rainbow arts was a german video game developer founded in 1984 in gütersloh by marc ulrich which was later bought by funsoft , and eventually absorbed by thq in 1999 .

in the early 1990s most of the company 's creative developers left to start their own development studios , such as thomas hertzler , who is now managing director of blue byte , and armin gessert , who founded spellbound entertainment .

rainbow arts arose from a split of a former software company , micro-partner , founded by marc ullrich , thomas meiertoberens and rolf lakaemper .

parallel to ullrich creating rainbowarts , meiertoberens/lakaemper founded magic bytes , a game software company , also located in gütersloh , nrw , germany .

rainbow arts and magic bytes can be seen as the first commercial german game software companies .

rainbow arts

danger freak is an action game developed and published by rainbow arts in 1987 .
rainbow arts was a game publisher and developer founded in 1984 in gütersloh , germany .
euro gold starline ( softgold ) go ! ( u . s . gold ) rainbow arts ( softgold )
erbe go ! ( u . s . gold ) hardwired ( gold disk ) rainbow arts ( softgold )
a well recieved game on the amiga , “apprentice” was to be another great release from rainbow arts in 1990 .
euro gold starline ( softgold ) go ! ( u . s . gold ) hardwired ( gold disk ) rainbow arts ( softgold )
beautiful work by unathi unathi ura rorwana and aphiwe nyezi under lwanda sindaphi ' s direction . rainbow arts organisation at kasi to kasi .
in 1988 the official r - type license was bought by activision and having seen katakis , sued rainbow arts . a deal was made however that rainbow arts would complete the port of r - type to the c64 and amiga in exchange that katakis could be re - released .
marc ulrich , founder of rainbow arts , started the company while he was still at school . by the time he was 17 he had three employees .
rainbow arts and crafts group is an opportunity for local people over the age of 50 to meet in an informal atmosphere , and to take part in a programme of activities relating to the arts world . membership is open to all southwark residents of retirement age .
rainbow arts was founded 1984 in gütersloh , germany by marc ullrich and thomas meiertoberens . it became one of the most prestigious german game studios in the 80ies and early 90ies . most of their games were developed for the amiga and c64 and only a few have been ported to the personal computer . as of now , rainbow arts has been incorporated into thq after becoming part of funsoft / softgold , who themselves were bought by thq in 1999 . many of rainbow arts former employees and designers went on to found or join other companies such as blue byte and spellbound .
rainbow arts was a developer and publisher of entertainment software . originally developing c64 games , it progressed to creating amiga and pc - based games . it became one of the biggest computer development companies in europe .
it was done and dusted but rainbow arts decided to add some more levels to it on the main amiga version , but this was really pushing things too far on the humble speccy and while i was trying to fit these new levels in it got canned . shame . ”
interestingly the manual that was present on hall of light ( and which we’ve added here ) contains loading instructions for all the 8 - bit verisons . we can understand why the spectrum version may have been unreleased , but not the c64 – which was still going relatively strong at the time . rainbow arts had also been continuing to release c64 games into 1991 . maybe therefore there were issues with that particular conversion ?
rainbow arts studio - kindermusik is located at 3717 apple hill road , modesto , ca 95355 . curricula offerings include village , our time , imagine that , and kindermusik for the young child . the kindermusik educator and director is ginger colla . she holds a bachelor or music education degree , a master ' s degree and a doctor of musical arts in choral conducting . her academic career encompasses elementary through the university level . upon retirement from academia she opened her kindermusik studio in 2000 . ginger has joyfully taught kindermusik for 17 years and has been recognized by kindermusik international as a maestro educator with a studio in the top 5 % internationally .
rainbow arts kindermusik has a money back guarantee policy for the tuition portion of your semester fee . the initial registration and home materials fee of $ 75 is not refundable , but any portion of the tuition fee for instruction will be refunded if you decide for any reason not to continue . for those clients who choose the cash / check option , please bring your check / cash the first day of class for the semester . with this option you can choose to pay in full or by a monthly payment plan . if you choose a monthly payment plan , you need to pay the $ 75 initial registration and home materials fee the first day of class . payment for the balance will be in 4 monthly installments .
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urltoken
a sister site to lemon amiga . made in sweden by kim lemon 1998 - 2018 . friends : password generator , onlinespel
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coded by rck of urltoken - content © 1998 - 2018 hol team - online amiga database © 2002 - 2018 hol team - gen . in 0 . 23s
coded by rck of urltoken - content © 1998 - 2018 hol team - online amiga database © 2002 - 2018 hol team - gen . in 0 . 04s
sony santa monica makes us care about kratos in this stunning revival of the series .
far cry 5 ' s story is a real let - down , but the action still makes for a solid co - op experience .
there are some elements around the edges that haven ' t aged all that well , but burnout paradise is still a fantastic racing game .
podcasts giant bombcast the giant beastcast giant bombcast ( premium ) the giant beastcast ( premium ) giant bombcast aftermath ! all systems goku premium podcasts giant bomb presents gaming minute 8 - 4 play alt + f1 bombin ' the a . m . with scoops and the wolf !
a game development company based in germany . best known for its amiga games from the 80s . eventually the company was absorbed by thq in the late 90s .
beware , you are proposing to add brand new pages to the wiki along with your edits . make sure this is what you intended . this will likely increase the time it takes for your changes to go live .
until you earn 1000 points all your submissions need to be vetted by other giant bomb users . this process takes no more than a few hours and we ' ll send you an email once approved .
because you ' re new to wiki editing , we sent your submission off to our moderators to check it over . most changes are approved within a few hours . we ' ll send an email when it is .
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kindermusik is the world’s leading provider of music - based education for children from birth through age seven . we use the power and joy of music - making to help children learn and grow during the years most critical to brain development . since 1978 , kindermusik has helped millions of children around the world build a strong foundation for a lifetime love of learning .
well played ! thank you for contacting us . we will be in touch soon !
583 delft main road , rent office at the corner of essonhout , delft ( 10 , 246 . 90 mi ) cape town , western cape 7100
the prophet must die . openning : this coming friday @ delft black box theatre / rent office . are you ready ?
every tuesday and thursday at 3pm to 5pm i teach youths from my hood - delft south poetry at the black box theatre also known as rent office . i try and teach the
m sa and diasporic intervention in the poetry format and how politics enters into the fray . today we did lebo mashile ' s love poem : you and i . its a beautiful thing .
a sister site to lemon64 . made in sweden by kim lemon 2004 - 2018 . news games lemonade forum help links amiga forever sitemap privacy policy
© 2017 time and talents association . all rights reserved . time and talents is a company limited by guarantee and registered in england no . 4009766 . registered charity no . 1084545
all their games from that time were mainly made for the c64 and the amiga and only very few were converted to the ibm - pc later on .
currently viewing the 50 most recent games . click here to view the complete list .
there is no trivia on file . if you have any interesting trivia about this company , please add it .
the company was founded in 1984 by marc alexander ullrich [ 1 ] . ullrich became the ceo while bernard morell took charge of production .
in 1987 teut weidermann joined the company [ 2 ] and became head of development because of his ability to bring desirable games to the company . the first was a friend ' s game called sarcophaser , in which weidermann developed the graphics & level design . at the same time weidermann was working on an r - type clone for the amiga . while demonstrating his demo at a cracker meeting , a group called lightcircle demonstrated theirs . weidermann eventually bought the game from the group ( known as factor 5 for commercial publishing ) for 25 , 000 dm ( about 13 , 000 eur ) . meanwhile manfred trenz had written a shoot - em - up on the c64 called katakis and the amiga r - type had its name changed to katakis despite having nothing in common with trenz ' s game .
having agreed to create the port of r - type , katakis was re - relased as denaris . following this , manfred trenz had started to write another shoot - em - up for the c64 this time inspired by metroid : an 8 - way scroller called turrican . half - way into the project with over 17 ongoing projects a number of producers were hired : boris schneider and martin gaksch of powerplay magazine . schneider was assigned to all ea lucasfilm game products and gaksch headed - up the deveoplment of rock ' n ' roll .
another producer who joined at this time was julian eggebrecht , from ea lucasfilm , who took charge of the turrican development .
eggebrecht started the development of turrican ii immediately afterwards . once complete egggebrecht left to form a company with the name factor 5 which moved to california .
this page was last modified on 15 march 2018 , at 06 : 01 .
turrican 3 is the last chapter of the turrican series on commodore amiga . the game is partially based on the genesis game mega turrican .
a management simulation which puts the player in the shoes of a young lad who has just fallen in love . . . but must first revive the fortunes of a local tv station before marrying his beloved betty - all the while avoiding death at the hands of the tv director .
turrican ii is an epic shooter featuring a ton of exploration , colorful graphics and a pumping synth soundtrack to boot .
like it ' s predecessor x - out , z - out is a side scrolling shooter in which hordes of enemies threaten your planet . blast your way through six worlds by yourself or simultaneously with a friend . victory is far from certain !
blast your way through countless enemies in this technically impressive side scrolling shooter . the more you blast the more you can upgrade your ship .
many magicians have tried to rid the world of evil but none have been strong enough . are you strong enough to defeat the dragon fumo ?
an early shooter platformer originally developed for european home computers , best known for its heavy metal soundtrack by chris huelsbeck .
rock ' n roll is a puzzle game released on many platforms in europe .
after world war ii ended control of berlin was being contested by many countries . the americans have smuggled a nuke into the city and as an american spy it ' s your job to make sure it ' s safe .
an adventure game based on the film adaptation of the jules verne book a journey to the centre of the earth .
practice five events trampolining , tightrope - walking , juggling , knife - throwing and jumping clowns , before doing the events in the main performance .
an air hockey game set in space that pits the unseen protagonist against various alien characters .
thunder boy is a platformer not unlike the first wonder boy . it was only released in europe and was developed by the team behind the great giana sisters in 1988 .
the game made its way into magazines , via double sided adverts , but as usual the game never surfaced on the c64 . the amiga version featured incredible artworks , and it was fortold that the c64 would follow similiar suite .
currently , not a lot of information is known about the game , though the amiga version can be seen online , and it was a cool alex kidd / wonderboy 2 style platformer , which looked good .
recently , one of the artists was established as drew northcott , who claims that probe were behind the conversion . drew just did a few bits of missing graphics for them remotely , but doesn’t know who else was involved .
“ [ this was ] probably the last game i did on speccy , the machine was dying off and the returns were dropping…shame really as it was a very cool big game even made use of 128k if it was detected . i had a helluva time fitting it in .
we checked with grant harrison and nick jones , and they both confirmed not having any involvement at all on the game . so who was it then ?
also that probe was responsible for all the 8 bit versions ( page 22 ) .
i guess you are already aware of the apprentice entry in world of spectrum urltoken where there is a magazine preview and some more info that the game’s production was somewhat close to completion and why it was canned e . t . c .
thanks nemo ! should have spent more time doing a bit more research , so appreciated you digging these bits out . updating the page now 🙂
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gorilla glass is a brand of specialized toughened glass developed and manufactured by corning , now in its fifth generation , designed to be thin , light and damage-resistant .

