hitzler werft is a shipyard in lauenberg , germany , just outside hamburg .

the company was founded in 1885 by johann georg hitzler as a boat repair yard , and went on to build barges , trawlers , freighters , tankers , tugs , launches , barges and icebreakers .

hitzler werft

hitzler werft - boating - bahnhofstr . 4 - 12 , lauenburg , schleswig - holstein , germany - phone number - yelp
german shipyard hitzler werft in lauenburg has received a newbuilding order for two river icebreakers and an option for a third vessel .
“over a year ago we delivered two multi - purpose tugs to the hpa , which have done an admirable job in their time of service in the port . we are now handing over two bigger , more powerful new tugboats , ” says jürgen freudenberg , managing director of hitzler werft and adds , “building the four new boats in the last years meant that hitzler werft operated at full capacity . we are also delighted that the newbuilding 832 will be christened hugo lentz . in 1850 lentz was a young engineer who was involved in the construction of the lauenburg railway bridge which is located right next to our shipyard . ”
for the future , hitzler werft is predicting an increase in inland waterway transport and therefore a demand for new build ships that comply with the latest in environmental and safety standards . “we are constantly investing in our design office to ensure it boasts only the latest in modern technology and our clients can rest assured that we will continue to deliver the high level of quality service they have come to expect over our 125 - year history .
ranking among the most important facilities on the river elbe , hitzler werft boasts two slipways of 70 and 130 metres in length respectively , a machining shop furnished with only the most modern technology and a design office for its own new buildings , as well as service to other shipyards and ship owners . this design capability can offer licenses for well - proven ship designs , in addition to tailor - made designs according to the requirements of the customer .
decommisioned federal german navy icebreaker eisvogel - a1401 and unknown decommisioned submarine seen in wilhelmshaven on 07 . 06 . 07 the type 721 eisvogel class icebreakers is a two ship class built for the german navy by the hitzler werft shipyard of lauenburg / elbe . one of the icebreakers is still in service . callsign : drlg pennant number : a1401 name : eisvogel launched : 1961 commission date : march 11 , 1961 length : 38 . 85m beam : 9 , 70m draft : 3 , 75 m displacement : 560t propulsion : 2 maybach md655 diesel engines , together 1765kw at 1400 rpm single controlled - pitch propeller , 3m diameter equipment : 140t hitzler pitching device ( for icebreaking )
germany’s small hitzler schiffswerft has completed ' kietz ' , the first of three special inland icebreakers worth a total of €15 . 3 million for service with local waterways authorities in east and west germany , writes tom todd .
built by hitzler werft in lauenburg , the smaller of the two , the 23m long and 7m wide hugo lentz , draws 2 . 6m and is capable of breaking up solid ice up to 45cms thick in the port , on the river elbe and in estuary waters . when not doing that , however , the €4 . 5 million newbuilding is being used as a tug with a bollard pull of about 9 tons and as a collection and transport boat . a removable bow can be attached for push operations .
both tugboats were built at hitzler werft , a shipyard in lauenburg . they replace their equally named predecessors which had been in service in the port of hamburg for decades . the new low - emissions boats are fitted with soot particle filters , water - lubricated propeller shaft bearings and power - saving led technology . both ice breakers bunker gas - to - liquid ( gtl ) , a clean - burning fuel . the boats also sport a shore power connection point enabling them to rely on shore power while at the berth .
considering the broad spectrum of hitzler werft’s portfolio , franz hitzler , managing director of the company outlines its core areas of activity : “our services can be divided into a number of key categories including the new building of small specialist ships . this capability covers the construction of inland tankers , tugboats , icebreakers , ferries and offshore service vessels for authorities and private customers , while ship repair services for the maintenance or conversion of inland navigation vessels of all types in the river elbe region is another key competence . our engineering capabilities are a further asset involving close co - operation with other shipyards and suppliers of marine equipment for the fabrication and repair of items such as rudders , shaftlines and special equipment . this ability enables us to add another string to our bow through the supplementary service of industrial plants in the region . finally , our ship design facility is unrivalled in the region , enabling us to design various types of vessels for ship owners , trading houses and authorities . ”
the two latest newbuildings follow christian nehls and johann reinke which went into service a year ago . they are also from hitzler and that yard’s managingh director jürgen freudenberg said they had “performed splendidly in daily service” since then . he also noted that building all four boats for hpa had provided his small shipyard with full employment for two years .
built upon a rich heritage of expertise and a proven record for excellence in the industry , clients recognise hitzler werft as a leader in the field of ship development and construction . at present , the company’s 54 - strong highly skilled workforce is busy with the initial and detailed designs of a number of offshore tugs with bollard pulls ranging from 100 to 280 tonnes , as well as a platform supply vessel , small tanker and a passenger vessel . current new build activity on the other hand , is centred on two double hull inland waterway tankers known as the ‘bernhard dettmer’ s - 823 and ‘dettmer tank 179’ s - 824 . in addition three river ice breakers are also due for construction and these will be known as the s - 825 ‘kietz’ , s - 826 ‘schwedt’ and s - 827 ‘keiler’ .
like hugo lentz , johannes dalmann was also built at hitzler , is ice - classed e2 and has the same shaft and propeller , rudder , gearing , auxiliary engine , engine control and communications and navigation equipment . but the bigger boat is also of sterner stuff , with a bollard pull of 16 . 5 tons and an abc type 8 dzc engine of 1354kkw / 720rpm providing about 12 knots . the extra clout and size is reflected in its €5 . 1 million cost .
by 1886 , johan had delivered his first new building , a water barge , followed by his first motorboat in 1892 and his first freighter in 1900 . within 15 years of opening its doors , the shipyard’s new building order book had reached 100 and sons georg and franz hitzler took over the company’s operations in 1910 . the end of world war one spurred a move into deep - sea shipbuilding when the company was contracted to build a series of nine deep - sea trawlers . by that time the yard had developed into a fully - fledged industrial plant , complete with slipways and building berths .
1 dc - electric motor gc 45 . 24 m , 700 kw - 400 - 490 rpm
windlass 60 t working winch 2 x 8 t tugger winches 1 x 4 . 5 t tugger winch 1 x 1 . 5 t tugger winch 2 x 0 . 3 t winches 1 diving bell winch 1 wireguide winch 1 moonpool winch
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franz highlights the company’s differentiators in the market : “our highly experienced staff have the ability to design and build tailor - made special ships with state - of - the - art equipment according to the needs of the customer . we are specialised in the lean production of ships up to a length of 100 metres , completely under cover , protected from the weather and at competitive prices . the market for small special ship design has not been greatly affected by the recent european shipbuilding crisis and so we are positive that we can maintain our levels of profitability . ”
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a new type of 86m , 1 , 800dwt inland tanker especially designed for low - water operation on german canals and the elbe has been ordered by bremen tankship operator dettmer reederei in bremen .
