nipo software is a major worldwide market research and enterprise feedback management software provider .

the company provides industrial windows-based software for all aspects of market research .

this encompasses questionnaire design , data collection , tabulations , overviews of fieldwork progress and costs along with advanced data analysis .

the company is headquartered in amsterdam , netherlands and has branches in hong kong and argentina .

nipo targets market research agencies around the world with software products for feedback / data collection , panel management , data processing , analysis , and reporting .

nipo was founded in september 1945 as the dutch institute for public opinion by wim de jonge and jan stapel .

in the 1970s , some people working for nipo , that was considered then the leading market research company in the netherlands , started developing software for data collection and analysis .

in 1999 nipo was purchased by taylor nelson sofres .

in 2011 the company started developing new platform called nfield web & mobile which will gradually replace the current nipo fieldwork system .

in early 2012 nipo software integrated the nipo fieldwork system with the official facebook and twitter api ’s .

through this integration it became possible to invite fans on those social network fans pages to participate in research projects .

nipo software

glassdoor has 1 nipo software reviews submitted anonymously by nipo software employees . read employee reviews and ratings on glassdoor to decide if nipo software is right for you .
nipo software is one of the premier global software partner for the market research industry . every day over 15 , 000 interviewers from all over the world use a nipo software product to conduct cati , …
glassdoor gives you an inside look at what it ' s like to work at nipo software , including salaries , reviews , office photos , and more . this is the nipo software company profile . all content is posted anonymously by employees working at nipo software .
nipo software is an amazing dutch based company who constantly produce revolutionizing online software . in this video you we be introduced to their facebook survey software . with fun animation this video walks you through their complex software with ease allowing you to fully understand what they do and how they do it .
nipo software is one of the premier global software partner for the market research industry . every day over 15 , 000 interviewers from all over the world use a nipo software product to conduct cati , capi , cawi , switch mode or pen and paper interviews . nipo software focuses on making research operations more successful ; by increasing efficiency and by offering tools to create new business opportunities . that is why over 200 leading market research companies worldwide rely on nipo software to help secure their long - term growth . nipo software ' s data collection and data delivery solutions are reliable , adaptable , and efficient , and can be used just as easily locally as in a complex international setting . nipo software has offices in the netherlands , hong kong and argentina . nipo software offers solutions for : - telephone research - face - to - face research - web research - mixed / switch mode research - panel research - data analysis - reporting
triple - s is based on the international xml standard and is freely available to software developers and users . the standard has been implemented by numerous survey software packages .
nfield is a powerful cloud based data collection platform for professional market research organizations . it features all you need to conduct high quality , professional and secure surveys . nfield is available for capi and online interviewing . nfield is delivered as a service : hosted and managed by nipo software . for you this means : no servers , no licenses and no it costs . nipo software takes care of running the it infrastructure and making sure the platform is available 24x7 .
the world’s first and most used telephone survey software , currently with 10 , 000 cati seats around the globe .
“the nipo sales team’s knowledge of the market research industry is excellent . they truly understand our needs . this makes our cooperation very efficient . ”
overall : we ' have been using nipo for few years in our cati studio . it really wokred well however was preety raw in the area of design
we focus on making research operations more successful . increasing efficiency and offering tools to create new business opportunities . 200 leading market research companies worldwide use our software .
nipo’s nfield capi survey software transforms papi fieldwork into the digital age , making it easy to manage every twist and turn in where your people need to be . full control over how face - to - face interviews are carried out , real - time progress updates and the ability to rearrange interviewer assignment on the fly help you meet all your targets with maximum speed and efficiency .
the triple - s standard is based on the xml standard and is freely available to software developers and users . the current version of the standard is triple - s xml 2 . 0 .
please note this app requires you to sign in using interviewer credentials for the nfield capi for android data collection platform . introduction nfield capi for android is the face - 2 - face interviewing app for nipo’s nfield data collection platform . nfield is the leading survey solution for the market research . every day over 10 , 000 interviewers worldwide use an nfield product to conduct market research surveys . nfield capi includes everything required for interviewers to manage and complete any interviews assigned to them by a market research company . nfield capi was designed to support tablets using android 4 . 4 or later , although we recommend using more recent version of android . for guidance on the best device options , please check our device guidance : urltoken
we are so sorry to have to report that ed ross , a key and wonderful member of our team , has passed away .
as a member of the triple - s group since 2000 , ed made a fantastic and sustained contribution to our work over a long period of time and he will be sorely missed by his many friends . rip ed . a full obituary can be found here urltoken
new version 3 . 0 of triple - s xml is now published . download the new standard here or buy the book from amazon here
give your users the ability to import and export surveys to / from almost 100 other survey systems .
triple - s and triple - s xml are trademarks of the triple - s group .
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save time and effort with our api and unique connecting tool for ibm / spss dimensions .
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attractively designed and responsive to all devices , our professional online survey solution is primed for delivering high response rates .
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people are nice , friendly , and very relaxed . it ' s been fun to work with them . absolutely work - life balanced , very flexible working conditions , no stress .
no processes , the lack of communication , cooperation and the understanding of the direction results in a slow progress and severe inefficiencies . the management is very individualistic . no support for the development and growth of employees . average and low salaries .
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surveycto : field data collection , for the simplest to the most complex surveys .
conjoint with marketing engineering . . . so you can give the people what they want
despite the convenience and low cost offered by online surveys , there are many occasions when face - to - face interviews are a far more effective option . worldwide , there are still some 3 . 5 billion people who aren’t connected online , whose opinions will not be collected via online surveys . even in areas of high internet connectivity , face - to - face interviews remain unbeatably the best method for systematically collecting responses from specific streets and neighborhoods . while the advantages of face - to - face interviewing remain largely unchanged , the advent of capi as a fieldwork tool upgrades the traditional papi method with all the benefits of the digital age .
face - to - face fieldwork is a complex discipline which presents many different challenges . solving these is what keeps us motivated , which is why we love to hear about what you specifically need from a capi survey solution . whatever you want to discuss , please don’t hesitate to contact us .
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kantar is the data investment management arm of wpp and one of the world ' s largest insight , information and consultancy groups . by uniting the diverse talents of its 12 specialist companies , the group is the pre - eminent provider of compelling data and inspirational insights for the global business community . its 30 , 000 employees work across 100 countries and across the whole spectrum of research and consultancy disciplines , enabling the group to offer clients business insights at every point of the consumer cycle . the group’s services are employed by over half of the fortune top 500 companies . for further information , please visit us at urltoken twitter : facebook : google + : linkedin
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fingercuff productions aka fingercuff was a british film production company specialising in short films and corporate promos .

their work was broadcast on numerous channels such as mtv , itv , channel aka , propeller tv , channel 4 , screened at bafta and also shown at film festivals around the world .

the company was founded in 2000 by filmmakers james webber and jamie hooper .

fingercuff productions

fingercuff collaborated on short films with actors such as kate dickie , neil maskell , derek jacobi , julian glover , anna walton , sian breckin , james alexandrou , sam gittins , tim blackwell , debra baker , charlotte mounter , ben wigzell , olivia chappell , stuart sessions , david avery , paula gilbert , harry macqueen and francesca fowler . fingercuff co - produced with neil marshall the short film the halloween kid ( dir . axelle carolyn ) . fingercuff have created promos for clogau gold , amnesty international , disney , oakley photography and the film4 london frightfest film festival .
last weekend i took a train to london to help film our latest promo . with jamie from fingercuff productions on board to wield the camera again , we were all set . we spent friday evening watching the intro ' s for true blood and american horror story : coven in order to make sure we were on the same page , creatively , and we used that time to search high and low for the perfect music to use too .
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peanut butter lips is a short starring arne cunningham , and mia baker . a young boy woos a girl with a selection of sandwiches , all in the hope of getting a kiss .
lakeith stanfield and his sorry to bother you director boots riley discuss the stress of filming sex scenes .
all the short films i own . . and those i ' ve seen , i ' ve rated
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after we formulated some cohesive ideas , we spent saturday and sunday filming the meat of the promo . we decided we wanted it to be shorter and snappier than the first two , but also a little more ambitious and atmospheric . plus , we wanted it to be a whole lot darker and fully reflect the jewellery in the collection .
we had a fun few days and captured a lot of footage , so i ' ve now left it in jamie ' s capable hands and cannot wait to see the finished edit ! here are some photo ' s that i took during filming . i hope you enjoy !
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conemtech is a swedish fabless semiconductor company created in 2009 by a management buy out of selected assets of the swedish company , imsys ab .