gorilla glass is unique to corning ; but close equivalents exist , including asahi glass co. , dragontrail and schott ag xensation .

the alkali-aluminosilicate sheet glass is used primarily as cover glass for portable electronic devices , including mobile phones , portable media players , portable computer displays , and television screens .

it is manufactured in harrodsburg , kentucky , us ; asan , korea ; and taiwan .

the glass gains its surface strength , ability to contain flaws , and crack-resistance by being immersed in a proprietary , hot potassium salt ion-exchange bath .

gorilla glass

first gorilla glass , then lotus glass and now corning is working on willow glass .
answer : gorilla glass is a specific brand of glass manufactured by corning . compared to other types of glass , gorilla glass is particularly :
there is more than one type of gorilla glass . gorilla glass 2 is a newer form of gorilla glass that is up to 20 % thinner than the original material , yet still as tough .
“always tough . always innovating” . gorilla glass team member , akshay gupta , discusses the development of the gorilla glass brand and how ‘gorilla marketing’ works to communicate the power of the gorilla glass brand in his studio interview with ndtv’s rajiv makhni at the end of the ndtv technology conclave .
see how our portfolio of gorilla glass solutions are solving consumers’ most important issues .
leticia barr sat down with top corning scientists to discuss corning gorilla glass 5 .
apple invests $ 200 million in gorilla glass by corning , inc . | urltoken
so that was the first version of gorilla glass , which was then followed up by the introduction of gorilla glass 2 at ces a year ago . gorilla glass 2 was basically gorilla glass , except 20 % thinner than the original . with the recent introduction of gorilla glass 3 – which should find its way into devices later this year — corning is using “a completely new glass composition , with durability enhancements developed at the structural level of the glass . ”
the first few generations of iphone featured gorilla glass . in 2012 , corning introduced gorilla glass 2 , which was even more resistant to damage . the year after that , gorilla glass 3 hit the scene . corning had changed the composition of the material at the atomic level , strengthening the bonds which held gorilla glass together .
ford ' s zaluzec says the automaker did extensive tests of gorilla glass , including laminating two gorilla glass panels together to make a windshield . but the all - gorilla windshield was too thin and did not provide sufficient stiffness or noise isolation . so ford ended up with a hybrid windshield of gorilla glass and soda lime glass .
a piece of corning ' s gorilla glass undergoes a flexibility test in the lab .
gorilla glass by corning , inc . , is getting a major investment by apple .
if subjected to enough abuse , gorilla glass can break . however , gorilla glass is better able to survive the real - world events that most commonly cause glass to scratch , chip , or break .
meanwhile , apple continues to use normal glass for everything and ignores gorilla badassery . . .
gorilla glass is the go - to material for today ' s touchscreens . photo : corning
the fact that carmakers are looking at gorilla glass and other glazing technologies marks a change .
gorilla glass is the thin , tough glass that protects cell phones , laptop computers and millions of other portable electronic devices . here ' s a look at what gorilla glass is and what makes it so strong .
corning gorilla glass , a protective cover glass used in consumer electronics such as mobiles , tablets and notebooks to . . .
tags : arun k . varshneya , corning , gomd , gorilla glass , gorilla glass 3 , jc phillips , john mauro , kreidl award , prabhat k . gupta , topological constraint theory
to see some of gorilla glass ' s feats of strength , check out the video below .
gorilla glass may not be a household name yet , but corning says it’s working on it .
corning® gorilla® glass for automotive is driving innovation to enable cleaner , safer and more connected cars .
gorilla glass has been designed into more than 5 billion devices by more than 40 major oems .
why forward - thinking automakers include corning® gorilla® glass® for automotive interiors on their interior design boards .
corning® gorilla® glass is chemically strengthened through an ion exchange process that creates a layer of “armor” to help reduce cracking , scratches , and breakage . is corning® gorilla® glass on yo . . .
last year ' s gorilla glass 2 was basically a reduction in thickness of a product developed in 2006 . but with gorilla glass 3 , corning has whipped together a newer , stronger formula .
according to the nyt , gorilla glass is used on every iphone , ipod touch and ipad .
the harrodsburg plant is corning ' s oldest operating plant , and it still manufactures gorilla glass .
gorilla glass is more likely to appear first on limited - production supercars such as the bmw i8 plug - in hybrid , where there ' s a gorilla glass panel behind the engine compartment .
they serve different purposes : gorilla glass is a cover glass for the exterior of display devices , while eagle xg® is a glass substrate used within liquid crystal display panels . therefore , many electronic devices feature both corning gorilla glass and eagle xg . while they are formed with the same manufacturing process , the chemical compositions of the glass are also different . eagle xg lcd glass is an aluminosilicate composition , while gorilla glass is an alkali - aluminosilicate glass .
product qualification and design implementation for corning gorilla glass 2 are underway with corning’s global customers , a number of whom are expected to unveil new devices using corning gorilla glass 2 during the coming months .
one thing’s for sure : there will be a lot of gorilla glass under the tree this year .
gorilla glass’s unique combination of beauty and durability offers benefits for applications beyond consumer electronics , and corning’s research team is exploring the possibilities . stay tuned for more information about where gorilla glass may appear next .
according to corning chemcor is a different product than gorilla glass . gorilla glass was developed in 2006 so is not quite 5 years old . from the corning website “when corning began developing a tough new cover glass for electronic devices in 2006 , corning scientists , of course , drew upon the company’s prior expertise with strengthened glass . however , corning gorilla glass is a different product and glass composition than chemcor . ”
corning® gorilla® glass is chemically strengthened through an ion exchange process that creates a layer of “armor” to help reduce cracking , scratches , and breakage . is corning® gorilla® glass on your phone ? find out : urltoken
this year with gorilla glass 3 , just introduced at ces 2013 , the focus was on making the tough , durable glass even stronger .
many vendors are quick to trumpet the use of corning ' s gorilla glass in their products . the glass is used as a protective outer layer for many devices , from smartphones to large flat panel televisions . but what makes gorilla glass different ?
corning ' s gorilla glass is the display cover of choice for many smartphones , tablets , and convertibles .
apple announced friday that it plans to invest $ 200 million in the corning gorilla glass plant in harrodsburg .
corning ' s gorilla glass acoustic partition improves sound isolation in bmw ' s i8 plug - in hybrid .
glassmaker corning just unveiled its newest version of gorilla glass , the chemically strengthened super glass that dozens of consumer electronics makers use in their devices .
see for yourself which products have been designed with gorilla glass 5 for the ultimate combination of protection and performance .
a decade - long evolution of corning® gorilla® glass has taken this tough material from consumer electronics to automotive applications .
corning incorporated ( nyse : glw ) today announced its groundbreaking innovation – corning® gorilla® glass sr + . specifically designed for wearable devices , this new glass composite significantly reduces visible scratches while delivering the toughness , optical clarity and touch sensitivity that make gorilla glass famous .
the tech giant announced friday that it would put $ 200 million towards gorilla glass development at corning ' s glass manufacturing facility in harrodsburg , kentucky .
we designed a product using corning gorilla glass that featured transformation , a second screen , unique interaction , social tools , and 2 . 5d glass .
gorilla glass is the name for a sheet of toughened glass that has been produced by the corning company . it is specifically engineered to be as thin and light as possible , while still being able to resist damage . you will find gorilla glass on many of today’s mobile devices . mobile phones , laptops , and many portable media players all include this product . as the story goes , corning had retired gorilla glass . steve jobs wanted to incorporate this glass onto the iphone . in six months , gorilla glass was back .
: corning finds a way to develop cover glass for smartphones that is more damage - resistant than traditional materials such as soda - lime glass and plastic and thus gorilla glass is born .
the new glass is the successor to corning gorilla glass 4 , which was introduced in the fall of 2014 . gorilla glass 4 was said to be twice as tough as the previous version of its glass and twice as likely to survive drops onto uneven surfaces — but only from about a meter high .
