersal dynamics in cooperatively breeding southern pied babblers . journal of animal ecology 81 : 876\u2013883 . pmid : 22471769\n13 . radford , a . n . & ridley , a . r . 2008 . close - calling regulates spacing between foraging competitors in the group - living pied babbler .\n[ 7 ] raihani n . j . & ridley a . r . 2008 . experimental evidence for teaching in the wild pied babbler . animal behaviour 75 : 3 - 11\n58 . engesser , s . , ridley , a . r . & townsend , s . w . 2017 . element repetition rates encode functionally distinct information in pied babbler \u2018clucks\u2019 and \u2018purrs\u2019 .\napril 2012 congratulations to james westrip , who will be joining the pied babbler research team this breeding season . james won a phd scholarship to edinburgh university and will be supervised by dr matt bell\n[ 1 ] radford a . n . & ridley a . r . 2008 . close calling regulates spacing between foraging competitors in the group - living pied babbler . animal behaviour 75 : 519 - 527 .\nmy research interests are centred on avian social and breeding behaviour , and during the course of my phd ( supervised by dr . matt bell & dr . per smiseth ) i hope to investigate intra - and interspecific signalling and communication in the southern pied babbler . utilising playback and feeding experiments i aim to ascertain the amount of information use by babblers in a social context .\n[ 11 ] ridley a . r . & raihani n . j . 2007 . facultative response to a kleptoparasite by the cooperatively breeding pied babbler . behavioural ecology , doi : 10 / 1093 / bebeco / ar1092\n1 . ridley , a . r . 2006 . going gangbusters : group dynamics in pied babblers .\nhockey par , dean wrj and ryan pg 2005 . roberts - birds of southern africa , viith ed . the trustees of the john voelcker bird book fund , cape town .\nnelson - flower mj , hockey par , o ' ryan c , raihani nj , du plessis ma , ridley ar ( 2011 ) monogamous dominant pairs monopolize reproduction in the cooperatively breeding pied babbler . behavioral ecology 22 : 559\u2013565 .\nrecently , i have been collaborating with mandy ridley to investigate the interspecific interactions that pied babblers have with other kalahari birds . to date this work has focused on cuckoo - host interactions between pied babblers and jacobin cuckoos (\ncollar , n . & robson , c . ( 2018 ) . southern pied babbler ( turdoides bicolor ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nfollowing this , i worked as a research assistant for dr mandy ridley at the pied babbler project ( 2011 - 2013 ) . i carried out playback experiments and collected and analysed sound data from individuals and groups , throughout the breeding seasons .\n) are anything to go by , then pied babblers may live for more than 15 years in the wild .\nraihani , n . j . 2008 . cooperation and conflict in pied babblers . phd thesis , cambridge university .\nkeynan , o . & yosef , r . 2010 . temporal changes and sexual differences of impaling behavior in southern grey shrike ( lanius meridionalis ) . behavioral processes 85 , 47 - 51 .\n) over nest locations . more recently we have begun to investigate information transfer between pied babblers and scimitar - bills (\n) , and the way in which pied babblers facultatively adjust their alarm calls to predators depending upon their reproductive stage .\ngraduated from the university of edinburgh in 2013 in zoology . she worked for eight months at the pied babbler research project , and is now studying biology , gender and philosophy independently while she figures out what to do next . blog coming soon at urltoken !\nbabbler with black bill , wings and tail . head and body are pure white , with brownish - black tail and wing . . .\n36 . ridley , a . r . & van den heuvel , i . m . 2012 . is there a difference in reproductive performance between cooperative and non - cooperative species ? a southern african comparison .\n25 . nelson - flower , m . j . , hockey , p . , o\u2019ryan , c . raihani , n . , du plessis , m . & ridley , a . r . 2011 . monogamous dominant pairs monopolize reproduction in the cooperatively breeding pied babbler .\nkeynan , o . & yosef , r . 2010 . annual precipitation affects reproductive success of the southern grey shrike ( lanius meridionalis ) . the wilson journal of ornithology 122 ( 2 ) , 334 - 339 .\nm j nelson - flower , p a r hockey , c o ' ryan , n j raihani , m a du plessis , a r ridley ( 2011 ) monogamous dominant pairs monopolize reproduction in the cooperatively breeding pied babbler behavioral ecology 22 : 3 . 559 - 565 may\nridley , a . r . 2003 . the causes and consequences of helping behaviour in the cooperatively breeding arabian babbler . phd thesis , cambridge university .\n2016 . vocal cues to identity : pied babblers produce individually distinct but not stable loud calls . ethology 122 , 609 - 619 .\n7 . ridley , a . r . & huyvaert , k . p . 2007 . sex - biased preferential care in the cooperatively breeding arabian babbler .\nthe reference for the information following is\nroberts birds of southern africa\n, 7th edition * edited by par hockey , wrj dean and pg ryan , published by\nthe trustees of the john voelcker bird book fund .\ncomprehensive observations of pied babbler group life histories and breeding attempts were collected from july 2003 to may 2008 at the kuruman river reserve , south africa ( lat 26\u00b058\u2032s , long 21\u00b049\u2032e ) ( for information on climate and vegetation , see raihani and ridley 2007 ) . twenty - three wild pied babbler groups were habituated to the close presence of a human observer at a distance of 2\u20133 m , allowing observational data to be collected without disturbing natural behavior ( for habituation techniques , see ridley and raihani 2007a ) . each individual in the population was ringed with a unique combination of colored leg rings .\n11 . raihani , n . j . & ridley , a . r . 2008 . experimental evidence for teaching in wild pied babblers .\nwe would like to thank prof tim clutton - brock , prof marta manser and the kuruman reserve trust for access to their land . we would like to thank the percy fitzpatrick institute of african ornithology for supporting the pied babbler research project . we would also like to thank martha nelson - flower for her genetic research on parentage in the pied babbler population . this work was also funded by a macquarie university studentship . we thank the northern cape conservation authority for research permits . ethical clearance was provided by the university of cape town and approved under ethics number r2012 / 2006 / v15 / ar .\nintroduction : southern pied babblers ( turdoides bicolor ) are resident in namibia especially in semi - arid to arid savannah woodland with corkwood or acacia trees . although they are usually observed in tall woodland , lower black thorn , camelthorn and kalahari woodland also attracts this species . this is a sociable bird that roost and interact territorially year - round in groups of up to 15 .\nbabbler research on uk quiz show qi ! june 2014 the uk quiz show , qi ( hosted by stephen fry ) , recently aired a show featuring one of our research questions ! we are very excited by this type of media coverage in the public domain ! here is a link to the youtube clip of this show : the mention of babbler research kicks in at about 5 min 40 secs ( and yes , that is one of our babbler pics that is featured in the background ! ) . urltoken\n53 . keynan , o & ridley , a . r . 2016 . component , group and demographic allee effects in a cooperatively breeding bird species , the arabian babbler (\n. . . importantly , even in high - skew societies where dominants successfully monopolize reproduction , conflict between dominants and subordinates may impose costs on dominant reproductive success . southern pied babbler subordinate females engage in reproductive competition only when there are unrelated , potential breeding partners present in their group because they do not breed with relatives or with extra - group males [ 14 , 15 ] . based on the infrequency with which such competition is successful , however ( in terms of parentage of young ) , subordinate females enter into reproductive competition far more often than expected . . . .\na r ridley , k p huyvaert ( 2007 ) sex - biased preferential care in the cooperatively breeding arabian babbler journal of evolutionary biology 20 : 4 . 1271 - 1276 jul\nmartha j . nelson - flower , phil a . r . hockey , colleen o ' ryan , nichola j . raihani , morn\u00e9 a . du plessis , amanda r . ridley ; monogamous dominant pairs monopolize reproduction in the cooperatively breeding pied babbler , behavioral ecology , volume 22 , issue 3 , 1 may 2011 , pages 559\u2013565 , urltoken\ni possess a great passion for scientific research and conservation . having interned at the pied babbler research project in 2009 , i jumped at the opportunity to study the behavioural and physiological effects of temperature on pied babblers for my master\u2019s degree . this research was especially fascinating as it combined components of multiple disciplines ( climate change , avian biology , behavioural ecology , physiology , and conservation biology ) to answer conservation questions . my supervisors on this project included : amanda ridley , rowan martin , susan cunningham , and phil hockey .\njanuary 2013 a new baby has been born to members of the babbler research community . congratulations to martha and tom on the arrival of their beautiful baby girl tess , a sister for audrey .\nfor my phd i will investigate the occurrence of call combinations in pied babblers ' vocal repertoire , under the supervision of dr . simon townsend . specifically , i am interested whether pied babblers combine meaningful call types into meaningful compositions and if there exist any rules governing the formation of such syntactic compositions . to do this , i will combine behavioural observations and audio recordings with playback experiments . i will further conduct artificial grammar playback experiments to probe what cognitive mechanisms underlie the production and perception of vocal compositions in pied babblers .\nthis is but a taster of the work that has been going on at babbler project over the years . if this article has sparked your interest , check out the project website for news and publications .\n3 . raihani , n . j . & ridley , a . r . 2007 . adult vocalisations during provisioning : offspring responses and post - fledging benefits in wild pied babblers .\ni am 35 years old , married to adi and father to mayan & yaara . i received my bsc . ( honors ) from haifa university in 2005 and my msc from tel aviv university in 2009 . my masters thesis was on the impaling behavior and male - female interactions in the southern grey shrike (\nconference representation for the research group august 2015 the behaviour 2015 conference in tropical cairns has been and gone , and we had several group members giving talks there . lizzie gave a talk about her phd research into the effects of extreme heat on parental care strategies in pied babblers , ben gave a talk about his phd research into the effect of ontogeny on individual performance at a cognitive task in cooperative magpies , and mandy gave a talk on the theoretical and empirical evidence for adaptive benefits of kidnapping in the pied babbler . congrats to all group members for giving great talks at the conference !\nhere , we provide evidence of reproductive competition between dominant and subordinate females and its effects on dominant reproductive success and aggression in southern pied babblers . female subordinates participate in pre - breeding behaviours only when potential breeding partners are available . these competitive subordinate females decrease the reproductive success of the dominant females of their groups , and in some groups infanticide is observed . subordinate female reproductive competitors are also the target of increased aggression by dominant females during the fertile period . these conflicts over reproduction are generally expressed and resolved very early in the breeding cycle\u2014an aspect of reproductive competition in cooperative breeders that has often been overlooked . this early manifestation of competition highlights the importance of using behavioural observations , as well as genetic data , when investigating reproductive competition and success . using genetic data alone strongly underestimates the effects of female\u2013female reproductive competition in southern pied babblers because competition is so rarely successful . importantly , even in high - skew societies where dominants successfully monopolize reproduction , conflict between dominants and subordinates may impose costs on dominant reproductive success .\nin many cooperatively breeding societies , females compete strongly with one another for the scarce resources needed to breed ; although sexual selection has traditionally been perceived as having a greater effect on males , such selection may act equally strongly on females [ 60 , 61 ] . in southern pied babblers , subordinate females with potential breeding partners compete intensely with dominants for access to breeding opportunities . in addition , females ( but not males ) aggressively oust one another from breeding positions [ 16 ] and aggression in juvenile females ( but not males ) is an important factor in successful adult dispersal [ 62 ] . here , sexual selection for traits ( such as aggression ) that improve female competitive ability may play a role not only in dispersal and acquisition of breeding positions , but also in infanticide , suppression of potential reproductive competitors , and eviction of such competitors from the group . we suggest that the behaviour of southern pied babblers provides further evidence that intense competition among females may result in the evolution of sexually specific traits ( reviewed in [ 63 , 64 ] ) .\njuly 2013 we have recently had a paper accepted into functional ecology . in this paper we look at the interspecific interaction between pied babblers and the solitarily foraging scimitarbill . we find that scimitarbills , who not have a reliable vigilance system of their own , regularly follow babbler groups and eavesdrop on the predator information that babbler sentinels provide . by so doing , scimitarbills gain significant benefits - they spend less time vigilant , more time foraging , and can utilise a greater diversity of foraging habitats than when alone . title : the ecological benefits of interceptive eavesdropping . authors : ridley , a . r . , wiley , e . m . & thompson , a . m .\n[ 5 ] raihani n . j . & ridley a . r . 2007 . adult vocalizations during provisioning : offspring response and postfledgling benefits in wild pied babblers . animal behaviour 74 : 1303 - 1309\nhuge congrats to oded , who got his examiner reviews back today and passed his phd with no corrections requested ! well done dr keynan , well deserved indeed . for further info on oded ' s success , please refer to the pied babbler facebook page , as that page is updated more regularly . oded currenty has a number of ms in review , so we will update any of his future success here or on the facebook page .\njuly 2012 a locally extinct bird that has not been seen in the arava for 20 years , the nubian nightjar , was sighted by arabian babbler researchers recently . for a news article related to this significant and unusual sighting , click here\nmay 2018 we welcome to the team a new phd student , camilla , who will be starting her research on the pied babblers at the end of 2018 . more details on her research to follow shortly .\njuly 2012 happily , the eminently skilled and experienced elizabeth wiley ( aka lizzy ) will be rejoining the pied babbler research project this season as a senior research assistant . she will take primary responsibility of the research activities onsite for several months . lizzy spent the entire summer onsite last season , and we are ecstatic that she is joining the research group again . to find out more about lizzy , visit her profile on the ' researchers ' page .\naugust 2012 isbe lund 2012 is now over , and it was a great meeting . well done to all babbler researchers , whose presentations and posters went really well and generated a good amount of interest among members of the behavioural ecology community .\nseptember 2012 our first babbler researcher of the season , elizabeth wiley ( lizzy ) , has just turned up at the study site - and so marks the beginning of the new data season ! hope its not too hot this summer . . .\ndecember 2015 it ' s finally here ! the bbc documentary series , the world ' s sneakiest animals , will air in the uk on bbc two on christmas day . no word yet on when the international release will happen , but when i find out dates i will post it here . here is the link to the documentary series website . if you click on galleries , and then behind the scenes gallery , pic 8 of 9 is the pied babbler study site .\n20 . raihani , n . j . , nelson - flower , m . j . , browning , l . e . & ridley , a . r . 2010 . routes to breeding in cooperatively breeding pied babblers .\nn j raihani , m j nelson - flower , k a golabek , a r ridley ( 2010 ) routes to breeding in cooperatively breeding pied babblers turdoides bicolor journal of avian biology 41 : 6 . 681 - 686 nov\ncitation : humphries dj , finch fm , bell mbv , ridley ar ( 2015 ) calling where it counts : subordinate pied babblers target the audience of their vocal advertisements . plos one 10 ( 7 ) : e0130795 . urltoken\nm j nelson - flower , p a r hockey , c o ' ryan , a r ridley ( 2012 ) inbreeding avoidance mechanisms : dispersal dynamics in cooperatively breeding pied babblers . journal of animal ecology 81 : 876 - 883\nthe ability to discriminate kinship has previously been demonstrated in avian species , which utilise vocal [ 40 \u2013 43 ] , visual [ 44 \u2013 46 ] , and olfactory signals [ 47 , 48 ] to recognise kin . by avoiding kin as mating partners , an individual can limit the potentially damaging effects of inbreeding depression among resultant offspring , and therefore improve reproductive success [ 30 , 49 ] . genetic analysis of parentage in the pied babbler has previously found that breeding between familiar relatives is rare and that they are therefore likely to have a mechanism of recognising familiar kin which they utilise to avoid inbreeding [ 13 ] . our observations further support the idea that pied babblers can recognise kin and behaviourally discriminate relatives in their environment .\n12 . ridley , a . r . , raihani , n . j & nelson - flower , m . j . 2008 . the cost of being alone : the fate of floaters in a population of cooperatively breeding pied babblers .\nwinter is always a tough time for the pied babblers - a time when group composition changes dramatically due not only to mortality , but also to reproductive conflict and dispersal attempts prior to the breeding season . recently cgmx , the dominant female\nn j raihani , a r ridley , l e browning , m j nelson - flower , s knowles ( 2008 ) juvenile female aggression in cooperatively breeding pied babblers : causes and contexts ethology 114 : 5 . 452 - 458 may\nthe first babbler babies of the season have arrived ! this is super - early in the breeding season for the babblers , but lizzy has brought news from the field that rnb have already fledged two young . this is possibly the youngest ever fledglings for a breeding season .\nn j raihani , m j nelson - flower , k moyes , l e browning , a r ridley ( 2010 ) synchronous provisioning increases brood survival in cooperatively breeding pied babblers journal of animal ecology 79 : 1 . 44 - 52 jan\nthe arabian babbler project was established by prof amotz zahavi in 1974 and is based in the negev desert , israel . both projects have been running continuously since establishment and use detailed observations of habituated populations to gain an insight into the dynamics and evolution of group - living behaviour .\n14 . raihani , n . j . , ridley , a . r . , browning , l . e . & nelson - flower , m . j . 2008 . juvenile female aggression in cooperatively breeding pied babblers : causes and contexts .\ni have been collecting data on the causes and consequences of cooperative behaviour in pied babblers since 2003 . my current primary interests are : the causes of variation in contributions to cooperative care , the short - and long - term consequences of helping behaviour\nhumphries , d . j . , finch , f . m . , bell , m . b . v . & ridley , a . r . 2015 . calling where it counts : subordinate pied babblers target the audience of their vocal advertisements .\na r ridley , n j raihani , m j nelson - flower ( 2008 ) the cost of being alone : the fate of floaters in a population of cooperatively breeding pied babblers turdoides bicolor journal of avian biology 39 : 4 . 389 - 392 jul\nabstract : eavesdropping behaviour can increase the total amount of information available to an individual and therefore has the potential to provide substantial benefits . recent research has suggested that some species are \u00e2\u20ac\u02dcinformation givers\u00e2\u20ac\u2122 , particularly social species with cooperative vigilance systems , and that these species may consequently affect community structure by influencing the behaviour and niche utilization of other species . here , using behavioural observations and playback experiments , we compared the behavioural change in a solitary species ( the scimitarbill ) and a social species ( the pied babbler ) , to the presence and alarm calls of one another . our results revealed that scimitarbills underwent significant behavioural changes in the presence of social pied babblers : they reduced their vigilance rate by over 60 % , increased their foraging efficiency and expanded their niche by moving into open habitat and excavating subterranean food items . in contrast , pied babblers \u00e2\u20ac\u201c who have an effective intraspecific sentinel system \u00e2\u20ac\u201c did not show significant behavioural changes to the presence or alarm calls of scimitarbills . these results suggest that interspecific interceptive eavesdropping can provide significant benefits , influencing the behaviour and habitat utilization of eavesdropping species .\n18 . raihani , n . j . , nelson - flower , m . j . , browning , l . e . , moyes , k . & ridley , a . r . 2010 . synchronous provisioning increases brood survival in cooperatively breeding pied babblers .\nthe pied babbler research project sits nestled in the heart of the kuruman river reserve in the northern cape , south africa . today , ten years since its conception , it remains under the principle leadership of associate professor amanda ridley of the university of western australia , who founded the project with the help of her field assistant ( and now research colleague ) , dr nichola raihani in 2003 . the project is a prolific international operation , with researchers coming from institutions in australia , switzerland , the united kingdom and south africa to study the babblers and their associated species .\njanuary 2013 with the third flood of the season , it is safe to say that the drought has truly broken at the arabian babbler project . this is fantastic news , after many years of poor rain and low breeding success , this bodes well for a bumper breeding season in 2013 . fingers crossed !\nan additional aspect of my research involves understanding interspecific interactions and communication . originally i started investigating these interactions between pied babblers and fork - tailed drongos . more recently , i have begun investigating interspecific interactions in scimitar - bills , yellow - billed hornbills and wattled starlings .\ngrateful thanks to tim clutton - brock , marta manser , staff at krr and all colleagues , students and assistants on the babbler project . thanks also to the kotzes and the de bruins , who allowed land access . t . p . flower and s . a . kingma as well as two anonymous reviewers provided valuable comments .\nabstract : elaborate solicitation displays are a common feature of interactions between care - givers and offspring . these displays are interpreted as the phenotypic expression of the conflict of interests between parents and offspring over parental investment . offspring typically have siblings and thus do not exist in isolation . therefore , they may adjust their begging in response to their siblings ' begging , either competitively or cooperatively . alternatively , begging may be independent of the begging efforts of siblings . studies of avian begging have primarily focused on nestlings , where offspring are immobile and compete directly over the allocation of parental resources . we investigated the influence sibling begging had on individual fledgling begging in the cooperatively breeding pied babbler , turdoides bicolor . using experimental manipulations , we found that fledgling begging behaviour was negatively correlated with satiation and unrelated to the begging effort of siblings . pied babbler care - givers were able to target increased provisioning to individuals with artificially increased demand while maintaining provisioning rates to the rest of the brood . thus , fledglings were found to incur no provisioning costs or benefits from either increased or decreased begging by their siblings . we propose that the combination of targeted provisioning , flexible levels of provisioning and the dispersed nature of fledglings reduces the benefits of competitive or cooperative begging in this species .\nmay 2018 we have a number of pied babbler papers coming out in 2018 , all of which we think present really important findings . for full details of authors and titles , please see the publications tab . first up is the paper by nelson - flower et al in journal of animal ecology which tests prevailing hypotheses for the occurrence of cooperative breeding behaviour , and investigates the ecological and social contexts that influence dispersal decisions in pied babblers . second is the paper by nelson - flower et al in molecular ecology that looks at factors influencing reproductive skew , and finds different drivers of skew in males versus females . finally is the paper by wiley & ridley in ecology & evolution that looks at the pair bond as a predictor of reproductive success and group stability - a factor often overlooked in social species . all three of these papers used the long - term database to elucidate these behavioural trends - emphasising the value of long - term research !\nthis website provides information on the research my colleagues and i are currently conducting on pied and arabian babblers ( as well as other species these two ' focus ' species interact with ) . in these pages you will find details about our research , our study species , and any research opportunities currently available .\n. . . pied babblers are a medium sized ( 75\u201395g ) passerine endemic to the kalahari , living in social groups of 2\u201315 individuals [ 31 ] . breeding within the social group is monopolised by a dominant pair [ 6 ] , and subordinate individuals will only achieve dominance within their natal territory if they can inherit vacant breeding positions without inbreeding [ 7 , 13 ] . prospecting in pied babblers is costly [ 22 ] , and long - term floating is rarely observed ( 80 . 0 % of prospectors return to their natal group within 30 days ; a . ridley , unpublished data ) . . . .\nbabbler society is highly dynamic - within our population we have evidence of eviction , divorce , infanticide and kidnapping . our long - term research suggests that these dramatic events are related to the continual struggle between group members for dominance and access to breeding opportunities . these struggles can sometimes result in a dominance overthrow or successful cuckoldry , but these events are relatively rare .\nwhilst others are foraging on the ground , often one babbler will take a higher position \u2013 up an acacia tree , say \u2013 and act as sentinel , watching for approaching for predators . while all is clear the watching babbler gives regular sentinel calls , which reassure the feeding birds that they can continue at ease , spreading out widely from each other without needing to look up as often to check for danger [ 3 ] . on sight of a predator , such as a mongoose or a pale chanting goshawk , the sentinel gives an alarm call that informs the rest of the group of the threat so that they can seek cover . the higher the predation risk in their environment , the more sentinel activity the babblers will undertake [ 4 ] .\n. . . in red - winged fairywrens malurus elegans , females that have inherited a territory are more likely to seek egp , or seek egp from further away than females that have dispersed before breeding ( brouwer et al . , 2011 ) . similarly , superb fairy - wren malurus cyaneus , and pied babbler tur - doides bicolor females disperse further from their natal groups than non - natal groups ( cockburn et al . , 2003 ; nelson - flower et al . , 2012 ) . other potential rules may include discriminating against particular age groups likely to contain relatives , or based on previous mating experience , for example to avoid daughters of females that males previously mated with ( archie et al . , 2007 ) . . . .\nin cooperatively breeding and other family living species , there are often more individuals of reproductive age than available breeding positions . asking how individuals attain reproductive status is therefore crucial if we are to understand the selection pressures that operate in these groups . here , we present data on routes to breeding in pied babblers turdoides bicolor , cooperatively . . . [ show full abstract ]\nat the moment i am a second - year phd candidate in a joint supervision program ( cotutelle ) between tel aviv university , israel and macquarie university , sydney , australia , and i also work as the director of the arava birding center in the dead sea & arava science centre . my thesis title is\nthe effect of group size and composition on individual behaviour , group dynamics and population regulation in the arabian babbler (\none of the contexts in which loud - calling behaviour is observed is when the caller is in search of a mating partner , however , the calls are multi - functional and can be given in a wide range of contexts [ 34 ] . it is possible that the calling patterns we have observed are serving another function for the caller . for instance if the calls function for territorial defence , they may still occur at a higher frequency on boundaries with unrelated neighbouring groups . reduced aggression and a greater tolerance to related neighbours has been observed in a range of taxa including fish [ 50 ] , birds [ 51 ] , and mammals [ 52 \u2013 55 ] . however , in the pied babbler territorial defence is usually undertaken as a group with all adult group members chorusing together [ 56 ] .\nwe have a fully - funded phd position based at the percy fitzpatrick institute , university of cape town , available . the position will be supervised by me ( amanda ridley ) , claire spottiswoode and susie cunningham . it would involve working with the babblers several months per year at our field site in the remote southern kalahari , and looks at the effects of group size on thermal tolerance limits , working on the hypothesis that in large groups , where each individual has to do less work , individuals will be better able to tolerate high temperatures . this phd combine behavioural ecology and physiological research . for more details , see : urltoken\n) . to explore these relationships i conduct field experiments and observations on individual foraging success , foraging strategies and self versus social learning . together with this fieldwork i use the uniquely detailed 40 - year arabian babbler database to analyze long - term demographic effects . this database work involves finding what social or environmental factors promote group growth or extinction , and identifying critical group size effects in relation to eviction , dispersal and reproductive conflict behaviour .\nwith the help of a new research grant , i am beginning research on understanding long - term population dynamics in cooperative species , including factors that promote the expansion or extinction of groups . i will be using the long - term datasets of arabian and pied babblers to determine the influence of climatic changes ( heatwaves and droughts ) on social dynamics at both the group and population level\napril 2012 unfortunately this year both our research populations have been hit by drought . in south africa the summer has now ended and after low rainfall over the rainy season pied babbler breeding success was very low . several of our groups failed to raise any young . our outstanding performers for the year were group xhosa , who bucked the trend and managed to raise five young to independence . in israel the breeding season is a few months in , and it is extremely dry ( oded reports only 7 mm of rain so far ) . many groups are still not breeding and it does not look like a promising breeding season . oded ( currently in - field ) brings happy news that one group currently has nestlings , and two groups have managed to fledge young - we ' ll cross our fingers that their fledglings manage to keep healthy .\nour findings indicate that subordinates are maximising the potential of their loud - calling behaviour by using information regarding the composition of neighbouring groups . this information is likely to be obtained through several mechanisms . firstly , information may be exchanged during inter - group interactions . baboons , papio cynocephalus , use inter - group encounters to assess the number of opposite sex individuals within neighbouring groups [ 57 ] . pied babblers frequently engage in ritualised inter - group interactions and have many opportunities for information exchange [ 56 ] . during inter - group interactions , pied babblers often utilise sex - specific loud - calling behaviour [ 34 ] , which may provide a mechanism for assessing the number of opposite - sex individuals in neighbouring groups . secondly , information regarding the composition of neighbouring groups may be obtained from prospecting bouts , with information - gathering considered one of the primary functions of prospecting behaviour [ 58 , 59 ] . or thirdly , information may be gained through eavesdropping on neighbours [ 60 ] . great tits , parus major , are able to assess the quality of neighbouring males by eavesdropping on their calling behaviour [ 61 ] . eavesdropping may similarly provide a way of obtaining information about the composition of neighbouring groups in pied babblers .\nhere we have described how subordinate pied babblers , in addition to prospecting for breeding opportunities in the wider area [ 7 ] , also adopt a strategy of vocalising to neighbouring groups from within their natal territory . this strategy is maximised by using information regarding the composition of neighbouring groups to target an audience of potential breeding partners . importantly , subordinate loud - calling is not just given to any neighbouring group , nor focused towards the largest groups , but subordinate pied babblers are specifically targeting unrelated groups that contain a number of opposite sex individuals . our findings provide fresh insight into how subordinates within cooperatively breeding - societies , that are constrained in their opportunities to breed on the natal territory , appear to use information about the composition of neighbouring groups to inform the location of their vocal displays to target an audience of potential breeding partners .\naugust 2012 unfortunately , despite our high hopes , the drought in the negev desert resulted in a very poor breeding season for the arabian babbler population . although oded recorded a surprising amount of breeding activity given the dry conditions , very few of these young survived long enough to recruit to the adult population . there are now only a handful of juveniles around from the season ' s breeding activity , who face the struggle of making it through a difficult winter with little food around .\nour findings that subordinate loud - calling behaviour is concentrated on the edges of territories , and specifically near to groups containing a number of unrelated , opposite sex individuals suggests that unsolicited loud - calling by subordinates functions for mate advertisement . importantly , it also suggests that pied babblers are capable of discriminating kinship and the number of potential mates within neighbouring groups , and can utilise this information to maximise the audience of their calling efforts .\njune 2012 on the back of a dry summer with limited insect emergence , has come a very cold winter in the kalahari . tom , a research collaborator currently onsite working on drongo - babbler interactions , has reported that the babblers are suffering badly from the harsh combination of cold weather and limited food . many are steadily losing weight , and at this rate we can expect that some of our juveniles will not make it through their first winter . fingers crossed the toll will not be too high .\nnovember 2012 finally some welcome rains have fallen at the arabian babbler study site ! after a very poor and very dry breeding season , flash floods have hit the arava . while these can be very dangerous in the short - term while they flow through the bone - dry river channels , they bring much needed water to a parched ecosystem , and are followed soon after by abundant germination . the picture to the right is a flash flood flowing along a wadi ( river channel ) that was previously completely dry .\nfebruary 2013 another breeding season has ended , but the tragedy this season was that it never really started . it was a scorching summer in the kalahari , but sadly for the animals , the rains never came . day after day of searing heat , but no rain respite made it the worst ever breeding season for the pied babblers . with very little food around , most groups did not bother to make any breeding attempts after december ( which was when the rains should have arrived ) . currently , we have only eight fledglings in the entire population . more groups did fledge young , but these have since been predated . seven of our groups have gone extinct , and with a harsh winter coming up , we expect more extinctions before the next breeding season starts . while this is a very sad event for us all at babbler project , on the bright side it is very interesting demographically , which helps us with the aims of our recent successful research grant !\none key focus of babbler research is their intelligent vocal capabilities . they communicate constantly using a diverse repertoire of sounds . whilst foraging for food , each individual gives low - pitch close calls , known as \u201cchucks\u201d to indicate its position to other group members . chuck calls function as a spacing regulator whilst foraging , so that individuals don\u2019t encroach on each others\u2019 feeding patches [ 1 ] . raising the pitch of the chuck a little tells the group that a large , shareable food source has been found [ 2 ] .\nfebruary 2018 \u200bi am delighted to announce that our latest research , on the effect of sociality on the evolution of intelligence , has been published in nature ! this work is from our study population that is the ' sister ' population to pied babblers : western australian magpies in perth . well done to phd student ben ashton on a great achievement . here is a media link to our article , including a clip of our research on the evening primetime news , here \u200b\nphd submitted - congratulations to oded november 2014 congratulations to oded for submitting his phd thesis ! oded completed his phd thesis on individual and group dynamics in the cooperative breeding arabian babbler . oded has worked incredibly hard , and has produced a thesis to be proud of . each thesis submitted represents a huge amount of work by the student , and a lot of love and support from friends and family . oded and his family are returning back home soon , and they will be sorely missed from the friends they leave behind here in perth .\n. . . unlike most birds , there is no sex - biased dispersal in pied babblers . females disperse slightly more often than males , but after accounting for the slight female - bias in the sex ratio , this higher rate is not signifi cant ( nelson - flower et al . 2012 ) . both males and females remain with their natal group as helpers for several years on average , and contribute to raising subsequent broods produced by the dominant pair . . . .\nrelatedness of mated and unmated pairs of opposite - sex adult pied babblers per year over 5 years of study . means \u00b1 standard error of the mean were generated from relatedness values calculated using the konovalov and heg ( 2008 ) algorithm within the program kingroup v2 _ 090218 ( konovalov et al . 2004 ) ; sample sizes are shown . a 2 - sample randomization / permutation test with 100 000 permutations within the program rundom pro 3 . 14 ( jadwiszczak 2009 ) was used to calculate significance\nresearchers have also discovered that babbler fledglings communicate with their parents non - vocally : in what is thought to be a display of blackmail , fledglings spend more time on the ground , where there is a higher risk of predation , than in the safety of trees when hungry . whilst on the ground , they are fed more by the foraging parents and helpers than when they are in the tree . thompson et al cite this as support for zahavi\u2019s idea , that the fledglings risk their own mortality in order to attain higher provisioning rates by the parents [ 9 ] [ 10 ] .\nwe have recently had a manuscript accepted to global change biology . this manuscript , based on the msc fieldwork of kate du plessis , looks at the behavioural and body mass changes in pied babblers according to changes in temperature - the main focus of the paper is to investigate the potential ( sub - lethal ) effects of increasing temperature ( under predicted climate change ) on bird populations in semi - arid zones . congrats to the whole team ( kate was supervised by myself , phil hockey rowan martin & susie cunningham ) !\nseptember 2012 it is with sadness that i announce the loss of a matriarch to the population , bmbo . originally from rainbow ( one of our first ever habituated groups ) , bmbo dispersed and founded her own group . her dispersal record remains the furthest that we have ever recorded a babbler dispersing within our study population . she founded the group called ngai tahu , and remained dominant from the start of the group three years ago until her recent disappearance . she is succeeded by her three daughters , one of whom may take the dominant female position ( she is unrelated to the current dominant male ) .\nwhy do dominant females tolerate competitive subordinate females in their groups ? first , dominants may be able to moderate subordinate infanticidal activity through aggressive suppression during the fertile period ; such aggression is common when individuals are in reproductive conflict [ 4 , 9 , 11 , 18 , 24 \u2013 27 ] . while there is no sufficient data to formally examine the relationship , a casual examination of current data appears to indicate a loosely inverse relationship between the amount of aggression observed and dominant female success . however , whether aggression occurs pre - emptively , or as a reaction to previous infanticide , or functions as another type of signal [ 52 ] is not clear . second , dominants may tolerate competitive subordinates because an additional helper substantially increases productivity in small babbler groups , reducing the high costs of breeding as a pair [ 31 ] . immigrant ( and completely unrelated ) subordinate females are very rarely found in large babbler groups ( m . j . nelson - flower 2008 , unpublished data ) , suggesting that when groups become large , these subordinates are either evicted by dominants or repelled if they attempt to immigrate , or that groups only become large when the absence of a competitor does not place limits on reproductive success ."]}
{"id": 2406, "summary": [{"text": "the pinhead pearlfish , carapus boraborensis , is a species of slender , ray-finned fish in the family carapidae found in the tropical indo-pacific ocean ; it normally lives inside the body cavity of a sea cucumber such as the pineapple sea cucumber ( thelenota ananas ) or the leopard sea cucumber ( bohadschia argus ) . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "pinhead pearlfish", "paragraphs": ["@ firstdogonmoon the cucumber or pinhead pearlfish ! superb choice . some pearlfish also eat the cucumber ' s gonads . . . strange and stranger !\nkate cranney on twitter :\n@ firstdogonmoon the cucumber or pinhead pearlfish ! superb choice . some pearlfish also eat the cucumber ' s gonads . . . strange and stranger !\na small reddish - brown eel - like fish covered in fine dark speckles . the pinhead pearlfish lives within holothurians , and emerges through the cloacal opening of the sea cucumber at night .\nsome species of this family , however , are possibly parasitic . these live inside sea cucumbers where they will first eat the gonads of their host and then live inside the anal pore . the pinhead pearlfish ( carapus boraborensis ) is suspected to be parasitic whereas the silver pearlfish ( encheliophis homei ) is suspected to be non - parasitic based on stomach content analysis and where they are found within a cucumber when dissected .\n( pacific pearlfish ) is found in the eastern pacific in the body cavity of cockles , pearl shells , and pen shells .\n( bivalve pearlfish ) occurs in marine waters off western australia . it prefers to reside within sea cucumbers and the mantle cavity of bivalves\nparmentier , e . and vandewalle , p . ( 2003 ) morphological adaptations of pearlfish ( carapidae ) to their various habitats . science publisher\nbefore entry , a pearlfish will normally spend several minutes inspecting the entire body length of a cucumber before proceeding to the back end . a knocking or tapping movement is performed near the anus as if\nasking\nto gain entry . reports indicate that pearlfish normally back in tail first but have also been observed to enter head first . more than one pearlfish has been known to live inside a cucumber at any one time as well making for a somewhat cramped living environment . this trait has been observed with the silver pearlfish where sexual pairing has been found within a cucumber .\nthe great pearlfish , conqueror of sea cucumber bums , devourer of reproductive organs , all - around decent critter to anything but a sea cucumber .\n( pearlfish ) is found in the western pacific on reefs . this fish lives in the body cavity of sea cucumbers by day and forages at night\nthis bizarre little fish lives inside the anus of a leopard sea cucumber ( bohadschia argus ) . i was filming a number of different fishes in the shallows , and only took a short clip of this sea cucumber . it wasn ' t until i looked at the footing that i saw the little pearlfish . pearlfish get their name from the members of their family that live inside oysters .\nbut the sea cucumber may not be entirely defenseless against the invasions of the pearlfish . some species have what could be functioning as a built - in gate in their anus \u2014 a handy accessory considering that in addition to the pearlfish , crabs and clams have also been known to make themselves at home inside the poor critters ( the sea cucumber , it seems , like any good host , can never really enjoy itself at its own party ) .\ndepending on what species it is , the pearlfish initiates one of two relationships once inside : a commensal one , in which it simply takes up space without either helping or adversely affecting the sea cucumber , or a rather more parasitic one , in which it chows down on its host\u2019s gonads .\nthe pearlfish finds its reluctant host likely by smell , according to biologist eric parmentier of belgium\u2019s university of li\u00e8ge . it then must choose the right end to enter , using its lateral line \u2014 sensory organs that detect movements in water \u2014 to home in on the outflow from the respiratory tree at the anus .\nsuch pearlfishes come in a range of species , and don\u2019t necessarily limit themselves to invading sea cucumbers . they\u2019ll also work their way into sea stars , and are so named because they\u2019ve been found dead inside oysters , completely coated in mother - of - pearl . beautiful , really , though i reckon the pearlfish would beg to differ .\npearlfish ( family carapidae ) are scaleless , their bodies are somewhat translucent , and they look remotely like eels when they swim outside of their host . they can be found in the atlantic , pacific and indian oceans and have been found down to depths of over 2 , 000 meters . some of the species can reach upwards of 50 cm in length when full grown .\nophidiiformes represent the\ncusk eels\nand some species within the family carapidae ( pearlfish ) live symbiotically within benthic invertebrates . the relationship of the fish to the host is quasi - parasitic ; only in a few cases is the parasitism overt . in most cases , the fish either consumes food that could be used by the host or , in most cases , simply takes up space\nyou\u2019re breathing through your anus , by the way , and when you take a breath , the pearlfish strikes \u2014 squirming up your butt , making itself comfortable in your respiratory organ , and eating your gonads . or , they\u2019ll go up in pairs and have sex in your body cavity . and that\u2019s when you realize that you must have been a really awful human being in a past life . like , the type of person who talks on their phone in a movie theater kind of awful .\nso like a disgraced samurai disemboweling himself , the sea cucumber gifts the world with its intestines , whether the world wants them or not . interestingly , though , the pearlfish doesn\u2019t itself seem to trigger this reaction for reasons that aren\u2019t yet clear . and it\u2019s important to consider that the fish in fact benefits from the evisceration , because by using the sea cucumber as a home , it necessarily adopts its host\u2019s predators . its survival depends on the sea cucumber\u2019s ability to defend itself , which is quite intriguing from an evolutionary perspective .\nsorry , preview is currently unavailable . you can download the paper by clicking the button above .\nenter the email address you signed up with and we ' ll email you a reset link .\nwe parsed the following live from the web into this page . such content is managed by its original site and not cached on discover life . please send feedback and corrections directly to the source . see original regarding copyrights and terms of use .\nyou have requested an unaccepted / invalid name entry , the corresponding accepted / valid name is presented here as the result .\neel - like , moderate to shallow body depth ; maxilla free and movable ; cardiform teeth present ; branchiostegal membranes partly or completely united ; swim bladder with thin terminal membrane or bulb but no constriction ; lacking enlarged dentary or premaxillary fangs , dentary diastema , pelvic fins , and swim bladder rocker bone ; pectoral fins small , less than 29 % head length ; body thick , robust and highly pigmented ; 15 - 17 precaudal vertebrae .\nuncommon species . shallows water of coral reefs . lives within holothurians ( e . g . thelenota ananas < \\ i > , bohadschia argus < \\ i > and stichopus chloronotus < \\ i > ) .\nindo - pacific : mauritius to the society islands , north to taiwan and the yaeyama islands ; including mariana and caroline islands .\ngreek , enchelys , = eel + greek , ophis = serpent ( ref . 45335 )\nmarine ; demersal ; depth range 1 - 150 m ( ref . 34024 ) . tropical\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 30 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 4104 )\ndorsal soft rays ( total ) : 31 - 42 ; anal soft rays : 45 - 57 ; vertebrae : 119 - 126 . eel - like , moderate to shallow body depth ; maxilla free and movable ; cardiform teeth present ; branchiostegal membranes partly or completely united ; swim bladder with thin terminal membrane or bulb ; lacking enlarged dentary or premaxillary fangs , dentary diastema , pelvic fins , and swim bladder rocker bone ( ref . 34024 ) . pectoral fins small , less than 29 % head length ; body thick , robust and highly pigmented ( ref . 34024 ) .\nuncommon species ( ref . 34024 ) . lives within holothurians ( e . g . thelenota ananas and bohadschia argus ) ( ref . 1602 ) .\nnielsen , j . g . , d . m . cohen , d . f . markle and c . r . robins , 1999 . ophidiiform fishes of the world ( order ophidiiformes ) . an annotated and illustrated catalogue of pearlfishes , cusk - eels , brotulas and other ophidiiform fishes known to date . fao fish . synop . 125 ( 18 ) : 178p . rome : fao . ( ref . 34024 )\n) : 23 . 6 - 28 . 9 , mean 27 . 5 ( based on 920 cells ) . phylogenetic diversity index ( ref .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00102 ( 0 . 00046 - 0 . 00225 ) , b = 3 . 06 ( 2 . 88 - 3 . 24 ) , in cm total length , based on all lwr estimates for this body shape ( ref .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\npicture of carapus boraborensis has been licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial . original source : fishbase permission : some rights reserved\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nproject noah is a tool to explore and document wildlife and a platform to harness the power of citizen scientists everywhere .\nlady elliot island ' s shallow coral lagoon , in the coral sea at the south end of the great barrier reef .\ni know . it lives in a sea cucumber bottom ! from what i ' ve read the sea cucumber is not getting anything out of the\nrelationship\n. nature , weirder than anything we can imagine . the video i put up at youtube is a too cropped . i ' ll see if i can fix that so you can see the fish better .\nmarine ; demersal ; depth range 1 - 150 m ( ref . 34024 ) . tropical , preferred ?\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthese fish are unique in that the adults normally live inside invertebrates like clams , sea squirts , and starfish in a commensal relationship ( not harming their host ) . this trait is common throughout the carapidae family .\nthis pairing behavior is not often seen in our reef aquariums but occasionally members of various reefkeeping forums will report that they have one in their tank .\nwatch the video below to see this relationship . if you ' re short on time , skip ahead to the 6 minute mark for the re - entry . . .\nshane has kept saltwater tanks for the last 12 years , is a research scientist , lives in northern indiana , and is a proud advanced aquarist staffer .\ncopyright \u00a9 2002 - 2018 by pomacanthus publications , llc , all rights reserved .\nwe ' ve detected that javascript is disabled in your browser . would you like to proceed to legacy twitter ?\ni ' m a scientist , artist & science communicator . big advocate of digital storytelling , indigenous nrm & art ! i work w the nature conservancy ' s asia pacific team .\nyou can add location information to your tweets , such as your city or precise location , from the web and via third - party applications . you always have the option to delete your tweet location history . learn more\nhere ' s the url for this tweet . copy it to easily share with friends .\nby embedding twitter content in your website or app , you are agreeing to the twitter developer agreement and developer policy .\nnot on twitter ? sign up , tune into the things you care about , and get updates as they happen .\nthis timeline is where you\u2019ll spend most of your time , getting instant updates about what matters to you .\nhover over the profile pic and click the following button to unfollow any account .\nwhen you see a tweet you love , tap the heart \u2014 it lets the person who wrote it know you shared the love .\nthe fastest way to share someone else\u2019s tweet with your followers is with a retweet . tap the icon to send it instantly .\nadd your thoughts about any tweet with a reply . find a topic you\u2019re passionate about , and jump right in .\nwhat is your favourite australian fish @ firstdogonmoon ? ! i ' m curious . . . . and often impressed by your use of cartoonal binomial nomenclature .\ntwitter may be over capacity or experiencing a momentary hiccup . try again or visit twitter status for more information .\n) : 23 . 6 - 28 . 9 , mean 27 . 5 ( based on 920 cells ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5078 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00102 ( 0 . 00046 - 0 . 00225 ) , b = 3 . 06 ( 2 . 88 - 3 . 24 ) , in cm total length , based on all lwr estimates for this body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 4 \u00b10 . 3 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 16 of 100 ) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nconceived and designed the experiments : oh fl . performed the experiments : oh . analyzed the data : oh fl . contributed reagents / materials / analysis tools : fl . wrote the paper : oh fl . obtained permission for animal experiments : fl .\nthis is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are properly credited .\ndata on sex - specific differences in sound production , acoustic behaviour and hearing abilities in fishes are rare . representatives of numerous catfish families are known to produce sounds in agonistic contexts ( intraspecific aggression and interspecific disturbance situations ) using their pectoral fins . the present study investigates differences in agonistic behaviour , sound production and hearing abilities in males and females of a callichthyid catfish .\ncurrent data demonstrate that both male and female m . thoracata produce aggressive sounds , but the behavioural contexts and sound characteristics differ between sexes . sexes do not differ in hearing , but it remains to be clarified if this is a general pattern among fish . this is the first study to describe sex - specific differences in agonistic behaviour in fishes .\na wealth of information is available on sound - generating mechanisms , sound production during agonistic and reproductive behaviour , and hearing in fishes ( for reviews see [ 1 \u2013 5 ] ) . despite this knowledge , data on sex - specific differences in sonic organs , sound production and in hearing are very limited [ 6 ] .\na previous study on the callichthyid armoured catfish megalechis thoracata ( formerly hoplosternum thoracatum ) showed that , corresponding to the behavioural contexts , males and females uttered different types of pectoral sounds [ 27 ] . this differs considerably from investigations on the callichthyid c . paleatus , in which males produced trains of sounds during dyadic contests , whereas no stridulation sounds could be recorded from females during social interactions [ 13 , 28 ] .\nacoustic communication is defined as transmission of information by a sender to a receiver with benefits for the receiver or mutual potential benefits for both [ 36 ] . accordingly , a match of spectral contents of sounds and best hearing sensitivity of the intended receiver , and vice versa , should be preferred by natural selection [ 33 , 35 ] . auditory sensitivity was found to match the characteristics of sounds produced in the frequency domain in some species [ 35 , 37 \u2013 41 ] , but mismatch was observed in others [ 33 , 42 ] .\nthe aims of the present study were to investigate sex - specific differences in ( 1 ) sound - generating mechanisms , ( 2 ) agonistic behaviour , ( 3 ) sounds produced and their characteristics , ( 4 ) the auditory abilities , and finally ( 5 ) to determine if the dominant frequencies of sounds correlate with the best hearing sensitivity in the callichthyid catfish m . thoracata .\nexperiments were performed with permission of the austrian federal ministry of science and research ( bundesministerium f\u00fcr wissenschaft und forschung , gz 66 . 006 / 0023 - ii / 10b / 2008 ) . the permission covered all experimental procedures . no animal was sacrificed during this study . according to the austrian law on experiments in animals ( tierversuchsgesetz 1989 / 2005 ) an institutional animal care and use committee ( or ethics committee ) was not mandatory and did not exist at the university of vienna when experiments were carried out .\nseventeen specimens of m . thoracata were used for the study : seven subadult males ( 93\u2013104 mm total length , tl , 12 . 2\u201319 . 1 g body mass ) , nine subadult females ( 84\u2013102 mm , 9 . 8\u201317 . 1 g ) and one adult male ( 126 mm , 32 . 9 g ) . fish were obtained from a local pet shop and a fish farmer . we assume that 16 of the 17 fish were subadult because they were one year old during our experiments and mayr [ 27 ] stated that first reproductive behaviour in this species is shown at the age of two years . moreover , we observed no reproductive behaviour in the present study when sexes were kept together in community tanks . this species is a bottom - dwelling fish from slowly flowing rivers , pools , drainage ditches and swampy areas in south america [ 43 ] .\nthe sex of the fish was determined by inspecting the genital papillae , the distance between coracoids and the size of pectoral fins . males possess genital papillae , a narrower gap between coracoids and longer , thicker and orange pectoral spines [ 43 ] . due to the individually spotted body pattern , the subjects could be easily distinguished from each other .\nfish were kept in three community tanks ( 110 x 30 x 55 cm ) whose bottom was covered with fine sand and which were similarly equipped with half flower pots , tubes , plants and roots as shelters . the tank of the adult male measured 90 x 30 x 30 cm . four males and four females and three males and five females , respectively , were kept together . a 12 : 12 hour light : dark cycle was provided and the water temperature was kept at 25 \u00b1 1\u00b0c . the aquaria were filtered by external filters in order to reduce noise . fish were fed frozen chironomid larvae and occasionally artificial food ( flakes and tablets ) five to six times a week .\nafter behaviour and sound recordings , body mass , total length and length of the pectoral spine of each contestant were measured . the pectoral spine length ( psl ) was measured from the juncture of the spine with the outer body surface to its tip using digital callipers . the relative pectoral spine length ( rpsl ) was calculated using the formula rpsl = psl / tl , where tl is the total length .\nall agonistic experiments were performed from august to november 2011 . fish were kept for three months in holding tanks before the start of behavioural experiments . the video and sound recordings were carried out in a walk - in soundproof room , which was constructed as a faraday cage . the experiments were conducted in a test tank ( 70 x 40 x 35 cm ) . the resonant frequency of the tank is 3042 hz according to akamatsu et al . [ 44 ] . the water temperature was maintained at 25 \u00b1 1\u00b0c . the test tank was placed on a table that rested on a vibration - isolated concrete plate .\nthe behaviour and acoustic signals were recorded using a hydrophone ( br\u00fcel & kjaer 8101 , sensitivity \u2212184 db re 1 v \u03bcpa \u22121 ) , which was connected to a power supply ( br\u00fcel & kjaer 2804 ) and placed in the centre of the aquarium close to the back wall . both the hydrophone and video camera ( sony ccd - vx1e ) were connected to a hifi s - vhs video cassette recorder ( jvc hr - s4700 eg / e ) . hifi audio and s - video signals were stored simultaneously on s - vhs hifi videotapes ( fujifilm super vhs pro se - 240 ) . sound pressure levels ( rms fast time weighting , linear frequency weighting ) were measured in parallel with the sound recordings using a sound level meter ( br\u00fcel & kjaer mediator 2238 ) connected to the power supply . the observer was always hidden behind a curtain during recordings . external filters of the test tank were switched off before the start of experiments .\nas the intention of this study was to record acoustic displays during agonistic behaviour dyadic interactions were not allowed to proceed to a phase , where biting might have occurred . no biting or injuries were observed in any of the experiments .\neach sound was digitized using a sampling rate of 11 khz ( 16 bit resolution ) and analysed using cool edit 2000 ( syntrillium software corporation , phoenix , usa ) and st x soundtools 3 . 7 . 8 . ( institute of sound research at the austrian academy of sciences , vienna ) . only sounds with a good signal - to - noise ratio were analysed . the following acoustic variables were measured from sounds recorded during dyadic contests :\nsound duration ( sd ) : the total length between the onset and the end of a single call or a series of sounds . dominant frequency ( df ) : the frequency with the highest amplitude within a power spectrum . the dominant frequency of sounds was determined from cepstrum - smoothed power spectra . harmonic sounds are characterized by several regularly spaced peaks , in which the frequencies of the harmonic peaks are multiples of that of the fundamental frequency . the harmonic content of a sound was controlled by overlaying a harmonic grid .\nsound pressure level ( spl ) : measured in db re 1\u03bcpa ( rms fast , linear weighting ) . in order to compensate the varying distances of vocalizing fish to the hydrophone , a correction factor was calculated . therefore , the test tank was divided into 21 sectors ( each measuring 10 x 10 cm ) by using a grid applied on the front glass of the aquarium . the sector in which a fish emitted sounds was noted . because sounds of m . thoracata were of low energy , pink noise was chosen for calculating a correction factor . short tone bursts were played back at a constant spl from a small loudspeaker ( fuji 7g06 , 8 ohm , 0 . 8 w ) , in each of the 21 sectors , and the spls were noted . the relative difference of the spl measured in the sector nearest to the hydrophone ( 3 cm away ) and the other sectors were calculated and added to the spl values of fish sounds measured before . thus , a distance - independent absolute spl value could be determined for each sound emission .\nthe aim of the behavioural analyses was to describe all behavioural patterns ( elements ) occurring during the male - male and female - female agonistic contests . all behavioural patterns shown during a total of 24 agonistic encounters were classified according to the description presented in\n. the number of acoustic signals and visual displays such as attack , circling and head nodding was counted for each experiment and individual .\ndescription of the behavioural repertoire shown during dyadic male - male and female - female interactions of m . thoracata .\nfin displaying or approaching another fish , stopping suddenly before forcefully hitting the other with its tail .\ntwo females swam in an anti - parallel ( head - to - tail ) orientation .\ntwo males moved towards each other , in a parallel , anti - parallel position or various angles spreading all their fins . additionally , at high intensities the caudal part of the body was erected in a distinct angle .\ncontinued escape reaction in response to a chase . fish swam rapidly away from the aggressor .\nfemales showed serial vertical up and down movements of their heads in different positions to each other .\nmales moved their heads rapidly away and towards the opponent while bending their body c - like .\none female following the opponent by a snake - like movement on the bottom .\ndefinitions followed mayr [ 27 ] except for fin beating , jerks and sneaking . m\u2014males , f\u2014females .