( imsys ab was founded in 1992 ) .

the company has focused on products based on the ieee 1588 version 2 standard .

the name , conemtech , is a blend of the words " connected embedded technology " .

conemtech 's first major order was announced in january 31 , 2011 for use in mobile phone network base stations for a major chinese carrier .

a much larger 2nd order to the same client was announced in feb , 2013 .

the ieee 1588 ver .

2 precision time protocol standard specifies a method of time synchronization and frequency control of electronic system elements generally interconnected by wired or optical ethernet .

the standard is currently being actively updated and is also being used as the basis for new wireless types of precision time control .

primary current applications include base station synchronization for mobile telecom systems , including advanced 3g and most new lte base stations ; smart grid power distribution systems ; financial trading networks ; and any network needing precise distributed timing information .

conemtech

qulsar was formed from the merger of qulsar & conemtech ab . read more about the conemtech qulsar merger .
conemtech finished the testing of their new product line at the annual ispcs plug - fest event in san francisco , usa . the results have verified the interconnectivity and standards compliance of conemtech ' s new ieee 1588 synchronization products . for the first time , conemtech ' s instant ptp technology allows users to buy a single component and implement ieee 1588 synchronization without extensive development costs or design - in times . instant ptp can be applied to new systems or retrofitted to existing designs , and does not require extensive knowledge of ieee 1588 protocols .
about conemtech conemtech is a leading provider of application specific standard products for packet based synchronization . the company ' s products are based on a proprietary , highly efficient microprocessor chip . further , the products are standards compliant and made for very efficient network communications and easy integration in customer equipment . the conemtech developed ieee 1588 synchronization technology of high accuracy time and frequency servers and slaves for the mobile networks of large operators . the present applications and customer base are telecom and power grid device manufacturers around the world which use the products as either master or slave clocks . the products enable customers to save space , energy and cost for distributed intelligence .
to secure the synchronization process long term conemtech has also added two new features . the instantptp products are ipv6 capable from the start for synchronization , and to future - proof your ieee 1588 investment there is an ssh server to offer secure remote access and maintenance .
conemtech ab and qulsar has today announced the completion of their joint venture which will provide timing solutions to fulfill the needs of existing and growing markets including 4g lte ( news - alert ) wireless infrastructure , smart power grid , and internet of synchronized things ( iot ) .
san francisco , ca - - conemtech launched a new product generation—the instantptp line . this is a first for the synchronization industry . customers now are able to obtain high accuracy synchronization via the ieee 1588–2008 standard by just adding a single component to a new or existing design .
we have put all our effort in making the product work from the start—to maximize the users experience and simplify the implementation of ptp
, says ola andersson , conemtech ceo .
and , this is true both from the user ' s perspective of being able to deploy standardized , maintainable technology , as well as the programmer ' s view of be able to get into the bits and pieces of the technology to tune products to a specific environment .
besides the ieee 1588 - 2008 default profile , conemtech supports the itu defined telecom profiles and the power profiles for unprecedented and complete application coverage .
ola andersson , ceo of conemtech , ab said in a statement , “prior to the merger , the two companies enjoyed a close , collaborative relationship and a shared commitment to our customers . as we move ahead , we are poised to build on our momentum , scaling our team , expanding and building global market traction . ”
conemtech ab and qulsar , inc . today announced the completion of a merger under which the companies have combined in an all - stock merger , which was unanimously approved by the board of directors and stockholders of both companies . the joint company will offer comprehensive timing solutions to meet the needs of existing and growing markets including 4g lte wireless infrastructure , smart power grid and internet of synchronized things .
the conemtech products are well - known for its advanced user interface and the integration with a low or no effort . now this has been given an extra layer of functionality to enable an implementation without the need to write new software . the instantptp products now connect and adapt to different line conditions , entirely without the need for software integration in its host system or extensive field tests to establish the best set of parameters .
the new instant ptp products are primarily targeted as slave clocks in the packet network . new application methods are opened with the instant ptp technology . the new feature to connect as a
bump on the wire
using two ethernet channels is key to this approach . it is very easy to insert the conemtech p50 board - level product , or a one square inch m50 module , into the signal path and benefit from having distributed gps - like accuracy in an embedded environment . these instant ptp system components terminate the synchronization protocol communication without interfering with the host data payload .
“as one company , we are uniquely positioned to deliver a robust and simple platform , so our customers gain the ability to easily meet tight timing requirements and accelerate their time to market . they can focus on their design strengths instead of spending r & d cycles on how to design precision timing systems” said ola andersson , ceo of conemtech , ab . he added , “prior to the merger , the two companies enjoyed a close , collaborative relationship and a shared commitment to our customers . as we move ahead , we are poised to build on our momentum , scaling our team , expanding and building global market traction . ”
qg 2 is now capable of handling 450 unicast slaves at full packet rate , may 22 , 2018 .
accelerating operator’s path to higher gs with precise time sync
in the april - may 2017 publication of mobile europe .
1798 technology dr # 292 san jose , ca 95110 u . s . a . + 1 ( 408 ) 715 - 1098
during the industrial revolution the need to coordinate trains , factories , maritime navigation and communications drove the standardization and synchronization of time as well as the evolution of precise ' chronometers ' to keep time . what happened at the human scale ( with wall - clock time scales ) now is shifting gears into highly precise digital time scale requirements .
precise time synchronization is increasingly needed to run the digital infrastructure efficiently and also support applications - level needs in mobile , industrial iot , connected vehicles , smart grid , etc .
we deliver precise time across networks to activate new capabilities only possible with synchronized precise time .
qulsar is privately owned and funded startup , headquartered in san jose , california and has an office in kista , sweden .
qulsar delivers precise context for multiple mission critical applications . time and position establish the physical context of a device or event . precise time plays a key role in making networks more efficient , and in deducing the behavior of a complex , inter - connected dynamic system . today , our precise timing solutions are playing a key role in solving the bandwidth bottleneck in advanced mobile networks and in enabling real - time applications in the industrial internet of things ( iot / m2m ) .
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we provide miniaturized technologies for synchronization where gps is not an option , or , needs backup from network . our products synchronize cellular base stations in the telecoms networks as well as distributed energy resources ( der ) , substations and subscribers in the power grid network . our customers also use the technology in underground or sub - marine environments . as grandmaster or slaves .
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precise time synchronization is fundamental to mobile communications , network operations , efficiency and the emerging smart power grid infrastructure . for example , new mobile technology standards such as lte - td and lte - advanced utilize precise timing to more efficiently handle the increasing traffic load over a finite spectrum . available solutions are fragmented in their approach , and preferentially derive timing from single technologies ( such as gps , ptp , ntp etc . ) . each timing technology has inherent vulnerabilities , which can lead to sub - optimal performance or operational limitations . the unified qulsar will deliver plug - and - play timing solutions that incorporate multiple timing inputs , leveraging their strengths for robust operation and seamless failover .
according to rajen datta , president & ceo of qulsar , “the steep technology curve in high precision timing requirements is driving demand for disruptive , cost efficient solutions . the physics of precision timing is a highly specialized field . the combination of qulsar’s subject matter expertise in a broad range of time and frequency technologies and market awareness with contemtech’s powerful platform , deep knowledge of packet - based network synchronization and established market traction , will enable the unified company to deliver solutions that can be deployed ubiquitously and lower capex & opex for customers and network operators . ”
in the combined company ( to be called qulsar , inc . ) , mr . datta will serve as ceo , mr . andersson will serve as coo and dr . kishan shenoi will serve as cto . the company , which will have operating offices in kista , sweden , and with its headquarters in san jose , ca , usa .
for more information , contact jim werner ( at 408 . 715 . 1098 ) or email info @ urltoken
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precise time synchronization is required for mobile communications , network operations , efficiency and the emerging and smart power grid infrastructure . the unified qulsar will offer plug - and - play timing solutions that incorporate multiple timing inputs , leveraging their strengths for robust operation and seamless failover .
according to rajen datta , president & ceo of qulsar ,
the steep technology curve in high precision timing requirements is driving demand for disruptive , cost efficient solutions . the physics of precision timing is a highly specialized field . the combination of qulsar’s subject matter expertise in a broad range of time and frequency technologies and market awareness with contemtech’s powerful platform , deep knowledge of packet - based network synchronization and established market traction , will enable the unified company to deliver solutions that can be deployed ubiquitously and lower capex & opex ( news - alert ) for customers and network operators .
while many details still need to be worked out , the completion of the deal led to a number of key appointments . in the combined company ( to be called qulsar , inc . ) , mr . datta will serve as ceo , mr . andersson will serve as coo and dr . kishan shenoi will serve as cto . the company will have operating offices in kist sweden , and with its headquarters in san jose , ca ( news - alert ) , usa .
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instant ptp software and hardware work to create a synchronization environment ready for field - tests as soon as you connect the components . unlike other independent software or hardware offerings in the market , instant ptp drastically shortens your product ' s time - to - market and ensures standards compliance in several industries without compromising your control or your budget .
instantptp will be introduced in new and existing compatible products in the fourth quarter of this year .
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the sibex-sibiu stock exchange ( sibex s.a. in romanian ) was established as a private company in december 1994 , with 33.24 million lei share capital , and was the first romanian exchange authorized by romanian national securities commission ( rnsc ) .

