pruning is a horticultural and silvicultural practice involving the selective removal of certain parts of a plant , such as branches , buds , or roots .

reasons to prune plants include deadwood removal , shaping ( by controlling or directing growth ) , improving or maintaining health , reducing risk from falling branches , preparing nursery specimens for transplanting , and both harvesting and increasing the yield or quality of flowers and fruits .

the practice entails targeted removal of diseased , damaged , dead , non-productive , structurally unsound , or otherwise unwanted tissue from crop and landscape plants .

in general , the smaller the branch that is cut , the easier it is for a woody plant to compartmentalize the wound and thus limit the potential for pathogen intrusion and decay .

it is therefore preferable to make any necessary formative structural pruning cuts to young plants , rather than removing large , poorly placed branches from mature plants .

specialized pruning practices may be applied to certain plants , such as roses , fruit trees , and grapevines .

it is important when pruning that the tree ’s limbs are kept intact , as this is what helps the tree stay upright .

different pruning techniques may be deployed on herbaceous plants than those used on perennial woody plants .

hedges , by design , are usually ( but not exclusively ) maintained by hedge trimming , rather than by pruning .

in nature , meteorological conditions such as wind , ice and snow , and salinity can cause plants to self-prune .

this natural shedding is called abscission .

pruning

all tree pruning work undertaken by plateau trees adheres to the australian pruning standard . the most common types of tree pruning include ;
offers total tree trimming and pruning services , including directional pruning , full pruning , deadwooding , and even brush and shrub trimming .
topiary - deliberately pruning trees into fanciful shapes . topiary pruning is usually performed on evergreen tree species .
pruning firs , douglas firs , and spruces control height and encourage fullness by pruning during dormancy . watch the video…
pruning trees doesn ' t have to be a difficult task . whether you ' re pruning fruit trees or hardwoods , we show you how to prune a tree , including tree - pruning tools , whether to use tree - pruning sealer , and the correct tree - pruning techniques .
feel free to contact us for more information on pruning practices and how we can help you with your pruning needs .
proper pruning is essential in developing a tree with a strong structure and desirable form . trees that receive the appropriate pruning measures while they are young will require less corrective pruning as they mature .
at lovering tree care we offer complete pruning services . we will perform full canopy pruning on large mature trees by hand or with our 60’ bucket truck . we also offer pruning services to enhance your view ( vista pruning ) , or increase production in your fruit trees . a tree may need pruning for a variety of reasons :
crown thinning is a pruning operation used to lighten the crown allowing more natural light and air to penetrate through the canopy . this pruning operation leaves an even well balanced branch structure with generally small pruning wounds .
maintenance pruning regular pruning enhances the look and health of your garden . get an overview on the benefits of maintenance pruning and a general idea of when to prune early - and late - flowering shrubs . read more…
video : pruning climbing roses with help from paul zimmerman , you’ll be able to prune your climbing roses with confidence . watch the video… related information… the one essential thing to know when pruning climbing roses pruning climbing roses
there is a correct season for pruning and branch removal , which varies depending on the species . formative pruning of young trees is essential to create a good branch structure . correct pruning techniques at this stage help prevent decay .
video : root pruning container plants if your container plant is rootbound , or just growing a little too vigorously for your liking , root pruning can help .
dormant pruning is especially important for apples , pears , and crabapples because pruning wounds during the growing season expose the trees to a bacterial disease called fireblight .
for most other deciduous trees winter pruning is easier as the branches are more visible but is best accomplished before christmas as later pruning can result in bleeding .
pruning clematis your clematis may be a spring bloomer , repeat bloomer , or late - season bloomer . each type calls for a different pruning approach , and in this article , pruning guru lee reich explains what to do . read more…
video collection : planting and pruning roses view videos on planting roses in containers and feeding , mulching , pruning , and preparing roses for winter . watch the videos…
get tips for pruning spring - flowering shrubs to keep them attractive and healthy .
reducing - pruning - landscape plants - edward f . gilman - uf / ifas
for most species , the tree should have a single trunk . identify the best leader and later branches before you begin pruning and remove defective parts before pruning for form .
pruning is the most common tree maintenance procedure . although forest trees grow quite well with only nature ' s pruning , landscape trees require a higher level of care to maintain their structural integrity and aesthetics . pruning must be done with an understanding of tree biology . improper pruning can create lasting damage or even shorten the tree ' s life .
test garden tip : to control the spread of diseases while pruning , dip your pruning shears in rubbing alcohol or a solution of one part bleach to nine parts water .
we offer a full range of tree pruning services throughout the english lake district area .
pollarding : in this extreme form of pruning , the entire head or crown is removed which can make most attractive small trees , although at the price of repeated pruning .
1 ) select an appropriate species . not all shrubs respond well to drastic pruning .
video : pruning arborvitae , junipers , and chamaecyparis conifers with fan - like needles will not form new growth on old wood , so judicious pruning is advised . watch the video…
! proper pruning is vital to the health and longevity of your plants and trees . pruning involves selectively removing parts of the plant to accomplish one or more of the following :
pruning of evergreen trees is often carried out in april , as they come into growth .
bayers , janet .
pollard tree pruning technique
accessed july 09 , 2018 . urltoken
deciduous shrubs require maintenance pruning to keep them healthy and in scale with their surroundings . maintenance pruning practices should begin at the time of planting , or after rejuvenation of older shrubs .
pruning subshrubs subshrubs such as lavender , sage , thyme , and wormwood require special pruning techniques to keep them looking good . timing is critical for ensuring healthy , dense growth . read more…
keep tools sharp . one - hand pruning shears with curved blades work best on young trees .
now that you know the pruning basics learn what steps you should take throughout your trees life .
other pruning options if a crown reduction isn ' t what your looking for then here are some other pruning options . crown thinning crown lifting dead wood removal pollarding conifers arboricultural consultant kent bs5837 reports
the pollarding of a tree is the most drastic form of pruning , but for some species ( such as poplar or willow ) in the wrong environment , this form of pruning is essential .
understanding these terms for pruning can be as necessary as knowing what a tablespoon is in cooking .
pruning advanced ornamental trees . now ' s the time . . . / collections − speciality trees
there are many reasons why tree pruning is important . plateau trees has trained arborists who understand trees and will provide you with the best advice on how your trees will respond to pruning . plateau trees will also advise on any council approvals required for tree pruning and can assist with council applications .
tree pruning is one of the primary roles of arborists involving a wide variety of skills and equipment .
pruning trees isn ' t tough , but it can be intimidating . if you ' re not sure how to prune a tree , follow these five easy tree - pruning tips for perfectly - pruned trees .
pruning and training wisteria well - placed summer and winter cuts will keep this vigorous vine manageable . read more…
pruning japanese maples the right cuts reveal a branch pattern that looks good with leaves or without . read more…
video : pruning shrub roses peter kukielski , curator of the peggy rockefeller rose garden at the new york botanical garden , demonstrates the best way to prune shrub roses . watch the video… more videos on this topic… pruning shrub roses that grow new canes from the base every year pruning shrub roses that build a structure over time
plateau trees have experienced and qualified arborists who can complete all aspects of tree services including pruning & deadwooding .
pruning is important work and addresses tree risks , tree form , tree function , tree health and longevity .
with the american national standard for pruning , ansi a300 , specifications are interpreted based on the development process approved by the american standards institute . the a300 standard has been drafted to address pruning specifications across all geographic areas . the following information is designed to help you understand exactly what will be accomplished in a pruning operation .
an understanding of the end goals lie at the heart of good pruning . before beginning work , it is imperative that your plans include the objectives of pruning , the pruning types to be used , the size range of branches to remove , the percentage of live crown to be removed , and the location of branches .
most of the cuts you make when pruning should be thinning cuts . an incomplete list of examples include :
virginia tech , virginia cooperative extension : pruning peach trees ; richard p . marini ; may 1 , 2009
pruning in winter allows the tree to begin sealing the wound immediately at the start of the growing season .
video : where to cut where you make your pruning cuts makes a difference in how quickly they heal . in this video , lee reich , author of the guide to pruning book , demonstrates best practices . watch the video…
specific types of pruning may be necessary to maintain a mature tree in a healthy , safe and attractive condition .
know a stylish gardener and want to buy the perfect practical gift ? check out the pink mini pruning set .
great advice on the 10 and 2 angle , and pruning to the bud ! thanks for the informative post .
thanks great read . i hate seeing a young healthy tree ruined or at stunted from a bad pruning job .
2 ) observe proper timing . the preferred time for renovative pruning is just before bud break in early spring .
specific types of pruning may be necessary to maintain a mature tree in a healthy , safe , and attractive condition .
anewscafe : pruning fruit trees , winter or summer , with rico montenegro ; jennifer jewell ; jan . 22 , 2011
video : a survey of pruning tools whatever you are pruning , the right tool makes all the difference . in this video , horticulturist lee reich examines an array of pruning implements . you’ll learn what the tools do , and what to consider when shopping for a new hand pruner , lopper , saw , pole pruner , or hedge shears . watch the video…