\nauditory sensitivity was determined using the non - invasive auditory evoked potential ( aep ) recording technique , originally reported by kenyon et al . [ 45 ] and modified by wysocki and ladich [ 46 \u2013 47 ] .\nfor each test condition , the stimuli were presented at opposite polarities ( 180\u00b0 phase shifted ) and the corresponding aeps were averaged in order to eliminate stimulus artefacts . at spls close to the threshold , this procedure was performed at least twice and the aep traces were overlaid to examine if they were repeatable . the spl values of tone burst stimuli were reduced in 4 db steps . by overlaying replicate traces , the lowest spl in which an identifiable and repeatable aep trace could be obtained was regarded as threshold . the method developed by kenyon et al . [ 45 ] gives auditory thresholds very similar to behavioural thresholds ( for discussion see [ 4 , 48 ] ) .\nadditionally , a one - way analysis of variance ( anova ) was performed , followed by a bonferroni post - hoc test , in order to determine differences in sound characteristics of each aggressive sound type . differences in relative pectoral spine length between sexes were tested using a paired t - test . a total of 244 sounds were analysed .\nmean hearing thresholds were determined for both sexes at each frequency . thresholds obtained for males ( n = 6 ) and females ( n = 6 ) were compared by a two - way anova using a general linear model , where one factor was sex and the other was frequency . the sex factor alone should reveal differences in sensitivity between sexes and , combined with the frequency factor , if different tendencies exist at different frequencies of the audiograms .\nall statistical tests were conducted using pasw 18 . 0 ( spss inc . , chicago , usa ) . the significance level was set at p \u2264 0 . 05 .\nproduced sounds by vibrating pectoral fins . the first pectoral fin rays were orange in males in contrast to females . pectoral spines were longer and thicker in males . the relative length of pectoral spines ( pectoral spine length / total length ) was on overage 1 . 7 - fold higher in males than females ( t - test , t = 44 . 27 , df = 15 , p \u2264 0 . 01 ) (\ndifferent letters indicate statistically significant differences between sexes . psl\u2014total length of pectoral spine , tl\u2014total fish length .\naggressive interactions usually started after removal of the separating sheet and as soon as opponents detected each other visually . the agonistic behavioural sequences were interrupted by air gulping , digging , resting close to each other or withdrawal into the shelter . for the description of behavioural patterns observed during thirteen male - male and eleven female - female encounters see\ngenerally , one or both males started to approach each other and erected their fins ( threatening fin display ) . occasionally , this posture was followed by fin beating , which could last for several seconds . head jerking followed and was accompanied by the production of two sound types , namely barks or thumps , indicating high levels of aggression . jerking could occur without sound emission , in which case maximally three jerks were observed .\nin 12 out of 13 encounters ( 92 % ) , barks and thumps were produced during aggressive interactions . furthermore , in 10 out of 13 contests ( 78 % ) , sound emission occurred in both contestants . barks were emitted at various distances from a few centimetres up to a maximum of 40 cm away from the opponent . before abduction of pectoral fins , a single adduction was observed . barks were often produced during approaching and swimming (\n) . the individual producing a sound mostly swam away and then again approached the conspecific . the latter could react by fin displays or moving away from the other .\nthe illustration shows the right male approaching the opponent , shortly before uttering a bark .\nin contrast to barks , thumps occurred only in direct proximity ( within one body length ) to the opponent . typically , opponents showed fin displays in a parallel , anti - parallel position or at various angles to each other (\n) , or swam close and emitted thumps . typically , thumps were produced in an oblique position towards the opponent . opponents responded by producing a thump , by attacking or by fleeing .\nthis screen shot shows the typically threatening fin display with fins spread and the caudal part of the right male erected in a distinct angle . the right fish produced a thump in this oblique anti - parallel position relative to the conspecific .\nduring all experiments , we counted a total of 40 attacks , often preceded by fin display and fin beating . attacks were mainly performed by sound producers , occasionally accompanied by thumps . besides these behavioural elements , chasing was observed . during chasing , barks were emitted by the pursuer .\nin five out of seven experiments , barks were even emitted after separating both fishes by the plastic sheet , i . e . after they lost visual contact . barks were recorded mainly in males , which produced numerous sounds during the dyadic contests . just in one case did both opponents emit barks . after separation by the plastic sheet , males generated barks during swimming or when approaching the separating sheet .\n) close to the bottom . this sneaking behaviour toward the opponent was occasionally accompanied by the emission of crackles . sounds were recorded in all female - female experiments . in four out of eleven contests , both females vocalized during agonistic interactions . sounds were produced close to the opponent ( within one to two body lengths ) (\n) and were generated by rapid pectoral fin movements . shortly before uttering a crackle , the vocalizing fish may strike towards the opponent . crackles were most frequently emitted when one female chased the other . swimming after each other or pursuing could continue into circling behaviour (\n) , which lasted up to 3 s . sounds were uttered before , during or at the end of circling .\nhead nodding was either performed by one female or simultaneously by both . two to 18 head nods per individual were observed within a series . we counted a total of 736 head nods during eleven agonistic interactions , and the vocalizing female exhibited a higher rate . this visual threatening display could be elicited by the movement of one fish , when swimming by or when above the other , before and after circling , and when resting close to each other . furthermore , interactions were characterized by a high rate of body contacts such as touching with barbels . attacks occurred only four times : three were accompanied by crackles and one was exhibited shortly after head nodding .\nin contrast to male - male encounters , in which both males vocalized , crackles were mainly produced by one female , seldom by both . female - female contests were characterized by circling behaviour and the lack of jerks . head nodding could not be observed in any male - male interaction . while males beat their fins during fin displays , females did it during circling . females undulated only their dorsal and caudal fins , whereas in males all fins were involved . furthermore , females attacked less frequently than males , indicating a lower level of aggressivity .\nthree types of sounds were recorded during dyadic encounters . males produced barks and thumps , and females emitted crackles . barks and thumps were recorded in seven out of eight males and crackles in eight out of nine females . the fish produced 376 barks , 66 thumps and 739 crackles during 24 interactions . acoustic signals were not audible to human listeners . video analysis revealed that barks were produced during abduction of the pectoral fin . we could not unequivocally determine the movement of the pectoral fins ( adduction and / or abduction ) during the emission of thumps and crackles .\nbarks were low - frequency harmonic sounds showing frequency modulation ; they only occurred singly . they consisted of one to three parts and were therefore classified as being mono - , bi - or tripartite (\n) . sound duration ranged from 159 to 317 ms , and the spl ranged from 101 . 2 to 125 db re 1 \u03bcpa at a distance of 3 cm . the main energies were found in the first , second or third harmonic . the dominant frequency of bipartite barks varied in the first part from 110 to 600 hz , and in the second from 170 to 730 hz .\nthe spectrum shows three harmonics ( 1st , 2nd , 3rd ) with the highest energy found in the second harmonic . sampling rate 22 khz . hanning filter , overlap 75 % , ( a ) filter bandwidth 20 hz , ( b ) filter bandwidth 1 hz , number of coefficients 350 .\nthe spectrum reveals three harmonics ( 1st , 2nd , 3rd ) within the second sound part ( white arrow ) with the highest energy found in the second harmonic . the oscillogram shows lower amplitude in the first part ( light blue arrow ) . sampling rate 11 khz . hanning filter , overlap 75 % , ( a ) filter bandwidth 20 hz , ( b ) filter bandwidth 1 hz , number of coefficients 170 .\nthumps were produced singly and showed no harmonic structure . they were mostly mono - , seldom bipartite (\n) . bipartite thumps were recorded only in the one examined adult subject . sound duration ranged from 116 to 446 ms and the spl ranged from 107 . 07 to 137 . 5 db re 1 \u03bcpa . the dominant frequency varied from 70 to 210 hz .\nthe dominant frequency is indicated in ( b ) . sampling rate 11 khz . hanning filter , overlap 75 % , ( a ) filter bandwidth 20 hz , ( b ) filter bandwidth 1 hz , number of coefficients 80 .\nfemale crackles differed from male sounds in their complex structure and frequency content . they were of higher frequency and always consisted of series of sound elements (\n) . crackles were built up mostly by four sound elements ( range : 2\u20138 elements ) . these series were characterized by a main element featuring the highest peak - to - peak - amplitude and several elements of lower amplitude before and after the main element (\n) . elements could be separated by intervals from each other and could consist of a substructure such as a train of pulses ( = one element ) .\nthe oscillogram shows five sound elements . the white arrow indicates the main element , followed by a train of pulses . the dominant frequency is indicated in the cepstrum - smoothed power spectrum in ( b ) . sampling rate 11 khz . hanning filter , overlap 75 % , ( a ) filter bandwidth 100 hz , ( b ) filter bandwidth 1 hz , number of coefficients 20 .\nthe duration of crackles ranged from 81 to 394 ms . single elements ( including train of pulses ) ranged from 5 . 6 up to 192 . 9 ms and main elements varied from 15 . 3 to 57 . 6 ms in duration . spls were between 101 . 5 and 128 . 1 db re 1 \u03bcpa . dominant frequencies of crackles varied from 370 to 830 hz .\n) . thumps were significantly louder than barks and crackles , but no such difference was found between barks and crackles ( bonferroni post - hoc test ) . furthermore , the dominant frequencies varied between sound types ( one - way anova : f\n) . mean dominant frequencies of crackles were much higher than of other sound types . the first part of barks and thumps did not differ significantly in dominant frequency ( bonferroni post - hoc test ) .\nmean ( + se ) sound duration of male barks and thumps ( n = 7 ) and of female crackles ( n = 8 ) .\nmean ( + se ) sound pressure level of male barks and thumps ( n = 7 ) and of female crackles ( n = 8 ) .\nmean ( + se ) dominant frequency of male barks and thumps ( n = 7 ) and of female crackles ( n = 8 ) .\nsound characteristics of male barks and thumps and female crackles were significantly correlated to morphological measures when males and females were pooled . duration of male thumps and female crackles combined increased with mean total length and pectoral spine length (\ncorrelations between mean sound characteristics ( sound duration , dominant frequency , sound pressure level ) of male and female sound types and morphological variables ( total length , pectoral spine length , relative pectoral spine length ) .\nn = 15 . b\u2014bark , bp\u2014bark part , c\u2014crackles , t\u2014thumps . pearson\u2019s correlation coefficients are given . asterisks indicate statistically significant differences .\n) . individuals with larger pectoral spines emitted sounds of lower frequency . mean dominant frequencies of the first part of barks ( or the second part of barks ) , or of thumps and females crackles combined , were negatively correlated to pectoral spine lengths (\nthus , mean sound characteristics were always correlated to relative pectoral spine lengths , except for spls of male barks . in contrast , only sound duration and spls of thumps and crackles combined were correlated to total length (\nall fish detected tone bursts between 100 hz and 4 khz . hearing curves of both sexes were u - shaped with best auditory sensitivities between 0 . 2 and 1 khz (\n) . hearing abilities decreased rapidly above 1 khz . thresholds increased by 41 db between 1 and 4 khz in males and females . overall , hearing thresholds did not differ between sexes ( two - way anova : f\n= 1 . 2 , n . s . ) . females had better hearing between 0 . 1 and 1 khz ( two - way anova : f\n= 0 . 007 , n . s . ) . no significant interaction was found between sex and frequency . thus , the difference in auditory sensitivity between 0 . 1 and 1 khz was not frequency - dependent .\nmean ( \u00b1 se ) auditory sensitivities of male ( n = 6 ) and female ( n = 6 ) m . thoracata .\n) . the greatest energy of sounds was concentrated from 180 to 620 hz in male barks , from 100 to 540 hz in male thumps and from 470 to 750 hz in female crackles . main energies of male and female sounds were much lower than the resonant frequency of the test tank ( see energy peak at 3 khz in\n( solid lines ) in relation to spectral characteristics of sounds ( dotted lines ) .\npower spectra of sounds were averaged of sounds of all individuals and are shown in relative amplitude values ( right y - axis ) .\nvideo analysis revealed that both sexes of m . thoracata produced sounds during rapid pectoral fin movements . therefore , we assume that sound production is based on a stridulatory mechanism , well known in numerous catfish families [ 50 ] . while we observed that male barks were produced during abduction of pectoral fins , the movement of pectoral spines during generation of thumps and crackles remains unclear due to faster movements of fins and technical limitations of a standard video recording system . pruzsinszky and ladich [ 13 ] mentioned that c . paleatus produced sounds by abducting the pectoral fins alternately . similarly , heyd and pfeiffer [ 51 ] reported that in the callichthyid catfish d . urostriatum sounds were produced during abduction , and all members of the family callichthyidae probably generate sounds during abduction of pectoral fins . we assume that barks and thumps are generated by a single pectoral fin abduction and crackles by several fin abductions depending on the number of elements within a crackle sound .\nthe current study revealed that agonistic behaviour of male and female m . thoracata differed from each other . male agonistic behaviour mainly consisted of fin displays and jerks , whereas female behaviour was characterized by circling , head nodding , sneaking and striking . agonistic sounds were produced by males and females in different behavioural contexts . while males uttered thumps during threatening displays and barks mostly during approaching and swimming , females , in contrast , emitted crackles mainly during chasing behaviour . threatening displays in males consisted of a sequence of visual displays shown by both opponents , during which both may produce sounds . in contrast , chasing behaviour in females was typically shown in one individual , which vocalized when following or moving toward the other fish .\nbased on the present data , male m . thoracata seem to be more aggressive than females as revealed by the much higher number of attacks ( 40 in males versus four in females ) observed during a similar number of same - sex contests . the vocalizing behaviour of m . thoracata differs markedly from the closely related callichthyine subfamily member c . paleatus , in which only males produced trains of sounds during courtship and in which aggressive behaviour was absent during dyadic contests [ 13 ] . kaatz and lobel [ 56 ] mentioned that male corydoras spp . emitted agonistic chase sound only before , during and after spawning . this difference between the genera corydoras and megalechis is primarily due to their different mating systems . male megalechis are territorial and defend nest sites , while male corydoras do not build nests or show parental care .\nthe observation that fin beating and sound production occurred at short distances to the opponent indicates that water movement may be detected by the lateral line . this may constitute a third communication channel besides the visual and acoustic ones . such hydrodynamic cues are potentially involved in all short - distance agonistic and reproductive activities in fishes but seldom unequivocally proven . satou et al . [ 58 ] showed that visual and vibrational ( lateral line detected ) stimuli elicit spawning behaviour in male red salmon oncorhynchus nerka .\nour study revealed three different agonistic sound types ( two in males , one in females ) based on physical characteristics of sounds . mean sound duration in m . thoracata differed between sexes , with female crackles ( 167 ms ) being shorter than both male barks ( 219 ms ) and thumps ( 240 ms ) . mean spls of thumps ( 123 db ) were higher than those of barks ( 112 db ) and crackles ( 115 db ) . mean dominant frequency of female crackles ( 562 hz ) was much higher than that of male sounds ( 132\u2013403 hz ) . in contrast , mayr [ 27 ] wrote that aggressive signals ( = thumps ) were shorter than territorial sounds ( = barks ) . nonetheless , there is a lack of information about whether male sounds differ from female sounds because the sound characteristics have not been compared statistically between sexes . differences between the current and the prior study by mayr [ 27 ] may reflect that the present study investigated subadult fish and the former only adult reproductive fish . our fish were most likely immature because we observed no reproductive behaviour in community tanks .\n) . all show best sensitivity between 0 . 3 and 1 khz and a step decrease in sensitivity above 1 khz [\n] showed that smaller swimbladders and fewer weberian ossicles results in a decrease in sensitivity above 1 kilohertz .\naep - audiograms of all representatives of the family callichthyidae investigated in the recent and in prior studies .\nmegalechis thoracata ( current study , females and males pooled ) , corydoras paleatus [ 33 ] , corydoras sodalis and dianema urostriatum [ 52 ] .\nin summary , this is the first investigation showing sex - specific differences in agonistic behaviour , sound production , sound characteristics and hearing abilities using same - sex agonistic contests . the data reveal clear differences in agonistic behaviour , which have not been shown in any fish species before . this study furthermore indicates that differences in sound characteristics between sexes seem to be due to the dimorphism in the pectoral sonic organs in megalechis .\nwe want to thank tanja schulz - mirbach , walter lechner , jessica jaxion - harm , angelika zebedin , isabelle maiditsch and jasmin oswald for their help with sound level measurements , isabelle maiditsch for her advice regarding analysis of female sounds and hearing measurements , and sonja windhager for her introduction to camstudio . finally , we want to thanks michael stachowitsch for scientific english proofreading and a reviewer for its helpful comments .\nthis article was supported by the open access publishing fund of the university of vienna . the funders had no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .\ndata will be uploaded in our university\u2019s repository as soon as the paper has been accepted .\namorim mcp . diversity in sound production in fish in : ladich f , collin sp , moller p , kapoor bg , editors .\nladich f , fine ml . sound - generating mechanisms in fishes : a unique diversity in vertebrates in : ladich f , collin sp , moller p , kapoor bg , editors .\nladich f , myrberg aa . agonistic behaviour and acoustic communication in : ladich f , collin sp , moller p , kapoor bg , editors .\nmyrberg aa , lugli m . reproductive behavior and acoustical interactions in : ladich f , collin sp , moller p , kapoor bg , editors .\nladich f . acoustic signaling in female fish in : ladich f , editor .\nvariation with fish length , sex , stage of sexual maturity , and season in the appearance and volume of the drumming muscle of the swim - bladder in the haddock , melanogrammus aeglefinus ( l . )\nstudies on the underwater sound . 7 . underwater calls of the japanese drum fishes ( sciaenidae )\nhill gl , fine hl , musick ja . ontogeny of the sexually dimorphic sonic muscle in three sciaenid species . copeia . 1987 ; 708\u2013713 .\nueng j - p , huang b - q , mok h - k .\nk\u00e9ver l , boyle ks , dragi\u010devi\u0107 b , dul\u010di\u0107 j , casadevall m , parmentier e .\nsound production and associated behavior in a cichlid fish , cichlasoma centrarchus . ii breeding pairs\nsound production by the river bullhead cottus gobio l . ( cottidae , teleostei )\nsimoes jm , duarte ig , fonseca pj , turner gf , amorim mc .\noliveira tpr , ladich f , abed - navandi d , souto as , rosa il .\nmayr m . verhaltensbeobachtungen an hoplosternum thoracatum , cuvier & valenciennes ( 1840 ) , mit besonderer ber\u00fccksichtigung des lautverhaltens . doctoral thesis , university of vienna . 1987 .\nladich f , popper an . parallel evolution in fish hearing organs in : manley g , fay rr , popper an , editors .\nladich f . diversity in hearing in fishes : ecoacoustical , communicative , and developmental constraints in : koeppl c , manley g . a . , popper a . n . , fay r . r . , editors .\n. new york : springer science + business media ; 2014 . pp 289\u2013321 .\nfine ml . mismatch between sound production and hearing in the oyster toadfish in : tavolga wn , popper an , fay rr , editors .\n. neptune city , nj : t . f . h . publications ; 1998 .\nfine ml , ladich f . sound production , spine locking and related adaptations in : kapoor bg , arratia g , chardon m , diogo r , editors .\nenfield , nh : science publishers , inc ; 2003 . pp . 249\u2013290 ."]}
{"id": 2409, "summary": [{"text": "coelioxys , common name leaf-cutting cuckoo bees or sharp-tailed bees , is a genus of solitary kleptoparasitic or brood parasitic bees , belonging to the family megachilidae . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "coelioxys", "paragraphs": ["the australian species of the genus coelioxys latreille are revised . six species are recognized : coelioxys albolineata cockerell , 1905 ; coelioxys froggatti cockerell , 1911 ; coelioxys reginae cockerell , 1905 ; coelioxys weinlandi schulz , 1904 and two new species : coelioxys julia sp . n . and coelioxys tasmaniana sp . n . three names are synonymized : coelioxys biroi friese , 1909 syn . n . and coelioxys albolineata darwiniensis cockerell , 1929 syn . n . under coelioxys albolineata , and coelioxys victoriae rayment , 1935 syn . n . under coelioxys froggatti . species descriptions and redescriptions , illustrations , distribution maps , floral records and a key to both sexes of all species are provided .\na female coelioxys nectars on a flower . ( photo by diane wilson . )\nspecies coelioxys coturnix - red - tipped cuckoo - leaf - cutter - bugguide . net\nrestoring the landscape with native plants : native bee spotlight : cuckoo bees ~ coelioxys spp .\na female cuckoo bee , coelioxys sp . nectars on hairy false goldenaster , heterotheca villosa in late fall\ncoelioxys mexicana cresson : megachilidae ( coelioxini ) , hymenoptera ( this observation is from smith . . .\ndid you know : there are 18 species of coelioxys in colorado . while they mostly parasitize megachile , there are very specific host - parasite relationships \u2013 so each coelioxys species can only parasitize certain megachile species .\ncoelioxys rufitarsis rufitarsis smith : megachilidae ( coelioxini ) , hymenoptera ( observations are from robertson , . . .\ncoelioxys germana cresson : megachilidae ( coelioxini ) , hymenoptera ( observations are from robertson , smith . . .\ncoelioxys alternata alternata say : megachilidae ( coelioxini ) , hymenoptera ( observations are from robertson , . . .\ncoelioxys , gerstacker l . c . gives a description of this genus , with diagnoses and a synonymic revi\ncoelioxys sayi robertson : megachilidae ( coelioxini ) , hymenoptera ( observations are from robertson , graenicher , . . .\ncoelioxys octodentata say : megachilidae ( coelioxini ) , hymenoptera ( observations are from robertson , graenicher , . . .\ncoelioxys modesta smith : megachilidae ( coelioxini ) , hymenoptera ( observations are from robertson , graenicher , . . .\nbaker , j . r . ( 1971 ) . development and sexual dimorphism of larvae of the bee genus coelioxys .\ncoelioxys , gerstacker l . c . gives a description of this genus , with diagnoses and a synonymic revi - urltoken\n\u00a9 j . r . baker . 1975 . taxonomy of five nearctic subgenera of coelioxys ( hymenoptera : megachilidae ) . the university of kansas science bulletin . 50 ( 12 ) : 649 - 730 \u00b7 1 coelioxys mitchelli , female , top view\nholmberg , e . l . ( 1918 ) suplemento i a las especies argentinas de coelioxys . physis ( buenos aires ) , 4 , 145\u2013165 .\nrevision of the neotropical subgenera coelioxys ( platycoelioxys ) mitchell and c . ( rhinocoelioxys ) mitchell ( hymenoptera ; megachilidae ) with the description of one new species\nmoure , j . s . ( 1951 ) notas sinon\u00edmicas s\u00f4bre algumas esp\u00e9cies de coelioxys ( hymenopt . - apoidea ) . dusenia , 2 , 373\u2013418 .\nrevision of the neotropical subgenera coelioxys ( platycoelioxys ) mitchell and c . ( rhinocoelioxys ) mitchell ( hymenoptera ; megachilidae ) with the description of one new species .\nbiology and morphology of the immature stages of the cleptoparasitic bee coelioxys chichimeca ( hymenoptera , apoidea , megachilidae ) . ( american museum novitates , no . 3679 )\nholmberg , e . l . ( 1916 ) las especies argentinas de coelioxys . anales del museo nacional de historia natural de buenos aires , 28 , 541\u2013591 .\nbaker , j . r . 1975 . taxonomy of five nearctic subgenera of coelioxys ( hymenoptera : megachilidae ) . university of kansas science bulletin 50 : 649 - 730 .\nrevision of the neotropical subgenera coelioxys ( platycoelioxys ) mitchell and c . ( rhinocoelioxys ) mitchell ( hymenoptera ; megachilidae ) with the des . . . - pubmed - ncbi\nfriese , h . ( 1921 ) \u00fcber die kegelbienen ( coelioxys ) brasiliens . zoologische jahrb\u00fccher . abteilung f\u00fcr systematik , \u00f6kologie und geographie der tiere , 44 , 421\u2013486 .\nthere are currently no published keys to coelioxys . george else has a key in preparation . a photographic guide to the genus is available for download from the bwars website . distribution\nrevision of the neotropical subgenera coelioxys ( platycoelioxys ) mitchell and c . ( rhinocoelioxys ) mitchell ( hymenoptera ; megachilidae ) with the description of one new species | filho | zootaxa\nbaker , j . r . ( 1975 ) taxonomy of five neartic subgenera of coelioxys ( hymenoptera : megachilidae ) . the university of kansas science bulletin , 50 , 649\u2013730 .\njeff holmes changed the thumbnail image of\ncoelioxys - sayi , - female , - side _ 2012 - 06 - 07 - 15 . 12 . 41 - zs - pmax\n.\nrozen jr , j . g . , & kamel , s . m . ( 2006 ) . interspecific variation in immature larvae of the cleptoparasitic bee genus coelioxys ( hymenoptera : megachilidae ) .\nschwarz , n . ( 2001 ) revision der gattung radoszkowskiana popov 1955 und ein beitrag zur kenntnis der gattung coelioxys latreille 1809 ( hymenoptera : apidae : megachilinae ) . linzer biologische beitr\u00e4ge , 33 , 1267\u20131286 .\nvoith , j . ( 1997 ) coelioxys mandibularis nyl . as a cuckoo bee of osmia villosa ( schck . ) ( hymenoptera , apiformes , megachilidae ) . nachrichtenblatt der bayerischen entomologen , 46 , 20\u201325 .\na photographic test key by rowson and pavett is available via the bwars website . else and edwards cover coelioxys in their new book handbook of the bees of the british isles , which is due for publication soon .\nmitchell t . b . 1973 : a subgeneric revision of the genus coelioxys of the western hemisphere ( hymenoptera : megachilidae ) . department of entomology , north carolina state university , raleigh , nc , 129 pp .\nmitchell , t . b . ( 1973 ) a subgeneric revision of the genus coelioxys of the western hemisphere ( hymenoptera : megachilidae ) . department of entomology , north carolina state university , raleigh , 129 pp .\nscott , v . l . , kelley , s . t . , & strickler , k . ( 2000 ) . reproductive biology of two coelioxys cleptoparasites in relation to their megachile hosts ( hymenoptera : megachilidae ) .\ncoelioxys decipiens is distributed from north africa towards cyprus , crete , turkey , asia minor and central asia , until the himalayas ( ornosa et al . 2007 , ortiz - s\u00e1nchez et al . 2009 , grace 2010 ) .\nmonodontomerus wasps , pteromalus wasps , chaetodactylus osmiae pollen mites and cacoxenus indagator fly are all not guilty ! i watched a female coelioxys cuckoo bee enter this cavity and marked where the cell was she entered on the glass viewing window .\ni was lucky with my timings as when i opened this cell it was pure good luck to find the formidable mandibles of the coelioxys cuckoo bee larvae . it hatches before its host and is \u2018unarmed\u2019 feeding on the pollen nectar mix .\nschwarz , h . f . & michener , c . d . ( 1954 ) coelioxys barbata . in : michener , c . d . bees of panam\u00e1 . bulletin of the american museum of natural history , 104 , pp . 104\u2013105 .\nleafcutting bees are found throughout the world and are common in north america . in florida there are approximately 63 different species ( plus five subspecies ) within seven genera of leafcutter bees : ashmeadiella , heriades , hoplitis , coelioxys , lithurgus , megachile , and osmia .\nvinson , s . b . , frankie , g . & rao , a . ( 2011 ) field behavior of parasitic coelioxys chichimeca ( hymenoptera : megachilidae ) toward the host bee centris bicornuta ( hymenoptera : apidae ) . apidologie , 42 , 117\u2013127 . urltoken\ncoelioxys elongata is found throughout mainland britain from the south coast to inverness in scotland . it does appear to have a southerly and also coastal bias with an apparent absence from the entire english midlands , and inland scotland and wales . also recorded from ireland and the channel islands .\ncoelioxys , gerstacker ( l . c . ) gives a description of this genus , with diagnoses and a synonymic revision of the following species : - a . pale spots and bands of the thorax and abdomen formed of adpressed hairs . eyes with long hairs . fore coxae male appendiculated .\nscott , v . l . , kelley , s . t . & strickler , k . ( 2000 ) reproductive biology of two coelioxys cleptoparasites in relation to their megachile hosts ( hymenoptera : megachilidae ) . annals of the entomological society of america , 93 , 941\u2013948 . urltoken ; 2\nvirginia l . scott , scott t . kelley , karen strickler ; reproductive biology of two coelioxys cleptoparasites in relation to their megachile hosts ( hymenoptera : megachilidae ) , annals of the entomological society of america , volume 93 , issue 4 , 1 july 2000 , pages 941\u2013948 , urltoken ; 2\nin britain coelioxys quadridentata is restricted to england and south wales . there are no records for scotland or ireland . the greatest density of records is from dorset and surrey with more scattered records from the south - east up towards yorkshire . the bee is also recorded from jersey in the channel islands .\nrocha - filho , l . c . d . ( 2016 ) . a revision of the cleptoparasitic bee genus coelioxys ( hymenoptera : megachilidae ) from australia . eur . j . entomol . , 113 ( 1 ) , 2016 . 000 . doi : 10 . 14411 / eje . 2016 . 002 .\nrozen , j . g . & kamel , s . m . ( 2007 ) investigations on the biologies and immature stages of the cleptoparasitic bee genera radoszkowskiana and coelioxys and their hosts in the genus megachile ( hymenoptera : apoidea : megachilidae : megachilini ) . american museum novitates , 3573 , 1\u201343 . urltoken ; 2\nthis species is a cuckoo bee , acting as a cleptoparasite of megachile willughbiella and m . circumcincta . female megachile bees construct nests of larval cells from leaves and provision each cell with a mixture of pollen and nectar for the young . female coelioxys bees seek out these nests and use their sharp abdomens to pierce the cells and lay an egg . this egg hatches before that of the megachile bee and the second instar larva uses its long curved jaws to crush the egg or young larva of the megachile host . the coelioxys larva can then feed on the contents of the cell , having normal jaws in its later instars . it pupates within a cocoon spun within the host cell where the larva overwinters as a prepupa before emerging the following summer .\nthere are currently no published keys to coelioxys . george else has a key in preparation . a photographic guide to the genus is available for download from the bwars website . a distinctive group of largely black bees , with the females of most species having a pointed tip to the gaster . this species flies low over the ground looking for its host\u2019s nests , often in a purposeful manner .\nas it develops through its larval stages , the journal of apicultural research states that it grows a strong mandible , which it uses to crush the egg , or kill its host or other coelioxys larvae in the same cell . you can clearly see the fang like mandibles in the video . it can open them very wide which is useful when searching for its victim ( s ) in the dark .\nty - jour ti - description of mature larvae of megachile rotundata , m - apicalis , and their parasite , coelioxys rufocaudata ( hymenoptera : megachilidae ) t2 - entomological news . vl - 112 ur - urltoken pb - american entomological society , cy - [ philadelphia ] py - 2001 sp - 73 ep - 84 sn - 0013 - 872x au - torres , f au - gayubo , s f er -\nthe species is not listed in any national red lists or red data books . it is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas . further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends of the species . additional studies are needed into the taxonomy and distribution as it has only recently been described . if the host species become known , it will be possible to understand more about the ecology of coelioxys elsei .\nmost leafcutting bees are moderately - sized ( around the size of a honey bee , ranging from 5 mm to 24 mm ) , stout - bodied , black bees . the females , except the parasitic coelioxys , carry pollen on hairs on the underside of the abdomen rather than on the hind legs like other bees . when a bee is carrying pollen , the underside of the abdomen appears light yellow to deep gold in color .\nthis is a darkly coloured bee 11 to 15 mm in length with narrow , sharply defined bands of pale hairs on the abdomen , hairy eyes and a toothed scutellum . as with all species in this genus , the female has a distinctively pointed end to the abdomen , whilst that of the male has several prongs . female coelioxys should be treated with care as they may sting ; males are said to emit an unpleasant odour when handled .\nthe species ' preferred habitat is unknown , but the areas where it has been collected are mediterranean forest and shrubs , xeric and anthropogenic areas ( cultivated lands ) and temporal streams . it has been collected from the sea level ( bulgaria ) up to approximately 2 , 150 m asl ( turkey ) . the species is kleptoparasitic , in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species , like every other coelioxys species ( michener 2007 ) , although the host is unknown . the species flies from april to july .\n@ article { bhlpart30989 , title = { description of mature larvae of megachile rotundata , m - apicalis , and their parasite , coelioxys rufocaudata ( hymenoptera : megachilidae ) } , journal = { entomological news . } , volume = { 112 } , copyright = { in copyright . digitized with the permission of the rights holder . } , url = urltoken publisher = { [ philadelphia ] american entomological society , 1925 - } , author = { torres , f and gayubo , s f } , year = { 2001 } , pages = { 73 - - 84 } , }\nmature larvae of five species representing each of the three principal groups within the genus megachile sensu lato ( i . e . , including creightonella and chalicodoma , which are often recognized at generic rank ) are described and are revealed to be quite similar to one another . on the basis of their descriptions a larval description of the genus is formulated . this , in turn , is compared with and found quite similar to a previously published preliminary description of mature larvae of the megachilini based on study of larval representatives of the three genera in the tribe : megachile , all species of which are pollen - collecting , and coelioxys and radoszkowskiana , both of which are cleptoparasitic , usually with megachile hosts .\nthese bees have no family loyalty . they parasitize nests made by their cousins , the\n, and probably don\u2019t even feel bad about it . they\u2019ve been doing this for so long they\u2019ve lost all pollen - carrying adaptations\u2013adults only need to feed themselves and never provision nests . instead , female\nnests and wait for the mother to leave . once the coast is clear , they pounce on a fully provisioned cell , using their pointy abdomens to pierce the leaf lining and lay their own eggs inside . the really clever part is how they hide the treachery . eggs are laid either within leaf layers or under the pollen provision so that the rightful nest owner won\u2019t suspect a thing .\nthe young cuckoo larva has gigantic mandibles that point forward rather than downward . this has one purpose : to kill the host larva . now the\nlarva has all of its host\u2019s pollen provisions to feed off of . after it\u2019s grown , it must time its exit from the nest with that of it\u2019s host \u201csiblings\u201d to avoid detection or destruction . if it makes good on this short window , it can repeat the cycle . next time you\u2019re block - watching , look to the surrounding area for cuckoo bees waiting to strike . they\u2019re usually active from june to september .\nthis entry was posted in 2014 , bee blocks , insect of the week , uncategorized . bookmark the permalink .\nprivacy & cookies : this site uses cookies . by continuing to use this website , you agree to their use . to find out more , including how to control cookies , see here : cookie policy\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\n46 spp . in 9 subgenera in our area , ~ 500 spp . in 15 subgenera worldwide\nadults take nectar at flowers . ( they must be eating for themselves , because they do not provision a nest . )\n( other hosts known outside our area ) . using their sharp abdomen , the female breaks into\ndictionary of word roots and combining forms donald j . borror . 1960 . mayfield publishing company .\nfield book of insects of the united states and canada , aiming to answer common questions , frank eugene lutz . 1935 . putnam pub group .\ninsects of north carolina c . s . brimley . 1938 . north carolina department of agriculture .\ninsects : their natural history and diversity : with a photographic guide to insects of eastern north america stephen a . marshall . 2006 . firefly books ltd .\ninsects of the texas lost pines ( w . l . moody , jr . , natural history series , no . 33 ) stephen w . taber , scott b . fleenor . 2003 . m university press .\ncontributed by cotinis on 3 october , 2004 - 8 : 05am additional contributions by beatriz moisset , john s . ascher , v belov , h . go last updated 26 february , 2014 - 10 : 21pm\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nhymenoptera name server version 0 . 03 4 . x . 2002 , website ( version 0 . 03 )\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 / / en\nurltoken\non the near continent , the bee is found in many western european countries ( including scandinavia ) from finland to spain and across to slovenia in the east . worldwide it is found in asia from turkey to siberia .\nshirt ( 1987 ) and falk ( 1991 ) both list this bee as being rare ( rdb3 ) .\ntypical habitat includes sandy heaths and coastal dune systems ( else , in prep ) . however , it has been found in other situations , such as flying with anthophora quadrimaculata ( panzer ) against a wall at a surrey railway station ( d baker , pers . obs . in baldock , 2008 ) .\nthe bee is reported to forage from common bird\u2019s - foot trefoil and white bryony .\nclick here to support naturespot by making a donation - small or large - your gift is very much appreciated . thank you .\nwhere a photo is surrounded by a red box it means that it is representative of the species but may not be the actual species described .\nwidespread but local . found throughout mainland britain from cornwall to the highlands in scotland . it does appear to have a southerly and coastal bias with an apparent absence from the english midlands , east anglia and inland scotland and wales .\naustralian faunal directory 2006 ( by j . c . cardale , 2001 , updated by k . l . walker , 2006 ) : hymenoptera : apoidea . australian biological resources study , canberra . urltoken ( last accessed 10 october 2015 ) .\nascher j . s . & pickering j . 2015 : discover life bee species guide and world checklist ( hymenoptera : apoidea : anthophila ) . urltoken guide = apoidea _ species . htm / ( last accessed 10 october 2015 ) .\nbatley m . & hogendoorn k . 2009 : diversity and conservation status of native australian bees . - apidologie 40 : 347 - 354 . go to original source . . .\ncockerell t . d . a . 1905 : descriptions and records of bees . i . - ann . mag . nat . hist . ( ser . 7 ) 16 : 216 - 225 . go to original source . . .\ncockerell t . d . a . 1911 : the bees of the solomon islands . - proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 36 : 160 - 178 . go to original source . . .\ncockerell t . d . a . 1929 : bees from the australian region . - am . mus . nov . 346 : 1 - 18 .\ndaly h . v . & magnacca k . n . 2003 : insects of hawaii . vol . 17 . hawaiian hylaeus ( nesoprosopis ) bees ( hymenoptera : apoidea ) . university of hawai ' i press , honolulu , 216 pp .\ndiva - gis 2015 : diva - gis program , ver . 7 . 5 . urltoken\nfriese h . 1909 : die bienenfauna von neu - guinea . - ann . hist . nat . mus . natl . hung . 7 : 179 - 288 .\ngonzalez v . h . , engel m . s . & griswold t . l . 2013 : the lithurgine bees of australia ( hymenoptera : megachilidae ) , with a note on megachile rotundipennis . - j . melittology 11 : 1 - 19 . go to original source . . .\nlatreille p . a . 1809 : genera crustaceorum et insectorum secundum ordinem naturalem in familias disposita , iconibus exemplurisque plurimis explicata . vol . 4 . koenig , paris , 399 pp .\nmichener c . d . 1965 : a classification of the bees of the australian and south pacific regions . - bull . am . mus . nat . hist . 130 : 1 - 362 .\nmichener c . d . 2007 : the bees of the world . 2nd ed . the johns hopkins university press , baltimore , md , 992 pp .\nrayment t . 1935 : a cluster of bees . sixty essays on the life - histories of australian bees , with specific descriptions of over 100 new species , and an introduction by professor e . f . phillips , d . ph . , cornell university , u . s . a . endeavour press , sydney , 752 pp .\nschulz w . a . 1904 : ein beitrag zur kenntnis der papuanischen hymenopteren - fauna . - berl . entomol . z . 49 : 209 - 239 .\nthis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license ( cc by ) , which permits use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original publication is properly cited . no use , distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms .\naround this particular nest box , used by leafcutter bees , i filmed 7 different solitary bee parasites . there are several suspects that killed the bee larva , though some can be eliminated from the investigation !\nthe gruesome looking mandibles drop off after the \u2018deed\u2019 is done as they would prove almost useless when eating the nectar / pollen mixture . it therefore gets rid of the evidence ! the lava becomes \u2018unarmed\u2019 once again , finishing its development inside the leafcutter bee cell . a leafcutter bee larva mandibles could not be used to kill another larva . they are better equipped to eat and drink the pollen / nectar mix , which contains much more fluid nectar than that of a red mason bee cell .\nan extremely useful resource supports this book by a special web site feature within steve falk\u2019s flickr web site which furnishes extra photos and other useful resources to assist with identification .\nhi , i have found a cigar shaped \u201cnest\u201d about 6 inches long , stuck up underneath my garden parasol . half of it fell down when i opened the umbrella and i have had to take the other bit down . will the bee return to it if i just put it in a box underneath the umbrella or what shall i do with it ? put it in the shed or something ? does it need to hang upside down ?\naw shame ! she will not find them now . keep it level if possible and try not to move it too much as the eggs / larvae are very delicate . keep in a warm place out of sun . then leave them there ! if they are still alive contact me in october for more info ! hth george\nhi i bought a red mason bee nest box , it looks like the mason bee hasn\u2019t had a good year but i have evidence of a leafcutter bee and living larvae . i need to remove them so i can reuse the tubes nxt year . there are also nectar packages along with larvae . i have placed them in a small tin together with nectar , will they find their way to it ? these may seem silly questions but i\u2019m not all clued up on bees at the moment . thanks\nanna , i have seen your photos . leave the bees inside the paper tubes and do not open any more cells exposing the larvae . put them in a mouse proof container inside an outdoor shed etc then contact me in the spring . hth cheers , george ps you need a much better bee home !\ni have a bee house and have 7 off sealed tubed . however today i have noticed 2 of them seem to have been opened . do any solitary bees hatch the same year as sealed up . or has some predatory pest opened them up to get at the larva .\nhi joseph , difficult to say , as i have had several over the years and the small hole has usually been in the middle of the mud wall and the larvae have been fine in some cases and predates in others . i don\u2019t know the design of your box which may make it difficult to see into the tubes\u2026 . i can see in all of mine which helps \ud83d\ude0a\nhi , i have a fairly young bird of paradise plant which i recently put outside to get some summer sun . then today i noticed a leaf cutter bee taking leaves into a hole she\u2019d burrowed into the soil in the pot . as this is an indoor plant sooner or later it should come back indoors but i don\u2019t want to have the bees hatching out indoors . i think the plant will be ok in the greenhouse over winter but will this be ok for the bees ? when do they normally hatch out by the way ? thanks for your help . alyson\nthe bees wont hatch until next year so hopefully the green house should be fine . cheers , george\nhi george i have several leaf cutter bees in my nest box this year . is there anything i can do to help them hatch successfully . i know with mason bees people harvest the cocoons , but what about leafcutters ?\nsave my name , email , and website in this browser for the next time i comment .\nthis site uses akismet to reduce spam . learn how your comment data is processed .\ngenus , there are approximately 46 speces . the common name\ncuckoo bee\nis typically used for any bee species that lays its eggs in the nests of other bees . these bees are known as cleptoparasites , where the cuckoo bee larvae kill the host larvae and feed on the provisions ( pollen and nectar ) provided by the host bee .\ncuckoo bees are common in the summer months ; in central minnesota i typically see them from june until october . both males and females can be observed visiting flowers for nectar and females looking for , or waiting to enter a host ' s nest . these cuckoo bees lay their eggs in the nests of leafcutter bees ,\na female cuckoo bee watches for the female leafcutter bee to exit the nest in the rock cavity .\nthe cuckoo bee flies closer to the entrance anticipating the exit of the host bee .\nbees actively look for a host ' s nest . once a nest is found , the female cuckoo bee waits until the host bee leaves the nest to collect provisions . with a short window of opportunity , the cuckoo bee slips in the empty nest and looks for a fully provisioned brood cell to lay its eggs in .\nthe host leafcutter bee , megachile sp . enters the nest in the rock cavity carrying a piece of leaf to line or cap the brood cell .\nfemales have a sharply tapered or triangular - shaped abdomen . this acute point on the end of the abdomen is used to pierce through the layers of leaf pieces that line the brood cells of their host , leafcutter bees . the egg ( s ) is laid within the layers of leaves , or underneath the pollen mass hidden from sight in case the host leafcutter bee is still in the process of provisioning the nest . the cuckoo bee eggs are often different in size or appearance which may be another reason why the cuckoo bee hides the eggs .\nthe large sickle - like mandibles that the cuckoo bee larvae use to kill its siblings and host larva . illustration from : michener , c . d . ( 2000 ) . the bees of the world ( vol . 1 ) . jhu press .\nthe menacing part of this cleptoparasitic life cycle occurs after the cuckoo bee larva has hatched and begins to develop . the larva develops large sickle - shaped mandibles that are directed forward ( instead of downward ) to prepare to kill the host egg or young host larva . by the third or fourth instar , the\nlarva has killed any sibling larvae and the host . it now has an empty brood cell stocked with pollen and nectar provisions to feed on and develop .\nthe timing of adult emergence of cuckoo bees is very critical ; there is a short window of opportunity to overlap the timing of the host ' s adult emergence .\nspp . have been documented emerging slightly earlier or around the same time as their host . a larvae will often develop into an adult the same year as the nest is constructed and more female cuckoo bees are produced earlier in the season .\na female cuckoo bee perches on foliage low to the ground watching for a leafcutter bee to emerge from a nest in the ground .\ni regularly speak to garden , landscaping and native plant groups in the midwest and great lakes area .\n@ 2015 heather holm | restoring the landscape with native plants | . simple theme . powered by blogger .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en\nexcept where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence .\nglobal environmental change threatens biodiversity , species persistence and distributions as well as antagonistic and mutualistic interactions ( barlow et al .\n) . in the tropics , ongoing deforestation results in a mosaic of forest fragments distributed between pastures and plantations ( vitousek et al .\n) . habitat fragmentation is a major threat to biodiversity ( davies et al .\n) and to disruption of trophic interactions , e . g . , predation and parasitism . the remaining forest fragments are influenced by edge effects because of the new matrix . edge effects in turn are known to change both the microclimate and the biotic communities ( laurance et al .\n) , since their coverage is expanding while that of continuous primary forest habitat is limited , and they enhance landscape connectivity ( barlow et al .\n) . however , studies along a fragmentation gradient of small secondary forest remnants are lacking .\nmost studies investigating whole communities of trap - nesting bees with large sample sizes in tropical countries have been done in agro - ecosystems or along land - use gradients ( klein et al .\n) . none of the studies investigated a fragmentation gradient that included different tree locations in order to measure edge effects of secondary forest remnants , which is important due to their potential for conservation and maintenance of ecosystem services for agricultural areas ( klein et al .\n) , materials for nest construction such as mud and plant materials ( wood chips , resin , leaves , oil ) ( taki et al .\n) especially in the canopy . trap nests are well suited for gaining information on biodiversity , abundance , and community parameters such as mortality and parasitism rates ( tscharntke et al .\n) . higher trophic levels are more affected by habitat modification ( valladares et al .\n) because their interactions are more sensitive to phenology , behavior , physiology , and abundances of multiple species ( suttle et al .\nthis study investigated the vertical distribution of bee communities , single species patterns , and community parameters along a fragmentation gradient including locations at different distances from the forest border of small secondary forests in the sarapiqu\u00ed region in costa rica . we hypothesized that larger fragments would contain a more species - rich and abundant bee community that would sustain a more abundant and diverse community of antagonists and therefore higher parasitism rates . we also expected lower mortality rates in larger fragments because of a higher variety of microhabitats and more natural microclimatic conditions . we expected a higher abundance and species diversity in the canopy and at the forest edge , although individual species may respond differently . we assumed that mortality rates would be lower in the forest center compared to the edge and that the rate would not respond to different heights , because this would be species dependent . concerning the parasitism rate of\nspecies and their cuckoo bees , we expected that cleptoparasites would be more affected by fragmentation due to their sensitivity to environmental changes and their higher trophic level ( holt et al .\nthis study was conducted in lowland rainforest fragments in the sarapiqu\u00ed region in northeastern costa rica during a 1 - year period , between february 2011 and february 2012 . to test for the effects of fragment size , we selected 12 differently sized secondary forest fragments ( 0 . 9\u201316 . 62 ha ) with no recent management activities and with at least a 2 - km distance between each . to minimize the influence of landscape and of foraging bees , every fragment had a similar landscape context with a forest cover of approximately 30 % forest cover and 70 % coverage of plantation ( banana , pineapple , ornamental plants ) or pasture in a 2 - km radius .\nin each of the 12 fragments , three trees , one in the forest fragment center , one at an intermediate distance , and one at the forest edge , were selected along a transect line to measure the influence of edge effects . we selected trees with a low and comparable vine cover . none of the selected trees flowered during the study period , and there was no mass flowering observed in the direct neighborhood . overstory density increased from the edge to the center of forest fragments , but not with fragment size .\nwe also did not include % cover of understory in our analysis , because it is significantly negatively related to the fragment size and also to the forest interior . at each tree , three packages of three trap nests were placed at three heights ( 2 , 10 , and 20 m ) , amounting to 27 trap nests per fragment . trap nests consisted of a pvc tube filled with different diameters of about 120 reed internodes (\n) , were collected and replaced by empty internodes of similar diameters . in the lab , nests were opened and identified to morpho - species ; living , dead , and parasitized cells were counted in order to calculate number of brood cells and the mortality and parasitism rates . only cells containing bees that died of unknown causes , most likely due to mold or other pathogenic microbiota ( keller et al .\n) , were included in the mortality rate . the nests were then placed in pieces of transparent plastic tube and closed with cotton at both ends . after emergence , adults were killed for later identification to species or morpho - species level .\nthe shannon index and the incidence - based coverage estimator ( ice ) were calculated with the software estimates ( vs . win 910 , 2014 ) .\nfor the variables ( 1 ) number of brood cells , ( 2 ) parasitism rate , ( 3 ) mortality rate , ( 4 ) raw species richness , ( 5 ) mean ice , and ( 6 ) shannon index , we calculated linear mixed effect models containing all interactions of size , location , and height with the statistical program r ( r development core team vs r 3 . 0 . 3 ) . the number of brood cells was analyzed with a poisson model , whereas the mortality and parasitism rates were analyzed with a binomial model and the species diversity measures with a gaussian model ( crawley\n) . to account for the nested design , the random term \u201cfragment\u201d was included . where necessary , an overdispersion correction term was included in the final models . during model selection , we also tested for the effects of overstory density on abundance , diversity and parasitism , and mortality rate . since it never was one of the most important factors and was related to tree location , we did not include this factor in our final models .\ncells of all brood cells , and ( 3 ) percentage parasitism per fragment were analyzed with linear models . the same procedure was chosen to analyze the preferences of individual species with sufficient sample size with respect to fragment size , tree location , and height . the best models were chosen according to the lowest aic ( burnham and anderson\nwe found a total of 2340 brood cells of 16 different bee species , comprising 10 non - parasitic and 6 parasitic bee species . fragment size alone had no impact on the response variables ( table\n) . location ( tree 1 at the forest edge , tree 2 at an intermediate distance , tree 3 at the forest center ) and height ( 2 , 10 , and 20 m ) had significant effects on the response variables .\neffects of fragment size , tree location , and height on bee abundance , parasitism and mortality rates , species richness , ice , and shannon diversity index .\nfragment size did not affect species diversity calculated per fragment ( species richness : p = 0 . 112 ; ice : p = 0 . 256 ; shannon : p = 0 . 09 ) . the percentage of the most abundant genus and the parasitism rates calculated per fragment did not respond to fragment size ( % centris : p = 0 . 25037 ; parasitism rate : p = 0 . 835090 ) .\nvertical distribution of bee abundance ( * * * p < 0 . 001 , height in meters ) .\n< 0 . 001 for 20 m at the intermediate tree , and 10 - and 20 - m heights for the inner tree ) .\nvertical distribution of species diversity with a the estimator ice and b shannon diversity index ( * * * p < 0 . 001 , height in meters ) .\nvertical distribution of the abundance of individual species ( * * * p < 0 . 001 ; * * p < 0 . 01 ; * p < 0 . 05 , height in meters ) .\n) , but species diversity was higher in the forest center compared to the forest edge . all three diversity variables ( raw species diversity , ice , and shannon index ) responded positively to the forest center ( observed species richness :\nedge effects on species diversity with a the estimator ice and b shannon diversity index ( * * * p < 0 . 001 ; * p < 0 . 05 ; tree 1 at the forest border , tree 2 at intermediate distance , and tree 3 in the forest center ) .\nmost species preferred forest conditions , but individual species responded differently . we found that\nedge effects on the abundance of individual species ( * * * p < 0 . 001 ; * * p < 0 . 01 ; * p < 0 . 05 ; tree 1 at the forest border , tree 2 at intermediate distance , and tree 3 in the forest center ) .\na mortality rate in relation to different heights ( 2 , 10 , 20 m ) . b parasitism rate of centris and their cuckoo bees in relation to different locations in the forest ( tree 1 at the forest border , tree 2 at intermediate distance , and tree 3 in the forest center ; * p < 0 . 05 ) .\ncontrary to our expectations , fragment size had no effect on bee diversity . previous studies in tropical systems relating bee diversity to size have revealed variable results , some showing an increase in diversity with size ( chacoff and aizen\n) and others finding no relationships between fragment size and diversity ( brosi et al .\n) . this variability could be due to many factors , since little is known about the nesting behavior of bees in tropical forests . the presence or absence of specific tree species , occurrence of natural nesting sites , and food availability ( tscharntke et al .\n) among other factors can affect bee species diversity unrelated to fragment size . however , our small - sized fragments appear to offer nesting opportunities and food resources for bees since we found similar species numbers as morato and campos (\n) in large amazonian fragments . possibly size would have had a significant impact if we had included larger fragments , since the latter contain more tall dead trees with nesting sites for bees ( didham and lawton\nin small fragments , there is often a dominance of few abundant species ( laurance et al .\n) , but parasitism rates did not respond to fragment size . fragments in our size range seem to provide sufficient hosts , but further research is needed to see whether a size effect would occur when larger fragments or primary forest are included .\nwas abundant in the understory and the canopy . however , none of the species preferred the intermediate height of 10 m . the reasons for strata preference could be microclimate and natural nesting availabilities ( morato\nspecies richness declined with height , which was opposite to the trends of the ice and the shannon index . the latter two variables are more sensitive for changes in community structure since they include species numbers and abundance data and because of their better suitability for greater numbers of rare species ( pianka\nspecies and their related cleptoparasites mainly occurred at the 2 - m height , whereas all other species were less abundant and mainly occurred at other heights . we conclude that species diversity of trap - nesting bees was higher at the canopy level . the abundant species in the understory can be considered rainforest specialists , e . g . ,\n) , whereas the majority of bees preferred the sunny dry conditions in the canopy . moreover , bee pollination is especially predominant in the canopy of tropical lowland forest ( bawa et al .\n) , so nesting closer to their food resources might be more attractive . our results suggest that the canopy preference could also be due to the lower mortality rate and the lower risk of being parasitized . previous studies investigating the vertical distribution of trap nesting bee communities in tropical rainforest found a canopy preference by bees in primary forest and large fragments ( morato\n) like we did in small secondary forest remnants . therefore , it is important to monitor bees and other insects at the canopy level .\nspecies diversity at 10 and 20 m was lower in larger compared to smaller fragments and at the forest fragment center at 10 and 20 m , which can be explained through our study design . ten and 20 m have different microclimatic conditions depending on forest structure since canopy height is lower in smaller fragments and at the edge ( didham and lawton\n) . the trap nests at 20 m at the edge and in smaller fragments were more sun exposed than those in larger fragments or in the forest center , where there are taller trees , resulting in more humid conditions , which affects nesting success . bees also find more natural nesting sites in larger fragments and the forest center , which could result in a lower colonization probability of trap nests ( viana et al .\ntotal bee abundance did not vary from edge to center due to opposing preferences of individual species .\npreferred the forest edge . this suggests that single species responses can be more informative than aggregated abundance and richness data in tropical forest remnants ( nem\u00e9sio and silveira\n) , and species - based analyses can help to understand contradictory responses to habitat fragmentation in the tropics .\n) . with ongoing deforestation and fragmentation and the resulting increase of edge conditions , aboveground nesting solitary bees could become more threatened in the future .\nthe lower ice estimates at the inner trees in larger fragments could be the result of more available natural nesting cavities inside larger fragments with taller trees and a higher amount of dead trees . the availability of natural nesting sites is known to affect nesting frequency in trap nests ( viana et al .\nmost study species preferred the forest center , but a few species preferred edge conditions , e . g . ,\n) . these two species seem to be better adapted to tolerate steeper temperature and humidity fluctuations and will probably profit from ongoing fragmentation and increased edge conditions . morato and campos (\n) also found that despite an overall preference for continuous forest and natural gaps , some species preferred disturbed habitats and deforested areas . with respect to the effects on pollination , we conclude that small forest fragments can help to sustain bee communities and to stabilize pollination services , which has been shown for stingless bees ( brosi et al .\n) . however , further fragmentation leading to an even greater increase in edge conditions will negatively affect trap - nesting bees .\nmortality rates tended to increase in larger fragments which is probably due to higher humidity that results in a higher fungal infestation rate of nests ( personal observation ) . however , larger fragments contain more tall trees ( didham and lawton\n) , so that larger fragments may be more suitable for some of the scarcer species . tree location did not affect mortality rates , because of the preferences of individual species . species probably prefer certain locations due to their advantage in survival , which is dependent on individual species traits ( nem\u00e9sio and silveira\nthe most interesting pattern was the significantly lower mortality in the canopy . most studied bee species preferred the canopy ( morato\n) , probably because it provides better conditions for survival as shown in our data . it is possible that the drier sunnier conditions in the canopy help to reduce infestations by fungi . it is also probably easier for bees to find nectar and pollen resources in the canopy ( bawa"]}