in july 1997 , sibex ( known at that time as sibiu monetary financial and commodities exchange ) has become romania 's first derivatives exchange through the implementation of futures contracts .

since 1994 , sibex ’s national and international recognition has grown significantly as the developments of the company have contributed to growth and consolidation of its position within the romanian and international capital markets .

as opposed to bucharest stock exchange , romania 's largest stock market , sibex focuses on the derivative financial products .

sibex - sibiu stock exchange is romania 's first and largest market of futures and options contracts at the moment ; as a market / system operator it administers the regulated derivatives market , regulated spot market and alternative trading system .

on the derivatives market , sibex is trading products with underlying single stock futures , futures index , commodities futures and currency futures .

the shares traded on the regulated spot market and on the alternative trading system of sibex – sibiu stock exchange are settled through sibex depository ’s system .

clearing and settlement of trades with financial derivatives on the regulated market administered by sibex – sibiu stock exchange is accomplished by athens exchange clearing house , which is a central counterparty defined in accordance with applicable european regulations and authorized by its national authority , contractually designated by sibex as provider of clearing and settlement of financial derivatives trades for one or more regulated markets managed by sibex .

in 2005 , sibex was evaluated by pricewaterhousecoopers to 3.4 million eur , but it has been subject to continuous growth and expansion ever since .

in comparison , in the same time period , pwc has evaluated the bucharest stock exchange at 16 million eur .

as of may 2006 , sibex had 74 shareholders of which 38 were financial investment companies .

sibex is run by a board of directors presided by mr. ovidiu petru , ceo and general manager .

in may 2006 , sibex discussed a merger with the larger bucharest stock exchange , located in the capital of romania .

after a lengthy period of negotiations between sides , in october 2006 , shareholders of the bucharest stock exchange have rejected the proposal .

failing to absorb the sibiu exchange , bucharest stock exchange ( bvb ) has announced ( june 2007 ) that it plans to open its own derivatives market in the near future .

bvb has long announced plans to start its own derivative products based on its main composite indices : bet , bet-c , and bet-fi , ( there is also a rotx index , listed on the vienna stock exchange ) .

eventually they might adopt currencies , stock index , and bonds as future underlying assets for their planned derivatives .

until then , the sibex - sibiu stock exchange will still be seen as romania 's one and only powerful derivative marketplace .

in january 2008 – sibiu exchange became a member of the association of futures markets international organization which gathers stock exchanges and other financial entities in europe , asia , south america and africa .

january 2010 - sibiu monetary financial and commodities exchange ( smfce ) had officially launched the regulated spot market and its shares were admitted to trading on the regulated market administered by smfce .

march , 2011 – sibiu exchange changed its name into sibex - sibiu stock exchange ( sibex ) .

also the new logo of the company was launched , representing 7 transylvanian cities , signifying the meeting place for the investors who choose to turn their ideas into money .

the new logo represents the local tradition of exchange and seriousness .

in 2013 sibex signs the partnership agreement with opcom ( romanian gas and electricity market operator ) for the development and launching of the power derivatives on sibex financial derivatives regulated market .

sibex started to trade futures contract on us stocks , for the first time in romania .

february 2014 - sibex signed the partnership agreement with athex group incorporating : the provision of clearing services from athex group ’s clearing house “ athexclear ” under emir requirements , use of athex group multi-exchange trading platform ( oasis ) by sibex along with athex and cyprus stock exchange , use of xnet services , thus offering access to global markets .

december 2014 sibex finalizes the project regarding the connection of the derivatives market to a central counterparty - athexclear , as well as the migration of the derivatives market to a new trading system .

this project is by far , the most important project related to the infrastructure of sibex-sibiu stock exchange .

sibex activity is managed by a board of directors whose chairman is mr. galatanu ovidiu dan .

the executive management is run by mr. petru ovidiu as chief executive officer .