- maintenance pruning ( mp ) — is recommended when the primary objective is to maintain or improve tree health and structure , and includes hazard reduction pruning . an example here might be to perform an mp operation on a front yard tree .
vista pruning : vista pruning is selectively thinning of framework limbs or specific areas of the crown to allow a view of an object from a pre - determinded point , or to trim to hide an object from a pre - determinded point .
remember that late winter and early spring is the best time to prune many of your trees and shrubs . do your research , have the proper tools , and be careful . for more information on pruning visit urltoken and search for “pruning” .
trees can be vista pruned year - round ; however , the winter months are the best for vista pruning because the limited foliage allows for clear sight lines , and the firm ground allows for easier access with pruning equipment . we recommend vista pruning every two years or so , but some properties may need it more frequently in order to maintain those desirable views .
proper tree pruning is an art based on scientific principles of plant physiology . at its most basic level , pruning trees involves removing damaged , dead or structurally weak limbs , which will improve a tree’s health and reduce the chances of personal or property damage caused by falling limbs . more advanced pruning methods aid in improving the tree’s structure and long - term health .
here at budget arbor and logging we can help you decide what type of pruning is needed for your trees and shrubs .
bayers , janet .
pollard tree pruning technique .
home guides | sf gate , urltoken accessed 09 july 2018 .
not the answer you ' re looking for ? browse other questions tagged flowers pruning leaves bulbs or ask your own question .
lifting is the pruning operation to raise the crown / canopy . it involves pruning or removal of branches to increase the distance between the base of the canopy and ground level . it is normally carried out to improve access or provide visibility beneath the canopy . this type of pruning should , if possible be carried out before a tree reaches maturity in order to avoid large wounds .
the ultimate guide to pruning strategies and techniques in guide to pruning , fg editors explain how to prune hundreds of plants . whether you are new to gardening or a veteran of many seasons , you’ll refer to this guide again and again . buy the book…
video : pruning conifers for health dead , diseased , or damaged branches should be removed when the problem arises . watch the video…
most routine pruning to remove weak , diseased , or dead limbs can be accomplished at any time during the year with little effect on the tree . as a rule , growth and wound closure are maximized if pruning takes place before the spring growth flush .
discover more step - by step trips on pruning while gather other inspiring advice in the trees & shrubs digital value pack download .
furthermore , when talking about the pruning cut ,
reducing cut
is another term sometimes used to mean a thinning cut .
pruning trees and shrubs is essential to maintaining healthy plants . it ' s important to remove dead or diseased wood , to increase air circulation to the plant ' s interior and to increase flower and fruit production . follow this process to pruning your woody plants .
reduce : selective pruning to decrease height and / or spread . this type of pruning is done to minimize risk of failure , to reduce height or spread , for utility line clearance , to clear vegetation from buildings or other structures , or to improve the appearance of the plant . not all tree and shrub species can tolerate reduction pruning , so the species and plant health should be considered .
don’t worry about protecting pruning cuts . for aesthetics , you may feel better painting large wounds but it doesn’t prevent or reduce decay .
bayers , janet . ( n . d . ) . pollard tree pruning technique . home guides | sf gate . retrieved from urltoken
pruning hollies learn when and how to prune your hollies , whether you have deciduous , rounded , intermediate , or pyramidal plants . read more…
reducing the size of the trees ' overall canopy by pruning the branches evenly throughout the crown and retaining the tree ' s natural shape .
through - pruning - also called y - pruning , this practice is performed by utility companies to train trees to grow around high - voltage wires to give the wires at least 10’ of clearance from the tree . only utility arborists should prune trees around high - voltage wires .
don ' t coat pruning cuts on shrubs with paint or wound dressing . these materials won ' t prevent decay or promote wound closure .
late summer or early fall pruning causes vigorous regrowth , which in some cases may not harden off by winter , leading to possible cold damage . whenever unexpected damage from vandalism or bad weather occurs , prune at once . ( see vce publication 430 - 462 , shrub pruning calendar )
tree pruning may be required to remove dead or decayed branches . it can also make the tree look more attractive . tree pruning increases the amount of sunlight the undergrowth gets . this method may be necessary if some of the branches are obstructing the pathway or dropping leaves into the gutter .
treat climbers and old garden roses that bloom only once per year the same as other spring - blooming shrubs : pruning after they finish blooming .
most broadleaf evergreens , including holly , mahonia , and some types of magnolias , need little pruning . the best time to prune them is in early spring , just before they put on their growth spurt . you can do minor shaping and pruning at other times of year , too .
clean : selective pruning to remove one or more of the following parts : dead , diseased , and / or broken branches . this type of pruning is done to reduce the risk of branches falling from the tree and to reduce the movement of decay , insects and diseases from dead or dying branches into the rest of the tree . cleaning is the preferred pruning method for mature trees because it does not remove live branches unnecessarily .
test garden tip : if you ' re growing a privacy hedge , reduce the amount of pruning maintenance needed by selecting shrubs that grow only as tall and wide as necessary to provide screening . allow them to grow into their natural form , and little , if any , pruning will be required .
this type of pruning does much less damage to a tree than reducing the canopy size . it is best done gradually over a period of years .
— decrease the height and / or spread of a tree . consideration should be given to the ability of the species to sustain this type of pruning
rhs tree experts no longer recommend pruning or wound paints in most cases as they appear to inhibit healing and may actually encourage rotting . to encourage healing make pruning cuts through the branch ‘collar’ ( slight swelling where the branch joins the trunk ) as this is where natural healing most readily takes place .
) and willows . although the outcome is similar , these processes are different , mainly due to the location on the plant where the pruning begins .
making a 3 - part pruning cut like that is especially important when pruning larger branches - if you make one single cut , you can tear bark from the trunk of the tree as the branch is removed , leaving an open wound on the tree . for smaller branches , it’s not as much of a concern if you’re making small pruning cuts with a hand snip , but it’s never a bad idea to use the 3 - part method .
a heading cut is the opposite , a cut to a node that is too undeveloped to grow strongly and smoothly replace the growth removed by pruning .
pruning at different seasons triggers different responses . late winter or early spring , before bud break , is usually the best time to prune many species because new tissue forms rapidly . however , pruning should be delayed for most spring - blooming shrubs until immediately after flowering to avoid reducing the floral display .
true pines are more particular about their pruning needs than other needle - leaf evergreens . pines form buds only at branch tips before the stem becomes woody .
a vista is defined as a “pleasing view , especially one seen through a long , narrow opening . ” ( google ) as it relates to tree care , vista pruning is essentially the pruning of trees to create a pleasing view , whether through a series of trees , or over a serious of trees .
crown restoration : crown resortation pruning should improve the structure , form and appearance of the tree which has been severely ( topped ) vandalized or storm damaged .
fruit trees such as apples , crabapples , mountain ash , hawthorns , and cotoneaster shrubs should be pruned in february through early april . this reduces the chance of the bacterial disease fireblight and infection from occurring . pruning in fall or early winter may cause drying out and die - back at the pruning sites .
prune shade trees such as oak , linden , and ash when they are dormant in winter . it ' s easiest to see the branching structure at this time of year , and you ' re less likely to spread diseases through the pruning wounds . as with nonblooming shrubs , avoid pruning them late in summer .
winterberry holly : unlike the kinds of holly presented above , winterberry is not evergreen . it is so different from the more typical hollies that we might as well be discussing another plant altogether , especially when it comes to pruning . while drastic pruning is a bad idea for evergreen hollies , it is quite acceptable for winterberry , which responds well to rejuvenation - style pruning . remove up to 1 / 3 of the stems each year , targeting the oldest , thickest ones .
pruning crape myrtles many people plant crape myrtles for their vibrant summer color , few people prune them correctly . find out how it should be done . read more…
harris , richard w . “clarifying certain pruning terminology : thinning , heading , pollarding . ” journal of arboriculture 20 ( 1 ) : january 1994 , 51–54 .
with newer reblooming types , such as the endless summer series or let ' s dance series , which bloom on new growth as well as old wood , timing of pruning is less critical . even if you cut off some of the flower buds by pruning the old stems , the plant will bloom on the new growth .
apples ( including crabapples ) , peaches , pears , plums , and cherries should be pruned in midwinter . although winter pruning removes some of their flower buds , the goal in pruning fruit trees is to open up the tree to allow in more light for a better crop of fruit , rather than to get maximum bloom .
like most trees and large shrubs suitable for hedging and screening , tip pruning is recommended for these specimens to keep their shape and health . this type of pruning also encourages denser growth . we grow ours to be dense and upright . this tree is currently available with that beautiful red tinge in 30cm and 50 litre containers .
pruning of deciduous trees ( those that lose their leaves in winter ) is often best carried out in winter , as it is easier to see the branch structure .
clear the desired height of trunk of any growth . if new growth is stimulated from the trunk by this pruning , rub off the shoots as soon as they emerge
many ornamental shrubs and trees can be allowed to grow without regular pruning . however , occasionally you may need to restrict the size , remove dead or unsightly growth , increase vigour , improve the shape or keep the plant in a healthy state to produce flowers and / or berries . some shrubs , if left unpruned , continue growing from where the growth ended the previous season , becoming top heavy , flowering well above eye level , and with a bare base . more on pruning shrubs more on pruning clematis