{"id": 2423, "summary": [{"text": "tritia reticulata , common name the \" netted dog whelk \" is a species of small european sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusc in the family nassariidae , the dog whelks or nassa mud snails . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "tritia reticulata", "paragraphs": ["tritia reticulata ( linnaeus , 1758 ) - syn . nassarius reticulatus - netted dog - whelk\ngastropods ( tritia reticulata ) eat bivalve destroyed by crab , medium shot . black sea . ukraine .\ngastropods ( tritia reticulata ) eat bivalve destroyed by crab , close up . black sea . ukraine .\ngastropoda ( tritia reticulata ) crawling on a sandy bottom in search of food , close - up . black sea . ukraine .\nscientific and european names : tritia reticulata , nassarius reticulatus , hinia reticulata , netted dog whelk , dvaergkonk , fuikhoren , gevlochten fuikhoorn , gevlochten fuikhoren , grande nasse , nasse reticulee , netzreusenschnecke .\ngastropods ( tritia reticulata ) crawling from different sides to the smell of bivalve destroyed by crab , wide shot . black sea . ukraine .\n- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - species : tritia reticulata ( c . linnaeus , 1758 ) - id : 1950001060\nnassa reticulata viriditincta ( var . ) dautzenberg , ph . & h . fischer , 1925\nnassa ( hinia ) reticulata var . viriditincta dautzenberg & fischer h . , 1925 ( synonym )\nhabitats type , critical habitats , limiting factors : inhabiting shallow water sandy bottom shelf areas . the critical habitats are the hypoxic shelf zones . the main limiting factors are oxygen deficiency and a decline in populations of the gastropod mollusc tritia reticulata .\n( of hinia reticulata ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) bodc . ( 2009 ) . species list from the british oceanographic data centre . [ details ]\npizzolla , p . f 2005 . tritia reticulata netted dog whelk . in tyler - walters h . and hiscock k . ( eds ) marine life information network : biology and sensitivity key information reviews , [ on - line ] . plymouth : marine biological association of the united kingdom . [ cited 09 - 07 - 2018 ] . available from : urltoken\nthe paper deals with statistical processing of information on the tritia distribution ; collected during summers of 1973\u20141976 in some testing grounds near the black sea coasts , of the crimea and the caucasus . it is established that the random value x distribution ( tritia biomass ) does not correspond to the normal law . coming from the fact that the mass is a function proportional to the volume , it is suggested to transform the initial value x into the randomvalue z = \u00b3\u221a\u0445 whose distribution is close to the normal one . the dependence of the average z values on the depth of the tritia habitat and the ground type is determined by dispersion analysis .\nbiology : a psammophilic hermit crab , inhabiting shallow water biotopes including low salinity areas . prefers sandy and shelly grounds , usually at depths of 1 - 10 m , but sometimes can be found up to a depth 40 - 42 m . it is easily recognized by its habit of carrying a snail shell of tritia reticulata , ceritium vulgatum , or sometimes , young rapana thomasiana , in which the unarmored diogenes abdomen is concealed .\n( of nassa ( hinia ) reticulata var . viriditincta dautzenberg & fischer h . , 1925 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of nassa ( hinia ) reticulata ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) dautzenberg , ph . ; fischer , p . - h . ( 1925 ) . les mollusques marins du finist\u00e8re et en particulier de la r\u00e9gion de roscoff . les presses universitaires de france : paris . 180 pp . ( look up in imis ) page ( s ) : 36 [ details ]\n( of nassa ( hinia ) reticulata ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) dautzenberg , ph . ; fischer , p . - h . ( 1925 ) . les mollusques marins du finist\u00e8re et en particulier de la r\u00e9gion de roscoff . les presses universitaires de france : paris . 180 pp . ( look up in ror ) page ( s ) : 36 [ details ]\n( of nassa ( hinia ) reticulata var . viriditincta dautzenberg & fischer h . , 1925 ) dautzenberg , ph . ; fischer , p . - h . ( 1925 ) . les mollusques marins du finist\u00e8re et en particulier de la r\u00e9gion de roscoff . les presses universitaires de france : paris . 180 pp . ( look up in imis ) page ( s ) : 36 [ details ]\n( of nassa ( hinia ) reticulata var . viriditincta dautzenberg & fischer h . , 1925 ) dautzenberg , ph . ; fischer , p . - h . ( 1925 ) . les mollusques marins du finist\u00e8re et en particulier de la r\u00e9gion de roscoff . les presses universitaires de france : paris . 180 pp . ( look up in ror ) page ( s ) : 36 [ details ]\n( of nassa reticulata ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) bucquoy e . , dautzenberg p . & dollfus g . ( 1882 - 1886 ) . les mollusques marins du roussillon . tome ier . gastropodes . paris , j . b . bailli\u00e8re & fils 570 p . , 66 pl . [ pp . 1 - 40 , pl . 1 - 5 , february 1882 ; pp . 41 - 84 , pl . 6 - 10 , august 1882 ; pp . 85 - 135 , pl . 11 - 15 , february 1883 ; pp . 136 - 196 , pl . 16 - 20 , august 1883 ; pp . 197 - 222 , pl . 21 - 25 , january 1884 ; pp . 223 - 258 , pl . 26 - 30 , february 1884 ; pp . 259 - 298 , pl . 31 - 35 , august 1884 ; pp . 299 - 342 , pl . 36 - 40 , september 1884 ; p . 343 - 386 , pl . 41 - 45 , february 1885 ; p . 387 - 418 , pl . 46 - 50 , august 1885 ; pp . 419 - 454 , pl . pl . 51 - 60 , january 1886 ; p . 455 - 486 , pl . 56 - 60 , april 1886 ; p . 487 - 570 , pl . 61 - 66 , october 1886 ] , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of buccinum reticulatum linnaeus , 1758 ) linnaeus , c . ( 1758 ) . systema naturae per regna tria naturae , secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis . editio decima , reformata . laurentius salvius : holmiae . ii , 824 pp . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of buccinum anglicum r\u00f6ding , 1798 ) r\u00f6ding p . f . ( 1798 ) . museum boltenianum sive catalogus cimeliorum e tribus regnis naturae quae olim collegerat joa . fried . bolten m . d . p . d . pars secunda continens conchylia sive testacea univalvia , bivalvia et multivalvia . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of buccinum chrysostomum r\u00f6ding , 1798 ) r\u00f6ding p . f . ( 1798 ) . museum boltenianum sive catalogus cimeliorum e tribus regnis naturae quae olim collegerat joa . fried . bolten m . d . p . d . pars secunda continens conchylia sive testacea univalvia , bivalvia et multivalvia . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of buccinum marginulatum lamarck , 1822 ) lamarck [ j . - b . m . ] de . ( 1822 ) . histoire naturelle des animaux sans vert\u00e8bres . tome septi\u00e8me . paris : published by the author , 711 pp . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 278 [ details ]\n( of buccinum porcatum r\u00f6ding , 1798 ) r\u00f6ding p . f . ( 1798 ) . museum boltenianum sive catalogus cimeliorum e tribus regnis naturae quae olim collegerat joa . fried . bolten m . d . p . d . pars secunda continens conchylia sive testacea univalvia , bivalvia et multivalvia . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of buccinum vulgatum gmelin , 1791 ) gmelin j . f . ( 1791 ) . vermes . in : gmelin j . f . ( ed . ) caroli a linnaei systema naturae per regna tria naturae , ed . 10 . tome 1 ( 6 ) . g . e . beer , lipsiae [ leipzig ] . pp . 3021 - 3910 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of nassa oblonga m\u00f6rch , 1852 ) m\u00f6rch , o . a . l . ( 1852 - 1853 ) catalogus conchyliorum quae reliquit d\u2019alphonso d\u2019aguirra & gadea comes de yoldi , regis daniae cubiculariorum princeps , ordinis dannebrogici in prima classe & ordinis caroli terth eques . fasciculus primus . cephalophora , 170 pp . [ 1852 ] ; fasciculus secundus . acephala . annulata cirripedia . echinodermata , 74 pp . l . klein , hafniae , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of nassa isomera locard , 1886 ) locard a . ( 1886 ) . prodrome de malacologie fran\u00e7aise . catalogue g\u00e9n\u00e9ral des mollusques vivants de france . mollusque marins . lyon , h . georg & paris , bailli\u00e8re : pp . x + 778 , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 135 - 136 , 549 [ details ]\n( of nassarius reticulatus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) sanjuan a . , p\u00e9rez - losada m . & rol\u00e1n e . ( 1997 ) allozyme evidence for cryptic speciation in sympatric populations of nassarius spp . ( mollusca , gastropoda ) . journal of the marine biological association of the united kingdom 77 : 773 - 784 . [ details ]\ngalindo , l . a . ; puillandre , n . ; utge , j . ; lozouet , p . ; bouchet , p . ( 2016 ) . the phylogeny and systematics of the nassariidae revisited ( gastropoda , buccinoidea ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution . 99 : 337 - 353 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 343 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\ngalindo , l . a . ; puillandre , n . ; utge , j . ; lozouet , p . ; bouchet , p . ( 2016 ) . the phylogeny and systematics of the nassariidae revisited ( gastropoda , buccinoidea ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution . 99 : 337 - 353 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of nassa limicola martens , 1870 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of nassa oblonga m\u00f6rch , 1852 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of nassa poirieri locard , 1887 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of nassa bourguignati locard , 1887 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of nassa cancellata martens , 1870 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of nassa coronata nobre , 1884 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of nassa isomera locard , 1886 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of nassarius reticulatus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) landau b . m . , da silva c . m . & gili c . ( 2009 ) the early pliocene gastropoda ( mollusca ) of estepona , southern spain . part 8 , nassariidae . palaeontos 17 : 1 - 101 . [ details ]\n( of nassarius reticulatus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) van dingenen f . , ceulemans l . , landau b . m . & da silva c . m . ( 2015 ) . the family nassariidae ( gastropoda : buccinoidea ) from the late neogene of northwestern france . cainozoic research . 15 ( 1 - 2 ) : 75 - 122 . [ details ]\n( of nassarius ( hinia ) reticulatus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) hayward , p . j . ; ryland , j . s . ( ed . ) . ( 1990 ) . the marine fauna of the british isles and north - west europe : 1 . introduction and protozoans to arthropods . clarendon press : oxford , uk . isbn 0 - 19 - 857356 - 1 . 627 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of nassarius ( hinia ) reticulatus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) muller , y . ( 2004 ) . faune et flore du littoral du nord , du pas - de - calais et de la belgique : inventaire . [ coastal fauna and flora of the nord , pas - de - calais and belgium : inventory ] . commission r\u00e9gionale de biologie r\u00e9gion nord pas - de - calais : france . 307 pp . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of nassarius ( hinia ) reticulatus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) galindo , l . a . ; puillandre , n . ; utge , j . ; lozouet , p . ; bouchet , p . ( 2016 ) . the phylogeny and systematics of the nassariidae revisited ( gastropoda , buccinoidea ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution . 99 : 337 - 353 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of buccinum reticulatum linnaeus , 1758 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of buccinum reticulatum linnaeus , 1758 ) cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]\n( of buccinum anglicum r\u00f6ding , 1798 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of buccinum vulgatum gmelin , 1791 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of buccinum porcatum r\u00f6ding , 1798 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of buccinum chrysostomum r\u00f6ding , 1798 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of nassarius reticulatus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) gofas , s . ; le renard , j . ; bouchet , p . ( 2001 ) . mollusca . in : costello , m . j . et al . ( eds ) , european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . patrimoines naturels . 50 : 180 - 213 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of nassarius reticulatus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) rolan , e . ; luque , a . a . ( 1995 ) . nassarius reticulatus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) y nassarius nitidus ( jeffreys , 1867 ) ( gastropoda , nassariidae ) , dos especies validas de los mares de europa . iberus . 12 , 59 - 76 . [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nvliz belgian marine species consortium ( 2010 onwards ) . belgian register of marine species .\ngalindo , l . a . ; puillandre , n . ; utge , j . ; lozouet , p . ; bouchet , p . ( 2016 ) . the phylogeny and systematics of the nassariidae revisited ( gastropoda , buccinoidea ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution . 99 : 337 - 353 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 343 [ details ] available for editors\ngalindo , l . a . ; puillandre , n . ; utge , j . ; lozouet , p . ; bouchet , p . ( 2016 ) . the phylogeny and systematics of the nassariidae revisited ( gastropoda , buccinoidea ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution . 99 : 337 - 353 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nversion 43 . 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed . my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .\nbuccinum marginulatum lamarck , j . b . p . a . de , 1822\nnassa bourguignati locard , e . a . a . , 1887 : nw france\n( linnaeus , 1758 ) . accessed through : sergeyeva , o . ( 2018 ) black sea checklist for ocean - ukraine & sibema at : urltoken ; = 876821 on 2018 - 07 - 09\nsergeyeva , o . ( 2018 ) . black sea checklist for ocean - ukraine & sibema .\na small creamy - brown whelk ( up to 3 cm in height ) it has a pointed , straight sided spire . the criss - crossing of longitudinal and spiral ridges gives the whelk its characteristic netted ( reticulate ) pattern . it has an oval aperture with an outer lip that is thickened and toothed in mature animals . the inner lip extends over the body - whorl and the siphonal canal is deep and at an oblique angle .\nhas been recorded from the moroccan coast , extending through the mediterranean as far east as greece and into the black sea . populations are scattered around european coastlines including france and northern spain , to northernmost records in the baltic sea ( just east of stockholm ) .\ncommon on the lower rocky shore , from the low water of spring tides ( lwst ) extending to sublittoral depths of up to 15 m . as a burrower , it can be found on both rocky and sandy shores in a mixture of rock , mud and sand , or within pockets of soft material on rocky shores under runnels of water at low tide .\nis also tolerant of salinities as low as 16 ppt and can be found in estuaries .\nfish , j . d . & fish , s . , 1996 . a student ' s guide to the seashore . cambridge : cambridge university press .\nhayward , p . , nelson - smith , t . & shields , c . 1996 . collins pocket guide . sea shore of britain and northern europe . london : harpercollins .\nhayward , p . j . & ryland , j . s . ( ed . ) 1995b . handbook of the marine fauna of north - west europe . oxford : oxford university press .\nnational biodiversity network ( nbn ) atlas website . available from : http : / / www . nbnatlas . org . accessed 01 april 2017\npicton , b . e . & costello , m . j . , 1998 . biomar biotope viewer : a guide to marine habitats , fauna and flora of britain and ireland . [ cd - rom ] environmental sciences unit , trinity college , dublin . , urltoken\nmarine life information network ( marlin ) , the marine biological association of the uk ( see contact us ) \u00a9 2018 the marine biological association of the uk , all rights reserved .\nthe information ( text only ) provided by the marine life information network ( marlin ) is licensed under a creative commons attribution - non - commercial - share alike 2 . 0 uk : england & wales license . note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own terms and conditions and they may or may not be available for reuse . permissions beyond the scope of this license are available here . based on a work at urltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nan educational resource dedicated mainly to the photography and diversity of marine life that can be found in coastal waters and intertidal areas of great britain and ireland .\nscroll down and rollover titles to change screen image or click on title to view image .\na common mollusc species often found living on the middle but especially the lowershore . can be found under rocks and weed ; and in rockpools with sandy bottoms . locally very common around the south - west coast .\naphotomarine supports open source data recording and sharing for the benefit of wildlife , recorders , research , science and education . the project recommends the following websites and works with the following bodies and organisations .\nthe conchological society of great britain and ireland helping to understand , identify , record , and conserve molluscs .\nthe marine biological association or mba , based in plymouth , is one of the world\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s longest - running societies dedicated to promoting research into our oceans and the life they support . since 1884 the mba has been providing a unified , clear , independent voice on behalf of the marine biological community . it has a growing membership in over 40 countries .\nthe cisfbr or cornwall and isles of scilly federation of biological recorders is an independent umbrella organisation supporting independent recorders and recording groups in the county of cornwall .\nthe cornish biodiversity network or cbn is the largest open source wildlife database in cornwall that sends open source data to the nbn ( national biodiversity network ) . it is a new recording system based on the erica database , the largest recording resource in cornwall . the cbn best supports the activities and needs of the independent recording community and recording groups in cornwall .\nthe national biodiversity network or nbn is a charity that supports open source data sharing and recording supporting conservation , science and education .\nwhy do recorders need open source ?\n. simply because it supports the core values of wildlife recording and the free use of records and data over a very wide network that includes partners like the natural history museum . the link here is to the nbn atlas . the link here is to the nbn atlas .\nthe taxonomy used here is based on that of the following database , which is also used by the mba , nhm and the nbn .\nover 99 % of the species records on aphotomarine are open source but they are also copyright david fenwick . species records published on aphotomarine may not be used on any database , list or distribution map , without a signed user agreement . cornish records that appear on aphotomarine are recorded using the erica database to benefit recording in cornwall and scientific and historical recording in general . no financial benefit must be taken from any record produced by david fenwick , records are of educational benefit only . records by david fenwick must ' ' never ' ' be financially traded .\nthe main objective of this website is in furthering environmental awareness and education through the medium of photography . to increase awareness and access to the wildlife of the region and help\npeople find and identify it . sometimes the difference between species is obvious but many species can only be determined by observing microscopic characteristics that are specific to any one species .\nthe gastropod netted dog whelk ( nassarius reticulatus ) crawls along the sandy bottom .\ngastropod netted dog whelk crawling on muddy ground , then leaves the frame , close - up .\nthe gastropod mollusc netted dog whelk ( nassarius reticulatus ) is buried in the sandy soil .\nover 10 , 966 , 411 royalty - free video clips with 81 , 058 new stock clips added weekly .\nnorway to canarias , madeira to black sea . original taxon : buccinum reticulatum . synonyms : anglicum , cancellata , chrysostomum , coronata , minor \u2026 limicola \u2026 25m deep , adra , almeria , andalucia , spain . 28 - 29mm .\nin nets , marina di ravenna , emilia - romagna , italy . 23mm .\na specimen from near atlantic . 10m deep , taliarte , gran canaria , canarias . 20 - 21mm .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nto organize and save selections in a folder you must first register or log in . registration is free !\nyou ' ll get access to all the essential fotolia content and so much more .\nadobe stock offers an incredible range of exceptional images , videos , and templates plus 3d , editorial , and premium assets to make your work stand out .\npreview watermarked images inside your designs to make sure they look just right . then license and manage them directly within photoshop cc , illustrator cc , indesign cc , and other adobe desktop apps for a seamless workflow .\n{\ninterception\n: {\nipc\n: false ,\nii\n:\n1\n} ,\nfotolia _ range\n: {\nsearch _ max _ xs _ price\n: {\nrange _ value\n:\nall\n,\nrange _ min\n: 1 ,\nrange _ before _ last _ value\n: 3 ,\nrange _ max\n:\nall\n,\nrange _ step\n: 1 ,\nrange _ value _ labels\n: {\n1\n:\n1 credit\n,\n2\n:\n2 credits\n,\n3\n:\n3 credits\n,\nall\n:\ndo not filter\n} } } ,\nfotolia _ color _ picker\n: {\ncurrent _ colors\n: [ ] ,\nnb _ max _ colors\n: 5 } ,\nfotolia _ thumb _ size\n: {\nthumbs _ container _ class _ by _ size\n: {\n160\n:\nthumbs - list - medium\n,\n220\n:\nthumbs - list - large\n,\n240\n:\nthumbs - list - mosaic\n} } ,\nfotolia _ tooltip\n: {\nlicenses _ label\n:\nlicenses :\n} ,\nfotolia\n: {\nhost _ base\n:\nurltoken\n} ,\nsearch\n: {\nheader - search\n: {\nautocomplete _ container _ id\n:\nsearch - 5b43a90867150\n,\nautocomplete _ url\n:\nhttps : \\ / \\ / autocomplete . urltoken \\ / ? language _ id = 3\n} } }\nen poursuivant votre navigation sur ce site , vous acceptez l\u2019utilisation de cookies pour vous proposer des contenus et services adapt\u00e9s et r\u00e9aliser des statistiques de visites . en savoir plus \u00e0 propos des cookies .\n\u00d7 merci d ' apporter des pr\u00e9cisions concernant le probl\u00e8me rencontr\u00e9 ( identification , repr\u00e9sentativit\u00e9 , etc . )\nmerci pour votre contribution \u00e0 l ' am\u00e9lioration de l ' inpn . nous avons transmis ces informations \u00e0 un expert pour v\u00e9rification et correction .\ncorrespond \u00e0 un signalement sur la base d ' au moins une observation av\u00e9r\u00e9e dans une p\u00e9riode de 10 ans ( 20 ans pour les invert\u00e9br\u00e9s peu connus ) pr\u00e9c\u00e9dant l ' ann\u00e9e de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence et aucune pr\u00e9somption de disparition depuis l ' obtention de la derni\u00e8re donn\u00e9e ni doute sur le caract\u00e8re reproducteur et implant\u00e9 de cette population . pour les esp\u00e8ces migratrices , la pr & easence ; indiqu & eae ; concerne les zones de reproduction .\nune derni\u00e8re observation fiable remontant \u00e0 plus de 10 ans par rapport \u00e0 la date de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence , aucune recherche sp\u00e9cifique r\u00e9cente et aucune pr\u00e9somption de disparition depuis cette date [ vert\u00e9br\u00e9s , plantes et invert\u00e9br\u00e9s bien \u00e9tudi\u00e9s ( rhopaloc\u00e8res , orthopt\u00e8res , odonates . . . ) ] ;\nune derni\u00e8re observation fiable remontant \u00e0 plus de 20 ans , aucune recherche sp\u00e9cifique r\u00e9cente et aucune pr\u00e9somption de disparition depuis cette date [ taxons peu connus : fonge , nombreux invert\u00e9br\u00e9s . . . ] .\nce point recouvre l ' absence , par nature plus difficile \u00e0 d\u00e9montrer que la pr\u00e9sence . ce statut se base sur un ou plusieurs des crit\u00e8res suivants :\nce statut doit \u00e9galement \u00eatre attribu\u00e9 \u00e0 un d\u00e9partement dans lequel la pr\u00e9sence de l ' esp\u00e8ce est occasionnelle .\ncas particulier d ' absence li\u00e9e \u00e0 une disparition av\u00e9r\u00e9e depuis moins d ' un demi - si\u00e8cle ( les disparitions anciennes sont trait\u00e9es comme \u00ab absence probable ou certaine \u00bb ) .\ndans l ' \u00e9tat des connaissances , on ne peut pas se prononcer sur la pr\u00e9sence ou l ' absence actuelle dans le d\u00e9partement . il s ' agit du statut utilis\u00e9 par d\u00e9faut quand on ne se situe pas dans une des cat\u00e9gories pr\u00e9c\u00e9dente ou d\u00e8s lors qu ' il y a un doute .\navertissement : les donn\u00e9es mises \u00e0 disposition refl\u00e8tent l ' \u00e9tat d ' avancement des connaissances ou la disponibilit\u00e9 des inventaires . en aucun cas elles ne sauraient \u00eatre consid\u00e9r\u00e9es comme exhaustives .\ninventaire national du patrimoine naturel , site web : https : / / inpn . mnhn . fr .\noccurrence describes how often the species is found on surveys within its distribution . it is calculated as the % of reef sites surveyed by rls divers across all the ecoregions in which the species has been observed\nabundance is calculated as the average number of individuals recorded per rls transect , where present .\nplease use this form only for a single type of error . if you see multiple errors on the page for this species , please report these in separate forms by clicking on this button again after submitting this form\nthank you for highlighting this error . we appreciate your assistance in maintaining high quality control standards\n( linnaeus , 1758 ) . accessed through : costello , m . j . ; bouchet , p . ; boxshall , g . ; arvanitidis , c . ; appeltans , w . ( 2018 ) european register of marine species at : urltoken ; = 876821 on 2018 - 07 - 09\ncostello , m . j . ; bouchet , p . ; boxshall , g . ; arvanitidis , c . ; appeltans , w . ( 2018 ) . european register of marine species .\n( of nassarius ( hinia ) reticulatus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) hayward , p . j . ; ryland , j . s . ( ed . ) . ( 1990 ) . the marine fauna of the british isles and north - west europe : 1 . introduction and protozoans to arthropods . clarendon press : oxford , uk . isbn 0 - 19 - 857356 - 1 . 627 pp . ( look up in ror ) [ details ]\n( of nassarius ( hinia ) reticulatus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) galindo , l . a . ; puillandre , n . ; utge , j . ; lozouet , p . ; bouchet , p . ( 2016 ) . the phylogeny and systematics of the nassariidae revisited ( gastropoda , buccinoidea ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution . 99 : 337 - 353 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors\n( of nassarius reticulatus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) gofas , s . ; le renard , j . ; bouchet , p . ( 2001 ) . mollusca . in : costello , m . j . et al . ( eds ) , european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . patrimoines naturels . 50 : 180 - 213 . ( look up in ror ) [ details ]\nlamarck [ j . - b . m . ] de . ( 1822 ) . histoire naturelle des animaux sans vert\u00e8bres . tome septi\u00e8me . paris : published by the author , 711 pp .\nlamarck and 19th century authors treated planaxis as a genus of feminine gender . worms follows prevailing current . . . [ details ]\nbodc . ( 2009 ) . species list from the british oceanographic data centre . [ details ]\nthis translation tool is powered by google . fao is not responsible for the accuracy of translations .\ncommon names : engl : hermit crab ; russ : rak otshel ' nik diogen ; ukr : rak - diogen samitnik .\ntaxonomic descriptions : one of two species of the paguridae family in the black sea . the first left leg with claw is much bigger than the right leg . dactylus moves on vertical plane . the coloration of its body is yellow . the anterior edge of the carapace has acute triangular lateral projections . the internal sides of the dactyli have unequal tooths . length up to 30 mm .\ndistribution : black sea coastal waters and southern sea of azov , mediterranean sea , east atlantic coast from the north sea untill the coasts of angola .\npopulation trends : decline in population numbers since the late 1970s . a reduction of 60 - 70 % over the last 10 years according to direct visual observations .\nconservation measures proposed : enter in the black sea red data book . reduction in black sea coastal zone pollution .\npovchun , a . s . , 1992 . izmenenie donnykh soobschestv karkinitskogo zaliva ( changes in the bottom communities of karkinitsky bay ) . in : mnogoletnye izmenenya zoobentosa chernogo morya ( multiannual changes in the black sea zoobenthos ) , kiev , naukova dumka , p . 105 - 138 ( in russian ) .\nkiseleva , m . i . , 1992 . smena donnykh soobschestv biotopa peska u yugo - zapadnogo poberezhya kryma ( changes in bottom communities on the sand biotope near the south - western crimean coast ) . in : mnogoletnye izmenenya zoobentosa chernogo morya ( multiannual changes in the black sea zoobenthos ) , kiev , naukova dumka , p . 62 - 69 , ( in russian ) .\nsources : hayward , p . ; nelson - smith , a . ; shields , c . ( 1999 ) . gids van kust en strand : flora en fauna [ coast and beach guide : flora and fauna ] . tirion : baarn , netherlands . isbn 90 - 5210 - 327 - 5 . 352 , ill . pp .\nsources : lindner , g . ( 1999 ) . schelpengids : schelpen uit de wereldzee\u00ebn , vorm , voorkomen , systematiek [ the shell guide : shells from the world oceans , shape , distribution and systematics ] . tirion : baarn , the netherlands . isbn 90 - 5210 - 409 - 3 . 320 pp .\nsources : muller , y . ( 2004 ) . faune et flore du littoral du nord , du pas - de - calais et de la belgique : inventaire . [ coastal fauna and flora of the nord , pas - de - calais and belgium : inventory ] . commission r\u00e9gionale de biologie r\u00e9gion nord pas - de - calais : france . 307 pp .\nlinnaeus , c . ( 1758 ) . systema naturae per regna tria naturae , secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis . editio decima , reformata . laurentius salvius : holmiae . ii , 824 pp .\ngofas , s . ; le renard , j . ; bouchet , p . ( 2001 ) . mollusca , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 180 - 213\nhowson , c . m . ; picton , b . e . ( ed . ) ( 1997 ) . the species directory of the marine fauna and flora of the british isles and surrounding seas . ulster museum publication , 276 . the ulster museum : belfast , uk . isbn 0 - 948150 - 06 - 8 . vi , 508 ( + cd - rom ) pp .\nrol\u00e1n e . , 2005 . malacological fauna from the cape verde archipelago . part 1 , polyplacophora and gastropoda .\nrolan e . & luque a . a . ( 1995 ) nassarius reticulatus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) y nassarius nitidus ( jeffreys , 1867 ) ( gastropoda , nassariidae ) , dos especies validas de los mares de europa . iberus 12 : 59\u201376 .\nsanjuan a . , p\u00e9rez - losada m . & rol\u00e1n e . ( 1997 ) allozyme evidence for cryptic speciation in sympatric populations of nassarius spp . ( mollusca , gastropoda ) . journal of the marine biological association of the united kingdom 77 : 773 - 784 .\n( linnaeus , 1758 ) . in : costello , m . j . ; bouchet , p . ; boxshall , g . ; arvantidis , c . ; appeltans , w . ( 2014 ) european register of marine species , accessed through pesi at\nthis work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - share alike 3 . 0 license\npesi is funded by the european union 7th framework programme within the research infrastructures programme . contract no . ri - 223806 . activity area : capacities . period 2008 - 2011 - website hosted & developed by vliz banner picture : gannet ( morus bassanus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) by karl van ginderdeuren - contact pesi"]}
{"id": 2432, "summary": [{"text": "the knifetooth dogfish , is a harmless sleeper shark of the family somniosidae , found in the eastern atlantic , from scotland to spain , portugal , and senegal , and the southwest pacific from new zealand , between latitudes 58 \u00b0 n and 15 \u00b0 n , at depths of between 200 and 1,600 m. its length is up to 1.1 m.", "topic": 18}], "title": "knifetooth dogfish", "paragraphs": ["showing page 1 . found 11 sentences matching phrase\nknifetooth dogfish\n. found in 0 ms . translation memories are created by human , but computer aligned , which might cause mistakes . they come from many sources and are not checked . be warned .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nnortheast atlantic : atlantic slope from scotland to spain , portugal ( compagno in prep ) . eastern central atlantic : mauritania and senegal ( fern\u00e1ndez et al . 2005 , compagno in prep ) .\ncompagno ( in prep ) reports this species as relatively common in the eastern atlantic . this temperate to tropical species is rarely caught in commercial or research trawling west of scotland ( t . blasdale pers . obs . ) and this is likely the northern fringe of its distribution . the species is caught in very small numbers in commercial trawl catches and fisheries research services ( frs ) deep - water surveys west of scotland fishing at depths between 500 m and 1 , 900 m ( t . blasdale pers . obs . ) . it is not mentioned in the report of the ministry of agriculture fisheries and food ( maff ) surveys in the 1970s , fishing at depths between 366 m and 1 , 280 m , indicating that it was not common in this area at that time either ( bridger 1978 ) . there is therefore no information from which to infer trends in this area or other areas of the eastern atlantic .\na little - known deepwater , temperate to subtropical shark , found on or near the sea bottom at depths of 200\u20131 , 600 m ( compagno in prep ) . probably ovoviviparous ( compagno in prep . ) . maximum size is reported at about 110 cm tl ( compagno in prep . ) .\nreportedly captured in bottom trawls , with line gear , and with fixed bottom nets in the eastern atlantic , but apparently of limited interest to fisheries ( compagno in prep . ) .\nareas of the northeast atlantic , for example the rockall trough have been subject to a fairly rapid increase in deepwater fishing activities since the 1990s with overall concern for the sustainability of deepwater fish stocks ( gordon 2003 ) . the species is a known bycatch of the longline fishery targeting black scabbardfish (\n. 2005 ) . it is also taken by the basque artisanal longline fleet targeting deepwater sharks in the bay of biscay ( heessen 2003 ) .\nvery infrequently caught by french and scottish deep - water trawlers working west of scotland ( ices sub - area via ) ( t . blasdale pers . obs . ) . very limited data exists on the catches of gill - netters in this area but one retrieved net did not contain any of this species ( in a total catch of 8 . 5 tonnes ) ( stecf 2006 ) .\n. ( 2005 ) report that the catch of these squalids declined from 158 tons ( 87 % of elasmobranch landings ) in 1992 to 22 tons ( 59 % ) in 2001 , with a minimum of 3 . 5 tons in 1999 . the decline may be attributable to a set of factors , including a shift in the depths fished , economic reasons ( the value and quality of elasmobranch landings fell during the period of the study ) and probable over - exploitation of both the target and bycatch species .\nthere are no conservation measures in place for this species . scymnodon ringens is not included in the list of species covered by the european union total allowable catch for deepwater sharks , thus it is not covered by fisheries measures . recommended actions : the affect of deepwater fishing pressure on this species is of concern , particularly off mauritania , where this species is taken of bycatch of expanding deepwater fisheries . it is strongly recommended that efforts be made to quantify and monitor bycatch in these fisheries and determine the impact of these on this species .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\ngreek , skymnos , - ou = little lion + greek , odous = teeth ( ref . 45335 )\nmarine ; bathypelagic ; depth range 200 - 1600 m ( ref . 247 ) , usually 550 - 1450 m ( ref . 10717 ) . deep - water ; 58\u00b0n - 15\u00b0n\neastern atlantic : along the slope from scotland to spain , portugal , senegal . southwest pacific : new zealand ( ref . 26346 ) .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 110 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 247 )\nanal spines : 0 ; anal soft rays : 0 . black in color ; small dorsal fin spines ; short snout ; small lanceolate teeth without cusplets in upper jaw and huge high , knife - cusped cutting teeth in lower jaw ; mouth very wide and broadly arched ; caudal fin with weak subterminal notch and no lower lobe ( ref . 247 ) .\na rare species ( ref . 26346 ) inhabiting continental slopes ( ref . 247 ) . usually mesopelagic although taken most often near the bottom ( ref . 10717 ) . its razor - edged lower teeth is used to attack and dismember large prey ( ref . 247 ) . ovoviviparous ( ref . 205 ) . utilized dried salted for human consumption and for fishmeal ( ref . 247 ) .\nprobably ovoviviparous ( ref . 247 ) . distinct pairing with embrace ( ref . 205 ) .\ncompagno , l . j . v . , 1984 . fao species catalogue . vol . 4 . sharks of the world . an annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date . part 1 - hexanchiformes to lamniformes . fao fish . synop . 125 ( 4 / 1 ) : 1 - 249 . rome , fao . ( ref . 247 )\n) : 4 . 2 - 11 . 4 , mean 7 . 7 ( based on 164 cells ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 1 . 0000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00479 ( 0 . 00203 - 0 . 01128 ) , b = 3 . 13 ( 2 . 92 - 3 . 34 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & ( sub ) family - body ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 9 \u00b10 . 7 se ; based on diet studies .\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : low , minimum population doubling time 4 . 5 - 14 years ( fec assumed to be < 100 ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : high vulnerability ( 58 of 100 ) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\ncontinental slope , on or near the bottom at depths of 200 to 1600 m . probably\nbigelow , h . b . and w . c . schroeder , 1957 . a study of the sharks of the suborder squaloidea . bull . mus . comp . zool . harv . univ . , 117 ( 1 ) : 150 p .\nmaurin , c . and m . bonnet , 1970 . poissons des cotes nord - ouest africaines ( campagnes de la ' thalassia ' , 1962 et 1968 ) . rev . trav . inst . peches marit . , nantes , 34 ( 2 ) : 125 - 70\nkrefft , g . and e . tortonese , 1973 . squalidae . in clofnam . check - list of the fishes of the north - eastern atlantic and of the mediterranean , edited by j . - c . hureau and t . monod . paris , unesco , vol . 1 : 37 - 48\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\na rare species ( ref . 26346 ) inhabiting continental slopes ( ref . 247 ) . usually mesopelagic although taken most often near the bottom ( ref . 10717 ) . its razor - edged lower teeth is used to attack and dismember large prey ( ref . 247 ) . ovoviviparous ( ref . 205 ) . utilized dried salted for human consumption and for fishmeal ( ref . 247 ) .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\ncookies help us deliver our services . by using our services , you agree to our use of cookies .\nn . e . i . starry ray blonde ray sandy ray small - eyed ray undulate ray white skate round ray rabbit fish ratfishes n . e . i . knife - nosed chimaeras longnose chimaeras cartilaginous fishes n . e . i . groundfishes n . e . i . pelagic fishes n . e . i . marine fishes n . e . i . finfishes n . e . i .\nsorry , no definitions found . check out and contribute to the discussion of this word !\nlog in or sign up to get involved in the conversation . it ' s quick and easy .\nwordnik is a 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organization , ein # 47 - 2198092 .\nenglish german online dictionary term bank , where you can search in more than 2 million words in categories and different pronunciation options ."]}
{"id": 2437, "summary": [{"text": "fusinus dimassai is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family fasciolariidae , the spindle snails , the tulip snails and their allies . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "fusinus dimassai", "paragraphs": ["this book treats 31 species of fusinus , 4 of these new to science . new taxa : fusinus dimassai n . sp . , fusinus dimirii n . sp . , fusinus eviae n . sp . , fusinus margaritae n . sp .\n- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - species : fusinus dimassai g . buzzurro & p . russo , 2007 - id : 1972655584\nbuzzurro g . & russo p . ( 2007 ) . fusinus del mediterraneo . published by the authors , 280 p .\nbuzzurro g . & russo p . ( 2007 ) . fusinus del mediterraneo . published by the authors , 280 p . page ( s ) : 83 - 85 , 244 - 245 [ details ]\nafter more than 2 years of preparations , the diatombase portal is now officially launched . . . .\nlast week - on may 30 and 31st \u2013 8 thematic experts on talitridae came together for the first time during a lifewatch - worms sponsored workshop . the workshop took place at the hellenic centre for marine research in crete , where it was organized back - to - back with the 8th international sandy beaches symposium ( isbs ) . the group focused on identifying relevant traits for the talitridae , and adding this data through the amphipoda species database . . . .\non 23 april 2018 , a number of editors of the world register of introduced species ( wrims ) started a three day workshop in the flanders marine institute ( vliz ) . these three days were used to evaluate , complete and improve the content of this worms thematic register ( tsd ) . . . .\nthe 2nd worms early career researchers and 3rd worms achievement award were granted respectively to fran\u00e7ois le coze and geoff read . congratulations ! . . .\nin 2018 , to celebrate a decade of worms ' existence , it was decided to compile a list of our top marine species , both for 2017 and for the previous decade . . . .\nthe scleractinian corals are now accessible though their own list portal . this world list contains over 1 500 accepted names of extant species and is one of the most complete existing resources for scleractinian taxa . . .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nif you do not have an account yet , you can register here first .\nenter your email address and we will send you an email with your username and password .\ne - mail conchbooks office if you do not receive your email with your username and password .\nhelp us to expand this encyclopedia ! if you are logged in , you can add new subtaxa , vernacular and scientific names , texts , images or intertaxon relationships for this taxon .\nbuzzurro & russo , 2007 . in : costello , m . j . ; bouchet , p . ; boxshall , g . ; arvantidis , c . ; appeltans , w . ( 2014 ) european register of marine species , accessed through pesi at\nthis work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - share alike 3 . 0 license\npesi is funded by the european union 7th framework programme within the research infrastructures programme . contract no . ri - 223806 . activity area : capacities . period 2008 - 2011 - website hosted & developed by vliz banner picture : gannet ( morus bassanus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) by karl van ginderdeuren - contact pesi\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\njavascript is disabled for your browser . some features of this site may not work without it ."]}
{"id": 2443, "summary": [{"text": "calappa hepatica is a common benthic species of box crab of tropical and subtropical parts of the indian and pacific oceans and the red sea . ", "topic": 21}], "title": "calappa hepatica", "paragraphs": ["jennifer hammock split the classifications by obis environmental information from calappa hepatica ( linnaeus , 1758 ) to their own page .\nspecies name : calappa hepatica ( linnaeus , 1758 ) identification key length of carapace rather more than half of its extreme width ; clypeiform expansions with broad teeth . carapace covered with rounded tubercles on the anterior two thirds . synonymy\nmonod , t . , 1928 . les calappa de la c\u00f4te occidentale d ' afrique . bulletin de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 des sciences naturelles du maroc , 8 ( 4 - 6 ) : 109 - 127 , 13 figs .\ndelivering alien invasive species inventories for europe ( daisie ) to barcode of life ( 2 barcodes ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 75 publications ) to biological information system for marine life ( bismal ) ( from synonym cancer hepatica linnaeus , 1758 ) to biological information system for marine life ( bismal ) to encyclopedia of life to genbank ( 1 nucleotides ; 1 proteins ) to marine species identification portal to usnm invertebrate zoology arthropoda collection ( 18 records ) to usnm invertebrate zoology arthropoda collection ( 2 records ) ( from synonym calappa spinosissima h . milne edwards , 1837 ) to itis\n( of cancer hepatica linnaeus , 1758 ) linnaeus , c . ( 1758 ) . systema naturae per regna tria naturae , secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis . editio decima , reformata . laurentius salvius : holmiae . ii , 824 pp . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\ngalil , b . s . , 1997a . crustacea decapoda : a revision of the indo - pacific species of the genus calappa weber , 1795 ( calappidae ) . in : a . crosnier ( ed . ) , r\u00e9sultats des campagnes musorstom , volume 19 . m\u00e9moires du mus\u00e9um national d ' histoire naturelle , paris , 176 : 271 - 335 , figs 1 - 35 .\nguinot , d . ( 1967 ) . la faune carcinologique ( crustacea brachyura ) de l ' ocean indien occidental et de la mer rouge . catalogue , remarques bibliographiques et biobliographie . bull . inst . fondamental d ' afrique noire ( ifan ) . 237 - 252 . [ details ]\nzenetos , a . , m . e . \u00e7inar , m . a . pancucci - papadopoulou , j . g . harmelin , g . furnari , f . andaloro , n . bellou , n . streftaris & h . zibrowius . ( 2005 ) . annotated list of marine alien species in the mediterranean with records of the worst invasive species . mediterranean marine science 6 ( 2 ) : 63 - 118 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nliu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nzenetos , a . ; gofas , s . ; verlaque , m . ; cinar , m . ; garcia raso , j . ; bianchi , c . ; morri , c . ; azzurro , e . ; bilecenoglu , m . ; froglia , c . ; siokou , i . ; violanti , d . ; sfriso , a . ; san martin , g . ; giangrande , a . ; katagan , t . ; ballesteros , e . ; ramos - espla , a . ; mastrototaro , f . ; ocana , o . ; zingone , a . ; gambi , m . ; streftaris , n . ( 2010 ) . alien species in the mediterranean sea by 2010 . a contribution to the application of european union\u2019s marine strategy framework directive ( msfd ) . part i . spatial distribution . mediterranean marine science . 11 ( 2 ) : 381 - 493 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nkatsanevakis , s . ; bogucarskis , k . ; gatto , f . ; vandekerkhove , j . ; deriu , i . ; cardoso a . s . ( 2012 ) . building the european alien species information network ( easin ) : a novel approach for the exploration of distributed alien species data . bioinvasions records . 1 : 235 - 245 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nni ih . & qian py . ( 1999 ) . study on the suitability of shelter island area to be established as marine park or marine reserve . final report . submitted to the agriculture , fisheries & conservation department , the hong kong sar government . [ details ]\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nng , p . k . l . , eldredge , l . g . & evenhuis , n . l . 2011 ,\nthe names of decapod and stomatopod crustacea from tahiti , french polynesia , established by anthony curtis in 1938 and 1944\n, zootaxa , vol . 3099 , pp . 43 - 56\neydoux , f . & souleyet , l . f . a . 1842 ,\ncrustac\u00e9s\n, ed . eydoux , f . ( ed . ) , voyage autour du monde ex\u00e9cut\u00e9 pendant les ann\u00e9es 1836 et 1837 sur la corvette ' la bonite ' , command\u00e9e par m . vaillant . zoologie , vol . 1 , no . 2 , pp . 219 - 272 , bertrand , paris\nmilne edwards , h . 1837 , vol . 2 , pp . 532 pp . , atlas 32 pp . , 42 pls , libraire encyclopedique de roret , paris\ncurtiss , a . 1938 , pp . i - xvi , 193 pp . , self - published , new york\nlinnaeus , c . 1758 ,\ncancer\n, ed . linnaeus , c . , systema naturae per regna tria naturae , secundem classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentis , synonymis , locis . tom . 1 editio decima , reformata , pp . pp . 625 - 634 , laurentii salvii , holmiae\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 930e799b - 68f6 - 4d02 - 977d - 936ead5c20d8\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : a21dc265 - 0d09 - 4452 - 8594 - 5b005d75d51a\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : a64606ed - 670a - 4c2f - 9401 - e433fc7d883a\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : bbb3f1f0 - 8fc8 - 4c02 - b5c3 - e3fdff0b2f5a\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 309188\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\none specimen\ntaken at hulule , male atoll and in minikoi lagoon down to 5 fathoms .\n( borradaile , 1903 )\n: interesting ! looking at the close - up now . how can you tell ?\nthis must be a male crab , since the the central plate is slender and narrow . in addition , it has been tapering towards the mouth area ! !\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nsimple , without subdistal accessory teeth at their outer side , median emargination shallow . the longitudinal septum of the prolongated portion of the\n) ; tuamotu archipelago - takaroa , s . marutea , gambier island , and mururoa (\n: 275 ( key ) , 296 , figs 10e - f , 13e - f , 14 , 31 . - -\nalcock , a . & a . r . s . anderson , 1894b . natural history notes from h . m . indian marine survey steamer investigator . ser . ii , no . 17 . list of the shore and shallow - water brachyura collected during the season 1893 - 1894 . journal of the asiatic society of bengal , 63 , part 2 ( 4 ) : 197 - 209 .\nalcock , a . w . , 1896 . materials for a carcinological fauna of india . no . 2 . the brachyura oxystomata . journal of the asiatic society of bengal , 65 , part2 ( 2 ) : 134 - 296 , pls 6 - 8 .\nandr\u00e9 , m . , 1931 . crustac\u00e9s d\u00e9capodes provenant de l ' institut oc\u00e9anographique de nha - trang ( annam ) . 1 . brachyura . bulletin du mus\u00e9um national d ' histoire naturelle , paris , ( 2 ) 3 ( 7 ) : 638 - 650 .\nbalss , h . , 1915 . die decapoden des roten meeres . ii . anomuren , dromiaceen und oxystomen . in : expeditionen s . m . schiff pola in das rote meer . n\u00f6rdliche und s\u00fcdliche h\u00e4lfte 1895 / 96 - 1897 / 98 . zoologische ergebnisse . vol . xxxi . denkschriften der kaiserlichen akademie der wissenschaften zu wien , mathematisch - naturwissenschaftliche klasse , 92 ( 10 ) : 1 - 20 , figs 1 - 9 .\nbalss , h . , 1922b . ostasiatische decapoden iii . die dromiaceen , oxystomen und parthenopiden . archiv f\u00fcr naturgeschichte , 88a ( 3 ) : 104 - 140 , figs 1 - 9 . ( in german )\nbalss , h . , 1938a . die dekapoda brachyura von dr . sixten bock ' s pazifik expedition 1917 - 1918 . g\u00f6teborges kungliga vetenskaps - och vitterhets - samh\u00e4lles handlingar , ser . b , 5 ( 7 ) : 1 - 85 , figs 1 - 18 , pls 1 - 2 .\nbarnard , k . h . , 1950 . descriptive catalogue of south african decapod crustacea ( crabs and shrimps ) . annals of the south african museum , 38 : 1 - 837 , figs 1 - 154 .\nboone , l . , 1934 . crustacea : stomatopoda and brachyura . scientific results of the world cruise of the yacht alva , 1931 , william k . vanderbilt , commanding . bulletin of the vanderbilt marine museum , 5 : 1 - 210 , pls 1 - 109 .\nboone , l . , 1938 . marine algae , coelenterata , annelida , echinodermata , crustacea , mollusca . scientific results of the world cruise of the yachts ara 1928 - 1929 , and alva 1931 - 1932 , alva mediterranean cruise 1933 , and alva south american cruise 1935 , william k . vanderbilt , commanding . bulletin of the vanderbilt marine museum , 7 ( 5 ) , 372 pp , 152 pls . ( 197 - 281 pp , pls 72 - 109 for systematic discussion crustacea ) .\nborradaile , l . a . , 1903a . marine crustaceans . iv . some remarks on the classification of the crabs . v . the crabs of the catometope families . vi . the sand crabs ( oxystomata ) . vii . the barnacles . in : j . s . gardiner ( ed . ) , the fauna and geography of the maldive and laccadive archipelagoes , being the account of the work carried on and of the collections made by an expedition during the years 1899 and 1900 , 1 ( 4 ) : 424 - 443 , pls 22 . ( 1 ( 4 ) : 424 - 429 , fig . 110 ; 1 ( 4 ) : 429 - 433 , figs 111 - 114 ; 1 ( 4 ) : 434 - 439 , figs 115 - 117 , pl . 22 . ) [ 1903 / i ]\nbosc , l . a . g . , 1802 . histoire naturelle des crustac\u00e9s , contenant leur description et leurs moeurs , avec figures dessin\u00e9es d ' apr\u00e8s nature , 2 : 1 - 296 , pls 9 - 18 . paris .\nbosc , l . a . g . , 1828 - 1830 . manuel de l ' histoire naturelle des crustac\u00e9s , contenant leur description et leurs moeurs ; avec figures dessin\u00e9es d ' apr\u00e8s nature . edition mise au niveau des connaissances actuelles par a . g . desmarest , 1 : 1 - 328 , pls 1 - 9 ; 2 : 1 - 306 , 13 pls . paris .\nbouvier , e . l . , 1915b . d\u00e9capodes marcheurs ( reptantia ) et stomatopodes recueillis \u00e0 l ' \u00eele maurice par m . paul cari\u00e9 . bulletin scientifique de la france et de la belgique , s\u00e9r . 7 , 48 ( 3 ) : 178 - 318 ( 1 - 141 ) , figs 1 - 42 , pls 4 - 7 . [ 1915 / v ]\nbrito - capello , f . de , 1871a . algunas especies novas ou pouco conhecidas de crustaceos pertencentes aos generos callappa e telphusa . jornal de sci\u00eancias mathematicas , physicas , e naturaes , publicado sob ob auspicos da academia real das sci\u00eancias de lisboa , 3 : 128 - 134 , pl . 2 , figs 1 - 42 .\nbrocchi , m . , 1875 . recherches sur les organes g\u00e9nitaux m\u00e2les des crustac\u00e9s d\u00e9capodes . annales des sciences naturelles , zoologie , paris , ( 6 ) 2 : 1 - 131 , pls 13 - 19 .\nbuitendijk , a . m . , 1939 . biological results of the snellius expedition . v . the dromiacea , oxystomata and oxyrhyncha of the snellius expedition . temminckia , 4 : 223 - 276 , figs 1 - 27 , pls 7 - 11 .\ncalman , w . t . , 1900 . on a collection of brachyura from torres straits . transactions of the linnean society of london , ( zool . ) , ( 2 ) 8 ( 1 ) : 1 - 50 , pls 1 - 3 . [ 1900 / ix ]\ncano , g . , 1889 . crostacei brachiuri ed anomuri raccolti nel viaggio della r . corvetta vettor pisani attorno al globo . bollettino della societ\u00e1 di naturalisti in napoli , ( 1 ) 3 : 79 - 105 , 169 - 269 , pl . 7 .\nchang , c . m . , 1963 . a check list of taiwan crabs with descriptions of 19 new records . tunghai journal , taichung , 5 ( 2 ) : 95 - 118 , figs 1 - 10 , pls 1 - 2 .\nchen , h . , 1975 . studies on the crabs of xisha islands , guandong provence , china . i . studia marina sinica , 10 : 157 - 179 , figs 1 - 12 , pls 1 - 3 . ( in chinese with english summary . )\nchen , h . , 1993b . the calappidae ( crustacea : brachyura ) of chinese waters . in : b . morton ( ed . ) , the marine biology of the south china sea . proceedings of the first international conference on the marine biology of hong kong and the south chine sea : 675 - 704 .\nchopra , b . n . & k . n . das , 1937 . further notes on crustacea decapoda in the indian museum . ix . on three collections of crabs from tavoy and mergui archipelago . record of the indian museum , calcutta , 39 ( 4 ) : 377 - 434 , figs 1 - 21 , pl . 6 .\ncurtiss , a . , 1938 . a short zoology of tahiti . in : the society islands , guide printing company , new york : xvi + 193 pp .\ndai , a . & s . yang , 1991 . crabs of the china seas , i - iv , 1 - 608 , figs 1 - 295 , pls 1 - 74 . china ocean press , beijing and springer - verlag , berlin heidelberg new york tokyo , english edition . ( translation from chinese original 1986 . )\ndai , a . , s . yang , y . song & g . chen , 1986 . crabs of chinese seas , i - iv , 1 - 642 , figs 1 - 295 , pls 1 - 74 . ocean press , beijing . ( in chinese . )\ndana , j . d . , 1852c . crustacea . united states exploring expedition during the years 1838 , 1839 , 1840 , 1841 , 1842 , under the command of charles wilkes , u . s . n . , 13 ( pt . 1 ) : i - viii , 1 - 685 , pl . 8 .\ndawydoff , m . c . , 1952 . contribution \u00e0 l ' \u00e9tude des invert\u00e9br\u00e9s de la faune marine benthique de l ' indochine . bulletin biologique de la france et de la belgique , suppl\u00e9ment , 37 : 1 - 158 .\nde haan , w . , 1833 - 1849 . crustacea . in : ph . f . von siebold , fauna japonica sive descriptio animalium , quae in itinere per japoniam , jussu et auspiciis superiorum , qui summum in india batava imperium tenent , suscepto , annis 1823 - 1830 collegit , notis , observationibus et adumbrationibus illustravit : ix - xvi , i - xxi , vii - xvii , 1 - 243 , pls a - j , l - q , 1 - 55 , circ . tab . 2 . ( for dates see sherborn & jentink , 1895 and holthuis , 1953 . )\nde man , j . g . , 1880c . on some podophthalmous crustacea , presented to the leyden museum by mr . j . a . kruyt , collected in the red sea near the city of djeddah . notes from the leyden museum , 2 ( 21 ) : 171 - 185 . [ 1880 / vii ]\nde man , j . g . , 1888d . bericht \u00fcber die von herrn . dr . j . brock im indischen archipel gesammelten decapoden und stomatopoden . archiv f\u00fcr naturgeschichte , berlin , 53 ( pt . 1 ) : 289 - 600 , pls 11 - 22a .\nde man , j . g . , 1896b . bericht \u00fcber die von herrn schiffscapit\u00e4n storm zu atjeh , an den westlichen k\u00fcsten von malakka , borneo und celebes sowie in der java - see gegammelten decapoden und stomatopoden . theil iii . zoologische jahrb\u00fccher , abtheilung f\u00fcr systematik , geographie und biologie der thiere , 9 : 339 - 386 , figs 40 - 49 . [ 1896 / iv ]\nde man , j . g . , 1902a . die von herrn professor k\u00fckenthal im indischen archipel gesammelten dekapoden und stomatopoden . in : w . k\u00fckenthal , ergebnisse einer zoologischen forschungsreise in den molukken und borneo , in auftr\u00e4ge der senckenberg . naturforsch . gesellschaft ausgef\u00fchrt von dr . willy k\u00fckenthal . abhandlungen der senckenbergischen naturforschenden gesellschaft , 25 ( 3 ) : 465 - 929 , pls 19 - 27 .\ndesmarest , a . g . , 1825 . consid\u00e9rations g\u00e9n\u00e9rales sur la classe des crustac\u00e9s et description des esp\u00e8ces de ces animaux , qui vivent dans la mer , sur les c\u00f4tes , ou dans les eaux douces de la france : i - xix , 1 - 446 , pls 1 - 56 , tabls 1 - 5 . f . g . levrault , paris & strasbourg , france .\nedmondson , c . h . , 1923 . crustacea from palmyra and fanning islands . bulletin of the bernice p . bishop museum , honolulu , 5 : 1 - 43 , figs 1 - 3 , pls 1 - 2 .\nestampador , e . p . , 1937 . a check list of philippine crustacean decapods . philippine journal of science , 62 ( 4 ) : 465 - 559 .\neydoux , f . & l . f . a . souleyet , 1842 . crustac\u00e9s . in : voyage autour du monde ex\u00e9cut\u00e9 pendant les ann\u00e9es 1836 et 1837 sur la corvette la bonite , command\u00e9e par m . vaillant , capitaine de vaissear , zoologie , 1 ( 2 ) : 219 - 250 ; atlas , pls 1 - 3 . ( for dates of publication see sherborn & woodward , annals and magazine of natural history , ( 7 ) 7 ( 1901 ) : 391 . )\nfabricius , j . c . , 1793 . entomologia systematica emendata et acuta . secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , adjectis synonymis , locis , observationibus , descriptionibus , 2 : i - viii , 1 - 519 , pls 1 - 8 . hafniae .\nfabricius , j . c . , 1798 . supplementatum entomologiae systematicae , pp . 1 - 572 . hafniae , proft & storch .\nfilhol , h . , 1886 . catalogue des crustac\u00e9s de la nouvelle - z\u00e9lande , des \u00eeles auckland et campbell . in : recueil de m\u00e9moires , rapports et documents relatifs \u00e0 l ' observation du passage de venus sur le soleil . mission de l ' \u00eele campbell . passage de v\u00e9nus . mission de l ' ile campbell . rec . v\u00e9nus ( zool . ) , 3 ( 2 ) : 349 - 510 ; 3 ( 4 ) , atlas , pls 38 - 55 .\nforest , j . & d . guinot , 1961 . crustac\u00e9s d\u00e9capodes brachyoures de tahiti et des tuamotu . in : exp\u00e9dition fran\u00e7aise sur les r\u00e9cifs coralliens de la nouvelle cal\u00e9donie . vol . pr\u00e9liminaire : i - xi , 1 - 195 , figs 1 - 178 , pls 1 - 18 , 7 maps , tabls 1 - 3 . \u00e9ditions de la fondation singer - polignac .\ngarth , j . s . , 1965 . the brachyuran decapod crustaceans of clipperton island . proceedings of the california academy of sciences , 33 ( 1 ) : 1 - 46 , 26 figs .\ngibbes , l . r . , 1850 . on the carcinological collections of the cabinets of natural history in the united states with an enumeration of the species contained therein , and descriptions of new species . proceedings of the third meeting of the american association for advancement of science , 3 : 167 - 201 .\ngordon , i . , 1934 . crustacea brachyura . in : r\u00e9sultats scientifique du voyage aux indes orientales n\u00e9erlandaises de ll . aa . rr . de prince et la princesse l\u00e9opold de belgique . m\u00e9moires du mus\u00e9e royal d ' histoire naturelle de belgique , hors - s\u00e9rie , 3 ( 15 ) : 1 - 78 , figs 1 - 37 .\ngrant , f . e . & a . r . mcculloch , 1906 . on a collection of crustacea from the port curtis district , queensland . proceedings of the linnean society of new south wales , 31 ( 1 ) : 1 - 53 , figs 1 - 3 , pls 1 - 4 .\ngravely , f . j . , 1927 . decapoda ( excl . paguridea ) and stomatopoda . in : the littoral fauna of the krusadai island in the gulf of manaar with appendices on the vertebrates and plants . bulletin of the madras government museum , 1 ( 1 ) : 135 - 155 , figs 1 - 2 , pls 19 - 26 .\ngravier , c . , 1920a . sur une collection de crustac\u00e9s recueillis \u00e0 madagascar par le lieutenant d\u00e9cary . bulletin du mus\u00e9um national d ' histoire naturelle , paris , 26 ( 5 ) : 376 - 383 .\ngu\u00e9rin - m\u00e9neville , f . e . , 1829 - 1844 . crustac\u00e9s . iconographie du r\u00e8gne animal de g . cuvier , ou repr\u00e9sentation d ' apr\u00e8s nature de l ' une des esp\u00e8ces les plus remarquables , et souvent non encore figur\u00e9es , de chaque genre d ' animaux , avec un texte descriptif mis au courant de la science . ouvrage pouvant servir d ' atlas \u00e0 tous les trait\u00e9s de zoologie ( crustac\u00e9s ) : 1 - 48 , pls 1 - 35 . paris et londres . ( text ( 7 september 1844 ) , plate 1 ( 21 march 1829 ) , 2 ( 18 july 1829 ) , 3 ( 1831 ? - 1832 ) , 4 ( 1831 ? - 1837 ) , 5 ( 2 june 1832 ) , 6 ( 1831 ? - 1833 ) , 7 ( 1831 ? - 1834 ) , 8 ( 1831 ? - 1832 ) , 8bis , 9 ( 1831 ? - 1833 ) , 10 ( 2 june 1832 ) , 11 ( 1831 ? - 1833 ) , 12 ( 14 july 1832 ) , 13 ( 1831 ? - 1833 ) , 14 ( 14 july 1832 ) , 15 ( 1831 ? - 1835 ) , 16 ( 1831 ? - 1833 ) , 17 , 18 ( april 1836 ) , 19 ( 1831 ? - 1837 ) , 20 , 21 ( 1836 - 1837 ) , 22 - 24 ( 1831 ? - 1837 ) , 25 ( april 1836 ) , 26 , 27 ( 1836 ) , 28 - 31 ( 1836 - 1837 ) , 32 - 34 ( 1837 ) , 35 ( december 1837 ) . )\nguinot , d . , 1967a . la faune carcinologique ( crustacea brachyura ) de l ' oc\u00e9an indien occidental et de la mer rouge : catalogue , remarques biog\u00e9ographiques et bibliographiques . in : r\u00e9union de sp\u00e9cialistes c . s . a . sur les crustac\u00e9s , zanzibar 1964 . m\u00e9moires de l ' institut fondamental d ' afrique noire , 77 ( 1966 ) : 235 - 352 , pls 1 - 26 , 1 table .\nhaswell , w . a . , 1882c . catalogue of the australian stalk - and sessile - eyed crustacea . the australian museum , sydney : i - xxiv , 1 - 324 + 2 p . addenda , figs 1 - 8 , pls 1 - 4 .\nheller , c . , 1861a . synopsis der im rothen meer vorkommenden crustaceen . verhandlungen der zoologisch - botanischen gesellschaft in wien , 11 : 3 - 32 .\nheller , c . , 1861b . beitr\u00e4ge zur crustaceen - fauna des roten meeres . part 1 . sitzungsberichte der akademie der wissenschaften zu wien , mathematisch - naturwissenschaftliche klasse , 43 ( 1 ) : 297 - 374 , pls 1 - 4 .\nheller , c . , 1865 . die crustaceen . 1 . in : reise der \u00f6sterreichischen fregatte novara um die erde in den jahren 1857 - 1859 under den befehlen des commodors b . von w\u00fcllerstorf - urbair , zoologischer theil , 2 ( pt . 3 ) : 1 - 280 , pls 1 - 25 . wien .\nhenderson , j . r . , 1893 . a contribution to indian carcinology . the transactions of the linnean society of london , ( series 2 , zoology ) 5 ( 1 ) : 325 - 458 , pls 36 - 40 .\nherbst , j . f . w . , 1785 . versuch einer naturgeschichte der krabben und krebse nebst einer systematischen beschreibung ihrer verschiedenen arten , 1 ( 6 ) : 183 - 206 , pls 10 - 13 .\nherklots , j . a . , 1851 . additamenta ad faunam carcinologicam africae occidentalis , sive descriptiones specierum novarum e crustaceorum ordine , quas in guinea collegit vir strenuus h . s . pel , praefectus residentiis in littore guineae . 28 pages , 2 pls , lugduni - batavorum ( leiden ) .\nherklots , j . a . , 1861 . catalogue des crustac\u00e9s , qui ont servi de base au syst\u00e8me carcinologique de m . w . de haan , r\u00e9dig\u00e9 d ' apr\u00e8s les collections du mus\u00e9e des pays - bas et les crustac\u00e9s de la faune du japon . tijdschrift voor entomologie , 4 : 116 - 156 . 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( in japanese )\nsakai , t . , 1937a . studies on the crabs of japan . ii . oxystomata . science reports of the tokyo bunrika daigaku , ( b ) 3 ( suppl . no . 2 ) : 67 - 192 , 45 figs , pls 10 - 19 .\nsakai , t . , 1956 . crabs ( edition 1 ) , i - xii , 1 - 224 ( japanese text ) , appendix 1 - 60 ( list of latin names ) , figs 1 - 71 , pls 1 - 6 ( 2 coloured ) . shisei - shoin , tokyo . ( in japanese )\nsakai , t . , 1960 . arthropoda , crustacea , decapoda , brachyura . in : k . okada & t . uchida ( eds ) , encyclopaedia zoologica illustrated in colours . iv : i - xxx , 28 - 87 , pls 14 - 43 . tokyo , hokuryukan . ( in japanese ) .\nsakai , t . , 1965b . the crabs of sagami bay , collected by his majesty the emperor of japan , i - xvi , 1 - 206 ( english text ) , figs 1 - 27 , pls 1 - 100 : 1 - 92 ( japanese text ) : 1 - 26 ( references and index in english ) : 27 - 32 ( index in japanese ) , 1 map . maruzen co . , tokyo .\nsakai , t . , 1976a . crabs of japan and the adjacent seas . ( in 3 volumes : ( 1 ) english text : i - xxix , 1 - 773 , figs 1 - 379 , ( 2 ) plates volume : 1 - 16 , pls 1 - 251 , ( 3 ) japanese text : 1 - 461 , figs 1 - 2 , 3 maps . ) kodansha ltd , tokyo .\nsankarankutty , c . , 1961b . on some crabs ( decapoda - brachyura ) from the laccadive archipelago . journal of the marine biological association of india , 3 ( 1 & 2 ) : 120 - 136 , figs 1 - 2 .\nsankarankutty , c . , 1962b . on decapoda brachyura from the andaman and nicobar islands . 3 . families : calappidae , leucosiidae , parthenopidae , maiidae and gecarcinidae . journal of the marine biological association of india , 4 : 151 - 164 , 23 figs .\nschenkel , e . , 1902 . beitrag zur kenntnis der dekapodenfauna von celebes . verhandlungen der naturforschenden gesellschaft in basel , 13 ( 3 ) : 485 - 585 , pls 7 - 13 .\nser\u00e8ne , r . & c . vadon , 1981 . crustac\u00e9s d\u00e9capodes : brachyoures . liste pr\u00e9liminaire , description de formes nouvelles et remarques taxonomiques . in : r\u00e9sultats des campagnes musorstom , 1 . philippines ( 18 - 28 mars 1976 ) , vol . 1 , no . 5 . m\u00e9moires orstom , 91 : 117 - 140 , figs 1 - 3 , pls 1 - 4 . ( in french with english summary ) .\nser\u00e8ne , r . , 1937 . inventaire des invert\u00e9br\u00e9s marins de l ' indochine ( 1re liste ) . notes de l ' institut oc\u00e9anographique de l ' indochine , 30 : 1 - 84 .\nser\u00e8ne , r . , 1968 . the brachyura of the indo - west pacific region . in : prodromus for a check list of the non - planctonic marine fauna of south east asia . unesco singapore national academy of sciences , special publication no . 1 , fauna iiic3 : 33 - 112 .\nshen , c . j . & a . y . dai , 1964 . illustrations of animals in china ( crustacea part ii ) , peking : 1 - 172 , 277 figs .\nshirai , s . , 1980 . ecological encyclopedia of the marine animals of the ryukyu islands in colour . okinawa kyoiku shuppan , okinawa : 636 pp .\nshokita , s . , y . fujita , t . nagai & a . kawakami , 2000 . decapod crustacea in ginowan city , okinawa island . history of the ginowan city , okinawa prefecture , 9 : 629 - 658 .\nsokolowsky , p . a . , 1945 . biologisch - morphologische betrachtung einiger calappinae , ortmann . nebst beschreibung einer anscheinend neuen art aus dem oestlichen sued - amerika . annali del museo civico di storia naturale di genova , 62 : 62 - 75 , pls 1 - 2 .\nstebbing , t . r . r . , 1910 . general catalogue of south african crustacea . part v of south african crustacea , for the marine investigations in south africa . annals of the south african museum , 6 ( 4 ) : 281 - 593 , pls 15 - 22 .\nstebbing , t . r . r . , 1917c . the malacostraca of natal . i . annals of durban museum , 2 ( 1 ) : 1 - 33 , pls 1 - 6 .\nstella , e . , 1953 . crostacei decapodi e stomatopodi . spedizione subacquea italiana nel mar rosso . rivista di biologia coloniale , roma , 13 : 51 - 70 .\nstephensen , k . , 1945 . the brachyura of the iranian gulf with an appendix : the male pleopod of the brachyura . in : danish scientific investigations in iran , part 4 . copenhagen , e . munksgaard : 57 - 237 , figs 1 - 60 .\nstephenson , t . a . , a . stephenson , g . tandy & m . spender , 1931 . the structure and ecology of low isles and other reefs . scientific reports great barrier reef expedition , 3 ( 2 ) : 17 - 112 , figs 1 - 15 , pls 1 - 27 .\nstimpson , w . , 1907 . report on the crustacea ( brachyura and anomura ) collected by the north pacific exploring expedition , 1853 - 1856 . smithsonian miscellaneous collections , washington , 49 ( 1717 ) : 1 - 240 , pls 1 - 26 .\nseringat - kias , apr 12 photo shared by loh kok sheng on flickr .\nng , peter k . l . and daniele guinot and peter j . f . davie , 2008 . systema brachyurorum : part 1 . an annotated checklist of extant brachyuran crabs of the world . the raffles bulletin of zoology . supplement no . 17 , 31 jan 2008 . 286 pp .\ndavison , g . w . h . and p . k . l . ng and ho hua chew , 2008 . the singapore red data book : threatened plants and animals of singapore . nature society ( singapore ) . 285 pp .\njones diana s . and gary j . morgan , 2002 . a field guide to crustaceans of australian waters . reed new holland . 224 pp .\nlinnaeus 1758 , syst . nat . ed . xii , i , p . 1048 .\nherbst 1785 , krabben , i , ii , p . 204 , pl . 13 , fig . 78 .\nborradaile 1903 , fauna geog . maldive and laccadive archipel , p . 436 .\ngalil 1997 , resultats des campagnes musortom , vol . 18 , p . 274 .\nhabitat hard beaches , coral reefs ; 10 - 50 meters deep . distribution hard beaches , coral reefs ; 10 - 50 meters deep japan . this species occurs throughout the indo - pacific region .\ndescription in the anterior two - thirds of the carapace surface is tuberculate and granular , the posterior third is marked with squamiform tubercles and beaded ridges . the antero - lateral borders are coarsely dentate or serrate . clypeiform expansions greatly developed , their breadth being equal to their length ; their anterior border shows the points of four teeth . posterior border of the carapace beaded , unarmed . outer parts of the pterygostomain regions densely hairy . front emarginate , not projecting beyond the level of the orbits . transverse wing like expansion of the distal end of the arm with its edge four lobed . outer surface of palm and upper surface of wrist numerous sharp tubercles . anterior end of arm with some sharp granules , crest of palm crenulate , not sharply dentate .\nremarks in the very young , the extreme length of the carapace is not much less than three fourths of the extreme breadth .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmclaughlin et al . 2005 . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : crustaceans . american fisheries society special publication 31\ncommon in sand any depth . feeds upon gastropods . attains carapace width of 3 inches . hawaii & the indo - pacific .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\njapanese crustacean decapods and stomatopods in color , vol . ii . brachyura ( crabs ) .\nsystema brachyurorum : part i . an annotated checklist of extant brachyuran crabs of the world .\nin : nishimura , s . ( ed . ) , guide to seashore animals of japan with color pictures and keys , vol . ii . hoikusha , osaka , 379 - 418 ( in japanese ) .\noccurrence record in darwincore format ( elements of obis schema and some of dwc1 . 4 )"]}