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the hugo lentz and the johannes dalmann , two modern multi - purpose ships , are the hamburg port authority’s ( hpa ) latest additions to its fleet . completing the hpa’s programme to modernise its icebreaker fleet , the two new ships will keep hamburg’s port area and the elbe main stream navigable in icy weather . in a festive ceremony at überseebrücke on wednesday actress sanna englund ( notruf hafenkante - a german tv series that plays in the port ) smashed a bottle of champagne over the hull of the johannes dalmann and hpa employee , martina stülten , broke a bottle of champagne against the hugo lentz .
with their powerful engines the johannes dalmann and the hugo lentz can push through 45cm ( 18in ) - thick ice that may form in particularly cold winters . in the remaining year the boats are used to tow and haul ships as well as to carry out general transport work in the port .
“with spring around the corner it is difficult to imagine ice floating on the elbe . the two modern boats keep the waterways ice - free thus enabling the hpa to ensure the safety of the dykes and the accessibility of the port of hamburg even in severe frost , ” says jens meier , chairman of the management board of the hpa . “the launch of the johannes dalmann and the hugo lentz is another step in the hpa’s quest to build up an eco - friendly fleet . when it comes to using clean - burning fuels , the port of hamburg strives to set an example . ”
“ensuring that ships can access the port of hamburg - the engine of the local economy - 24 hours a day , throughout the year , is a key task of the hamburg port authority , ” says frank horch , hamburg minister for economic affairs , transport and innovation .
ice breakers play an important role in hamburg’s flood defence as they prevent the piling - up of ice that dams up water and increases the pressure on the dykes . during times of heavy frost they also keep the paths used by the ferries and other vessels in the port free of ice . the hpa has seven tugboats that go on ice - breaking missions too .
she replaces the johannes dalmann , a tugboat built in 1949 that was named after johannes christian wilhelm dalmann ( 1823–1875 ) , the director of the office of waterway engineering in hamburg from 1858 to 1875 .
she replaces the hugo lentz , a tugboat built in 1965 that was named after hugo lentz ( 1828–1903 ) , a waterway infrastructure inspector in cuxhaven from 1864 onwards .
the hamburg port authority aör ( hpa ) has been providing future - oriented port management services offering one face to the customer since 2005 . to ensure safe and efficient processes in the port of hamburg and meet the demands of a growing port , the hpa relies on intelligent and innovative solutions . the hpa is responsible for resource - efficient , sustainable planning and the implementation of infrastructure projects in the port . it is the contact point for all kinds of questions concerning the waterside and landside infrastructure , the safety of navigation for vessels , port railway facilities , port property management and business conditions in the port . the hpa ensures the provision of land as required , carries out all statutory duties placed on it and provides port industry services . it markets port - specific technical knowledge and represents the interests of the port of hamburg at a national and international level . urltoken
hpa hamburg port authority press office tel . : + 49 40 42847 - 2300 pressestelle @ urltoken
hafen hamburg marketing e . v . , pickhuben 6 , 20457 hamburg , germany
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two newbuildings designed mainly for ice - breaking but also capable of a range of other jobs have gone into service with the port of hamburg authority ( hpa ) completing a €15 . 4 million four - ship renewal programme .
hugo lentz has a1066kw abc type 6dzc engine of 750rpm operating over reintjes gears and a piening shaft and propeller to provide 10 knots . its type heracles high - capacity rudder is from becker marine systems and its auxiliary diesel is a john deere type 4045 of 61kva . a rexroth marex os111 system handles engine control and alphatron has supplied many of the newbuild’s communications and navigational components , hpa reported .
the second , bigger , newbuilding is the 30m long , 8 . 5m wide johannes dalmann which draws 3 . 2m . like its fellow newbuilding it can cope with solid ice up to 45cms thick and is for similar use around the port when not in service as an icebreaker .
hpa stressed the eco - qualities of the newbuildings . both have low emission levels and are fitted with soot particle filters , water lubricated shaft plant and energy saving led technology . they also use low - emission gtl fuel and are fitted with berth power connections .
the earlier 18m long and 6 . 2m wide all - rounders cost around €3 million apiece . they are driven by man d2842le412 main engines of 558kw and have john deere 3029 / 40kva auxiliary diesels . drawing 2 . 2m , they have bollard pulls of some 7 tons and the same eco - friendly features as the later newbuildings .
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newbuildings of tugs , suppply vessels , icebreakers , inland waterway vessels , ferries , tankers , patrol boats up to 100 m length and 4000 dwt . building place : covered building berth no . 1 130 x 18 m covered building berth no . 2 130 x 18 m
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the japan spaceguard association ( 日本スペースガード協会 nihon supēsugādo kyōkai , abbreviated jsga ) is a not-for-profit organization based in tokyo , japan .

its formal status under the japanese law is specified nonprofit corporation ( 特定非営利活動法人 ) .

japan spaceguard association

( 1 . nagoya university graduate school of environmental studies , 2 . japan aerospace exploration agency , 3 . japan spaceguard association )
no articles found . japan spaceguard association ( jsga ) did not contribute to any primary research papers from nature index journals in the current 12 month window .
eye on the sky : the japan spaceguard association ' s bisei center in ibara , okayama prefecture , keeps an eye on space debris and asteroids with the aid of optical telescopes . | kyodo
however , the area being watched by the spaceguard association is less congested as it is located higher up and thus more costly to place satellites there .
every day , observers at the japan spaceguard association stare steadfastly at the skies 36 , 000 km above the equator . and they are deadly serious about their job — to guard japanese satellites from colliding with space junk and debris .
in early april : a possible association with the príbram radiant .
see : <
) , okinawa ( japan ) . jaxa will maintain website . see : <
, travelling in 30 seconds about 1000 km , 71 km above japan . estimated mass
the united states is the main contributor to the search effort , with several telescopes dedicated to spaceguard . japan recently constructed a new telescope facility for spaceguard work and europe is in the process of setting up search telescopes and the vital support systems to analyse the data from the searches .
in addition , there are hundreds of thousands of pieces around 1 cm in size and more than 100 million measuring around 1 mm , making it extremely difficult for the spaceguard association team to detect them .