carrothers said ,
we were always monkeying with the molecular structure of glass to start with . so we took that concept and basically used a new glass recipe and developed gorilla glass .
it ' s the aluminum - composite composition that makes gorilla damage - resistant . we make the glass in the same way that we make lcd glass .
each piece of gorilla glass jewelry is designed and handcrafted in - house by skilled glass artisans at our extensive design and production studio in oaxaca , mexico .
last year , ford showed its fusion lightweighting concept vehicle with a hybrid windshield made using a conventional soda lime glass panel laminated to a gorilla glass panel .
at booth n1203 , corning will highlight two revolutionary innovations enabled by corning® gorilla® glass : exceptional cover glass for consumer electronics , and transformative interiors for autos .
in 2012 , the second generation of gorilla glass they built and launched , achieved a goal of one billion devices .
ford motor co . and other carmakers are testing gorilla glass and other so - called chemically toughened glass products as they search for new ways to take weight out of their vehicles to meet stringent fuel economy standards . bmw already is using a gorilla glass panel on its sleek i8 .
however , whereas gorilla glass 2 was basically a reduction in thickness of a product developed in 2006 , with gorilla glass 3 , the company is promising “enhanced scratch resistance , reduced scratch visibility , and better retained strength once a scratch occurs . ”
corning has since produced 552 million square feet of gorilla glass for iphones and ipads , according to the star - gazette .
accurate prototyping enabled corning to experience and share the vision with their customers , designers and internal teams of the gorilla glass .
scientists in these facilities work closely with the gorilla glass commercial , engineering , and manufacturing staff to anticipate industry trends and deliver new or improved glass technologies that add value to customers’ products and processes . through this ongoing process , corning gorilla glass continues to lead through glass technology innovation in the fast - paced consumer electronics industry .
you may not know it , but your smartphone or tablet probably uses corning’s damage - resistant gorilla glass already . there’s a short list of devices here , though pay attention to the part that says , “due to customer agreements , we cannot identify all devices that feature gorilla glass . your favorite device may include gorilla glass , even if you don’t see it listed . ”
in the period of 2005 , they again started researching with the project name of “gorilla glass” . in this period touch screen cell phones are popular , and the product needs a resilient , scratch resistant cell phone cover glass . at that time , the company take the idea from chemcor glass and they start building the gorilla glass .
apple ' s steve jobs asked corning to deliver a tough , thin glass for the iphone . the result : gorilla glass ( credit : evan kafka for forbes )
( phys . org ) —corning senior vice president , jeffrey evenson told audience members at this year ' s mit technology review ' s mobile summit , that its gorilla glass will very soon be used in automobiles . currently , gorilla glass . . .
thinner form factor : depending on application and manufacturer specifications , gorilla glass can be produced in thicknesses ranging from 0 . 4 mm to 2 mm . even at 0 . 4 mm , gorilla glass retains a performance advantage over many other cover materials .
asahi glass co ltd developed a lamination technique for attaching a 0 . 1mm - thick glass substrate to a carrier glass .
corning gorilla glass sr + is commercially available and is expected to be on product models from leading global brands later this year .
we were honored to be involved with this incredible advancement of corning gorilla glass before it was even available for other product developers .
corning first announced “project phire” back in 2015 : it was an attempt to create a material for wearable technology that would combine the best features of its very own gorilla glass and sapphire . and gorilla glass sr + is the result of this research . it boasts the durability of gorilla glass and ( almost ) the scratch - resistance of sapphire all the while being extremely thin and transparent .
“in early 2015 , corning launched project phire with the goal of engineering glass - based solutions with the scratch resistance approaching luxury cover materials , combined with the superior damage resistance of gorilla glass , ” said scott forester , director , innovation products , corning gorilla glass . “corning gorilla glass sr + delivers a superior combination of properties that is not available in any other material today – it is in a class of its own . ”
corning® gorilla® glass is used in the following mobile smartphones , tablets , slates , notebooks and wearables . the devices have been verified by the manufacturer and corning as using corning® gorilla® glass . the manufacturers and devices detailed are the only manufacturers authorized to use the corning® gorilla® glass trademark in their device promotions . select device manufacturers have not been willing to provide gorilla glass model verification . in those cases , please ask the manufacturer directly or contact corning here and we will do our best to help you . view full product list > >
corning’s ion - exchange process makes gorilla glass exceptionally durable , while allowing it to remain thin and lightweight enough to enable the sleekest smartphones and slates . gorilla glass can be produced at a thinness of 0 . 5 millimeters just four times thicker than a human hair .
bmw ag was the first to use gorilla glass last year . the material formed an interior panel in the i8 hybrid sports car .
corning gorilla glass provides outstanding performance and durability , with distinct advantages over other materials . it is used in most smartphones available today .
gorilla glass 3 inherits all of the advantages of gorilla glass 2 in terms of maximizing the level of surface compressive stress via the ion exchange process , and , in addition to this , it introduces a new feature that we are calling “native damage resistance . ” even with exactly the same ion exchange conditions as gorilla glass 2 , the new gorilla glass 3 enables three times the damage resistance , which is quantified either through a vickers scratch test or a vickers indentation threshold ( basically how much load is required to initiate a crack ) .
“the next big challenge to gorilla glass is going to be sapphire laminate , ” predicts margolis . “this is a similar process , in which a thin layer of sapphire is added to glass to make it scratch - resistant . unlike pure sapphire , this material would be very close in price to gorilla glass . ”
scrapes and bumps are a fact of life , but gorilla glass enables your device to resist damage from the abuses that come with everyday use . gorilla glass also has strong aesthetic appeal . it’s thin , lightweight , and cool to the touch – enabling the sleekest designs .
gorilla glass is currently used by more than 40 major oems , designed into more than 2 , 100 product models , and featured on over 5 billion devices . check out this list for the most current , comprehensive collection of devices that corning can confirm for gorilla glass .
back in 2006 , motorola showed an appreciation for the industrial look , so they made the razr with soda lime glass . but customers were breaking the glass , so when the droid came out , they used gorilla glass .
since then , corning says it has made 552 million square feet of its gorilla glass product for iphones and ipads , or roughly enough glass to cover 10 , 000 football fields .
who said glass couldn’t bend ? if it has gorilla glass written on it , it sure will , for a fair amount without breaking . just don’t go overboard with it though !
called gorilla glass 5 , the new glass was formulated to improve drop performance from gadgets that are dropped onto rough surfaces from certain heights — specifically , waist height to shoulder height . selfie - fumblers rejoice : corning says gorilla glass 5 survives up to 80 percent of the time when dropped from 1 . 6 meters .
if you’ve ever cracked your smartphone or tablet screen , you may be dubious of gorilla glass’s effectiveness . the company admits that gorilla glass can break “if subjected to enough abuse , ” but that it’s “better able to survive the real - world events that most commonly cause glass to scratch , chip , or break . ”
gorilla glass is in the motorola droid as well as the dell adamo . a small company called motion computing makes ruggedized slate tablets with handles built into them , for first responders or ups drivers or other jobs in the field . we ' re providing motion with gorilla glass .
gorilla glass is on 4 . 5 billion devices worldwide and is now being used on automobiles including the ford gt and the bmw i8 .
harshbarger estimates that gorilla glass will reduce weight by 25 to 30 percent , or 5 to 6 pounds . corning says gorilla glass will cost $ 2 - $ 4 for every pound of weight saved , putting the price premium between $ 10 and $ 24 for a windshield .
you spoke , we innovated ! see how corning® gorilla® glass 5 became our toughest cover glass yet , far outpacing competitive glass by surviving 1 . 6 - meter , face - down drops onto rough , unforgiving surfa . . .