{"id": 2447, "summary": [{"text": "bursatella leachii , common name the ragged sea hare or shaggy sea hare , is a species of large sea slug or sea hare , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family aplysiidae , the sea hares . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "bursatella leachii", "paragraphs": ["bursatella leachii - ap biology exam from : stacy b . , september 26 , 2001\nbehavior patterns of the aplysiid gastropod bursatella leachii in its natural habitat and in the laboratory .\nbursatella leachii from turkey from : m . kazak & l . cavas , november 24 , 2007\nbehavior patterns of the aplysiid gastropod bursatella leachii in its natural habitat and in the laboratory . - pubmed - ncbi\nthe following reference provides an interesting account of the larval biology of bursatella leachii plei , a subspecies from the west atlantic . it also has an extensive bibliography on bursatella research .\ndistinguishing characteristics eales and engel ( 1935 ) reviewed the genus bursatella and considered that there was a single species world - wide , b . leachii , which for convenience they divided into several geographical subspecies . here we do not recognize this sub - division and treat the mediterranean subspecies b . leachii leachii and b . leachii savignyana as synonyms .\nupper : b . leachii leachii - coffs harbour region , northern new south wales , australia . december 1990 . photo : bill rudman . lower : b . leachii plei - santa marta bay , colombia , carribean . photo : phanor montoya\ndear phanor , your animal is not a sacoglossan . it is bursatella leachii which is a sea hare . some scientists have split this worldwide species into geographic subspecies . if we follow that proposal then your caribbean animal is bursatella leachii plei . bursatella feeds on blue - green algae and the filamentous algal film found on sand , mud and hard surfaces .\n( of bursatella leachii lacinulata gould , 1852 ) rudman , w . b . ( 2007 ) . comment on bursatella leachii subspecies by augusto medeiros . [ message in ] sea slug forum . [ message in ] sea slug forum . australian museum , sydney . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of bursatella leachii africana ( engel , 1926 ) ) rudman , w . b . ( 2007 ) . comment on bursatella leachii subspecies by augusto medeiros . [ message in ] sea slug forum . [ message in ] sea slug forum . australian museum , sydney . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of bursatella leachii rosea ( engel , 1926 ) ) rudman , w . b . ( 2007 ) . comment on bursatella leachii subspecies by augusto medeiros . [ message in ] sea slug forum . [ message in ] sea slug forum . australian museum , sydney . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of bursatella leachii lacinulata gould , 1852 ) eales , n . & engel , h . 1935 . the genus bursatella de blainville . proceedings of the malacological society of london 21 : 279 - 303 , plate 31 . [ details ]\n( of bursatella leachii africana ( engel , 1926 ) ) eales , n . & engel , h . 1935 . the genus bursatella de blainville . proceedings of the malacological society of london 21 : 279 - 303 , plate 31 . [ details ]\n( of bursatella leachii rosea ( engel , 1926 ) ) eales , n . & engel , h . 1935 . the genus bursatella de blainville . proceedings of the malacological society of london 21 : 279 - 303 , plate 31 . [ details ]\nsearch for ' bursatella leachii ' returned 8 matching records . click on one of the taxon names listed below to check the details . [ new search ] [ direct link ]\ngood morning , i\u00b4m working on bursatella leachii and , as you said , some authors have divided the world population of it into geographic subspecies . i\u00b4d like to know if there are papers that make the comparison between them and if you could tell me the name of all known b . leachii subspecies .\nthanks for these photos of bursatella leachii from the caribbean . as i have mentioned before , it seems that caribbean animals lack the blue or greeen ' eyespots ' so characteristic of the species elsewhere in the world .\nreference : \u2022 paige , ja . ( 1988 ) . biology , metamorphosis and postlarval development of bursatella leachii plei rang ( gastropoda : opisthobranchia ) . bulletin of marine science , 42 ( 1 ) : 65 - 75 .\ndear jan , from your description of its ' trendrils ' and the purple liquid , i would guess your animal is bursatella leachii . if you have a look at the other messages on the bursatella leachii page you will find some photos of it from various parts of the world . in fact i am posting a message today from eastern australia of an animal squirting out its purple ink . have a look at the sea hares page for lots more information on this group of sea slugs . if your animal is bursatella then its washng ashore with sargassum is a coincidence .\n( of notarchus leachii cirrosus stimpson , 1855 ) eales , n . & engel , h . 1935 . the genus bursatella de blainville . proceedings of the malacological society of london 21 : 279 - 303 , plate 31 . [ details ]\ndear bill , this specimen of bursatella leachii was recently found at a relatively quiet harbor , is so far i only had saw this species in this area , and was keep at home for three days then let it back to free in water .\na scientist working with bursatella leachii , a sea slug that lives in an intertiday habitat in the coastal waters of puerto rico , gathered the following information about tthe distribution of the sea slugs within a ten - meter square plot over a 10 day period .\nrudman , w . b . ( 2007 ) . comment on bursatella leachii subspecies by augusto medeiros . [ message in ] sea slug forum . [ message in ] sea slug forum . australian museum , sydney . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of bursatella lacinulata gould , 1852 ) eales , n . & engel , h . 1935 . the genus bursatella de blainville . proceedings of the malacological society of london 21 : 279 - 303 , plate 31 . [ details ]\n( of aplysia bursatella rang , 1834 ) eales , n . & engel , h . 1935 . the genus bursatella de blainville . proceedings of the malacological society of london 21 : 279 - 303 , plate 31 . [ details ]\ndear valda , these are bursatella leachii , a very ' hairy ' sea hare - if you will pardon the pun . they are quite variable in colour and some have more obvious blue ' eye spots ' than others . there are other species with similar eyespots , the most common of which is stylocheilus striatus , which is much smaller in size . howevere i am pretty sure your ' juvenile ' is a juvenile . b . leachii because the parapodial flaps seem to be almost completely fused , which is characteristic of bursatella , but not of stylocheilus .\ndear josephine , congratulations on finding the sea slug forum . have a look at the bursatella leachii page where there is plenty of information on this animal . also have a look at the many messages which are attached at the bottom of the page for a lot more information on bursatella from many parts of the world . [ if you click on any underlined word you will move to a page on that topic ] .\nyou may not realise the forum is much more than just the messages . there are plenty of places where you can ' lookup ' information . firstly , have a look at the page on bursatella leachii , and all the other messages on that page . secondly , bursatella is a sea hare so have a look at the ' sea hare ' topics listed in the general topics list which should be of interest to you .\nhello , my name is dana rygwelski . for my ap biology class we are currently working in the ecology unit , we were assigned to look up about a specific type of sea slug . if you could please help me out by sending me information on bursatella leachii it would be greatly appreciated .\n( of notarchus ( bursatella ) leachii ( blainville , 1817 ) ) lin , g . & tchang , s . 1965 . opisthobranchia from the inter - tidal zone of hainan island , china . oceanologia et limnologia sinica 7 ( 1 ) : 1 - 20 , pls . 1 - 3 . [ details ]\ndelivering alien invasive species inventories for europe ( daisie ) ( from synonym bursatella leachi [ sic ] ) to barcode of life ( 1 barcode ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 1 publication ) ( from synonym aclesia africana engel , 1926 ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 12 publications ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 3 publications ) ( from synonym notarchus ( bursatella ) leachii ( blainville , 1817 ) ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 9 publications ) ( from synonym bursatella leachi [ sic ] ) to clemam to encyclopedia of life to genbank ( 6 nucleotides ; 4 proteins ) to pesi to sea slug forum ( via archive . org ) to itis\ndear augusto , i would be interested to know what research you are doing and where . concerning the subspecies of b . leachii , eales & engel ( 1925 ) reviewed bursatella worldwide and concluded there was only one species . they thought it would be convenient to recognise six subspecies but could give no clear definitions of each subspecies except to suggest geographic regions .\neales , n . b . & engel , h . ( 1935 ) the genus bursatella de blainville . proceedings of the malacological society , 21 : 279 - 303 .\nbraga , tiago rodrigues , maria jo\u00e3o pereira , hugo varela , jo\u00e3o barreira , lu\u00edsa gonz\u00e1lez - wang\u00fcemert , mercedes and cust\u00f3dio , lu\u00edsa 2017 . bursatella leachii from mar menor as a source of bioactive molecules : preliminary evaluation of the nutritional profile , in vitro biological activities , and fatty acids contents . journal of aquatic food product technology , vol . 26 , issue . 10 , p . 1337 .\nthere is quite a lot of information on this page about bursatella . have a at the top of this page above your message , and below your message for earlier correspondence .\nhi i am from new zealand and i need to find out wot eats the sea hare bursatella leachii for a project at school . i need to write wot they eat and wot eats them i know wot they eat but i don ' t now wot eats them . the lady at the library told me there was no such thing as a sea hare so i don ' t no where else to go\ndear dr . rudman , i came to this web site looking for info on the sea slug bursatella leachii because it is an essay question for the 1997 a . p . biology exam . i saw messages from students that said they were\nstudying\nthis organism . hmm . . . you mean trying to answer this a . p . bio exam question ? anyway - here is the entire question .\neales , n . & engel , h . 1935 . the genus bursatella de blainville . proceedings of the malacological society of london 21 : 279 - 303 , plate 31 . [ details ]\nbebbington , a . ( 1969 ) bursatella leachi guineensis subsp . nov . ( gastropoda , opisthobranchia ) from ghana . proceedings of the malacological society of london , 38 : 323 - 341 .\n( of bursatella leachi [ sic ] ) branch , g . m . et al . ( 2002 ) . two oceans . 5th impression . david philip , cate town & johannesburg . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of aclesia glauca cheeseman , 1879 ) eales , n . & engel , h . 1935 . the genus bursatella de blainville . proceedings of the malacological society of london 21 : 279 - 303 , plate 31 . [ details ]\n( of aclesia africana engel , 1926 ) eales , n . & engel , h . 1935 . the genus bursatella de blainville . proceedings of the malacological society of london 21 : 279 - 303 , plate 31 . [ details ]\n( of ramosaclesia rex allan , 1932 ) eales , n . & engel , h . 1935 . the genus bursatella de blainville . proceedings of the malacological society of london 21 : 279 - 303 , plate 31 . [ details ]\n( of notarchus brevipes h\u00e4gg , 1904 ) eales , n . & engel , h . 1935 . the genus bursatella de blainville . proceedings of the malacological society of london 21 : 279 - 303 , plate 31 . [ details ]\n( of aclesia ocelligera bergh , 1902 ) eales , n . & engel , h . 1935 . the genus bursatella de blainville . proceedings of the malacological society of london 21 : 279 - 303 , plate 31 . [ details ]\n( of notarchus intrapictus cockerell , 1893 ) eales , n . & engel , h . 1935 . the genus bursatella de blainville . proceedings of the malacological society of london 21 : 279 - 303 , plate 31 . [ details ]\n( of aclesia rosea engel , 1926 ) eales , n . & engel , h . 1935 . the genus bursatella de blainville . proceedings of the malacological society of london 21 : 279 - 303 , plate 31 . [ details ]\n( of notarchus villosus o ' donoghue , 1929 ) eales , n . & engel , h . 1935 . the genus bursatella de blainville . proceedings of the malacological society of london 21 : 279 - 303 , plate 31 . [ details ]\n( of notarchus laciniatus r\u00fcppell & leuckart , 1830 ) eales , n . & engel , h . 1935 . the genus bursatella de blainville . proceedings of the malacological society of london 21 : 279 - 303 , plate 31 . [ details ]\ndear richard , thanks for the background on the life history of bursatella in the auckland region . as you will see from john buckeridge ' s message a couple of days ago , the media appear to have unfortunately misinterpreted the information they were provided with .\nit looks like the regular change in spacing of the bursatella population observed in puerto rico resulted from a cycle of action and inaction , though i don ' t see why it caused them to\ncrowd\ntogether during inactivity and disperse during periods of activity .\nrusso g . f . , 1987 . segnalazione di bursatella leachi de blainville , 1817 ( mollusca , opisthobranchia , aplysiomorpha ) per le acque dell ' isola d ' ischia e considerazioni sull ' ecologia della specie . bollettino della societa naturalisti in napoli , 94 : 243 - 253 , fig . 2 , tav . 1 .\nblainville h . m . d . de ( 1817 ) . bursatella , p . 138 , in : dictionnaire des sciences naturelles ( f . cuvier , ed . ) , vol . 5 , suppl\u00e9ment . levrault , strasbourg & le normant , paris . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 138 [ details ]\ni would like some information on bursatella leachii , a sea slug that resides in an intertidal habitat in the coastal waters of puerto rico . a study demonstrated that the individual slugs varied their distances from one another over the course of a day . for example , the average distance between individuals at midnight was 8 . 0 cm . at 4 am it was 8 . 9 cm . at 8 am it was about 44 . 8 cm . at noon , the avg . distance was 174 . 0 cm . the distance was at it ' s highest at 4 pm at 350 . 5 cm . at 8 pm it was 60 . 5 cm . at midnight , the slugs had returned to 8 . 0 cm distances . any ideas on what physiological or environmental variables could cause this distribution pattern ? thank you .\n( of bursatella leachi [ sic ] ) richmond , m . ( ed . ) ( 1997 ) . a guide to the seashores of eastern africa and the western indian ocean islands . sida / department for research cooperation , sarec : stockholm , sweden . isbn 91 - 630 - 4594 - x . 448 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of notarchus leachii cirrosus stimpson , 1855 ) tsi , c . y . & ma , s . t . ( 1982 ) . a preliminary checklist of the marine gastropoda and bivalvia ( mollusca ) of hong kong and southern china . in : proceedings of the first international marine biological workshop : the marine flora and fauna of hong kong and southern china ( ed . morton , b . ) , vol . 1 , pp431 - 458 . hong kong university press , hong kong . [ details ]\n( of bursatella leachi [ sic ] ) streftaris , n . ; zenetos , a . ; papathanassiou , e . ( 2005 ) . globalisation in marine ecosystems : the story of non - indigenous marine species across european seas . oceanogr . mar . biol . ann . rev . 43 : 419 - 453 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of bursatella lacinulata gould , 1852 ) gould a . ( 1852 ) . mollusca and shells [ in ] : united states exploring expeditions , 1838 , 1839 , 1840 , 1841 , 1842 under the command of charles wilkes , u . s . n . . philadelphia , c . sherman & son : vol . 12 , xv + 510 pp . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 223 - 224 [ details ]\n( of bursatella leachi [ sic ] ) zenetos , a . , m . e . \u00e7inar , m . a . pancucci - papadopoulou , j . g . harmelin , g . furnari , f . andaloro , n . bellou , n . streftaris & h . zibrowius . ( 2005 ) . annotated list of marine alien species in the mediterranean with records of the worst invasive species . mediterranean marine science 6 ( 2 ) : 63 - 118 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\ni ' m afraid we don ' t know much about what eats them . if you go to the what eats sea slugs ? page you will find some information on sea hare predators but i don ' t know of any information specifically on bursatella - which only goes to show that there is still a lot in this world that we still don ' t know anything about . let ' s hope we don ' t destroy it before we get a chance to find out . good luck with your project , bill rudman\ndistribution worldwide : circumtropical . mediterranean : recorded first from palestine ( o ' donoghue and white , 1940 ) ; successively recorded in turkey ( swennen , 1961 ) ; malta ( bebbington , 1970 ) ; israel ( eales , 1970 ) ; sicily ( piani , 1980 ) ; tunisia ( several records from the gulf of gab\u00e8s since 1982 , enzenross and enzenross , 2001 ) ; italy ( fasulo et al . , 1984 as b . leachii and b . l . savignyana ) ; slovenia ( jaklin and vio , 1989 ) ; greece ( koutsoubas , 1992 ) ; lebanon ( collected by g . bitar and h . zibrowius , identification confirmed by j . templado ) ; sardinia ( collected by a . olita , identification confirmed by j . templado ) .\n( of aclesia africana engel , 1926 ) engel h . ( 1926 ) . drei neue arten der gattung aclesia ( rang ) bergh , 1902 . zoologischer anzeiger . 69 : 180 - 187 . [ details ]\n( of aclesia rosea engel , 1926 ) engel h . ( 1926 ) . drei neue arten der gattung aclesia ( rang ) bergh , 1902 . zoologischer anzeiger . 69 : 180 - 187 . [ details ]\n( of notarchus cirrosus stimpson , 1855 ) stimpson , w . ( 1855 ) . descriptions of some of the new marine invertebrata from the chinese and japanese seas . proceedings of the academy of natural sciences , philadelphia . 7 ( 10 ) : 375 - 384 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 378 [ details ]\n( of notarchus laciniatus r\u00fcppell & leuckart , 1830 ) r\u00fcppell e . & leuckart f . s . ( 1828 - 1830 ) . mollusca [ in ] atlas zu des reise im nordlichen afrika von eduard r\u00fcppell . 1 . abth . zoologie . 5 . neue wirbellose thiere des rothen meers . frankfurt , h . l . br\u00f6nner pp . 1 - 22 , pl . 1 - 12 [ 1828 ] , pp . 23 - 47 [ probably 1830 ] , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 24 - 25 , plate 7 , figures 2 a - c [ details ]\ngofas , s . ; le renard , j . ; bouchet , p . ( 2001 ) . mollusca . in : costello , m . j . et al . ( eds ) , european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . patrimoines naturels . 50 : 180 - 213 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nspencer , h . g . , marshall , b . a . & willan , r . c . ( 2009 ) . checklist of new zealand living mollusca . pp 196 - 219 . in : gordon , d . p . ( ed . ) new zealand inventory of biodiversity . volume one . kingdom animalia : radiata , lophotrochozoa , deuterostomia . canterbury university press , christchurch . [ details ]\nrosenberg , g . ; moretzsohn , f . ; garc\u00eda , e . f . ( 2009 ) . gastropoda ( mollusca ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 579\u2013699 in : felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico\u2013origins , waters , and biota . texas a & m ; press , college station , texas . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nocchipinti - ambrogi , a . ; marchini , a . ; cantone , g . ; castelli , a . ; chimenz , c . ; cormaci , m . ; froglia , c . ; furnari , g . ; gambi , m . c . ; giaccone , g . ; giangrande , a . ; gravili , c . ; mastrototaro , f . ; mazziotti , c . ; orsi - relini , l . ; piraino , s . ( 2010 ) . alien species along the italian coasts : an overview . biological invasions . 13 ( 1 ) : 215 - 237 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nzenetos , a . ; gofas , s . ; verlaque , m . ; cinar , m . ; garcia raso , j . ; bianchi , c . ; morri , c . ; azzurro , e . ; bilecenoglu , m . ; froglia , c . ; siokou , i . ; violanti , d . ; sfriso , a . ; san martin , g . ; giangrande , a . ; katagan , t . ; ballesteros , e . ; ramos - espla , a . ; mastrototaro , f . ; ocana , o . ; zingone , a . ; gambi , m . ; streftaris , n . ( 2010 ) . alien species in the mediterranean sea by 2010 . a contribution to the application of european union\u2019s marine strategy framework directive ( msfd ) . part i . spatial distribution . mediterranean marine science . 11 ( 2 ) : 381 - 493 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nmarchini , a . ; ferrario , j . ; sfriso , a . ; occhipinti - ambrogi , a . ( 2015 ) . current status and trends of biological invasions in the lagoon of venice , a hotspot of marine nis introductions in the mediterranean sea . biological invasions . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nnimbs m . j . , willan r . c . & smith s . d . a . ( 2017 ) . is port stephens , eastern australia , a global hotspot for biodiversity of aplysiidae ( gastropoda : heterobranchia ) ? . molluscan research . 37 ( 1 ) : 47 - 65 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of aclesia glauca cheeseman , 1879 ) spencer h . g . , willan r . c . , marshall b . a . & murray t . j . ( 2011 ) . checklist of the recent mollusca recorded from the new zealand exclusive economic zone . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of aclesia glauca cheeseman , 1879 ) nimbs m . j . , willan r . c . & smith s . d . a . ( 2017 ) . is port stephens , eastern australia , a global hotspot for biodiversity of aplysiidae ( gastropoda : heterobranchia ) ? . molluscan research . 37 ( 1 ) : 47 - 65 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of ramosaclesia rex allan , 1932 ) nimbs m . j . , willan r . c . & smith s . d . a . ( 2017 ) . is port stephens , eastern australia , a global hotspot for biodiversity of aplysiidae ( gastropoda : heterobranchia ) ? . molluscan research . 37 ( 1 ) : 47 - 65 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nkatsanevakis , s . ; bogucarskis , k . ; gatto , f . ; vandekerkhove , j . ; deriu , i . ; cardoso a . s . ( 2012 ) . building the european alien species information network ( easin ) : a novel approach for the exploration of distributed alien species data . bioinvasions records . 1 : 235 - 245 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nong che rg . & morton b . ( 1991 ) . spatial and temporal variations in the subtidal macrobenthic community of tai tam bay , hong kong . in : morton b , editor . asian marine biology 8 . hong kong university press , hong kong . pp 193 - 216 . [ details ]\nintroduced species remark in slovenian part of the adriatic sea ( marine region ) : in october 2007 , 2009 , 2010 & 2011 high densities were recorded with a maximum valu of 50 individuals per sq . m . in lipej et al . 2012 [ details ]\nintroduced species vector dispersal in slovenian part of the adriatic sea ( marine region ) : natural dispersal dispersal via the suez canal see lipej et al . 2012 [ details ]\ndiscover a faster , simpler path to publishing in a high - quality journal . plos one promises fair , rigorous peer review , broad scope , and wide readership \u2013 a perfect fit for your research every time .\nthe evolution of gastropod body size in the deep sea is reexamined . using an extended and updated data set , and improved statistical methods , it is shown that some results of the previous study may have been artifactual , but that its central conclusion is robust . it is further shown that the effect is not restricted to a single gastropod clade , that its strength increases markedly with depth , but that it applies even in the mesopelagic zone .\nthe replication of the island rule in a distant taxonomic group and a partially analogous ecological situation could help to uncover the causes of the patterns observed\u2014which are currently much disputed . the gastropod pattern is evident at intermediate depths , and so cannot be attributed to the unique features of abyssal ecology .\ncitation : welch jj ( 2010 ) the \u201cisland rule\u201d and deep - sea gastropods : re - examining the evidence . plos one 5 ( 1 ) : e8776 . urltoken\ncopyright : \u00a9 2010 john j . welch . this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .\nfunding : some preliminary work undertaken when jw was funded by bbsrc grant do17750 awarded to andrew rambaut . the funders had no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .\nhere , i re - examine whether deep - sea gastropods manifest the island rule , making use of the improved statistical methods , and data collated from the recently updated malacolog database [ 24 ] , which has been both expanded , and revised to reflect advances in gastropod systematics [ 25 ] . it is found that the central conclusion of mcclain et al . [ 12 ] is robust , and that gastropod colonists of the deep - sea benthos do indeed exhibit island - rule - like evolution .\npart a shows how different tests of the \u2018island rule\u2019 can give qualitatively different results . \u201cdeep - sea\u201d species were defined as those with a depth range midpoint > 200m , and all other species defined as \u201cshallow - water\u201d . the ordinary - least - squares regression ( dashed line ) differs significantly from the 1\u22361 line of the null ( dotted line ) , but the standardized - major - axis regression ( solid line ) shows no significant departure . part b shows a less ambiguous case : \u201cdeep - sea\u201d species are those never observed above 400m , and \u201cshallow - water\u201d species those never observed below 200m ; body sizes are within - genus means , taking equal numbers of deep - and shallow - water species in each genus .\nthe body sizes of deep - sea gastropods are plotted against those of their shallow - water congeners . \u201cshallow - water\u201d species were never observed below 200m , and \u201cdeep - sea\u201d species never observed above depths of a : 200m , b : 400m and c : 600m . separate standardized - major - axis regression lines are shown for the neogastropoda ( black points ) and all other groups ( grey points ) . the dotted line is the 1\u22361 expected under the null . genera with fewer than two deep and two shallow species were excluded .\nsimilarly , predator release is a particularly plausible explanation of the vertebrate island rule [ 1 ] , [ 4 ] , [ 6 ] , [ 11 ] ; this is partly because it can naturally account for both dwarfism and gigantism ( by assuming that large and small body sizes evolve as alternative strategies for predator avoidance ) , and partly because predator release is so clearly implicated in other unusual characteristics of island endemics ( such as tameness ) [ 37 ] , [ 38 ] . but there is little evidence that reduced predation characterises the deep - sea [ 12 ] , [ 14 ] , and indeed there is direct evidence of substantial predation acting on deep - sea gastropods [ 12 ] , [ 39 ] \u2013 [ 41 ] . the gastropod results therefore argue against the predator release hypothesis as a general explanation of the island rule [ 12 ] .\nwe are therefore still far from understanding the causes of the patterns observed \u2013 and particularly the roles of inter - and intra - specific competition [ 3 ] , [ 4 ] , [ 11 ] , [ 12 ] . a detailed clarification of where the pattern does and does not hold will be an important step toward achieving this goal [ 4 ] , [ 12 ] , [ 19 ] , [ 20 ] .\nmany thanks are due to andrew rambaut for providing a script to mine the malacolog database . many thanks also to lucy weinert , nicolas bierne , gary rosenberg , shai meiri . simon joly and an anonymous reviewer , who all greatly improved the manuscript with their comments and advice .\nconceived and designed the experiments : jw . performed the experiments : jw . analyzed the data : jw . wrote the paper : jw .\nfoster jb ( 1964 ) evolution of mammals on islands . nature 202 : 234\u2013235 .\nvan valen l ( 1973 ) pattern and balance in nature . evolutionary theory 1 : 31\u201349 .\nlomolino mv ( 1985 ) body size of mammals on islands : the island rule re - examined . am nat 125 : 310\u2013316 .\nlomolino mv ( 2005 ) body size evolution in insular vertebrates : generality of the island rule . j biogeog 32 : 1683\u20131699 .\nmacarthur rh , wilson eo ( 1963 ) an equilibrium theory of insular zoogeography . evolution 17 : 373\u2013387 . ( doi :\nroth vl ( 1992 ) inferences from allometry and fossils : dwarfing of elephants on islands . oxford survey of evolutionary biology 8 : 259\u2013288 .\nsmith fa ( 1992 ) evolution of body size among woodrats from baja california , mexico . funct ecol 6 : 265\u2013273 . ( doi :\nmarquet pa , taper ml ( 1998 ) on size and area : patterns of mammalian body size extremes across landmasses . evol ecol 12 : 127\u2013139 .\nclegg sm , owens ipf ( 2002 ) the \u2018island rule\u2019 in birds : medium body size and its ecological explanation . proc r soc b 269 : 1359\u20131365 .\npalkovacs ep ( 2003 ) explaining adaptive shifts in body size on islands : a life history approach . oikos 103 : 37\u201344 . ( doi :\nmcclain cr , boyer ag , rosenberg g ( 2006 ) the island rule and the evolution of body size in the deep sea . j biogeog 33 : 1578\u20131584 .\nrosenberg g ( 1993 ) a database approach to studies of molluscan taxonomy , biogeography and diversity , with examples from western atlantic marine gastropods . american malacological bulletin 10 : 257\u2013266 .\ndayton pk , hessler rr ( 1972 ) the role of biological disturbance in maintaining diversity in the deep sea . deep\u2013sea research 19 : 199\u2013208 .\ngage jd , tyler pa ( 1991 ) deep\u2013sea biology : a natural history of organisms at the deep\u2013sea floor . cambridge , uk : cambridge university press . 524 p .\nrex ma , etter rj , morris js , crouse j , mcclain cr , et al . ( 2006 ) global bathymetric patterns of standing stock and body size in the deep\u2013sea benthos . mar ecol prog ser 317 : 1\u20138 .\nmeiri s ( 2007 ) size evolution in island lizards . global ecol biogeogr 16 : 702\u2013708 .\nmeiri s , dayan t , simberloff d ( 2005 ) area , isolation and body size evolution in insular carnivores . ecol lett 8 : 1211\u20131217 .\nmeiri s , cooper n , purvis a ( 2008 ) the island rule : made to be broken ? proc r soc b 275 : 141\u2013148 . ( doi :\nwelch jj ( 2009 ) testing the island rule : primates as a case study . proc r soc b 276 : 675\u2013682 .\nprice td , phillimore ab ( 2007 ) reduced major axis regression and the island rule . j biogeog 34 : 1998\u20131999 .\nmartin rd , barbour ad ( 1989 ) aspects of line\u2013fitting in bivariate allometric analyses . folia primatologica 53 : 65\u201381 .\nwarton di , wright ij , falster ds , westoby m ( 2006 ) bivariate line\u2013fitting methods for allometry . biological reviews 81 : 259\u2013291 .\nrosenberg g ( 2009 ) malacolog 4 . 1 . 1 : a database of western atlantic marine mollusca . available :\nbouchet p , rocroi j\u2013p ( 2005 ) classification and nomenclator of gastropod families . malacologia 47 : 1\u2013397 .\nsmith cr , de leo fc , bernardino af , sweetman ak , martinez arbizu p ( 2008 ) abyssal food limitation , ecosystem structure and climate change . trends ecol evol 23 : 518\u2013528 .\nsokal rr , rohlf fj ( 1995 ) biometry : the principles and practice of statistics in biological research . 3rd edition . new york : w . h . freeman and co .\nr development core team ( 2006 ) r : a language and environment for statistical computing . vienna : r foundation for statistical computing . available :\nguo h , weiss re , gu x , suchard ma ( 2007 ) time squared : repeated measures on phylogenies . mol biol evol 24 : 353\u2013362 .\ngage jd , bett bj ( 2005 ) deep\u2013sea benthic sampling . in : eleftheriou a , mcintyre a , editors . methods for the study of marine benthos : third edition . oxford : blackwell science ltd . pp . 273\u2013325 .\n( mollusca : caenogastropoda ) from the southwestern caribbean . zootaxa 49 : 1\u20137 .\nmcclain cr , rex ma , jabbour r ( 2005 ) deconstructing bathymetric body size patterns in deep\u2013sea gastropods . mar ecol prog ser 297 : 181\u2013187 .\nschmidt nm , jensen pm ( 2003 ) changes in mammalian body length over 175 years - adaptations to a fragmented landscape ? conservation ecology 7 : 6 .\nreyment ra ( 1983 ) palaeontological aspects of island biogeography : colonization and evolution of mammals on mediterranean islands . oikos 41 : 299\u2013306 .\nlomolino mv ( 1984 ) immigrant selection , predatory exclusion and the distributions of microtus pennsylvanicus and blarina brevicadua on islands . am nat 123 : 468\u2013483 .\nmcnab bk ( 2002 ) minimizing energy expenditure facilitates vertebrate persistence on oceanic islands . ecol lett 5 : 693\u2013704 .\nduncan rp , blackburn tm ( 2004 ) extinction and endemism in the new zealand avifauna . global ecol biogeogr 13 : 509\u2013517 .\nvale fk , rex ma ( 1988 ) repaired shell damage in deep - sea prosobranch gastropods from the western north atlantic . malacologia 28 : 65\u201379 .\nvale fk , rex ma ( 1989 ) repaired shell damage in a complex of rissoid gastropods from the upper continental slope south of new england . nautilus 103 : 105\u2013108 .\nwalker se , voight jr ( 1994 ) palecological and taphonomic potential of deep - sea gastropods . palaios 9 : 48\u201359 .\nmccollom tm ( 1999 ) geochemical constraints on primary productivity in submarine hydrothermal vent plumes . deep sea research i : oceanographic research papers 47 : 85\u2013101 .\nwassersug rj , yang h , sepkoski jj jr , raup dm ( 1979 ) the evolution of body size on islands : a computer simulation . am nat 114 : 287\u2013295 .\nwilliams gc . natural selection : domains , levels and challenges . oxford : oxford university press . .\nraia p , meiri s ( 2006 ) the island rule in large mammals : paleontology meets ecology . evolution 60 : 1731\u20131742 . ( doi :\ndo these subject areas make sense for this article ? click the target next to the incorrect subject area and let us know . thanks for your help !\nparticipants in the catalogue of life global team meeting held at xishuangbanna botanical garden , yunnan province , china , 19 - 23 march 2018 .\ngbif and catalogue of life hosted a \u201cnames in november\u201d workshop 11 - 2016 in leiden , netherlands . the meeting included representatives from key initiatives directly involved with managing nomenclatural data or producing the taxonomic content found in the catalogue of life . it sought their vision and commitment for a broad - based joint initiative around a shared vision for a single , sustainable taxonomic backbone .\ngbif and catalogue of life have received funding from the netherlands to focus on developing a comprehensive solution in 2017 and 2018 .\nfind out why the catalogue of life is the most authoritative global species index available .\nthe annual checklist is published once per year and is available on request . order your copy today .\nwelcome to the catalogue of life website . the gateway to our online database of the world ' s known species of animals , plants , fungi and micro - organisms .\nthere are two distinct versions of the catalogue : the catalogue of life monthly edition and the catalogue of life annual checklist . choose the version most suited to your needs .\nthe catalogue of life is the most comprehensive and authoritative global index of species currently available . it consists of a single integrated species checklist and taxonomic hierarchy . the catalogue holds essential information on the names , relationships and distributions of over 1 . 8 million species . this figure continues to rise as information is compiled from diverse sources around the world . read more\nthere is currently no single , universal and complete reference to what species we think are alive today . without this we can not sustainably use , explore , monitor , manage and protect biodiversity resources . read more\nthe dynamic edition is a constantly evolving version of the catalogue of life . anything can change as the list develops : names , their associated details , and their content providers and there is no tracking of those changes . for that reason , the dynamic edition is not the one to quote if you wish to cite a verifiable source . it is , however , a great ' expert system ' , helping those at the forefront of their science to track , and contribute to the development of taxonomy . periodic issues are progressively enhanced , in what will evolve as a dynamically developing system , made available online and as web - services .\nthe annual checklist is a snapshot of the entire catalogue of life : a fixed imprint . if you quote an organism from this version , others will be able to turn to that same reference - at any point in the future . all editions of the annual checklist to date are available online , and deposited in libraries around the world . partner programmes , that link online to the catalogue of life , will reference the annual checklist .\nthe content of the catalogue of life is supplied by an array of over one hundred expert taxonomic databases world - wide with contributions from over 3 , 000 taxonomic specialists . read more\nthe catalogue of life whilst growing all the time , is not yet complete and currently covers about 92 % of described world diversity . read more\nyes ! if you have a taxonomic database and would like to join the species 2000 federation of databases in the catalogue of life please contact us . we are especially interested in taxonomists that are working in our gap areas . read more\nglobal biodiversity information facility ( gbif ) enables free and open access to biodiversity data online .\nthe iucn redlist is the world ' s most comprehensive inventory of the global conservation status of plant and animal species .\nwhen using the catalogue of life in your own system we ask that you abide by a few conditions .\nmany projects rely on the catalogue of life for their species backbone . we work with global partners to improve the quality of biodiversity data worldwide .\naccess the catalogue from your browser toolbar . one click installation or code snippet available .\nlet your software speak to our server and access the catalogue of life programmatically .\nthe catalogue of life is a quality - assured checklist of more than 1 . 8 million species known to science .\nfeedback - please report any problems so we can improve our services . media - please help us spread the word . for promotional materials see our media page . case studies - are you using the col ? please let us know and we will feature your work on our website .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nfound in warm temperate and tropical waters throughout the world . seven or eight geographical subspecies are recognised by some authorities .\nyou might like to show the lady in the library the sea hares page where there is more general information on sea hares .\nlocality : muck dive sites on north shore of trinidad , west indies tropical western atlantic . depth : 1 - 6 ft . length : var . , 4 - 7 inches . 26 july to 2 august 2005 . fine sand and rubble , green water . photographer : sherri deaver\nsea hares may secrete a purple dye . but don ' t tease them to make them do this . although they can be quite large , they are well camouflaged . watch your step ! sea hares have very specialised diets and should not be kept in home aquariums .\nthis hirsute sea hare is sometimes seen on our northern shores among seagrasses and seaweeds . sometimes many are seen everywhere , then they are no longer seen for many months . sometimes , they are seen gathered together , densely packed in large numbers , possibly mating ? or simply gathering around a good source of food ?\n6 - 12cm . body long , fleshy with a short triangular tail which has white bars . it is covered with lots of flat branching finger - like projections . it has two pairs of tentacles , oral tentacles and rhinophores about the same size ( you have to look carefully among the hairy bits to distinguish the tentacles ) . the parapodia appears to be a hole in the centre of the body , rather than ' wings ' or flaps as in other large sea hares . it may come in different shades of brown , sometimes bluish , sometimes with orangey ' hairs ' , usually with bright blue spots which are ringed in brown . it is usually well camouflaged and blends in perfectly with among seaweeds and seagrasses . like some other sea hares , it produces a purple ink when disturbed .\nsea hares swallow large amounts of sand in the process of eating , somewhat like earthworms do .\nchangi , may 05 two pairs of tubular tentacles short triangular ' tail ' with white bars .\ntan yong how jonathan . 31 mar 2016 . congregation of hairy sea hares at changi point . singapore biodiversity records 2016 : 46 - 47\ntan siong kiat and henrietta p . m . woo , 2010 preliminary checklist of the molluscs of singapore ( pdf ) , raffles museum of biodiversity research , national university of singapore .\ndebelius , helmut , 2001 . nudibranchs and sea snails : indo - pacific field guide ikan - unterwasserachiv , frankfurt . 321 pp .\nwells , fred e . and clayton w . bryce . 2000 . slugs of western australia : a guide to the species from the indian to west pacific oceans . western australian museum . 184 pp .\ncoleman , neville . 2001 . 1001 nudibranchs : catalogue of indo - pacific sea slugs . neville coleman ' s underwater geographic pty ltd , australia . 144pp .\nhumann , paul and ned deloach . 2010 . reef creature identification : tropical pacific new world publications . 497pp .\nkuiter , rudie h and helmut debelius . 2009 . world atlas of marine fauna . ikan - unterwasserachiv . 723pp .\njavascript is disabled on your browser . to view this site , you must enable javascript or upgrade to a javascript - capable browser .\nthis is a restricted item and is not covered by our arrive alive 14 - day guarantee . please see our guarantee policy and restricted species list for mo . . .\nspecificationsmpnf93 0045 0666manufacturerthat fish placecommon nameblue dot sea harescientific namebursatella leachiioriginindo - pacificaggressiveness . . .\nhtml public\n- / / ietf / / dtd html 3 . 0 / / en\nhtml . dtd\nmay be one of the most butt - ugly opisthobranchs known . it has been referred to by many names including the\nshaggy dog .\nthe\nwebmaster mike found in bali last month should make their mother proud . these two with their bright blue spots are actually quite pretty .\nis a circum - tropical species found in every tropical ocean accept the pacific coast of mexico . because of this some biologists feel there are seven or eight geographical subspecies . each of these has very slight differences in color and shape of body ornamentation . subspecies are designated by a third name in their scientific name like -\n, the species found in florida and the caribbean . all have the characteristic branched papillae on the body , and bright colored eye - spots scattered over the body . as seen in mike ' s photos\nfeeds on algae - like , mat - forming cyanobacteria . like other sea hares it lays large bundles or masses of eggs which look like yellow rope . as noted on bill rudman ' s\nis one of the sea hares that gives off purple ink when disturbed . on this matter i just have to reprint here one of my favorite bill rudman sea hare stories that can be found on his web site . as bill tells it - -\none interesting silly ' fact ' concerning sea hares . the ancient greeks use to believe that you would die if you touched a sea hare . even the great philosopher aristotle believed it was true because in those times learned people decided what was true by having long learned arguments . the person judged to have the best and wittiest argument was the winner , facts were seldom , if ever , considered necessary . using facts and observations to test ideas about the world around us was seldom considered necessary until the 1600s when ' science ' developed as a method of understanding our world . the lesson from this is that you shouldn ' t believe everything you are told .\nanother lesson learned from our lowly sea slug friends . have a great day .\nactually for my needs ( macro ) , i suspect that the olympus 750 onboard flash could probably handle my lightning requirements if i were able to reflect some of the light into the shadow area created by the barrel of the housing . any idea ' s folks ? ? ? ? i am also thinking about getting a small slave strobe that is tried and true like the ikelite 50s that is backed by the manufacturer that may perhaps meet my limited needs !\n\u00a9 the slug site , michael d . miller 2003 . all rights reserved .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nresearch support , u . s . gov ' t , p . h . s .\nmidnight 8 . 0cm 4 am 8 . 9 cm 8 am 44 . 8 cm noon 174 cm 4 pm 350 . 5 cm 8 pm 60 . 5 cm midnight 8 . 0 cm\nfor the above data , provide information on each of the following * summarize the pattern * identify three physiological or environmental variables that could cause the slugs to vary their distance from each other . * explain how each variable could bring about the observed pattern of distribution .\nmy thoughts : this might be a circadian rhythm . i cannot see any pattern within the day .\nthe mechanisms may have something to do with salinity and the rise and fall of the tide . do the slugs have a structure analogous to a pineal gland that might be sensitive to light ( secretion of melatonin ) .\nto answer your questions . it ' s unlikely to be a tidal rhythm because the tidal cycle is not based on the day - night cycle . yes aplysiid sea - hares that have been looked at , do have a day - night circadian rhythm . it seems to be associated with the eye which seems to have its own clock with a circadian rhythm of neuronal activity . like many animals , there appears to be an underlying circadian rhythm which is kept\ntuned\nby the light - dark cycle .\nbasically i don ' t think its a very good question . best wishes , bill rudman .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 778418c9 - 1dd3 - 4876 - a84f - 81afb0ad410c\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : e6af7a31 - 04fd - 4da8 - b0eb - 4fcaeb8ce2c2\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : f4870743 - 9cc9 - 4a5c - 826d - 4823cb0ad254\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : a3648259 - f29d - 47ea - a090 - 01ba578fef07\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 496425\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\nthe distribution of the alien gastropod melibe viridis ( kelaart , 1858 ) ( opistobranchia : tethyidae ) i . . .\nthe distribution of carinaria mediterranea blainville , 1825 ( heteropods ) in the mediterranean shores . . .\nfirst report of the spiny blaasop tylerius spinosissimus ( regan , 1908 ) ( actinopterygii : tetraodontid . . .\nlength\u2013weight relationships of 14 fish species from the gulf of antalya ( northeastern mediterranean . . .\nlength - weight relationships ( lwrs ) were determined for 14 fish species from the gulf antalya along the northeastern mediterranean sea coast of turkey . samples were collected using bottom trawl at depths varying from 25 to 150 m . the parameters a and b from the lwr formula w = al ( b ) were estimated . the values of the exponent b of the length - weight relationships ranged from 2 . 513 to 3 . 465 . seven . . . [ show full abstract ]\ndistribution and first report of parupeneus forsskali fourmanoir & gu\u00e9z\u00e9 , 1976 from north of cyprus . . .\nour family went to the gulf of mexico on perdido key [ florida ] this summer . being from the midwest we had never seen many of the beach creatures before . after bertha hit , much brown seaweed ( ? sargassum ? ) came on shore and along with it a 3 - 5\nbrown , gelatinous creature with tendrils ( maybe 30 or so ) . the creature seemed to squirt a purple liquid out on the white sandy beach when touched . would this be a type of sea slug ? or a cucumber ? we are such novices to marine life , that we have been unable to locate this in the library or on the web . any help would be appreciated . sorry i don ' t have a picture . jan\nhowever , one other possibility is scyllaea pelagica which lives on sargassum and is often found washed up with the algae . i guess its gills could be the ' tendrils ' you describe , but i doubt that it grows to 5 inches long and as far as i know it doesn ' t produce a purple ink . let me know if either of my ' guesses ' are correct , cheers , bill rudman"]}
{"id": 2448, "summary": [{"text": "pseudoxycheila is a genus of beetles in the family carabidae , containing the following species : pseudoxycheila andina cassola , 1997 pseudoxycheila angustata chaudoir , 1865 pseudoxycheila atahualpa cassola , 1997 pseudoxycheila aymara cassola , 1997 pseudoxycheila bipustulata ( latreille , 1811 ) pseudoxycheila caribe cassola , 1997 pseudoxycheila ceratoma chaudoir , 1865 pseudoxycheila chaudoiri dokhtouroff , 1882 pseudoxycheila colombiana cassola , 1997 pseudoxycheila confusa cassola , 1997 pseudoxycheila immaculata w. horn , 1905 pseudoxycheila inca cassola , 1997 pseudoxycheila lateguttata chaudoir , 1844 pseudoxycheila macrocephala cassola , 1997 pseudoxycheila nitidicollis cassola , 1997 pseudoxycheila onorei cassola , 1997 pseudoxycheila oxychiloides w. horn , 1927 pseudoxycheila pearsoni cassola , 1997 pseudoxycheila pseudotarsalis cassola , 1997 pseudoxycheila quechua cassola , 1997 pseudoxycheila tarsalis bates , 1869 pseudoxycheila tucumana perger & guerra , 2012", "topic": 18}], "title": "pseudoxycheila", "paragraphs": ["synonyms : cicindela bipustulata latreille , 1811 ; oxycheila bipustulata ( latreille ) : dejean , 1831 ; pseudoxycheila bipustulata ( latreille ) : guerin - meneville , 1839 ; pseudoxychila bipustulata ( latreille ) : w . horn , 1926 ; pseudoxycheila bipustulata ( latreille ) : wiesner , 1992\nmaintaining and updating the site requires a lot of time and effort . therefore , we are forced to introduce a partially paid access . we expect that the costs will not be too burdensome for you , and your money will help us in the development of interactive keys , and more dynamic updates of the site .\nyour subscription will be activated when payment clears . view the status of your subscription in your account .\nthis project help increase the availability of scientific knowledge worldwide . contributions at any level help sustain our work . thank you for your support .\n\u00a9 carabidae of the world , 2007 - 2018 \u00a9 a team of authors , in in : anichtchenko a . et al . , ( editors ) 2007 - 2018\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en\nlocality : native , new world . colombia ; ecuador ; peru ; venezuela .\nexcept where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence .\nmacrohabitat : lowlands to mountains , 200 - 2670 meters altitude on the west slope of the andes at at 900 - 2800 meters altitude on eastern slopes of the andes , on road cuts , landslides , and at open areas with sparse vegetation on both slopes of the andes . microhabitat : adults are ground - dwelling on vertical to flat clay substrates . dispersal abilities ; macropterous , primarily cursorial and a moderate runner ; adults rarely fly . seasonal occurrence : adults are active in september - december , and january - july on the west slope of the andes , and in april - december on the eastern slope of the andes . behavior : adults are diurnal , taking cover at night and on cold days , or in heavy rain . ( cassola , 1997 ; pearson et al . , 1999a ; vitolo , 2004 ; data from nmnh collection )\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; no other information is captured .\nin general , only the information that you provide , or the choices you make while visiting a web site , can be stored in a cookie . for example , the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it . allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer , and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nproject noah is a tool to explore and document wildlife and a platform to harness the power of citizen scientists everywhere .\non the ground , on mostly shady forest trails and dirt roads , arenal observatory lodge .\nthese beetles move quickly and like to hide in dark nooks and under forest floor detritus . they don ' t care to be photographed : - )\nnice capture , these guys really don ' t stand still , so it ' s difficult to get nice sharp photos like these ."]}
{"id": 2461, "summary": [{"text": "harpa major , common name large harp , or major harp , is a species of large predatory sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusks in the family harpidae , the harp snails and their allies . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "harpa major", "paragraphs": ["harpa davidis major ( var . ) r\u00f6ding , p . f . , 1798\n( of harpa major major r\u00f6ding , 1798 ) cossignani t . ( 2013 ) nuova harpa dalle isole marchesi . malacologia mostra mondiale 81 : 4 . [ november 2013 ] [ details ]\nharpa major - 108mm , f + + + , vietnam . big beauty . $ 12 sold\nharpidae \u00bb harpa major philippines , id : 693196 , shell detail \u00ab shell encyclopedia , conchology , inc .\nharpa harpa - 48mm , f + + + , philippines . beautiful color and pattern . $ 12\nharpa harpa - 71 . 6mm , f + + + , philippines . unusual double joined ribs . $ 35\nharpa major ( dwarf form ) - 50mm , gem , north queensland , rare , dredged 15 mts . beautiful little shell with unusual coloring from an isolated location . $ 85 sold\n( of harpa kawamurai habe , 1970 ) frydman f . ( 2000 ) harpa kawamurai and harpa kajiyamai : a critical re - evaluation ( gastropoda : harpidae ) . vita marina 47 ( 3 ) : 73 - 79 . [ details ]\nharpa ventricosa\u2020 lamarck , j . b . p . a . de , 1801\nharpa articularis - 88mm , gem , philippines . dark color form . $ 9\nharpa kajiyamai - 46mm , f + + + , philippines . uncommon . $ 35\nharpa kawamurai - 50mm , f + + ( minor faults only ) , china . $ 8\nharpa cabriti - 67 . 5mm , gem - , madagascar . nice dark specimen . $ 35\nfamily : harpidae born : 1798 , roding genus and description : harpa major , 64 . 5 mm , f + + + / gem ,\nsuperb pattern & color origin : collected by local fishermen by nets off olango island , cebu philippines , august 2012 .\nsearch urltoken search urltoken - enter search word . avoid using the word\nshell\n- e . g . , use harpa instead of harpa shell . * * * google harpidae on the internet\n( of harpa ventricosa lamarck , 1801 ) rehder h . a . ( 1992 ) . harpa cabriti fischer , 1860 , a replacement name for harpa ventricosa lamarck , 1816 ( gastropoda : harpidae ) . the nautilus . 106 ( 3 ) : 123 - 124 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( r\u00f6ding , 1798 ) - hawaii , 74mm - an exceptional shell . though most trap - collected hawaiian h . major are crabbed , this specimen is seemingly in live taken condition .\nharpa r\u00f6ding , 1798 ; thiele , 1931 : 343 ( as harpa ( rumph . ) walch , 1771 ) [ harpidae ] ; keen , 1971 : 620 ( as harpa r\u00f6ding , 1798 ) [ harpidae ] ; vaught , 1989 : 52 ( as harpa r\u00f6ding , 1798 ) [ harpinae ] ; pacaud & le renard , 1995 : 166 ( as harpa pallas , 1774 ) [ harpidae ] ; cithara klein in jousseaume , 1881 ; harpalis link , 1806 ; harparia rafinesque , 1815 ; lyra griffith & pidgeon , 1934 ; subgenus : eocithara fischer , 1883 ; eocithara fischer , 1883 ; harpa ( eocithara ) ; pacaud & le renard , 1995 : 166 [ harpidae ] .\nharpa articularis - 68mm , f + + + , new south wales . hard to obtain from this location now . $ 6\n( r\u00f6ding , 1798 ) - coral sea , 36mm - an unusual dwarf , white form of harpa cf . major . the shells were found in 40 to 50 feet of water on white sand in the lagoon of east diamond island . shells courtesy of b . raines . there are similar specimens in the australian museum ( pers . com . - k . hutsell ) .\ncossignani t . ( 2013 ) nuova harpa dalle isole marchesi . malacologia mostra mondiale 81 : 4 . [ november 2013 ] [ details ]\nharpa kawamurai - 55mm , gem - , china . the chinese species is smaller and is more delicate with a lighter shell . $ 15\n( linn & , 1758 ) - philippines , 50mm - the type species of the genus harpa . found from the south pacific through east africa , but most commonly found in the philippines and indonesia . see\nuncommon in silty sand at scuba depths in hawaii but common in shallow water elsewhere . emerges at night to feed upon shrimp . attains 5 inches . hawaii and the indo - pacific . harpa conoidalis is a synonym .\n( of harpa kawamurai habe , 1970 ) dance , s . p . & g . t . poppe , 1999 family harpidae . in : a conchological iconography ( conchbooks , ed . ) , 69 p . [ details ]\n( of harpa kawamurai habe , 1970 ) habe t . & kosuge s . ( 1970 ) shells of the western pacific in color . vol . 2 , the tropical pacific . osaka : hoikusha . 233 pp . , 66 pls . [ details ]\n( of harpa conoidalis lamarck , 1822 ) walls , j . g . ( 1980 ) . conchs , tibias and harps . a survey of the molluscan families strombidae and harpidae . t . f . h . publications ltd , hong kong . [ details ]\nswainson , 1822 - ecuador , 84mm - trawled by fishing boat . this is the only species of harpa found in the panamaic province . this is the southern - most range for the species , which is found as far north as the gulf of california .\n( of harpa conoidalis lamarck , 1822 ) liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of harpa ligata menke , 1828 ) menke , k . t . ( 1828 ) . synopsis methodica molluscorum generum omnium et specierum earum , quae in museo menkeano adservantur ; cum synonymia critica et novarum specierum diagnosibus . menke , pyrmont . xii + 91 pp . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 35 [ details ]\nliu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nwalls , j . g . ( 1980 ) . conchs , tibias and harps . a survey of the molluscan families strombidae and harpidae . t . f . h . publications ltd , hong kong . [ details ]\norr j . ( 1985 ) . hong kong seashells . the urban council , hong kong [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nversion 43 . 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed . my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthe star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :\nwe want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only , as we handle very few foreign shells in general . as time goes , the system will become more and more performant .\nenter your email address and we will send you an email with your username and password .\ne - mail jecilia sisican if you do not receive your email with your username and password .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 0 . 001 seconds . )\nshell gallery view \u00ab shell encyclopedia , conchology , inc . \u00bb conchological megadatabase on mollusks\nclick on an image to view all the information : family , species , author , date , and full locality .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 3 . 002 seconds . )\nwe ' ve updated our privacy policy and by continuing you ' re agreeing to the updated terms .\nwhen you visit our site , preselected companies may use cookies or other certain information on your device to serve relevant ads and for analytics purposes . learn more\n( 1973 ) . rehder presented 11 species of living harps . there have been many new taxa proposed since 1973 . all but one are now generally accepted as forms of one or the other of the 11 species addressed by rehder . only\nrehder , 1993 is mostly accepted as a valid addition to his 1973 list . whether or not all 11 of the taxa addressed by rehder ( plus\n) are truly separate species or if the many localized forms given species / subspecies names actually represent separate species will have to await a comprehensive dna analysis .\n( two or one blotch ) to be able to accept his argument . i would also note that the characters described for\n( \u201cbody whorl \u2026 more broadly ovate and rounded , \u201d \u201cribs tend to be narrower and more distant\u201d ) . my own opinion is that\nspecies addressed by rehder and the\naccepted\nspecies addressed 31 and 42 years later .\n. indo - pacific mollusca , volume 3 , no . 16 . delaware museum of natural history .\nare quite variable within populations and across geographic range . so variable that they occur readily across taxa , especially those that share common geographic distributions and influences , and most often cannot be relied upon to distinguish between species when confronted with a particular specimen . in my presentations i have limited the features discussed to those that should be relied upon to distinguish among taxa . i have presented the protoconchs for all , but did not find this feature to be helpful ( too variable , too often missing or incomplete , and too similar ) in distinguishing among taxa , except in a few cases (\n) . i did not find color to be helpful for taxa that are otherwise close and from the same locales . i did not find reliance on \u201cblotching\u201d to be more than partially helpful without linkage to other confirming features . i have addressed the distribution of parietal glazing and found it to be quite helpful and distinctive for many taxa ( especially when linked to other features ) , but not decidedly so for the most problematic taxa (\n) . i do not present a general description of each taxa , which is available many places elsewhere ( see rehder 1973 ) . rather , for some i present some background information and then start my descriptions with the parietal glazing and follow with those features that i found can best be used to distinguish among taxa .\nthe following table presents the features i found best allow identifying and distinguishing the 12 taxa . the green cells describe key features that should be identified first ( and in some taxa , alone or linked to other \u201cgreens , \u201d are sufficient to identify a taxon ) . the pink cells describe features very helpful in narrowing the possibilities for otherwise similar taxa . the yellow cells describe features that i found very consistently separate taxa within the geographic range of\n. i apologize for the tiny text in the table , but i wanted to get it all on one page .\n, and from a dozen to several dozen for the others , limited examination of shells displayed at shell shows by exhibitors and dealers , some images from the web ( usually too poor to be helpful ) , and images in literature ( also usually also too poor to be helpful ) . obviously , my sample is limited in terms of actual material for close examination , and my conclusions should be tempered accordingly . i would be happy to hear from those with specimens in any of these taxa that question or confirm my observations (\n) . however , i would also hope that you can provide good quality photos or would be willing to loan the specimens for a photo session . i will continue to add to these presentations with comments or more photos / material contributed by other fans of\n. three terms ( subsutural plateau , shoulder and t ) should be understood . normally , \u201cshoulder\u201d refers to the area from the suture to an inflection point ( a pronounced downward angle ) or , when absent , the periphery . all\n, the shoulder would normally be the area from suture to the inflection point ( where spines are located ) . i have defined the area from the suture to the inflection point as the subsutural plateau . and , when i refer to the shoulder , i am referring narrowly to the spiral line representing the inflection where the subsutural plateau turns downward ( and is where the rib spines normally occur ) . i have observed that all mature\nhas three . as a matter of shorthand i may use t1 , t2 , t3 or t4 to refer to the teleoconch whorls . so ,\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\none of my favourite families . only a small but very beautiful family of approx . 