pruning , normally done when the trees are dormant . keep the trees ' size and shape under control and stimulate the formation of flowers and fruit buds to ensure productivity .
crown thinning is applied mainly to broad - leaved tree species and commonly when pruning fruit trees . usually the extent of these works is specified as a percentage . i . e carrying out a 10 % crown thin . tree thinning is one of the more difficult tree pruning practices and produces a more subtle result than that of crown reduction .
it is possible to reduce the final height of trees that would otherwise grow as central - leader standards by removing the leader and pruning as a branched - head standard .
copyright 2015 arbor tree surgery , inc . copyright 2015 for an arborist , tree trimming , or pruning — choose arbor tree surgery , inc . california state license # 343996
depending on the tree involved and the intended effect there are several tree pruning strategies . they are listed here from those requiring the least work , to the most work .
i have also noticed that many homeowners think topping is actually a method of pruning or the way to trim a tree and are not aware of the damage it causes .
in regards to pruning shrubs , up to one - third of the oldest , damaged , thickest stems or trunks should be pruned right slightly above the ground . this technique will revitalize the plant and encourage new growth from the roots . hedge pruning needs to be done often . after the hedge has reached the desired size , prune back the six to eight inches of new growth . this form of pruning should be done in spring and again in mid - summer to give the hedge a dense and attractive appearance .
cut back shrubs grown primarily for their foliage , such as barberry and burning bush , almost anytime except in late autumn . new growth that starts after late - season pruning won ' t harden off properly before winter . if you want to do major pruning , it ' s best to cut the shrub back when it is dormant in winter .
topping is perhaps the most harmful tree pruning practice known . yet , despite more than 25 years of literature and seminars explaining its harmful effects , topping remains a common practice .
pruning is required to remove dead and dying branches to maintain tree health and safety . this type of pruning is referred to as cleaning . research has now documented that thinning , the removal of live branches to reduce crown density , significantly reduces wind resistance and potential storm damage . thinning should only be done on trees where the crown is “too dense . ”
vista pruning increases your landscape’s value and enhances beauty by creating visual access to lakes , rivers and valleys . urban tree service can restore vistas that can get lost over a course of 1 - 15 years . vista pruning makes the most of surrounding views , while maintaining privacy where desired . let urban tree service help you achieve this for your home today .
pruning shrubs is a small task that can make a big difference in your garden . learn how to prune shrubs the right way for healthy branches and blooms all growing season long .
fig . 9 . good pruning cuts leave the branch bark ridge and the collar intact and on the trunk . note the ridges that remain on the three cuts in this photo .
if you have any questions about crown thinning or any tree surgery , tree care , pruning and trimming matter , please contact us . we will be more than happy to help .
raise : selective pruning to provide vertical clearance . crown raising shortens or removes lower branches of a tree to provide clearance for buildings , signs , vehicles , pedestrians , and vistas .
summer pruning tends to suppress growth of both suckers and foliage . summer - blooming shrubs should be pruned in early spring prior to bud set , or in summer immediately following flowering .
the dormant period in late winter is the smartest time to perform extensive pruning . besides sparking new growth that will blossom in spring and summer , pruning in late winter gives tree wounds time to heal as warm spring weather arrives . the main exception to this timing is when you remove diseased limbs , a project that you should tackle swiftly at any time of year .
pruning peach trees during cold spells in winter can make them vulnerable to stress . this can lead to problems such as bark injuries , dieback of young shoots and flower bud death . because pruning sparks new growth , you should wait until mild weather hits ; this gives the new growth time to heal without taking frost damage . if you ' re removing diseased branches , it ' s also safest to wait for dry weather , as wet weather can make it easier to spread infected spores from the pruning tools to other parts of the tree or garden .
a good starting point for pruning any plant is to remove dead , diseased , or damaged stems as soon as you see them . dead stems attract insects and invite diseases to develop .
thin : selective pruning to reduce density of live branches . thinning trees reduces the density at the edge of the crown , not the interior , which increases sunlight penetration and air movement .
dry , dead wood may be pruned at any time . gardeners should inspect bougainvillea plants periodically , either when pruning or watering . dry , dead twigs and branches may be removed at these times with sharp pruning shears . these branches may be cut down to the source where they intersect with other branches . this type of maintenance will keep the plants looking fresh and full .
make pruning cuts correctly . for heading cuts , prune 1 / 4 inch above the bud , sloping down and away from it . avoid cutting too close , or steep , or the bud may die . when pruning above a node with two or more buds , remove the inward - facing ones . make thinning cuts just above parent or side branches and roughly parallel to them .
how to prune an old apple tree pruning can bring an old apple tree back to health and let you reap the fruit of your labor . find out how it should be done . read more…
prune trees every winter so that they don ' t grow out of hand . ( the one exception is young trees in their first year . ) learn pruning basics to help you get started .
resist the urge to break out the shears and start hacking away . proper shrub pruning methods vary based on the type of plant you have . learn how to prune your shrubs for healthy results .
the best time to prune live branches may depends on the desired results . growth is maximized and defects are easier to see on deciduous trees if live - branch pruning is done just before growth resumes in early spring . pruning when trees are dormant can minimize the risk of pest problems associated with wounding and allows trees to take advantage of the full growing season to begin closing and compartmentalizing wounds .
thinning a tree is a common pruning practice , as it improves light and air flow , making for a healthier tree ; however , thinning can also be used when vista pruning to open up views through the trees . this is common along water - front properties , as homeowners are looking to improve their views , without cutting down the trees that add both appeal and privacy to their property .
reduction pruning performed after the tree has become too large could require the removal of large diameter stems . the resulting wounds can be accompanied by decay , cracks , and sprout development . therefore , it is preferable to perform reduction before the tree has become too large for its environment . proper reduction pruning reduces size while more - or - less maintaining a tree ' s form and minimizes regrowth .
not all plants tolerate this severe form of pruning . grapes , black locust , catalpa , mulberry , redbud , sycamore , willow and ailanthus are a few that can be pollarded for desired effects .
there are two main techniques that are used when vista pruning ; and they are crown reduction , and tree thinning . reducing the crown consists of pruning the upper portion of the tree , effectively opening up views above the trees . crown reduction works especially well when the desired view is in the distance and the viewing platform – be it a house , deck , patio , etc – is elevated .
arborists and tree surgeons tend to classify pruning according to where abouts in the crown branches are removed from . what ever type of pruning you are doing , you should remember that trees need their leaves in order to produce food - never remove more than 30 % of the live foliage from a tree at once . if the tree is less than perfectly healthy , you should remove less than this .
a few tree diseases , such as oak wilt , can be spread when pruning wounds provide access to pathogens ( disease - causing agents ) . susceptible trees should not be pruned during active transmission periods .
pollarding - frequent pruning of the upper branches of a tree to keep the tree at a consistent height and promote dense small branch growth . pollarding can have similar consequences as topping and is generally discouraged .
thinning - pruning branches from a tree for aesthetic purposes . some thinning is done to reduce wind resistance ; however , this is not really necessary because trees often need their entire branch structure to support each individual branch . thinning should be done in the winter , although limited thinning can be done in the spring . no more than 20 - 25 % of the canopy should be removed during one pruning cycle .
you have chores , and we can help you do them efficiently with expert advice on winter cleanup , spring pruning , sowing seeds , planting late - season bulbs , creating containers , dividing perennials . . .
image : public domain _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ find solutions to all of you pruning worries with the pruning answer book .
pruning may also include the removal of some healthy wood . this may be formative pruning to improve the future development and structure of the tree for example removing a competing leader in a juvenile tree , to thin the crown to permit new growth and better air circulation , to reduce the height of a tree to reduce shade or wind throw , to remove obstructing lower branches or simply to shape a tree for aesthetic purposes .
it is usually best to try and keep tree ( and shrub ) growth under control with regular pruning , but this is not always practical , especially if you inherit overgrown trees and shrubs in a new garden .
video : pinching stem tips pinching stem tips is a form of pruning that can make plants look neat , as well as encourage branching and bushier growth . this video will show you how the technique . watch the video…
prune all grapes close to the lateral arms each year during the dormant season to produce the best fruit . the degree of pruning depends on the vigor of the variety . prune vigorous varieties more heavily than weak growers .
this technique is suitable for young trees , from one - year - old until their formative pruning is completed after about four to five years . most trees sold in garden centres will already be at least partially trained .
covering all aspects of surgery from tree felling to pruning / loping , crown work , pollarding and dead wooding , we follow the required standards set out in accordance with the british standards for tree works ( bs3998 ) .
the overarching industry alternative to tree lopping is pruning , through which branches are cut back to a branch union or a fork . pruning sets the tree up for greater success down the road than lopping does . we’ll discuss that issue in greater later in the article . but for the time being , suffice it to say that true tree lopping is a practice that arborists are trained to avoid , as it can be detrimental to the tree’s health .