the technique , if you’re interesting in glass making , dubbed “fusion draw” calls for hot glass to be poured into a suspended trough then left to harden before finally going through a chemical treatment . just how tough is gorilla glass ? it’s 2x to 3x stronger than chemically treated regular glass , even at small thicknesses . corning initially tried to get gorilla glass into the hands of car manufacturers so that they can utilize the product in wind shields , but gorilla proved to be too expensive and difficult to produce in scale .
the gt ' s windshield is a hybrid . it has an annealed glass outer layer and plastic in the middle . but the inner layer is made of chemically - strengthened , automotive grade gorilla glass , which is much thinner and lighter than traditional glass . ford says using gorilla glass makes the windshield 32 percent lighter , which saves fuel and improves the car ' s handling .
i heard that gorilla glass is going to be used for applications and products outside of consumer electronics . what can you tell me about that ?
gorilla glass was originally developed at corning ' s harrodsburg , ky . plant in 2006 , and debuted on the first apple iphone in 2007 .
without compromising any other features of the well - known screen glass , corning claims that gorilla glass 5 can take drops from five feet off the ground onto
hard , rough surfaces
with an 80 % survival rate . that ' s substantially better than competitive glass coverings , and of course an improvement over gorilla glass 4 that you ' ll find on the galaxy note 5 .
gorilla glass , the tough , lightweight , scratch - resistant glass made by corning inc . and used on the screens of billions of smartphones and tablets , is getting closer to being used in windshields and other glass apertures of production vehicles .
just a few weeks after announcing the technology , corning ' s latest gorilla glass 5 will make its retail debut on the brand new galaxy note 7 . gorilla glass 5 takes all of the strength and clarity of the previous version and adds a major boost to the strength of the glass when it comes to breaking on impact from drops .
corning’s ultra - tough gorilla glass is expected to be used in auto manufacture as of 2014 . corning is only talking about replacing
some
auto glass at present , which might not necessarily mean windscreens , but smaller parts of glass bodywork .
made by upstate new york glass and ceramics manufacturer corning , gorilla glass is , according to gorilla glass marketing director dave velasquez , found in 20 percent of the world ' s handsets ( roughly 200 million devices ) . its key characteristics are its thinness , strength and scratch resistancea relatively perfect fit for today ' s plethora of touch - screen handsets .
as the world ' s leading cover material , corning ® gorilla ® glass is celebrating 10 years of toughness in consumer electronics , as the damage - resistant cover glass of choice for device manufacturers around the globe . gorilla glass has been designed into more than 5 billion devices worldwide , including more than 2 , 100 product models across 40 major brands .
we saw a solid steel ball being dropped from 5ft on to a prototype gorilla glass sample , we saw samples being scratched and then tortured with a pointy device , yet none of the gorilla glass samples shattered or gave way . some samples were used a dozen times , yet survived without a fuss .
with the deadline for the release rapidly approaching , apple had a problem , williams said . every time apple had tested the iphone with glass , the glass broke when they dropped it . corning’s gorilla glass came to the rescue and the harrodsburg plant has been making the glass for iphones ever since .
a pyramid of considerations were explored through design exploration , connecting pdt’s rich knowledge of mobile trends and customer desires with corning’s aspirations for gorilla glass and the unique attributes and benefits that only glass can bring .
the devices are also the first confirmed to use corning ' s new gorilla glass sr + , which is said to offer similar scratch resistance to sapphire .
10 years of toughness , 10 years of innovation . corning® gorilla® glass has been used on over 5 billion devices since its launch in 2007 . show less
apple said it will invest $ 200 million with corning to assist in developing future generations of gorilla glass and to enhance the company ' s manufacturing capability .
chemcor , the name corning uses internally when referring to gorilla glass , sat in the labs until 2008 when the abnormally strong material got its first customer order . now corning expects gorilla to start contributing to the company’s bottom line . “initially , we were telling ourselves [ gorilla glass would be ] a $ 10 million business , ” said corning researcher ron stewart . now it’s a $ 170 million a year business .
leveraging its strengths in glass science and fusion manufacturing , corning leads the cover glass industry it created nearly 10 years ago . corning gorilla glass has been used on more than 4 . 5 billion devices worldwide , including more than 1 , 800 product models across 40 major brands . with the introduction of corning gorilla glass sr + , the one company that has been innovating with glass for 165 years offers manufacturers of wearable devices a clear alternative to luxury cover materials .
harshbarger acknowledges it will be several years before gorilla glass is as ubiquitous in automobiles as it is in smartphones and other devices :
i think we ' ve still got a few years
of lower volume vehicles like the i8
before you see a lot of vehicles on the streets with gorilla glass .
all of those devices sport corning ' s gorilla glass , an environmentally friendly alkali - aluminosilicate thin sheet glass engineered specifically to be thinner , lighter and more damage - resistant for portable electronics with big screens .
workers at the harrodsburg , kentucky corning inc . plant handle gorilla glass . apple will invest $ 200 in corning for research and development of new generations of glass for uses in mobile devices . team with corning
the birthplace of gorilla glass resides in a small town in kentucky ' s bluegrass region . find out how the glass was originally developed , and how it ended up on 4 . 5 billion devices worldwide .
gorilla glass isn ' t a new invention . actually , the glass , originally named
chemcor
, was developed by corning in 1960 . at that time its only practical application was for use in racing cars , where strong , lightweight glass was needed .
so what makes gorilla glass so special ? corning gave me the production rundown and then let me try , and witness , a few experiments ( though the best one , a 3 - pound steel ball dropping on a sheet of gorilla glass from a height of three feet , they would not let me film ) .
as one of the company’s fastest growing businesses , corning gorilla glass is expected to reach more than $ 700 million in 2011 sales , nearly triple 2010 results .
was gorilla glass 3 , then , discovered by accident ? gesturing at the bags behind him , dejneka shakes his head .
there are no accidents .
corning inc . received a strong vote of confidence in gorilla glass , its durable , scratch - resistant material now finding uses in more than just smartphone screens .
much of the gorilla glass research is done at the company ' s sullivan park facility in erwin , while the process is refined for mass production in harrodsburg .
corning is currently producing its fifth iteration of gorilla glass , which can survive drops from a height of five feet onto rough surfaces 80 percent of the time .
gorilla glass doesn ' t work everywhere . the side windows of the gt , for example , are made of tempered glass . automakers tend to use tempered glass on side windows because it breaks into tiny pieces and doesn ' t have a plastic layer that could hinder someone from exiting the vehicle in a crash . doug harshbarger , business director of corning ' s automotive glass business , says corning it working on alternate ways of designing gorilla glass for use throughout the vehicle .
bryan gardiner wrote an amazing article for wired that explores the creation and history of gorilla glass . glass works : how corning created the ultrathin , ultrastrong is an excellent read , especially if you own an iphone .
damage resistance : gorilla glass is chemically strengthened through an ion - exchange process that creates a deep compression layer on the surface of the glass substrate . this layer acts as “armor” to reduce the introduction of flaws .
gorilla glass is great at resisting scratches , but it ' s prone to shattering when dropped . with gorilla glass 5 , corning claims the glass is now able to survive more drops than ever . the official claim is that the new stuff survives
1 . 6 - meter , shoulder - height drops onto hard , rough surfaces up to 80 % of the time .
gorilla glass 1 . 0 is able to withstand 100 , 000 pounds of pressure per square inch wheras normal glass can handle about 7 , 000 psi . a 1 - mm - thick piece of today ' s gorilla glass 2 . 0 ( believed to be what ' s included in the iphone 5 ) can withstand 2 joules of energy from an impact hammer without shattering .
specialty materials sales were up 23 % sequentially and 21 % year over year , driven by strong growth in corning® gorilla® glass volumes , and much higher than expected .