aa ( max - planck - institut für extraterrestrische physik , garching bei münchen , germany ) , ab ( astronomical institute , faculty of mathematics and physics , charles university in prague , v holesovickách 2 , 180 00 , praha 8 , czech republic ) , ac ( institute of space and astronautical science , japan aerospace exploration agency , 3 - 1 - 1 yoshinodai , sagamihara , kanagawa 229 - 8510 , japan ) , ad ( institute of space and astronautical science , japan aerospace exploration agency , 3 - 1 - 1 yoshinodai , sagamihara , kanagawa 229 - 8510 , japan ) , ae ( institute of space and astronautical science , japan aerospace exploration agency , 3 - 1 - 1 yoshinodai , sagamihara , kanagawa 229 - 8510 , japan ) , af ( department of physics and astronomy , the university of western ontario , 1151 richimond st . london , on , n6a 3k7 , canada ) , ag ( institute of astronomy , national central university , 300 jhongda rd . , jhongli , taoyuan 32001 , taiwan ) , ah ( okayama astrophysical observatory , national astronomical observatory of japan , 3037 - 5 honjo , kamogata , asaguchi , okayama 719 - 0232 , japan ) , ai ( bisei spaceguard center , japan spaceguard association , 1716 - 3 okura , bisei , ibara , okayama 714 - 1411 , japan ) , aj ( bisei spaceguard center , japan spaceguard association , 1716 - 3 okura , bisei , ibara , okayama 714 - 1411 , japan ) , ak ( kiso observatory , institute of astronomy , the university of tokyo , 10762 - 30 mitake , kiso , nagano 397 - 0101 , japan ) , al ( tokyo metropolitan government , 2 - 8 - 1 nishishinjyuku , shinjyuku , tokyo 163 - 8001 , japan ) , am ( aichi toho university , 3 - 11 heiwagaoka , meito , nagoya , aichi 468 - 8515 , japan ) , an ( jet propulsion laboratory , 4800 oak grove drive , ms 183 - 301 , pasadena , ca 91109 , usa ) , ao ( korea astronomy and space science institute , 61 - 1 hwaam - dong , yueing - gu , daejeon , taejon 305 - 348 , korea ) , ap ( lunar and planetary laboratory , university of arizona , tucson , az , 85721 - 0092 , usa ) , aq ( okayama astrophysical observatory , national astronomical observatory of japan , 3037 - 5 honjo , kamogata , asaguchi , okayama 719 - 0232 , japan ) , ar ( national astronomical observatory of japan , 2 - 21 - 1 osawa , mitaka , tokyo 181 - 8588 , japan )
copyright on jpgu - agu joint meeting 2017 site , you agree not to redistribute japan geoscience union .
japan is working on the formation of a space surveillance force , which is poised to go into effect in 2019 . consistent with its policy stances in the past , this move is cloaked in the language of observing and countering orbital debris . since 1996 , the japan spaceguard association ( jsga ) , a non - profit organization , has been on a mission to observe space debris and near earth objects . its radar and optical observation facilities in okayama prefecture were constructed and completed by the japan space forum in the early 2000s , with subsidies from the japanese government .
japan ' s h - iib rocket is set on the launching pad of the tanegashima space center in kagoshima prefecture , japan ' s southern island of kyushu on aug . 19 . ( jiji press / afp / getty images )
death toll from west japan downpours and flooding reaches 126 the death toll from torrential rains in western japan reached 126 on monday , and 86 people were still missing after massive flooding and landslides destroyed homes and displaced tens of thousands o . . .
, an association aimed at the protection of the earth environment against the bombardment of objects of the solar system ( comets and asteroids ) . according to the foundation
the association has so far discovered about 1 , 000 asteroids and keeps in contact with similar organizations in europe and the u . s . to exchange information .
, purple mountain observatory , nanjing ( china ) , with participants from china , finland , japan , taiwan , and uzbekistan . establishment of the
2 nd international workshop on neo deflection policy , sibiu ( romania ) , organized by the association of space explorers ( ase ) . see : < urltoken > .
a spokesperson for science minister , peter mcgauran , has recently stated that the australian government will investigate the renewal of funding for a dedicated australian spaceguard programme .
( 1 . hawaii inst geophys & planetol , 2 . york university , 3 . japan aerospace exploration agency , 4 . national institute for environmental studies )
( 1 . planetary exploration research center , chiba institute of technology , 2 . national astronomical observatory of japan , 3 . rikkyo university , 4 . seoul national university , 5 . tokyo meteor network , 6 . japan spaceguard association , 7 . nihon university , 8 . hokkaido university of education , 9 . taiwan national central university , 10 . japan aerospace exploration agency , 11 . national aeronautics and space administration , 12 . hiroshima university , 13 . osaka university , 14 . kobe university , 15 . tohoku university , 16 . kyoto university , 17 . brown university , 18 . the university of tokyo , 19 . nagoya university , 20 . the graduate university for advanced studies , 21 . hokkaido university , 22 . university of stuttgart , 23 . max planck institute , 24 . kawasaki municipal science museum )
mcmillan , r . s . , t . h . bressi , a . s . descour , t . gehrels , a . e . gleason , r . jedicke , j . l . montani , m . l . perry , m . read , j . v . scotti , a . f . tubbiolo . 2002 .
a progress report on spacewatch .
international workshop on collaboration and coordination among neo observers and orbital computers ( held at the kurashiki city art museum , japan from october 23 to 26 , 2001 ) . s . isobe and y . asakura , eds . ( published by japan spaceguard association ) . 7 - 10 .
4 th international workshop on neo deflection policy , san francisco ( ca , usa ) , organized by the association of space explorers ( ase ) . see : < urltoken > .
( 1 . japan aerospace exploration agency , institute of space and astronautical science ( jaxa / isas ) , japan , 2 . hawaii institute of geophysics and planetology , university of hawaii at manoa , usa , 3 . department of earth and space science and engineering , lassonde school of engineering , york university , canada . )
3 rd international workshop on neo deflection policy , guácimo ( costa rica ) , organized by the association of space explorers ( ase ) . see : < urltoken > , < urltoken > .
the united states is the main contributor to the search effort , and japan recently constructed a new spaceguard facility . in europe the british government ' s neo task force report validated the hazard posed by asteroids and comets , and made a number of recommendations for british and international action . discussions on possible european projects , led by the uk , are ongoing .
spaceguard is the name given to an international effort to detect asteroids and comets that might collide with the earth . such objects are referred to as near earth objects ( neos ) .
( 1 . institute of space and astronautical science , japan aerospace exploration agency , 2 . national institute for environmental studies , 3 . national institute of advanced industrial science and technology )
to promote and co - ordinate a ground network ( the spaceguard system ) , backed up by possible satellite network , for the discovery observations and for astrometric and physical follow - up .
1 st international workshop on neo deflection policy , international space university , strasbourg ( france ) , organized by the association of space explorers ( ase ) . see : < urltoken > , < urltoken > , < urltoken > .
having won the trust of the japan aerospace exploration agency with its outstanding observation record and technology , it has been commissioned to keep watch over the safety of japanese communications , broadcast and weather observation satellites in geostationary orbit .
the bisei spaceguard center is located on a hill in ibara , okayama prefecture . the area — known for having one of the most pitch - black night skies and a large number of clear days — offers excellent conditions for stargazers .