sibiu stock exchange

bucharest stock exchange and sibex sibiu stock exchange concluded an agreement bucharest stock exchange . the stock exchange is for the people !
university “lucian blaga” of sibiu students and any other persons interested in the stock market .
“the stock exchange school” is a complex educational project which will take place in several stages .
sibiu stock exchange ( sibex ) was founded in 1994 having commodities intermediation as the main activity . starting with 1997 the company focused on the development and the administration of securities and financial derivatives markets .
bucharest stock exchange runs markets for shares , bonds and other instruments , through regulated platforms and alternative systems , and provides a wide range of services to participants of financial markets . bucharest stock exchange is a public company , listed on its own market since 2010 .
sibiu exchange was founded as a private company with 33 . 24 million lei share capital and was the first romanian exchange authorized by rnsc . being the pioneer of exchange listed derivatives in romania , at the moment sibex is the leader on this market segment .
“the stock exchange school” is an educational initiative that started from a generous idea : to build and grow a financially educated generation , one that knows how to shape its financial future .
bucharest stock exchange ( bvb ) announces the conclusion of a coordination agreement with sibex – sibiu stock exchange s . a . that will allow carrying out of concrete steps in the following period toward the potential merger process between the two companies . the agreement allows the implementation of critical elements for such a process , i . e . the phase of the evaluation of the companies . teams of experts from both companies have been dedicated to this project in order to establish principles and conditions for collaboration , aiming at creating the fundamentals with regard to the potential merger .
sibiu exchange launches in 1997 the first derivatives products , the futures contracts . then , in 1998 , options on futures were implemented , cfd ' s ( contracts for difference ) in 2009 , shares in 2010 and binary options in 2011 .
the weekly classes are hosted by the co - founders of the program in partnership with the university “lucian blaga” of sibiu ( ulbs ) .
sibex - sibiu stock exchange was founded in 1994 , having as initial main activity commodities intermediation . starting with 1997 the company focused on the development and the administration of financial derivatives , such as futures contracts . currently , sibex is market operator and administrator of a derivatives markets and also operator of a cash regulated market and an alternative trading system . sibex is since 2010 a company listed on its own regulated securities market .
the chief executive officer of hellenic exchanges group , mr . socrates lazaridis stated during the event : «in a period that development of a common european regulation creates significant challenges for mutual activities of the markets that provide services ; such cooperation is for us a great success . moreover , the agreement to extend the platform and cover the members and the markets of sibiu stock exchange is another small but important step towards the expansion of helex group ' s network »
ludwik sobolewski , ceo of the bvb commented : “we are satisfied that one of the most challenging projects among those ran by the bucharest stock exchange is getting a new impulse . we believe that the absorption of the sibex by the bvb may enhance the market infrastructure bringing only advantages for the stakeholders of the bvb and this is the goal bvb will uncompromisingly realize when progressing with this undertaking” .
as financial markets and co - founders florin oprea and decebal todăriţă concluded a partnership with the university “lucian blaga ” of sibiu regarding the implementation of a financial education program among the students by organizing a series of free courses in three modules : initial , intermediate , advanced .
shares and international shares , rights and international rights , corporative bonds , municipal and international bonds , shares issued by collective investment units ; units of investment units . etfs ( exchange traded funds ) financial instruments admitted for trading on a regulated market ( traded but not listed on the alternative trading system ) .
the cooperation agreements signed today between the two exchanges complete their initial agreement for the provision of clearing services in the new environment taking shape in accordance with regulation 648 / 2012 of the european parliament ( emir ? european market infrastructure regulation ) , as well as the technological upgrade and support of new projects of the exchange .
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on the occasion of the signing of the cooperation agreement between the helex group and the sibex exchange of romania , an event was held today , february 5th , 2014 at the hellenic exchanges group headquarters . during this event , the chairman of the board of sibex , mr . ovidiu galatanu , declared the start of the trading session by ringing the traditional opening bell .
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this cooperation aims ? among others ? to develop new products and services to participants in the two markets , and to reduce operating costs by taking advantage of the economies of scale that a single , technological and regulatory framework of operation will provide to the two markets .
mr . ovidiu galatanu , chairman of the board of sibex pointed out during a short speech :
it is a particular pleasure and honor for the sibex team to be here today for the signing of the cooperation agreement . i am convinced that this fruitful partnership will be a success for both the exchanges and their participants . »
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the only way that has ever been discovered to have a lot of people cooperate together voluntarily is through the free market . ” milton friedman
“to know values is to comprehend the meaning of movements in the market . ” charles dow
the goal of a successful trader is to make the best trades . money is secondary .
- alexander elder
“as a general rule , the most successful man in life is the man who has the best information . ” benjamin disraeli
“someone ' s sitting in the shade today because someone planted a tree a long time ago .
warren buffett
“we look for the close coordination efforts of the two teams to generate a successful project that will meet the expectations of both shareholders and market participants” said ovidiu petru , the ceo of sibex .
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in relation to operating financial instruments markets , sibex organizes training programs for capital market specialists , being authorized as a professional formation institution by the romanian national securities commission ( rnsc ) , and by the national commission for professional formation of adults as a professional formation provider for brokers .
with over 16 years of experience in the domain of the derivatives , sibex offers the investors accessible products and services .
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a recent study by the world bank shows that the economic and financial knowledge in romania ( measured by the financial literacy index ) is at an average of 31 on a scale of 0 to 100 .
a gfk survey conducted for the romanian banking association ( arb ) in 2011 shows that the main information channels used by romanians are : tv shows on financial and banking issues ( 42 % ) ; relatives / friends ( 40 % ) ; banking products information ( 37 % ) ; articles on financial issues in print or online ( 29 % ) ; banking agencies ( 27 % ) ; product information offered by banks websites ( 17 % ) ; online search engines ( 16 % ) ; forums , blogs discussing banking products and banks ( 10 % ) , no source of information ( 33 % ) .
program graduation by a number of 1 , 000 people at the end of the 2 . 0 phase by the end of june 2016 ( the 1 . 0 phase is currently running and it ends in june 2015 ) .


triad is one of the earliest and simplest solutions to the spacecraft attitude determination problem , due to harold black .

black played a key role in the development of the guidance , navigation and control of the u.s. navy 's transit satellite system at johns hopkins applied physics laboratories .

as evident from the literature , triad represents the state of practice in spacecraft attitude determination , well before the advent of the wahba 's problem and its several optimal solutions .

given the knowledge of two vectors in the reference and body coordinates of a satellite , the triad algorithm obtains the direction cosine matrix relating both frames .

covariance analysis for black 's classical solution was subsequently provided by markley .