specialty materials segment sales are anticipated to be consistent with the record performance of the third quarter . gorilla glass sales are expected to remain strong in the fourth quarter .
it’s unclear whether gorilla glass sr + actually has sapphire in it , but one thing is for sure : smartwatches are about to become stronger with even more scratch - resistance . gorilla glass sr + is set to hit the market later this year , which means we could see it in the upcoming gear s3 or apple watch 2 .
during corning ' s annual meeting earlier this month , top executives touted gorilla glass as a segment with substantial growth potential . it has become the standard material for screens in mobile devices . at the meeting , company executives featured gorilla glass as the main screen in the new generation of samsung phones , but references to apple were largely missing .
corning’s latest products - gorilla glass 5 and sr + are on the new samsung galaxy s8 smartphone and gear s3 smartwatch . we had a firsthand look at prototypes and other things corning is working on . we also spoke to josh jacobs , ( technology manager of gorilla glass product performance and reliability ) who told us more about sr + .
us manufacturer corning said thursday it was introducing a new , tougher version of its gorilla glass used by major smartphone makers in a bid to maintain dominance in the sector .
the glass meets u . s . safety standards , corning says , and it has endured automakers ' tests on rough roads and in wind tunnels . ford says it ' s tougher than traditional annealed glass . when engineers shot pieces of hail at gorilla glass , for example , it wasn ' t damaged . the annealed glass shattered .
first introduced in 2007 , corning gorilla glass set the industry standard for damage - resistant cover glass . today it is the most widely deployed cover glass , used by more than 30 major brands and designed into more than 575 product models , spanning more than 500 million units worldwide .
this same fusion process is at the heart of corning’s industry - leading lcd glass . the composition of corning® gorilla® glass enables a deep layer of chemical strengthening through an ion - exchange process where individual glass parts are cut from the “mother sheet” and undergo an ion - exchange process .
this same fusion process is at the heart of corning’s industry - leading lcd glass . the composition of corning gorilla glass enables a deep layer of chemical strengthening through an ion - exchange process where individual glass parts are cut from the “mother sheet” and undergo an ion - exchange process .
when it released gorilla glass 2 last year , corning focused on making it thinner – about 20 percent thinner than the original version because “you cannot make stuff thin enough” for device makers , david velasquez , director of marketing and commercial operations for gorilla glass told me during a visit to the corning booth at the consumer electronics show in las vegas .
a scratch - screen proof is impermeable resistant to scratches . this kind of technology is not on the market however – any glass may break if it is placed under enough stress . gorilla glass is not a scratch - proof .
the harrodsburg plant originally produced glass pressings for various military , academic , consumer , and scientific applications . it segued in the mid - 1980s into developing glass substrates for the lcd market . and in 2006 , everything changed when apple came calling , and the harrodsburg plant was the first to make gorilla glass . as demand increased , the harrodsburg plant couldn ' t produce all the gorilla glass needed , so now other corning plants manufacture some of the necessary materials .
in 2013 , the third generation gorilla glass they launched , which are three times more resistant and stronger ; 40 % scratches which occur will not be visible to naked eye .
the first order for gorilla glass your article refers to was for the first gen iphone , and all iphones since . when the iphone was first being developed it needed a strong glass , jobs went in search of glass tough enough . this glass was ever only a prototype , as it never had a market , it was just too expensive .
the glass consists of a thin sheet of alkali - aluminosilicate . gorilla glass is strengthened using an ion - exchange process which forces large ions into the spaces between molecules on the glass surface . specifically , glass is placed in a 400°c molten potassium salt bath , which forces potassium ions to replace the sodium ions originally in the glass . the larger potassium ions take up more space between the other atoms in the glass . as the glass cools , the crunched - together atoms produce a high level of compressive stress in the glass that helps protect the surface from mechanical damage .
the unique composition of gorilla glass allows for a deep layer of high compressive stress ( created through an ion - exchange process ) . this compression acts as a sort of “armor , ” making the glass exceptionally tough and damage resistant .
harshbarger says :
soda lime glass on the outside and gorilla glass on the inside is the configuration we are offering to automakers because the inner ply is more flexible and stronger so a higher force is required to break it .
the wide embrace of gorilla glass in several applications is evident in the specialty materials segment results . in the first quarter of 2017 , sales were up 32 percent to $ 300 million from the same period a year ago , and net income rose by 50 percent to $ 48 million , with much of the increase attributed to strong sales of gorilla glass .
james hollis , division vice president at corning® gorilla® glass speaks to ndtv’s rajiv makhni on the journey to innovating and building coverglass with some of the world ' s leading smartphone companies .
gorilla glass research is largely carried out at the company ' s facility in erwin , ny , then refined for mass production in kentucky , according to the elmira star - gazette .
gorilla glass 4 and represents a close the circle . after getting to a durable glass , thin it maintaining that propuedad and better withstand blows , now corning gets reduce breakage , before the above mentioned , is the main concern of users .
according to diverse media sources , turkish company dubleks glass is investing in an auto glass manufacturing plant in . . .
like many other lightweighting technologies , gorilla glass involves a trade - off : it costs more than the traditional glass it would partially replace . it could help with a tough problem in weight reduction . but because glass is an inexpensive commodity , carmakers have to balance the weight savings against the extra expense .
corning’s gorilla glass , introduced in 2007 , played a huge role in the development of apple’s devices . corning will be able to leverage the $ 200 million investment , which will go toward equipment , glass processing , and research and development , to make new versions of its extra - strength glass . apple at one point was testing sapphire glass from a different manufacturer , but that plan flamed out after the sapphire was found to be too weak for use in iphones . the company went back to corning , and gorilla glass has remained a staple .
corning gorilla glass 2 enables up to a 20 percent reduction in glass thickness , while maintaining the industry - leading damage resistance , toughness , and scratch resistance customers have come to expect from the world’s most widely deployed cover glass . the thinner gorilla glass 2 enables slimmer and sleeker devices , brighter images , and greater touch sensitivity . these benefits can provide electronics manufacturers with superior design flexibility as they address consumer demand for increasingly high - performing , touch - sensitive , and durable mobile devices .
outstanding surface quality : corning’s proprietary fusion process gives gorilla glass the same superior surface as all of our high technology display substrates . this extraordinarily precise , highly automated process produces glass with exceptionally clean , smooth , flat surfaces and outstanding optical clarity .
ion exchange is a chemical strengthening process where large ions are “stuffed” into the glass surface , creating a state of compression . gorilla glass is specially designed to maximize this behavior . the glass is placed in a hot bath of molten salt at a temperature of approximately 400 degrees c . smaller sodium ions leave the glass , and larger potassium ions from the salt bath replace them . these large ions take up more room and are pressed together when the glass cools , producing a layer of compressive stress on the surface of the glass . gorilla glass’ composition enables the potassium ions to diffuse far into the surface , creating high compressive stress deep into the glass . this layer of compression creates the surface that is more resistant to damage .
ion exchange is a chemical strengthening process where large ions are “stuffed” into the glass surface , creating a state of compression . gorilla glass is specially designed to maximize this behavior . the glass is placed in a hot bath of molton salt at a temperature of approximately 400 degrees c . smaller sodium ions leave the glass , and larger potassium ions from the salt bath replace them . these large ions take up more room and are pressed together when the glass cools , producing a layer of compressive stress on the surface of the glass . gorilla glass’ composition enables the potassium ions to diffuse far into the surface , creating high compressive stress deep into the glass . this layer of compression creates the surface that is more resistant to damage .