25 species ( harps ) and 24 ( morum ) . the shell sculpture is amazing and the harp color patterns are intricate and visually stunning . their habitat ranges from intertidal to rare deep water species from southern australia and queensland .\naustroharpa loisae - 28 . 3mm , gem , western australia . $ 850 sold\naustroharpa exquisita - 22 . 4mm , gem - , southern queensland . rare deep water species . $ 350 sold\naustroharpa exquisita - 22 . 4mm , gem - , southern queensland . $ 350 sold\naustroharpa exquisita - 22 . 4mm , gem - , southern queensland . $ 350 sold\naustroharpa exquisita - 19 . 6mm , f + + + , southern queensland . $ 250 sold\naustroharpa exquisita - 19 . 9mm , f + + + , southern queensland . $ 350 sold\nmorum teramachii - 51mm , f + + + , philippines . $ 40 sold\nmorum cancellatum - 41mm , f + + + , china . $ 20 sold\nmorum mathewsi - 28mm , f + + ( minor faults ) , brazil . $ 60\nmorum watanabei - 29mm , gem , philippines . beaut little specimens . $ 20\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nitems shipping internationally may be subject to customs processing depending on the item ' s declared value .\nsellers set the item ' s declared value and must comply with customs declaration laws .\nthis amount includes applicable customs duties , taxes , brokerage and other fees . this amount is subject to change until you make payment . for additional information , see the global shipping program terms and conditions - opens in a new window or tab\nthis amount includes applicable customs duties , taxes , brokerage and other fees . this amount is subject to change until you make payment . if you reside in an eu member state besides uk , import vat on this purchase is not recoverable . for additional information , see the global shipping program terms and conditions - opens in a new window or tab\nestimated delivery dates - opens in a new window or tab include seller ' s handling time , origin zip code , destination zip code and time of acceptance and will depend on shipping service selected and receipt of cleared payment - opens in a new window or tab . delivery times may vary , especially during peak periods .\nany international shipping and import charges are paid in part to pitney bowes inc . learn more - opens in a new window or tab\ninternational shipping and import charges paid to pitney bowes inc . learn more - opens in a new window or tab\ninternational shipping paid to pitney bowes inc . learn more - opens in a new window or tab\nany international shipping is paid in part to pitney bowes inc . learn more - opens in a new window or tab\na brand - new , unused , unopened , undamaged item ( including handmade items ) . see the seller ' s\nlisting for full details . see all condition definitions - opens in a new window or tab\nthis item will be shipped through the global shipping program and includes international tracking . learn more - opens in a new window or tab\nthere are 1 items available . please enter a number less than or equal to 1 .\n* estimated delivery dates - opens in a new window or tab include seller ' s handling time , origin zip code , destination zip code and time of acceptance and will depend on shipping service selected and receipt of cleared payment - opens in a new window or tab . delivery times may vary , especially during peak periods .\nwill usually ship within 1 business day of receiving cleared payment - opens in a new window or tab .\nqualifying purchases could enjoy no interest if paid in full in 6 months on purchases of $ 99 or more . other offers may also be available .\ninterest will be charged to your account from the purchase date if the balance is not paid in full within 6 months . minimum monthly payments are required . subject to credit approval . see terms - opens in a new window or tab\nwe combine auction and store items . please wait for our invoice for mutiple items purchase for proper postage fees . items will be sent by philippine post regular small packet mail ( up to 2 kilograms ) and philippine post air parcel ( over 2 kilograms and up to 30 kilograms ) within 1 working days upon receipt of cleared payment . tracking no . will be emailed as soon as its available . travel time usually takes 3 to 4 weeks worldwide . dhl and ups available upon request .\ncopyright \u00a9 1995 - 2018 ebay inc . all rights reserved . accessibility , user agreement , privacy , cookies and adchoice\nthe shells of this family have a polished highly patterned appearance . all have strong axial ribs . a flaring lip on the final whorl dominates the flattened spire . the family has less than a dozen species .\ndoctype html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nby w . k . emerson , spec . publ . , s . aust . dept . mines and energy , 5 : 51 - 56 , 1985 ( isbn 0 7243 7411 6 ) , both obscure , but must - have papers for morum specialists .\nand finally , most shell books of general or regional scope include harpidae and offer supplemental help in identifying the region - specific harpidae species .\nclick on the thumbnail images for an enlarged view . images will open up in a separate , resizeable window .\n* turn off your browser ' s pop - up blocker to see enlarged pictures and links . *\naustroharpa finlay , 1931 ( fossil ) ; subgenus : palamharpa iredale , 1931 ( recent ) .\n( iredale , 1931 ) - queensland , australia , 19 . 5mm - a small , distinct species with cancellate sculpture . specimens are also found with a purple - colored spire .\nhart & limpus , 1998 - south australia , 22 . 1mm - one of the truly rare austroharpa species , in the collection of travis payne . described in la conchiglia 30 ( 289 ) : 53 - 55 .\nverco , 1896 - south western australia , 30mm - a western form typically found in south australia .\nkrauss , 1848 ] - madagascar , 60mm - a stocky , strongly shouldered , and heavily ribbed form . it is most commonly found in the western indian ocean , though specimens of this form have surfaced in micronesia and melanesia . this specimen is from tulear .\nlamarck , 1822 - philippines , 82 . 6mm - indo - pacific distribution . one of the most common of the harp species .\nfischer , 1860 - madagascar , 96mm - this specimen exhibits an unusual thickening of the ribs towards the outer portion of the body whorl .\nfischer , 1860 - madagascar , 90 - 95mm - this image illustrates two extremes of this variable species , found with a seemingly infinite combination of rib , shape and coloration combinations .\nfischer , 1860 - madagascar , 90 - 96mm - two extremes of the same - - light and dark ; thick and thin rib structure . the species exhibits a tremendous amount of variation .\n( linn\u00e9 , 1758 ) - mauritius , 59mm - a classic rarity , endemic to mauritius .\n( linn\u00e9 , 1758 ) - mauritius , 85mm - a superior specimen , perfect in every way .\n( linn\u00e9 , 1758 ) - mauritius , 109 . 7mm ! - the famed world record size ( largest known , or recorded ) specimen of this legendary species , which has passed through the collections of e . malone , d . dan , and now resides in the collection of travis payne .\nswainson , 1822 - ecuador , 83mm - a gerontic specimen with a thick , heavy columellar calus , and a coalescing and thickening of the ribs along the last portion of the body whorl .\nrehder , 1993 - hawaii , 66mm - a crabbed , but close - to - live specimen taken off haleiwa , northwest oahu in a deep water lobster trap set in 350 feet of water . original description in\nrehder , 1993 - hawaii - a fabulous specimen , of unspecified size , in the collection of travis payne .\nbroderip & sowerby , 1829 - marquesas islands , 21 . 7mm - a fabulous live collected specimen , taken scuba diving at nuku hiva island in 35 feet of water . one of the great rarities of this genus .\n( linn & , 1758 ) - philippines , 40 . 8mm - a dwarf red form from palawan province . the characteristic clusters of three to four fine black lines that cross the ribs is quite evident in this specimen .\n( linn & , 1758 ) - philippines , 78 . 1mm - from samar island , collected by a local diver in about 18 feet of water . this is an enormous specimen in the collection of travis payne .\nrehder , 1973 - philippines , 43mm - has a thin , light - weight shell . very close and considered to be subspecific with\nrehder , 1973 - philippines , 63 . 5mm - a large , dark specimen collected in zamboanga , southern mindanao island , now in the collection of travis payne .\nrehder , 1973 - philippines , 61 . 8mm - color and shading of h . kajiyamai can vary somewhat . this unusual and beautiful specimen from balut island has orange coloration .\n( r\u00f6ding , 1798 ) - hawaii , 66mm - a synonym is h . conoidalis lamarck , 1843 . specimen taken in trap set in 350 feet of water off oahu .\n( r\u00f6ding , 1798 ) - midway island , 110 . 7mm - a rather large specimen for hawaiian waters . the largest recorded specimen is from mauritius and is 129 . 5mm ( re :\n( r\u00f6ding , 1798 ) - philippines , 67 - 68mm - an unusual color form being collected from siasi island in the sulu sea .\nmorum r\u00f6ding , 1798 . type species : morum oniscus ( linnaeus , 1767 ) ; lambidium link , 1807 ; oniscia sowerby , 1824 ; theliostoma sowerby , 1824 ( nom . nud . ) ; oniscidia swainson , 1840 ( err . ) ; ersina\n1840\ngray , 1847 ( unavail . ) ; plesioniscia fischer , 1884 . subgenus : oniscidia m\u00f6rch , 1852 ; oniscidia m\u00f6rch , 1852 ; emerson , 1995 : 95 ( apex 10 ( 2 - 3 ) ) ; onischidea olsson , 1931 ( err . ) ; onimusira kuroda , 1955 ( nom . nud . ) ; pulchroniscia garrard , 1961 ; cancellomorum emerson & old , 1963 ; onimusiro kira in kuroda , habe & oyama , 1971 .\nshikama , 1973 - philippines , 37mm - this moderately rare species is also found in the south china sea .\nshikama , 1973 - philippines , 37mm - a balut island specimen trapped in tangle nets set by fishermen in 60 - 80 fathoms of water . the species exhibits very little variation .\n( sowerby , 1824 ) - taiwan , 47 . 7mm - trawled in 60 fathoms of water in northeast taiwan straits . somewhat similar to both\n( sowerby , 1824 ) - japan , 39mm - compare with the specimen from taiwan . this specimen has a more scabrous sculpture . trawled in 60 - 100 meters of water .\n( reeve , 1842 ) - colombia , 40 - 45mm - the pustulation and color development on the shield varies considerably .\nspecimens . the body whorl sculpture is rather different from typically smaller specimens , lacking the rows of short , prominent spines below the shoulder spines .\n( a . adams , 1855 ) - australia , 66mm - trawled in 75 fathoms of water at north reef , off gladstone . grows to be the largest species of morum ; the largest recorded up to 2001 is 86 . 8mm in length . in the\n( a . adams , 1855 ) - philippines , 59mm - philippine specimens of this species have elicited much discussion as to its true identity . it has been illustrated as\nfrom that species ( see below ) , and is also considered to be a true form of m . grande\n. there is considerable difference in the shell shape , and formation of the shoulder spines . this might represent a regional form of m . grande , or be a totally different species .\nkosuge , 1981 is a junior subjective synonym . dr . kosuge ' s description was publish just a few months after dr . emerson ' s . there is no doubt that the two taxa are conspecific . this species is frequently taken in tangle nets of philippine fishermen .\npetuch , 1979 - philippines , 23mm - one of the smallest species of the genus . it is mostly known from moderately deep water habitats in the central philippines . the pinkish - orange shield with white pustules is characteristic of the species .\npetuch , 1979 - philippines , 23 . 5 & 27 . 5 mm - a pair in the collection of travis payne , which illustrate the variable color of the apertural shield . both represent exceptional specimens .\npetuch , 1987 - colombia , 45mm - an interesting specimen with an unusual orange shield . the species has only been collected from the north coast of south america between colombia and venezuela . the\npetuch , 1987 - colombia , 39mm - an exceptionally dark colored specimen . m . lindae is one of three known extant species of cancellomorum from the western atlantic .\npetuch , 1987 - colombia , 41 . 8mm - a white shield , as this specimen exhibits , is quite unusual for this species , but it would be a misnomer to refer to it as an albino shell .\nemerson , 1981 - marshall islands , 19 . 2mm - endemic to the kwajalein atoll . this is an enormous specimen for the species in the collection of franck frydman . it is 2 . 1mm larger than the 2001 listed size record .\nemerson , 1967 - brazil , 28 . 4 mm - from rio do fogo , rio grande do norte , brazil . a superb specimen in the collection of travis payne .\n( linn\u00e9 , 1767 ) - florida keys , 23 . 5mm - type species of the genus .\nreeve , l . a . , 1842 - brazil , 23 - 24mm - southern - most range of the species .\nmelvill , 1919 - south africa , 31 . 4mm - this rather rare species was trawled off durban , natal province , in about 175 fathoms of water .\nkuroda & habe , in habe , 1961 - philippines , 59mm - the species is also found in japan .\n( reeve , 1842 ) - panama , 32 - 35mm - an intertidal species ranging from the outer baja south to peru . this image illustrates to exteme forms of the species .\nkuroda & habe , in habe , 1961 - philippines , 61 . 3mm - a specimen from balut island , taken from 80 fathoms of water . the species is most closely related to morum grande .\ndance & emerson , 1967 is considered a synonym ( pers . com . h . g . lee ) . a member of the\ncomplex . this dead - collected , but representative specimen is from the collection of travis payne .\nemerson , 1968 - galapagos islands , 29 . 9 mm - one of the great rarities of the genus . this is an exceptional specimen in the collection of travis payne .\nkosuge , 1981 - philippines , 42mm - taken in a tangle net set in 20 - 40 fathoms of water in leyte gulf , samar island . this species has been long identified as\n, but differs from that species by the more developed cancellate sculpture and other features . it is , though , a member of the m . cancellatum complex , which also includes m . grande . some specimens from japan identified as m . cancellatum may , in fact , be m . watanabei .\nharpidae on this page click name to view image - click \u00bb to view caption below .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 1 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nsorry , the in - page video player requires internet explorer . you can download the video using the\ndownload\nlinks provided below .\ncook islands islands : rr = rarotonga , mg = mangaia , at = \u2018\u0101tiu , mk = ma\u2018uke , mt = miti\u2018\u0101ro , ak = aitutaki , pl = palmerston , pn = penrhyn , mn = manuae , tk = tak\u016btea , tn = tongareva ( ts = tongaleva spoken , tw = tongareva written , they say\nel\nbut write\nr\n) , mh = manihiki , rk = rakahanga , pk = pukapuka , ns = nassau , sw = suwarrow . after a polynesian name : ^ = orthography query . countries and other : fij = fiji , wt = wallis & futuna , sam = samoa , ton = tonga , niu = niue , ck = cook islands , ckm = cook islands m\u0101ori , fp = french polynesia , aus = australs , soc = societies , tah = tahiti , tua = tuamotus , mqs = marquesas , mng = mangareva , pit = pitcain group , eas = easter island , haw = hawai\u2018i , nz = new zealand , nzm = new zealand m\u0101ori\nmccormack , gerald ( 2007 ) cook islands biodiversity database , version 2007 . 2 . cook islands natural heritage trust , rarotonga . online at http : / / cookislands . bishopmuseum . org .\ncopyright \u00a9 2007 ( july ) the cook islands natural heritage trust , all rights reserved . copyright & use policy\nthis site uses cookies to provide better user experience . you can change your cookie policy in your browser settings . i understand\nharfovka is a regular oval shell without significant spikes or studs . the only interesting feature on the surface is ribbed mussels , which make up about 12 wide or narrow ribs . the ribs are striking striped spots that are more noticeable than small strips on the rest of the surface . harfovka a small spiral snail , which results in a wide oval opening . because of the weak structure shows through color and the inner body .\nthe peculiarity of shungite is not only the unclear origin of its formation ; it is rather a mystery , but the composition as well ."]}
{"id": 2472, "summary": [{"text": "lottia septiformis is a species of sea snail , a true limpet , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family lottiidae , one of the families of true limpets . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "lottia septiformis", "paragraphs": ["choose one > lottia alveus > lottia antillarum > lottia argrantesta > lottia asmi > lottia atrata > lottia austrodigitalis > lottia cassis > lottia cf . kogamogai ak - 2016 > lottia cf . kogamogai alo - 2016 > lottia cf . pelta rpk - 2010 > lottia digitalis > lottia dorsuosa > lottia filosa > lottia gigantea > lottia goshimai > lottia jamaicensis > lottia kogamogai > lottia langfordi > lottia limatula > lottia lindbergi > lottia luchuana > lottia mesoleuca > lottia onychitis > lottia orbigny > lottia paradigitalis > lottia pelta > lottia persona > lottia scabra > lottia scutum > lottia septiformis > lottia smithi > lottia sp . cf . borealis > lottia sp . esu 1 > lottia sp . esu 2 > lottia sp . esu 3 > lottia sp . jl - 2014 > lottia strigatella > lottia subrotundata > lottia tenuisculpta all lower taxonomy nodes ( 39 )\nthe following term was not found in genome : lottia septiformis [ orgn ] .\nspecimen shell : lottia septiformis each seashell we have have been carefully picked to ensure the highest seashells quality . these shells come from all over the philippines , provided by fishermen ( western australia - albany ) , divers , lottiidae specimen shell : lottia septiformis quoy & gaymard 1834\nsea shell information on : ts126491 - lottiidae lottia - > septiformis . this specimen is of lottiidae . the specimen shell of groupe : lottia . shell found on the philippines . shell is of exceptional quality . more sea shell information\nnakano t . & ozawa t . ( 2007 ) . worldwide phylogeography of limpets of the order patellogastropoda : molecular , morphological and paleontological evidence . journal of molluscan studies 73 ( 1 ) : 79\u201399 . [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nversion 43 . 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed . my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .\nhow to buy ? if you want to buy an item , click the\nbuy now\nbutton on this page . once you ' ve pressed the\nbuy now\nitem , you will be forwarded to a fill - up form page . after filling up the form and when you submit your order , the item will be reserved for you automatically after a few hours .\nterms of payment / shipping all prices are in us dollars and the shipment cost is not include . all orders will be confirmed by e - mail with the cost of shells and postage included . the parcel will be sent via registered air mail at the cost price following receipt of payment .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 1 / / en\nurltoken\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthe star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :\nwe want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only , as we handle very few foreign shells in general . as time goes , the system will become more and more performant .\nenter your email address and we will send you an email with your username and password .\ne - mail jecilia sisican if you do not receive your email with your username and password .\nclick on an image to view all the information : family , species , author , date , and full locality .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 1 . 467 seconds . )"]}
{"id": 2484, "summary": [{"text": "nebria kratteri kratteri is a subspecies of ground beetle in the nebriinae subfamily that can be found in albania , greece , italy , and republic of macedonia . ", "topic": 27}], "title": "nebria kratteri kratteri", "paragraphs": ["nebria ( nebria ) kratteri dejean & boisduval , 1830 = nebria violacea o . g . costa 1839 = nebria pindica jeanne 1974 = nebria valonensis apfelbeck 1904 .\nground beetle nebria kratteri ( carabidae ) | trichas , a . - europeana collections\nhow can i put and write and define nebria kratteri in a sentence and how is the word nebria kratteri used in a sentence and examples ? \u7528nebria kratteri\u9020\u53e5 , \u7528nebria kratteri\u9020\u53e5 , \u7528nebria kratteri\u9020\u53e5 , nebria kratteri meaning , definition , pronunciation , synonyms and example sentences are provided by ichacha . net .\nnebria kratteri \u2013 carabidae | carabidae : ground beetles . bombadie , ant nest beetles | pinterest | insects , beetles and bug insect\nphoto of the ground beetle nebria kratteri ( carabidae ) , a south balkan species rather common on the mountains of greece . specimen from pindos mt , greece .\nenter the name or part of a name you wish to search for . the asterisk character * can be used as wildcard . e . g . ' papilio * ' . keep in mind that the search is only based on the full taxon name .\nwe are still having problems with the search feature . unfortunately we cannot give a timeline when the advanced search will be fixed .\nthe id resolving service for stable taxon ids is currently under maintenance . meanwhile , please use the name search in order to find the taxon page .\nmuseum f\u00fcr naturkunde leibniz - institut f\u00fcr evolutions - und biodiversit\u00e4tsforschung invalidenstr . 43 10115 berlin germany e - mail : fauna - eu ( at ) mfn - berlin . de website : urltoken\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\nthis website uses cookies to ensure you get the best experience on our website . by clicking or navigating the site , you agree to allow our collection of information through cookies . more info\nwe transform the world with culture ! we want to build on europe\u2019s rich heritage and make it easier for people to use , whether for work , for learning or just for fun .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n[ 10 ] de jong , y . s . d . m . ( ed . ) ( 2011 ) fauna europaea version 2 . 4 ( faunaeur . org )\nnote : you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments . please , create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\nthere are no photos of this species on the website yet . you can offer your photo by logging into your account\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . ."]}
{"id": 2502, "summary": [{"text": "pyrgophorus spinosus , common name the spiny crownsnail , is a species of very small freshwater snail with a gill and an operculum , an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family hydrobiidae . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "pyrgophorus spinosus", "paragraphs": ["the species profile for pyrgophorus spinosus ( spiny crownsnail ) is currently unavailable . it has recently undergone major revisions and is currently being reviewed for public distribution . please check back at a later date .\n[ distribution and taxonomy of pyrgophorus platyrachis ( caenogastropoda : hydrobiidae ) in the sistema de maracaibo , venezuela ] .\n[ distribution and taxonomy of pyrgophorus platyrachis ( caenogastropoda : hydrobiidae ) in the sistema de maracaibo , venezuela ] . - semantic scholar\n[ distribution and taxonomy of pyrgophorus platyrachis ( caenogastropoda : hydrobiidae ) in the sistema de maracaibo , venezuela ] . - pubmed - ncbi\nthe presence of a microgastropod identified as potamopyrgus sp . was detected previously in the maracaibo system ; nevertheless , a detailed morphological analysis identified this snail in other genera . the objective of this work is to update the distribution and taxonomy of pyrgophorus platyrachis in the maracaibo system , venezuela in samples obtained between\u2026\n( of pyrgulopsis spinosus call & pilsbry , 1886 ) call r . e . & pilsbry h . a . ( 1886 ) . on pyrgulopsis , a new genus of rissoid mollusk , with descriptions of two new forms . proceedings of the davenport academy of natural sciences . 5 : 9 - 14 , pl . 2 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 14 , pl . 2 figs 17 - 19 [ details ]\nindex to vols . 1 - 5 . by w . j . mcgee\n: v . 5 , p . 281 - 370\nthere are no reviews yet . be the first one to write a review .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nturgeon , d . d . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , w . k . emerson , w . g . lyons , w . pratt , et al .\nturgeon , d . d . , j . f . quinn , jr . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , f . g . hochberg , w . g . lyons , et al .\ncommon and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks , 2nd ed .\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nthe nonindigenous occurrences section of the nas species profiles has a new structure . the section is now dynamically updated from the nas database to ensure that it contains the most current and accurate information . occurrences are summarized in table 1 , alphabetically by state , with years of earliest and most recent observations , and the tally and names of drainages where the species was observed . the table contains hyperlinks to collections tables of specimens based on the states , years , and drainages selected . references to specimens that were not obtained through sighting reports and personal communications are found through the hyperlink in the table 1 caption or through the individual specimens linked in the collections tables .\nthe data represented on this site vary in accuracy , scale , completeness , extent of coverage and origin . it is the user ' s responsibility to use these data consistent with their intended purpose and within stated limitations . we highly recommend reviewing metadata files prior to interpreting these data .\ncitation information : u . s . geological survey . [ 2018 ] . nonindigenous aquatic species database . gainesville , florida . accessed [ 7 / 9 / 2018 ] .\ncontact us if you are using data from this site for a publication to make sure the data are being used appropriately and for potential co - authorship if warranted . for queries involving fish , please contact pam fuller . for queries involving invertebrates , contact amy benson .\nrosenberg , g . ; moretzsohn , f . ; garc\u00eda , e . f . ( 2009 ) . gastropoda ( mollusca ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 579\u2013699 in : felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico\u2013origins , waters , and biota . texas a & m ; press , college station , texas . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nthompson f . g . ( 2011 ) an annotated checklist and bibliography of the land and freshwater snails of m\u00e9xico and central america . florida museum of natural history , bulletin 50 ( 1 ) : 1 - 299 . [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nturgeon , d . d . , j . f . quinn , jr . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , f . g . hochberg , w . g . lyons , p . m . mikkelsen , r . j . neves , c . f . e . roper , g . rosenberg , b . roth , a . scheltema , f . g . thompson , m . vecchione , and j . d . williams . 1998 . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks . 2nd edition . american fisheries society special publication 26 , bethesda , maryland : 526 pp .\nrestricted to the guadalupe river and its tributary canal creek in comal county , texas ( burch , 1989 ; burch and tottenham , 1980 ) . thompson ( 2008 ) lists distribution as south central texas , including the rio bravo del norte ( rio grand ) , coahuila and chihuahua .\ndue to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to\n( 1000 - 20 , 000 square km ( about 400 - 8000 square miles ) ) restricted to the guadalupe river and its tributary canal creek in comal county , texas ( burch , 1989 ; burch and tottenham , 1980 ) . thompson ( 2008 ) lists distribution as south central texas , including the rio bravo del norte ( rio grand ) , coahuila and chihuahua .\noccurrences are based on some evidence of historical or current presence of single or multiple specimens , including live specimens or recently dead shells ( i . e . , soft tissue still attached without signs of external weathering or staining ) , at a given location with potentially recurring existence . weathered shells constitute a historic occurrence . evidence is derived from reliable published observation or collection data ; unpublished , though documented ( i . e . government or agency reports , web sites , etc . ) observation or collection data ; or museum specimen information .\nseparation barriers are largely based on permanent hydrological discontinuity between water bodies , with distances of 30 meters or greater between maximum high water marks constituting a separation barrier . additional barriers are chemical and / or physical and include any connecting water body ( regardless of size ) with one or more of the following on a permanent basis : no dissolved calcium content , acidity greater than ph 5 , lack of dissolved oxygen , extremely high salinity such as that found in saline lakes and brine waters , or temperature greater than 45 an additional physical barrier , particularly for flowing water , is presence of upland habitat between water connections . high waterfalls and anthropogenic barriers to water flow such as dams are barriers as they limit movement in an upstream direction .\nuse the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .\nzoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .\nburch , j . b . 1989 . north american freshwater snails . malacological publications : hamburg , michigan . 365 pp .\nburch , j . b . and j . l . tottenham . 1980 . north american freshwater snails , iv . species lists , ranges and illustrations . walkerana 1 ( 3 ) : 81 - 215 .\nthompson , f . g . 2008 . an annotated checklist and bibliography of the land and freshwater snails of mexico and central america . unpublished . available online : urltoken 16 june 2008 . 903 pp .\nthe small print : trademark , copyright , citation guidelines , restrictions on use , and information disclaimer .\nnote : all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve ' s central databases as of november 2016 . note : this report was printed on\ntrademark notice :\nnatureserve\n, natureserve explorer , the natureserve logo , and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve . any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .\ncopyright notice : copyright \u00a9 2017 natureserve , 4600 n . fairfax dr . , 7th floor , arlington virginia 22203 , u . s . a . all rights reserved . each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document . the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .\nnatureserve . 2017 . natureserve explorer : an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ] . version 7 . 1 . natureserve , arlington , virginia . available http : / / explorer . natureserve . org . ( accessed :\nridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely , james zook , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\npatterson , b . d . , g . ceballos , w . sechrest , m . f . tognelli , t . brooks , l . luna , p . ortega , i . salazar , and b . e . young . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson , wes sechrest , marcelo tognelli , gerardo ceballos , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\niucn , conservation international , and natureserve . 2004 . global amphibian assessment . iucn , conservation international , and natureserve , washington , dc and arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union , conservation international and natureserve .\nno graphics available from this server can be used , copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text . any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve . nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication , estoppel , or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve . no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve . except as expressly provided above , nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .\n) . your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nlaboratorio de sistem\u00e1tica de invertebrados acu\u00e1ticos , departamento de biolog\u00eda , facultad experimental de ciencias , universidad del zulia , apartado postal 4011 maracaibo , venezuela . mariolesternava @ urltoken\ndata and apps idaho fish and wildlife information system bringing information to bear on the management and conservation of fish , wildlife , and plants in idaho .\nscientists aim to describe a single ' tree of life ' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things . however , evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery , and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named . eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific ' classifications ' . some species have been named more than once . such duplicates are listed under synonyms . eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nproudly built by ai2 with the help of our collaborators using these sources . terms of service \u2022 privacy policy .\n\u00bb species cochliopa dulcensis w . b . marshall , 1920 accepted as cochliopina dulcensis ( w . b . marshall , 1920 ) ( original combination )\n\u00bb species tepalcatia polia ( f . g . thompson & hershler , 1991 )\n\u00bb subspecies littoridina australis crassa m . gaillard , 1974 accepted as heleobia australis crassa m . gaillard , 1974\n\u00bb subspecies littoridina australis nana er . marcus & ev . marcus , 1963 accepted as heleobia australis nana ( er . marcus & ev . marcus , 1963 )\n\u00bb species mexipyrgus churinceanus d . w . taylor , 1966 accepted as mexipyrgus carranzae d . w . taylor , 1966\n\u00bb species mexipyrgus escobedae d . w . taylor , 1966 accepted as mexipyrgus carranzae d . w . taylor , 1966\n\u00bb species mexipyrgus lugoi d . w . taylor , 1966 accepted as mexipyrgus carranzae d . w . taylor , 1966\n\u00bb species mexipyrgus mojarralis d . w . taylor , 1966 accepted as mexipyrgus carranzae d . w . taylor , 1966\n\u00bb species mexipyrgus multilineatus d . w . taylor , 1966 accepted as mexipyrgus carranzae d . w . taylor , 1966\n\u00bb species pseudotryonia pasajae hershler , h . p . liu & landye , 2011\n\u00bb species tryonia allendae hershler , h . p . liu & landye , 2011\n\u00bb species tryonia angosturae hershler , h . p . liu & landye , 2011\n\u00bb species tryonia chuviscarae hershler , h . p . liu & landye , 2011\n\u00bb species tryonia contrerasi hershler , h . p . liu & landye , 2011\n\u00bb species tryonia julimesensis hershler , h . p . liu & landye , 2011\n\u00bb species tryonia metcalfi hershler , h . p . liu & landye , 2011\n\u00bb species tryonia minckleyi hershler , h . p . liu & landye , 2011\n\u00bb species tryonia molinae hershler , h . p . liu & landye , 2011\n\u00bb species tryonia oasiensis hershler , h . p . liu & landye , 2011\n\u00bb species tryonia ovata hershler , h . p . liu & landye , 2011\n\u00bb species tryonia peregrina hershler , h . p . liu & landye , 2011\n\u00bb species tryonia santarosae hershler , landye , h . - p . liu , de la maza - benignos , ornelas & carson , 2014\n\u00bb species tryonia shikueii hershler , landye , h . - p . liu , de la maza - benignos , ornelas & carson , 2014\n\u00bb species tryonia taylori hershler , h . p . liu & landye , 2011\n\u00bb species tryonia zaragozae hershler , h . p . liu & landye , 2011\n\u00bb species tryonia brunei d . w . taylor , 1987 accepted as juturnia brunei ( d . w . taylor , 1987 ) ( original combination )\n\u00bb subspecies heleobia australis nana ( er . marcus & ev . marcus , 1963 )\n\u00bb subgenus heleobia ( eupaludestrina ) j . mabille , 1877 represented as heleobia stimpson , 1865\n\u00bb species heleobia ( eupaludestrina ) aponensis ( e . von martens , 1858 ) represented as heleobia aponensis ( martens , 1858 )\n\u00bb subgenus heleobia ( semisalsa ) radoman , 1974 accepted as heleobia ( eupaludestrina ) j . mabille , 1877\ngenus aroa h . b . baker , 1930 accepted as aroapyrgus h . b . baker , 1931 ( invalid : junior homonym of aroa walker , 1855 [ lepidoptera ] ; aroapyrgus is a replacement name )\n\u00bb species durangonella coahuilae d . w . taylor , 1966 accepted as juturnia coahuilae ( d . w . taylor , 1966 ) ( original combination )\ngenus semisalsa radoman , 1974 accepted as heleobia ( eupaludestrina ) j . mabille , 1877\n\u00bb variety semisalsa stagnorum var . capellinii ( gillet , 1963 ) \u2020 represented as semisalsa stagnorum ( gmelin , 1791 )\nhershler , r . ; thompson , f . g . ( 1992 ) . a review of the genera of the aquatic gastropod subfamily cochliopinae ( prosobranchia : hydrobiidae ) . malacological review . supplement 5 : 1 - 140 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nbouchet p . & rocroi j . - p . ( 2005 ) . classification and nomenclator of gastropod families . malacologia . 47 ( 1 - 2 ) : 1 - 397 isbn 3 - 925919 - 72 - 4 . [ details ]\nwilke t . , haase m . , hershler r . , liu h . - p . , misof b . & ponder w . ( 2013 ) pushing short dna fragments to the limit : phylogenetic relationships of \u2018hydrobioid\u2019 gastropods ( caenogastropoda : rissooidea ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution , 66 : 715 - 736 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n, select family and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in sealifebase for the family .\n, select country and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in sealifebase for the country .\n, select ecosystem and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in sealifebase for the ecosystem .\ncfm script by , 30 . 11 . 04 , , php script by , 05 / 11 / 2010 , last modified by kbanasihan , 06 / 28 / 2010\n> stream h\u00fed\u00f2\u00b1n\u00e30\u0010\u00e6\u00f1w\u00f1\u001b\u00e4\u00be ; \u00fb\u00b1tua\u00ec\u0082\u0010\u001bb @ jt\u00b1\u0000\u00a2\u00ed\u00e0\u00fb\u0013\u00f9\u00ff h , w\u008a\u00bf\u00dfev \u00eb # \u00e5d\u00b9\u00a7xk : \u0096\u0087\u00ef\u00fb\u00e7 - \u00b5\u00b2\u009c\u00fe\u00ef\u00d7\u0097\u00b2\u0087o\u00e9g\u00ad\u00b3\u00f6y\u00e7\u00ac \u0090\u0014\u00a2bf\u008c\u001a\u00e4 \u00061\u0088\u00eb\u00ed\u0010\u00878\u00e4 ! 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g - \u0006\u009e ^ \u009b\u00f0\n\\ \u00e5\u00e0\u00b2u\u00b51\u008do\u00a7 \u0015\u008e : \u00ef\u00af | \u0094q\u00ad = \u00a4 # \u00a3\u00ec ( \u00a9 , \u00fd\u00fe\u00f5\u0093\u00f4\u00b8\u00fd\u00e8\u00e1\u00ea\u00ba ) i5a1ag\u00e19s ( \u00a2\u00e4\u00e7jz * \u00ab + sa\u00e2u \u0082\u00ad\u00aa\u008e + j\u0098j & \u0080\u0018\u00ef\u0090c\u00e1\u00a9\u00e9\u00ee\u00b9n\u00b5\u00e0 # \u00b0aj & \u0018 \u00be\u0019x \u00ebt\u0084\u00ed\u00ec\u00f9\u00fexo } $ - w\u00a5\u00e4\u009a\u0089 \u0005\u00d7\u00ee \\ \u00e2\u00f5\u0091o\u00bcbl\u0005\u00bb\u001as\u00a8\u00fc\u0019\u00f4\u00b4 ` e\u00068\u00e3j\u00ad\u0091 \u00e9\u00d7 \u0092 { \u008b\u00f5l\u00f3\u0011\u0089\u0007 > n | \u0013r \u00f3\u00e1a\u00fen\u00eb\u0087\u0012\u00ad\u00e7 % h\u00b9\u008c \u00ae < * \u009e\u0019 } & \u00b6\u00ae6\u00fe\u0097\u0093\bi6\u00ab\u00b0i\u00f1\u00ee { \u0097f\u0013r\u00e3\u0091 + \u0083\u0084cw\u00e6 ! z\u00a4\u00fe\u0010\u00e4\u00b0b\u00b3\u0098\bf\u0007 & \u0094\u00a5\u00b2po ' \u00fa\u00e1\u008bmhh\b\u00ad\u0015y\u00b4\u0017 & \u00ea\u00eczl\u00e9\u0094\u0089\u00e9\u0007\u00fe\u009cw\u00bc5\u00e5\u0099\u0000 - \u00ab\u00f1n\u00fc\u00fd\u00fd4\u0099\u00f9\u00aa\u00b9 ( \u00f6d\u0086o\u0001\u00fb\u0016k ( \u0002\u0015\u00e6c , \u00a1o\u00e73l\u00e1\u0018\u00e0\u00a3m\u008d\u009f ( \u00f0\u00b9\u0003go\u008a ! \u00ff = g\u0002\u0012 \\ \u008b4w\u00f1\u0006\u00ff { \u0083\u00ec\u00e26\u00f0\u00fa\u0086\u00bd\u00ec\u00fd\u0091k3\u0094\u0090\u0082z\u0012\u00bd\u00aa\u0089\u00f3 \u00ae\u00fd / \u00b1\u00f8\u008d\u00e2 \u00ea\u008c\u00877\u0012\u00eezf ) \u00b5\u0014\u0019 & \u0019\u00f7 \\ \u00ad6g\u00e7f\u00f6\u0084\u009a / c\u00a2\u0018\u00f0j\u00e0\u008b\u0087\u0083 ~ \u00a3t z & * g\u00f1\u0090\u00fa\u0098s\u00f1\u00ed\u00eb\u009b $ \u00ff\u0012i\u00f0c\u00ed\u00929\u0091\u0087\u0002\u00e9 # c ) \u00e6\u00ab\u00ee\u00e9\u00869\u00b8\n\u00873 ) \u00f85 \u0089\u00a4\u0092\u0011 : \u0083\u00f6\u0016l \u00ecz < \u00e3g\u00ed\u0018\u009d\u00f1d / z\u0003w\u0010\u00b7\u00e1 & \u00b6\u00fb2\u00f0 ^ \u0096gmxf3fb b > \u00efd\u009e\u00f3 & + \u00a3scj ; \u0014 = \u00ac\u00b5\u00b7 { \u00e2 | l2\u00a3\u009b\u00fe\u00e7\u00f7\u0080t = \u00e9\u000f5 @ \u009d . \u00a5\u0093 { \u00e14\u00f2\u000e\u00faz _ \u008a\u000f\u0088\u00ebn\u00fd\u009c\u00ef\u0094\u00e6\u00f4a\u00f0 , \u008c\u00f4\u00e4p\u0097\u007fa\u00e6 \u008f , \u0097\u00fbp\u00a9 @ \u00b4\u00e7 ' \u00b7o _ ) \u0081\u00133\u00bbdu\u000e\u00fc\u00e9t\u0019\u00aa\u00baym\u00fd\u00e1r\u00bc\u00b1v ) \u00af\u00a6\u00f1\u00fc \u00df - \u008f\u008cbu\u00afg\u00f6g ] 9\u00e3 \u00f2\u00f9\u00e3r & \u00ac\u00fd\u008b\u00ae\u00bep\u00a8y ' dlylv\u00f1\u00f7\u00a3\u00abcez\u0014 ' \u009c\u00eb \u00fa ~ \u0005\u00a7\u0014\u0011\u0014\u00ffo\u0014\u0000\u0080u\u0019\u00aba . l ? \\ \u00fc\u00aa\u0093ey\u00f8\u00ed\u00bc % i\u0016\u009f\u00b7i\u0095\b9\u0087\u009b ] u\u0084 \u0087y * \u00f2\u00be\u000e\u0005\u008a\u00fd\u00fd \u00f0\u009b\u00e7\u00e2 _ \u00ea\u00bf \u00aa\u00ec\u0086\u00f0\u0092c\u00b8 ; \u009f\u00bd t\u00b7c ' \u001b\u0081ji \u0088\u00e7\u00bd\u00e7q\u00f1\u0011 > d\b ; \u00e3 ] \u000f\u00fb\u00fb\u00ea\u008f\u009e\u00ee * \u00eb , c @ l\u00ef\u00e4\u00ee 1 > \u00e7n\u0016\u00e6m\u00fbt { \u00fe\u00a8\u00bc\u00e42 ^ \u00e1d\u00a6za\u0014\u00f1\u00fak\u00f3\u00fc\u00fd\u001b { \u00f8\u0081\u00e5\u00a5\u00e3 , \u0014s\u0018\u00e6\u00ae\u0003\u0012\u00f0\u00d7r\u009f # w ^ \u00e0\u0010u\u00e7\u0097 o\u00f3 \u0080\u0099c\u0095\u00eashw\u00e1lt\u00a9\u0092w\u0092\u00ef ( . \u0018\u00fb\u0018e * = \u0007\u0087rd\u00e7\u009d / \u00ac\u00e1 \u0015\n\u009ae\u00e6\u00f2\u00afc\u00e7k4 fv\u00e8\u00a5\u00e8\u0080 ? \u0080\u00fd ( \u00e1\u0006\u0099\u0004\u00e4xt\u00f8\u00a4\u00fd\u00b2\u00ebg\u0086 } & \u0019\u00ef\u00f1\u009c\u00e4\u00ba\u0002\u00f5217\u0098\u00b1\u00f8\u00ffp\u00df % 2h\u00fd\u00ba\u00d79\u0012\u00e3\u00b3 e\u00fa\u00af e\u00a9q\u00af\u00d7\u00e8\u0087 \u00b0\u00e2\u008f\n\u000f\u00b3\u0080 $ \u0098w\u00ec\u00f4\u00fa\u00eb\u00e5 \u008fz\u009a\u00bcpm\u00ffe\u0001\u0095c\u00be . c\u00fd\u00ee\u000efx\u00ec $ \u00f1\u00ed ? # \u0097 - \u000f\u00ac\u00e8\u00ae\u00a1\u00b0\u00efg\u00a8\u00fbg\u00aeo\u00141\u0018e\u0081\u0018\u00d7\u00ea\u00e8j \u00f2\u00df ; o\u0099\u0016\u0004\u0081\u0005 $ \u00bd\u0006\u0015\u009e\u00af\u00ac\u00af9\u00f5 [ \u00a7w\u00a4\u00e0z\u008c\u0001\u00aek\u00b82\u00df\u00fbw \u00ab\u00bf\u00a9\u009e\u0086\u0092\u00f1j"]}
{"id": 2507, "summary": [{"text": "fusinus vitreus is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family fasciolariidae , the spindle snails , the tulip snails and their allies . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "fusinus vitreus", "paragraphs": ["subgenus fusinus ( sinistralia ) h . adams & a . adams , 1853 accepted as fusinus rafinesque , 1815\nfusinus graciliformis ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1880 ) : synonym of chryseofusus graciliformis\nbuzzurro g . & russo p . ( 2007 ) . fusinus del mediterraneo . published by the authors\nfasciolariidae - genera 1926 \u2020 subfamily fusininae fusus brugui\u00e8re , 1789 synonym of fusinus rafinesque , 1815 africolithes eames , 1957 \u2020 amiantofusus fraussen , kantor . . . microfulgur finlay marwick , 1937 genera brought into synonymy aptyxis troschel , 1868 synonym of fusinus rafinesque , 1815 barbarofusus grabau shimer , 1909 synonym of fusinus rafinesque . . . adams , 1853 synonym of fusinus rafinesque , 1815 tarantinaea monterosato , 1917 synonym of fasciolaria lamarck , 1799 . . .\ndall w . h . ( 1927 ) . small shells from dredgings off the southeast coast of the united states by the united states fisheries steamer\nalbatross\n, in 1885 and 1886 . proceedings of the united states national museum , 70 ( 18 ) : 1 - 134 , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\na collection , from the literature and from individual experts , of traits relating to mineralogy , growth form , lifestyle and reproduction of marine or primarily marine taxonomic groups . last indexed march 16 , 2015\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\n. if you continue to use the site we will assume that you agree with this .\nmemorias de la real academia de ciencias exactas , f\u00edsicas y naturales de madrid , vol . 16 : \u00fabeda ; estudio sistem\u00e1tico de las bases org\u00e1nicas de origen\nthe annals and magazine of natural history , including zoology , botany , and geology , 1903 , vol . 12 ( classic reprint )\nmalakozoologische blatter fur 1877 , vol . 24 : als fortsetzung der zeitschrift fur malakozoologie ( classic reprint )\nhistoire naturelle des insectes , vol . 7 : species g\u00e9n\u00e9ral des l\u00e9pidopt\u00e8res ; noctu\u00e9lites , tome iii ( classic reprint )\ntransactions and proceedings and report of the royal society of south australia , vol . 20 : for 1895 - 6 ( classic reprint )\ndictionnaire classique d ' histoire naturelle , vol . 4 : chi - coz ( classic reprint )\nwissenschaftliche ergebnisse der deutschen zentral - africa - expedition 1907 - 1908 , vol . 3 : unter f\u00fchrung adolf friedrichs , herzogs zu mecklenburg ; zoolog\nzeitschrift f\u00fcr die gesammten naturwissenschaft , vol . 28 : heft vii . ; jahrgang 1866 , juli ( classic reprint )\ndie europaeischen schlangen , vol . 1 : kupferdrucktafeln nach photographien der lebenden tiere ( classic reprint )\nthe proceedings of the linnean society of new south wales , vol . 58 : for the year 1933 ( classic reprint )\nurltoken & reg2000 - 2018 ; | webster srl - p . iva it03556440281 - all rights reserved\nfusus brugui\u00e8re , 1789 ( invalid : junior homonym of fusus helbling , 1779 . placed by the iczn on the official index by opinion 1765 , 1994 , bulletin of zoological nomenclature , 51 ( 2 ) : 159 . )\nthis genus is known in the fossil records from the cretaceous to the quaternary ( age range : from 94 . 3 to 0 . 0 million years ago ) . fossils are found in the marine strata all over the worls . [ 3 ]\nsnyder , m . a . ( 2003 ) catalogue of the marine gastropod family fasciolariidae . academy of natural sciences of philadelphia , special publication , 21 , iii + 1\u2013431\nthis page is based on a wikipedia article written by authors ( here ) . text is available under the cc by - sa 3 . 0 license ; additional terms may apply . images , videos and audio are available under their respective licenses ."]}
{"id": 2521, "summary": [{"text": "bullia natalensis , the pleated plough shell , is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family nassariidae , the nassa mud snails or dog whelks . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "bullia natalensis", "paragraphs": ["what type of species is bullia natalensis ? below , you will find the taxonomic groups the bullia natalensis species belongs to .\nwhich photographers have photos of bullia natalensis species ? below , you will find the list of underwater photographers and their photos of the marine species bullia natalensis .\nhow to identify bullia natalensis marine species ? below , you will find the list of main identification criteria and physical characteristics of marine species bullia natalensis . for each identification criteria , the corresponding physical characteristics of marine species bullia natalensis are marked in green .\nwhere is bullia natalensis found in the world ? below , you will find the list and a world map of the geographic distribution where the marine species bullia natalensis can be found .\nnassariidae \u00bb bullia natalensis , id : 336258 , shell detail \u00ab shell encyclopedia , conchology , inc .\n\u00bb species bullia ( bullia ) callosa ( wood , 1828 ) represented as bullia callosa ( w . wood , 1828 )\n\u00bb species bullia ( bullia ) similis g . b . sowerby iii , 1897 represented as bullia similis sowerby iii , 1897\n- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - species : bullia natalensis ( c . f . f . von krauss , 1848 ) - id : 1951300070\n\u00bb species bullia ( bullia ) mozambicensis e . a . smith , 1878 represented as bullia mozambicensis e . a . smith , 1878\n\u00bb species bullia ( bullia ) persica e . a . smith , 1878 represented as bullia persica e . a . smith , 1878\n\u00bb species bullia ( bullia ) trifasciata e . a . smith , 1904 represented as bullia trifasciata e . a . smith , 1904\n\u00bb species bullia ( bullia ) ancillaeformis e . a . smith , 1906 accepted as bullia ancillaeformis e . a . smith , 1906\n\u00bb species bullia ( bullia ) osculata g . b . sowerby iii , 1900 accepted as bullia osculata ( sowerby iii , 1900 )\nspecies bullia gracilis w . h . turton , 1932 accepted as bullia pura melvill , 1885\nspecies bullia kraussi w . h . turton , 1932 accepted as bullia pura melvill , 1885\nspecies bullia scalaris w . h . turton , 1932 accepted as bullia pura melvill , 1885\nspecies bullia thetis w . h . turton , 1932 accepted as bullia pura melvill , 1885\n( of bullia ( bullia ) natalensis ( krauss , 1848 ) ) cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]\nspecies bullia albanyana w . h . turton , 1932 accepted as bullia diluta ( krauss , 1848 )\nspecies bullia rietensis w . h . turton , 1932 accepted as bullia diluta ( krauss , 1848 )\nspecies bullia scitula w . h . turton , 1932 accepted as bullia diluta ( krauss , 1848 )\nspecies bullia soluta w . h . turton , 1932 accepted as bullia digitalis ( dillwyn , 1817 )\nspecies bullia sowerbyi w . h . turton , 1932 accepted as bullia laevissima ( gmelin , 1791 )\nspecies bullia spectrum w . h . turton , 1932 accepted as bullia diluta ( krauss , 1848 )\nspecies bullia subventricosa w . h . turton , 1932 accepted as bullia diluta ( krauss , 1848 )\nspecies bullia zenobia w . h . turton , 1932 accepted as bullia diluta ( krauss , 1848 )\n\u00bb species bullia ( bullia ) nitida ( g . b . sowerby iii , 1895 ) represented as bullia nitida g . b . sowerby iii , 1895\nsubgenus bullia ( adinus ) h . adams & a . adams , 1853 accepted as bullia gray , 1833\nspecies bullia dulcis g . b . sowerby iii , 1921 accepted as bullia digitalis ( dillwyn , 1817 )\nspecies bullia pustulosa g . b . sowerby iii , 1894 accepted as bullia mozambicensis e . a . smith , 1878\nbullia natalensis - species dictionary - southern africa - observations - page 1 : ispot nature - your place to share nature . ispot is a website aimed at helping anyone identify anything in nature . once you ' ve registered , you can add an observation to the website and suggest an identification yourself or see if anyone else can identify it for you .\nspecies bullia pellucida w . h . turton , 1932 accepted as annulobalcis pellucida ( w . h . turton , 1932 ) ( original combination )\nbullia mozambicensis was originally discovered and described by british malacologist edgar albert smith in 1877 . smith ' s original text ( the type description ) reads as follows :\n( of bullia ( bullia ) gray , 1833 ) galindo , l . a . ; puillandre , n . ; utge , j . ; lozouet , p . ; bouchet , p . ( 2016 ) . the phylogeny and systematics of the nassariidae revisited ( gastropoda , buccinoidea ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution . 99 : 337 - 353 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nallmon w . d . , 1990 [ 12 december ] . review of the bullia group ( gastropoda : nassariidae ) with comments on its evolution , biogeography , and phylogeny . bulletins of american paleontology 99 ( 335 ) : 179 pp . , 15 pls . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of adinus h . adams & a . adams , 1853 ) allmon w . d . , 1990 [ 12 december ] . review of the bullia group ( gastropoda : nassariidae ) with comments on its evolution , biogeography , and phylogeny . bulletins of american paleontology 99 ( 335 ) : 179 pp . , 15 pls . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of bullia plicata redfield , 1848 ) marais j . p . & kilburn r . n . ( 2010 ) nassariidae . pp . 138 - 173 , in : marais a . p . & seccombe a . d . ( eds ) , identification guide to the seashells of south africa . volume 1 . groenkloof : centre for molluscan studies . 376 pp . [ details ]\n( of bullia ( leiodomus ) swainson , 1840 ) galindo , l . a . ; puillandre , n . ; utge , j . ; lozouet , p . ; bouchet , p . ( 2016 ) . the phylogeny and systematics of the nassariidae revisited ( gastropoda , buccinoidea ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution . 99 : 337 - 353 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\ncernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]\nbranch , g . m . et al . ( 2002 ) . two oceans . 5th impression . david philip , cate town & johannesburg . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nmarais j . p . & kilburn r . n . ( 2010 ) nassariidae . pp . 138 - 173 , in : marais a . p . & seccombe a . d . ( eds ) , identification guide to the seashells of south africa . volume 1 . groenkloof : centre for molluscan studies . 376 pp . [ details ]\n( of buccinum natalense krauss , 1848 ) cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nversion 43 . 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed . my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthe star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :\nwe want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only , as we handle very few foreign shells in general . as time goes , the system will become more and more performant .\nenter your email address and we will send you an email with your username and password .\ne - mail jecilia sisican if you do not receive your email with your username and password .\nsouth africa . transkei coast . found in sand at surfs edge . ex - coll . d . & m . meyer . june 1987 .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 0 . 002 seconds . )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nj . e . gray in e . griffith & e . pidgeon , 1834\n- note : several protected species are illustrated here only for identification purposes . they are not for sale . - the photos in our gallery are in most cases just a sample from our stock , except when only one specimen is offered . we try to match the original color but it can vary if your screen is not correctly adjusted ( gamma correction ) .\nsouth africa ( country ) for clathurella verrucosa g . b . sowerby iii , 1897\nusing cookies on urltoken shellauction uses cookies only for technical reasons and to facilitate and speed up your site navigation . by continuing to browse , you accept the use of cookies ; if you do not wish to receive them please disable them or not navigate this website further . more info cookies on urltoken\nutilizzo dei cookies su urltoken shellauction utilizza i cookies esclusivamente per ragioni tecniche e per facilitare e velocizzare la navigazione del sito . continuando a navigare accetti l ' utilizzo dei cookies , se non desideri riceverli ti invitiamo a disabilitarli oppure a non navigare questo sito ulteriormente . altre informazioni sui cookies di urltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\ngriffith , e . & pidgeon , e . ( 1833 - 1834 ) . the mollusca and radiata . vol . 12 , in : e . griffith , [ 1824 ] \u22121835 , the animal kingdom arranged in conformity with its organization , by the baron cuvier , [ . . . ] . london : whittaker and co . , viii + 601 pp . , 61 pls . [ 1\u2212138 ( date of publication according to petit & coan , 2008 : pp 1 - 192 , mollusca pls . 1\u221239 - 1833 ; pp 193 - 601 , pls . zoophytes 2\u221220 , mollusca corrected pls . 28 * , 36 * , 37 * , pls . 40 - 41 - 1834 ] . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : pl . 37 , fig . 8 ( legend ) [ details ]\nabbott , r . t . & s . p . dance ( 1986 ) . compendium of sea shells . american malacologists , inc : melbourne , florida [ details ]\ngalindo , l . a . ; puillandre , n . ; utge , j . ; lozouet , p . ; bouchet , p . ( 2016 ) . the phylogeny and systematics of the nassariidae revisited ( gastropoda , buccinoidea ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution . 99 : 337 - 353 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of leiodomus swainson , 1840 ) cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]\n( of pseudostrombus m\u00f6rch , 1852 ) cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]\n( of adinus h . adams & a . adams , 1853 ) cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nbranch , g . m . et al . ( 2002 ) two oceans . 5th impression . david philip , cate town & johannesburg .\nbranch , g . m . et al . ( 2002 ) . two oceans . 5th impression . david philip , cate town & johannesburg .\ncernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . < i > bulletin of the auckland institute and museum < / i > 14 : 1 - 356 .\nmarais j . p . & kilburn r . n . ( 2010 ) nassariidae . pp . 138 - 173 , in : marais a . p . & seccombe a . d . ( eds ) , identification guide to the seashells of south africa . volume 1 . groenkloof : centre for molluscan studies . 376 pp ."]}
{"id": 2525, "summary": [{"text": "trithemis kirbyi , also known as the orange-winged dropwing , scarlet rock glider , or kirby 's dropwing , is a species of dragonfly in the family libellulidae . ", "topic": 7}], "title": "trithemis kirbyi", "paragraphs": ["clausnitzer , v . 2005 . trithemis kirbyi . 2006 iucn red list of threatened species . downloaded on 10 august 2007 .\ntrithemis kirbyi , the orange - winged dropwing or kirby ' s dropwing , is a species of dragonfly in the family libellulidae .\nholusa , o . 2008 . trithemis kirbyi auf sardinien : erstnachweis f\u00fcr europa ( odonata : libellulidae ) . libellula 27 : 111 - 115 .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - orange - winged dropwing ( trithemis kirbyi )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - orange - winged dropwing ( trithemis kirbyi )\ntitle =\narkive species - orange - winged dropwing ( trithemis kirbyi )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nchelmick , d . and pickess , b . p . 2008 . trithemis kirbyi selys in southern spain ( anisoptera : libellulidae ) . notulae odonatologicae 7 : 4 - 5 .\nthe former splitting into a nominotypical form and a subspecies trithemis kirbyi ardens ( gerst\u00e4cker , 1891 ) is currently challenged because of different opinions on biogeographic interpretation in the distribution of phenotypes .\ntrithemis kirbyi is a wide ranging african species , also occuring in the arabian peninsular and indian peninsular . in northern africa , the species is present in morocco , algeria , tunisia , chad and egypt . it is likely also to be present in niger , mauritania , libyan arab jamahiriya , mali and sudan .\ntrithemis kirbyi is widespread from africa ( except in rainforest areas ) to india . the species ' range is extending to the north and it recently began to spread in southern europe ( southern spain , sardinia ) . surprisingly , it doesn ' t occur in the levant and large parts of the middle - east .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - violet dropwing ( trithemis annulata )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - violet dropwing ( trithemis annulata )\ntitle =\narkive species - violet dropwing ( trithemis annulata )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\njustification : trithemis kirkbyi is a wide - ranging species in northern africa , with no sign of population decline . assessed as least concern in the region .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - red - veined dropwing ( trithemis arteriosa )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - red - veined dropwing ( trithemis arteriosa )\ntitle =\narkive species - red - veined dropwing ( trithemis arteriosa )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\ntrithemis kirbyi is widespread in africa and the indian subcontinent and reaches the southern mediterranean coast . recently the species has been found in sardinia in 2003 ( holu\u0161a 2008 ) and in southern spain in 2008 ( chelmick and pickess 2008 ) . in the province of malaga , it was found breeding in 2008 ( cano - villegas and conesa garcia 2009 ) . it is not unlikely that this is a prelude to an expansion of its range to southern europe as it has happened with other african species like trithemis annulata and brachytremis leucosticta .\npinhey , e . 1970 . monographic study of the genus trithemis brauer ( odonata : libellulidae ) . memoirs of the entomological society of southern africa 11 : 1 - 159 .\ntrithemis kirbyi is widespread from africa ( except in rainforest areas ) to india . the range is extending to the north and it recently began to spread in southern europe ( southern spain , sardinia ) . surprisingly , it does not occur in the levant and large parts of the middle east . in the arabian peninsula , trithemis kirbyi is widespread on the western and eastern margins , where it remains confined to the southern half of the peninsula . one hundred and twenty five records are available from 88 distinct localities in 65 sites over 1 , 300 , 000 km\u00b2 . thirty - eight percent of the records dates from 1990 onwards but only nine percent are from 2000 onwards . recently , new records are available from 2009 , 2010 and 2011 ( samraoui pers . obs . , schneider pers . obs . ) .\ntrithemis kirbyi is an opportunistic species which rapidly colonizes all kinds of freshwater habitats . the larvae develop inperennial andtemporarydesert watersthanks to a short larval period ( less than 50 days ) . itis the most common species in all kinds of desert freshwater . adults are found atpools , ponds , swimming pools and water tanks as well asalong wadis , brooks , streams andrivers . they settle on boulders and rocks or perch ontwigs ofreeds and rush .\ngiere , s . and hadrys , h . ( 2006 ) polymorphic microsatellite loci to study population dynamics in a dragonfly , the libellulid trithemis arteriosa . molecular ecology notes , 6 : 933 - 935 .\ntrithemis kirbyi is an opportunistic species which rapidly colonies all kinds of freshwater habitats . the larvae develop in perennial and temporary desert waters thanks to a short larval period ( less than 50 days ) . it is the most common species in all kinds of desert freshwater . adults are found at pools , ponds , swimming pools and water tanks , as well as along wadis , brooks , streams and rivers . they settle on boulders and rocks or perch on twigs of reeds and rush .\npinhey , e . c . g . ( 1970 ) . monographic study of the genus trithemis brauer ( odonata : libellulidae ) . memoirs entomological society southern africa , 11 , 1 - 159 . [ pdf file ]\none of africa\u2019s most common and widely distributed dragonflies , the male red - veined dropwing ( trithemis arteriosa ) has a slender red abdomen and is named after the bright red veins running across its wings ( 2 ) .\ncano - villegas , f . j . and conesa - garcia , m . a . 2009 . expansion de trihemis kirbyi ( selys , 1891 ) ( odonata : libelluidae ) en la provincial de malaga ( s . peninsula iberica ) . boletin de la sea 44 .\nthe violet dropwing ( trithemis annulata ) is a distinctive dragonfly that is well known for its striking violet colouration , from which it gets its common name . the male of this species appears purple , but this is due to a bright red base colour on the abdomen and thorax , which is overlaid with a blue , powdery bloom ( \u2018pruinescence\u2019 ) on the surface , creating the vibrant violet colouration ( 2 ) .\nin contrast , the female violet dropwing is not quite as vivid as the male . instead , the female has a yellow - brown body , a large yellow patch at the base of the hindwing , and no red in the wing veins ( 2 ) ( 4 ) . the female violet dropwing can be distinguished from other female trithemis species by its stouter abdomen and by the black marks on top of the eighth and ninth abdomen segments . juvenile male violet dropwings first adopt a yellowish colour similar to the female , then later turn orange and red and finally the vibrant violet colour on reaching maturity ( 2 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\njustification : this ubiquitous and nomadic species is widespread with no known major threats . it is therefore assessed as least concern .\nthis species was always common in large parts of its african and arabian range and increased during the last 50 years in the maghreb . it recently ( in 2008 ) crossed the straight of gibraltar to settle in spain and the mediterranean to reach sardinia . european subpopulations are still low but will probably increase during the next decades due to climate change .\nthis species is not under threat at the global scale , although pollution and over use of water by humans may cause it to decline locally .\n1 . forest - > 1 . 6 . forest - subtropical / tropical moist lowland suitability : suitable 2 . savanna - > 2 . 1 . savanna - dry suitability : suitable 3 . shrubland - > 3 . 5 . shrubland - subtropical / tropical dry suitability : suitable 3 . shrubland - > 3 . 6 . shrubland - subtropical / tropical moist suitability : suitable 5 . wetlands ( inland ) - > 5 . 1 . wetlands ( inland ) - permanent rivers / streams / creeks ( includes waterfalls ) suitability : suitable major importance : yes 5 . wetlands ( inland ) - > 5 . 2 . wetlands ( inland ) - seasonal / intermittent / irregular rivers / streams / creeks suitability : suitable major importance : yes 5 . wetlands ( inland ) - > 5 . 5 . wetlands ( inland ) - permanent freshwater lakes ( over 8ha ) suitability : suitable major importance : yes 5 . wetlands ( inland ) - > 5 . 6 . wetlands ( inland ) - seasonal / intermittent freshwater lakes ( over 8ha ) suitability : suitable major importance : yes 5 . wetlands ( inland ) - > 5 . 7 . wetlands ( inland ) - permanent freshwater marshes / pools ( under 8ha ) suitability : suitable major importance : yes 5 . wetlands ( inland ) - > 5 . 8 . wetlands ( inland ) - seasonal / intermittent freshwater marshes / pools ( under 8ha ) suitability : suitable major importance : yes 5 . wetlands ( inland ) - > 5 . 9 . wetlands ( inland ) - freshwater springs and oases suitability : suitable major importance : yes 5 . wetlands ( inland ) - > 5 . 12 . wetlands ( inland ) - geothermal wetlands suitability : suitable major importance : yes 5 . wetlands ( inland ) - > 5 . 13 . wetlands ( inland ) - permanent inland deltas suitability : suitable major importance : no 5 . wetlands ( inland ) - > 5 . 18 . wetlands ( inland ) - karst and other subterranean hydrological systems ( inland ) suitability : marginal\nal - safadi , m . m . 1990 . dragonflies ( odonata ) of the yemen arab republic . fauna of saudi arabia 11 : 18 - 30 .\nal - safadi , m . m . 1995 . a pilot study of lake ma ' rib , yemen . hydrobiologia 315 : 203 - 209 .\nboudot , j . p . , kalkman , v . j . , azpilicueta amor\u00edn , m . , bogdanovi\u0107 , t . , cordero rivera , a . , degabriele , g . , dommanget , j . l . , ferreira , s . , garrig\u00f3s , b . , jovi\u0107 , m . , kotarac , m . , lopau , w . , marinov , m . , mihokovi\u0107 , n . , riservato , e . , samraoui , b . and schneider , w . 2009 . atlas of the odonata of the mediterranean and north africa . libellula supplement 9 : 256 pp .\ncarf\u00ec , s . , romano , v . and terzani , f . 1995 . some dragonflies from the north of the republic of yemen . bolletino de la societ\u00e0 entomologica italiana 126 : 195 - 199 .\ndumont , h . j . and al - safadi , m . m . 1991 . additions to the dragonfly fauna of yemen . notulae odonatologicae 3 : 114 - 117 .\ndumont , h . j . and al - safadi , m . m . 1993 . further additions to the dragonfly fauna of the republic of yemen ( odonata ) . opuscula zoologica fluminensia . 109 : 1\u20138 .\ndurand , e . and renoult , j - p . 2012 . [ addition \u00e0 l ' odonatofaune de l ' adrar mauritanien ] . poiretia 4 : 7 - 16 . url [ urltoken\nfeulner , g . r . 2006 . field reports . diverse dragonflies . gazelle , newsletter of the dubai natural history group 21 : 6 - 7 .\nfraser , f . c . 