triad method

the triad approach to decision - making for hazardous waste sites offers a technically defensible methodology for managing decision uncertainty that leverages innovative characterization tools and strategies . the triad refers to three primary components , systematic planning , dynamic work strategies , and real - time measurement systems . if you are unfamiliar with the triad , follow the links to learn more about what makes the triad different from traditional approaches , key triad concepts , requirements for successfully implementing a triad approach , and the benefits one can expect from implementing the triad . an epa publication ,
summary of the triad approach
( pdf , 38 kb ) also provides an excellent synopsis of the triad .
the triad method is a book written for homeopaths , whatever their prescribing style , who are looking for a way to approach complex cases .
using case examples , she explains the triad method and demonstrates how it can be applied in your homeopathic practice , wherever you are working .
differentiating dark triad traits within and across interpersonal circumplex surfaces . - pubmed - ncbi
► the triad method was used for ecological risk assessment of a metal contaminated site . ► the integrated risk was calculated from three lines of evidence ; chemistry , toxicology and ecology . ► the triad was considered appropriate for conducting improved ecological risk assessments .
the triad approach can accelerate project schedules , reduce overall project costs , and improve project outcomes .
together , hegel believes , these characteristics make his dialectical method genuinely scientific . as he says , “the dialectical constitutes the moving soul of scientific progression” ( el remark to §81 ) . he acknowledges that a description of the method can be more or less complete and detailed , but because the method or progression is driven only by the subject matter itself , this dialectical method is the “only true method” ( sl - m 54 ; sl - dg 33 ) .
in the triad method she tells her story of setting up the maun homeopathy project clinics , describes her experience of treating people there and how she developed a way of prescribing that addresses the different layers of ill health and suffering she perceived .
the triad manages hazardous waste site decision - making uncertainty through systematic planning , dynamic work strategies , and real - time measurement technologies .
• these cognitions cause distortions in the way we see things ; ellis suggested it is through irrational thinking , while beck proposed the cognitive triad .
• rebt uses different methods depending on the personality of the client , in beck’s cognitive therapy , the method is based upon the particular disorder .
overview : triad is a very unique tool that allows surveyors to best fit a map , deed or coordinate system to an unlimited number of known points in considerably less time than any other method . triad will perform an analysis of all points common to two coordinate systems accurately , easily and quickly . the more points in a solution , the better it works . triad is a powerful program that is simple to learn , organizes and documents the process of analyzing a survey retracement . the surveyor can focus on professional judgment , not the tedious task of crunching numbers and comparing record verses measured data . the results are summarized with statistics .
recent discussions surrounding the dark triad ( narcissism , psychopathy , and machiavellianism ) have centered on areas of distinctiveness and overlap . given that interpersonal dysfunction is a core feature of dark triad traits , the current study uses self - report data from 562 undergraduate students to examine the interpersonal characteristics associated with narcissism , psychopathy , and machiavellianism on four interpersonal circumplex ( ipc ) surfaces . the distinctiveness of these characteristics was examined using a novel bootstrapping methodology for computing confidence intervals around circumplex structural summary method parameters . results suggest that dark triad traits exhibit distinct structural summary method parameters with narcissism characterized by high dominance , psychopathy characterized by a blend of high dominance and low affiliation , and machiavellianism characterized by low affiliation on the problems , values , and efficacies ipc surfaces . additionally , there was some heterogeneity in findings for different measures of psychopathy . gender differences in structural summary parameters were examined , finding similar parameter values despite mean - level differences in dark triad traits . finally , interpersonal information was integrated across different ipc surfaces to create profiles associated with each dark triad trait and to provide a more in - depth portrait of associated interpersonal dynamics .
there are a number of factors ( e . g . , appropriate qa / qc , flexible contracting , stakeholder concurrence , etc . ) that contribute to successful triad implementations .
v . a . terekhova , m . a . pukalchik , and a . s . yakovlev , “the triad approach to ecological assessment of urban soils , ” eurasian soil sci .
technological advances in field analytical methods combined with experiences gained from historical hazardous waste site cleanup work have led to the epa ' s triad approach to hazardous waste site characterization , remediation , and closure .
knowledge of the genetic relatedness among individuals is essential in diverse research areas such as behavioural ecology , conservation biology , quantitative genetics and forensics . how to estimate relatedness accurately from genetic marker information has been explored recently by many methodological studies . in this investigation i propose a new likelihood method that uses the genotypes of a triad of individuals in estimating pairwise relatedness ( r ) . the idea is to use a third individual as a control ( reference ) in estimating the r between two other individuals , thus reducing the chance of genes identical in state being mistakenly inferred as identical by descent . the new method allows for inbreeding and accounts for genotype errors in data . analyses of both simulated and human microsatellite and snp datasets show that the quality of r estimates ( measured by the root mean squared error , rmse ) is generally improved substantially by the new triadic likelihood method ( tl ) over the dyadic likelihood method and five moment estimators . simulations also show that genotyping errors / mutations , when ignored , result in underestimates of r for related dyads , and that incorporating a model of typing errors in the tl method improves r estimates for highly related dyads but impairs those for loosely related or unrelated dyads . the effects of inbreeding were also investigated through simulations . it is concluded that , because most dyads in a natural population are unrelated or only loosely related , the overall performance of the new triadic likelihood method is the best , offering r estimates with a rmse that is substantially smaller than the five commonly used moment estimators and the dyadic likelihood method .
forster , michael , 1993 , “hegel’s dialectical method” , in the cambridge companion to hegel , frederick c . beiser ( ed . ) , cambridge : cambridge university press , pp . 130–170 .
summary : triad is used when it is necessary to relate different coordinate systems with two or more points in common . triad provides a rigorous approach for an accurate conversion of local coordinates to a different system or , state plane coordinates from nad27 to nad83 . for control surveys , use it to compare the new measured positions with previous coordinates to get
tied - in
to an existing survey instantly with confidence based on the residuals listed for each point in the solution . use it to estimate the compass and chain index necessary for retracement of ancient glo surveys . in gis applications , it is great for hooking record maps together to build a mosaic . triad has been in wide use in the us and around the world since 1991 . developed by a gps / gnss consultant , geodesist and licensed boundary surveyor with over 30 years ' experience . there is no exaggeration to the statement that an analysis performed with triad will accomplish in seconds , what otherwise can take hours ! .
fifth , because the determination in the speculative moment grasps the unity of the first two moments , hegel’s dialectical method leads to concepts or forms that are increasingly comprehensive and universal . as hegel puts it , the result of the dialectical process
winfield , richard dien , 1990 , “the method of hegel’s science of logic ” , in essays on hegel’s logic , george di giovanni ( ed . ) , albany , ny : state university of new york , pp . 45–57 .
worries that hegel’s arguments fail to fit his account of dialectics have led some interpreters to conclude that his method is arbitrary or that his works have no single dialectical method at all ( findlay 1962 : 93 ; solomon 1983 : 21 ) . these interpreters reject the idea that there is any logical necessity to the moves from stage to stage . “ [ t ] he important point to make here , and again and again” , robert c . solomon writes , for instance ,
the cognitive triad are three forms of negative ( i . e helpless and critical ) thinking that are typical of individuals with depression : namely negative thoughts about the self , the world and the future . these thoughts tended to be automatic in depressed people as they occurred spontaneously .
the displacement equations for trials with motion generation and prescribed timing capabilities are developed and cast in polynomial forms . these equations are solved for five precision points using a continuation method . a detailed description of the method used to generate the solution curves is provided in the paper . two infinities of solutions can be obtained for the problem under consideration as we are solving four equations in six unknowns . the solution procedure discussed is applied to synthesize a four - bar function generating mechanisms and a six - bar mechanism .
subbian tt , flugrad dr , jr . . five position triad synthesis with applications to four - and six - bar mechanisms . asme . j . mech . des . 1993 ; 115 ( 2 ) : 262 - 268 . doi : 10 . 1115 / 1 . 2919186 .
the data on the pollutant content , ecological toxicity , and structural and functional specifics of soil microbial communities in urbanozem sampled in the city of kirov were used to describe the remediation effect of humic substances ( lignohumate and nanomagnetitohumate ) . the integral index of environmental risk on contaminated and background soil sites was calculated using the triad method . based on varying chemical risk index , ecotoxicological risk index , and ecological risk index , this method proved that humic substances are able to reduce ecological toxicity and transform the ecophysiological indices of biota in urban soils . the most vivid effect of humic products has been revealed on introduction of 0 . 0025 and 0 . 01 % mass . the biological activity of nanomagnetitohumate and lignohumate , rather than their ability to bind toxicants , is apparently the principal factor controlling their remediating effect .
this volume presents recent advances in the field of matrix analysis based on contributions at the mat - triad 2015 conference . topics covered include interval linear algebra and computational complexity , birkhoff polynomial basis , tensors , graphs , linear pencils , k - theory and statistic inference , showing the ubiquity of matrices in different mathematical areas .
error trapping : the preference in retracing another survey is to quickly identify acceptable monuments . a unique feature of triad is its optimized blunder detection routine . this routine will instantaneously identify individual points contributing the greatest errors when fitting one system of coordinates with common points to another . simply remove the unacceptable points to obtain the best solution .