( 1 . institute of space and astronautical science , japan aerospace exploration agency , 2 . the university of tokyo , 3 . yokohama national university , 4 . kochi institute for core sample research , japan agency for marine - earth science and technology , 5 . osaka university , 6 . hiroshima university , 7 . hikkaido university , 8 . national institute of advanced industrial science and technology , 9 . kobe university , 10 . institut d’astrophysique spatiale , orsay , 11 . german aerospace center )
the united nations and the oecd have recognised the potential hazard to our civilisation from asteroid impacts . this month the oecd is looking at the issue as part of its global science forum and recently asked developed nations to indicate their plans to contribute to the spaceguard effort .
japan’s moves are reinforced by its growing ssa collaboration with the united states , and the understanding that information will flow two ways in the context of the deepening alliance . these directions are also fortified by the new security legislation that was just passed by the abe government .
. report 25 february 2005 . hans rickman , former iau general secretary , presents paper
comet / asteroid impacts and human society
. the planetary defense center of lavochkin association , moscow ( russia ) presents a proposal
creation of the ' citadel ' international planetary defense system .
see : <
“japan’s space technology is good at autonomous control in which satellites power their own movements , as symbolized by the hayabusa , ” kawamoto said , referring to jaxa’s most well - known unmanned spacecraft . “the method of attaching a wire is low cost and thus a promising one . ”
jedicke , r . , a . morbidelli , t . spahr , j - m . petit , w . f . bottke jr . 2003 .
earth and space - based neo survey simulations : prospects for achieving the spaceguard goal .
icarus , 161 : 17 - 33 .
a global spaceguard programme could provide decades of warning of an impact , providing sufficient time to refine the technology required to divert the threatening asteroid into a harmless orbit , or to evacuate the predicted impact area . this is clearly demonstrated by the recent close approach of 2001 yb5 , a 300m wide asteroid .
we note that a spokesperson for science minister peter mcgauran said that the government would look into renewing the funding of a dedicated australian spaceguard programme ( the age , 9th january ) . we welcome this reassessment of the issue and look forward to australia rejoining the international effort to deal with the asteroid threat .
jedicke , r . , a . morbidelli , t . spahr , j . - m . petit , w . bottke . 2001 .
earth and space - based neo survey simulations : prospects for achieving the spaceguard goal .
abstract . bull . amer . astron . soc . , 33 , 1138 .
a major global spaceguard effort could provide decades of warning prior to an impact . this would be sufficient time to refine the space technology needed to nudge a threatening asteroid into a harmless orbit , or to evacuate the predicted impact area . without spaceguard there would be too little warning to prevent a disaster . this is clearly demonstrated by the recent close approach of a 300m wide asteroid . it was discovered only a few days before it passed by the earth and , had it been on a collision course , there is little that could have been done to prevent possibly millions of casualties when an area the size of tasmania would have been devastated .
gehrels , t . , m . guerrieri , m . s . matthews , r . s . mcmillan , m . l . perry , d . l . rabinowitz , and j . v . scotti . 1992 .
spacewatch and spaceguard .
aiaa space programs and technologies conf . ( ny : aiaa ) 92 : 1498 .
play it safe . follow the rules . respect authority . and , above all , don ' t stick out like that silly proverbial nail . that ' s japan ' s recipe for social harmony . student , salaryman , office lady , homemaker — everyone has a role to play in society , so just fit into the mold . . .
along with mext and jaxa , japan’s ministry of defense will be acquiring these facilities . it intends to operate them with dedicated personnel , including assigned units from the air self - defense force . the initial emphasis of their activities will be monitoring debris and other objects in order to safeguard japanese space assets . these activities will also dovetail with scrutinizing potential asat threats .
the international neo research community welcomes this initiative , and wishes to encourage the australian government to take a leading role in this new , exciting and relevant area of scientific research . an open letter , signed by over 90 leading researchers from around the world has been sent to key government officials in australia encouraging support for an australian spaceguard programme . the text of the letter is attached to this release .
( 1 . st . marianna university school of medicine , 2 . japan aerospace exploration agency , 3 . the university of aizu , 4 . hokkaido university , 5 . tokyo metropolitan university , 6 . osaka university , 7 . nagoya university , 8 . waseda university , 9 . national insitute of advanced science and technology , 10 . national institute for environmental study , 11 . kochi unicersity )
rob mcnaught from siding spring in new south wales runs the only professional asteroid tracking project in the southern hemisphere . this operation is funded mostly by the united states and is associated with the australian national university . it was set up in recognition of the need for spaceguard telescopes in the southern hemisphere . gordon garradd , an astronomer from loomberah in new south wales , receives some funds from nasa for critical southern hemisphere follow - up observations using a home - made telescope .
convener : hiroshi nagaoka ( waseda univ . ) , tomokatsu morota ( graduate school of environmental studies , nagoya university ) , masaki n nishino ( institute for space - earth environmental research , nagoya university ) , chikatoshi honda ( the university of aizu ) , chairperson : makoto hareyama ( department of physiology ( physics ) , st . marianna university school of medicine ) , chairperson : makiko ohtake ( department of planetary science , institute of space and astronautical science , japan aerospace exploration agency )
spaceguard is the name given to an international effort to search the skies for asteroids that might collide with the earth . the name was coined by sir arthur c clarke in a 1973 novel that described how mankind set up an asteroid detection and defence network after a large asteroid struck italy and devastated southern europe . since the novel was written the risks and grave consequences of asteroid impacts have been recognised and studied . scientists around the globe are now working to ensure that clarke ' s scenario of a sudden , deadly impact does not occur .
scientific data sets acquired by not only japanese lunar mission selene ( kaguya ) , but also other countries ' missions , have become new standard for lunar science . analyses of these data have been providing several new knowledge and changing some hypotheses into the truth of the moon . in concurrence with these studies , some countries including japan are planning future lunar missions . in this session , we will discuss scientific results based on newly acquired lunar data , strategy for future missions including slim , and theoretical and experimental studies for lunar science .
in 2006 , 14 space agencies ( asi , italy ; cnes , france ; cnsa china ; csa , canada ; csiro , australia ; dlr , germany ; esa , europe ; isro , india ; jaxa , japan ; kari , republic of korea ; nasa , usa ; nsau , ukraine ; roscosmos , russia ; bnsc / uksa , uk ) began a series of discussions on global interests in space exploration . together they took the step of elaborating a vision for peaceful robotic and human space exploration , focusing on destinations within the solar system , and developed a common set of key space exploration themes . this vision was articulated in ‘the global exploration strategy : the framework for coordination , ' hereinafter referred to as the ' framework document ' . a key finding of the framework document is the need to establish a voluntary , non - binding international coordination mechanism through which individual agencies may exchange information regarding interests , objectives and plans in space exploration , with the goal of strengthening both individual exploration programs as well as the collective effort . the coordination mechanism is named the
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there are a number of ways to gauge contemporary trends in the militarization of space . one way is to look at how countries develop and test dual - use space technologies , which gets a lot of policy attention . but another important thing to keep an eye on is how militaries organize institutional infrastructures to affect space - based outcomes in their favor .
