umai chemical co. , ltd. ( 馬居化成工業株式会社 umai kasei kōgyō ) is a japanese chemical company , mainly engaged in the production and sales of inorganic chemicals .

the company 's headquarters is in naruto city , tokushima prefecture , japan .

umai chemical

copyright ( c ) umai chemical co . , ltd . all rights reserved .
global magnesium sulphate market 2017 - pq corporation , umai chemical , laizhou guangcheng . . .
umai chemical co . , ltd is a japanese inorganic chemicals supplier whose main product is magnesium sulfate .
umai chemical’s nickel nitrate is used as cathode material for nickel cadmium battery . recently , it is used for nickel - metal hydride battery .
mitsubishi chemical corporation ( 三菱化学株式会社 mitsubishi kagaku kabushiki - gaisha ) , or mcc , is a subsidiary of mitsubishi chemical holdings corporation .
umai chemical has 4 basic grades of magnesium sulfate - dried , such as , anhydrous , 1 . 5 - hydrate , 2 . 5 - hydrate , and 3 - hydrate with various crystalline size distribution .
umai chemical , as o . e . m . of sumitomo chemical co . , ltd . , has two kinds of sodium nitrate with anti - caking agent added and without anti - caking agent for anti - foaming agent used in glass production and exothermic agent for surface treatment etc . .
daicel corporation ( 株式会社ダイセル kabushiki gaisha daiseru ) is a chemical company based in japan .
tosoh corporation ( 東ソー株式会社 tōsō kabushiki - gaisha ) is a global chemical and specialty materials company .
rakuto kasei , umai chemical , showa denko , tosoh , kuraray , ube industries , mitsubishi chemical corporation , unicharm , toray industries , albion co . , ltd . , penfibre , taiyo nippon sanso corporation , nippon menard cosmetic co . , nippon light metal , kansai paint , nitto denko , dic corporation , mitsubishi gas chemical company , nippon paint , nippon kayaku , takata corporation , teijin , kaneka corporation , sunstar group , daicel , tokuyama corporation , mandom , sony chemicals , mitsubishi chemical holdings , toyobo , denki kagaku kogyo , takasago international corporation
mitsubishi chemical holdings corporation ( 株式会社三菱ケミカルホールディングス kabushiki - gaisha mitsubishi kemikaru hōrudingusu ) ( tyo : 4188 ) , is a japanese company formed in october 2005 from the merger of mitsubishi chemical corporation and mitsubishi pharma corporation .
teijin limited ( 帝人株式会社 teijin kabushiki - gaisha ) is a japanese chemical , pharmaceutical and information technology company .
umai chemical ' s magnesium sulfate is used for reagents , pharmaceuticals , cosmetics , food additives , feed additives , fertilizers and industrial chemicals . we have 40 grades . we produce high purity grade of 99 . 999 % and the production quantity and market share of our magnesium sulfate is no . 1 in japan .
kaneka corporation ( 株式会社カネカ kabushiki - gaisha kaneka ) is a japanese international chemical manufacturing company based in osaka and founded in 1949 .
tokuyama corporation ( 株式会社トクヤマ kabushiki - gaisha tokuyama ) is a japanese , tokyo - based chemical company and the worlds fourth largest silicon manufacturer .
denki kagaku kogyo kabushiki kaisha ( 電気化学工業株式会社 ) , also known as denka , is a japanese chemical company , established in 1915 and headquartered in tokyo .
during the past business period of over 410 years , we have improved the salt manufacturing technology and built up new technology to grow as an inorganic chemical manufacturer as well as supplier specializing in inorganic chemicals .
dic corporation ( dic株式会社 dī ai shī kabushiki - gaisha ) is japanese chemical company , specializing in the development , manufacture and sale of inks , pigments , polymers , specialty plastics and compounds and biochemicals .
the history of our company dates back to 1599 when our ancestor shichirobe umai , salt manufacturing engineer , opened a salt pan at muya area , present head office site , and started salt manufacturing . thus , the history of our company began with salt , which we are not producing any more . the market share of our magnesium sulfate is no . 1 in japan .
umai chemical has 4 basic grades of magnesium sulfate - dried , such as , anhydrous , 1 . 5 - hydrate , 2 . 5 - hydrate , and 3 - hydrate with various crystalline size distribution . magnesium sulfate - dried has the following 10 features : 1 . various particle sizes from fine powder to granule 2 . good water solubility 3 . hygroscopic property 4 . less corrosive to metals 5 . generates heat when dissolved 6 . feeling smooth and hard to get caked 7 . stable up to 700 degrees centigrade 8 . safe and harmless to environment 9 . 4 different grades of crystals 10 . most suitable for carrier and filler