when i started visiting botswana and set up the maun homeopathy project in 2002 i faced the challenge of treating people living with hiv and aids . there i developed the “triad method of prescribing” which addresses three main layers of health to give as much homeopathic healing support as possible to clients who were struggling with a life - threatening condition . this approach does not attempt to cure hiv or aids but rather aims to support the individual living with the many stresses of this debilitating disease . the maun homeopathy project has now been running for 10 years and along with the other volunteer homeopaths we have treated over 3 , 000 people there .
lauer warns us against dismissing the idea that there is any implication or necessity in hegel’s method at all ( lauer 1976 : 3 ) . ( other scholars who also believe there is a logical necessity to the dialectics of the phenomenology include hyppolite 1974 : 78–9 and h . s . harris 1997 : xii . )
there are several features of this account that hegel thinks raise his dialectical method above the arbitrariness of plato’s dialectics to the level of a genuine science . first , because the determinations in the moment of understanding sublate themselves , hegel’s dialectics does not require some new idea to show up arbitrarily . instead , the movement to new determinations is driven by the nature of the earlier determinations . indeed , for hegel , the movement is driven by necessity ( see , e . g . , el remarks to §§12 , 42 , 81 , 87 , 88 ) . the nature of the determinations themselves drives or forces them to pass into their opposites . this sense of necessity —the idea that the method involves being forced from earlier moments to later ones—leads hegel to regard his dialectics as a kind of logic . as he says in the phenomenology , the method’s “proper exposition belongs to logic” ( phg §48 ) . necessity—the sense of being driven or forced to conclusions—is the hallmark of “logic” in western philosophy .
a . dagnino , s . sforzini , f . dondero , s . fenoglio , e . bona , j . jensen , and a . viarengo , “a “weight - of - evidence” approach for the integration of environmental “triad” data to assess ecological risk and biological vulnerability , ” integr . environ . assess . manage . , no . 4 , 314–326 ( 2008 ) .
strengthened by my experience in botswana i started to use the triad method of prescribing for my clients in the uk . with this method i specialise in treating people with complex health issues for example layers including a chronic physical health problem , stress / emotional trauma and / or a history of taking conventional medications . in essence three remedies are given at each consultation to address three main layers of your health . the first layer is your main complaint , the most acute problem that is bothering you . the second layer is the whole picture of your health including any stresses and mood or emotional imbalances – this is known as the ‘constitutional’ or ‘fundamental’ layer and is the only prescription that classical homeopaths make . the third layer is the miasmatic layer . miasms are an aspect of homeopathic philosophy which explains why we are susceptible to particular illnesses or diseases . they are mostly inherited susceptibilities so in your consultation i will ask about your family medical history to gain an overview of which miasms need addressing . the miasmatic prescription underpins the other two prescriptions as well as aiming to strengthen your core health and vitality – your
with a greater focus on soil protection in the eu , the need for ecological risk assessment tools for cost - effective characterization of site contamination is increasing . one of the challenges in assessing the risk of soil contaminants is to accurately account for changes in mobility of contaminants over time , as a result of ageing . improved tools for measuring the bioavailable and mobile fraction of contaminants is therefore highly desirable . in this study the triad method was used to perform a risk characterization of a former surface treatment and metal industry in eskilstuna , sweden . the risk assessment confirmed the environmental risk of the most heavily contaminated sample and showed that the toxic effect was most likely caused by high metal concentrations . the assessment of the two soil samples with low to moderate metal contamination levels was more complex , as there was a higher deviation between the results from the three lines of evidence ; chemistry , ( eco ) toxicology and ecology . for the slightly less contaminated sample of the two , a weighting of the results from the ecotoxicological loe would be recommended in order to accurately determine the risk of the metal contamination at the sampling site as the toxic effect detected in the microtox ® test and ostracodtoxkit™ test was more likely to be due to oil contamination . the soil sample with higher total metal concentrations requires further ecotoxicological testing , as the integrated risk value indicated an environmental risk from metal contamination . the applied methodology , the triad method , is considered appropriate for conducting improved environmental risk assessments in order to achieve sustainable remediation processes .
“hegel’s dialectics” refers to the particular dialectical method of argument employed by the 19th century german philosopher , g . w . f . hegel ( see entry on hegel ) , which , like other “dialectical” methods , relies on a contradictory process between opposing sides . whereas plato’s “opposing sides” were people ( socrates and his interlocutors ) , however , what the “opposing sides” are in hegel’s work depends on the subject matter he discusses . in his work on logic , for instance , the “opposing sides” are different definitions of logical concepts that are opposed to one another . in the phenomenology of spirit , which presents hegel’s epistemology or philosophy of knowledge , the “opposing sides” are different definitions of consciousness and of the object that consciousness is aware of or claims to know . as in plato’s dialogues , a contradictory process between “opposing sides” in hegel’s dialectics leads to a linear evolution or development from less sophisticated definitions or views to more sophisticated ones later . the dialectical process thus constitutes hegel’s method for arguing against the earlier , less sophisticated definitions or views and for the more sophisticated ones later . hegel regarded this dialectical method or “speculative mode of cognition” ( pr §10 ) as the hallmark of his philosophy , and used the same method in the phenomenology of spirit [ phg ] , as well as in all of the mature works he published later—the entire encyclopaedia of philosophical sciences ( including , as its first part , the “lesser logic” or the encyclopaedia logic [ el ] ) , the science of logic [ sl ] , and the philosophy of right [ pr ] .
other sections of hegel’s philosophy do not fit the triadic , textbook example of being - nothing - becoming at all , as even interpreters who have supported the traditional reading of hegel’s dialectics have noted . after using the being - nothing - becoming example to argue that hegel’s dialectical method consists of “triads” whose members “are called the thesis , antithesis , synthesis” ( stace 1955 [ 1924 ] : 93 ) , w . t . stace , for instance , goes on to warn us that hegel does not succeed in applying this pattern throughout the philosophical system . it is hard to see , stace says , how the middle term of some of hegel’s triads are the opposites or antitheses of the first term , “and there are even ‘triads’ which contain four terms ! ” ( stace 1955 [ 1924 ] : 97 ) . as a matter of fact , one section of hegel’s logic—the section on cognition—violates the thesis - antithesis - synthesis pattern because it has only two sub - divisions , rather than three . “the triad is incomplete” , stace complains . “there is no third . hegel here abandons the triadic method . nor is any explanation of his having done so forthcoming” ( stace 1955 [ 1924 ] : 286 ; cf . mctaggart 1964 [ 1910 ] : 292 ) .
typical boundary re - tracement application : it is a well - known principal that the intent of a boundary retracement is to re - establish the lines and corners of a prior survey in their most probable original locations . a common method of analysis uses coordinates to compute the inverses or connections between found monuments and compare the inversed bearings and distances with the corresponding inverses on a plat or map . if the inverses are consistent in rotation and distance then those monuments may be acceptable for re - establishing the boundary . this process becomes more difficult to organize and quantify as the number of points increase . for example , four points have six possible inverses . eight points have 28 , doubling to 56 inverses when comparing the map points with the field points . the time spent analyzing found monuments in this way is time consuming and costly . triad is a productive and efficient solution for handling this problem .
so far , we have seen how hegel describes his dialectical method , but we have yet to see how we might read this method into the arguments he offers in his works . scholars often use the first three stages of the logic as the “textbook example” ( forster 1993 : 133 ) to illustrate how hegel’s dialectical method should be applied to his arguments . the logic begins with the simple and immediate concept of pure being , which is said to illustrate the moment of the understanding . we can think of being here as a concept of pure presence . it is not mediated by any other concept—or is not defined in relation to any other concept—and so is undetermined or has no further determination ( el §86 ; sl - m 82 ; sl - dg 59 ) . it asserts bare presence , but what that presence is like has no further determination . because the thought of pure being is undetermined and so is a pure abstraction , however , it is really no different from the assertion of pure negation or the absolutely negative ( el §87 ) . it is therefore equally a nothing ( sl - m 82 ; sl - dg 59 ) . being’s lack of determination thus leads it to sublate itself and pass into the concept of nothing ( el §87 ; sl - m 82 ; sl - dg 59 ) , which illustrates the dialectical moment .
note that , while hegel was clearly influenced by fichte’s work , he never adopted fichte’s triadic “thesis—antithesis—synthesis” language in his descriptions of his own philosophy ( mueller 1958 : 411–2 ; solomon 1983 : 23 ) , though he did apparently use it in his lectures to describe kant’s philosophy ( lhp iii : 477 ) . indeed , hegel criticized formalistic uses of the method of “ triplicity [ triplizität ] ” ( phg §50 ; alternative translation ) inspired by kant—a criticism that could well have been aimed at fichte . hegel argued that kantian - inspired uses of triadic form had been reduced to “a lifeless schema” and “an actual semblance [ eigentlichen scheinen ] ” ( phg §50 ; alternative translation ) that , like a formula in mathematics , was simply imposed on top of subject matters . instead , a properly scientific use of kant’s “triplicity” should flow—as he said his own dialectical method did ( see section 1 ) —out of “the inner life and self - movement” ( phg §51 ) of the content .
since the analytical method leads to oppositions or contradictions , he argued , if we use only analytic judgments , “we not only do not get very far , as kant says ; we do not get anywhere at all” ( the science of knowledge , i : 113 ; fichte 1982 : 112 ) . without the synthetic concepts or judgments , we are left , as the classic reductio ad absurdum argument suggests , with nothing at all . the synthetic concepts or judgments are thus necessary to get beyond contradiction without leaving us with nothing .