pollarding is a severe tree pruning technique that involves lopping off most of a tree’s branches where they meet the trunk . although the method is used on both young and mature trees , it differs from the coppicing pruning technique in that the tree is allowed to form a trunk and reach at least 6 feet tall before pollarding begins . coppicing , on the other hand , requires cutting a tree or shrub all the way to the ground each year .
sucker pruning - clipping the suckers that grow from the base of the tree . this can be done at any time of the year and should be done before the suckers get bigger than ¼ - 1 / 2 inch .
it is best for the palm if green fronds remain intact . overpruned palms may have slower growth and may attract pests . climbing spikes should generally not be used to climb palms for pruning , because they wound the palm trunk .
spring shrubs need slightly different pruning care than other woody plants to avoid cutting off would - be blooms . watch this quick video to learn more about trimming , shaping , and cutting back spring - flowering shrubs such as lilacs .
then proceed as for a mature specimen , following the advice for the tree in question from a book such as : rhs pruning & training by christopher brickell and david joyce , available to buy online from the rhs book shop .
proper pruning starts with removing dead or diseased branches , then moving on to more aesthetic considerations . follow this easy checklist every time you prune for maximum results . in four steps , your trees will be looking healthy and neat again .
pruning hydrangeas first , determine if your hydrangea blooms on old wood ( blooms appear in early summer and fade ) or on new wood ( blooms appear later and continue until frost ) . then prune accordingly . read more… . watch a video…
we try to leave small branches on the lower trunk intact for about a year or more if possible after removing large branches because they help minimize injury from sudden sun exposure by shading the trunk . they also speed closure of pruning wounds .
others prune holly later in winter because they prefer their display of holly berries outside . that part of it is up to you , since , either way , you will be pruning at a safe time , when the shrubs are dormant .
most pruning of palms is done to remove dead or dying fronds , inflorescence ( flowering ) , and / or fruiting clusters , particularly those that may be a potential risk to the public , such as coconuts . pruning is usually conducted at least biannually . coconuts may be pruned as often as every 3 to 4 months to minimize the risk of injury or damage from the heavy fruit . great care should be taken to avoid any damage to the terminal bud or trunk when removing fronds .
pruning a young tree in order to produce a tree which in maturity will be free from major physical weakness . we achieve this by removing competing leaders , crossing branches and weak branches to ensure the tree has one main leader or central trunk .
consider consulting a professional arborist or tree care company familiar with proper pruning and the need for written specifications , especially if the tree is large or potentially unmanageable . arborists and tree care companies should prune according to the american national standards institute standard .
what time of year should i prune my roses ? timing does matter , and here’s a real simple answer from paul zimmerman , our rose blogger . read more… see also : summer pruning roses in a hot climate can roses be pruned in fall ?
grapes grow vigorously and require extensive pruning each year to keep them productive . most training systems for grapes involve developing a main stem or trunk with several lateral stems or arms . grapes fruit on lateral shoots from the current season ' s woody growth .
removal of dying , diseased , broken , or dead limbs can be accomplished at any time with little negative effect on the tree . plant growth can be reduced if live - branch pruning takes place during or soon after the initial growth flush . this is when trees have just expended a great deal of stored energy to produce roots , foliage , and early shoot growth so pruning at this time is usually not recommended due to the potential stresses . stressed trees should not be pruned at this time .
the swiss - made gold standard in pruning tools , these ergonomic felco 6 pruners mean business . they fit comfortably in the hand with their nonslip handle coating , come with a lifetime guarantee and feature a cutting adjustment . rating : * * * *
pruning peach trees every year ensures that nutrients aren ' t wasted on excess foliage or dead limbs . instead , those nutrients support large , healthy fruits . you ' ll need to eliminate dead or diseased branches first , then remove crossing branches that can become breeding grounds for disease . you can also trim for size and shape as desired . but before you grab your pruning tools and start sawing off branches , you ' ll need to consider what time of year is safest to prune your peach trees .
the trade - off is sometimes worthwhile because you are choosing a time to prune that is safe for the plant . at other times of the year , pruning may leave the plant vulnerable to diseases or spur new growth that will be damaged by frost .
make the final pruning cut at the base of the actual connection between the branch and trunk when there is included bark in the union there is no need to apply paints , wound dressings , or chemical formulations of any type to the surface of the cut .
some trimmers lack the knowledge or experience to provide proper pruning or crown reduction service since these techniques require skill , experience and precision . not anyone with a chainsaw , climbing ropes or aerolift can prune trees , no matter how long they have been doing it .
while many trees will naturally form their adult shape as they grow , others need a little assistance to create a clear trunk and a well - spaced canopy of branches . it is wise to keep an eye on young trees and carry out formative pruning as required .
in good pruning , there are two fundamental types of cuts : thinning cuts and heading cuts . the location of your cut on the plant and its relation to nearby old and young , weak and strong buds and branches determine which type of cut you just made .
this tree above has had one half of its canopy reduced to get rid of the overhang . even though it has had a heavy prune back the pruning is considerate of the trees needs . there are plenty of growing points left for the tree to use in recovery .
often , when there is either a problem with access or with visibility under the tree canopy itself , the crown of the tree will need to be raised or “lifted” . pruning of this nature should be carried out by bruks tree surgery before the tree reaches a mature age .
yesterday we did some “vista pruning” at morehouse school of medicine , here in atlanta . check out the before and after shots of this building . before , the view of the building was completely blocked by tree branches . after , the building is clearly visisble and looks great !
older shrubs often grow out of proportion with their surroundings , and may have large amounts of unproductive wood . two techniques are used to restore old shrubs , provided they still have sufficient vigor and are growing in a favorable location . keep the following in mind with rejuvenation pruning :
pruning near the end of the dormant season has several advantages , including : 1 ) limited time remaining before the tree or shrub will begin its spring growth and healing process , 2 ) avoid certain disease and pests , 3 ) provides easier sight and access without deciduous foliage .
- hazard reduction pruning ( hrp ) — is recommended when the primary objective is to reduce the danger to a specific target caused by visibly defined hazards in a tree . for example , hrp may be the primary objective if a tree has many dead limbs over a park bench .
it is very important to understand , first , that these two types of cuts exist , and second , what response from the plant they provoke . when you read my articles or any reference on pruning , directions will tell you to make one kind of cut or the other .
on established trees , the three most common types of pruning are : 1 ) crown thinning , selectively removing branches , specifically the weak , in the crown to promote air movement 2 ) crown raising , removing the lower branches to provide more clearance for mowing , sidewalks , streets , etc . and 3 ) crown reduction , removing some of the large branches at the top of the tree to reduce its height . this is not topping the tree because the branch is removed directly above the lateral branches . this form of pruning should only be done when absolutely needed .
how to prune cane - growing shrubs cane - growing shrubs are shrubs that grow from multiple canes , not a single trunk . examples are forsythia , viburnum , lilac , and spirea , among many others . maintenance pruning keeps them shapely , but even for overgrown shrubs there’s a remedy . read more…
each cut has the potential to change the growth of the tree , so no branch should be removed without a reason . at k & s we will discuss the job with you to ensure that pruning is carried out in the safest and most tree - friendly way to achieve the desired result .
when a tree outgrows its space , gardeners must decide if it is worth reducing it in size . this is usually achieved through pruning , but it can be hard work and expensive . the alternative is to replace the tree with one to suit the space , but this is not always practical .
although bougainvillea plants bloom year - round , the period of most intense blooming often occurs in the fall . after blooming , bougainvilleas experience a period of growth and new blooms are produced . bougainvilleas will grow into many shapes , from a standard to a ground cover . older bougainvilleas may become spindly or lanky , especially those that have not been pruned in many years . pruning meant to shape or rejuvenate bougainvilleas should take place in late winter or early spring , immediately after the period of blooming , to avoid removing blossoms . hard pruning may stimulate a period of intense growth at the expense of blooming .
if you are concerned that your tree’s crown is too large and you live in the horsham or wimmera district , you can contact us at 0428 833 232 and we can give an expert assessment . we’ve had years to hone our skills in tree pruning and are happy to help you as qualified arborists .
bougainvillea ( bougainvillea spp . ) is a tropical plant hardy to u . s . department of agriculture plant hardiness zones 9b through 11 . during times of hot or dry weather , varieties of bougainvillea will bloom with vibrant pink , purple , red , orange and white blooms . left to its own devices , a bougainvillea may become unmanageably tall ( up to 20 feet ) and tangled with dead and living branches . for gardeners with limited space , pruning is an essential part of tending a bougainvillea . for the health and appearance of the plant , different types of pruning are best done at different times of year .
pruning is an essential gardening skill . when you prune correctly , you encourage healthy growth and flowering ( in the case of flowering plants ) , as well as good looks . for most shrubs and trees , it helps to prune at the right time . some are best pruned in winter ; some right after flowering .