umai chemical ' s magnesium sulfate is used for reagents , pharmaceuticals , cosmetics , food additives , feed additives , fertilizers and industrial chemicals . we have 40 grades . we produce high purity grade of 99 . 999 % and the production quantity and market share of our magnesium sulfate is no . 1 in japan . magnesium sulfate 7 - hydrate , which is our basic standard grade , has the following features : 1 . excellent water solubility 2 . chemically stable , harmless and environment - friendly substance 3 . less corrosive to metals therefore , it is widely used as raw materials for high quality industrial chemicals , pharmaceuticals , salting agents , and water - soluble fertilizers . recently it is used for improving performances of high - tech products .
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this is a japanese antiseptic to protect cow from mastitis to maintain natural and healthy teat . this animal health product is applicable for both pre and post milking with less active iodine to perform high disinfectant effect by free iodine .
32 . 5 % aqueous urea solution used as reduction agent in selective catalytic reduction ( scr ) to lower nox concentration in the exhaust emissions from diesel engines , finally decomposing into nitrogen and water .
aqrum is an inorganic additive used for dicing during the semiconductor production . dicing requires semiconductor wafers ( especially those of large diameter ) to be exposed to cutting water ( ultra pure water ) for a long time and a small amount of aluminum ion elutes from the cutting surface of wafers . a surfactant is used as a dicing additive to minimize this elution problem . aqrum is the inorganic dicing additive developed under the new concept of utilizing ionization to solve such problem of aluminum ion elution from semiconductor wafers during dicing . conventional organic surfactants need waste water treatment after dicing . aqrum , which is inorganic , can eliminate waste water treatment . aqrum is truly an environmentally friendly additive . available in a 10 liter pure bottle .
our main product is magnesium sulfate . we are the biggest supplier in japan with the largest market share of about 60 % . we think our quality is n0 . 1 in asia . we have five basic grades of crystalline magnesium sulfate of 99 . 999 % purity with water content , anhydrous , 1 . 5 - hydrate , 2 . 5 - hydrate , 3 - hydrate and 7 - hydrate . liquid type is also available .
we have 40 items of magnesium sulfate for medicines , food additives , feed additives , reagents , cosmetics , fertilizers and industrial raw materials . our pharmaceutical grade magnesium sulfate is approved by japan gmp .
we also produce sodium nitrate , nickel nitrate , magnesium chloride , silky dip®（cow medicine to protect from mastitis） and adblue® ( nox reduction agent for diesel engine ) . our factory is certified with iso9001 and iso 14001 .
we wish to be of any service to you and please contact to the following for our further sevices .
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at ibm , when performance review time rolls around , staff get judged not only on their past achievements but also on how they might pe . . .
samsung has taken the ‘make in india’ initiative to another level by launching ‘ . . .
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the worldwide global magnesium sulphate market report is an in - depth research on the current situation of the global magnesium sulphate industry . the research study of global global magnesium sulphate market 2017 offers a strategic assessment of global magnesium sulphate market . the industry report focuses on the growth opportunities , which will help the global magnesium sulphate industry to expand operations in the existing markets globally .
firstly , global magnesium sulphate market report introduces a basic overview of the global magnesium sulphate industry , which includes global magnesium sulphate definitions , applications , classifications and global magnesium sulphate industry chain structure . worldwide global magnesium sulphate market analysis is provided for the international market including global magnesium sulphate industry competitive analysis , global magnesium sulphate market development history and major sectors development status on global magnesium sulphate industry scenario .