the united states military is the most visibly active in these contemporary developments . usstratcom is crystal clear about defending its decisive edge in the space domain , which is not guaranteed . doing so is not simply a matter of preserving hardware and upgrading capabilities . real operational effectiveness also means reducing strategic risk by increasing space surveillance , communications , and information both domestically and internationally . usstratcom is therefore also involved in moves toward an integrated institutional infrastructure to safeguard u . s . space capabilities and advantages .
the u . s . is not alone in these trajectories , however . other powers are also moving toward dedicated military units that seek to preserve space - based advantages and capabilities for their countries’ defense architectures .
china too plans to come out with dedicated space units . its outer space activities and assets have already been brought under the umbrella of a new national security law . its recent reorganization of the pla into a more efficient combat force has drawn attention , especially with personnel cuts and regional consolidation . the resources from this reshuffling may be invested in a space - based layer of defense .
just as in the u . s . , this brings up a multi - domain reality . figuring out how resources in the space domain intersect with cyberspace may turn out to be critical for what china calls “informationalization construction” in its defense architecture . these ongoing reconfigurations will influence the effectiveness of whatever “celestial military” china puts into place for strategic interactions in outer space .
russia has recently consolidated its air and space forces into the new aerospace forces . russia’s threat perceptions have shifted . its moves were prompted by the widespread appreciation that the “center of gravity” in combat has shifted toward the aerospace theater . further changes and integration may turn out to be necessary down the line . for now , the new unified command structure reflects the beliefs of russia ' s military leaders that air and space attacks are likely to be the first stages of any conflict , whether big or small . their thinking is that only such an institutional reconfiguration can assure a prompt and effective response .
given these trends , it will not be a surprise to find other up and coming space powers reconfiguring their institutional military missions . what would be a surprise with all this is if peace were still to prevail in the heavens .
“due to gravity , the sky above the indian ocean is the ‘grave’ where satellites that have completed their missions gather , ” explained noritsugu takahashi , board chairman of the nonprofit organization . “in the case of an approaching old satellite possibly headed for collision with a japanese satellite along the path , we will reposition the japanese satellite . ”
but takahashi’s group was founded in 1996 on a different premise — surveilling the skies to discover threats to earth , such as an asteroid or comet .
while such events are believed to occur only once every 100 million years , should an asteroid or comet hit earth it would have a grave impact on all living beings — including the possible extinction of the human race .
during a recent event for giving children hands - on experience at the center , takahashi , 54 , explained how observations are made using the optical telescope .
“using the computer , we control the ccd camera attached to the telescope and take pictures of the same location at certain time intervals , ” he said . “then , by overlapping the images and analyzing them , we can find things that are moving . ”
trying out the computer software , the children were able to locate objects with relative ease .
when they find satellites or space debris approaching japanese satellites , group members notify jaxa , which takes the appropriate measures to avoid collisions .
“we can also immediately figure out the size and shape ( of the satellite or debris concerned ) from the moving patterns and changes in brightness . our detection knowhow is among the best in the world , ” takahashi said .
space debris includes objects such as satellites in earth orbit that are no longer in use as well as fragments from launched rockets .
“ ( debris ) flies around at a speed of 7 to 8 km per second , ” astronaut soichi noguchi said . “it is possible for ( debris ) to penetrate the body if hit during a spacewalk , and one may lose consciousness if hit in the head . ( astronaut ) training is conducted based on that premise . ”
the international space station , located about 400 km above earth , uses bumpers to protect it from possible collisions with space debris . it can be repositioned to avoid larger debris and has emergency plans for astronauts to escape using the soyuz spacecraft in the event of a catastrophic collision .
right now , the spotlight is on the area that lies in between — an orbit altitude of 700 km to 1 , 000 km that is often used for earth observation satellites . it is the most congested zone , partly because its lower altitude means less costly operations .
debris is increasing rapidly in this zone , which is also where china experimented in 2007 with destroying a weather satellite with a ballistic missile , and where a russian and u . s . satellite collided in 2009 .
“it is predicted that collisions of old satellites and other objects will continue to occur once every four to seven years , ” said satomi kawamoto of jaxa’s aerospace research and development directorate . “this is , so to speak , the self - replication territory for debris . ”
at this altitude , there are an estimated 20 , 000 large pieces of debris measuring at least 10 cm , the size believed capable of triggering catastrophic collisions .
“if about five to 10 pieces of large - scale debris can be removed each year for 10 years , it will make do , ” said kawamoto , who leads research on recovering debris . “we aim to begin around 2020 . ”
the plan he has in mind is to launch a satellite into the same orbit as the targeted debris . it would then gradually approach an object and attach an aluminum wire of about 10 km in length to it . making use of the relationship between the earth’s magnetic fields and the flow of electricity , this will induce the debris to fall to earth .
there have also been other proposed methods for removal , such as russia’s use of spacecraft to round up the junk , and europe’s use of robot satellites to attach engines to the debris .
abe cancels trip to europe and middle east to deal with rain disaster prime minister shinzo abe on monday canceled a trip to europe and the middle east , deciding instead to oversee the government ' s response to the devastation caused by torrential rain in western japa . . .
after deadly flooding , traumatized hiroshima wakes to blue skies , starts getting life back in order hiroshima residents awoke monday morning to sunny skies but a cloudy future following flooding and landslides that left at least 46 people in the prefecture dead . as the scale of the disaster ca . . .
[ pps08 - 10 ] global classification map of lunar absorption spectra and new impression of lunar crust formation .
small solar system bodies , including asteroids , comets , satellites , and inter - planetary dust particles , are interesting and provide lots of information on the origin and evolution of our solar system . they can be remotely sensed by telescopes , be visited by spacecraft and studied at high resolution in a variety of wavelengths from ir to visible , uv , x - rays , and gamma rays , and even with neutrons . in addition , recently spacecraft have been sent to return samples . in this session , all the contributions on the small solar system bodies are welcome . but this year , we especially welcome contributions on recent advances on the study of the asteroids whether obtained by rendezvous spacecraft , sample return , meteorite research or remote sensing .
asteroid day -
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the first lunar - based telescope for a test of neo observations is discussed within a scenario of nasda ' s sequence of lunar missions . there have been no real telescopes on the moon as yet , and therefore we have to step up from a primitive level of telescope to real neo telescopes . the first telescope with an aperture of 30 cm is expected to be launched around 2005 .