vertic ( vertic a/s ) is a danish digital marketing and advertising agency founded in copenhagen , denmark in 2002 .

the company has offices in copenhagen , new york city , seattle and singapore .

its clients include ge , microsoft , novo nordisk , sap , aarp and vestas .

vertic is a development partner for linkedin and twice ( 2011 , 2013 ) received the internationalist 's award for innovative digital marketing solutions for its marketing of the linkedin platform .

vertic

glassdoor has 29 vertic reviews submitted anonymously by vertic employees . read employee reviews and ratings on glassdoor to decide if vertic is right for you .
© 2010 - 2018 vertic . all rights reserved . registered charity no . 1073051 .
make sure the employees stay happy ! they ' re what makes vertic so great .
for more than 15 years , vertic has been designing engineered and user - friendly fall protection systems to the safety at height marketplace .
i worked for vertic for several years , first in copenhagen and then in new york . i thoroughly enjoyed my time at vertic , and it ' s one of the places that ' s allowed me to perfect and explore my craft . working in advertising is a very high - paced environment , and vertic is no exception . the high pace and exciting clients allowed me to experiment with new technologies and methods while continually evolving my skills . the pace and size of vertic also allows employees to prove their worth and initiatives . bring your best .
n . b . khitrov , “the choice of diagnostic criteria to judge the development of vertic properties in soils , ” eur . soil sci .
n . b . khitrov , “morphometric characterization of slickensides in vertic chernozems of stavropol region , ” pochvovedenie , no . 6 , 27–37 ( 1991 ) .
field identification . vertic horizons are clayey , and have a hard to very hard consistency . when dry , vertic horizons show cracks of 1 or more centimetre wide . in the field the presence of polished , shiny ped surfaces (
slickensides
) which often show sharp angles with each other , is very obvious .
relationships with some other diagnostic horizons . several other diagnostic horizons may also have high clay content , viz . the argic , natric and nitic horizons . these horizons lack the characteristic typical for the vertic horizon ; however , they may be laterally linked in the landscape with the vertic horizon usually taking up the lowest position .
c . kabala and t . plonka , “relic of vertic properties and gilgai microreleif in stagnic chernozems of sw poland , ” abstracts int . soil sci . conf .
derfor havde vertic behov for en langsigtet finansieringsløsning , der kunne give virksomheden det nødvendige økonomiske råderum uden fra dag ét af at være presset af stramme afbetalingskrav . løsningen blev bl . a . et vækstlån fra vækstfonden med en fleksibel afdragsløsning , der giver vertic luft i budgettet , indtil kunderne begynder at betale for det arbejde , reklamebureauet leverer .
gennem digital markedsføring kan vertic levere digitale platforme og kampagner , hvor kunderne hele tiden kan følge afkastet af deres marketinginvesteringer . professionalisme og gennemsigtighed er derfor nøgleord i vertics arbejde .
there are definite pros to vertic . - smart people - stocked kitchen ( no microwave ) - management is accessible when you needed to have a conversation - open to change and improvement
vertic is a long - standing supporter of the treaty . 28 years ago , we started to dismiss evasion scenarios and lent our support for the establishment of a seismic network ( in
v . p . bobkov , “on some physicochemical properties of dark - colored vertic meadow soils of the volga - akhtuba floodplain , ” pochvovedenie , no . 7 , 66–72 ( 1961 ) .
to coincide with the 59th general conference of the international atomic energy agency ( iaea ) , vertic is launching two new publications that explore multilateral verification of nuclear disarmament and the role of the iaea .
i . v . kovda , e . g . morgun , and l . p . il’ina , “complex of solonetzes and vertic chestnut soils in the manych - gudilo depression , ” eur . soil sci .
vertic publishes its research on verification regimes through a series of openly available publications . the centre also offers training through workshops carried out around the world , as well as through our internship programme . we help governments and international organisations in their efforts to make regimes binding by offering ratification support . vertic also assists governments in translating commitments undertaken in international law into national legislation and regulation . we conduct all our work in an objective and impartial manner .
i 2014 fik vertic mulighed for at samarbejde med en række store internationale kunder . det ville dog kræve omfattende investeringer i både mandetimer og et lokalt setup på flere markeder i en branche præget af benhård konkurrence . alene på manhattan i new york , hvor vertic har sit nordamerikanske hovedkvarter , er der op mod 6 . 000 reklamebureauer . samtidig vil bureauerne ofte skulle ofre flere tusinde timers arbejde uden garanti for , at kunderne , der typisk forventer lange betalingsfrister , kommer i hus .
tilbage i 2002 blev vertic grundlagt af sebastian jespersen og mads petersen , der begge har en fortid i konsulentverdenen . siden åbningen af det første kontor i københavn har virksomheden oplevet massiv vækst og har bl . a . etableret afdelinger i new york , seattle og singapore . vertic har specialiseret sig i markedsføring via de digitale kanaler og har et erklæret mål om at arbejde med verdens største brands og virksomheder . kundekredsen omfatter da også globale koncerner som microsoft , novo nordisk , ge , sap og eli lilly .
a . a . popov , n . e . varlamov , and n . n . konovalov , “on complexes of dark - colored vertic meadow soils of the volga - akhtuba floodplain , ” pochvovedenie , no . 8 , 36–43 ( 1964 ) .
general description . the vertic horizon ( from l . vertere , to turn ) is a clayey subsurface horizon which as a result of shrinking and swelling has polished and grooved ped surfaces ( ' slickensides ' ) , or wedge - shaped or parallelepiped structural aggregates .
vertic is an independent , not - for - profit non - governmental organisation . our mission is to support the development , implementation and effectiveness of international agreements and related regional and national initiatives , with particular attention to issues of monitoring , review , legislation and verification .
# brussels calls again as we prepare for the next steering committee meeting for @ eu _ comission funded # cbrncoe _ project53 . active since september 2016 with partners from @ phe _ uk & @ vertic _ org and focused across # centralasia & # pakistan . urltoken
det digitale reklamebureau vertic har åbnet kontorer i new york , seattle og singapore i jagten på de helt store brands og kunder , som ofte kræver flere tusinde mandetimer at få i hus . en strategi der har krævet både vedholdenhed , tro på egne evner og langsigtet finansiering i form af et vækstlån fra vækstfonden .
n . b . khitrov , yu . i . cheverdin , n . p . chizhikova , and l . v . rogovneva , “soils with vertic features in the kamennaya steppe , ” byull . pochv . inst . im . v . v . dokuchaeva , no . 72 , 3–25 ( 2013 ) .
good morning from a bright and sunny # brussels where this week experts from @ scjs _ uk @ vertic _ org @ phe _ uk & istc will take part in a project 53 steering committee @ eu _ commission . the objective of p53 is to enhance # biosafety and # biosecurity capacities in the central asia region . urltoken
the first publication reports on the results of a survey of iaea member states , conducted by vertic during 2014 - 2015 . this survey examines member state views on the future of the agency’s role in disarmament verification , and its results suggest that the agency should prepare for a broad role in verifying nuclear disarmament . it can be found here .
at vertic , we believe in the power of relevancy and engagement . content sharing is key nowadays as it has the power to spark conversation , build your online or professional reputation , and enhance knowledge . however , in order to connect with business professionals , content does not necessarily have to be business related , but instead relevant , engaging and useful . this was where our inspiration came from for the world cup site we built .
additional characteristics . the coefficient of linear extensibility ( cole ) is a measure for the shrink - swell potential and is defined as the ratio of the difference between the moist length and the dry length of a clod to its dry length : ( l m - l d ) / l d , in which l m is the length at 33 kpa tension and l d the length when dry . in vertic horizons the cole is more than 0 . 06 .
i have been with vertic for more than 3 years , and in today ' s volatile business environment where people shift between jobs quite often , that makes you think . . . why ? although it isn ' t always pretty , my loyalty towards vertic and my overall work satisfaction is based upon the fact that we have kind , passionate , trust - worthy and talented co - workers in every office . if they are just super nice or if it is because we have really smart , innovative and yet down - to - earth individuals in top management , i don ' t really know . it might be because of the overwhelming amount of trust and support even young , entry - level employees receive from day one . even when mistakes are made , no one is blamed for it . you get this feeling that we are all truly in it together . this is what makes me excited for at least another 3 years with the company .
the best part of vertic is the people . the team is diverse , extremely talented and have a willingness to teach . in addition , we ' re really getting some exciting projects where we are helping large companies through a digital transformation . i feel that i can really make an impact to decisions that shape the work and i feel a lot of ownership over my work . there has also been a real push from upper management to improve internal process based on direct input from team members .
”vores aftale med vækstfonden har betydet , at vi ikke er blevet tvunget til at sælge ud af forretningen for at realisere vores ambitioner . selve processen var meget effektiv , og der var kort fra kontakt til handling , og vi blev hele tiden informeret om , hvad der skete , hvorfor og hvornår . på den måde har vi fået mulighed for at fortsætte den rejse , vi er startet på , nu hvor vi har fået hul på det globale marked , ” siger sebastian jespersen , grundlægger og ceo i vertic .
this term is used to describe a subsoil with a field texture of 35 % or more clay that experiences significant shrinking and swelling , resulting from drying and wetting . this often results in the development of features such as surface cracking and gilgai formation . evidence of vertic properties include the presence of slickensides and / or lenticular peds in the subsoil . the amount of swelling is dependent on the type of clay present . these features are of significant importance for engineering purposes such as road construction . this term is used as a subgroup definition for a number of soil orders in the