the global magnesium sulphate market covers the geological regions including us , eu , china , and japan . other regions can also be added efficiently as per customers need . the report also displays the market size for each category during the forecasting period from 2017 to 2022 .
further , the report guides the client according to the various aspects of global magnesium sulphate industry like supply chain analysis , global magnesium sulphate industry rules , and policies , along with product cost , product images , the cost structure , import / export information and utilisation figures . the detailed competitive plan of global magnesium sulphate industry report will help the clients to systematically specify better business strategies for a desired business payoff .
at the end , report global global magnesium sulphate market 2017 focuses the feasibility of new investment projects is assessed , and overall research conclusions are offered on global magnesium sulphate market scenario .
i am market research analyst from india , conducting in - depth data analyses using traditional and advanced methods build a detailed database for the understanding of the target market and industry .
sitе inсludеs all thе nеws and cоmmunity feаturеs рublished in оur nеwsрaрer alоng with сlassіfіеd and real еstate lіstings , dіrectоrіes , tоurіst іnformation , аs well as thе weekly events саlendаr соvеring chautauqua соunty , new york аnd the surroundіng tоwns .
global healthcare benches market 2017 - steelcase , herman miller , haworth inc , hill - rom , . . .
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magnesium sulfate occurs as colorless , prismatic or needle crystals having saline , bitter taste .
we have a long history of stable dealings with many makers and trading companies in the purchasing and selling of industrial chemicals .
our products are used in many fields such as factories , construction sites , environmental - related public facilities , etc . and for various purposes such as providing raw materials , waste water treatment , sterilization , and the like .
rakuto kasei is a japanese multinational chemicals company , with their headquarters in otsu city , japan and offices in yokneam , israel .
kuraray co . , ltd ( 株式会社クラレ kabushiki - gaisha kurare ) is a japanese manufacturer of chemicals , fibers and other materials .
unicharm corporation ( ユニ·チャーム株式会社 yuni chāmu kabushiki kaisha ) is a japanese company that manufactures disposable hygiene products , household cleaning products , specializing in the manufacture of diapers for both babies and adult incontinence , feminine hygiene products and pet care products .
albion co . , ltd . or albion ( japanese : 株式会社アルビオン ) is a japanese kabushiki gaisha concentrating in the manufacture and distribution of luxury cosmetics and headquartered in ginza , tokyo .
penfibre sdn berhad is a company owned by toray industries ( malaysia ) sdn .
taiyo nippon sanso corporation , commonly known as tnsc , is a japanese multinational industrial gas manufacturer founded in the year 1918 as nippon sanso corporation .
nitto denko corporation ( 日東電工株式会社 nittō denkō kabushiki - gaisha ) is a japanese company which produces tapes , vinyl , lcds , insulation , and several other products .
nippon kayaku ( 日本化薬株式会社 nihon kayaku kabushiki - gaisha ) ( japan pharmaceuticals ) is a japanese company that was founded in 1916 as the first industrial explosives manufacturer in japan under the company name nippon kayaku seizo co .
takata corporation ( タカタ株式会社 takata kabushiki gaisha ) is an global supplier of automotive safety systems based in japan .
sunstar is a japanese global oral care / health & beauty , as well as chemicals and motorcycle parts conglomerate with affiliates in 27 countries .
mandom corporation ( 株式会社マンダム kabushiki - gaisha mandamu ) is a japanese manufacturer and distributor of hair care , skin care , perfumes , and deodorants .
sony chemicals corporation ( ソニーケミカル株式会社 sonī kemikaru kabushiki - gaisha ) is a japanese company established 1962 , and was a wholly owned subsidiary of sony corporation .
toyobo co . , ltd . ( 東洋紡績株式会社 tōyōbōseki kabushiki - gaisha ) is one of japan ' s top makers of fibers and textiles , including synthetic fibers ( polyester , nylon and acrylics ) and natural fibers , such as cotton and wool .
takasago international corporation ( 高砂香料工業株式会社 takasago kōryō kōgyō kabushiki - gaisha ) ( tyo : 4914 ) is a major international producer of flavours and fragrances headquartered in japan , with presence in 24 countries worldwide and net sales of $ 900 million in 2006 .