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urltoken
astronomy and astrophysics , volume 525 , id . a145 , 6 pp . ( a & a ; homepage )
context . near - earth asteroid 162173 ( 1999 ju3 ) is a potential flyby and rendezvous target for interplanetary missions because of its easy - to - reach orbit . the physical and thermal properties of the asteroid are relevant for establishing the scientific mission goals and also important in the context of near - earth object studies in general .
aims : our goal was to derive key physical parameters such as shape , spin - vector , size , geometric albedo , and surface properties of 162173 ( 1999 ju3 ) .
methods : with three sets of published thermal observations ( ground - based n - band , akari irc , spitzer irs ) , we applied a thermophysical model to derive the radiometric properties of the asteroid . the calculations were performed for the full range of possible shape and spin - vector solutions derived from the available sample of visual lightcurve observations .
results : the near - earth asteroid 162173 ( 1999 ju3 ) has an effective diameter of 0 . 87 ± 0 . 03 km and a geometric albedo of 0 . 070 ± 0 . 006 . the chi
, about a factor of 2 lower than the value for 25143 itokawa . this indicates that the surface lies somewhere between a thick - dust regolith and a rock / boulder / cm - sized , gravel - dominated surface like that of 25143 itokawa . our analysis represents the first time that shape and spin - vector information has been derived from a combined data set of visual lightcurves ( reflected light ) and mid - infrared photometry and spectroscopy ( thermal emission ) .
asteroids , or minor planets , are small and often irregularly shaped celestial bodies . the known majority of them orbit the sun in the so - called main asteroid belt , between the orbits of the planets mars and jupiter . however , due to gravitational perturbations caused by planets as well as non - gravitational perturbations , a continuous migration brings main - belt asteroids closer to sun , thus crossing the orbits of mars , earth , venus and mercury .
] from the sun and hence within 0 . 3 au of the earth ' s orbit . the largest known
) when its orbit comes to within 0 . 05 au ( = 19 . 5 ld [
several astronomical observatories , at one time or another , have carried out near earth object ( neo ) search programs , e . g . :
those observatories as well as many others have been , and / or are also actively participating in follow - up observations .
a review of neo surveys is given by : stephen larson , 2007 , in : a . milani , g . b . valsecchi & d . vokrouhlický ( eds . ) , proceedings iau symposium no . 236 ,
, prague ( czech republic ) 14 - 18 august 2006 ( cambridge : cup ) , p . 323 ,
current neo surveys .
< 1 . 0 ld ; ( c ) milestones of neo / nea research . information on categories
for the period 1900 – 2200 a . d . as of 7 october 2013 , available at <
by listing in chronological order this broad selection of milestones on nea research , an impression is offered of what has been done and what is being done in those fields .
< 1 . 3 au . they approach the orbit of the earth from beyond , but do not cross it . most amors do cross the orbit of mars . it is estimated that 32 % of the total number of neas are amors .
. it is estimated that 62 % of the total number of neas are apollos .
> 0 . 9833 . it is estimated that 6 % of the total number of neas are atens .
ieo asteroids have a < 1 au and q < 0 . 983 au and so never cross earth ' s orbit .
the asteroid belt is the region of the solar system located roughly between the orbits of the planets mars and jupiter . it is occupied by numerous irregularly shaped bodies called asteroids or minor planets . the asteroid belt region is also termed the main belt to distinguish it from other concentrations of minor planets within the solar system .
) , which started in 2001 , is dedicated to the discovery and follow - up of near earth objects with a 90 - cm schmidt telescope . between october 2001 and november 2004
measured more than 6 , 1000 asteroid positions and discovered almost 2 , 200 new objects , including six neos and one centaur ( planetoid ) .
- f . bernardi , a . boattini , g . d ' abramo , 2002 , in b . warmbein ( ed . ) , 2002 , proc .
, 29 july - 2 august 2002 , berlin ( germany ) , esa sp - 500 , p . 801 ,
- a . boattini , g . d ' abramo , g . b . valsecchi , et al . , 2007 ,
, with telescopes in argentina , brazil , paraguay and uruguay . a new 46 - cm telescope of the observatorio astronómico los molinos ( uruguay ) is expected to be operational in early 2002 .
- g . tancredi , a . sosa , e . acosta , et al . 2004 , in : w . wamsteker , r . albrecht , h . haubold ( eds . ) ,
( dordrecht : kluwer ) , p . 137 ,
the uruguayan automated and robotic telescope
s . isobe , 2001 , advances in space research , 28 , 1139 ,
short warning time for an nea collision .
see : < urltoken > .
m . marov , h . rickman ( eds . ) , 2001 , collisional processes in the solar system ( dordrecht : kluwer ) . see : < urltoken > .
a . morbidelli , 2001 , in : m . marov , h . rickman ( eds . ) , collisional processes in the solar system ( dordrecht : kluwer ) , p . 289 ,
origin and evolution of near earth asteroids .
see : < urltoken > .
a . w . harris , 2001 , in : m . marov , h . rickman ( eds . ) , collisional processes in the solar system ( dordrecht : kluwer ) , p . 323 ,
near - earth asteroid surveys .
see : < urltoken > .
c . koeberl , 2001 , earth , moon and planets , 85 - 86 , 209 ,
craters on the moon from galileo to wegener : a short history of the impact hypothesis , and implications for the study of terrestrial impact craters .
see : < urltoken > .
a . cellino , 2001 , advances in space research , 28 , 1103 ,
physical properties of near - earth objects : open problems .
see : < urltoken > .
j . spitale , r . greenberg , 2002 , icarus , 149 , 222 ,
numerical evaluation of the general yarkovsky effect : effects on semi - major axis .
see : < urltoken > .
≈ 25 m ) passed earth at a nominal miss distance of 0 . 8 ld . minimum miss distance 0 . 8 ld .
neo - mipa near - earth object hazard mitigation publication analysis , performed for esa - esoc . see : < urltoken > .
) began observations at asiago - cimaekar , a joint venture between the department of astronomy of the university of asiago ( italy ) , the astronomical observatory of padua ( italy ) , and the dlr institute of space sensor technology and planetary exploration , berlin - adlershof ( germany ) . the system uses a 2k x 2k ccd detector and a 0 . 6 m aperture schmidt telescope . 108 asteroids discovered in 2001 – 2002 .