augmented reality is a technology that is rapidly growing in popularity and effectiveness . it is also something my agency , vertic has been exploring with a variety of our clients . we are constantly trying to push the envelope of emerging immersive experiences such as augmented reality , virtual reality ( oculus ) , etc . i personally , have a large interest , and have been playing around with oculus and ar at home and have been amazed at some of the possible applications . ar apps allow you to interact with and understand your surroundings in ways that were never before possible . i ' ve listed some of the potential applications of things you can do with augmented reality that i see very much possible over the next year or two .
what is interesting about vertic is that it was started by business consultants so one would expect it would be run efficiently and well managed . unfortunately that is not the case . senior management is not on the same page about how hires , operations and other important things . it is still a mystery how the ny office makes any money much less a profit since there are not a lot of clients or projects . account management made up of one is actually project management in disguise and at the root of most of their problems . all tactics , no strategy . account management speaks and you actually scratch your head at what was just said . account management also runs people into the ground so they quit or not produce great work . both are major issues that need to be assessed . project management was finally getting it together and then most of the team was let go . statements of work are gibberish and written with out any consensus from the people that have to deliver . creative director is based in denmark and is stretched way too thin . impacted client expectations and creative deliverables .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en
urltoken
we love getting new friends . follow us and we promise to share all the good stuff with you .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 / / en
urltoken
advising governments on national implementation of the international cbrn instruments and un security council resolution 1540 .
focus on… the international olympic committee’s ( i . o . c . ) project in lausanne
glassdoor will not work properly unless browser cookie support is enabled . learn how to enable cookies .
your trust is our top concern , so companies can ' t alter or remove reviews .
ability to grow and learn across disciplines , encouraged to take ownership and challenged to step up ( lead by doing ) fun and family run agency , very close and flat hierarchy ( vs . corporate america ) no drama queens or egos , everyone is genuine , down to earth and very passionate to innovate the industry international culture with a scandinavian heritage amazing exposure to high profile clients and strategic projects
- beautiful office and location - very nice coo / head of hr - many company provided lunches and happy hours . the leaders here seem to really care about employee bonding and having fun after the work is done .
hire real strategic client services people who understand how to manage and grow accounts . don ' t bring in clients you don ' t have the expertise to manage . don ' t let account management , team of one run the show . get on the same page about how the office should run .
the flip - side of the fast paced ad agency world is the long hours , countless last - minute changes and compromises you have to make on every project . don ' t expect to do art - expect to do good work , and expect to put in the extra mile when the project or client need it , without getting attached to whatever you ' re creating . ads are short - lived and that thing you spent your weekend making might be ditched due to changing specifications come monday .
location in ny is prime with great views , and the f500 client roster is solid with continued growth and expansion . team has a work hard play hard attitude and all come together in a very collaborative way to achieve great results for clients . people actually care about their work , and the projects are more then just simple creative and campaigns . you will learn a great deal here and it will inform your career moving forward . pay is very competitive , good benefits , and a great kitchen !
be the type of person that wants to work and learn , and you won ' t see many cons . there will be some late nights , but that comes with any agency .
this will replace the current featured review for targeted profile . are you sure you want to replace it ?
copyright © 2008–2018 , glassdoor , inc .
glassdoor
and logo are proprietary trademarks of glassdoor , inc .
we offer our customers only the highest quality with low energy consumption and carbon footprint .
we ' ve detected that javascript is disabled in your browser . would you like to proceed to legacy twitter ?
. you ' ll be asked to verify your email address from a third company . don ' t worry , it ' s us .
it ' s a pleasure to be part of this important initiative . we ' re looking forward to our continued cooperation .
partner organisations met to discuss progress made so far and planning for the future . we all look forward to our scm towards the end of the month .
will be live streaming its event today 6 june in honour of dr . hans blix , former dg of the
our senior researcher alberto muti appeared on @ bbcworld this evening to discuss recent developments in # northkorea . urltoken
enters into force tomorrow . if you have resubscribed , thank you . if you have joined our mailing lists , thank you also . if you ' ve decided to opt out , sayonara , we ' re going to miss you ! sign up to our publications here :
however , the @ ctbto _ alerts # internationalmonitoringsystem may well pick up the detonations , and the collapse of the tunnels , through seismic monitoring .
international organisations such as @ iaeaorg or @ ctbto _ alerts have not been invited to attend , neither has government officials or non - governmental experts . an expert assessment of the closure of the site will have to be based on satellite imagery .
mfa , the country intends to collapse the tunnels with explosives , and ' completely blocking entries ; removing all observation facilities , research institutes and structures of guard units on the ground . ' (
on 17 may 2018 . the convention will enter into force for palestine on 16 june 2018 . (
final reminder ( we ' re nagging , we know ) , that we will delete all our old mailing lists by friday . if you ' re a subscriber , or if you want to sign up , affirm here :
twitter may be over capacity or experiencing a momentary hiccup . try again or visit twitter status for more information .
you can add location information to your tweets , such as your city or precise location , from the web and via third - party applications . you always have the option to delete your tweet location history . learn more
here ' s the url for this tweet . copy it to easily share with friends .
by embedding twitter content in your website or app , you are agreeing to the twitter developer agreement and developer policy .
not on twitter ? sign up , tune into the things you care about , and get updates as they happen .
this timeline is where you’ll spend most of your time , getting instant updates about what matters to you .
hover over the profile pic and click the following button to unfollow any account .
when you see a tweet you love , tap the heart — it lets the person who wrote it know you shared the love .
the fastest way to share someone else’s tweet with your followers is with a retweet . tap the icon to send it instantly .
add your thoughts about any tweet with a reply . find a topic you’re passionate about , and jump right in .
a digital enablement firm specialising in strategy , advice , and implementation exclusively within the australian social sector using the salesforce platform .
we have processed well over $ 17million through our digital fundraising solutions and are managing over 6 , 000 volunteers .
futebol is unique in that it is a sport played around the world , and no other global event , ties the world together as the world cup does . the world cup is ranked the top most watched sporting event ever with the cup’s final game being the single most viewed sporting event on earth .
although historically soccer hasn’t been the most popular sport in the u . s , the 24 . 7 million viewers that tuned into watch support the u . s against portugal , proves that the game is certainly gaining popularity . since second screen viewing is inevitable and social sharing has become an integral part of our online behavior , moments like the world cup enable us to witness how powerful social sharing can really be , as people take to their devices to share moments with the world .
according to google , the world cup has generated over 2 . 1 billion searches , and has continued to break records on both twitter and facebook .
. according to twitter , germany’s 1 - 0 victory generated 618 , 725 tweets a minute , breaking the previous groundbreaking record of 580 , 166 set during the unbelievable 7 - 1 win against brazil .
according to facebook , 88 million global users made a record 280 million interactions during the world cup final , which easily broke the previous record held of 245 million interactions set by the super bowl in 2013 .
in addition to the presence and engagement of users during these type of events , there is another important and crucial factor – the viewer’s emotional attachment to their teams and the game itself . futebol , is not just a sport to most spectators – it is a tradition , it’s a lifestyle , it’s a passion . generating a marketing campaign that evokes an emotional attachment is most often the goal of advertisers , which is why marketers have certainly looked to capitalize on the opportunity the world cup offers . zenithoptimedia estimated that the 2014 world cup will boost worldwide advertising spending by an astounding
as much as was spent on the last super bowl ( $ 300 million ) .
this site is a visual representation of your linkedin 1 st degree connections on a world map . the map shows your network around the world and matches individuals’ places of work to the countries that are playing in the world cup games . the full schedule of games was available at any time during the 4 week game series , and by clicking on any connection it would display upcoming matches for that person’s country . the application allowed a user to send their contacts quick fun statistics and a personalized message of ‘good luck for the game’ through the site and your linkedin inmail box . this provided a fantastic opportunity for users to have a reason to re - connect with previously made contacts as it is a tool that is both beneficial , relevant , interesting and engaging . it allowed users to connect with their network in a creative , relevant and fun way , and join in the buzz around the world cup .
augmented reality windshields will revolutionize the driving experience . visibility issues can be completely eliminated with this technology . imagine being able to see all of the road signs around you even if they are blocked by trees or fog . at night , ar windshields can highlight the contours of the road so that you don ' t have to worry about driving off of it in poorly lit areas . gps directions can be displayed on the road in front of you so that you don ' t have to look away to see where you ' re going . all in all , ar promises to make driving much safer and more convenient .
have you ever wondered about the history or details about the places you visit in your travels ? with augmented reality , all of the information archived on sites such as wikipedia can be accessed immediately to tell you about your surroundings . this application of augmented reality is already being explored with a number of apps for mobile phones and wearable devices . these types of apps are poised to revolutionize traveling .