1956 . faune de madagascar i . insectes odonates anisopt\u00e8res . publications de l\u00b4institut de recherche scientifique tananarive - tsimbazaza . , tananarive .\niucn . 2006 . 2006 iucn red list of threatened species . gland , switzerland and cambridge , uk available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 05 june ) .\niucn . 2016 . the iucn red list of threatened species . version 2016 - 3 . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 07 december 2016 ) .\nkrupp , f . , apel , m . , hamoud , a . , schneider , w . and zajonz , u . 2006 . zoological survey in the red sea coastal zone of yemen . fauna of arabia 21 : 11 - 32 .\nlambret , p . and boudot , j . - p . 2009 . nesciothemis farinosa ( f\u00f6rster , 1898 ) et orthetrum ransonnetii ( brauer , 1868 ) nouveaux pour l ' arabie saoudite et autres observations d ' odonates sur les reliefs c\u00f4tiers de la mer rouge . martinia , 25 : 153 - 155 .\nlongfield , c . 1947 . the odonata of south angola . arquivos do museu bocage , lisboa 16 : 1 - 31 .\nlongfield , c . 1955 . the odonata of north angola . part i . publica\u00e7\u00f5es culturais companhia de diamantes de angola 27 : 11 - 64 .\nlongfield , c . 1959 . the odonata of north angola . part ii . publica\u00e7\u00f5es culturais companhia de diamantes de angola 45 : 15 - 41 .\nmartens , a . j\u00f6dicke , r . and suhling , f . 2003 . annotated checklist of the odonata of namibia . cimbebasia 18 : 139 - 160 .\npinhey , e . 1961 . a collection of odonata from dundo , angola . with the descriptions of two new species of gomphids . publi\u00e7ac\u00f5es culturais companhia de diamantes de angola lisboa 56 : 71 - 76 .\npinhey , e . 1961 . some dragonflies ( odonata ) from angola ; and descriptions of three new species of the family gomphidae . publi\u00e7ac\u00f5es culturais companhia de diamantes de angola lisboa 56 : 81 - 86 .\npinhey , e . 1964 . dragonflies ( odonata ) of the angola - congo borders of rhodesia . publi\u00e7ac\u00f5es culturais companhia de diamantes de angola lisboa 63 : 97 - 129 .\npinhey , e . 1965 . odonata from luanda and the lucala river , angola . revista de biologia , lisboa 5 : 159 - 164 .\npinhey , e . 1967 . odonata of ngamiland . arnoldia 15 : 1 - 17 .\npinhey , e . 1970 . a new approach to african orthetrum ( odonata ) . occasional papers of the national museum of southern rhodesia ( b ) 4 : 261 - 321 .\npinhey , e . 1975 . a collection of odonata from angola . arnoldia 23 : 1 - 16 .\npinhey , e . 1976 . dragonflies ( odonata ) of botswana , with ecological notes . occasional papers of the national museums and monuments of rhodesia , series b 5 : 524 - 601 .\npinhey , e . 1981 . checklist of the odonata of mozambique . occasional papers of the national museums and monuments of rhodesia , series b 6 : 557 - 631 .\npinhey , e . 1984 . a check - list of the odonata of zimbabwe and zambia . smithersia 3 : 1 - 64 .\npinhey , e . 1984 . a survey of the dragonflies ( odonata ) of south africa . part 1 . journal of the entomological society of south africa 47 : 147 - 188 .\npinhey , e . 1985 . a survey of the dragonflies ( odonata ) of south africa . part 2 . anisoptera . journal of the entomological society of south africa 48 : 1 - 48 .\nris , f . 1931 . odonata aus s\u00fcd - angola . revue suisse de zoologie 38 : 97 - 112 .\nsamways , m . j . 1999 . diversity and conservation status of south african dragonflies ( odonata ) . odonatologica 28 : 13 - 62 .\nsamways , m . j . 2002 . a strategy for national red listing invertebrates based on experiences with odonata in south africa . african entomology 10 : 43 - 52 .\nsamways , m . j . 2008 . dragonflies and damselflies of south africa . pensoft , sofia - moscou .\nschneider , w . 1988 . dragonflies ( odonata ) of the wahiba sands and adjacent areas , eastern oman . journal of oman studies special report 3 : 377\u2013388 .\nschneider , w . and dumont , h . j . 1997 . the dragonflies and damselflies ( insecta : odonata ) of oman . an updated and annotated checklist . fauna of saudi arabia 16 : 89 - 110 .\nschneider , w . and krupp , f . 1993 . dragonfly records from saudi arabia , with an annotated checklist of the species from the arabian peninsula ( insecta : odonata ) . fauna of saudi arabia 13 : 63 - 78 .\nsubramanian , k . a . 2005 . dragonflies and damselflies of peninsular india \u2013 a field guide . project lifescape . indian academy of sciences , bangalore , india .\nsuhling , f . and martens , a . 2007 . dragonflies and damselflies of namibia . gamsberg macmillan publishers , windhoek .\nsuhling , f . , sahl\u00e9n , g . , martens , a . , marais , e . and sch\u00fctte , c . 2006 . dragonfly assemblages in arid tropical environments : a case study from western namibia . biodiversity and conservation 15 : 311 - 332 .\ntarboton , w . and tarboton , m . 2002 . a field guide to the dragonflies of south africa . tarboton and tarboton , nylstroom .\ntariq chauldry , m . 2010 . systematics of dragonflies ( anisoptera : odonata ) of pakistan . department of entomology , arid agriculture university , faculty of crop and food sciences .\nwaterston , a . r . 1980 . insects of saudi arabia . odonata . fauna of saudi arabia 2 : 57\u201370 .\nwaterston , a . r . 1984 . insects of southern arabia . odonata from the yemens and saudi arabia . fauna of saudi arabia 6 : 451\u2013472\nwaterston , a . r . and pittaway , a . r . 1991 ( 1989 ) . the odonata or dragonflies of oman and neighbouring territories . journal of oman studies 10 : 131 - 168 .\nwilson , k . d . p . 2008 . a brief trip to united arab emirates and northern oman . agrion , newsletter of the worldwide dragonfly association 12 : 56 - 57 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\njoshi , s . , p . koparde , p . dawn , p . roy , and k . kunte ( eds . ) .\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 , all rights reserved . national centre for biological sciences ( ncbs ) holds copyright for all the original material and compilations on this website , although contributing writers and photographers may hold copyright for their material as cited . material from this website can be used freely for educational , basic research and conservation purposes , provided that this website is acknowledged and properly cited as the source . contact us to obtain prior permission for any other use , including for large data downloads and collaborative research .\nde knijf , g . , ferreira , s . & riservato , e .\njustification : european regional assessment : not applicable ( na ) eu 27 assessment : not applicable ( na ) the species has only recently been found breeding in one spanish province . this presence is less than 1 % of its global range and it is therefore assessed as not applicable .\nthe species is not uncommon within its range in the maghreb and often fairly abundant when found . it is likely that the same will be true for europe if the species proofs to become a stable part of the european fauna .\nthe species has only recently been found reproducing within europe . outside europe , the species breeds in open , largely unshaded streams and runnels with a bare , stony or rocky bottom . the species is often found in open , arid landscapes but is also often present near settlements where it breeds in concrete ditches , and drink water basins for cattle and fountains .\ninformation on the orange - winged dropwing is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .\nenvironment agency - abu dhabi is a principal sponsor of arkive . ead is working to protect and conserve the environment as well as promoting sustainable development in the emirate of abu dhabi .\nclassified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken\nrobert w . reimer c / o united arab emirates university - ugru p . o . box 17172 al ain united arab emirates tel : + 971 ( 50 ) 663 - 0764 arkive @ urltoken urltoken\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u2019s species and habitats from destruction .\nthis species is featured in jewels of the uae , which showcases biodiversity found in the united arab emirates in association with the environment agency \u2013 abu dhabi .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa\na species that is spreading north from africa into spain and colonising relatively rapidly . the distribution maps in dijkstra / lewington , published 2006 , do not show it in spain but it is now [ 2016 ] at least as far up as valencia .\ni was keen to find these on my september 2015 spanish trip and had targeted a reserve just above valencia called the marjal dels moros . as it turned out , i found my first male on my local river in jal\u00f3n . i was then lucky enough to find a female at the marjal de gandia .\nprivacy & cookies : this site uses cookies . by continuing to use this website , you agree to their use . to find out more , including how to control cookies , see here : privacy policy\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nreceive our free weekly newsletter which includes our popular photo of the week and review of the week features , plus competitions , special offers and much more . hide message .\nview thousands of photos and video of odonates from around the world , or upload your own . to search by species , use the species guide ( change\nioc\nto\ndragonflies & damselflies\nbefore searching by taxon ) .\n\u00a9 2018 birdguides , warners group publications plc . all rights reserved . company registered in england no . 2572212 | vat registration no . gb 638 3492 15\nthe violet colouration of the male violet dropwing is actually caused by a bluish , powdery bloom overlaying a bright red background colour .\nlike other dropwings , the violet dropwing is named for its habit of lowering its wings when it lands .\nthe violet dropwing is one of the most abundant dragonfly species in tropical africa , and is extending its range into europe .\nthe violet dropwing is a small - to medium - sized dragonfly , and has a distinctly broad abdomen ( 2 ) ( 4 ) . like many other dropwing species , the violet dropwing immediately lowers its wings on landing , a behaviour which gives this group of dragonflies their common name ( 5 ) .\nthe male violet dropwing has a distinctive bright red face , red eyes , and red wing veins , and there is an amber patch at the base of each hindwing ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) . the abdomen has fine purple dashes along the top , with small black stripes on the top of the eighth and ninth abdomen segments ( 4 ) .\nlike other dragonflies , the violet dropwing begins its life as an egg laid in a water body by the female . after hatching , it spends the first stages of life as an aquatic larva , or nymph , which breathes through internal gills ( 3 ) ( 6 ) . the larva remains in the water as it passes through a number of developmental stages , undergoing a series of moults as it grows larger . eventually , the larva emerges from the water and moults into the adult form ( 6 ) . the adult violet dropwing then spends some time maturing until it is fully mature and capable of reproduction ( 4 ) ( 6 ) .\nin most dragonfly species , the adult male perches near the waterside waiting for a female , and may defend a territory . during mating , the male holds the female by the head using specialised appendages , known as \u2018claspers\u2019 , at the end of the abdomen . male dragonflies have secondary reproductive organs towards the front of the abdomen , from which the female receives the sperm . while being held by the male , the female dragonfly bends the tip of her abdomen forwards to receive the sperm packet , creating a shape known as a mating \u2018wheel\u2019 ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 6 ) .\nmany male dragonflies keep hold of or guard the female until the eggs are laid , to ensure no other males can mate with her ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 6 ) . as in other members of the libellulidae family , the female violet dropwing is likely to scatter the eggs over the surface of the water by dipping her abdomen into the water while flying over it ( 3 ) ( 4 ) .\nthe violet dropwing larva is an opportunistic predator , catching prey by shooting out its enlarged and modified mouthparts ( 3 ) ( 6 ) , which are armed with hooks on the end ( 6 ) . the adult violet dropwing is also an opportunistic and effective predator , using its acute vision to detect prey , and its outstretched , bristly legs as a \u2018basket\u2019 to capture insects in flight ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 6 ) .\nin the violet dropwing , adults are usually seen between november and may in south africa ( 4 ) , between may and october in parts of northern africa , and from april to october in turkey ( 2 ) . in the sahara , adults of this species may be seen year - round , and in europe they are thought to be active in all summer months ( 2 ) .\noriginally of african origin , the violet dropwing also occurs in the mediterranean region , and is expanding its range in southern europe ( 2 ) . the violet dropwing inhabits tropical africa , where it is one of the most abundant dragonfly species ( 2 ) , and is also found in the middle east , parts of southern asia , and on islands in the indian ocean ( 1 ) , including madagascar ( 1 ) ( 4 ) .\nthe violet dropwing can inhabit a range of vegetation types , as long as a suitable area of freshwater is available ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 3 ) . it is typically found near still or slow - moving water , including pools , marshes and slow - moving stretches of rivers , where there are bushes or trees nearby ( 4 ) . at the edges of its range , the violet dropwing prefers warm spots such as shallow gravel pits , open lakes or lagoons ( 2 ) .\nmale violet dropwings tend to perch prominently on twigs , reeds or rocks in the sun , close to water ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) , and then move to the trees in the evening or when the sun is hidden behind clouds ( 3 ) ( 4 ) .\nthe violet dropwing is classified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .\nthere are not currently believed to be any significant threats to the violet dropwing , due to its widespread distribution and increasing population ( 1 ) ( 7 ) . however , this species may potentially be affected by some of the general threats faced by dragonflies , including intensive agriculture and large - scale land conversion , the destruction and modification of water bodies , over - extraction of water for irrigation , and water pollution ( 4 ) ( 7 ) . other potential threats include global warming , which may cause water bodies to dry up during increasingly hot and dry periods ( 7 ) .\nthere are no specific conservation measures currently known to be in place for the violet dropwing . however , other conservation efforts , not directly aimed at this species , may potentially benefit its populations . for example , conservation efforts for dragonflies in europe include research , population monitoring , appropriate legislation and the protection of key habitat sites ( 7 ) .\nmoore , n . w . ( 1997 ) dragonflies : status survey and conservation action plan . iucn / ssc odonata specialist group , iucn , gland , switzerland and cambridge , uk . available at : urltoken\nkalkman , v . j . , boudot , j - p . , bernard , r . , conze , k . j . , de knijf , g . , dyatlova , e . , ferreira , s . , jovi\u0107 , m . , ott , j . , riservato , e . and sahl\u00e9n , g . ( 2010 ) european red list of dragonflies . publications office of the european union , luxembourg . available at : urltoken\nabdomen in arthropods ( crustaceans , insects and arachnids ) the abdomen is the hind region of the body , which is usually segmented to a degree ( but not visibly in most spiders ) . in crustacea ( such as crabs ) , some of the limbs attach to the abdomen ; in insects the limbs are attached to the thorax ( the part of the body nearest to the head ) and not the abdomen . larva stage in an animal\u2019s lifecycle after it hatches from the egg . larvae are typically very different in appearance to adults ; they are able to feed and move around but usually are unable to reproduce . moult in insects , a stage of growth whereby the hard outer layer of the body ( the exoskeleton ) is shed and the body becomes larger . nymph stage of insect development , similar in appearance to the adult but sexually immature and without wings . the adult form is reached via a series of moults and the wings develop externally as the nymph grows . territory an area occupied and defended by an animal , a pair of animals or a colony . thorax part of the body located between the head and the abdomen in animals . in insects , the three segments between the head and the abdomen , each of which has a pair of legs .\ndijkstra k - d . b . ( 2006 ) field guide to the dragonflies of britain and europe . british wildlife publishing , dorset , uk .\npicker , m . , griffiths , c . and weaving , a . ( 2004 ) field guide to insects of south africa . struik publishers , cape town .\nsamways , m . j . ( 2008 ) dragonflies and damselflies of south africa . pensoft publishers , bulgaria .\nsilsby , j . ( 2001 ) dragonflies of the world . csiro publishing , collingwood , australia .\no ' toole , c . ( 2002 ) the new encyclopedia of insects and their allies . oxford university press , oxford .\nit is found in algeria , angola , benin , botswana , burkina faso , chad , comoros , the democratic republic of the congo , ivory coast , egypt , ethiopia , gambia , ghana , guinea , kenya , liberia , madagascar , malawi , morocco , mozambique , namibia , nigeria , senegal , somalia , south africa , sudan , tanzania , togo , uganda , western sahara , zambia , zimbabwe , and possibly burundi . it is also present in southern europe , the arabian peninsula , the indian ocean islands and south asia up to india .\nthe adult male abdomen measures 21 - 24mm and hind wing 24 - 27mm . female abdomen measures 23mm and hind wing 26 - 30mm . male is a medium sized scarlet dragonfly with a broad reddish amber patch on the base of transparent wings . female is similar to male , but duller in color . its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical streams and rivers . breads in marshes , ponds and lakes . prefers to perch on exposed rocks , dry areas , and boulders in riverbeds .\nschneider , w . , ferreira , s . , kalkman , v . ( freshwater biodiversity assessment workshop , oct . 2007 ) & allen , d . ( iucn freshwater biodiversity unit )\ncommon in large parts of its african range , less so in northern africa .\nsmall hard - bottomed water bodies , rocky stream beds , irrigation canals , water tanks etc .\ndijkstra , k . - d . b . & suhling , f . ( ssc odonata specialist group ) , & allen , d . ( iucn freshwater biodiversity unit )\njustification : the species is assessed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category .\nglobal distribution : the species is widespread in africa except deep in rainforest areas , extends to middle east and india . northeastern africa distribution : the species has been recorded from kenya , ethiopia , egypt , sudan , somalia and eritrea . for chad , uganda and djibouti , assumed .\nrange description : widespread in africa except rain forest areas , southern europe , middle east , indian ocean islands , southern asia . in east africa the species is common and widespread in kenya , tanzania , uganda , and malawi . its occurrence in burundi is assumed . countries : native : algeria angola benin botswana burkina faso chad comoros congo , the democratic republic of the c\u00f4te d ' ivoire egypt ethiopia gambia ghana guinea kenya liberia madagascar malawi morocco mozambique namibia nigeria senegal somalia south africa sudan tanzania , united republic of togo uganda western sahara zambia zimbabwe presence uncertain : burundi\nhabitat and ecology : streams , rivers and pools in savanna , woodland or bush . systems : terrestrial ; freshwater list of habitats : 1 , 1 . 6 , 2 , 2 . 1 , 2 . 2 , 3 , 3 . 5 , 3 . 6 , 5 , 5 . 1 , 5 . 18\nthis ubiquitous and nomadic species is widespread with no known major widespread threats ; thus doesn ' t qualify for listing in a threatened category . it is therefore assessed as least concern .\nred list category & criteria : least concern ver 3 . 1 year assessed : 2006 assessor / s : clausnitzer , v . reviewer / s : clausnitzer , v . , dijkstra , k . - d . b . & suhling , f . ( odonata red list authority ) justification : assessed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category . conservation actions : no information is avaliable\nthe species was always common in large parts of its african and arabian range and increased during the last 50 years in the maghreb , then recently ( 2008 ) crossed the straight of gibraltar to settle in spain and the mediterranean to reach sardinia . european populations are still low but will probably increase during the next decades due to global warming .\nthe species is not threatened at the global scale , althoughpollutionand over use ofwater by humans may cause the species to decline locally .\nmajor threat ( s ) : there are no major threats affecting this species .\nit is found in algeria , angola , benin , botswana , burkina faso , chad , comoros , the democratic republic of the congo , ivory coast , egypt , ethiopia , gambia , ghana , guinea , kenya , liberia , madagascar , malawi , morocco , mozambique , namibia , nigeria , senegal , somalia , south africa , sudan , tanzania , togo , uganda , western sahara , zambia , zimbabwe , and possibly burundi . it is also present in southern europe , the middle east , the indian ocean islands and south asia - india .\nthe adult measures 3 . 2 - 3 . 6 cm in length , and reaches a 5 . 8 cm wingspan .\nno diagnosis of this species close to t . bifida and t . legrandi is presently available . please refer to those species and the references provided .\nstreams shaded by forest . mostly with a gravelly but often also sandy bottom , probably especially calmer sections ( like pools ) with submerged roots and / or coarse detritus . from 0 to 700 m above sea level .\nmap citation : clausnitzer , v . , k . - d . b . dijkstra , r . koch , j . - p . boudot , w . r . t . darwall , j . kipping , b . samraoui , m . j . samways , j . p . simaika & f . suhling , 2012 . focus on african freshwaters : hotspots of dragonfly diversity and conservation concern . frontiers in ecology and the environment 10 : 129 - 134 .\nfemale ; liberia , grand gedeh county , putu iron ore mining concession \u00a9 dijkstra , k . - d . b . & a . dayeker\nmale ; liberia , grand gedeh county , putu iron ore mining concession \u00a9 dijkstra , k . - d . b . & a . dayeker\nmale ; sierra leone , eastern province , gola forest \u00a9 dijkstra , k . - d . b . & a . dayeker\nmale ; liberia , nimba county , west nimba proposed forest reserve \u00a9 dijkstra , k . - d . b . & m . darpay\nadult , male ; angola , uige province , loge valley \u00a9 dijkstra , k . - d . b .\nris , f . ( 1912 ) . libellulinen 6 . fasc . xiv in collections zoologiques du baron edm . de selys longchamps . brussels : institut royal des sciences naturelles de belgique , 14 , 701 - 836\npinhey , e . c . g . ( 1961 ) . dragonflies ( odonata ) of central africa . occasional papers rhodes - livingstone museum , 14 , 1 - 97 . [ pdf file ]\npinhey , e . c . g . ( 1966 ) . check - list of dragonflies ( odonata ) from malawi , with description of a new teinobasis kirby . arnoldia , 2 , 1 - 24 . [ pdf file ]\ncitation : dijkstra , k . - d . b ( editor ) . african dragonflies and damselflies online . urltoken [ 2018 - 07 - 09 ] .\nafrican dragonflies and damselflies online is a collaboration between consent ( stellenbosch ) and adu ( cape town ) funded by the jrs biodiversity foundation . addo brings all available knowledge together of africa ' s 770 known species of odonata . read more . . .\nby combining conservation ecology and entomology , our department at stellenbosch university brings together a considerable body of teaching and research expertise in the rapidly growing important field of conservation in agricultural and development landscapes . read more . . .\nthe adu aims to contribute to the understanding of biodiversity and its conservation . we achieve this through programmes that involve citizen scientists , long - term monitoring , research and innovative statistical modelling . read more . . .\nthe female and immature red - veined dropwing , have a yellowish - russet abdomen with a pale streak between the wings ( 2 ) . as with other dropwing species , the wings are held downwards and forwards when at rest ( 3 ) ( 4 ) .\nboth the male and female red - veined dropwing have orange flecks at the base of the wings and large crimson eyes . the distinctive lower mouthparts are yellow with a central bronze stripe . black splashes run along the sides of the abdomen , increasing in size up to the tip , which is entirely black ( 2 ) . the oval larvae or \u2018 nymphs \u2019 of the red - veined dropwing are hairless with a spiny abdomen covered in dark brown speckles ( 3 ) .\nred - veined dropwing nymphs are ferocious predators ( 7 ) , feeding on small invertebrates ( 8 ) . dragonfly nymphs are aquatic and after completing a number of developmental stages , they emerge from the water and moult into an adult dragonfly . the newly emerged dragonfly matures and gains its unique colouring before breeding ( 2 ) .\nthe flight period for adult red - veined dropwings is throughout the year , although they are more commonly seen during the summer months , perched prominently on vegetation at the waters edge ( 2 ) . perching is thought to help the red - veined dropwing locate and catch prey and allows the male red - veined dropwing to lookout for female mates and intruders ( 3 ) ( 9 ) .\nmale red - veined dropwings are very territorial , and can battle with other males of the same species for around 20 minutes . the defender often flies tightly around the intruder , known as \u2018spinning\u2019 , and attempts to force the intruder to fly upwards . these conflicts often cause severe wing damage and wing condition deteriorates with age ( 9 ) .\nwidespread and common in africa , the red - veined dropwing is particularly abundant in southern africa ( 2 ) ( 5 ) and can also be found across southern europe and parts of the middle east ( 1 ) .\nthe red - veined dropwing can be found in most aquatic habitats including swamps , marshes , reedy pools , streams , slow - moving rivers and , in arid regions , salt pans ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 5 ) . breeding is known to take place in temporary pools where aquatic larvae have been found buried up to 30 centimetres in the water bed ( 6 ) .\nthe red - veined dropwing is classified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .\nthe red - veined dropwing is currently an abundant and widespread species and is not considered to be under threat ( 1 ) .\nas a common and widespread species , there are no conservation measures in place for the red - veined dropwing ( 1 ) . however , the red - veined dropwing is sensitive to changes in water quality and can be used as an indicator species for permanent water sources ( 5 ) .\nsimaica , j . p . ( 2008 ) conservation biogeography of south african dragonflies ( odonata ) . department of conservation ecology and entomology , stellenbosch university . available at : urltoken\nabdomen in arthropods ( crustaceans , insects and arachnids ) the abdomen is the hind region of the body , which is usually segmented to a degree ( but not visibly in most spiders ) . in crustacea ( such as crabs ) , some of the limbs attach to the abdomen ; in insects the limbs are attached to the thorax ( the part of the body nearest to the head ) and not the abdomen . indicator species any species that provides a guide to the condition of its habitat . invertebrates animals with no backbone , such as insects , crustaceans , worms , molluscs , spiders , cnidarians ( jellyfish , corals , sea anemones ) and echinoderms . larvae the stage in an animal\u2019s lifecycle after it hatches from the egg . larvae are typically very different in appearance to adults ; they are able to feed and move around but usually are unable to reproduce . moult in insects , a stage of growth whereby the hard outer layer of the body ( the exoskeleton ) is shed and the body becomes larger . nymph stage of insect development , similar in appearance to the adult but sexually immature and without wings . the adult form is reached via a series of moults , and the wings develop externally as the nymph grows . territorial describes an animal , a pair of animals or a group that occupies and defends an area .\nsamways , m . j . ( 2008 ) the dragonflies and damselflies of south africa . pensoft publishers , bulgaria .\npicker , m . , griffiths , c . and weaving , a . ( 2004 ) field guide to insects of south africa . struik publishers , cape town , south africa .\ngrunwell , m . j . ( 2010 ) dragonflies and damselflies in the state of qatar . journal of the qatar natural history group . 3 : 2 - 15 . available at : urltoken\nbitzer , r . j . ( 2003 ) odonates of the middle east and their potential as biological indicators for restoring the mesopotamian marshlands of southern iraq . report for the eden again project to restore the mesopotamian marshlands , department of entomology , iowa state university , iowa . available at : urltoken\njacana media ( 2004 ) lowveld and kruger guide . jacana media , johannesburg , south africa .\ntudge , c . ( 2000 ) the variety of life . oxford university press , united kingdom .\ntarboton , w . and tarboton , m . ( 2009 ) red - veined dropwings : how long do they live ? agrion newsletter of the worldwide dragonfly association . 13 ( 2 ) : 48 - 49 .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , world , . . . more"]}
{"id": 2544, "summary": [{"text": "isomma is a genus of dragonflies in the family gomphidae .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it is endemic to madagascar and contains only two species : isomma elouardi legrand , 2003 isomma hieroglyphicum selys , 1892", "topic": 26}], "title": "isomma", "paragraphs": ["isomma elouardi occurs on madagascar , but the range of the species is unknown .\nscattered collection localities are known for isomma hieroglyphicum , in eastern madagascar from the north to the south of the island .\nisomma is a genus of dragonfly in the family gomphidae . it is endemic to madagascar and contains only two species :\njustification : only the type specimens with type locality\nmadagascar\nare known for isomma elouardi . therefore the species cannot be assessed in any category other than data deficient .\njustification : in the 2006 red list assessment for isomma hieroglyphicum , the species was assessed as data deficient . new records were available for the previous assessment ( 2008 ) from scattered localities in eastern madagascar from the north to the south of the island . therefore the species is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a threatened or the near threatened category . no new records can be added for this assessment . therefore the species is assessed as least concern .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nschorr , m . and paulson , d . 2017 . world odonata list . revision 18 march 2017 . tacoma , washington , usa available at : urltoken .\nbased on the biology of the family , this species is likely to use small streams and rivers .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nsmall streams and rivers . specimens in southeastern madagascar were observed along running waters in forested areas .\nthe species may be affected by deforestation in the region , but more data are required to confirm this .\nwe ' ve detected that javascript is disabled in your browser . would you like to proceed to legacy twitter ?\ntwitter may be over capacity or experiencing a momentary hiccup . try again or visit twitter status for more information .\nyou can add location information to your tweets , such as your city or precise location , from the web and via third - party applications . you always have the option to delete your tweet location history . learn more\nhere ' s the url for this tweet . copy it to easily share with friends .\nby embedding twitter content in your website or app , you are agreeing to the twitter developer agreement and developer policy .\nnot on twitter ? sign up , tune into the things you care about , and get updates as they happen .\nthis timeline is where you\u2019ll spend most of your time , getting instant updates about what matters to you .\nhover over the profile pic and click the following button to unfollow any account .\nwhen you see a tweet you love , tap the heart \u2014 it lets the person who wrote it know you shared the love .\nthe fastest way to share someone else\u2019s tweet with your followers is with a retweet . tap the icon to send it instantly .\nadd your thoughts about any tweet with a reply . find a topic you\u2019re passionate about , and jump right in .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nselect united states canada united kingdom afghanistan algeria argentina australia austria bahamas bangladesh barbados belgium belize bermuda bolivia brazil brunei darussalam bulgaria canada czech republic chile china colombia costa rica croatia denmark dominican republic ecuador egypt estonia england finland france germany / deutschland guatemala greece honduras hong kong hungary iceland india indonesia ireland israel italy jamaica japan jordan kenya kuwait latvia lebanon liechtenstein lithuania luxembourg malaysia maldives malta mexico monaco morocco nepal netherlands new zealand norway pakistan panama paraguay peru philippines poland portugal puerto rico qatar romania russia saudi arabia scotland singapore slovenia south africa south korea spain sri lanka sweden switzerland taiwan thailand turkey uganda ukraine united arab emirates united kingdom venezuela vietnam wales u . a . e . iraq\nunuh ask me and me we tell unuh caah tek the one bagga writing completely waste a mi time yaah man . but about what am looking for : if your the gangster type of guy who ' s rocking your pants below your\ni love athletics , crafts and painting ! i just moved to the area . i love being an electrician and working with animals . i love california but i am originally from missouri . i work hard and sometimes\nwe will tell you what you need in a relationship , where you screwed up ( without knowing it ) in past relationships and a customized action plan to make your next relationship successful .\npof uses cookies to measure site performance and usage , provide you with advertising tailored to your interests , and enable social platform features such as share buttons . for more information and guidance on how to adjust your cookie settings , click here ."]}
{"id": 2550, "summary": [{"text": "sir tristram ( ire ) ( 7 april 1971 \u2013 21 may 1997 ) was an irish-bred thoroughbred racehorse who stood at stud in new zealand , where he sired an extraordinary 45 group one winners , including three melbourne cup winners .", "topic": 7}, {"text": "his progeny earned him 17 official leading australasian sire premierships , plus nine broodmare sire titles . ", "topic": 7}], "title": "sir tristram", "paragraphs": ["shuttling between hemispheres would not have been for sir tristram , sir patrick said .\nsir patrick recalled meeting with sir tristram ' s trackwork rider long after he had finished racing .\nsir patrick is amazed as anyone that he has now got a sire to follow in sir tristram ' s hoof marks . his name is zabeel , a son of sir tristram .\nsir patrick said for a sire that did not shuttle between hemispheres , sir tristram ' s record remained outstanding .\nsir patrick admitted it was only out duty to sir tristram that he purchased zabeel who has also become a champion sire .\nby sir ivor out of the round table mare isolt , sir tristram\u2019s arrival in new zealand in 1975 wasn\u2019t greeted with the enthusiasm sir patrick hogan had hoped for .\nless than a year later sir tristram was gone . breaking his shoulder in a paddock accident , sir tristram was unable to be saved . he was euthanised on may 21 , 1997 .\nirish born stallion sir tristram has left an indelible mark on the australasian breeding and racing scene .\nit may well have been blessing in disguise that sir patrick hogan was totally unaware of sir tristram when he stood about 50 metres from him .\nbut it was that strong spirit that was the making of sir tristram , according to sir patrick and he was not about to break it .\nby sir ivor out of the round table mare , isolt , sir tristram ' s arrival in new zealand in 1975 wasn ' t greeted with the enthusiasm sir patrick hogan had hoped for .\ntristram and isoud la blanche mains returned to britanny and sir lamorak returned to britain , where he saved a damosel from sir gawaine , saved then slew sir frol , and then fought then made friends with frol\u2019s father , sir belliance le orgulus .\nit ' s now history sir patrick plumped , sight unseen , for sir tristram who went on to become one of the world ' s great sires .\n\u201csir tristram\u201d was severely damaged and \u201csir galahad\u201d lost , both with heavy casualties during the 1982 \u201cfalkland conflict\u201d . \u201csir tristram\u201d was carried home on a barge , rebuilt and lengthened between 1983 - 85 . she was still in service in 1997 . \u201csir galahad\u201d was replaced by a new vessel of the same name .\non arrival sir tristram ' s ill temper and some shareholder rejection caused hogan more than a few headaches .\nin his book sir patrick described how sir tristram one day grabbed him by his teeth and was left dangling under the horse ' s neck for several seconds .\none day , tristram\u2019s cousin , sir andred , tipped off king mark and he caught tristram and isoud chatting and he made a scene , whereupon tristram humiliated him and went off into the forest to kill several of his uncle\u2019s knights . but they made up , and at the next joust , tristram annoyed sir lamorak de galis to please his uncle .\nsir patrick , however , was taken by sir tristram ' s pedigree and he told nzpa this week how it became the over - riding impression in his mind .\nhowever , it was as a broodmare sire that sir tristram\u2019s potential as a long term breeding influence was first realised .\nin 1996 a wide cross - section of the racing and breeding fraternity celebrated sir tristram\u2019s 25th birthday at cambridge stud .\nin 5 generations , sir tristram has 98 descendants in this database , 1 of which has multiple occurrences of him .\nprimary producer : zabeel can draw level with sir tristram if provocative becomes his 45th group 1 winner sired on saturday .\nlying eyes : champion breeder sir patrick hogan has revealed he was lucky to have not seen stud sire sir tristram before he purchased the horse as he was an underwhelming sight .\nsir patrick , speaking after the new zealand launch of his biography give a man a horse last week , was thankful he wasn ' t shown sir tristram at the time .\nsir patrick was happy to deflect all the credit zabeel ' s way but admitted the group one win to put zabeel ahead of his career - making stallion sir tristram was emotional .\nhowever it was as a broodmare sire that sir tristram ' s potential as a long - term breeding influence was first realised .\ni stood zabeel solely on the basis that i felt i owed sir tristram the honour of standing a son of his .\nit ' s quite amazing really . it was always on the cards that he might get that extra group one winner to go one up on sir tristram ,\nsir patrick said .\nthe victory of grosvenor\u2019s first crop son , omnicorp , in the 1987 victoria derby saw even more demand for sons of sir tristram .\nsir tristram ricketts , 8th bt , who has died aged 61 , was twice the chief executive of the horserace betting levy board .\nan earlier \u201chms sir tristram\u201d was an armed trawler , ( 4\u201d gun ) , of the round table class , built in 1942 .\nin 1996 a wide cross - section of the racing and breeding fraternity celebrated sir tristram ' s 25 th birthday at cambridge stud .\nit ' s been a great run for the hogans - sir patrick and his wife , justine , lady hogan - with two much - loved horses whose stable nicknames both have close family connections . sir tristram ' s was paddy , called after sir patrick ' s uncle paddy , in ireland , who died the same year they bought sir tristram . zabeel ' s was barney , after sir patrick ' s cousin barney mccahill , from auckland .\nsir tristram was notorious for his sometimes vicious nature . on a scale of 1 - 10 , sir patrick rated him eight\nand i haven ' t had a nine or a 10\n.\nhe soon escaped , met sir galahad ( not galahad , son of launcelot , but galahad , son of sir breunor ) and delivered isoud to king mark , whom she married . then sir palomides rode off with her , sir tristram followed , they fought , isoud stopped it , and palomides went off to see arthur .\nhowever , it was as a broodmare sire that sir tristram ' s potential as a long term breeding influence was realised most of all .\none day tristram , isoud la blanche mains , and her brother sir kehydius , accidentally sailed to the isle of servage off the coast of north wales ( where sir lamorak was recovering from a shipwreck ) and met sir segwarides and his new woman , who had completely forgiven tristram for destroying his marriage . they all got together at a joust organised by the evil lord of the island , sir nabon le noire , and tristram slew him and his son and left segwarides in charge .\nfrom 1983 sir tristram has underpinned the new zealand yearling sales , at times accounting for in excess of 25 % of the premier session aggregate .\nthe victory of grosvenor ' s first crop son , omnicorp , in the 1987 victoria derby saw even more demand for sons of sir tristram .\nbut the queen matched the shard from her brother\u2019s brain to a nick in tristram\u2019s blade and tried to kill him in the bath , but sir hebes stopped her and tristram returned to the court of king mark in cornwall .\nhere is the induction profile provided by the new zealand racing hall of fame to commemorate sir tristram being included among the second group of 13 inductees .\nbut buying ' paddy ' - sir tristram - was only the first hurdle . a fire at the farm in england where sir tristram was quarantined saw him narrowly escape from the flames ; then a well - aimed kick by a mare during the subsequent confusion nearly finished his stud career before it began .\nwith the assistance of his sons and daughters , sir tristram appeared in the pedigrees of one in four of the 67 group one winners in australia in the 1996 - 97 season . this bold statistic from the world\u2019s second largest racing arena more than most demonstrates the might and power of sir tristram\u2019s dynasty .\nwhen he received a description of his front end , and finally viewed him , hogan knew he was right to confound the experts by buying sir tristram .\nbut as it transpired , while inspecting horses in france , he had come within 50 metres of sir tristram . but he was never shown the horse .\nsir andred and twelve knights captured tristram one midnight whilst sleeping with isoud , and dragged them both off , but tristram escaped naked and rescued isoud too , until he was shot with a poison arrow and mark retrieved isoud and locked her up .\non the 21st of may in 1997 , a few months into his 26th year , sir tristram broke his shoulder in his paddock and could not be saved .\nthe death of sir tristram on may 21 , 1997 , when he had already been retired from stud duties , was like the loss of a family member .\nrfa sir tristram being transported back to the uk in 1983 on mv dan lifter . ( \u00a9 ken griffiths , released into public domain at wikipedia commons : urltoken\ni ' m sure sir patrick would love to get no . 45 [ for zabeel ] , so he can draw alongside sir tristram . it would be fitting for them to finish with the same number of group 1 winners .\nwith the assistance of his sons and daughters , sir tristram appeared in the pedigrees of one in four of the 67 group one winners in australia in the 1996 - 97 season . this bold statistic from the world ' s second largest racing arena more than most demonstrates the might and power of sir tristram ' s dynasty .\ntristram in summer 2016 , a few months prior to its dry dock inspection and repair .\nin his book sir patrick is said to have given his horse a final cuddle , a hug and then cradle sir tristram ' s head in his arms , murmuring :\nthank you , paddy . where would i be without you ?\nthe success of his early runners saw a number of sir tristram ' s sons , such as sovereign red , dalmacia and grosvenor take up stud duties in australia and new zealand from the early eighties . the victory of grosvenor ' s first crop son omnicorp in the 1987 victoria derby spurred even more the demand for sons of sir tristram .\nfrom 1983 , as the flow of top quality sir tristram stakes winners turned into a torrent , so were the floodgates opened for his stock in the yearling sale ring .\nwhen the stud was being set up , hogan went abroad seeking a new stallion ; \u2018 ' a horse with a good pedigree and a touch of speed\u201d . the horse he selected was sir tristram , by english derby and 2 , 000 guineas winner sir ivor . he syndicated the horse into 40 shares , with the stud holding 50 % . the success of sir tristram made hogan and cambridge stud a leader in world breeding . at the end of his career sir tristram was the second world leading sire of group 1 winners ( 45 ) , and was six times australian champion sire .\nrobert tristram ricketts was born on april 17 1946 , the son of sir robert ricketts , 7th bt , a solicitor practising at stroud , in gloucestershire . the baronetcy had been created in 1828 for sir robert tristram ricketts , an admiral in the royal navy who served the napoleonic wars and in the war of 1812 . tristram ' s mother , anne theresa ricketts , was one of the three daughters of sir stafford cripps and was appointed cbe for her work as chairman of the national association of citizens ' advice bureaux .\nsir patrick said he found it hard to include this fact in the book .\nit was thought for someone who had travelled from the other side of the world , sir tristram would have no appeal because of his moderate looks and less than fulfilled racing form .\nsir tristram would become one of the great thoroughbred sires of the world . he produced 45 different horses that won group one races , which for a time was a world record .\nmoralee : showed her true ability in winning the group 2 cambridge stud sir tristram fillies ' classic at te rapa and was also successful in the group 2 wellington stakes at trentham .\nfurther combat followed for lamorak as he encountered sir frol of the out isles , sir belliance le orgulus , sir lancelot and sir gawain . some meetings were more friendly than others . his battle with meliagrant concerned an argument over queen guinevere was more beautiful than queen morgause ; and revealed a passion which was to be lamorak\u2019s undoing .\nsir marhaus eventually died in ireland , where his sister ( the queen ) pulled a fragment of sir tristram\u2019s sword out of his brain , and tristram followed using the pseudonym tramtrist , after a wise - woman predicted his lingering wounds could only be healed in the country of his enemy . king anguish\u2019s daughter , la beale isoud , healed him , and he met sir palomides , a pagan saracen about to get christened out of love for her . their sexual rivalry would last for 4 whole books , especially after tristram humiliated palomides at an irish joust .\non the same date as the previous photograph , tristram as seen from above the verne common estate .\nthe success of his early runners saw a number of sir tristram\u2019s sons , such as sovereign red , dalmacia and grosvenor take up stud duties in australia and new zealand from the early 1980s .\non conformation , looks and character he ' s the closest to sir tristram of any of his sons ,\nhe said .\nhe is his old man ' s duplicate .\nhogan has not ruled out standing a son of zabeel but , given that most of his best mares are either by sir tristram or zabeel , continuing the sireline at cambridge has limited attraction .\nthere , he , and king mark , and also the round table knight , sir boeberis de ganis , all fell in love with the wife of the earl sir segwarides .\nthe success of his early runners saw a number of sir tristram ' s sons , such as sovereign red , dalmacia and grosvenor take up stud duties in australia and new zealand in the 1980s .\non figures zabeel might still be some way behind his sire but with his record of averaging around two group 1 winners per season there is every chance he can top sir tristram ' s tally .\nthe cambridge stud dynasty , which started when sir patrick hogan bought sir tristram to new zealand in the late 1970s , may be in its final chapters as the last of zabeel ' s progeny make their mark on the track . provocative may be his final hope of another classic winner .\nthe sadness of that day has been tempered by the continued blossoming of sir tristram ' s dynasty and the personal memories of a time with a stallion recognised around the world as one of the best .\nnamed australia ' s champion broodmare sire for the fourth time in the 1997 - 98 season with 132 winners , sir tristram is the brood mare sire of the winners of more than $ 50 million .\nzabeel played a huge part in building this reputation , along with his father before him , the magnificent sire sir tristram , who decades earlier set the hogan stud on the path to an international reputation .\nhogan always intended to stand a son of sir tristram but waited until the great sire was near the end of his career before doing so , rather than having the champion competing with one of his own .\ncertainly when he finished his career , sir tristram was the greatest but i ' d say even before yesterday , zabeel had eclipsed his own sire . i ' m just really chuffed for zabeel .\non the particular placement of sir tristram and zabeel , he says it is done so that noble and successful beings who did wonderful things while they were living can carry on in the same manner in death .\n\u201csir tristram\u201d was one of a class of six landing ship logistic , ( lsl\u2019s ) , all named after knights of the round table . the prototype , \u201csir lancelot\u201d , had minor differences to the remainder of the class , consisting of sir\u2019s \u201cgalahad\u201d , \u201cgeraint\u201d , \u201cbedivere\u201d and the \u201cpercivale\u201d . all were transferred from the british india steam navigation co . to rfa manning , between january and march 1970 .\no\u2019reilly retired to waikato stud in 1997 . to date he has won four nz general sire premierships and is third on all - time sire of stakes winners behind the hall of fame stallions sir tristram and zabeel .\ncommencing his stud career in 1976 at fencourt stud , hogan\u2019s forerunner to cambridge stud , sir tristram stood for the princely sum of $ 1500 . that fee in years to come would rise into the six figures .\ntristram ricketts died on november 7 , having remained active in his role at the levy board almost to the end .\nsir tristram ' s affinity with danehill - line horses is well established . he crosses well with both proisir ' s champion sire choisir and his broodmare sire encosta de lago , each producing a high percentage of winners and stakes winners . sir tristram ' s influence is widespread and mares carrying his influence through : zabeel , kaapstad , savabeel , grosvenor , darci brahma , don eduardo etc are likely to be well mated with proisir .\nin his book , sir patrick ' s bloodstock agent described sir tristram as :\nhe ' s weak , he ' s got bent hocks , and on the walk from behind one hock rolls out badly . he is a most unattractive horse and , in my opinion , not the horse for you .\nmay 2000 to april 2003 provided alongside support to british forces in sierra leone in operation palliser along with rfa\u2019s sir geraint and sir percivale at different times . she arrived at freetown in 04 / 01\nin the dizzy sale of 1989 sir tristram again broke new ground , becoming the sire of new zealand ' s first million dollar yearling , the $ 1 . 2 million son of surround being bought by japanese interests .\nrfa sir tristram at port standley in 1983 , following the major damage it received during the falklands war . ( \u00a9 ken griffiths , licensed for reuse under cc by - sa 4 . 0 at wikipedia commons : urltoken\nnew zealand trainer tony pike hasn ' t had many zabeels but in classy filly provocative he might have the daughter which takes the great stallion to the same number of group 1 winners as his famous father sir tristram .\nzabeel , 19 , is in his 15th season at stud and , given he is in good health and that sir tristram was still serving good numbers of mares at 23 , another three seasons is a realistic expectation .\nzabeel is buried beside his father at cambridge stud , on the horseshoe - shaped garden in front of the stables . sir tristram ' s spot is marked by a gravestone , zabeel ' s stone will come later .\nsir patrick grew up on a farm at fencourt , near cambridge , he has worked with animals all his life , it ' s his vocation , he has an affinity with all the animals he owns . but some end up being more special than others , and this is what happened with sir tristram and zabeel .\nit made me recall the day he died and took me back to burying him beside sir tristram . i always said i ' d be quite happy if they finished their careers on level pegging but in fairness to zabeel , he did deserve to get his nose in front , simply because a lot of sir tristram ' s group one winners won solitary group one races , whereas zabeel has produced a lot more multiple group one winners .\nhe said he was a man eater ,\nsir patrick was told by the trackwork rider .\nsir patrick has been humbled by the international media response to zabeel ' s landmark group one win .\nit was a proud moment for cambridge stud on tuesday night when sir tristram was inducted into the new zealand bloodstock new zealand racing hall of fame at an induction ceremony held at ellerslie racecourse before 450 people on tuesday night .\ncommencing his stud career in 1976 at fencourt stud , hogan ' s forerunner to cambridge stud , sir tristram stood for the princely sum of $ 1500 . that fee in years to come would rise into the six figures .\nnext , tristram and his friend gouvernail were sent back to ireland to fetch la beale isoud ( and dame bragwaine ) back to cornwall to marry king mark , but on the boat back , tristram and isoud accidentally drank a love potion and fell permanently in love , before being captured by sir breunor of the castle pluere ( the weeping castle ) .\na stallion ' s place in thoroughbred history , rightly or wrongly , is established more firmly by sire sons than by brood mare daughters . many of the more than 40 sons of sir tristram at stud in australia and new zealand have been successful ; some , like el qahira and sir sian , achieving success despite meagre opportunities .\nwhen sir tristram died in1997 , it was a sad time for the hogans . but what happened next was pretty amazing , too . sir patrick says zabeel then statistically emulated his own sire with his progeny - they were neck and neck , the son was as good as the father . lightning struck twice in the same place .\nsir tristram ' s figures are staggering but they tell only part of the story . his place in the history of international thoroughbred racing and breeding is secured by the outstanding memories of the past and his legacy for the future .\nmidnight fever , foaled in 1984 from one of his first daughters to go to stud , won the blue diamond stakes at caulfield in 1987 and helped sir tristram to his first million - dollar season in australia as a broodmare sire .\nsir tristram berthed at queen ' s pier , undergoing a refit , as seen from the royal naval cemetery . the photograph was taken on 23 april 2013 , and two days later the ship was back in position within the harbour .\neveryone knows about their [ sons and daughters of zabeel ] record and everyone wants to have a good one ,\npike said .\ni have looked on and marvelled at what he and sir tristram have done at stud .\ngrosvenor , kaapstad and marauding are simply outstanding sires and in recent years it appears sir tristram has made way for a horse who could potentially be the one sire to emulate or even exceed the records he himself set so freely , zabeel .\nalthough sir tristram\u2019s pedigree carried impeccable bloodlines his conformation was far from perfect . shareholders in the horse were quick to let hogan know exactly what they thought and had he listened we may never have seen the phenomenal successes that the horse achieved .\ni don ' t think lad of the manor can win but i ' d love to see him run second .\nhogan bred xcellent ' s grandam , who is by sir tristram but that hasn ' t swayed his opinion .\nsir tristram sired 45 group 1 winners in his illustrious career but during his reign as australasia ' s leading sire there was no opposition from the northern hemisphere shuttle stallions , whereas zabeel has had to compete with the best from around the world .\nsir lamorak was a younger son of king pellinore of listinoise . his epithet means \u2018of wales\u2019 but at this period refers to the whole of britain . he was known as the third greatest knight of the round table , following sirs tristram and lancelot . on a number of occasions he is recorded as having beaten over thirty knights in a tournament : notably at sir gareth\u2019s wedding feast and when travelling with sir driant in the cornish lands of king mark . after the latter encounter , the troublesome monarch had sir tristram fight the exhausted lamorak . the young king of lyonesse reluctantly agreed and managed to dismount his opponent , but he refused to dishonour himself further by carrying on . lamorak was extremely put out by tristram ' s courtesy and was still fuming when he encountered a messenger bearing morgan le fay ' s infidelity - seeking drinking horn to king arthur ' s court . he forced the page to carry the prize to king mark ' s court instead , an act which almost resulted in the exposure of tristram and la beale isolde ' s affair , as well as those of ninety other ladies . tristram was understandably angry .\ntristram went to brittany to be healed by the daughter of king howel \u2013 coincidentally called isoud la blanche mains \u2013 won his host\u2019s war and married his daughter ( upsetting the other isoud and launcelot when they found out , although tristram swore the marriage was never consumated ) .\nfollowed his great sire sir tristram at cambridge stud and in some respects outshone him . still alive and active in 2013 aged 27 , he has achieved four nz and two australian general sire premierships ; 15 dewar awards ( nz and australian progeny earnings combined ) ; 43 group one winners ( two behind his sire ) and 148 stakeswinners ( sir tristram 130 ) . he has sired three melbourne cup winners , four cox plate winners , successful sire sons and grandsons , and is an outstanding broodmare sire .\nalthough sir tristram ' s pedigree carried impeccable bloodlines his conformation was far from perfect . shareholders in the horse were quick to let hogan know exactly what they thought and had he listened we may never have seen the phenomenal successes that the horse achieved .\nthat group one triumph elevated zabeel to one ahead of his own champion sire sir tristram , who also stood at cambridge stud and whom he had been tied with on 45 group one winners since provocative ' s gr . 1 queensland oaks triumph last winter .\non pedigree hogan was sold . sir tristram was by the champion english three - year - old sir ivor , from the royal charger sire - line , out of the round table mare isolt . his dam carried the impeccable bloodlines of princequillo , my babu , feola , lavendula , plus isolt ' s third dam , selene , was the dam of the great hyperion .\ni ended up with an enormously positive impression to what i saw on paper ,\nsir patrick told nzpa .\ncambridge stud ' s prize stallion zabeel , pictured with sir patrick hogan when he retired from active duty in 2013 .\nsir tristram was buried in the manner of great horses in ancient times , a fitting tribute for a horse who has contributed so much to the breed , to the sport of thoroughbred racing and the business of breeding thoroughbred horses in this special part of the world .\nduring the conversation , sir patrick recounted the words of his father that there was no such thing as a perfect horse .\ni ' m going to buy him ,\nsir patrick told his agent at the other end of the line .\nsir patrick hogan has expressed his elation in seeing champion sire zabeel claim a new zealand record for his own this week .\nthrough the 1980 ' s and 1990 ' s sir tristram ' s sons and daughters have posted record after record in the new zealand national yearling sales , providing the premier session ' s highest price in all but 2 of the 14 sale renewals from 1983 to 1996 .\nlafleur : was the third winner of the group 2 sir tristram fillies classic at te rapa in four years for pencarrow stud . she also won the group 2 royal stakes at ellerslie . a very classy galloper who proved herself at the highest level during her racing career .\ntristram , seen here in october 2016 , two days before it was towed out of portland harbour to undergo the inspection and repair work in middlesborough .\nwho would have thought he ' d be back in neon lights around the world again now ?\nsir patrick pondered .\nbut this is not the end of zabeel , sir patrick says . he will feature in pedigrees for the next 20 years .\nthe south african - trained greys inn is already a dual group 1 winner , but a win by lad of the manor would be his first at racing ' s elite level and bring yet another accolade to zabeel , whose record hogan argues has now surpassed his own sire sir tristram .\ntv tristram , seen in 2010 , anchored within portland harbour . ( \u00a9 nicholas mutton , licensed for reuse under cc by - sa 2 . 0 : urltoken\nsir patrick makes some interesting revelations in his book , notably his mother sarah and father tom were not really his mother and father .\nthe search that eventually produced sir tristram began in 1975 when new zealand studmaster patrick hogan visited some of the most famous training establishments in england , ireland , and france . the bluest blood of the time was paraded , blood too blue for hogan ' s budget of around $ 200 , 000 .\nduring these years , the hogans developed their world - beating thoroughbred nursery and a showpiece property . nowadays , their home on discombe rd is called zabeel place , and their holiday home at mt maunganui is sir tristram place ; the names of the stallions are boldly inscribed at the entrance to each .\nthe two soon settled their differences , however , when shipwrecked together on the isle of servage . conspiracy seems to have brought them together , as they plotted the downfall of sir nabon le noir , a mutual enemy . shortly afterward , they attended his tournament and tristram killed him in battle . however , the truce was forgotten when tristram was again shipwrecked - this time near the castle perilous in north wales - and the two fought for hours before being reconciled once more .\nsir tristram ( ire ) b . h , 1971 { 6 - e } dp = 10 - 20 - 15 - 11 - 0 ( 56 ) di = 2 . 03 cd = 0 . 52 - 19 starts , 2 wins , 6 places , 3 shows career earnings : $ 52 , 001\nwhen arthur marries genevere , her father gives arthur the round table , at which 150 men can sit . genevere , who is often present at the convening of the round table , acts as a moral compass for the knights , rewarding knights who behave well and chastising those who choose poorly . malory specifically relates the stories of sir gawain , sir tor , and sir pellanor as a means of introducing the concept of chivalry .\nzabeel ' s progeny dominated the yearling sales almost from the first year - 1994 - they stepped into the ring . buyers came from all over the world for them . he sired 44 prestigious group one winners , one short of sir tristram ' s record , although zabeel ' s descendants may still beat that .\nif he was alive today , he ' d be 30 and to still be leaving group one winners is remarkable really . some older stallions don ' t seem to have the same strike rate later in their careers - certainly sir tristram didn ' t , though he did leave brew in his final crop .\nnobody would expect a son of sir tristram ' s to come along , reside at the same property and emulate what his own sire was able to do . how could you not have a stronger affinity with two horses like that ? what they ' ve done for me and my family is absolutely amazing .\nanother close - up photograph of tristram from 2011 , moored in portland harbour . ( \u00a9 nigel mykura , licensed for reuse under cc by - sa 2 . 0 : urltoken\na comprehensive guide into arthurian legends . the life of king arthur , sir lancelot , queen guinevere , merlin & the knights of the round table .\nvapour trail : the wonderful race performer , vapour trial , joined the illustrious pencarrow stud broodmare band in 2002 after her crowning glory as the 2002 new zealand bloodstock filly of the year . the five - time winner , including the group 1 new zealand oaks and group 2 arc eight carat classic and group 2 wrc sir tristram fillies classic , is from the unraced sir tristram mare , devil\u2019s lair . vapour trail was trained by dean and donna logan throughout her racing career . her other notable victories came in the group 2 great northern guineas against all comers and the listed auckland guineas trial . she also was placed third in the group 2 arc grosvenor championship stakes at ellerslie .\nhe married , in 1969 , annie lewis , with whom he had a son and a daughter . his son , stephen tristram ricketts , born in 1974 , succeeds in the baronetcy .\ngranted in 1971 . sir tristram was a knight born in a forest and famed as a musician and huntsman . his colours were gold and red . legend states that he saved palomides from death . the badge depicts a gold hunting horn and a harp , a pair of trees and a hunting spear , all mounted on a red background .\neven though it is now 10 years on , sir patrick said he couldn ' t help himself when re - reading this passage of the book recently .\nwhen zabeel retired from the track , the sheik offered him for purchase to those who had the closest connection to him , either hayes or sir patrick .\nsir patrick stands tall and spare by the grave , the earth is still fresh on the ground , the death is still fresh on his mind . it ' s been a hard few days . there have been tears and some sleepless nights . sir patrick says he goes to bed and starts thinking about it .\nat the age of 19 he was told his biological mother was his much older sister . sir patrick was devastated . he didn ' t know what to think .\nyou go through life , you have events , things happen , things that are great and things are not so great ,\nsir patrick said to nzpa .\nsir patrick and lady hogan were named breeders of the year each year from 1994 - 97 , the highest honour awarded by the new zealand thoroughbred breeders ' association .\nnot surprisingly , sir tristram provided the top - priced yearling at twelve new zealand national yearling sales , from the early 1980 ' s to the mid - 1990 ' s . his sale - toppers include the first seven - figure yearling ever sold in new zealand ; the colt from surround sold for $ nz1 . 2 million to mr kobayashi of japan in 1989 .\nnot surprisingly , sir tristram provided the top - priced yearling at 12 new zealand national yearling sales , from the early 1980 ' s to the mid - 1990 ' s . his sale - toppers include the first seven - figure yearling ever sold in new zealand ; the colt from surround sold for $ nz1 . 2 million to mr kobayashi of japan in 1989 .