ia-64 ( also called intel itanium architecture ) is the instruction set architecture ( isa ) of the itanium family of 64-bit intel microprocessors .

the basic isa specification originated at hewlett-packard ( hp ) , and was evolved and then implemented in a new processor microarchitecture by intel with hp 's continued partnership and expertise on the underlying epic design concepts .

in order to establish what was their first new isa in 20 years and bring an entirely new product line to market , intel made a massive investment in product definition , design , software development tools , os , software industry partnerships , and marketing .

to support this effort intel created the largest design team in their history and a new marketing and industry enabling team completely separate from x86 .

the first itanium processor , codenamed merced , was released in 2001 .

the itanium architecture is based on explicit instruction-level parallelism , in which the compiler decides which instructions to execute in parallel .

this contrasts with other superscalar architectures , which depend on the processor to manage instruction dependencies at runtime .

in all itanium models , up to and including tukwila , cores execute up to six instructions per clock cycle .

as of 2008 , itanium was the fourth-most deployed microprocessor architecture for enterprise-class systems , behind x86-64 , power architecture , and sparc .

ia - 64

the ia - 64 development project is devoted to keeping gentoo in good shape on the ia - 64 architecture .
the gentoo / ia - 64 project works to keep gentoo the most up to date and fastest ia - 64 distribution available . we are responsible for the maintenance of all ia - 64 specific meta - data and the testing of all other non ia - 64 specific meta - data on the ia - 64 architecture to ensure portability . portability implies reusable meta - data .
ia - 64 architecture refers to systems based on the intel® itanium® processor running a 64 - bit operating system .
the ia - 64 architecture at work
is an article from ieee computer which shows some actual ia - 64 optimization examples . ( requires ieee computer membership ) urltoken
december : intel and sun announce joint effort to port solaris to ia - 64 .
october : project monterey is formed to create a common unix for ia - 64 .
bugs are tracked and resolved from the gentoo bug tracker and correspondence is maintained on the various ia - 64 related mailing lists . ( gentoo - ia - 64 - user , gentoo - ia - 64 - dev and those belonging to the sub - projects ) .
describes the architecture and programming environment of processors supporting ia - 32 and intel® 64 architectures .
describes the model - specific registers of processors supporting ia - 32 and intel® 64 architectures .
june : idc predicts ia - 64 systems sales will reach $ 38bn / yr by 2001 .
june : idc predicts ia - 64 systems sales will reach $ 30bn / yr by 2001 .
august : idc predicts ia - 64 systems sales will reach $ 25bn / yr by 2002 .
these manuals describe the architecture and programming environment of the intel® 64 and ia - 32 architectures .
how to benchmark code execution times on intel ia - 32 and ia - 64 instruction set architectures - september , 2010 ( 324264 - 001 ) . pdf
nonstop os , an intel 64 ( x86 - 64 ) port was developed .
^ diagram of the architecture of the itanium ( ia - 64 ) 64 - bit intel microprocessor , image by fred the oyster , september 08 , 2014 , wikimedia commons , ia - 64 from wikipedia , cc by - sa 4 . 0
volume 1 : describes the architecture and programming environment of processors supporting ia - 32 and intel® 64 architectures .
volume 4 : describes the model - specific registers of processors supporting ia - 32 and intel® 64 architectures .
this document has been merged into volume 3a of intel® 64 and ia - 32 architectures software developer’s manual .
openvms i64 , an intel 64 ( x86 - 64 ) port is being developed .
—general information on 64 - bit intel assembly ( x86 - 64 . org ) .
hpl - 1999 - 83 porting linux to ia - 64 - eranian , stephane ; mosberger , david . urltoken
describes bug fixes made to the intel® 64 and ia - 32 architectures software developer ' s manual between versions .