it is a common concern that the prevalence of social media is actually making people drift further apart . augmented reality devices might reverse this effect by firmly incorporating social media into the real world . imagine meeting somebody for the first time and being able to see all of their vital information displayed next to them . it ' s easier to have a conversation with a stranger when you can see all of your common interests laid out before you . linkedin we should create an ar app together !
losing important objects is a problem that has plagued mankind for as long as long as we ' ve had possessions . ar devices can potentially eliminate this issue for good . you can assign an augmented reality marker to an object , then use your device to find it if it goes missing . this concept is already in use with apps that help you find your car if you forget where it ' s parked . similar ar apps can potentially be used to find friends or landmarks in more remote locations .
augmented reality can also be used to place virtual objects into the world . this application has uses that are both fun and practical . imagine being able to try on a shirt without having to actually go to the store . it can also be used to see how furniture will look in your home before you purchase it . as ar gets more advanced , the potential exists to completely change the look of the world around you .
augmented reality is one of the world ' s most exciting new developments . the uses of ar mentioned in this article are just a fraction of the exciting ways that this technology will change our lives over the next several years . i ' m excited that my agency is on the forefront of these developments , and i can ' t wait to build some key developments for our clients .
i ' m working on building a group here on linkedin to discuss immersive technologies such as augmented reality , virtual reality , 3d , and all that good stuff . if you have interest , feel free to join !
we use cookies to enhance your experience on our website . by continuing to use our website , you are agreeing to our use of cookies . you can change your cookie settings at any time .
a soil horizon composed of clayey material with polished ped surfaces , often with slickensides ( crack surfaces caused by swelling and shrinking ) , or wedge - shaped soil aggregates . the name is from the latin vertere , to turn .
printed from oxford reference ( www . oxfordreference . com ) . ( c ) copyright oxford university press , 2013 . all rights reserved . under the terms of the licence agreement , an individual user may print out a pdf of a single entry from a reference work in or for personal use ( for details see privacy policy and legal notice ) .
accepter brugen af cookies ved at klikke dig videre på siden , eller brug knappen herunder . ønsker du at undgå cookies , skal du slå cookies fra i din browser . du skal dog være opmærksom på , at hvis du slår cookies fra , kan du ikke bruge de funktioner , som forudsætter , at hjemmesiden kan huske dine valg . læs mere om cookies . med de nye regler om behandling af personoplysninger , har vi opdateret vores persondatapolitik . klik her , hvis du vil læse mere om , hvordan vi behandler dine personoplysninger .
ambitionen er nu at benytte de store kunder , der også omfatter ge ( general electric ) , som løftestang for vertics videre udvikling og at fortsætte jagten på de største brands og kunder på både det danske og det globale marked .
for dig med en etableret virksomhed eller et landbrug , som skal låne mere end 1 mio . kr . til at gennemføre dine vækstplaner . lånet letter din adgang til finansiering fra din bank .
date : 12 . 30 - 2pm , thursday 17 september 2015 location : vienna centre for disarmament and non - proliferation ( vcdnp ) , 13th floor , andromeda tower , donau - city strasse 6 , vienna ( walking distance from the vienna international center ) .
last year , iaea member states noted at their 58th general conference that the agency ‘must remain ready to assist , in accordance with its statute , with verification tasks under nuclear disarmament’ . this year , iaea member states will again help to determine what role the iaea should play in verifying nuclear disarmament , and what capabilities it should maintain to fulfil this role . these two publications seek to facilitate an informed debate at international and domestic levels on the challenges and opportunities of multilateral verification of disarmament , focusing on the history and potential activities of the iaea in this field .
the second publication is an issue primer that explains the main features of multilateral verification of a broad range of nuclear disarmament activities . using a systematic approach , this practical resource explains the issues involved in verifying each major step of nuclear disarmament and it highlights the past , present and future role of the iaea in this endeavour . it can be found here .
single anchors provide an optimum safety solution for a fall protection on a targeted area . user - friendly and money - saving , they allow at the same time , one or several workers to hang a carabiner or a directional connector for example .
general characteristics . the umbric horizon ( from l . umbra , shade ) is a thick , dark coloured , base - desaturated surface horizon rich in organic matter .
1 . soil structure sufficiently strong that the horizon is not both massive and hard or very hard when dry . very coarse prisms larger than 30 cm in diameter are included in the meaning of massive if there is no secondary structure within the prisms ; and
2 . munsell colours with a chrome of less than 3 . 5 when moist , a value darker than 3 . 5 when moist and 5 . 5 when dry , both on broken and crushed samples . the colour value is at least one unit darker than that of the c horizon ( both moist and dry ) unless the c horizon has a colour value darker than 4 . 0 , moist , in which case the colour contrast requirement is waived . if a c horizon is not present , comparison should be made with the horizon immediately underlying the surface horizon ; and
4 . organic carbon content of 0 . 6 percent ( 1 percent organic matter ) or more throughout the thickness of mixed horizon ( usually it is more than 2 to 5 percent , depending on the clay content ) . the organic carbon content is at least 0 . 6 percent more than the c horizon if the colour requirements are waived because of dark coloured parent materials ; and
c . more than 25 cm where the solum is more than 75 cm thick .
the requirements for an umbric horizon must be met after the first 20 cm are mixed , as in ploughing .
field identification . the main field characteristics used to identify the presence of an umbric horizon are its dark colour and its structure . in general , umbric horizons tend to have a lesser grade of soil structure than mollic horizons .
as a guide , most umbric horizons have an acid soil reaction ( ph ( h 2 o , 1 : 2 . 5 ) of less than about 5 . 5 ) which represents a base saturation of less than 50 percent . an additional indication for the acidity is a rooting pattern in which most of the roots tend to be horizontal , in the absence of a physical root restricting barrier .
relationships with some other diagnostic horizons . the base saturation requirement sets the umbric horizon apart from the mollic horizon , which otherwise is very similar . the upper limit of organic carbon content varies from 12 percent ( 20 percent organic matter ) to 18 percent ( 30 percent organic matter ) which is the lower limit for the histic horizon , or 20 percent , the lower limit of a folic horizon .
limits with base - desaturated fulvic and melanic horizons are set by the combination of the intense dark colour , the high organic carbon content , the thickness and the characteristics associated with andic horizons in these two horizons . otherwise , umbric horizons frequently occur in association with andic horizons .
some thick , dark coloured , organic - rich , base - desaturated surface horizons occur which are formed as a result of human activities such as deep cultivation and manuring , the addition of organic manures , the presence of ancient settlements , kitchen middens , etc . ( cf . anthropedogenic horizons ) . these horizons can usually be recognized in the field by the presence of artifacts , spade marks , contrasting mineral inclusions or stratification indicating the intermittent addition of manurial material , a relative higher position in the landscape , or by checking the agricultural history of the area . if hortic or plaggic horizons are present , either the 0 . 5 m nahco 3 p 2 o 5 analysis ( gong et al . , 1997 ) or the 1 percent citric acid soluble p 2 o 5 analysis may give an indication .
19 slickensides are polished and grooved ped surfaces which are produced by one soil mass sliding past another .
general description . the vitric horizon ( from l . vitrum , glass ) is a surface or subsurface horizon dominated by volcanic glass and other primary minerals derived from volcanic ejecta .
4 . al ox + 1 / 2fe ox 20 > 0 . 4 percent ; or
20 al ox and fe ox are acid oxalate ( ph 3 ) extractable aluminium and iron , respectively ( method of blakemore et al . , 1987 ) .
field identification . the vitric horizon can be identified in the field with relative ease . it can occur as a surface horizon , however , it may also occur buried under some tens of centimetres of recent pyroclastic deposits . it has a fair amount of organic matter and a low clay content . the sand and silt fractions are still dominated by unaltered volcanic glass and other primary minerals ( may be checked by x 10 hand - lens ) .
relationships with some other diagnostic horizons . vitric horizons are closely linked with andic horizons , into which they may eventually develop . the amount of volcanic glass and other primary minerals , together with the amount of non - crystalline or paracrystalline pedogenetic minerals mainly separates the two horizons .
vitric horizons may overlap with several diagnostic surface horizons , viz . the fulvic , melanic , mollic , umbric and ochric horizons .
general description . the yermic horizon ( from sp . yermo , desert ) is a surface horizon which usually , but not always , consists of surface accumulations of rock fragments (
desert pavement
) embedded in a loamy vesicular crust and covered by a thin aeolian sand or loess layer .
c . a vesicular crust above a platy a horizon , without a pavement .
field identification . a yermic horizon comprises a vesicular crust at the surface and underlying a horizon ( s ) . the crust , which has a loamy texture , shows a polygonal network of desiccation cracks , often filled with inblown material , which extend into the underlying horizons . crust and the a horizon ( s ) below have a weak to moderate platy structure .
relationships with some other diagnostic horizons . yermic horizons often occur in association with other diagnostic horizons characteristic for desert environments ( salic , gypsic , duric , calcic and cambic horizons ) . in very cold deserts ( e . g . antarctica ) they may occur associated with cryic horizons . under these conditions coarse cryoclastic material dominates and there is little dust to be deflated and deposited by wind . here a dense pavement with varnish , ventifacts , aeolian sand layers and soluble mineral accumulations may occur directly on loose c horizons , without a vesicular crust and underlying a horizons .