\nsir patrick , 76 , is the boss of cambridge stud , on discombe rd , at pukeroro , the place regarded as the top nursery for thoroughbred champions in australasia .\nin january , sir patrick led the last yearling born from zabeel into the sale ring at karaka ; hong kong buyer gene tsoi paid $ 160 , 000 for it .\nhe was australia ' s champion broodmare sire for the fourth time in the 1997 - 98 season with 132 winners , and today sir tristram is the brood mare sire of the winners of more than $ 50 million . he has twice set new records for damsire earnings in australia , his daughters ' progeny winnings of $ a9 . 4 million in the 1996 - 97 season still a record .\nsir patrick got his bloodstock agent to return to france and describe the horse detail by detail over the phone . it was pointless exercise because his mind had seemingly been made up .\nhogan ' s skill and judgment as a breeder enabled him to replace one super - sire , sir tristram , by another . zabeel , a son of sir tristram , was bought as a yearling by sheik hamdan al maktoum , trained by colin hayes , and won over a million dollars in prizemoney . as a four - year - old zabeel injured a leg and was put up for sale . hogan , who had long had his eye on zabeel , made an offer of $ 750 , 000 , which was accepted . again hogan syndicated the horse , retaining half the shares . zabeel ' s success was phenomenal . in his first crop he sired octagonal and jezabeel , in his second might and power and bezeal bay , in his third champagne and zonda , in his fourth dignity dancer and inaflury .\ncrimson ( 94f , mellay , bourbon prince ) . 5 wins from 1400m to 2100m , nz $ 162 , 200 , arc championship s . , gr . 2 , waikato guineas , gr . 3 , waikato rc hamilton veterinary services h . , arc ancare star belle classic , 2d avondale guineas , gr . 2 , waikato rc sir tristram fillies classic , gr . 2 , hunter country h .\n12 march 2004 suffered an engine room fire during the annual royal marines exercises in northern norway . the royal marines were evacuated to her nearby sister ship rfa sir percivale . no injuries reported\nhis success shows he is the heir apparent to his own champion sire zabeel who in turn was the heir apparent to sir tristram before him . and like his sire and grandsire , his progeny display the toughness and durability to win over all distances , at all ages from two years to eight years and , incredibly , savabeel has passed zabeel for the number of stakes winners sired at the same stage of their careers .\nwhen sir patrick hogan arrived at work last saturday at 6 . 30am , he was met with the news that his old mate and prize stallion zabeel had died peacefully overnight in his paddock .\ncambridge stud\u2019s former owner sir patrick hogan was honoured with the exporters\u2019 champion award at the 2018 air new zealand cargo exportnz awards last night . over the last 40 years , cambridge stud . . .\nas well as being superstitious , sir patrick says he ' s determined and competitive .\nlike an all black , i ' ve set out to kick every goal straight between the posts .\nthe modestly priced stallion ( he cost $ 160 , 000 ) was sir tristram , who arrived at their stud in 1976 , and went on to become the world ' s leading sire of group one winners , and collected a hatful of other accolades and honours . he sired 45 individual group one winners and more than 130 stakes winners during his stud career , dominating the yearling sales arena and racetracks in this part of the world .\n2 may 2007 arrived falmouth ship repairers for conversion for her new role as training ship for maritime special forces to replace the former escort maintenance ship rame head , which was moved from her moorings in portsmouth harbour to the dockyard on 23 / 05 / 07 so that the mooring and salvage vessel salmaid could start work on the moorings for the return of sir tristram in her new role . the work undertaken to prepare her for her new role included\nsaavoya ( 11f , prized , vice regal ) . 4 wins from 1400m to 2000m , nz $ 187 , 475 , arc eight carat classic , gr . 2 , royal s . , gr . 2 , pukekohe veterinary centre h . , 2d waikato rc sir tristram fillies classic , gr . 2 , arc sunline vase , gr . 3 , 3d bop rc crockford real estate h . , te aroha jc piako rural services 2yo h .\nafter the race , moore told trackside :\nthis is unbelievable and i ' m just so thrilled . it ' s not only a group one for us and lizzie , but it ' s also for zabeel who was tied with his sire sir tristram for individual group one winners up until now so this one is for him as well . i would have been happy to just run a place but this means everything to a small breeder .\non his way home sir lamorak met a knight carrying a magic horn from morgan le fay to king arthur , which could only be drunk from by a woman who was true to her husband ( another of morgan\u2019s plans to cause trouble ) , so he made the knight take it to king mark instead , to spite tristram . isoud and ninety percent of the ladies at court failed the horn test , but the barons stopped mark from burning them all .\n\u201csir tristram\u201d was fitted with 1 x 20 ton crane at the rear of the vehicle deck and 2 x 4 . 5 ton cranes at the forward end . she could carry up to 16 x 50 ton main battle tanks below , plus 34 mixed vehicles on the upper deck , plus fuel and ammunition in a small cargo hold located below the forward end of the tank deck . she had dormitory facilities for 402 troops either side of the tank deck .\ninsouciant : winner of the group 1 new zealand bloodstock 1000 guineas at riccarton in 2007 . she also won the group 3 eulogy stakes at awapuni and finished second in the group 2 sir tristram fillies classic . she collected the new zealand bloodstock filly of the year series title for 2007 / 08 . she was rated by jockey michael walker as a very special galloper with a huge amount of natural racing ability . the keeper filly is trained by mark walker at matamata .\nluckily for the ill - tempered stallion he had found an allay in sir patrick and the partnership that was to span 22 years , and put hogan and his cambridge stud firmly on the map , had begun .\nsays sir patrick :\nwe got him [ zabeel ] to the lawn , we called the digger , the grave was dug , he was buried by midday .\nit was a small , intimate farewell , with sir patrick , lady hogan and staff present . they put a bed of straw in the bottom of the grave , zabeel was covered with his own rug , and another layer of straw .\nthen we filled him in .\nthe champ was born at cambridge stud , his mother being lady giselle , who sir patrick says was the tiniest little mare you ' d ever see . yet somehow the midget mare had a foal that grew to 17 hands .\nking mark of cornwall\u2019s sister elizabeth married king melodias of liones ( just two of the many kings all over britain and europe who ruled under arthur ) but she died in a forest , giving birth to tristram while searching for her kidnapped husband ( later rescued by merlin ) .\nwhile group 1 winners are one thing , sir tristram ' s didn ' t have many multiple winners at that level , but zabeel has been able to produce gallopers such as octagonal and might and power , a fact that hogan said was not lost on the late jack ingham , part - owner of\nthe big o\n.\njack said to me that the one thing zabeel has on danehill is his ability to leave a champion and of that i should be very proud ,\nhe said .\ntristram was educated at winchester and magdalene college , cambridge , where he read russian with a view to joining the foreign office ( he was an excellent linguist ) . in the event he began his career at the greater london council , working as an administrative officer from 1968 to 1972 .\nwe leave the graves , and walk to sir patrick ' s office to talk about what zabeel has meant to him . there is a wreath on the front counter that has been sent in memory of zabeel , there have been many messages , and sir patrick has a lot to do before he heads to britain later next week for the rugby world cup . it is something to look forward to . he jokes ,\ni ' ve had a calling that the all blacks need me .\nsir patrick recounts the story :\nwe each had to put a bid in an envelope , mine was $ aus750 , 000 . the next day i was told i ' d won the bid . that ' s how he returned to where he was born .\nsir tristram was the son of king meliodas & queen isabelle of lyonesse , the land around the scilly isles now lost beneath the sea . he was educated in france ; faught for his uncle , king mark , against the king of ireland ' s champion & defeated him ; travelled incognito to ireland to have his wounds healed ; became friendly with the king ' s daughter isolde ; was forced to return to cornwall when his identity was discovered ; fell out with his uncle over an affair with the wife of sir segwarides ; spent some time at king arthur ' s court ; was obliged to travel again to ireland to gain isolde ' s hand in marriage to mark ; accidentally drank love potions meant for mark & isolde ; became isolde ' s lover despite her marriage to his uncle ( and had four children ) ; left for brittany when things became too hairy ; married sir howel , the king of brittany ' s daughter , also isolde ; got wounded in a fight ; sent for his old lover to cure him ; being told by his wife that she had refused to come , he died ; isolde committed suicide and the two were buried together .\nhe earned tens of millions of dollars for cambridge stud , sir patrick says it is impossible to put a figure on it . at his peak , zabeel ' s stud fee was $ 125 , 000 , and five or six of his yearlings fetched $ 1 million at the sales .\ncoldplay ( 12f , o ' reilly , western symphony ) . 6 wins at 1400m , 1600m to 2017 - 18 , nz $ 267 , 200 , arc rich hill mile , gr . 2 , waikato rc cal isuzu s . , gr . 2 , arc eagle technology s . , gr . 3 , manawatu rc eulogy s . , gr . 3 , arc auckland co - op taxis h . , 3d arc westbury classic , gr . 2 , counties rc auckland thoroughbred breeders s . , gr . 2 , 4th arc eight carat classic , gr . 2 , waikato rc sir tristram fillies classic , gr . 2 .\ntristan , or tristram in old english , was a contemporary of king arthur and a knight of the round table . he was the nephew and champion of king mark of cornwall and the son of meliodas , king of lyoness . tristan ' s mother died when he was born , and as a young man he took service with his uncle , mark .\nin reality , he seems to have been an historical prince of dumnonia ( cornwall / devon / somerset ) , apparently the son rather than the nephew of king cunomor alias mark . though cornwall may once have been joined to the scilly isles , this was long before tristram ' s time ; so , unfortunately , his kingdom of lyonesse , almost certainly never existed ."]}
{"id": 2568, "summary": [{"text": "helice is a genus of crabs , containing four species : helice formosensis rathbun , 1931 helice latimera parisi , 1918 helice tientsinensis rathbun , 1931 helice tridens ( de haan , 1835 )", "topic": 26}], "title": "helice ( genus )", "paragraphs": ["genus : helice chambers , 1873 . can . ent . 5 : 187 . [ bhl ]\nspecies delimitation and historical biogeography in the genus helice ( brachyura : varunidae ) in the northwestern pacific .\nhave a fact about helice ( genus ) ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for helice ( genus ) ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nspecies delimitation and historical biogeography in the genus helice ( brachyura : varunidae ) in the northwestern pacific . - pubmed - ncbi\nspecies helice latreilli edw . accepted as helice latreillei h . milne edwards , 1837 accepted as helice tridens ( de haan , 1835 )\nspecies helice latreillei h . milne edwards , 1837 accepted as helice tridens ( de haan , 1835 )\nspecies helice gaudichaudi h . milne edwards , 1853 accepted as neohelice granulata ( dana , 1851 )\nspecies helice lucasi h . milne edwards , 1853 accepted as austrohelice crassa ( dana , 1851 )\nspecies helice spinicarpa h . milne edwards , 1853 accepted as chasmagnathus convexus ( de haan , 1835 )\ntype - species : helice pallidochrella chambers , 1873 . can . ent . 5 : 188 . [ bhl ]\nclick on the first link on a line below to go directly to a page where\nhelice\nis defined .\nspecies helice japonica k . sakai & yatsuzuka , 1980 accepted as helicana japonica ( k . sakai & yatsuzuka , 1980 )\nspecies helice pilimana a . milne - edwards , 1873 accepted as parahelice pilimana ( a . milne - edwards , 1873 )\nhelice chambers , 1873 , was placed on the official index of rejected and invalid generic names in zoology : name number 486 .\na junior homonym of helice de haan , [ 1833 ] , in siebold , fauna japon . ( crustacea ) : 5 ; [ 1835 ] , ibidem : 28 , - crustacea . there is no objective replacement name but helice chambers , 1873 , was placed by braun , 1919 , can . ent . 51 : 203 , as a senior subjective synonym of theisoa chambers , 1874 ; the latter is thus available for use as a subjective replacement name .\n( of helice latreilli edw . ) bouvier , e . l . ( 1915 ) . decapodes marcheurs ( reptantia ) et stomatopodes recueillis a l ' ile maurice par m . paul carie . bull . scient . fr . belg . 3 ( 48 ) : 178 - 318 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nto barcode of life ( 2 barcodes ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 32 publications ) to biological information system for marine life ( bismal ) ( from synonym ocypode ( helice ) tridens de haan , 1835 ) to biological information system for marine life ( bismal ) to encyclopedia of life to genbank ( 6 nucleotides ; 3 proteins ) to mnhn crustaceans type collection ( syntype ( s ) : 2013 - 14768 ) ( from synonym cyclograpsus latreillii h . milne edwards , 1837 ) to usnm invertebrate zoology arthropoda collection ( 1 record )\nhartnoll , r . g . ( 1975 ) . the grapsidae and ocypodidae ( decapoda : brachyura ) of tanzania . j . zool . london 177 , 305 - 328 [ details ]\ndatabase contains : 10 . 643 species ( 763 with photo ) , 1 . 682 genera , 124 families\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nyin w 1 , fu c , guo l , he q , li j , jin b , wu q , li b .\nministry of education key laboratory for biodiversity science and ecological engineering , institute of biodiversity science , fudan university , shanghai 200433 , china .\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nwe use cookies to give you the best possible experience . by using our website you agree to our use of cookies .\nlee sy . ( 1993 ) . invertebrate species new to science recorded from the mai po marshes nature marshes , hong kong . in : morton b , editor . proceedings of the first internationl conference on the marine biology of hong kong and the south china sea . the marine biology of the south china sea . hong kong university press , hong kong . 1 : pp 199 - 209 . [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en"]}
{"id": 2577, "summary": [{"text": "cholornis is a genus of passerine birds in the sylviidae family .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it contains the following species : brown parrotbill ( cholornis unicolor ) three-toed parrotbill ( cholornis paradoxa )", "topic": 26}], "title": "cholornis", "paragraphs": ["other synonyms catalan : paradoxorni unicolor czech : s\u00fdkorice jednobarv\u00e1 , s\u00fdko\u0159ice \u0161edoprs\u00e1 danish : brun papeg\u00f8jen\u00e6b german : einfarb - papageimeise , einfarb - papageischnabel english : brown parrotbill , brown suthora spanish : picoloro casta\u00f1o , picoloro unicolor spanish ( spain ) : picoloro unicolor finnish : ruskokekonokka , ruskonokkatimali french : paradoxornis unicolore italian : becco a cono bruno , psittorinco bruno japanese : himarayadarumaenaga japanese : \u30d2\u30de\u30e9\u30e4\u30c0\u30eb\u30de\u30a8\u30ca\u30ac latin : cholornis unicolor , h [ eteromorpha ] . unicolor , paradoxornis unicolor lithuanian : rudasis storasnapis latvian : br\u016bnais apa\u013ckn\u0101b\u012btis dutch : bruine diksnavelmees norwegian : brunbuttnebb polish : ogoniatka brazowa , ogoniatka br\u0105zowa russian : \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0443\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 , \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0446\u0432\u0435\u0442\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0443\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 slovak : sutora hned\u00e1 swedish : brun papegojn\u00e4bb chinese : \u8910\u9e26\u96c0 chinese ( traditional ) : \u8910\u9d09\u96c0\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nioc _ names _ file _ plus - 8 . 2g : 8 . 2\nwith which it is frequently synonymized ( e . g . aym\u00ed & gargallo , 2006 ) . however , mtdna studies show it to be quite distinct ( olsson et al , 2013 ) . whether this represents a case of convergent evolution or misleading gene tree , remains to be resolved . the taxonomy of the entire lesser whitethroat complex may require revision .\nstatus of allospecies of lesser whitethroat complex uncertain ( shirihai et al . 2001 , parkin & knox 2010 )\nas allospecies comparable to desert and hume ' s { mountain ) whitethroats ; parkin & knox 2010 don ' t recognize .\nstatus of allospecies of lesser whitethroat complex uncertain ( shirihai et al . 2001 , parkin & knox 2010 ) . monotypic . includes\n( shirihai et al . 2001 ) ; recognized by aerc - tac , bli .\n( bairlein et al . 2006 , sangster et al . 2012 , aerc - tac )\nis regarded as an invalid taxon based on an aberrant individual . aym\u00ed & gargallo , 2006 .\nare only slight compared to moltoni\u2019s warbler ( brambilla et al 2008 ) . treat as subspecies of\n( shirihai 2001 , bairlein et al . 2006 , bli ) ; restore established name parisoma ( 2 . 9 )\n( shirihai 2001 , bairlein et al . 2006 , bli ) . correct original spelling of species group epithet is\nand moved to sylviidae ( pasquet et al . 2006 , collar & robson 2007 , gelang et al . 2009 )\nfulvettas and moved to sylviidae ( pasquet et al . 2006 , collar & robson 2007 , gelang et al . 2009 )\nleader , carey & holt , 2013 ) . change english name from chinese hill warbler to beijing babbler with split of tarim babbler\ntarim babbler is split form ' beijing babbler ' ( leader et al . 2013 )\nmove wrentit from timaliidae to sylviidae next to parrotbills ( gelang et al . 2009 )\npenhallurick 2010 ) . species group epithet requires gender agreement . dickinson & christidis , 2014 .\nsplit of yunnan parrotbill under review ( deignan 1964 , robson 2007 , penhallurick & robson 2009 , yeung et al . 2011 )\n( cibois et al . 2003 ) ; retain as family zosteropidae pending full revision of babbler taxa\nmove yuhina species to zosteropidae from timaliidae ( cibois et al . 2003 , moyle et al . 2009 ) ; recognition of separate clades under review .\n( collar & robson 2007 , bli ) ; move to zosteropidae ( moyle et al . 2009 )\naf : se nigeria to sw central african republic and n gabon , bioko i .\non bioko is ( fry et al . 2000 , cox 2013 , cox et al . 2014 ) .\nnumerous islands in the moluccas , aru is . ( off sw new guinea )\nmany islands in e lesser sundas , tanimbar is . , islands in the torres strait and islands off ne australia\nfrom bare - ringed white - eye to rennell white - eye ( guy dutson et al . 2010 )\nfrom yellow - billed white - eye to gizo white - eye ( guy dutson et al . 2010 )\nfrom splendid white - eye white - eye to ranongga white - eye ( guy dutson et al . 2010 )\nfrom new georgia white - eye to solomons white - eye ( guy dutson et al . 2010 )\n( moyle et al . 2009 , h & m4 , but see h & m4 : 644 , mees 1955 re use of rendovae )\nfrom hermit white - eye to kolombangara white - eye ( guy dutson et al . 2010 )\n( ramsay , ep , 1882 ) follows mees , 1955 , 1961 and van balen 2008 ( hbw 13 ) .\nramsay , published after january 1882 are all based on the same type specimen . ( r . schodde , in litt ) .\nfrom sulphur white - eye to small lifou white - eye ( guy dutson et al . 2010 )\nfrom forest white - eye to large lifou white - eye ( guy dutson et al . 2010 )\nretain english name cape white - eye ( hockey , dean & ryan eds 2005 ) . use of\nincludes geotgraphically , morphologically and genetically distinct that are geographically separated by extremely narrow hybrid zones ( delahaie et al . 2017 )\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 295 , 585 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\nall ranks domain kingdom subkingdom phylum subphylum superclass class subclass infraclass superorder order suborder infraorder superfamily family subfamily tribe subtribe genus subgenus species subspecies variety group ( polytypic ) group ( monotypic ) species split life sp . ssp . intra - specific hybrid interspecific hybrid intergeneric hybrid species pair\nall records ( accepted , rejected , pending ) . to filter / search please enter a phrase . e . g . to filter rejected records , type rejected into the search box , all columns can be filtered .\nhave you seen something interesting ? click submit to share your rare bird sightings via our simple form .\n\u00a9 2018 birdguides , warners group publications plc . all rights reserved . company registered in england no . 2572212 | vat registration no . gb 638 3492 15\nnatural song and calls whilst feeding . you can hear the birds tearing apart bamboo towards the end of the cut\nsonogram images \u00a9 xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\ngill , f . and wright , m . ( 2006 ) birds of the world : recommended english names , princeton university press , \u2192isbn\nthis page was last edited on 24 may 2018 , at 02 : 08 .\ntext is available under the creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . by using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ndel hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . , fishpool , l . d . c . , boesman , p . and kirwan , g . m . 2016 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 2 : passerines . lynx edicions and birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .\njustification : this species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthe global population size has not been quantified , but the species is described as generally rather scarce ; rare in bhutan and fairly common in parts of china ( del hoyo et al . 2007 ) . trend justification : the population is suspected to be in decline owing to ongoing habitat destruction and fragmentation .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nhbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .\nno flash player has been set up . please select a player to play flash videos .\nmkennewell , josep del hoyo , sonam dorji , keith and lynn youngs , herve jacob , greg baker .\nnick athanas , nimali digo and thilanka edirisinghe , paul van giersbergen , niels poul dreyer , jorge de leon cardozo , markus lilje , jainymaria , fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric pelsy , auf , john and jemi holmes , josep del hoyo , biplab kr . mukhopadhyay , cookdj , satish , phillip edwards .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nzoonomen - zoological nomenclature resource , 2011 . 10 . 30 , website ( version 30 - oct - 11 )\nzoonomen - zoological nomenclature resource\nmaintained by alan p . peterson at urltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service ."]}
{"id": 2605, "summary": [{"text": "carabus catenulatus is a species of beetle endemic to europe , where it is observed in bosnia and herzegovina , mainland italy , slovenia , and switzerland . ", "topic": 27}], "title": "carabus catenulatus", "paragraphs": ["no one has contributed data records for carabus catenulatus yet . learn how to contribute .\nenter the name or part of a name you wish to search for . the asterisk character * can be used as wildcard . e . g . ' papilio * ' . keep in mind that the search is only based on the full taxon name .\nwe are still having problems with the search feature . unfortunately we cannot give a timeline when the advanced search will be fixed .\nthe id resolving service for stable taxon ids is currently under maintenance . meanwhile , please use the name search in order to find the taxon page .\nmuseum f\u00fcr naturkunde leibniz - institut f\u00fcr evolutions - und biodiversit\u00e4tsforschung invalidenstr . 43 10115 berlin germany e - mail : fauna - eu ( at ) mfn - berlin . de website : urltoken\nmaintaining and updating the site requires a lot of time and effort . therefore , we are forced to introduce a partially paid access . we expect that the costs will not be too burdensome for you , and your money will help us in the development of interactive keys , and more dynamic updates of the site .\nyour subscription will be activated when payment clears . view the status of your subscription in your account .\nthis project help increase the availability of scientific knowledge worldwide . contributions at any level help sustain our work . thank you for your support .\n\u00a9 carabidae of the world , 2007 - 2018 \u00a9 a team of authors , in in : anichtchenko a . et al . , ( editors ) 2007 - 2018\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nscopoli , j . a . 1763 . entomologia carniolica exhibens insecta carnioli\u00e6 indigena et distributa in ordines , genera , species , varietates . methodo linn\u00e6ana . - pp . [ 1 - 35 ] , 1 - 420 , [ 1 ] . vindobonae . ( trattner ) .\nyou will be directed to the entry page of the digitized work . go to the page you need in the navigation system there .\nthe basic data of this taxon were entered by hand , consulting the original description , and following animalbase standard .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml + rdfa 1 . 0 / / en\nurltoken\nstock photography and how to use it . click here to find out how to search for images and which are the terms of use .\ncopyright \u00a9 bernard van elegem biodiversity photography . by using this website you agree to the terms of use .\nthis amount includes applicable customs duties , taxes , brokerage and other fees . this amount is subject to change until you make payment . for additional information , see the global shipping program terms and conditions - opens in a new window or tab\nthis amount includes applicable customs duties , taxes , brokerage and other fees . this amount is subject to change until you make payment . if you reside in an eu member state besides uk , import vat on this purchase is not recoverable . for additional information , see the global shipping program terms and conditions - opens in a new window or tab\nestimated delivery dates - opens in a new window or tab include seller ' s handling time , origin zip code , destination zip code and time of acceptance and will depend on shipping service selected and receipt of cleared payment - opens in a new window or tab . delivery times may vary , especially during peak periods .\nitems shipping internationally may be subject to customs processing depending on the item ' s declared value .\nsellers set the item ' s declared value and must comply with customs declaration laws .\na brand - new , unused , unopened , undamaged item ( including handmade items ) . see the seller ' s\nlisting for full details . see all condition definitions - opens in a new window or tab\ncopyright \u00a9 1995 - 2018 ebay inc . all rights reserved . accessibility , user agreement , privacy , cookies and adchoice"]}
{"id": 2606, "summary": [{"text": "oliva reticularis , common name the netted olive , is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family olividae , the olives . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "oliva reticularis", "paragraphs": ["( of oliva reticularis reticularis lamarck , 1811 ) vervaet f . & recourt p . pers . com . , january 2010 [ details ]\n( of oliva reticularis ernesti petuch , 1990 ) vervaet f . & recourt p . pers . com . , january 2010 [ details ]\n1934 _ - _ clench _ - _ a _ new _ subspecies _ of _ oliva _ reticularis _ from _ southern _ florida . pdf\n( of oliva reticularis ernesti petuch , 1990 ) hunon c . , hoarau a . & robin a . ( 2009 ) olividae ( mollusca , gastropoda ) revue exhaustive des esp\u00e8ces r\u00e9centes du genre oliva / a complete survey of recent species of the genus oliva\noliva ( oliva ) vermiculata gray , j . e . , 1858 : aruba ; cura\u00e7ao\n( of oliva reticularis reticularis lamarck , 1811 ) lamarck [ j . b . m . de ] . ( 1811 ) . suite de la d\u00e9termination des esp\u00e8ces de mollusques testac\u00e9s . annales du mus\u00e9um national d ' histoire naturelle . 16 : 300 - 328 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : page 314 , species 16 . [ details ]\noliva sayana ravenel , 1834 lettered olive oliva sayana ravenel , 1834 corded form . large specimen . corded specimen . . . oliva sayana ravenel , 1834 - orange form . gold [ form citrina johnson , 1911 ]\n( of oliva reticularis ernesti petuch , 1990 ) petuch e . j . ( 1990 ) . a new molluscan faunule from the caribbean coast of panama . the nautilus . 104 ( 2 ) : 57 - 71 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\noliva sayana citrina oliva sayana citrina . johnson , 1911 , citrine olive . taxonomic information . class , gastropoda . order , caenogastropoda . superfamily , volutacea\noliva sayana oliva sayana . ravenel , 1834 , lettered olive , se usa . taxonomic information . class , gastropoda . order , caenogastropoda . superfamily , volutacea\nthe paleobiology database family , olividae , latreille 1825 . genus , oliva , brugui\u00e8re 1789 . species , sayana taxonomic history . no taxonomic history is available for oliva sayana .\nsanibel shells : bailey - matthews shell museum video clip of live oliva sayana taken from mollusks in action video . return to oliva sayana . \u00a9 the bailey - matthews shell museum .\nlettered olive : oliva sayana kingdom : animal phylum : molluscs class : gastropoda order : family : genus : oliva species : sayana . description : . lettered olive , photo by david byres\nlettered olive seashells oliva sayana oliva sayana commonly found along the west coast florida . if found live or fresh dead the shell can have a great shiny luster . this often fades as the shell\noliva ( strephona ) finlayi petuch , e . j . & d . m . sargent , 1986 : cuba\noliva ( strephona ) antillensis petuch , e . j . & d . m . sargent , 1986 : haiti ; virgins\n( of oliva formosa marrat , 1870 ) vervaet f . & recourt p . pers . com . , january 2010 [ details ]\nstate shell - lettered olive urltoken lettered olive shell , the lettered olive , oliva sayana , was designated the official shell of the state by act no . 360 , 1984 .\nsouth carolina symbols , shell : lettered olive the lettered olive , oliva sayana , was designated the official shell of the state by act no . 360 , 1984 . dr . edmund ravenel of charleston , south carolina\nrosenberg , g . ; moretzsohn , f . ; garc\u00eda , e . f . ( 2009 ) . gastropoda ( mollusca ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 579\u2013699 in : felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico\u2013origins , waters , and biota . texas a & m ; press , college station , texas . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nlamarck [ j . b . m . de ] . ( 1811 ) . suite de la d\u00e9termination des esp\u00e8ces de mollusques testac\u00e9s . annales du mus\u00e9um national d ' histoire naturelle . 16 : 300 - 328 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : page 314 , species 16 . [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nversion 43 . 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed . my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en\nexcept where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence .\nf + + + , extremely nice specimen found by p . williams ! rare !\nthe photos in our gallery are in most cases just a sample from our stock , except when only one specimen is offered . we try to match the original color but it can vary if your screen is not correctly adjusted ( gamma correction ) .\nphotos of the lettered olive , scientific classification and general information on habitat and range . .\nthese are photographs of my lettered olive collection . to date , i do not own any of the brown olive species ( it is not noted to commonly wash onshore ) . it ' s beautiful marble - like appearance makes it one of my favorite shells .\nunusually dark variety found on the beach . enlarge images to 320 pixels by clicking thumbnails\nif you want to start over , go to the homepage . if you ' re stuck , let us help you .\ncopyright \u00a9 1995 - 2018 ebay inc . all rights reserved . accessibility , user agreement , privacy , cookies and adchoice\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nlamarck [ j . b . m . de ] . ( 1811 ) . suite de la d\u00e9termination des esp\u00e8ces de mollusques testac\u00e9s . < em > annales du mus\u00e9um national d ' histoire naturelle . < / em > 16 : 300 - 328 ."]}
{"id": 2616, "summary": [{"text": "the common slipper shell , crepidula fornicata , has many other common names , including common atlantic slippersnail , boat shell , quarterdeck shell , fornicating slipper snail , atlantic slipper limpet and it is known in britain as the \" common slipper limpet \" .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "this is a species of medium-sized sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusc in the family calyptraeidae , the slipper snails and cup and saucer snails . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "common slipper shell", "paragraphs": ["fun fact : another common name for the shark\u2019s eye shell is the moon shell .\nthe slipper shell produces calcium carbonate which is what the actual shell is made up of . the slipper shell is roughly 2 . 5cm to 4cm in diameter . ( dando 1996 )\nlike a snail this mollusk has just one shell . the common name \u00abslipper\u00bb describes nicely the inside of this mollusk . it can reach sizes up to 4 cm .\nif more chefs agree with mr . orieux , the atlantic slipper shell just might creep into french cuisine .\ncommon size : up to 50 mm in the atlantic , mediterranean specimens smaller .\nsometimes the common atlantic slipper shell is found washed ashore attached to another shell , perhaps an olive shell , or even another crepidula fornicata . the slipper shell often lives in stacks or chains since it likes to attach itself to others of its kind . this makes reproduction convenient . the species in the crepidulidae family are hermaphroditic . during the spawning ( or mating ) season , they alternate sexes . eggs are laid ( 70 - 100 at a time ) in thin - walled capsules which are attached to the substrate ( the base on which the creature lives ) . common slipper shell larvae emerge from these capsules .\nventral view of a shell stack , showing the calcareous septum of the lower shell , a characteristic of this family .\nthe common slipper shell is one of the more common shells found along the rhode island coast . this shell is shaped like an egg or oval that has been cut in half with the top of the shell turned sharply to one side . looking at the underside of the shell , it is easy to see how it got its name . underneath the shell is a ledge to support the internal organs ; this ledge extends about half the length of the animal . different slipper shell species are characterized by different shell textures , including rough , smooth , ribbed , corrugated , and flat . although they have a foot for locomotion , by the time they reach maturity they anchor themselves to a hard substrate and remain stationary .\nthe atlantic slipper shell is a curious type of sea snail that has spread from the east coast of the united states .\ncommon slipper shells also form stacked aggregations when there is no hard substrate on which to attach . they attach to objects in large numbers and can sometimes suffocate the animal on which they are attached . common slipper shells use their cilia to create water currents that flow through their mantle cavity . they are filter feeders , and as the water passes through the cavity , mucous - covered gills trap various types of phytoplankton and algae . the common slipper shell then uses its radula to remove the food and bring it to its mouth .\nnotwithstanding this rough treatment , the slipper shell remains the most populous creature in the bay , growing by 10 percent per year .\nadapted from the uncommon guide to common life on narragansett bay . save the bay , 1998 .\nthe snail , a sliver of orange flesh clamped tightly within a shell , tastes somewhat like whelks and scallops , but it has never caught on as common fare .\nslipper tails are sold with shell , or as peeled and deveined meats . slipper lobster tails are graded under 1 oz , 1\u20132 oz , 2\u20134 oz , 4\u20136 oz , and 6 - 8 oz . slipper meat is available graded under 1 oz and 1\u20133 oz .\n, class gastropoda ) , in which the humped or flattened shell has a decklike half partition inside . slipper shells occur worldwide in shallow waters . adults are fixed to rocks or live within the empty shells of other mollusks . the common\nthe common slipper shell looks like a flattened snail that has lost its spiraled shell in favor of a smooth cap . somewhere between 20 and 100 million years ago snails with coiled shells uncoiled their shells and gave rise to slipper shells and limpets . snails with these uncoiled shells do well in the rocky intertidal zone where their ability to cling to rocks with their big foot ( a bigger foot evolved along with that uncoiled shell ) and that smooth low - profile shell that helps waves wash right over them .\na favorite of children , the convex \u201cslipper , \u201d \u201cboat , \u201d or \u201cquarterdeck\u201d shell is easy to identify . it looks like a bedroom slipper because of the white plate which partially covers the cavity .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nlimpet , any of various snails ( class gastropoda , phylum mollusca ) having a flattened shell . most marine species cling to rocks near shore . a common american species is the atlantic plate limpet ( acmaea testudinalis ) of cold waters ; the common species of britain and northern europe is patella\u2026\nthe common atlantic slipper shell ( c . fornicata ) , often called slipper limpet , is about 4 cm ( 1 . 5 inches ) long and yellowish ; it is abundant from nova scotia to texas . in addition , c . fornicata has been introduced to the west coast of the united states , the coastal waters of\u2026\nthe shell of crepidula onyx is up to 70 mm in length . the interior of the shell is glossy and is a strong tan to dark brown color , similar to the common colors of the mineral onyx . the\nshelf\nor\ndeck\nis white .\ncooking slipper lobster tails and meat immediately after proper thawing yields the best quality .\nalso known as cappalunga , is a shell shaped like an old - fashioned razor .\nfun fact : this extremely small shell usually does not grow longer than one inch .\nmarketing the slipper shell at home , however , presents a real challenge : persuading a country \u2014 and a region \u2014 anchored in culinary tradition to adopt a new ingredient .\nthe fossil record of slipper lobsters extends back 120 million years to the cretaceous period .\nalien species the common atlantic slipper snail or slipper limpet crepidula fornicata originates from the east coast of north - america . the species was however brought to europe together with the eastern oyster crassostrea virginica . in belgium , the first slipper limpet was found on 28 september 1911 attached to an oyster in ostend and since the 1930\u2019s , it is seen as a common species along the belgian coast . the slipper limpet has little to no predators here , and can thrive on several types of hard bottoms and shellfish banks . a continued expansion to the north is probably inhibited by temperature : low temperatures during the winter can slow down or inhibit the development of the slipper limpet . [ details ]\nmr . jambon , who has a 5 percent stake in mr . cl\u00e9ment\u2019s slipper shell business , said that while some seafood producers remained skeptical , a growing consensus had emerged .\nthe hard outer shell of a lobster does not grow , thus growth can only be achieved via a process known as molting through which a lobster discards its old shell , expands its size and creates a new shell . during the molting process lobsters are essentially knights without armor , and they are extremely vulnerable to predators until their new shell begins to harden .\nslipper shells are related to limpets but can be recognized by one obvious difference visible only if you find an empty shell . instead of the empty dome of a limpet\u2019s shell , they have a shelf that covers half of the dome . this is the structure that makes them resemble a slipper ( or some say a boat ) . that shelf helps to support and protect their internal organs and is thought to be a remnant of that spiraled shell .\nthe atlantic slipper shell is a filter feeder , and unlike other limpets , which go out and graze on algae , the atlantic slipper shell spends its full life span in the same spot . it has a suction creating foot , which allows it to attach to hard surfaces . it does not require a two - part shell because it uses whatever it is attached to as the other part in a way . the bottom side of the atlantic slipper shell is never regularly exposed . it will attach to rocks , other slipper shells , and even other shelled organisms not of the same species . the atlantic slipper shell is capable of covering an entire seabed in certain areas if the conditions are right ( dexter 1947 ) . it also doesn\u0092t seem to have many predators which contributes to its success . these organisms have posed a problem off the coast of england , which will be discussed later in the paper .\nfrom left , a whelk , busycon spiratus , almost entirely out of its shell \u0097 the yellowish disc is the operculum ; another busycon spiratus individual , entirely withdrawn inside its shell , with the operculum sealing off the aperture ; egg capsules being deposited on the sand by busycon spiratus ; a larval harp shell , morum oniscus , begins building its shell ( protoconch ) .\nthe invasive habit of the slipper limpet , showing an area completely colonised by a community .\nthe clawless species known as slipper lobsters ( family scyllaridae ) differ significantly from spiny lobsters .\ncome to west meadow spit at a good low tide and walk along the beach , especially out on the broad sand flats that are exposed in front of west meadow beach and in front of the brookhaven bathing association . if you look down you will see millions of shells on the shoreline . the shells are oval in shape , usually about 4 cm ( about 1 1 / 2 inches ) long and have an obvious shelf inside . these are slipper shells of the common slipper shell snail crepidula fornicata . another , the eastern white slipper shell , crepidula plana , has a white and very flattened shell and can be found attached to the insides of large whelk shells and occasionally horseshoe crabs .\nthe university of rhode island . jingle shell ( anomia simplex ) . accessed december 19 , 2014 .\nblack top shell - tegula funebralis ( a . adams , 1855 ) - details - encyclopedia of life\nthe shell is typically coiled , usually dextrally , the axis of coiling being around a central columella to which a large retractor muscle is attached . the uppermost part of the shell is formed from the larval shell ( the protoconch ) . the shell is partly or entirely lost in the juveniles or adults of some groups , with total loss occurring in several groups of land slugs and sea slugs ( nudibranchs ) .\nlike mussels , jingle shells attach using byssal threads . these threads are secreted by a gland located near the jingle shell ' s foot . they then protrude through a hole in the bottom shell and attach to the hard substrate . the shell of these organisms takes on the shape of the substrate upon which they attach ( for example , a jingle shell attached to a bay scallop will have ridged shells also ) .\nshell is oval and up to 5 cm in length . the large shell opening has a shelf , extending half its length . shell is smooth and white , cream , yellow or pinkish in colour with streaks or blotches of red or brown . commonly found in curved chains or stacks made up of several individuals .\ncrepidula fornicata growing on the shell of an edible crab illustrating diversity of substrata on which it can grow .\nfun fact : unless discolored by debris or chemicals , this penny - size shell is typically pure white .\npape ole ; gu\u00e9rault d ; d\u00e9saunay y , 2004 . effect of an invasive mollusc , american slipper limpet crepidula fornicata , on habitat suitability for juvenile common sole solea solea in the bay of biscay . marine ecology progress series , 277 : 107 - 115 .\nbut now they are finding their nets weighed down by an invasive species : the cr\u00e9pidule , or atlantic slipper shell , a curious type of sea snail that has spread from the east coast of the united states .\nnow he is distributing packages of frozen slipper shell flesh to stores and restaurants , and also plans to reuse the calcium - rich shells in construction material and to improve the acidic soil of his native breton coast .\nshell is black or purple above and white below , coiled , with a definite raised spire ( but the shell is only about as tall as wide ) , no siphonal notch or canal in aperture , interior of the shell is pearly . animal has an operculum which is thin and horny with spiral lines . columella has two small nodes . the umbilicus is closed by a callus ( picture ) . shell up to 3 cm diameter . the apex is frequently heavily worn , and shell may be encrusted with coralline algae or bryozoans . animal ' s foot is black on the sides . the black on the shell is due to a dark periostracum .\noff of the coast of england , slipper shells pose a large problem for the oyster population . the slipper shells will attach themselves with their suction like foot to the shell of the oysters and reproduce right on top of them . this will cause the slipper shells to start one of these stacks discussed above , right on top of the oysters . this is a threat to the oysters because both the oyster and the slipper shells are filter feeders . if an oyster has a bunch of slipper shells growing all around it , the slipper shells will filter out all of the food before the food can reach the oyster . this will eventually starve the oyster and it will die . if enough slipper shells grow on top of the oysters , they also have the potential to crush the oysters and kill them directly . the situation with the slipper shells and the oysters , is very similar to the situation in lake champlain with the zebra mussels and the native mussels .\ncrepidula onyx , the onyx slippersnail or onyx slipper snail , is a species of sea snail with gills , a marine gastropod mollusc in the family calyptraeidae , the slipper snails and cup - and - saucer snails .\nthe meat of jingle shells is very bitter , so they are not harvested for food . they are considered common and have not been evaluated for conservation action .\nmolting is governed by hormones secreted from glands in the eye stalks . before molting , lobsters feed heavily and store fat . next the animal produces a soft shell underneath its existing shell and it soon seeks an area where it can hide . shortly afterward the old shell begins to fracture and the animal climbs out of its old shell . in some instances the lobster will eat its old shell to regain the calcium . while the animals molt , they are extremely vulnerable to predation , but this is also the only time that females can be mated .\nbecause the atlantic slipper shells are capable of changing sexes when necessary , the bottom shell in these stacks of shells is female and the top shells are male . the top shells directly fertilize this female at the bottom by sending down an extension to the female with sperm to fertilize the eggs . the larvae then sink to a point where they attach to more stacks of slipper shells , or they attach on their own to something else . if they attach to another stack of slipper shells , it remains a male . if it attaches on its own , it switches to a female , and tries to attract male slipper shells by secreting a chemical which does just that ( lilley ) . another interesting fact is that when the bottom female slipper dies , the next slipper shell up which is male , becomes female and this pattern is continued . because the slipper shells are capable of changing sexes , there will always be an efficient ratio of males to females for reproduction .\nvallet , c . , jc . dauvin , d . hamon , and c . dupuy . 2001 . effect of the introduced common slipper shell on the suprabenthic biodiversity of the subtidal communities in the bay of saint - brieuc . conservation biology 15 ( 6 ) : 1686 - 1690 . summary : a research paper that examines the impact species has on oyster growth and biodiversity .\nwe\u2019ll take a look into the natural history and some of the nuances of the secret lives of a group of creatures whose common names include terms such as spiny , hairy , slipper , elegant , regal , rock , emerald , banded , red - banded , maine and american .\nshell is black or purple above and white below ( picture ) , coiled , with a definite raised spire ( but the shell is only about as tall as wide ) , no siphonal notch or canal in aperture , interior of the shell is pearly . animal has an operculum which is thin and horny with spiral lines . columella has two small nodes ( picture ) . the umbilicus is closed by a callus ( picture ) . shell up to 3 cm diameter . the apex is frequently heavily worn , and shell may be encrusted with coralline algae or bryozoans . animal ' s foot is black on the sides ( picture ) . the black on the shell is due to a dark periostracum .\nfun fact : with wide rays of pink and a yellow interior , the colors of this shell inspire its name .\nthe opisthobranchs comprise about 25 families and 2000 species of the bubble shells ( many families ) and the sea slugs ( many families ) as well as the sea hares ( aplysiidae ) . virtually all opisthobranchs are marine with the majority showing shell reduction or shell loss and only some of the\nprimitive\nshell - bearing taxa having an operculum as adults .\nfitzgerald . a . ( 2007 ) slipper limpet utilisation and management . report to port of truro oyster management group .\niqf slipper lobsters can be cooked directly from the frozen state if time is of the essence . link to recipes .\nunlike limpets , slipper shells are sedentary . once the planktonic larvae settle on a suitable spot in the intertidal , the young slipper shell remains there , sculpting its shell to match the surface of the rock so that it can suction cup itself in place ( a good reason to not pry these snails off of rocks \u2014 they won\u2019t be able to reattach ) . because it stays put ( the scientific word for this is sessile ) , slipper shells cannot graze upon algae or hunt for prey like other snails . it is a filter feeder . like a clam or mussel , it pulls water into its mantle cavity ( inside the shell ) and any plankton in the water stick to the gills and are transferred to its mouth .\nslipper lobster fisheries are characterized by a lack of fisheries management oversight , which can lead to overfishing and rapid depletion of the resource . this is exacerbated by a lack of data on nearly every aspect of slipper lobster fisheries ( catch , size , seasonal trends ) . because slipper lobster is primarily landed by bottom trawls , habitat impacts are also a potential issue .\nslipper shell snails begin as males but later transform to females , so each individual is a sequential hermaphrodite . eggs are fertilized internally . females release thousands of microscopic swimming larvae ( veligers ) , which disperse and later metamorphose on the ocean floor .\nshort description shell moderately convex , ovate , rather thin , with apex at posterior margin , slighly curled dextrally . outer surface smooth or with only growth lines . inside with a septum which occupies the posterior half . edge of shell thin and cutting .\nthe slipper limpet is tolerant of a wide range of temperature conditions through all life stages and can survive low water quality .\nthe slipper meat is processed from the pink - shelled tail and is especially suitable for broiled open - faced style sandwiches .\nthe plate or partition often has a reddish - brown edge . the plate , or as it has been called , \u201cthe deck , \u201d is typically concave with a sinuate or wavy edge . the outer surface of the gastropod may be either smooth or wrinkled . the common atlantic slipper shell is yellow , creamy , or brownish , often flecked with reddish brown , and can be found from canada to texas , and on northwest european shores . the living gastropod inhabits shallow water . the shell grows up to a length of 1\u00bd inches . there is no operculum .\narnold dc , 1960 . occurrence of the slipper limpet crepidula fornicata ( l ) in ireland . nature , 185 : 95 .\norton jh , 1924 . english enemies of the american slipper limpet crepidula fornicata . nature , 2861 ( 114 ) : 312 .\nbecause of an editing error , the cancale journal article last wednesday , about efforts by a french businessman to coax fishermen as well as municipalities in the brittany region of france to sell an invasive species of sea snail , the atlantic slipper shell , for consumption misattributed a quotation about the shell . it was frederic basl\u00e9 , the owner of a seafood cart at port de la houle \u2014 not pierrick cl\u00e9ment , a local food entrepreneur who has been promoting the shellfish \u2014 who said , \u201cthe shell is just not that pretty . \u201d\ncrepidula atrasolea ( formerly c . cf . plana ) can be distinguished from other crepidula species by the following suite of characters . the flat white shell ranges from recurved to somewhat convex depending on the habitat of the individual . animals from exposed substrates are often oval and convex with a more robust shell . the shelf is flat in convex shells and convex in recurved shells , with a notch on the right side where it attaches to the shell and also a depression in the center of the shelf margin . muscle scars are absent . apex at the shell margin usually directly posterior , sometimes slightly recurved to the right . the shell is white , inside and out .\nlikely to be preyed upon by certain species of crab , bird predatory starfish and predatory snails . although experiments have shown the common shore crab ( carcinus maenus ) and the starfish ( asterias rubens ) prefer to feed on native mussels . slipper limpets are also preyed on by the invasive american oyster drill ( urosalpinx cinerea ) .\nthis species is common on rocks , shells , and pilings in protected bays , but it also lives in sheltered places on the open coast , occurring from the low intertidal zone to subtidal waters .\nthe slipper lobster fisheries of thailand , taiwan , china , and vietnam are largely characterized by a lack of information and resource management . sources indicate that slipper lobster is landed primarily by trawls targeting multiple species , which may contribute to the difficulty in collecting accurate data on slipper lobster landings . because of the multi - species nature of the trawl fisheries that land slipper lobster , bycatch , particularly of juvenile finfish species , may be an issue . although slipper lobster reside in somewhat more resilient habitats ( e . g . , sand and mud ) , fisheries that land these lobsters may also take place over more structured habitat , where bottom trawling could negatively impact the sea floor . in order to mitigate environmental risk factors from trawl - caught slipper lobster , the use of traps should be encouraged .\nthe native range of the slipper limpet is from point escuminac , canada along the eastern coast of america , down to the caribbean .\nde montaudouin , x . , audemard , c . & labourg , p . j . ( 1999 ) does the slipper limpet (\nturgeon , d . d . , et al . 1998 . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates of the united states and canada . american fisheries society special publication 26 page ( s ) : 61\nslipper lobster is offered as raw extracted tail meat and as whole shell - on raw lobster tails . our iqf slipper lobster tails and meat should be stored at or below 0\u00b0f ( - 18\u00b0c ) and then thawed properly when ready to cook . the frozen shelf life is 18 months . links to proper seafood handling instructions : noaa - fish watch : handling seafood and a consumer guide to safe seafood handling .\nthe slipper shells , which he affectionately calls \u201cthe problem , \u201d could become a delicacy \u2014 served either raw or cooked , he said .\nmr . cl\u00e9ment claims that eating the slipper shells is the only realistic option for the seafood industry and the ecosystem it is built upon .\nc . fornicata is a marine gastropod with a brown shell . individuals reach about 6 cm long . the septum divides the interior of the shell into two parts : the external one where the foot and head can move and the internal one where the visceral mass is protected . growth is rather rapid and a size of 2 cm is reached in 2 years . the plasticity of this species is important and shell can be deformed .\nhabe t ; maze k , 1970 . crepidula fornicata introduced to japan . hawaian shell news , 18 ( 6 ) : 1 - 7 .\nfun fact : nicknamed the jackknife clam , this shell is known to have very sharp edges and can grow to be nearly 10 inches long .\nshell collecting has been a popular hobby for about 200 years , and the most attractive and valuable shells are those of snails . visitors to the beaches of southwest florida can hardly avoid becoming collectors , the shells are so varied and abundant . malacologists have mixed feelings about shell collecting . no matter how rare or how beautiful , a shell that lacks a label specifying date , place , conditions , and name of collector is scientifically worthless .\njingle shells ( anomia simplex ) are an organism that attaches to something hard , like wood , a shell , a rock or a boat . they are sometimes mistaken for slipper shells , which also attach to a hard substrate . however , slipper shells have only one shell ( also called a valve ) , while jingle shells have two . this makes them bivalves , which means they are related to other two - shelled animals such as mussels , clams , and scallops . the shells of this organism are very thin , almost translucent . however , they are very strong .\nvale fk , rex ma ( 1988 ) repaired shell damage in deep - sea prosobranch gastropods from the western north atlantic . malacologia 28 : 65\u201379 .\nthe exterior of the shell is dull white or cream with wavy longitudinal lines of a light chestnut color . the interior is a shiny light brown .\nthe way in which the atlantic slipper shells reproduce is quite extraordinary and efficient . they do mate directly as opposed to sending sperm and eggs into the water and hoping for a connection . atlantic slipper shells tend to pile up , one on top of another and can make stacks of multiple shells .\ncole w , 1915 . the abundance of the slipper limpet ( crepidula ) in the essex waters . essex naturalist , 18 : 81 - 82 .\n\u201cas a businessman , i see an opportunity here , \u201d he said , after extricating a snail , still alive , from its shell with a knife .\nthe queen conch ( family strombidae ) , has a massive shell with a pink lining , up to 11 . 8 in ( 30 cm ) high .\na very tasty and extremely rare type of crustacean , particularly appreciated in italy , is the cicala grande di mare ( scyllarus latus ) , also known as magnosa . it is so rare that there is not even a common name for it in english , but \u2018mediterranean slipper lobster \u2018 would be the closest denomination . it is very rare because it is very sensitive to pollution .\nin the slipper - shell snails ( crepidula ) , which are rather sessile , all the young are males ; their subsequent sex , however , is determined by their nearest neighbour . they remain males as long as they are near a female but change into females if isolated or placed near another male . \u2026\ncrepidula fornicata may compete with oysters for food and attachment sites in oyster reefs . however , quantities of the shell have been used commercially as an underwater foundation on which oyster embryos can grow . in a splendid work , the shell book , written by julia e . rogers in 1931 , the authoress tells us :\nif you look out on the sand flats you will find thousands of live slipper shells . if you look closely you will notice that they occur in a stack of 2 - 5 individuals , usually , with the bottom one attached to a small rock . the stacks tell you much about their life history . the bottom individual is larger than the ones at the top of the stack and is inevitably a female , but the top individuals are smaller and males . what is not obvious , is that every individual common slipper shell starts life out as an immature snail , then matures into a male , then loses the male function and matures into a female ! if a new slipper shell comes on top of the first and lowest animal in the stack , it will have male function ( copulation occurs by means of a penis ) , until another individual comes on top of him . he will then change sex to female function . sex change , therefore , is not precisely timed but depends on the presence of other individuals in the stack .\nspiny lobsters such as the california spiny lobster and the caribbean spiny lobster lack large pinching claws , and as a result they are sometimes called crayfish . however , these common names can lead to some confusion , as freshwater crayfish do possess claws .\nsince adult slipper shells cannot move around , they need to live close together in order to mate . when the planktonic larvae settle to the bottom , they like to settle on top of other slipper shells and form vertical stacks with the largest and oldest on the bottom . here\u2019s where their sex life gets interesting . slipper shells are protandrous hermaphrodites , meaning they always start out male , and given the right conditions become female as they mature ( they\u2019d be protogynous if they were female first ) . so , when the planktonic larva settles down on a substrate , it is male and stays male until some signal tells it to become female . if it is the only slipper shell around , it will develop into a female and send out chemical signals to attract other slipper shells to come settle on her , forming a stack of slipper shells with the oldest female on the bottom and younger males on top of it . think about this . the males are able to directly fertilize the female beneath , even if separated by four or five other males ! when i first learned this , it was in conjunction with the provocative scientific name , crepidula fornicata .\nmr . cl\u00e9ment aims to sell the slipper shells primarily to the american , japanese and chinese markets , where they might have a less pesky reputation than in france .\ncole ha , 1952 . the american slipper limpet ( crepidula fornicata ) on cornish beds . fishery investigations series 2 , 17 ( 7 ) : 1 - 13 .\nslipper limpet processing ( slp ) , a company set up in cancale in 2008 , has recently obtained 700 , 000 euros from investment funds altaya and logoden participations .\nthe shell is oval , up to 5 cm in length , with a much reduced spire . the large aperture has a shelf , or septum , extending half its length . the shell is smooth with irregular growth lines and white , cream , yellow or pinkish in colour with streaks or blotches of red or brown . slipper limpets are commonly found in curved chains of up to 12 animals . large shells are found at the bottom of the chain , with the shells becoming progressively smaller towards the top .\nvale fk , rex ma ( 1989 ) repaired shell damage in a complex of rissoid gastropods from the upper continental slope south of new england . nautilus 103 : 105\u2013108 .\nfun fact : although slipper shells are a vital part of the ecology in specific areas of the coast , they are also known to damage oyster fisheries in other areas .\nmeaning shell . conchs are the largest snails , with enough meat in the foot to make them popular in stews and salads . the species names of conchs indicate their size .\nnew industrial uses of this product , either the meat or the shell , should be investigated . up to now , the different uses found in the literature are not satisfactory : the shell is used generally as calcareous improvement and the meat is often used for poultry . the chemical or the pharmacological industries have to look into this product to find new openings .\nin their efforts to rid their stretch of coast of the slipper shells , the local authorities have scooped them out of the bay and dumped them farther out in the sea .\nfitzgerald a , 2007 . slipper limpet utilisation and management , final report . port of truro oyster management group . sea fisheries publications , sea fisheries authority , council of wales .\nsnails have occupied practically every type of habitat that supports animal life . dehydration appears to be the greatest danger for terrestrial snails , while predation is the greatest danger for marine snails . bieler has estimated that 53 % of all snail species are prosobranchs , largely marine , 4 % opisthobranchs , entirely marine , and the remaining 43 % pulmonates , terrestrial and freshwater . in intertidal zones , numbers of prosobranchs such as the common periwinkle littorina littorea seem as uncountable as stars in the sky . according to abbott , littorina probably reached north america from europe on driftwood\nbefore the time of the vikings\n( about a . d . 1000 ) and gradually extended its range from newfoundland to ocean city , maryland . in exchange , about 100 years ago we gave northern europe the common slipper shell crepidula fornicata , which has proliferated to the point of being a pest of english oyster beds .\nat least some members of this species have ripe gonads throughout the year in oregon and california . in california they appear to spawn multiple times a year but only once in oregon ( late summer or fall ) . the most exposed sites are dominated by mature individuals while juveniles are more common in protected sites . lifespan is 5 - 8 years in the southern part of the range but up to 30 years farther north . egg production also seems to be greater in populations farther north , and larger individuals are more common there .\nthe bodies of the reclusive slipper lobsters are more heavily armored than spiny lobsters and they are sometimes described as looking like a flattened armadillo . slipper lobsters do not have the long antennae found in spiny and american lobsters . instead their antennae have been modified into large flattened plates at the front of the body . not highly sought - after as food sources by fishermen or divers but a delight for the eyes of divers , especially underwater photographers , a variety of species of slipper lobsters occur in tropical and semitropical seas around the world .\nwalne pr , 1956 . the biology and distribution of the slipper limpet crepidula fornicata in essex rivers . fishery investigations , ser ii , 20 ( 6 ) : 1 - 50 .\n( 1998 ) and cole & hancock ( 1956 ) reported dredging operations to clear slipper limpets from oyster beds , but concluded that further spread of the species could not be prevented .\nsea port has initiated tracing requirements from their slipper lobster suppliers that will start to pinpoint the vessel name ( when available ) that caught the slipper lobster , the catch method and the catch area . collection of such data may help spur the eventual establishment of management schemes for this multi - species trawl fishery and also to encourage the greater use of traps . sea port believes that , in aggregate , choosing from a diverse variety of seafood is better for sustaining the world\u2019s seafood resources and that slipper lobster should be a part of this variety .