corning’s furnace facility has skilled personnel standing by to melt new concoctions developed by scientists for tests . our jaws dropped as we saw gorilla glass being poured right in front of our eyes .
gorilla glass was used on the first apple iphone in 2007 . although many of their customers now require nondisclosure agreements from corning before they use gorilla glass on their mobile devices , corning does say that the super strong glass is on 4 . 5 billion devices worldwide from 40 different major brands . customers that they can mention include motorola , htc , samsung , and huawei . the full list of customers is on corning ' s site .
“we knew corning gorilla glass could get even better . so , in response to our customers’ drive toward thinner form factors , we designed this new glass to enable meaningful reduction in thickness without sacrificing the outstanding glass performance for which gorilla glass has become highly recognized . this glass , along with windows operating system innovations from microsoft , will help deliver exceptional beauty , performance , and toughness for new windows pcs . you will see this early this year with windows - based pcs which we expect to be the first in - market laptops designed to leverage the performance of our new second - generation glass , ” steiner remarked .
ion exchange is a chemical strengthening process where large ions are “stuffed” into the glass surface , creating a state of compression . gorilla glass is specially designed to maximize this behavior . the glass is placed in a hot bath of molten salt at a temperature of approximately 400°c . smaller sodium ions leave the glass , and larger potassium ions from the salt bath replace them . these larger ions take up more room and are pressed together when the glass cools , producing a layer of compressive stress on the surface of the glass . gorilla glass’s special composition enables the potassium ions to diffuse far into the surface , creating high compressive stress deep into the glass . this layer of compression creates a surface that is more resistant to damage from everyday use .
in the meantime , expect to see more marketing from corning promoting its glass . velasquez the company wants consumers to walk into a store and say they want the device made with gorilla glass . “we are trying to make ourselves a household name . ”
it used to take an average of ten years to develop a new glass . corning ' s teams can now produce one in six months to a year , with a year being a luxury , the company says . ( there have been seven formulations of gorilla glass since the first generation rolled off the production line . ) in july corning announced that dell is bringing the first touch - enabled notebooks using new gorilla glass nbt to market this year . it ' s basically the same material as the surface of an iphone , but corning gets paid more for a bigger piece of glass and will see its gross margins rise a bit as its bigger capital investments are behind . even bigger sheets of glass are next , as carmakers beginning next year with bmw will use gorilla glass on rear windows and sunroofs . it ' s a vindication of sorts : gorilla glass is based on chemcor , a glass invented in the 1960s for use in windshields . demand never materialized because automakers thought cheaper laminated glass worked just fine . but gorilla glass weighs less and lowers the car ' s center of gravity , which increases fuel efficiency , something that matters more today . corning has also announced efforts to make gorilla glass antireflective so the screen can be more easily read in sunlight . and because the surface of a smartphone may host more bacteria than a public toilet ( little - known fact ) , corning will soon add a version with an antimicrobial coating .
there are a few caveats to these claims around the new gorilla glass . the first is that the 80 percent survival rate corning achieved in tests was with pieces of glass that were 0 . 6mm thick . corning now makes glass as thin as 0 . 4mm , so smartphone oems that opt for thinner glass or go with more rigid smartphone designs may see different results .
the gorilla glass is the trade name of “corning” , an united states of america glass maker . they form the toughened glass ( alkali – alumino silicate sheet ) for the portable electronic gadgets . this idea generated in the 60s period as a project name , “project muscle” . the glass invented was called as “chemcor” glass , which are ultra strong and light weight . the product is developed for windshield glass for cars , but the product is very costly so they are not succeeding on that time .
have you ever wondered why glass breaks ? watch this animation to learn more about the factors that contribute to glass failure .
according to corning’s figures , the all new gorilla glass sr + is much more scratch - resistant than gg4 or gg5 . in fact , it’s almost as scratch - resistant as sapphire itself .
had cupertino consulted with corning about its dalliance with the sapphire manufacturer , velasquez hints that the gorilla glass maker would have been all too happy to share its experience with the sapphire manufacturing process .
corning , which played a key role in the smartphone revolution with its robust
gorilla glass ,
is looking beyond the small screen with an upgraded version which promises to be even tougher .
introducing corning gorilla glass 5 , a new glass solution that raises the bar for protection against drops higher than ever , surviving 1 . 6 - meter , shoulder - height drops onto hard , rough surfaces up to 80 % of the time . that’s up to 4x better in drop failure height than competitive glasses , giving consumers the drop protection they need if they fumble their phones while snapping photos , texting on the go , watching videos , or performing other everyday activities at or below shoulder level . and the best part is even though gorilla glass 5 is so much tougher , it still provides the damage resistance , optical clarity and touch sensitivity gorilla glass is famous for—ensuring that oems that use gorilla® glass 5 on their mobile devices cover consumers with the ultimate combination of protection and performance for high - resolution touch - enabled devices .
the manufacturing company corning has developed a product it calls gorilla glass . the company designed the glass for our electronic lifestyles . as we carry around computers , tablets , smartphones , mp3 players and other devices , we risk damaging them through everyday use . corning ' s gorilla glass stands up to abuse with scratch - and impact - resistant qualities . and corning ' s approach allows the glass to be incredibly thin , meaning it won ' t interfere with capacitance touch screens or add significant weight to a device .
harshbarger says corning is working with several carmakers and glass companies on applications , including windshields , sunroofs and dashboard displays . corning is touting several gorilla glass properties : light weight , flexibility , strength and excellent optics for features such as head - up displays .
what ' s corning ' s secret ? what ' s so special about gorilla glass that sets it apart from other kinds of glass ? the answer involves incredible temperatures , a special trough , robots and a molten salt bath . the finished product is a thin piece of glass that can withstand a lot of punishment .
the harrodsburg plant has been working at full capacity for 64 years , and there ' s no end in sight , as the demand for mobile devices , and ever - stronger glass , continues . the newest gorilla glass , version 5 , can withstand 80 % of drops from shoulder height . gorilla glass is also being tested for vehicles , for use both inside the car and for windshields , since it ' s stronger and lighter than traditional glass and optics are better for heads - up displays , carrothers said .
gorilla glass first started showing up in consumer electronics devices in 2007 . since then the company has iterated on the glass to improve overall durability and scratch - resistance while also making it thinner . at the time gorilla glass first shipped , global smartphone penetration was only around 10 percent ; now it ' s nearly 75 percent . corning says 4 . 5 billion device units have been shipped with its glass to date . manufacturers like samsung , htc , lenovo , huawei , lg , hp , and asus have all made devices using the glass , along with other unnamed device makers .
what ' s unique about gorilla glass is that because of its inherent composition , it can allow those larger ions to penetrate the surface more deeply to increase the compression tolerance and tolerate deeper scratches .
what sr + does is that it combines the supreme levels of toughness , optical clarity and touch sensitivity of gorilla glass with superior scratch - resistance that is expected from a luxury watch’s crystal material .
a recent report regarding the chinese auto glass market claims that fuyao glass is the leader in the country . the . . .
auto one glass and accessories , a michigan - based windshield replacement and auto glass repair company , will now provide . . .
there’s a lot more to how corning tests the toughness of corning® gorilla® glass 5 scratch resistance than you might think . each rigorous test is informed by more than 160 years of material science . . .