how it works : triad works by determining the four parameters of a two - dimensional transformation : rotation , scale and translation . these are solved simultaneously by best fitting the points in one coordinate system to the same points in a second coordinate system . the points in the first system are treated like a figure , the angular relationship between points is retained while the figure is scaled , rotated and shifted to best fit all the points in the second system . new coordinates can be computed for the boundary based on a best fit of all acceptable monuments . alternately , if one prefers , the two best points can be fixed . a summary report is created for the job file .
but why does hegel come to define reason in terms of dialectics , and hence adopt a dialectical method ? we can begin to see what drove hegel to adopt a dialectical method by returning once again to plato’s philosophy . plato argued that we can have knowledge of the world only by grasping the forms , which are perfectly universal , rational concepts or ideas . because things in the world are so imperfect , however , plato concluded that the forms are not in this world , but in a realm of their own . after all , if a human being were perfectly beautiful , for instance , then he or she would never become not - beautiful . but human beings change , get old , and die , and so can be , at best , imperfect copies of the form of beauty—though they get whatever beauty they have by participating in that form . moreover , for plato , things in the world are such imperfect copies that we cannot gain knowledge of the forms by studying things in the world , but only through reason , that is , only by using our rationality to access the separate realm of the forms ( as plato argued in the well - known parable of the cave ; republic , book 7 , 514–516b ) .
hegel provides the most extensive , general account of his dialectical method in part i of his encyclopaedia of philosophical sciences , which is often called the encyclopaedia logic [ el ] . the form or presentation of logic , he says , has three sides or moments ( el §79 ) . these sides are not parts of logic , but , rather , moments of “every logical concept” , as well as “of everything true in general” ( el remark to §79 ; we will see why hegel thought dialectics is in everything in section 4 ) . the first moment—the moment of the understanding—is the moment of fixity , in which concepts or forms have a seemingly stable definition or determination ( el §80 ) .
my approach is flexible : at the end of your consultation i will give you 3 different remedies to take alternating either daily or weekly depending on the intensity of your complaint . this prescription will cover you for a month . when starting treatment with me i like to suggest that you commit to three consultations ( another triad ! ) every 4 - 6 weeks as this gives our healing partnership its best chance to work deeply and long lastingly . after that you can chose to have regular consultations with me if you have a long - standing , deep - seated complaint and / or are going through a particularly stressful time . or you can chose to book in to see me in the future if and when you need to do so . i am also available via the phone and email between appointments if you need any extra advice or support . and if you are on the move i can offer full consultations by phone or skype too .
interpreters have offered various solutions to the complaint that hegel’s dialectics sometimes seems to violate the triadic form . some scholars apply the triadic form fairly loosely across several stages ( e . g . burbidge 1981 : 43–5 ; taylor 1975 : 229–30 ) . others have applied hegel’s triadic method to whole sections of his philosophy , rather than to individual stages . for g . r . g . mure , for instance , the section on cognition fits neatly into a triadic , thesis - antithesis - synthesis account of dialectics because the whole section is itself the antithesis of the previous section of hegel’s logic , the section on life ( mure 1950 : 270 ) . mure argues that hegel’s triadic form is easier to discern the more broadly we apply it . “the triadic form appears on many scales” , he says , “and the larger the scale we consider the more obvious it is” ( mure 1950 : 302 ) .
note that , although hegel acknowledged that his dialectical method was part of a philosophical tradition stretching back to plato , he criticized plato’s version of dialectics . he argued that plato’s dialectics deals only with limited philosophical claims and is unable to get beyond skepticism or nothingness ( sl - m 55–6 ; sl - dg 34–5 ; pr , remark to §31 ) . according to the logic of a traditional reductio ad absurdum argument , if the premises of an argument lead to a contradiction , we must conclude that the premises are false—which leaves us with no premises or with nothing . we must then wait around for new premises to spring up arbitrarily from somewhere else , and then see whether those new premises put us back into nothingness or emptiness once again , if they , too , lead to a contradiction . because hegel believed that reason necessarily generates contradictions , as we will see , he thought new premises will indeed produce further contradictions . as he puts the argument , then ,
in conclusion , the study presents a useful way of differentiating neurochemical subsystems involved in the processing of emotional information by combining functional imaging during an emotional task with an acute and specific pharmacological enhancement of serotonergic and noradrenergic neurotransmission in healthy subjects . this differentiation revealed common influences of both neurotransmitters ( with a slight overweight of serotonergic effects ) in medial and dorsolateral prefrontal regions during the anticipation of negatively and ‘unknown’ ( ambiguously ) cued emotional stimuli . the bilateral medial thalamic region was selectively affected by noradrenergic modulation , unlike medial and dorsolateral prefrontal regions , which were primarily modulated by serotonergic enhancement . this combined method of pharmaco - fmri points to regions , which in future could possibly be used to detect endophenotypes of depressive syndromes in patients responding primarily to serotonergic - or noradrenergic - acting antidepressants . next steps in the development of a neurobiologically based administration of differential therapy in depression will be the application of these findings to depressed patients with a prospective view concerning the response to more noradrenergic or serotonergic acting antidepressants .
“dialectics” is a term used to describe a method of philosophical argument that involves some sort of contradictory process between opposing sides . in what is perhaps the most classic version of “dialectics” , the ancient greek philosopher , plato ( see entry on plato ) , for instance , presented his philosophical argument as a back - and - forth dialogue or debate , generally between the character of socrates , on one side , and some person or group of people to whom socrates was talking ( his interlocutors ) , on the other . in the course of the dialogues , socrates’ interlocutors propose definitions of philosophical concepts or express views that socrates challenges or opposes . the back - and - forth debate between opposing sides produces a kind of linear progression or evolution in philosophical views or positions : as the dialogues go along , socrates’ interlocutors change or refine their views in response to socrates’ challenges and come to adopt more sophisticated views . the back - and - forth dialectic between socrates and his interlocutors thus becomes plato’s way of arguing against the earlier , less sophisticated views or positions and for the more sophisticated ones later .
two further journeys into the history of philosophy will help to show why hegel chose dialectics as his method of argument . as we saw , hegel argues against kant’s skepticism by suggesting that reason is not only in our heads , but in the world itself . to show that reason is in the world itself , however , hegel has to show that reason can be what it is without us human beings to help it . he has to show that reason can develop on its own , and does not need us to do the developing for it ( at least for those things in the world that are not human - created ) . as we saw ( cf . section 1 ) , central to hegel’s dialectics is the idea that concepts or forms develop on their own because they “self - sublate” , or sublate ( cancel and preserve ) themselves , and so pass into subsequent concepts or forms on their own accounts , because of their own , dialectical natures . thus reason , as it were , drives itself , and hence does not need our heads to develop it . hegel needs an account of self - driving reason to get beyond kant’s skepticism .
these sorts of considerations have led some scholars to interpret hegel’s dialectics in a way that is implied by a more literal reading of his claim , in the encyclopaedia logic , that the three “sides” of the form of logic—namely , the moment of understanding , the dialectical moment , and the speculative moment—“are moments of each [ or every ; jedes ] logically - real , that is each [ or every ; jedes ] concept” ( el remark to §79 ; this is an alternative translation ) . the quotation suggests that each concept goes through all three moments of the dialectical process—a suggestion reinforced by hegel’s claim , in the phenomenology , that the result of the process of determinate negation is that “a new form has thereby immediately arisen” ( phg §79 ) . according to this interpretation , the three “sides” are not three different concepts or forms that are related to one another in a triad—as the textbook being - nothing - becoming example suggests—but rather different momentary sides or “determinations” in the life , so to speak , of each concept or form as it transitions to the next one . the three moments thus involve only two concepts or forms : the one that comes first , and the one that comes next ( examples of philosophers who interpret hegel’s dialectics in this second way include maybee 2009 ; rosen 2014 : 122 , 132 ; and winfield 1990 : 56 ) .
the second moment—the “ dialectical ” ( el §§79 , 81 ) or “ negatively rational ” ( el §79 ) moment—is the moment of instability . in this moment , a one - sidedness or restrictedness ( el remark to §81 ) in the determination from the moment of understanding comes to the fore , and the determination that was fixed in the first moment passes into its opposite ( el §81 ) . hegel describes this process as a process of “self - sublation” ( el §81 ) . the english verb “to sublate” translates hegel’s technical use of the german verb aufheben , which is a crucial concept in his dialectical method . hegel says that aufheben has a doubled meaning : it means both to cancel ( or negate ) and to preserve at the same time ( phg §113 ; sl - m 107 ; sl - dg 81–2 ; cf . el the addition to §95 ) . the moment of understanding sublates itself because its own character or nature—its one - sidedness or restrictedness—destabilizes its definition and leads it to pass into its opposite . the dialectical moment thus involves a process of self - sublation , or a process in which the determination from the moment of understanding sublates itself , or both cancels and preserves itself , as it pushes on to or passes into its opposite .