= 1 . 76 yr ) in the
saddle region .
radio contact with
- d . k . yeomans , p . g . antreasian , j . - p . barriot , et al . , 2000 ,
, 413 , 369 ,
once upon an asteroid .
see : <
- j . veverka , b . farquhar , m . robinson , et al . , 2001 ,
- d . w . dunham , r . w . farquhar , j . v . mcadams , et al . ,
, 159 , 433 ,
implementation of the first asteroid landing .
see : <
- c . r . chapman , 2004 , in : m . j . s . belton , et al . ( eds . ) , 2004 ,
( cambridge : cup ) , p . 104 ,
what we know and don ' t know about surfaces of potentially hazardous small bodies .
see : <
c . r . chapman , d . d . durda , r . e . gold , 2001 ,
the comet / asteroid impact hazard : a systems approach .
see : < urltoken > .
a . r . hildebrand , k . a . carroll , d . d . balam , et al . , 2001 , presented at
, 12 - 16 march 2001 , houston ( tx , usa ) , abstract no . 1790 ,
the
) mission : discovery , tracking , and characterization of asteroids , comets , and artificial satellites with a microsatellite .
see : <
a . morbidelli , j . - m . petit , b . gladman , j . chambers , 2001 , meteoritics & planetary science , 36 , 371 ,
a plausible cause of the late heavy bombardment .
see : < urltoken > .
) passed earth at 0 . 05 au ( = 20 . 3 ld ) .
- j . d . giorgini , s . j . ostro , l . a . m . benner , et al . , 2002 , science , 296 , 132 ,
asteroid
d . f . lupishko , t . a . lupishko , 2001 , solar system research , 35 , 227 ,
on the origins of earth - approaching asteroids .
see : < urltoken > .
new evidence indicates that the triassic - jurassic mass extinction 200 myr ago was sudden , consistent with possible impact mechanism . see : < urltoken > .
a team of astronomers studied images that show the trail of a smaller component orbiting a larger component , images made with the 70 - m goldstone radar antenna in california ' s mojave desert . the system is the third binary near - earth asteroid pair revealed by radar , but the first system imaged over a complete orbit of one component around the other . steven j . ostro of nasa ' s jet propulsion laboratory in pasadena ( ca , usa ) , leader of the team that made the discovery :
goldstone was able to track the asteroid for up to eight hours daily for a week . then we made close - up images of each component using the arecibo telescope in puerto rico , which is not as fully steerable but is much more powerful .
- s . j . ostro , j . - l . margot , l . a . m . benner , et al . , 2006 ,
, 199 , 310 ,
on the shapes and spins of “rubble pile” asteroids .
see : <
.
neos show a greater spectral diversity than main - belt asteroids . see : <
international meeting asteroids 2001 : from piazzi to the 3 rd millennium ( asteroids iii ) , palermo ( sicily , italy ) . proceedings : w . f . bottke , a . cellino , p . paolicchi & r . p . binzel ( eds . ) , 2002 , asteroids iii ( tucson : univ . arizona press ) . see : < urltoken > .
g . h . stokes , j . b . evans , s . m . larson , 2001 , in : w . f . bottke , a . cellino , p . paolicchi & r . p . binzel ( eds . ) , 2002 , asteroids iii ( tucson : univ . arizona press ) , p . 45 ,
near - earth asteroid search programs .
see : < urltoken > .
workshop on physical properties of potential earth impactors : know your enemy , erice ( sicily , italy ) . proceedings : w . f . huebner , j . m . greenberg ( eds . ) , 2002 , meteoritics & planetary science , 37 ,
erice workshop summary on physical and chemical properties of potential earth impactors .
see : < urltoken > , < urltoken > .
g . f . gronchi , 2001 , icarus , 152 , 58 ,
proper elements for earth - crossing asteroids .
see : < urltoken > .
( usa ) seen from the ground and space ( by dod satellites ) , tracked from an altitude of 82 km down to 32 km . evaporated object had initial mass
a . boattini , g . d ' abramo , g . forti , r . gal , 2001 ,
j . l . remo , h . j . haubold , 2001 , space policy , 17 , 213 ,
neo scientific and policy developments , 1995–2000 .
see : < urltoken > .
m . c . nolan , e . asphaug , r . greenberg , h . j . melosh , 2001 , icarus , 153 , 1 ,
impacts on asteroids : fragmentation , regolith transport , and disruption .
see : < urltoken > .
g . d ' abramo , a . w . harris , a . boatini , s . c . werner , a . w . harris , g . b . valsecchi , 2001 , icarus , 153 , 214 ,
a simple probabilistic model to estimate the population of near - earth asteroids .
see : < urltoken > .
4 th international conference on space protection of the earth ( spe - 2001 ) , evpatoriya ( ukraine ) .
, nasa johnson space center , houston ( tx , usa ) , organized by ed lu and piet hut . named after the asteroid featuring in the novel
is a think - tank and lobby group set up by apollo 9 astronaut russell l . schweickart to further the earth ' s protection against asteroid strikes .
, 453 , 1164 ,
the burger bar that saved the world .
see : <
. the length of the luminous track reached 107 km , starting at an altitude of 81 km . the initial mass was estimated at 4500 kg .
- k . i . churyumov , r . a . belevtsev , e . v . sobotovich , et al . , 2010 , in : j . a . fernández , et al . ( eds . ) ,
, proc . iau symp . no . 263 , rio de janeiro ( brazil ) 3 - 7 august 2009 ( cambridge : cup ) , p . 244 ,
magnetic microspheric particles from bright bolide of
, exploded above the trans - carpathians mountains on november 17 , 2001 .
see : <
w . f . bottke , d . vokrouhlický , m . brož , d . nesvorný , a . morbidelli , 2001 , science , 294 , 1693 ,
dynamical spreading of asteroid families by the yarkovsky effect .
see : < urltoken > . see also : < urltoken > .
p . michel , w . benz , p . tanga , d . c . richardson , 2001 , science , 294 , 1696 ,
collisions and gravitational re - accumulation : forming asteroid families and satellites .
see : < urltoken > . see also : < urltoken > .
( khimki - 2 , moscow , russian federation ) as a nonprofit - making partnership , with a view to combining the efforts of organizations and experts working in various fields towards the establishment of a planetary defence system . the activities of the
' , which has been approved by the centre’s member organizations . see : <
w . f . bottke , a . cellino , p . paolicchi & r . p . binzel ( eds . ) , 2002 , asteroids iii , proceedings international meeting asteroids 2001 : from piazzi to the 3 rd millennium , palermo ( sicily , italy ) , 11 - 16 june 2001 ( tucson : univ . arizona press ) . see : < urltoken > .
g . h . stokes , j . b . evans , s . m . larson , 2002 , in : w . f . bottke , a . cellino , p . paolicchi & r . p . binzel ( eds . ) , 2002 , asteroids iii , proceedings international meeting asteroids 2001 : from piazzi to the 3 rd millennium , palermo ( sicily , italy ) , 11 - 16 june 2001 ( tucson : univ . arizona press ) , p . 45 ,
near - earth asteroid search programs .
see : < urltoken > , < urltoken > .
s . n . ward , e . asphaug , 2002 , deep - sea research , part ii , 49 , 1073 ,
impact tsunami - eltanin .
see : < urltoken > .
) passed earth at a nominal miss distance of 2 . 2 ld . minimum miss distance 2 . 2 ld .