probabilistic complementary metal-oxide semiconductor ( pcmos ) is a semiconductor manufacturing technology invented by pr .

krishna palem of rice university and director of ntu 's institute for sustainable nanoelectronics ( isne ) .

the technology hopes to compete against current cmos technology .

proponents claim it uses 30 times less electricity while running seven times faster than the current fastest technology .

pcmos-based system on a chip architectures were shown to be gains that are as high as a substantial multiplicative factor of 560 when compared to a competing energy-efficient cmos based realization on applications based on probabilistic algorithms such as hyper-encryption , bayesian networks , random neural networks and probabilistic cellular automata .

pcmos

mla style :
pcmos .
acronym finder . 2018 . urltoken 9 jul . 2018 urltoken
chicago style : acronym finder . s . v .
pcmos .
retrieved july 9 2018 from urltoken
apa style : pcmos . ( n . d . ) acronym finder . ( 2018 ) . retrieved july 9 2018 from urltoken
equally important is that the implementation of pcmos piggybacks on the current
complementary metal - oxide semiconductor
technology , or cmos , that chipmakers already use . this means that chipmakers can use existing equipment to support pcmos , resulting in lower entry costs for the new technology .
condition for pcmos design since its founding theory is based on probability . such randomness has to come from nature rather than being artificial . noise is nature ' s carpet that hides imperfections . another natural source of randomness comes from process fluctuations in fabrication . these two are undesirables in conventional chip designs but are essential
resources
in pcmos . although existing compact models to certain extent also include these features , they are not designed for use in pcmos . the proposed research is to develop such a model to capture noise / process - related randomness in a physical deterministic way ( as required by the very nature of any compact model ) and use it in a probabilistic way in pcmos circuit / logic designs . without these specially developed transistor - level models it is impossible to do pcmos designs .
that bridges transistor and logic levels of abstraction so that the probabilistic behaviors captured at the device level can be propagated to the logic level within the pcmos algorithms .
the team hopes pcmos technology will enter the consumer computing market in as little as four years and may present itself as a parallel to mainstream cmos technology in the near future .
the team ' s goal is green computing . they are looking for applications where pcmos can deliver as well as or better than existing technology but with a fraction of the energy required .
the two innovative ideas in the project are the key to realization of pcmos designs of futuristic ics . moreover , its impact goes beyond application to pcmos alone , since nanoscale devices are already prone to suffer from intrinsic noise and inevitable process fluctuations that are to be avoided in
deterministic cmos
( dcmos ) . in either domain of pcmos or dcmos for employing or avoiding nature randomness , respectively , a physical compact model capable of capturing randomness and propagating to circuit / gate level in either probabilistic or deterministic way will be a must in the foreseeable future .
the microchip is a successful proof - of - concept of the pcmos technology which has demonstrated an improvement of 30 times in terms of energy consumption while running seven times faster than the contemporary cmos design .
condition for pcmos design , even though without such a simulator conventional spice may still do the job if the
probabilistic
compact model can be deployed . however , it will not be trivial without a circuit simulator that has
when palem began working on the idea around 2002 , skepticism about the principles behind pcmos was “pretty universal , ” he says . that changed in 2006 . he and his students simulated a pcmos circuit that would be part of a chip for processing video , such as streaming video in a cell phone , and compared it with the performance of existing chips . they presented the work at a technical conference , and in a show of hands , much of the audience couldn’t discern any difference in picture quality .
) - - that exploits randomness in futuristic devices by taking advantage of probabilistic behaviors into chip designs . by allowing uncertainties in certain parts of the functional blocks for trading off power savings , algorithms with probabilistic boolean theories have demonstrated feasibility and promising potential for pcmos in sustaining future technology scaling .
pcmos approach to futuristic chip designs requires a paradigm shift in algorithms and methodologies , so do the device models and circuit simulators supporting such a new design . conventional and existing models / simulators obviously cannot fulfill such demands . the innovative concepts in this project are two - folds : ( 1 )
the technology , dubbed pcmos ( probabilistic complementary metal - oxide semiconductor ) was invented by professor krishna palem of rice university and director of ntu ' s institute for sustainable nanoelectronics ( isne ) . the u . s . - singapore team making the announcement is led by professor palem and ntu ' s associate professor yeo kiat seng , head of division of circuits and systems , school of electrical and electronic engineering ( eee ) , college of engineering .
( circuit / logic ) and can handle probabilistic boolean algorithms . although pcmos is based on randomness , it is not meant to be totally
arbitrary
- - it is still required to designate parts of the logic circuits where certain probability of randomness can be tolerated ( or to be
designed
) . in this sense , it is also
deterministic
which requires a simulator that can designate a given block to be simulated with the desired randomness .
according to professor yeo , pcmos is also ideally suited for encryption , a process that relies on generating random numbers . thus the microchip can be quickly incorporated in electronic devices such as in computer gaming , lotteries and cryptography ( internet security ) where random calculations are valuable .
this is in addition to applications where there is a need to produce statistical simulation , such as in financial and economic forecast so that more accurate predictions can be made ,
says professor yeo .
with this pcmos technology , noise / parameter variations are part of the overall design and are managed as a resource to achieve significant energy savings . our vision is to see a new generation of probabilistic - based nanoelectronics with diverse applications in media , biomedical , information technology ( it ) and consumer electronics . the success of this project would go a long way in promoting the advent of a new generation of ' green ' it at lower costs to consumers ,
says professor yeo .
palem has developed a way for chips to use significantly less power in exchange for a small loss of precision . his concept carries the daunting moniker “probabilistic complementary metal - oxide semiconductor technology”–pcmos for short . palem’s premise is that for many applications–in particular those like audio or video processing , where the final result isn’t a number–maximum precision is unnecessary . instead , chips could be designed to produce the correct answer sometimes , but only come close the rest of the time . because the errors would be small , so would their effects : in essence , palem believes that in computing , close enough is often good enough .
leaving your mobile phone charger at home when you go for a two week long vacation may just be the norm one day as scientists from nanyang technological university ( ntu ) and rice university , united states , have successfully created a microchip that uses 30 times less electricity while running seven times faster than today ' s best technology .
probabilistic design methodology , if used for consumer devices , would result in energy efficient devices ,
says professor palem who conceived probabilistic design .
for example , for consumers , it could mean the difference between charging a cell phone every few weeks instead of every few days . in addition to the encryption application that we have demonstrated , among other applications , it is equally well - suited for computer graphics .
professor palem explains that in streaming video application on a cell phone for example , it is unnecessary to conduct precise calculations . the small screen , combined with the human brain ' s ability to process less - than - perfect pictures , results in a case where the picture looks just as good with a calculation that is only approximately correct .
dr natalie kong zhi hui , teaching fellow , in ntu ' s eee and a member of team , says
our technology is a significant contributor towards environmental - friendliness - green computing , or probabilistic computing , with an extremely energy - aware attribute . this is due to the fact that , unlike conventional designs that view noise as a nuisance , our design concept embraces noise as a
gem
- this novel technology recycles noise .
this is in contrast with today ' s silicon transistors become increasingly ' noisy ' as they get smaller , thus engineers have historically dealt with this by boosting the operating voltage to overpower the noise to ensure accurate calculations , leading to higher energy consumption levels .
professor yeo , dr kong , professor palem and his student , dr pinar korkmaz , successfully ran the first real - world tests of the revolutionary prototype microchip . this is a culmination of various chip designs and testing that started in 2005 .