fichte’s account of the synthetic method provides hegel with the key to moving beyond kant . fichte suggested that a synthetic concept that unifies the results of a dialectically - generated contradiction does not completely cancel the contradictory sides , but only limits them . as he said , in general , “ [ t ] o limit something is to abolish its reality , not wholly , but in part only” ( the science of knowledge , i : 108 ; fichte 1982 : 108 ) . instead of concluding , as a reductio ad absurdum requires , that the two sides of a contradiction must be dismissed altogether , the synthetic concept or judgment retroactively justifies the opposing sides by demonstrating their limit , by showing which part of reality they attach to and which they do not ( the science of knowledge , i : 108–10 ; fichte 1982 : 108–9 ) , or by determining in what respect and to what degree they are each true . for hegel , as we saw ( cf . section 1 ) , later concepts and forms sublate—both cancel and preserve —earlier concepts and forms in the sense that they include earlier concepts and forms in their own definitions . from the point of view of the later concepts or forms , the earlier ones still have some validity , that is , they have a limited validity or truth defined by the higher - level concept or form .
we must be careful , however , not to apply this textbook example too dogmatically to the rest of hegel’s logic or to his dialectical method more generally ( for a classic criticism of the thesis - antithesis - synthesis reading of hegel’s dialectics , see mueller 1958 ) . there are other places where this general pattern might describe some of the transitions from stage to stage , but there are many more places where the development does not seem to fit this pattern very well . one place where the pattern seems to hold , for instance , is where the measure ( el §107 ) —as the combination of quality and quantity—transitions into the measureless ( el §107 ) , which is opposed to it , which then in turn transitions into essence , which is the unity or combination of the two earlier sides ( el §111 ) . this series of transitions could be said to follow the general pattern captured by the “textbook example” : measure would be the moment of the understanding or thesis , the measureless would be the dialectical moment or antithesis , and essence would be the speculative moment or synthesis that unifies the two earlier moments . however , before the transition to essence takes place , the measureless itself is redefined as a measure ( el §109 ) —undercutting a precise parallel with the textbook being - nothing - becoming example , since the transition from measure to essence would not follow a measure - measureless - essence pattern , but rather a measure - ( measureless ? ) - measure - essence pattern .
scholars who interpret hegel’s description of dialectics on a smaller scale—as an account of how to get from stage to stage—have also tried to explain why some sections seem to violate the triadic form . j . n . findlay , for instance—who , like stace , associates dialectics “with the triad , or with triplicity ”—argues that stages can fit into that form in “more than one sense” ( findlay 1962 : 66 ) . the first sense of triplicity echoes the textbook , being - nothing - becoming example . in a second sense , however , findlay says , the dialectical moment or “contradictory breakdown” is not itself a separate stage , or “does not count as one of the stages” , but is a transition between opposed , “but complementary” , abstract stages that “are developed more or less concurrently” ( findlay 1962 : 66 ) . this second sort of triplicity could involve any number of stages : it “could readily have been expanded into a quadruplicity , a quintuplicity and so forth” ( findlay 1962 : 66 ) . still , like stace , he goes on to complain that many of the transitions in hegel’s philosophy do not seem to fit the triadic pattern very well . in some triads , the second term is “the direct and obvious contrary of the first”—as in the case of being and nothing . in other cases , however , the opposition is , as findlay puts it , “of a much less extreme character” ( findlay 1962 : 69 ) . in some triads , the third term obviously mediates between the first two terms . in other cases , however , he says , the third term is just one possible mediator or unity among other possible ones ; and , in yet other cases , “the reconciling functions of the third member are not at all obvious” ( findlay 1962 : 70 ) .
although the speculative moment negates the contradiction , it is a determinate or defined nothingness because it is the result of a specific process . there is something particular about the determination in the moment of understanding—a specific weakness , or some specific aspect that was ignored in its one - sidedness or restrictedness—that leads it to fall apart in the dialectical moment . the speculative moment has a definition , determination or content because it grows out of and unifies the particular character of those earlier determinations , or is “a unity of distinct determinations ” ( el §82 ) . the speculative moment is thus “truly not empty , abstract nothing , but the negation of certain determinations ” ( el §82 ) . when the result “is taken as the result of that from which it emerges” , hegel says , then it is “in fact , the true result ; in that case it is itself a determinate nothingness , one which has a content” ( phg §79 ) . as he also puts it , “the result is conceived as it is in truth , namely , as a determinate negation [ bestimmte negation ] ; a new form has thereby immediately arisen” ( phg §79 ) . or , as he says , “ [ b ] ecause the result , the negation , is a determinate negation [ bestimmte negation ] , it has a content ” ( sl - dg 33 ; cf . sl - m 54 ) . hegel’s claim in both the phenomenology and the science of logic that his philosophy relies on a process of “ determinate negation [ bestimmte negation ] ” has sometimes led scholars to describe his dialectics as a method or doctrine of “determinate negation” ( see entry on hegel , section on science of logic ; cf . rosen 1982 : 30 ; stewart 1996 , 2000 : 41–3 ; winfield 1990 : 56 ) .
we can begin to see why hegel was motivated to use a dialectical method by examining the project he set for himself , particularly in relation to the work of david hume and immanuel kant ( see entries on hume and kant ) . hume had argued against what we can think of as the naïve view of how we come to have scientific knowledge . according to the naïve view , we gain knowledge of the world by using our senses to pull the world into our heads , so to speak . although we may have to use careful observations and do experiments , our knowledge of the world is basically a mirror or copy of what the world is like . hume argued , however , that naïve science’s claim that our knowledge corresponds to or copies what the world is like does not work . take the scientific concept of cause , for instance . according to that concept of cause , to say that one event causes another is to say that there is a necessary connection between the first event ( the cause ) and the second event ( the effect ) , such that , when the first event happens , the second event must also happen . according to naïve science , when we claim ( or know ) that some event causes some other event , our claim mirrors or copies what the world is like . it follows that the necessary , causal connection between the two events must itself be out there in the world . however , hume argued , we never observe any such necessary causal connection in our experience of the world , nor can we infer that one exists based on our reasoning ( see hume’s a treatise of human nature , book i , section ii ; enquiry concerning human understanding , §6 ) . there is nothing in the world itself that our idea of cause mirrors or copies .
the work of johann gottlieb fichte ( see entry on fichte ) showed hegel how dialectics can get beyond kant—beyond the contradictions that , as kant had shown , reason ( necessarily ) develops on its own , beyond the reductio ad absurdum argument ( which , as we saw above , holds that a contradiction leads to nothingness ) , and beyond kant’s skepticism , or kant’s claim that reason’s contradictions must be reined in by the understanding and cannot count as knowledge . fichte argued that the task of discovering the foundation of all human knowledge leads to a contradiction or opposition between the self and the not - self ( it is not important , for our purposes , why fichte held this view ) . the kind of reasoning that leads to this contradiction , fichte said , is the analytical or antithetical method of reasoning , which involves drawing out an opposition between elements ( in this case , the self and not - self ) that are being compared to , or equated with , one another . while the traditional reductio ad absurdum argument would lead us to reject both sides of the contradiction and start from scratch , fichte argued that the contradiction or opposition between the self and not - self can be resolved . in particular , the contradiction is resolved by positing a third concept—the concept of divisibility—which unites the two sides ( the science of knowledge , i : 110–11 ; fichte 1982 : 108–110 ) . the concept of divisibility is produced by a synthetic procedure of reasoning , which involves “discovering in opposites the respect in which they are alike ” ( the science of knowledge , i : 112–13 ; fichte 1982 : 111 ) . indeed , fichte argued , not only is the move to resolve contradictions with synthetic concepts or judgments possible , it is necessary . as he says of the move from the contradiction between self and not - self to the synthetic concept of divisibility ,
notice , however , that plato’s conclusion that the forms cannot be in this world and so must be exiled to a separate realm rests on two claims . first , it rests on the claim that the world is an imperfect and messy place—a claim that is hard to deny . but it also rests on the assumption that the forms—the universal , rational concepts or ideas of reason itself—are static and fixed , and so cannot grasp the messiness within the imperfect world . hegel is able to link reason back to our messy world by changing the definition of reason . instead of saying that reason consists of static universals , concepts or ideas , hegel says that the universal concepts or forms are themselves messy . against plato , hegel’s dialectical method allows him to argue that universal concepts can “overgrasp” ( from the german verb übergreifen ) the messy , dialectical nature of the world because they , themselves , are dialectical . moreover , because later concepts build on or sublate ( cancel , but also preserve ) earlier concepts , the later , more universal concepts grasp the dialectical processes of earlier concepts . as a result , higher - level concepts can grasp not only the dialectical nature of earlier concepts or forms , but also the dialectical processes that make the world itself a messy place . the highest definition of the concept of beauty , for instance , would not take beauty to be fixed and static , but would include within it the dialectical nature or finiteness of beauty , the idea that beauty becomes , on its own account , not - beauty . this dialectical understanding of the concept of beauty can then overgrasp the dialectical and finite nature of beauty in the world , and hence the truth that , in the world , beautiful things themselves become not - beautiful , or might be beautiful in one respect and not another . similarly , the highest determination of the concept of “tree” will include within its definition the dialectical process of development and change from seed to sapling to tree . as hegel says , dialectics is “the principle of all natural and spiritual life” ( sl - m 56 ; sl - dg 35 ) , or “the moving soul of scientific progression” ( el §81 ) . dialectics is what drives the development of both reason as well as of things in the world . a dialectical reason can overgrasp a dialectical world .
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