- m . brozovic , s . j . ostro , l . a . m . benner , et al . , 2009 ,
- k . kitazato , s . abe , m . ishiguro , et al . , october 2012 , american astronomical society , dps meeting # 44 , # 210 . 20 ,
measuring the yorp effect of asteroid
29 january 1900 , 11 december 2021 , 14 february 2060 , 4 february 2071 , 23 december 2112 , and 4 february 2166 .
> 1 km ) neas found . the present number of neas of all sizes is 1743 .
d . morrison , 2002 , astronomy , 30 , no . 2 , p . 46 ,
target earth .
see : < urltoken > .
world ' s asteroid hunters make political plea to save earth . an international group of astronomers appeal to the australian government for an australian
, the klet ' observatory near earth and other unusual objects observation team and telescope ( ƒåeské budƒõjovice , czech republic ) , dedicated to confirmation , follow - up astrometry , and recovery of neos . 1 . 06 - m telescope , 33 ' × 33 ' fov , limiting magnitude
, 48 , 787 ,
klet ' observatory neo follow - up programme .
see : <
, berlin ( b . r . d ) , 29 july – 2 august 2002 , esa sp - 500 ( noordwijk : esa publication division ) , p . 793 ,
– klet ' observatory near - earth and other unusual objects observations team and telescope .
see : <
( czech republic ) , 14 - 18 august 2006 ( cambridge : cup ) , p . 371 ,
neo - related scientific and outreach activities at
s . c . werner , a . w . harris , g . neukum , b . a . ivanov , 2002 , icarus , 156 , 287 ,
the near - earth asteroid size - frequency distribution : a snapshot of the lunar impactor size - frequency distribution .
see : < urltoken > .
j . spitale , r . greenberg , 2002 , icarus , 156 , 211 ,
numerical evaluation of the general yarkovsky effect : effects on eccentricity and longitude of periapse .
see : < urltoken > .
≈ 50 m ) passed earth at a nominal miss distance of 1 . 2 ld ( and moon at 0 . 4 ld ) . minimum miss distance 1 . 2 ld .
. ,
sentry : an automated close approach monitoring system for near - earth objects .
see : <
w . f . bottke , a . morbidelli , r . jedicke , et al . , 2002 , icarus , 156 , 399 ,
debiased orbital and absolute magnitude distribution of the near - earth objects .
see : < urltoken > .
s . n . ward , 2002 , journal of geophysical research ( planets ) , 107 , issue e4 , pp . 7 ,
planetary cratering : a probabilistic approach .
see : < urltoken > .
) operational , based at the british national space center in leicester ( uk ) . see : <
j . n . spitale , 2002 , science , 296 , 77 ,
asteroid hazard mitigation using the yarkovsky effect .
see : < urltoken > .
. fell to earth near neuschwanstein castle , bavaria , at the germany - austria border . the original meteorite burst into several fragments at a height of about 22 kilometers above the ground . the fragments descended on an area of several square kilometers . three fragments were recovered with a total mass of about six kilograms .
european science foundation research networking programme response of the earth system to impact processes ( impact ) , short course on impact stratigraphy , osservatorio geologico do coldigioco ( italy ) . see : < urltoken > .
h . j . melosh , 2002 , science , 296 , 1037 ,
traces of an unusual impact .
see : < urltoken > . see also : < urltoken > , < urltoken > .
p . a . bland , c . r . de souza filho , a . j . t . jull , 2002 , et al . , science , 296 , 1109 ,
a possible tektite strewn field in the argentinian pampa .
see : < urltoken > see also : < urltoken > , < urltoken > .
meeting on asteroids and comets in europe , visnjan ( croatia ) . see : < urltoken > .
j . - l . margot , m . c . nolan , l . a . m . benner , et al . , 2002 , science , 296 , 1445 ,
binary asteroids in the near - earth object population .
see : < urltoken > .
european science foundation research networking programme response of the earth system to impact processes ( impact ) , workshop on impact tectonism , mora ( sweden ) . see : < urltoken > .
j . l . remo , 2002 , acta astronautica , 50 , 737 ,
characterizing the near - earth object hazard and its mitigation .
see : < urltoken > .
v . zappalà , a . cellino , a . , dell ' oro , 2002 , icarus , 157 , 280 ,
a search for the collisional parent bodies of large neas .
see : < urltoken > .
. estimated ~ 10 m object exploded in mid - air between libya and crete . see : <
≈ 80 m ) passed earth at a nominal miss distance of 0 . 3121 ld . minimum miss distance 0 . 3118 ld .
- d . morrison , c . r . chapman , d . steel , r . p . binzel , 2004 , in : m . j . s . belton , et al . ( eds . ) , 2004 ,
( cambridge : cup ) , p . 353 ,
impacts and the public : communicating the nature of impact hazard .
see : <
- b . g . marsden , 2007 , in : p . bobrowsky & h . rickman ( eds . ) , 2007 ,
( berlin : springer ) , p . 505 ,
impact risk communication management ( 1998 – 2004 ) : has it improved ?
see : <
usaf general simon p . worden , 10 july 2002 , speech :
military perspectives on the near - earth object ( neo ) threat .
introduction a few weeks ago the world almost saw a nuclear war . pakistan and india were at full alert and poised for a large - scale war - which both sides appeared ready to escalate into nuclear war . the situation was defused - for now ! most of the world knew about this situation and watched and worried . but few know of an event over the mediterranean in early june of this year that could have had a serious bearing on that outcome . u . s . early warning satellites detected a flash that indicated an energy release comparable to the hiroshima burst . we see about 30 such bursts per year , but this one was one of the largest we ' ve ever seen . the event was caused by the impact of a small asteroid - probably about 5 - 10 meters in diameter on the earth ' s atmosphere . had you been situated on a vessel directly underneath the intensely bright flash would have been followed by a shock wave that would have rattled the entire ship and possibly caused minor damage . the event of this june caused little or no notice as far as we can tell . but had it occurred at the same latitude , but a few hours earlier , the result on human affairs might have been much worse . imagine that the bright flash accompanied by a damaging shock wave had occurred over delhi , india or islamabad , pakistan ? neither of those nations have the sophisticated sensors we do that can determine the difference between a natural neo impact and a nuclear detonation . the resulting panic in the nuclear - armed and hair - trigger militaries there could have been the spark that would have ignited the nuclear horror we ' d avoided for over a half - century . this situation alone should be sufficient to get the world to take notice of the threat of asteroid impact .
. . . see : < urltoken > . comment : d . morrison , 2002 ,
on impact frequency and need for a warning center .
r . schoenberg , b . s . kamber , k . d . collerson , s . moorbath , 2002 , nature , 418 , 403 ,
tungsten isotope evidence from 3 . 8 gyr metamorphosed sediments for early meteorite bombardment of the earth
. see : < urltoken > .