the rice - ntu team plans to follow its proof - of - concept work on encryption with proof - of - concept tests on microchips for cell phones , graphics cards and medical implants . they look forward to taking this concept of probabilistic design , which is one key focus of ntu ' s isne , to the next level .
in singapore , the next level is to create a larger activity with roots at ntu and which spans an increasingly vigorous international network based at rice . the vision for this will include next generation electronics , based on principles drawn from the mathematics of probability as it relates to areas such as risk analysis , perceptual neurobiology , nanoscale devices and computing with applications to exciting domains such as graphics and multimedia , education and global health ,
says professor palem .
by integrating the design of antenna and electronics , researchers have boosted the energy and spectrum efficiency for a new class of millimeter wave transmitters , allowing improved modulation and reduced generation of waste . . .
the german energy transition makes it necessary to extend the transmission grid . karlsruhe institute of technology ( kit ) , together with the grid operator tennet , now studies the use of superconductor technology as an alternative . . .
marine research could soon be possible without the risk of polluting either the air or the ocean . it ' s thanks to a new ship design and feasibility study led by sandia national laboratories .
singapore has had a long history as a green city – but a tri - sector partnership could help developing asian countries kickstart a journey into climate change resilience . [ this is a feature story published in the tri - sector . . .
the university of leicester is spearheading the development of new power generation technologies for space exploration as part of a european space agency funded programme .
in the coming decades , nasa and other space agencies hope to mount some ambitious missions to other planets in our solar system . in addition to studying mars and the outer solar system in greater detail , nasa intends to send . . .
mobile fitness app polar has suspended its location tracking feature after security researchers found it had revealed sensitive data on military and intelligence personnel from 69 countries .
a lightweight , compact and efficient supercapacitor printed on a flexible plastic sheet has been developed by researchers at the indian institute of science ( iisc ) .
researchers from the university of western australia have designed a new system capable of carrying out large - scale 3 - d facial recognition that could transform the entire biometrics industry .
the european parliament rejected thursday a highly controversial eu copyright law proposal that has pitted beatles legend paul mccartney against internet giants and the creators of wikipedia .
wikipedia went down in at least three countries wednesday in a protest at an upcoming european parliament vote on a highly disputed law that could make online platforms legally liable for copyrighted material put on the web . . .
when a cia - backed venture capital fund took an interest in rana el kaliouby ' s face - scanning technology for detecting emotions , the computer scientist and her colleagues did some soul - searching—and then turned down the money .
please , this quote from the article is nonsense .
for example , for consumers , it could mean the difference between charging a cell phone every few weeks instead of every few days .
this computing concept is interesting but really has nothing much to do with cell phone battery life . the battery life in a cell phone is determined mainly by the transmitting power when someone is talking , and the receiver circuitry when someone is listening , as well as the listening power when hung - up and in standby . if the cell phone has a backlit lcd ( most ) , it is probably using half the total power . a video streaming application if practical and consumer friendly in a cell phone will still be dominated by the lcd backlight and camera power .
i think you ' re missing the big picture here . this is like going from analog to digital back to analog but in a hybrid kinda way . i see robot brains in our future .
it is tiresome to read supposedly science - based articles and yet find them full of hype and exaggerated claims -
the team ' s goal is green computing
, we ' ll rarely need chargers , etc . in reality , science and technology are continuing and accelerating their amazing benefits for mankind . spare us the predictions and the links to leftist crazes and delusions . it ' s just science , and that ' s plenty good enough .
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as semiconductor technology continues to scale following moore ' s law , increased power will eventually limit further increase in speed and density . to sustain technology scaling and prolong the promise the industry has benefited from scaling , one of the novel concepts has been proposed - -
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krishna palem thinks a little uncertainty in chips could extend battery life in mobile devices–and maybe the duration of moore’s law , too .
krishna palem is a heretic . in the world of microchips , precision and perfection have always been imperative . every step of the fabrication process involves testing and retesting and is aimed at ensuring that every chip calculates the exact answer every time . but palem , a professor of computing at rice university , believes that a little error can be a good thing .
every calculation done by a microchip depends on its transistors’ registering either a 1 or a 0 as electrons flow through them in response to an applied voltage . but electrons move constantly , producing electrical “noise . ” in order to overcome noise and ensure that their transistors register the correct values , most chips run at a relatively high voltage . palem’s idea is to lower the operating voltage of parts of a chip–specifically , the logic circuits that calculate the least significant bits , such as the 3 in the number 21 , 693 . the resulting decrease in signal - to - noise ratio means those circuits would occasionally arrive at the wrong answer , but engineers can calculate the probability of getting the right answer for any specific voltage . “relaxing the probability of correctness even a little bit can produce significant savings in energy , ” palem says .
within a few years , chips using such designs could boost battery life in mobile devices such as music players and cell phones . but in a decade or so , palem’s ideas could have a much larger impact . by then , silicon transistors will be so small that engineers won’t be able to precisely control their behavior : the transistors will be inherently probabilistic . palem’s techniques could then become important to the continuation of moore’s law , the exponential increase in transistor density–and thus in computing power–that has persisted for four decades .
combining massive quantities of data , insights into human psychology , and machine learning can help manage surprising events , says eric horvitz .
alex zettl’s tiny radios , built from nanotubes , could improve everything from cell phones to medical diagnostics .
energy savings a simple chart showing what sort of energy savings could be achieved with what sort of loss of accuracy would have helped here and is crucial for understanding what the significance of his work is .
informative article , but i tend to agree with garyb that even a simple chart would have added to its impact . still , it is easy to see that implementation of these concepts where appropriate would be of tremendous advantage .
use of probabilistic error what strikes me in this is that visual as well as audio circuits could benefit . music is not all about complete precision , but rather the depth and richness has a lot to do with minute variations from the norm . this is why a really good radio ( like my old tube - type 1934 airline ) acutally sounds better than the vaunted bose radio next to it . in video , it could bring a more natural look to displays and virtual . nature is not strictly linear , but has a lot of seemingly random variations .
palem is too smart we applied this concept in a darpa project details forever secret . cpas use this principal to save tons of time in accounting without sacrificing overall accuracy at least for taxes . good going palem . it is about time the semiconductor world caught with accounting .
video and audio samples besides a chart available online , a video sample and audio sample that we could play on our computers and / or cell phones would be nice . this way we could see and hear for ourselves what the difference is . more details on how that relates to cryptography would be good too . using probability seems to come closer to the uncertainty principles that emerge at the quantum scale too . wonder if this will open the door to quantum computing from another angle . a third area of interest is whether probability based results might also result in designs that survive circuit imperfections better , resulting in higher net yield .
your concern was addressed in the article :
* palem ' s idea is to lower the operating voltage of parts of a chip - - specifically , the logic circuits that calculate the least significant bits *
. even if it weren ' t mentioned , it should be a trivial matter for any electronic engineer to
extrapolate
how palem ' s concept could be successfully realised . also , a single - bit error in an 8 - bit value will produce an error of anywhere between 1 and 128 . a change of 0 is not an error .
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