ferralic , geric , gleyic and stagnic and strongly humic properties as well as abrupt textural change , continuous hard rock and permafrost are retained from the revised legend of the soil map of the world ( fao , 1988 ) as they reflect specific soil conditions rather than horizons . the term secondary carbonates is preferred to soft powdery lime as used in the revised legend . newly defined diagnostic properties are albeluvic tonguing , alic and aridic properties .
general description . an abrupt textural change is a very sharp increase in clay content within a limited depth range .
1 . doubling of the clay content within 7 . 5 cm if the overlying horizon has less than 20 percent clay ; or
2 . 20 percent ( absolute ) clay increase within 7 . 5 cm if the overlying horizon has 20 percent or more clay . in this case some part of the lower horizon should have at least twice the clay content of the upper horizon .
general description . the term albeluvic tonguing ( from l . albus , white , and eluere , to wash out ) is connotative of penetrations of clay and iron - depleted material into an argic horizon . when peas are present , albeluvic tongues occur along ped surfaces . redoximorphic characteristics and stagnic properties are not necessarily present .
a . 5 mm or more in clayey argic horizons ; or b . 10 mm or more in clay loamy and silty argic horizons ; or c . 15 mm or more in coarser ( silt loam , loam or sandy loam ) argic horizons ; and
4 . have a particle size distribution matching that of the eluvial horizon overlying the argic horizon .
general description . the term alic properties ( from l . alumen , alum ) is connotative of very acid mineral soil material with a high amount of exchangeable aluminium .
b . a silt / clay ratio of 0 . 60 or less ; and
3 . a ph ( kcl ) of 4 . 0 or less ; and
4 . a kcl extractable al content of 12 cmol c kg - 1 clay or more , and an kcl extractable al / cec clay 21 ratio of 0 . 35 or more ; and
21 cec clay : cation exchange capacity ( by 1 m nh 4 oac ) of tile clay fraction , corrected for organic matter .
5 . an aluminium saturation ( exch . al / ecec x 100 ) of 60 percent or more .
general description . the term aridic properties combines a number of properties which are common in surface horizons of soils occurring under arid conditions and where pedogenesis exceeds new accumulation at the soil surface by aeolian or alluvial activity .
1 . organic carbon content of less than 0 . 6 percent 22 if texture is sandy loam or finer , or less than 0 . 2 percent if texture is coarser than sandy loam , as a weighted average in the upper 20 cm of the soil or down to the top of a b horizon , a cemented horizon , or to rock , whichever is shallower ; and
22 the organic carbon content may be higher if the soil is periodically flooded , or if it has an electrical conductivity of the saturated paste extract of 4 ds m - 1 or more somewhere within 100 cm of the soil surface .
a . the sand fraction in some subhorizon or in inblown material filling cracks contains a noticeable proportion of rounded or subangular sand particles showing a matt surface ( use a x 10 hand - lens ) . these particles make up 10 percent or more of the medium and coarser quartz sand fraction ; or
3 . both broken and crushed samples have a munsell colour value of 3 or more when moist and 4 . 5 or more when dry , and a chrome of 2 or more when moist ; and
4 . base saturation ( by 1 m nh 4 oac ) of more than 75 percent , but normally 100 percent .
additional remarks . the presence of acicular (
needle - shaped
) clay minerals ( e . g . palygorskite and sepiolite ) in soils is considered connotative of a desert environment , but it has not been reported in all desert soils . this may be due to the fact that under arid conditions acicular clays are not produced but only preserved , provided they exist in the parent material or in the dust that falls on the soil .
definition . continuous hard rock is material underlying the soil , exclusive of cemented pedogenetic horizons such as a petrocalcic , petroduric , petrogypsic and petroplinthic horizons , which is sufficiently coherent and hard when moist to make hand digging with a spade impractible . the material is considered continuous if only a few cracks 10 cm or more apart are present and no significant displacement of the rock has taken place .
general description . ferralic properties ( from l . ferrum , iron , and alumen , alum ) refer to mineral soil material which has a relative low cation exchange capacity . it also includes soil materials which would qualify for a ferralic horizon apart for their coarse texture .
2 . a cation exchange capacity ( by 1 m nh 4 oac ) of less than 4 cmol c kg - 1 soil , both in at least some subhorizon of the b horizon or the horizon immediately underlying the a horizon .
general description . geric properties ( from gr . geraios , old ) refers to mineral soil material which has a very low effective cation exchange capacity or even acts as an anion exchanger .
2 . a delta ph ( ph kcl minus ph water ) of + 0 . 1 or more .
general description . soil materials develop gleyic properties ( from the russian local name gley , mucky soil mass ) if they are completely saturated with groundwater , unless drained , for a period that allows reducing conditions to occur ( this may range from a few days in the tropics to a few weeks in other areas ) , and show a gleyic colour pattern .
a . in more than 50 percent of the soil mass ; or b . in 100 percent of the soil mass below any surface horizon .
23 the basic measure for reduction in soil materials is the rh . this measure is related to the redox potential ( eh ) and corrected for the ph as shown in the following formula :
24 a gleyic colour pattern results from a redox gradient between the groundwater and capillary fringe causing an uneven distribution of iron and manganese ( hydr ) oxides . in the lower part of the soil and / or inside the peas the oxides are either transformed into insoluble fe / mn ( ii ) compounds or they are translocated both processes leading to the absence of colours with a munsell hue redder than 2 . 5y . translocated iron and manganese compounds can be concentrated in oxidized form ( fe ( iii ) mn ( lv ) ) recognizable by a 10 % h 2 o 2 test in the field on ped surfaces or in ( bio ) pores (
rusty root channels
) , and towards the surface even in the matrix .
25 oximorphic properties reflect alternating reducing and oxidizing conditions as is the case in the capillary fringe and in the surface horizon ( s ) of soils with fluctuating groundwater levels . oximorphic properties are expressed by reddish brown ( ferrihydrite ) or bright yellowish brown ( goethite ) mottles or as bright yellow ( jarosite ) mottles in acid sulphate soils . in loamy and clayey soils the iron ( hydr ) oxides are concentrated on aggregate surfaces and the walls of larger pores ( e . g . old root channels ) .
26 reductomorphic properties reflect permanently wet conditions and are expressed by neutral ( white to black : n1 / to n8 / ) or bluish to greenish ( 2 . 5y , 5y , 5g , 5b ) colours in more than 95 percent of the soil matrix . in loamy and clayey material blue - green colours dominate due to fe ( ii , iii ) hydroxy salts ( green rust ) . if the material is rich in sulphur blackish colours prevail due to iron sulphides . in calcareous material whitish colours are dominant due to calcite and / or siderite . sands are usually light grey to white in colour and often also impoverished in iron and manganese .
the upper part of a reductomorphic horizon may show up to 5 percent rusty colours mainly around channels of burrowing animals or plant roots .
field identification . iron and manganese ( hydr ) oxides in soils with gleyic properties are redistributed to the outside of the peas and towards the soil surface from where oxygen is derived . the resulting colour pattern ( reddish , brownish or yellowish colours near the ped surface or in the upper part of the profile , together with grayish / bluish colours in the inside of the peas or deeper in the soil ) indicates if gleyic conditions occur . also , the dipyridyl test often gives a good indication if ferric iron is present in the soil solution .
definition . permafrost is a layer in which the temperature is perennially at or below 0°c for at least two consecutive years .
as our eyes are opened up to the expanding communication connections between companies and the world they live in , a new concept has emerged known as social relationship management ( srm ) . one might think this is just crm but i will try to explain how srm goes beyond , and even compliments , crm .
crm is about managing relatively small and very defined interactions between the company and its clients . the communication is driven by the company and through phone , physical meetings and email . the structure of the crm systems often follows the organizational structure of the company and all activities are driven from the company to the outside .
srm is about pulling the outside closer to the company and joining the dialogue with the goal of earning reputation and awareness . the foundation for srm is monitoring the ties a company maintains to the outside across the organization . this should be a structured monitoring as described in my previous post . this is the very opposite to crm , where data collection is based only on the ongoing direct communication between the company and its relationships .
typical srm goals include building brand equity , increasing sales , improving customer service , informing of product management decisions and focusing business strategy on opportunities for differentiation . this is then done by engaging and activating the outside contacts by building and / or creating positive sentiment for the company and its offerings .
where crm is often driven is from the sales team . srm will more often be driven by marketing / communication . however , as opposed to crm , social communication will not follow organizational lines and will be more casual . this is exactly why srm is needed to put structure into the dialogue and make it effective , measurable and profitable .
original russian text © n . b . khitrov , l . v . rogovneva , 2014 , published in pochvovedenie , 2014 , no . 12 , pp . 1383–1403 .
s . a . arkhipov , “on the lithological facies of chocolate - colored khvalyn clays and conditions of their origin , ” byul . komis . izuchen . chetvertichn . perioda , no . 22 , 63–72 ( 1958 ) .
p . n . berezin , a . d . voronin , and e . v . shein , “physical basics and criteria of vertisolization , ” vestn . mosk univ . , ser . 17 : pochvoved . , no . 1 , 31–38 ( 1989 ) .
a . bessonov and s . neustruev , “soil - geological essay on the novouzen district of samara gubernia , ” pochvovedenie , no . 3 , 307–350 ( 1902 ) .
v . p . bobkov , “on solonetzic processes in soils of the volga - akhtuba floodplain , ” pochvovedenie , no . 6 , 80–89 ( 1963 ) .
( izd . vaskhnil , moscow , 1937 ) , no . vii , pp . 134–169 [ in russian ] .
( tr . inst . geogr . akad . nauk sssr , iss . 62 ) , no , 12 , 5–27 ( moscow , 1954 ) .
yu . z . brotskii and m . v . karandeeva , “the development of western caspian regions in the quaternary period , ” vestn . mosk . univ . , ser . fiz . - mat . estestv . nauk ,
( nauka , moscow , 1964 ) , pp . 196–258 [ in russian ] .
v . k . bugaevskii , “on the soil cover pattern of the forest - steppe region with isolated forest groves in depressions , ” nauchn . dokl . vyssh . shk . , biol . nauki , no . 2 , 124–130 ( 1972 ) .