\n. the foot is usually rather large and is typically used for crawling . it can be modified for burrowing , leaping ( as in conchs , strombidae ) , swimming , or clamping ( as in limpets ) . the foot typically bears an operculum that seals the shell opening ( aperture ) when the head - foot is retracted into the shell ( see photos below ) . while this structure is present in all gastropod veliger larvae , it is absent in the embryos of some direct developing taxa and in the juveniles and adults of many heterobranchs . the nervous and circulatory systems are well developed with the concentration of nerve ganglia being a common evolutionary theme .\nthe slipper shell , which can be considered a vital part of the ecology in certain areas , is also considered a problem in others . they are very efficient when it comes to feeding and reproducing , which makes them so abundant around the world in the oceans . there is not much potential for the population of these organisms to atrophy considering they have no significant predators .\nanyone with questions about the acceptable market names for langostino should contact the office of seafood or visit the seafood list urltoken and type \u201clangostino\u201d in the search field . the fda encourages the use of a species\u2019 market or common name , but discourages the use of the vernacular name .\njohnson , j . k . , 1972 . effect of turbidity on the rate of filtration and growth of the slipper limpet , crepidula fornicata . veliger , 14 , 315 - 320 .\nthey are extremely diverse in size , body and shell morphology , and habits and occupy the widest range of ecological niches of all molluscs , being the only group to have invaded the land .\nscientific nomenclature is subject to change , due to ongoing research . the above classification coincides with that published for the gladys archerd shell collection at the washington state university tri - cities natural history museum .\nwhile the body color of spiny lobsters ranges from reddish to blue to bluish - black , american lobsters are typically olive green to greenish brown , but specimens that are orange and even bright blue do occur . diet , genetic makeup and exposure to sunlight combine to determine their color . however , when you see a cooked america lobster the shell is usually bright red . this is because the major pigment in the shell , astaxanthin , usually appears to be greenish or bluish when bound to proteins in the shell . heat frees those bonds , and the natural color of unbonded astaxanthin is red .\nmr . cl\u00e9ment grew up dive - fishing for oysters , abalones and sea urchins , and , like most bretons , he had never thought of eating the ubiquitous atlantic slipper shell . then he found out about a mechanism that could crack open the shells of the invasive sea snails on an industrial scale without damaging the flesh , and he quickly invested a million euros in research and development .\nblanchard m , 1997b . spread of the slipper - limpet ( crepidula fornicata ) in europe . current state and consequences . scientia marina 61 ( 2 sup . ) : 109 - 118 .\nblanchard m , 1997 . spread of the slipper limpet ( crepidula fornicata ) in europe , current state and consequences . scientia marina , 61 ( 2 supp . ) : 109 - 118 .\nthe slipper limpet has been introduced into numerous locations around europe and on the western coast of america . it is thought to have been introduced into the solent in the 1930s and by the 1970s , was thought to be the most dominant seabed creature in the area . by the 1960s , the population had spread to start point devon and the species is currently common along the entire southern coast of england . this rapid domination and spread has been mirrored in suitable habitats elsewhere around europe .\nseveral crepidula atrasolea on a clam shell . from this dorsal view , it is impossible to distinguish between c . atrasolea and c . depressa . photo courtesy r . collin , smithsonian tropical research institute .\nthieltges , d . w . impact of an invader : epizootic american slipper limpet crepidula fornicata reduces survival and growth in european mussels . marine ecology progress series 286 : 13 - 19 , 2005 .\njohnson jk , 1972 . effect of turbidity on the rate of filtration and growth of the slipper limpet crepidula fornicata lamarck , 1799 . the veliger , 14 ( 3 ) : 315 - 320 .\na loss of amenity value caused by slipper limpet infestation may occur . in addition , traditional fishing practices may be affected and in areas heavily dependant on fishing , these social impacts may be serious .\neven worse for a fruit de mer \u2014 a french term that designates all edible seafaring creatures besides fish \u2014 \u201cthe shell is just not that pretty , \u201d said mr . basl\u00e9 , the seafood cart owner .\njean - fran\u00e7ois dore raked up the atlantic slipper shells that cover the seabed in the waters off cancale in france in an attempt to protect the area\u2019s oyster and mussel farms from the invasive sea snails .\neventually he hopes to process as much as 100 , 000 tons of slipper shells per year \u2014 enough to offset their growth in the bays of mont saint - michel , saint - brieuc and morlaix .\nblanchard , m . , 1997 . spread of the slipper limpet crepidula fornicata ( l . 1758 ) in europe . current state and consequences . scientia marina , 61 , supplement 9 , 109 - 118 .\ntelline ( donax trunculus ) used to be so common that you could see bathers in the early morning , when the sea was calm , walking in the shallow waters in front of sandy beaches picking them with their bare hands or with special scoop nets . while the latter is still a common practice among fishermen and people of the older generation , telline have become a little harder to find , especially close to the shore . human intervention along the coast line have pushed the natural habitat of this mollusc further away from the shore , but in fish shops they are still widely available , even if on an irregular basis .\nif you find a thin , shiny shell while walking on the beach , it might be a jingle shell . jingle shells are shiny mollusks that got their name because they produce a bell - like sound when several shells are shaken together . these shells are also called mermaid ' s toenails , neptune ' s toenails , toenail shells , gold shells and saddle oysters . they may wash up in large numbers on beaches after storms .\ncrepidula atrasolea prefers epibenthic habitats in shallow oyster reefs , often near mangroves . it is most common intertidally to subtidally , but prefers slow moving waters with with low wave exposure . typical maximum water depth is to at least 20m , in the florida keys , it is commonly found subtidally in shells inhabited by hermit crabs .\nblanchard , m . , 1997 . spread of the slipper limpet crepidula fornicata ( l . 1758 ) in europe . current state and consequences . scientia marina . 61 ( suppl . 2 ) . 109 - 118 .\ncalifornia divers periodically encounter two species of crustaceans that are commonly known as squat lobsters . while these animals bear some resemblance to lobsters , scientists point out that they are actually more closely related to their crustacean cousins , the hermit crabs . one species of squat lobster is also known by the common names tuna crab and red crab .\nnotice that in english tellina refers to a genus of shells , whereas in italian it is a specific type of shell , the donax trunculus , which , as the name indicates , belongs to a different genus , the donax .\nbecause qu\u00e1n \u1ed1c are such informal and open spaces , there\u2019s a constant buzz of vendors ( often older women ) who walk from table to table offering diners the perfect snacks to go with their \u2018shell tapas\u2019 . popular ones include :\nrichard j ; huet m ; thouzeau g ; paulet ym , 2006 . reproduction of the invasive slipper limpet crepidula fornicata in the bay of brest , france . marine biology , 149 ( 4 ) : 789 - 801 .\nslipper lobsters , also called flat , locust , spanish , shovel - nosed and bulldozer ; australians call some of them \u201cbugs ; \u201d are scattered throughout many of the world\u2019s warmer coastal waters , but nowhere in large quantities .\nthe company has developed a patented cold shelling process for slipper limpets , an invasive shellfish found on the coasts of normandy and brittany , to add value to the flesh and shell . the increased capital will enable the company to move on from the pilot stage to industrialisation . work is currently underway in the processing plant to create a capacity of 20 tonnes / day by september . five new jobs are scheduled before the end of the year as a result of this upscaling . the company works on a cooperative basis with the regional shellfish committee of northern brittany ( comit\u00e9 r\u00e9gional conchylicole bretagne nord ) , which purchased the first vessel to specialise in the harvesting of slipper limpets in 2013 .\njoseph jambon , head of the local shellfish producers union , has agreed to share his oyster fishing boat le papy with mr . cl\u00e9ment , who declared it the first boat in the world to willingly fish for atlantic slipper shells .\n\u201ceveryone wants to get the most out of their space , \u201d said mr . jambon . but \u201cwhat\u2019s important , \u201d he added , is that the slipper shells \u201cscram and that we promote it and that our production improves . \u201d\nhas been introduced to the west coast of the united states , the coastal waters of asia , and the coastal waters of england , france , and other european countries . in these locations , slipper shells have become a nuisance in\nslipper lobster tails and meat should be thawed in a sealed plastic container or bag and placed under refrigeration ( 33 - 39\u00b0f ) for 12 - 24 hours or until completely thawed . this thawing method produces a high quality product . to quick thaw , place the product in a colander and run under cold water for 4 - 8 minutes or until completely thawed . thawed slipper lobster should be held at 33 - 39\u00b0f and totally consumed within 2 - 3 days .\nthe slipper shells have been prevalent in brittany since the 1970s and were brought here by ships carrying oysters , though local lore has it they were first brought to nearby normandy in 1944 , stuck to the hulls of british allied ships .\nbottom ml ; ropes jw , 1988 . an indirect method for estimating longevity of the horseshoe crab ( limulus polyphemus ) based on epifaunal slipper limpet crepidula fornicata . journal of shellfish research , 7 ( 3 ) : 407 - 712 .\nleblanc , a . r . ; landry , t . ; miron , g . 2003 . identification of fouling organisms covering mussel lines and impact of a common defouling method on the abundance of foulers in tracadie bay , prince edward island . canadian technical report of fisheries & aquatic sciences . ( 2477 ) . i - vii , 1 - 18 .\ndyrynda , p . 2003 . slipper limpet beds . school of biological sciences , university of wales swansea server . summary : information on description , economic importance , distribution , habitat , history , growth , and impacts and management of species ."]}
{"id": 2622, "summary": [{"text": "pseudotrichonotus is a genus of fish in the family pseudotrichonotidae native to the indian and pacific ocean .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "this genus is the only member of its family . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "pseudotrichonotus", "paragraphs": ["pogonoski j j ( 2015 ) . pseudotrichonotus belos new species , first record of the fish family pseudotrichonotidae from australia ( teleostei : aulopiformes ) .\n< i > pseudotrichonotus < / i > < i > belos < / i > new species , first record of the fish family pseudotrichonotidae from australia ( teleostei : aulopiformes ) .\npseudotrichonotus belos gill & pogonoski 2016 , zootaxa 4205 ( 2 ) : 190 , figs . 1 - 2 . type locality : southwest of exmouth gulf , western australia , 22\u00b051 ' s , 113\u00b031 ' e , depth 100 m .\nparin , n . v . , 1992 . pseudotrichonotus xanthotaenia ( pseudotrichonotidae , aulopiformes ) - - new species from the saya de malha bank . j . ichthyol . 32 ( 7 ) : 128 - 131 . ( ref . 41477 )\nholotype of the dart sand - diving lizardfish , pseudotrichonotus belos , from southwest of exmouth gulf , western australia , depth 100 m - csiro h 6406 - 04 . source : louise conboy / australlian national fish collection , csiro . license : all rights reserved\njohnson , g . d . , baldwin , c . c . , okiyama , m . & tominaga , y . ( 1996 ) osteology and relationships of pseudotrichonotus altivelis ( teleostei : aulopiformes : pseudotrichonotidae ) . ichthyological research , 43 , 17\u201345 . urltoken\nparin , n . v . ( 1992 ) pseudotrichonotus xanthotaenia ( pseudotrichonotidae , aulopiformes ) - - a new fish from the saya - de - malha submarine rise . voprosy ikhtiologii , 32 , 156\u2013158 . [ in russian . english translation in journal of ichthyology , 32 , 128\u2013131 .\ngill ac , pogonoski jj . < i > pseudotrichonotus < / i > < i > belos < / i > new species , first record of the fish family pseudotrichonotidae from australia ( teleostei : aulopiformes ) . zootaxa . 2016 ; dec 054205 : zootaxa . 4205 . 2 . 8\ngill ac , pogonoski jj . < i > pseudotrichonotus < / i > < i > belos < / i > new species , first record of the fish family pseudotrichonotidae from australia ( teleostei : aulopiformes ) . zootaxa 2016 ; 4205 ( 2 ) : zootaxa . 4205 . 2 . 8 urltoken < i > pseudotrichonotus < / i > _ < i > belos < / i > _ new _ species _ first _ record _ of _ the _ fish _ family _ pseudotrichonotidae _ from _ australia _ _ teleostei : _ aulopiformes _ _ . accessed july 9 , 2018 .\ngill ac , pogonoski jj :\n< i > pseudotrichonotus < / i > < i > belos < / i > new species , first record of the fish family pseudotrichonotidae from australia ( teleostei : aulopiformes ) .\nzootaxa , vol . 4205 , no . 2 , 2016 , pp . zootaxa . 4205 . 2 . 8 , urltoken < i > pseudotrichonotus < / i > _ < i > belos < / i > _ new _ species _ first _ record _ of _ the _ fish _ family _ pseudotrichonotidae _ from _ australia _ _ teleostei : _ aulopiformes _ _ . accessed july 9 , 2018 .\nthis dataset contains the digitized treatments in plazi based on the original journal article gill , anthony c . , pogonoski , john j . ( 2016 ) : pseudotrichonotus belos new species , first record of the fish family pseudotrichonotidae from australia ( teleostei : aulopiformes ) . zootaxa 4205 ( 2 ) : 189 - 193 , doi :\ngill ac & pogonoski jj . ( 2016 ) . < i > pseudotrichonotus < / i > < i > belos < / i > new species , first record of the fish family pseudotrichonotidae from australia ( teleostei : aulopiformes ) . zootaxa , 4205 , pp . zootaxa . 4205 . 2 . 8 . doi : 10 . 11646 / zootaxa . 4205 . 2 . 8\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nanthony c . gill macleay museum and school of life and environmental sciences , a12 \u2013 macleay building , the university of sydney , new south wales 2006 , australia . ichthyology , australian museum , 1 william street , sydney , new south wales 2010 , australia\njohn j . pogonoski australian national fish collection , national research collections australia , commonwealth scientific and industrial research organisation , gpo box 1538 , hobart , tasmania 7001 , australia .\nthe pdf file you selected should load here if your web browser has a pdf reader plug - in installed ( for example , a recent version of adobe acrobat reader ) .\nif you would like more information about how to print , save , and work with pdfs , highwire press provides a helpful frequently asked questions about pdfs .\nalternatively , you can download the pdf file directly to your computer , from where it can be opened using a pdf reader . to download the pdf , click the download link above .\ngreek , pseudes = false + greek , thrix , - ichos = hair + greek , noton = back ( ref . 45335 )\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 9 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . )\ninhabits sandy bottoms of about 30 m depth ; has been observed to dive into the sand .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 1 . 0000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01000 ( 0 . 00244 - 0 . 04107 ) , b = 3 . 04 ( 2 . 81 - 3 . 27 ) , in cm total length , based on all lwr estimates for this body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 4 . 0 \u00b10 . 67 se ; based on food items .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 10 of 100 ) .\neschmeyer , w . n . ; fricke , r . ; van der laan , r . ( eds ) . ( 2017 ) . catalog of fishes : genera , species , references . electronic version . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nthe webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 license\nfroese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n> stream x\u009cc ` ` ` e ` ` jb ` b ` h\u00eff\u0010b @ \u0000 ! \u0006f\u0006\u0016\u0006f\u0006\u00e6\u00a3 \u008c , \u0002\u008e\u0082 j\u00ef\u00ae ] sth ) z\u00b7\u00e9\u00ffi { \u0095\u0016\u00fe\u00f7 ! \u0092\u00fb\u00fcdx\u00b7u\u00e6 ) \u00f9\u00df\u0011su\u00fd\u00aa\u00eb\u00eb $ % u6\u0082cl\u00e6\u0001\u0016 _ \u0013\u0001\u0081\u0087\u009b\u00bfn wc\u00bb\u007f\u00f1\u00e8\u0086\u00e9\u00bf\u0081f z\u00aal\u00b2\u0094\u00ee\u00fc\u00ae\u0094\u00bbl\u00a8sh\u00a8qk\u00a3\u00e6d \b > \b\u00e4b\u00fdb\u00b3\u0084\u001au\u0084z \u0084 . \u00ea\b5\u0082\u00e4\u0014\u00b5 \u001a\u00b5 \u00846 \u00b9\u008b \u00ee\u0000\u0082i z\u0013\u00f6\u0000i\u000e \u00e6\u0003\u008b\u00142\u00f03l\u00e2k\u0090\u00f9\u00e1 \u0014\u00fad\u00f9\u00ffo\u00ee\u00fc\u00ec & \u0002\u00b2\u0002 @ \u00a9\u0006 d\u0000\u0000\u00fb\u001aw\u0099 endstream endobj 163 0 obj <\n> stream x\u009c\u00a5 \\ \u00fb\u008e $ \u00b7\u0091 } \u00ef\u00af\u00a8 ' c\u0004\u00ec\u00e4\u00e6\u00fdb = \u008d $ \u00eb\u00ba ` v\u0082\u00a6\u0017\u0086\u00e1\u0086\u0001v\u0016\u00bb\u008a\u009e\u00acd93\u00ab { j\u00fec ? 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\u00b1\u0081\u00f6\u00f7zc\u0090o\u00f3\u0014 _ _ \u00df \\ - \u00ee\u00ec\u00e1eo\u0082\u008e\u0012\u00b6\u00f9\u00fb\u00e0u\u00e0 [ \u00b9\u0011 * fv\u00a1\u0088 - \u0011\b\u00eduk\u00ffo ojl\u00f0\u0095\u00ef\u00fc\u00f0\u00e8\u0007\u00ea @ \u00f4\u00ed\u008a\u00ea\u0091q | \u00f9\u00b21 _ fm\u00eb\u008f\u0013 } \u00fc\u00f5\u0011\u00ec = \u001a\u00f2\u009a\u00f4\u0001 ] m ( s\u0000\u0086\u00aeo\u00f8 \u0093\u00f2\n\u00f0q\u00b6\u0082 [ \u00ec [ # \u009e\u0095\u0016\n\u00fe\u00ea\u0092k\u00b4\u00f4\u0005 & \u00ac ? \u0092\u00a3\u00f6\u00ea\u009b2i\u00e3ff\u0006\u008a\u00ec\u0017\u000e\u0014\u0098\u009f9i\u0010\u0011\u009a , ` \u00be\u00e5\u0012\u00b1\u0018 ) \u00f8w\u00f1 [\n\u00ae ( + k\u008c1 ~ ko\u00e0 / pcr\u008dx\u00bbj \u009c\u00f0\u00a5\u008emt\u00f8\u0081\n\\ \u009at\u0082\u00b1 / \u0093\u0019 / \u00b6 ) \u00ac5\u00b7\u00e5\u001a\u00e1z\u009b * \u0001j\u00f3\u00f7\u00800j\u0004\u0018\u00ecg\n: | \u00a4\u0080\u00e2z\u0087 $ a\u00b4 \u00bf . j\u00f0 ! \u0094\u009c\u00bb\u00e9\u008a\u007f\u009d\u00b4\u00a9 \u00a6\u00aa\u00e4\u0092m\u00e8\u009agz4\u000e \u00ea0\u00ec\u0082\u00e1\u00a6\u00f5 : qx t\u0083\u00f5\u0011\u00ba\u00ae\u00e1\u00fe\u00b2\u00b1y\u00fd\u00ba\u00ac\u0091 % . \u0006 . \u00e2\u008d\u008d\u008b\u00b6\u00acap6\u008b\u00ab\u00e8\u00f3p\u00a7\u00aeq\u00b8 ^ \u00f6h\u00f5gr\u0005 ( \u008b\u00fa\u0083 - \u00f8\u0094d\u00e1\u00e6\u00f45\n\u0084\b\u00ec\u00eb\u009d\u0080 _ c\u0084q \u0016\u00f1\u00e9\u0083\u00b2\u008d\u00f8 | \u00ef\u00e0\u0084\u00ab\u00ea\u0080ba\u00e01i\u00f5 . / \u00a2\u00fb\u0010 \u00afr\u00e6\u0084\u00ff + [ 02\u007f\u00ff8n\u0003k ' \u00f3\u0081\u00f8\u00ad\u008b\u0011\u00f8x\u00b8 . v / \u00d7\u00e6\u00ea\u00e5 ~ \u00ae\u0005\u00b9\u00a1 \u00e9\u00fe\u0014\u00fa\u0092\u0002xc\u00ael wh\u0093n\u009b \u0080\u00aa\u00e8a\u0012\u0006\u00e3\u0018o * \u00bd\u00be\u00e1sn\u0099\u00b2 { \u0080 % _ \u00b1\u00b3\n\u00f6\u00f5\u00e15ok\u00b0d\u0083 ? 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\u00fb\u0093n\u00e1\u00e6 ? r\u0014e\u00e3\u00e6\u0000\u00f4e\u00b6\u00ac { \u00f7d\u00e9\u00b3 \u00e0\u0081t y\u00f7 , \u00fa\u00e5\u00ea\u00ab\b\u0017\u00d73\u0019\u00b9a : \u00f3\u00f8 \u00f2\u0095\u00b9\u00ff\u00e3\u00e0\u00fav / \u00b4\u00d7\u00ef\u00e0\u00e1\u00bd\u00b2m\u0001\b ? \u00b03\u00f8v\u009a\u00e5 ! \u0082\u00f2\u00ebi w\u00b1\u00b9\u00ae\u00e8\u009f\u00b5 \u00ecf\u00aek\u00f6 & \u0089 [ j\u0003 # \u0018o\u00e7\u00a3 @ \u008b\u00fe\u0096\u00f6\u00f0 is\u00af\u0019t\u0012 ? \u00b8bp ` oj\u00ecx ( \u00f3\u008e \u00b1p\u0091\u00d7\u001b\u00ee\u00965\u00eb : \u00b0ukb\u00f6\u00e3n\u00f0 \\ p\u00efg\u00e1\u00e1 \u00f6\u009f48wg\u009ah\u00a4 - \u0016\u00b8\u00ab\u00adt\u00b2 \u00ab ) \u00be \u0016\u0095 / ^ \u00b8\u0086\u00ff\u00bby\u00e1\u00ec\u00eaf\u009e\u00eb\u0094 \u00e0\u00fak , \u00f6\u00fem\u0005 ( @ yl\u00a3\u00b1\u009fd\u00f3m\u00d7\u00e9\u00ea * rcr\u0083 = \u00bf\u00fd og : ! \u00ff \u00f0nt\u0084\u00adb\u0001\u0080 y\u00a7\u0010 ~ $ \u00e2\u0088\u00f2d\u0091o\u0016\u00057o ( \u00ae * \u00fd\u00bfw\u00e8 ` { \u00fe\u0012p\u00a3\u00f2a\u0006\u009e\u00f6 ( \u0087 - \u00a8\u00fb\u00e5\u0017\u0090 n\u0005\u00fb\u00f52\u00e41\u00e6\u001a\u0094\u0089\u0014 | \u00e0wp\u00ee\u00b1\u008b\u00f5\u00a5 l > \u009e\u00fb\u00ab o { y\u00a5 \u0097h\u000f + \u00e0 [ \u00f9orl\u00b9 \u00eb\u0015 % r\u00e5\u0097\u00bdh\u0003\u0004\u0004 @ \u008du\u00a3 \u0012\u0010\u00e8\u0001d\u00dfv\u00a7 - \u000f\u00f1\u00edx . \u0004 / \u00efml\u0005\u0005\u0014\u00e3\u000f * \u009b\u00bdj . tp\u00ad\u00ed\u009e\u000f\u00e6 ' \u00a7\u00f1\u00e1 + \u00ea\u00aa + \u00f2\u008b\u00b7v\u00f2\u009d\u0005t\u00f9\u008ec ; / q\u00e2\u00e1\u00e1\u00a6z\u00e0\u00b7\u00ear1iq\u00011\u00e0\u0098\u00fb\u0013\u008d\u00e8wc\u0098\u0083\u00e6\u00ab\u008d ! \u00bfw ) \u00b4b\u0007\u00f9\u00f2\u00e3\u009eu q\u0084x\u0096\u00ff\u0095\u00f8 z\u00b1\u00ec\u00e5\u00076 \u00f9zb\u000ev . u\u0013\u00ef\u00fd\u00efyd\u00f8\u00e3\u00e0o\u00e2\u0087q\u008f\u00bd\u0088 $ \u0010\u00f6 > \u00b2\u00f3 \u008e\u00f3\u00f0u\u0014\b\u0080 \u00b6\u008a\u00a8\u000e\u00e6\u00ea\u0097\u008a\u00f2ku\u00ec\u00b5 ) h ' \u00e1z\u00a4 \u00eb\u00fat\u0004\u00a5 \u0002l\u0016ch \u00ad\u009a\u0013\u00f4\u00fc\u00e2 \u00b7\u00b3\u00a9\u0006\u00f9\u0093\u00e5\u00a9 ~ \u001a\u009ec\u00ae\u00f0 \u00a8\u00e8k\u001b \\ \u00eary u\u00f3\u001a s\u00b7sl\u0086o\u0083\u00ad % \b\u00a4\u008f\u00a7 ) \u008c\u0098 rl > \u00e8\u00e0\u00e8\u0091\u00e5\u00ec99\u00bb\u0089\u008ay\u00b1\u0018\u0006r \u00e4\u00aar\u00ee\u0015n , \u00fb ~ \u00e2z\u00ec\u0080\u00f3r\u009f\u00d7 - \u00f9\u0019\u00114 < \u0098 ' \u008a\n@ 3t\u00e4 < \u00ee\u00ef ] \u00f5\u00ec3 w : mt\u0016\u00f0\u00ad\u00e0 ( \u0096\u00ae\u00b9b\u00ee\u00fa\u00b1 - \u00a7\u00eb\u00f31\u00f6k ? ^ l = t _ j 0\u00b5\u00e7 @ \u0091\u00ec \u00ed ~ \u0014\u00af\u00f8\u00fc\u00e9\u00a6f\u00b3b\u00b69g\u00a3\u0090\u0097u\u0082 $ \u00b4\u00e8\u00f4\u00ee | c\u0090\u009f\u00e5 ! p3\u00ba\u0080\u00e9\u00e8w : \u00e5\u00bd\u00f0r ? dy\u00ba\u00f0\u00eb\u00ef\u0010 | \u000f\u00eavi\u0096v\u00e3\u0014\u00f0qp1s \u00f1 \\ n\u00ec t\u00fc\u00928\u00f1\u00e7\u00efp\u0094l\u00a7 ' \u00e1\u00e64\u00b4 & \u00f9\u00e7\u00a3\u0002w $ 0\u00ee\u00e9 * @ \u0007 ; _ s = \u00e6 ) \u009d6 . \u0081\u00f41\u00fc\u0097\u0010x\u00e6\u009eq\u00ab\u0013b\u00118\u00f8q\u00f4\u009cd\u0087ne\u00e7\u00e3\u00f1\u00b6\u00a3y\u00f4\u00b01\b\u0019\u0084\n\u0091t\u00e5 + \u00ff\u000f\u0011\u008b\u00f2\u00fbe\u00eec\u001b\u0084m & i ; \u00e7\u00aa\u00eb ` , \u0097\u00ab\u00fe\u00ab\u009a\u00acb\u00e2 # \u00bduz / [ \u00efa\u0094\u00e9\u00f1\u00fe / \u0017g\u00e9 ( \u00f5\u000f\u0011 { p\u00fc\u00eb\u00e4\u008cez\u00e1\u00f3\u00f9 | \u00829\u0010tjwwj\u00e1vb\u00bd\u00e4 _ 8 & wkix ; \u008a @ \u00e7q\u00bb\u009e\u0012 \u0091\u00fc\u00a7\u0013\u00a6 ! % h\u0095 ? pg\u0004\u00a2cb _ \u00a1 ` \u0081 & \u00bd\u009a\u0097\u00e6\u00fd\u0007\u00ee < 9 6\u00f8\u00f1\u00f0\u00df\u0099\u00a9\u00b4\u008e\u00ef\u00bfpd\u00f61\u009a\u001a\u00e6\u00fc\u00fa\u00e0\u0006\u0094\u00e6 & c ; \u00ae\u00e3\u00e7\u00fe\u008f\u00ef ^ \u00a5\u00f5 / \u00a7\u00af\u0082\u00b6\u00fa\u00fe\u00ebxs\u00ab\u00f9\u00f1\u00b7\u00f3\u0087\u00ec\u00e7\u00fe\u0098 : z\u00f6\u0004\u00f7\u00a2 | : \u0092\u00f5\u00e5\u00e2 - \u00ef\u00e2p ' db\u00b0q\u00e2\u007f\u00e1\u00042\u00f3x\u00e9\u00eb \\ r / q\u0004 % \u009a\u00a3 / \u00f5m % \u00f3 = \u0095\u00b7 v \\ mog\u0018\u00fdn\u00e9\u00b9j\u00ed\u00ed\u00fb\u00ef\u00fc\u00a1\u00b3d\u00ef\u00f2\u00e0\u00fe\u009b\u0019\u00a1k\u0099\u00ec\u00f0w\u0000\u00a9 ^ \u00a7\u00f2\u00fbgx\u00ac\u000f \u00e5bv . \u009c\u0005b ! \u009f\u00bd\u00e4\u0082\u0015m\u00e09\u00f8e / \u00aa\u00e7\u0084\u0092\u0019z\u00eb\u00f4\u00e2\u0005\u0019\u0081\u007f\u00f4\u00f7\u00fe\u00eeb\u00b0n\u00fd\u00e7\u0087ql\u00efj\u00f5\u0011 ! \u00e0\u00ee\u00ae = @ \u0098\u00e3y\u0016eva\u0088\u0007 \u00b2vt\n# \u00ad\u00e5 ; | \u00a7\u0000\u00e5 _ o\u00e0cm\u00a5 ! \u00eb\u0002\u0007\u0007\u00f5\u00f1y\u00a2y4 7\u00e3wxd \\ \u0082s\u00e7\u0096 z ~ 9\u00e1 c9\u00acv\u009a\u00e2 \\ \u0005\u009a8\u00f1\u0082a \u00ac \u00fd\u00f1y\u0099\u00f9\u00e5\u00fc\u00aed\u00bc\u0015\u0004\u00f8z\u00fa\u009b\u00f0\u001a\u0017\u0095\u00bda\u00e8\u0017\u00a7 @ \u00e6\u00f3 \u00df\u00e0\u00b8\u0097\u00b2\u00ad\u00f2\u0015\u0094\u00ea\u0084d . \u00eb\u00e3q\u00aa\u0093\u000f\u0019\u00e5\u001a\u00e4 \u0015\u00b8\n\u0098\u00f3h\u00fb\u0096 | \u0012\u0012\u00ab\u00f02\u008c ] \u0099\u00ab\u00eb\u00ea\u009f\u009d\u00a8\u0007 / \u00ec & 1\u00e9\u00f2\u00fc / \u00f1q \u00ab\u00b8\u00a3c ^ \u00f0\u00ee\u0093\u00fe \u00eb > !\nmarine ; demersal ; depth range 87 - 110 m ( ref . 41477 ) . tropical\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 6 . 0 cm sl ( female )\ndorsal soft rays ( total ) : 33 ; anal soft rays : 13 ; vertebrae : 49 . head pointed . body beam - like . mouth small . upper jaw protrusible ; protruding slightly beyond the lower one when mouth is closed . interorbital space is very narrow ; just less than 1 / 3 of eye diameter . branchiostegal rays 6 . gill rakers spinelike , 4 + 1 + 8 . caudal fin rays 8 - 10 ( ref . 41477 ) .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00389 ( 0 . 00180 - 0 . 00842 ) , b = 3 . 12 ( 2 . 94 - 3 . 30 ) , in cm total length , based on all lwr estimates for this body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 5 \u00b10 . 2 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\na small sand - diving lizardfish known from only three specimens . the species is pale pinkish with a bright yellow midlateral stripe that breaks up into four spots along the rear of the body , a faint iridescent bluish - grey stripe below the yellow , and a series of purplish spots within the yellow stripe that become saddles posteriorly .\ntrawled in depths of 100\u2013120 m offshore between exmouth gulf and shark bay , western australia .\ndistinguished by the following characters : dorsal - fin origin well behind pelvic - fin origin , predorsal length 39 . 6\u201341 . 2 % sl ; dorsal - fin rays 31\u201333 ; anal - fin rays 12 .\nthe specific name belos is from the greek meaning arrow or dart , in reference to the dart - like appearance of this species .\nnew species , first record of the fish family pseudotrichonotidae from australia ( teleostei : aulopiformes ) . zootaxa 4205 ( 2 ) : 189\u2013193 .\nurltoken is the world ' s leading destination for sustainable coral reef farming and the aquarium hobby . we offer a free open forum and reef related news and data to better educate aquarists and further our goals of sustainable reef management . reefs\u00ae community system | copyright \u00a9 2018\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n, select family and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the family .\n, select country and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the country .\n, select ecosystem and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the ecosystem .\ncfm script by eagbayani , 30 . 11 . 04 , , php script by cmilitante , 05 / 11 / 2010 , last modified by cmilitante , 14 / 03 / 2013\njohnson , r . k . ( 1982 ) fishes of the families evermanellidae and scoleparchidae : systematics , morphology , interrelationships , and zoogeography . fieldiana zoology ( new series ) , 12 , 1\u2013252 .\nmachida , y . ( 1988 ) pseudotrichonotidae . in : masuda , k . , amaoka , k . , araga , c . , uyeno , t . & yoshino , t . ( eds . ) , the fishes of the japanese archipelago . second edition . tokai university press , tokyo , pp . 60\u201360 .\nmasuda , h . , araga , c . & yoshino , t . ( 1975 ) coastal fishes of southern japan . tokai university press , tokyo , 379 pp .\nnakabo , t . ( 2002 ) pseudotrichonotidae . in : nakabo , t . ( ed . ) fishes of japan with pictorial keys to the species . english edition , volume 1 . tokai university press , tokyo , pp . 350\u2013350 .\nsaruwatari , t . , l\u00f3pez , j . a . & pietsch , t . w . ( 1997 ) cyanine blue : a versatile and harmless stain for specimen observation . copeia , 1997 , 840\u2013841 . urltoken\nthis content is password protected . to view it please enter your password below :\nfor one of world\u2019s foremost fish finders ( dr . gerald allen ) , \u2018no better place\u2019 than this dive site by molly bergen\nbird ' s head natural history notes ( vol . 4 ) : the pygmy seahorses of raja ampat by dr richard smith\nbig shoes to fill ! dr . mccook takes over , from dr . mark erdmann , as ci indonesia ' s senior advisor for marine progr\u2026 urltoken\noff course the ladies are involved too . read about an extraordinary group of women who are changing their lives wh\u2026 urltoken\naustrian photographer shares his amazing images from the bird ' s head seascape ' s triton bay . enjoy ! \u2026 urltoken\non the papuan mainland , halfway between raja and triton bay , lies fak - fak . read about how efforts to create mpa ' s i\u2026 urltoken\nis reef restoration in raja ampat , the world ' s most bio - diverse marine habitat necessary . yes it is ! read how thi\u2026 urltoken\nthe art of describing a new species of fish by dr . gerald r . allen\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nmacleay museum and school of life and environmental sciences , a12 - macleay building , the university of sydney , new south wales 2006 , australia . ichthyology , australian museum , 1 william street , sydney , new south wales 2010 , australia . anthony . c . gill @ sydney . edu . au .\nzootaxa 4205 : 2 2016 dec 05 pg zootaxa . 4205 . 2 . 8\n< i > plectranthias < / i > < i > takasei < / i > , new species of anthiadine fish from southern japan ( teleostei : serranidae ) .\na new jellynose , ateleopus edentatus , from the western pacific ocean ( teleostei : ateleopodiformes : ateleopodidae ) .\nthree new species of the indo - pacific fish genus hime ( aulopidae , aulopiformes ) , all resembling the type species h . japonica ( g\u00fcnther 1877 ) .\npempheris bexillon , a new species of sweeper ( teleostei : pempheridae ) from the western indian ocean .\nplectorhinchus caeruleonothus , a new species of sweetlips ( perciformes : < br / > haemulidae ) from northern australia and the resurrection of p . unicolor ( macleay , 1883 ) , species previously confused with p . schotaf ( forssk\u00e5l , 1775 ) .\ntaxonomic revision of the flathead fish genus platycephalus bloch , 1785 ( teleostei : platycephalidae ) from australia , with description of a new species .\namblyceps accari , a new species of torrent catfish ( teleostei : amblycipitidae ) from the western ghats of india .\na new species of the genus hypleurochilus ( teleostei : blenniidae ) from trindade island and martin vaz archipelago , brazil .\nsatyrichthys kikingeri pogoreutz , vitecek & ahnelt , 2013 , a junior synonym of satyrichthys laticeps ( schlegel , 1852 ) ( actinopterygii : teleostei : peristediidae ) .\na new species of anchovy , encrasicholina macrocephala ( clupeiformes : engraulidae ) , from the northwestern indian ocean .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken"]}
{"id": 2634, "summary": [{"text": "cuspivolva tigris , known commonly as the tiger egg cowry , is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family ovulidae , the ovulids , cowry allies or false cowries . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "cuspivolva tigris", "paragraphs": ["[ cuspivolva tigris , syn . : c . renovata , crenavolva tigris , ovulum dentatum , primovula tigris ]\nwhat type of species is cuspivolva tigris ? below , you will find the taxonomic groups the cuspivolva tigris species belongs to .\nwhich photographers have photos of cuspivolva tigris species ? below , you will find the list of underwater photographers and their photos of the marine species cuspivolva tigris .\nhow to identify cuspivolva tigris marine species ? below , you will find the list of main identification criteria and physical characteristics of marine species cuspivolva tigris . for each identification criteria , the corresponding physical characteristics of marine species cuspivolva tigris are marked in green .\ncuspivolva tigris orange - ovulidae - philippines sea shell - 9 . 6mm - lot 5\nwhere is cuspivolva tigris found in the world ? below , you will find the list and a world map of the geographic distribution where the marine species cuspivolva tigris can be found .\ntiger egg cowrie ( cuspivolva tigris ) is . . . - nomad divers , bangka | facebook\ncuspivolva tigris orange - ovulidae - philippines sea shell - 9 . 6mm - lot 5 on ebid australia | 126313157\ncuspivolva renovata iredale , t . , 1930 : c indo - w pacific ( nomen novum , nomen dubium )\n( of primovula tigris yamamoto , 1971 ) lorenz f . & fehse d . ( 2009 ) the living ovulidae . a manual of the families of allied cowries : ovulidae , pediculariidae and eocypraeidae . hackenheim : conchbooks . [ details ]\n( of crenavolva tigris ( yamamoto , 1971 ) ) lorenz f . & fehse d . ( 2009 ) the living ovulidae . a manual of the families of allied cowries : ovulidae , pediculariidae and eocypraeidae . hackenheim : conchbooks . [ details ]\n( of primovula tigris yamamoto , 1971 ) cate c . n . ( 1973 ) . a systematic revision of the recent cypraeid family ovulidae . the veliger . 15 ( supplement ) : 1 - 117 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of crenavolva tigris ( yamamoto , 1971 ) ) cate c . n . ( 1973 ) . a systematic revision of the recent cypraeid family ovulidae . the veliger . 15 ( supplement ) : 1 - 117 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nlorenz f . & fehse d . ( 2009 ) the living ovulidae . a manual of the families of allied cowries : ovulidae , pediculariidae and eocypraeidae . hackenheim : conchbooks . [ details ]\nmy favourite cowrie is the wonderful tiger egg cowrie . it\u2019s taken me 4 years in indonesian to finally find one . another great find in ambon .\nlike all the cowries , the amazing patterns and colours are not actually on their shells . the colours and patterns you see come from the cowrie\u2019s mantle shirt , which is the top of the cowrie\u2019s foot . it extends out and up to completely cover the shell . this is why it is so important not to collect these creatures , especially if you think it would look so lovely on your desk\u2026 . not only should we not be taking anything from the ocean , but in this case you would be left with a white shell .\nyou can see the tiger cowrie is feeding on particles collecting on the sponge it is on . the tube - like mouth is called the proboscis and is fascinating to watch as it seems to be gulping down its meal .\nthey are about 1 . 5cm ( 5 / 8\u201d ) long and are very rare .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nenglish - german online dictionary developed to help you share your knowledge with others . more information ! contains translations by tu chemnitz and mr honey ' s business dictionary ( german - english ) . thanks on that account ! links to this dictionary or to single translations are very welcome ! questions and answers\nversion 43 . 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed . my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .\novulum dentatum sowerby , g . b . ii in adams , a . & l . a . reeve , 1848 : singapore - taiwan ( preoccupied )\nthis image may be available to license for exclusive use . please contact us for pricing .\nthis image may be licensed for exclusive use . please provide a brief description of your project and we ' ll get back to you shortly .\nwe received your request to exclusively license this image . we will reach out to you shortly to discuss the details .\nwe ' ll gladly answer any questions you have about our pricing , licensing , or image - packs .\nget the whole picture : please send me emails with trends , offers , and announcements .\ni just discovered offset . com , a great new source for high - quality and authentic images . even better , they ' re all royalty - free !\noffset is an amazing collection of licensable , high - end photography and illustrations .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n( g . b . sowerby ii in a . adams & reeve , 1848 )\ndelonovolva formosa ( g . b . sowerby ii in a . adams & reeve , 1848 )\novulum formosum g . b . sowerby ii in a . adams & reeve , 1848\nprimovula ( delonovula ) formosa ( g . b . sowerby ii in a . adams & reeve , 1848 )\nthe living ovulidae : a manual of the families of allied cowries : ovulidae , pediculariidae and eocypraeidae .\nin : okutani , t . ( ed . ) , marine mollusks in japan . tokai university press , tokyo , 211 - 223 ( in japanese ) .\naccessed through : world register of marine species at urltoken on 2014 - 10 - 03 .\na new species of primovula from japan , parasitic to a gorgonid ( gastropoda : ovulidae ) .\npublications of the seto marine biological laboratory , 19 ( 4 ) , 191 - 195 .\noccurrence record in darwincore format ( elements of obis schema and some of dwc1 . 4 )\nuncommon to rare in the solitary islands marine park ( simp ) . recorded at south solitary island and korff ' s islet , just outside the simp . recorded from japan , indonesia and australia .\nfound from depths of 18 - 70m , this ovulid feeds only on the gorgonian coral euplexaura sp .\nthe mantle of this ovulid is a delicate orange with black stripes bordered with white . the foot is orange with black spots . the siphon is orange and the tentacles are orange tipped with black and white . the shell is uniformly yellowish orange and grows to 15mm .\nall information was correct at the time of publication and is subject to change without notice . copyright 2014 , solitary islands underwater research group inc . ( abn : 38 104 639 980 ) - all rights reserved .\naustralian customers can pay by direct bank deposit ( preferred ) , paypal or cheque . overseas customers please pay by paypal unless other arrangements have been made\nprices quoted below are for regular airmail . please note that we can register and / or insure on larger orders . please enquire .\ncombining items in the one package is the most economical way to buy as postage stays the same up to 500grams .\nas postage figures vary dramatically from state to state and country to country please message us if you need an accurate quote .\nwe offer a money - back guarantee if not happy with the item . money will be refunded once the item has been returned in its original condition . return postage is the buyers responsibility .\nthis is a single item listing . if an auction is running , the winning bidder will be the highest bidder .\ni sold 4 more of my pin badges tonight , so over 100 sales now . the same newbie who purchase 4 of the 4th february has come back for 4 more . i ' ll have to get busy and list some more soon .\n42 created tue 10 jul 2018 05 : 23 : 17 ( aest ) . copyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 ebid ltd\nthe living ovulidae . a manual of the families of allied cowries : ovulidae , pediculariidae and eocypraeidae .\nc . n . cate & azuma in c . n . cate , 1973\nupdated on 9 july 2018 with 703 different species : 404 gastropods , 34 worms , 34 cephalopods , 42 frogfishes and scorpionfishes , 50 pipefishes and seahorses , 139 crustaceans . database updated on a daily basis as a result of encounter logbook compiled by guests and guides .\nnote : si incontrano esemplari marrone chiaro con bordo dei parapodia marrone / grigio ed esemplari marrone scuro col bordo dei parapodia bluastro .\nnote : notare il peduncolo arancione sul fianco , parziale estrazione del membro riproduttivo .\nnote : si differenzia da c . strigata per la presenza di arancione fra le righe longitudinali nere e inoltre bordo del mantello , rinofori e ciuffo branchiale sono pi\u00f9 scuri .\nnote : gi\u00e0 glossodoris , \u00e8 simile a d . sibogae da cui si differenzia per colletto dei rinofori bianco e per tonalit\u00e0 bianco / nero piuttosto che giallo / nero .\nnote : gi\u00e0 glossodoris , \u00e8 simile a d . atromarginata da cui si differenzia per colletto dei rinofori nero e per tonalit\u00e0 giallo / nero piuttosto che bianco / nero .\nnote : avvistati fra le uova deposte da altri nudibranchi , spesso fra quelle rosse deposte da hexabranchus sanguineus .\nnote : stadio adulto , con colore del corpo a predominante marrone e punte dei cerata arancioni .\nnote : stadio semi - adulto , il corpo \u00e8 ancora poco marrone e le estremit\u00e0 dei cerata non sono ancora arancioni .\nnote : stadio giovanile , l ' animale \u00e8 quasi solamente bianco / azzurro .\nnote : inusualmente si incontrano esemplari dalle tinta scolorite che possono raggiungere anche gli 80 mm .\nnote : nel ciuffo branchiale sovente si intravvedono un paio di sacche ovigere deposte da un parassita ( colore arancione ) .\nnote : nel ciuffo branchiale sovente si intravvedono un paio di sacche ovigere deposte da un parassita ( colore arancio ) .\nnote : si ciba di altri nudibranchi , anche di pari o maggiori dimensioni come hypselodoris apolegma , aggredendo ciuffo branchiale o rinofori .\nnote : da non confondere con h . malesso , in cui le righe arancioni sono pi\u00f9 rade ed evidenti , oltre ad essere longitudinali ai cerata .\nnote : simile a h . batangas ( notare le differenze nello spessore e disposizione delle righe arancioni che caratterizzano il corpo ) .\nnote : simile a h . bullockii , la differenza pi\u00f9 evidente \u00e8 nel bianco bordo del mantello , per h . bullockii sottile e netto , per h . apolegma sfuma .\nnote : se ne incontrano due varianti di colore , talvolta anche in accoppiamento , una blu - viola e l ' altra bianco - avorio .\nnote : molto simile ad alcuni esemplari di h . kanga , questo ha una sola riga rossa per ciascun rametto del ciuffo branchiale ( h . kanga ne ha due ) .\nnote : alcuni esemplari sono molto simili a h . infucata , ma questo ha due righe rosse per ciascun rametto del ciuffo branchiale ( h . infucata ne ha due ) .\nnote : se ne contano diverse varianti , sia come colori che come disegni del corpo .\nnote : molto simile a h . maculosa , ma \u00e8 considerata specie a s\u00e8 .\nnote : molto simile a h . marittima , ma \u00e8 considerata specie a s\u00e8 .\nnote : simile a h . apolegma e a h . bullockii , ma \u00e8 considerata specie a s\u00e8 . notare il bordo del mantello , largo e non sfumato .\nnote : molto simile a hypselodoris sp . 20 , il ciuffo branchiale ha diverso colore .\nnote : molto simile a hypselodoris sp . 19 , il ciuffo branchiale ha diverso colore .\nnote : nel ciuffo branchiale sovente si intravvedono un paio di sacche ovigere deposte da un parassita ( colore viola ) .\nnote : pu\u00f2 avere rinofori e ciuffo branchiale da blu a viola ed avere o meno le macchie arancioni lungo il bordo del mantello .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , world , . . . more"]}
{"id": 2647, "summary": [{"text": "oliva tessellata , common name the tessellate olive , is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family olividae , the olives . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "oliva tessellata", "paragraphs": ["oliva ( neocylindrus ) guttata fischer von waldheim , g . , 1807 : taiwan ; e australia\n( of oliva tesselata ) vervaet f . & recourt p . pers . com . , january 2010 [ details ]\nthis oliva tessellata species distribution map has been generated with the aquamaps methodology by exploiting the technology and the computational resources provided by imarine . in particular , this map has been produced using the hspec 2050 native range dataset , generated using aquamaps nativerange2050 algorithm .\n. baru\u0161 v , oliva o ( eds ) u\u017eovka podplamata , fauna \u010dsfr . plazi - reptilia svazek 26 , academia , praha ; 1992 .\nthe dice snake ( natrix tessellata laurenti , 1768 ) is generally considered to be a fully or partially piscivorous freshwater snake species . the aim of the study was to make the first global overview on the taxonomy and geographical distribution of the species based on own observations , available databases and the special literature .\nnumber and frequency of prey species in the diet of natrix tessellata in different habitats . invertebrates were united into one group due to their low number and similar distribution . code of categories : h - 1 : marine , h - 2 : freshwater , h - 3 : terrestrial , f - 1 : no quantitative data , f - 2 : rare , f - 3 : frequent , f - 5 : common .\nrelative abundance of prey items in the diet of natrix tessellata in seven eurasian studies . invertebrates were united into one group due to their low number and similar distribution . country codes : aut : austria , cro : croatia , c - ita 1 : central italy , c - ita 2 : northern italy , c - tur : central turkey , n tur : northern turkey , rou : romania , rus : russia .\nsimilarity of the feeding spectrum of natrix tessellata in 18 countries . shading in the map indicates the species ' range . country codes : ita : italy , cro : croatia , tur : turkey , aut : austria , sui : switzerland , slo : slovenia , cze : czech republic , pol : poland , hun : hungary , ger : germany , rus : russia , rou : romania , bul : bulgaria , gru : georgia , aze : azerbaijan , irn : iran , syr : syria , jor : jordan .\ngeographical distribution of prey in the diet of natrix tessellata . invertebrates were united into one group due to their low number and similar distribution . country codes : ita : italy , cro : croatia , tur : turkey , aut : austria , sui : switzerland , slo : slovenia , cze : czech republic , pol : poland , hun : hungary , ger : germany , rus : russia , rou : romania , bul : bulgaria , gru : georgia , aze : azerbaijan , irn : iran , syr : syria , jor : jordan .\nlamarck [ j . b . m . de ] . ( 1811 ) . suite de la d\u00e9termination des esp\u00e8ces de mollusques testac\u00e9s . annales du mus\u00e9um national d ' histoire naturelle . 16 : 300 - 328 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 320 , species 38 [ details ]\nafter more than 2 years of preparations , the diatombase portal is now officially launched . . . .\nlast week - on may 30 and 31st \u2013 8 thematic experts on talitridae came together for the first time during a lifewatch - worms sponsored workshop . the workshop took place at the hellenic centre for marine research in crete , where it was organized back - to - back with the 8th international sandy beaches symposium ( isbs ) . the group focused on identifying relevant traits for the talitridae , and adding this data through the amphipoda species database . . . .\non 23 april 2018 , a number of editors of the world register of introduced species ( wrims ) started a three day workshop in the flanders marine institute ( vliz ) . these three days were used to evaluate , complete and improve the content of this worms thematic register ( tsd ) . . . .\nthe 2nd worms early career researchers and 3rd worms achievement award were granted respectively to fran\u00e7ois le coze and geoff read . congratulations ! . . .\nin 2018 , to celebrate a decade of worms ' existence , it was decided to compile a list of our top marine species , both for 2017 and for the previous decade . . . .\nthe scleractinian corals are now accessible though their own list portal . this world list contains over 1 500 accepted names of extant species and is one of the most complete existing resources for scleractinian taxa . . .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nversion 43 . 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed . my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthe star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :\nwe want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only , as we handle very few foreign shells in general . as time goes , the system will become more and more performant .\nenter your email address and we will send you an email with your username and password .\ne - mail jecilia sisican if you do not receive your email with your username and password .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 0 . 001 seconds . )\nmerci de saisir vos informations de connexions . vous pouvez demander la cr\u00e9ation d ' un compte directement en cliquant ici\nmot de passe oubli\u00e9 ? saisissez votre adresse email ci - dessous . si vous ne retrouvez pas l ' adresse email correspondant \u00e0 votre compte merci de nous contacter directement\nthis shell has been added to your booking list . show my booking list continue browsing shell\nyou have to be logged to be able to book and buy shells . click here to log in or create an account .\n- note : several protected species are illustrated here only for identification purposes . they are not for sale . - the photos in our gallery are in most cases just a sample from our stock , except when only one specimen is offered . we try to match the original color but it can vary if your screen is not correctly adjusted ( gamma correction ) .\nmit der nutzung unseres shops erkl\u00e4ren sie sich damit einverstanden , dass wir cookies verwenden .\njavascript ist deaktiviert ! es stehen ihnen nicht alle shopfunktionen zur verf\u00fcgung . bitte \u00fcberpr\u00fcfen sie ihre browsereinstellungen .\ninkl . 19 % mwst . zzgl . versandkosten versandgewicht : 0 . 010 kg lieferzeit : max . 12 werktage ( deutschland ) lagermenge : 37 st\u00fcck\ninkl . 19 % mwst . zzgl . versandkosten versandgewicht : 0 . 010 kg lieferzeit : max . 12 werktage ( deutschland )\ninkl . 19 % mwst . zzgl . versandkosten versandgewicht : 0 . 020 kg lieferzeit : max . 12 werktage ( deutschland )\n* preis jeweils pro st\u00fcck , sofern nicht anders gekennzeichnet durch zahl in klammern hinter dem produktnamen , z . b . ( x2 ) f\u00fcr 2 st\u00fcck oder ( 10g ) f\u00fcr eine portion von 10 gramm .\nwenn sie diesen artikel kaufen , erhalten sie nur bei entsprechend ausgewiesenen einzelst\u00fccken ( * unikat * ) das abgebildete exemplar . ansonsten dienen abbildungen als repr\u00e4sentative beispiele und der artikel , den sie erhalten , ist dem foto mindestens sehr \u00e4hnlich .\nlamarck [ j . b . m . de ] . ( 1811 ) . suite de la d\u00e9termination des esp\u00e8ces de mollusques testac\u00e9s .\nthe photos in our gallery are in most cases just a sample from our stock , except when only one specimen is offered . we try to match the original color but it can vary if your screen is not correctly adjusted ( gamma correction ) .\nf + + + , very nice specimen found by p . williams ( labeled as o . bewleyi )\nf + + + , very strange specimen from rare locality ! found by peggy williams in 1983 ! looks close to se florida o . matchetti !\nf + , very strange specimen from rare locality ! found by peggy williams in 1983 ! looks close to se florida o . matchetti !\ngem , very nice form - we only have had two specimen until today - the name may not be correct , but certainly is a form or even full species , dark first whorls and few patterns . from berry island\nf + + + , very nice patterns ! found by p . williams in 1999\nf + + , nice shinny specimen , collected in st . petersburg in 1982 ! ex - coll . bunnie cook\nf + + + , elongated and cylindric specimen ! found by p . williams\nf + + , unusual light colored shell found by p . williams off cairns !\ngem , beautiful species ! usually sold as polpasta , but this is easily identified by the shape and dark mark inside the siphon . rare mexican specimen found by p . williams !\nurltoken - & nbspthis ; website is for sale ! - & nbspbroadwaykidstar ; resources and information .\nthe resource : ' wms link to resource ' is not accessible as guest user . you must login to access it !\nthe resource : ' wfs link to resource ' is not accessible as guest user . you must login to access it !\nthe resource : ' gis viewer link ' is not accessible as guest user . you must login to access it !\n[ {\ntype\n:\ncreation\n,\nvalue\n:\n2012 - 12 - 22t01 : 44 : 27 . 940 + 01 : 00\n} ]\n{\ntype\n:\npolygon\n,\ncoordinates\n: [ [ [ - 180 . 0 , - 90 . 0 ] , [ 180 . 0 , - 90 . 0 ] , [ 180 . 0 , 90 . 0 ] , [ - 180 . 0 , 90 . 0 ] , [ - 180 . 0 , - 90 . 0 ] ] ] }\nimarine is an access point to a number of virtual research environments deployed and operated in the context of the imarine project to support the ecosystem approach to . . . read more\nthe global analysis of the diet of the dice snake revealed a feeding spectrum characteristically changing over the broad distribution area including non - fish prey as well as taxa from marine and terrestrial habitats . the analysis of the feeding spectrum separated four large geographical units with further distinctions in central and eastern europe . such diversity helps explain why this species was able to colonise a large and diverse eurasian range .\nlaurenti , 1768 ) is a eurasian snake species ranging from germany and switzerland to china , pakistan and egypt ( gasc et al . [\n] ) . it occurs in aquatic or marshy habitats , including brackish water ( gruschwitz et al . [\n] ) occasionally even inhabiting cities such as rome and prague ( velensk\u00fd et al . [\n) lives in eurasian habitats , often inhabiting similar areas with the dice snake ( gasc et al . [\n) has sympatric populations in switzerland and italy with the dice snake ( metzger et al . [\n] ) . however , it is considered to be threatened in a number of western and central european states , with low genetic variation in some populations ( gautschi et al . [\n] ) . as such , conservation measures should still be undertaken for this species as habitat destruction , pollution , road traffic , collection and persecution are listed as possible threats .\nthe dice snake has a large distribution and it occurs in different habitats , which would imply the species can adapt well to local conditions presumably by adopting a wide feeding spectrum . however , it is generally considered to be a diurnal piscivorous snake ( gasc et al . [\n] ) despite information that shows the species also eats non - fish prey items such as amphibians and reptiles ( see e . g . beshkov and dushkov [\n] ) . a number of publications contain information on the food of the dice snake , with several focusing on local areas ( e . g . luiselli et al . [\n] on central italy ) , but no global overview of the species ' dietary preferences has been published .\nthe aim of this paper is to review the feeding spectrum of the dice snake over its global distribution by comparing the species ' prey items in different countries and offer reasons for potential differences in prey item preference based on geography and habitat conditions .\ninformation was gathered from literature sources and personal observations on the diet of the dice snake from its whole range , i . e . from switzerland in the west to pakistan and china in the east , and from germany in the north to iran in the south . information from papers only mentioning large , collective groups such as \u2018insects\u2019 , \u2018fish\u2019 or \u2018frogs\u2019 as food items without giving species ( or genus ) level information is discussed in the article ( e . g . brecko et al . [\n] ) but was not included in the database , even if their addition would have added new items to the list such as mice ( wang et al . [\n] ) . no time limit was applied ; reports available from the first half of the twentieth century were also used . besides published records and our observations , citizen science data were also collected by approaching internet databases for photographic evidence of dice snake predation on a given taxa ( e . g .\n] ) to elucidate geographical differences among 18 countries , where appropriate information could be collected . statistical analysis was made using syn - tax 2000 ( podani [\ncontains the number of species from the different classes in different habitats and their frequency distribution . it shows that in marine habitats , only fish were predated ; in freshwater and terrestrial habitats , the most frequently eaten prey items were fishes and amphibians , respectively . the quantitative data shows that fish and amphibians overall were the most frequently eaten prey items , with invertebrates , reptiles and mammals eaten only rarely .\ndetailed quantitative data on the diet of the dice snake were found in eight articles ( acipinar et al . [\n] ) including 2 , 375 prey items from the investigation of more than 2 , 730 snakes . the relative abundance of the different fauna groups at six european and two asian sites is summarised in figure\n, which shows a relatively uniform pattern , fishes comprised the highest abundance of prey items in seven out of the eight studies ( acipinar et al . [\n] ) . in four surveys ( austria , croatia , northern turkey , romania ) , they were the only food items described , while in italy , amphibians were also eaten in both cases . unlike these studies , fishes did not have an absolute dominance among the prey items in central turkey ( acipinar et al . [\n] ) and , to a moderate extent , reptiles ( bakiev et al . [\nspecies ( and , in some cases , genus ) level data on the feeding spectrum of the dice snake was collected from 18 countries . their similarity can be seen in figure\n) . in the middle east , the number of species eaten was relatively low ( under eight species in any country ) with only fish and amphibians eaten . the same taxa characterise countries in the ponto - caspian group but different species are fed on and the number of species was also higher . the remaining two groups ( central and eastern european , mediterranean ) are characterised by a wide feeding spectrum , characteristic differences among the countries and further division in the central and eastern european group e . g . according to altitude .\ndata from 18 countries proved that the dice snake feeds on at least 113 prey taxa from six classes . fish were the most important prey items ; the importance of non - fish species in the diet was pronounced in deserts , high mountains and in dry mediterranean areas . in spite of the wide feeding spectrum , only fish and amphibians were found to be predominant food items over the whole species ' range .\ndue to its excellent swimming and diving abilities and fidelity to freshwater habitats , the dice snake is generally considered to be a piscivorous fish species ( gasc et al . [\n) , both fast - and slow - moving animals . for example , reptiles , especially lizards , have been found in the diet of the dice snake for more than 60 years ( g\u00f6\u00e7men et al . [\n] ) . a key factor determining the actual species composition is that according to current understanding of the species ' habitat requirements over much of its range , the dice snake remains in the immediate vicinity of surface waters at a distance of less than 20 metres to the water edge during the active season ( conelli et al . [\nsp . , ) fish species as it has been observed in the caspian sea ( tuniyev et al . [\n] ) , lake balaton ( own unpublished data ) , lake prespa ( sterijovski et al . [\n] ) . in fishponds , the main prey species of the dice snake were juvenile fish from aquaculture and allochthonous fish species ( acipinar et al . [\n) . populations in high mountains ( over 1 , 000 m a . s . l . ) may specialise on eating larval and adult amphibians ( cafuta and krofel 2007 ; frotzler et al . [\n] ) as predominant food . it can also be considerable in arid regions , where the dice snake often lives along temporary water bodies or fish ponds , where only a limited number of fish species are present ( amr and disi [\n] ) . as young fish produced in fish farms can become an important element in the diet of the dice snake besides natural conditions , human activity may also influence the spread and survival of this snake ( acipinar et al . [\nseveral publications include estimates on the frequency of different prey organisms of the dice snake , including estimates for various habitats . wang et al . ( [\n] ) , for example , investigated 200 individuals and listed fish as the main food item in large , reed covered water bodies , insects , tadpoles and adult amphibians in temporarily water - covered rice paddies and connecting canals among them , and fish , tadpoles , insects and rodents ( primarily mice ) along streams in other agricultural areas in north - eastern china .\n) ; this result is characteristic for the species inhabiting permanent streams and large water bodies or rivers in austria , croatia , romania and northern turkey ( acipinar et al . [\n] ) . contradictory results were found on prey selection . for example , in styrean waters , there was no complete overlap between the abundance of the different species in fish communities and in the diet of the dice snake ( zimmerman and fachbach [\n] ) , while in the danube delta , the number of snake - caught gobiid species was reflective of the abundance of the respective species in bottom habitats ( sloboda et al . [\n] ) . though the feeding spectrum of the studies was wide , fish were also the most abundant prey species at the other sites including the mediterranean ( bakiev et al . [\n] ) . in one case , however , other food items ( insects , amphibians , reptiles and mammals ) in total were more numerous than fish ( g\u00f6\u00e7men et al . [\n] ) . though the number of these studies is limited , they support the general conclusion that over much of its range , the dice snake primarily feeds on fish , while in arid areas ( see also frotzler et al . [\n] ) and , according to cafuta and krofel ( 2007 ) , also in high mountains , its diet may shift towards amphibians and other prey items .\n) . the group separated most from other branches includes asian countries with dice snake populations in highly arid regions ( iran , syria , jordan ) . the list of prey species in these countries is short , with snakes predominantly feeding on fish and amphibians from permanent rivers and alien fish species kept in fish farms ( amr and disi [\nthe second group in the cluster includes countries with the highest number of ponto - caspian gobiid species ( e . g .\ncentral and eastern european countries formed a common group with russia . there are several fish with very large distribution areas among the prey species there such as\n] ) , while high mountain populations ( austria , switzerland , slovenia ) feeding on locally characteristic fish species and also on amphibians are on another sub - branch .\ncountries with mediterranean climate ( croatia , italy , turkey ) form the final group with freshwater tolerating marine fish species and cosmopolitan fish species in the diet of the dice snake . this area is characterised with the most diverse feeding spectrum including snails , insects , reptiles and mammals ( additional file\n) related to the drying out of many water bodies during summer . during extremely hot summers , the dice snake was also observed to hunt at night , also far away from surface waters , which furthers the potential feeding spectrum of this snake ( see e . g . moller [\n] , who observed over a period of several weeks a large dice snake which \u2018unusually\u2019 hunted geckos at night ) .\nsnakes have strikingly different feeding spectra ranging from strictly egg - eating species with limited distribution ( see e . g . dandge [\n] ) . the dice snake is present in over 20 countries on three continents , which is , unlike what has been suggested earlier on the basis of observations from the western - central part of its distribution area , partly the result of its generalist feeding strategy leading to a good adaptive ability if the potential prey spectrum changes ( acipinar et al . [\n] ) . it is also supported by its anatomy enabling this snake to hunt effectively in both aquatic and terrestrial environments ( bilcke et al . [\nspecies inhabiting the palearctic . in a comparative study with the closely related grass snake (\n] ) found the dice snake to have a narrower feeding spectrum than the grass snake , which also has a broader distribution ( gasc et al . [\n] ) . the latter species more plastically changing its diet and populations near to each other within relatively short distances may specialise on different food ( luiselli et al . [\n, shows a considerable overlap with that of the dice snake but with some exceptions ( see e . g . the observations of scali , [\n] ) , and due to other factors as fertility and size , the dice snake is able to outcompete the viperine snake ( metzger et al . [\nthe authors thank andrew hamer and the anonymous reviewers for improving an earlier version of the manuscript .\n, and pm finalized the manuscript with wa . all authors read and approved the final manuscript .\n, countries they were recorded , their frequency , the habitat type they were found and the source of the information ( ahmadzadeh et al . [\nand their reptilian prey during the breeding season in dadia forest ( north - eastern greece ) .\nbern convention ( 1999 ) law on ratification of convention of conservation of free living european flora and fauna and their natural habitats ( ur . l . rs 17 / 99 ) . \u115f , \u115f\ncorrelated evolution of aquatic prey - capture strategies in european and american natricine snakes .\neffect of prey - and predator size on the capture success of an aquatic snake .\nerpetofauna delle foci del fiume isonzo , e note eco - etologiche sull\u2019erpetofauna dell\u2019 isola della cona ( friuli - venezia giulia , italia nord - orientale ) .\ncafuta v , krofel m , ( 2007 ) report on field work of the group for reptiles . in : stankovi\u0107 , et al . ( ed ) biology student research camp lovrenc na pohorju , ( 2005 ) biology student society . ljubljana , pp \u115f : 81\u201388\nmonitoring a large population of dice snakes at lake sinoe in dobrogea , romania .\n. may 1992 on the conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora ( the habitats directive ) , \u115f ; 1992 .\nstays hidden in safe areas in a diverse floodplain along the danube at g\u00f6d , hungary .\natlas of amphibians and reptiles in europe . collection patrimoines naturels 29 . societas europaea herpetologica , mus\u00e9um national d\u2019histoire naturelle & service du patrimoine naturel\nobjective methods for the classification of vegetation i . the use of positive interspecific correlation .\n. bd . 3 / schlangen ii , aula - verlag , wiesbaden , germany ; 1999 : 581\u2013644 .\neffects of rehabilitation of the polluted river system mur in styria , austria , and construction of hydroelectric power plants on fish fauna and distribution of the dice snake .\n. spornik nauchnykh soobscheniy kaf . zool . dgu \u0441\u0431 , makhachkala ; 1969 .\n. izv . 1 i 2 severo kavkazskogo ped , instituta . bd . 2 / p , ordzhonikidze ; 221 .\n) along the mainland and an island in italy : the effect of habitat type and interference with potential competitors .\nadder bite in the water , complicated by rapid shock . a case history .\nmonitoring and assessment of the distribution of the dice snake in ticino , southern switzerland .\n( serpentes : colubridae ) in pakistan : analysis of its range limited to few valleys in the western karakoram .\n. die neue brehm bucherei . a , ziemens verlag , wittenberg , lutherstadt , germany ; 1987 .\non golem grad , fyr of macedonia : a natural fortress shelters a prosperous snake population .\n. zoologie , praha , czech republic , m . s . kat ; 2003 .\ncan a large metropolis sustain complex herpetofauna communities ? an analysis of the suitability of green space fragments in rome .\nlaurenti , 1768 ) ( reptilia : columbridae ) in the danube river catchment area .\nthis article is published under license to biomed central ltd . this is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license (\n) , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original work is properly credited ."]}