ia - 64 is a 64 - bit processor architecture developed at intel that is based on explicitly parallel instruction computing ( epic ) and designed as the foundation for intel ' s line of microprocessors through 2005 . the itanium is the first in intel ' s line of ia - 64 processors .
ia - 64 is the intel itanium architecture . this is a very long instruction word ( vliw ) processor instruction set .
pdfs / how to benchmark code execution times on intel ia - 32 and ia - 64 instruction set architectures - september , 2010 ( 324264 - 001 ) . pdf at master · tpn / pdfs · github
august : amd releases specification for x86 - 64 , a set of 64 - bit extensions to intel ' s own x86 architecture intended to compete with ia - 64 . it will eventually market this under the name
amd64
.
the ia - 64 application developers guide is available for download from both hp and intel , the intel download page is located here .
ia64 refers to the 64 bit itanium architecture while x64 is the 64 bit extension to the x86 architecture .
november : hp announces that its nonstop servers will start using intel 64 ( x86 - 64 ) chips .
the goal of the gentoo ia - 64 development project is to guarantee that the ia - 64 packages build using gentoo meta - data are up to date . by continuously enhancing the meta - data , we provide the ia - 64 user with the gentoo community feeling , performance , freedom and up to dateness . the meta - distribution notion allows for a user to to be as bleeding edge as he / she wants :
hp - ux 11i , an intel 64 ( x86 - 64 ) port was proposed , but later canceled .
the information contained in this white paper has been merged into volume 3c of the intel® 64 and ia - 32 architectures software developer ' s manual .
the information contained in this application note is now part of intel® 64 and ia - 32 architectures software developer ' s manual volumes 3a and 3b .
in this first segment of our 64 - bit computing series , we’ll launch into the wonder that is ia - 64 . you’ve probably seen much information already written about itanium and ia - 64 architecture in the past few years , which is mostly a replay of intel - generated information . we’ll try to get beyond the standard facts and hype , and take a critical look at itanium and ia - 64 / epic , by describing features and delivering some critical analyses . we’ll set the stage for an architectural comparison with hammer and other 64 - bit architectures in future segments .
ia - 64 ( intel architecture 64 ) is an almost completely unrelated 64 bit architecture ( also known as itanium ) , developed by intel initially for high - end servers . it was said that itanium could have been a replacement for the x86 architecture , but this architecture didn ' t have much success ( for various reasons ) , so it ' s unlikely that you ' ll ever need the ia - 64 installers .
itanium and the ia - 64 architecture were intel ' s first effort to transition from 32 - bit to 64 - bit computing . the first products were server chips—consumer pcs back in the early 2000s were still some way off from hitting the 4gb ram limit of 32 - bit systems . but the original intent was for ia - 64 to eventually replace the older x86 instruction set entirely . the problem was that ia - 64 wasn ' t backward - compatible with x86 code , making any transition potentially costly and disruptive .
@ pacerier : simply
64 - bit architecture
means nothing besides
there ' s some architecture where most registers are 64 bit ( maybe )
. x64 is a 64 bit architecture , aarch64 is a 64 bit architecture ; ia64 is a 64 bit architecture ; ppc64 is a 64 bit architecture ; all of these have very little in common one with each other .
ia - 64 is for computers running intel itanium 64 bit processors . they do not support running 32 bit applications like x64 processors do . a special version of windows is needed to run on these processors , thus the two different installers .
in 2001 during merger talks with hp , compaq ( a huge intel customer ) announced their plans to phase out alpha in favor of intel ' s new enterprise chip called itanium or ia - 64 ( intel architecture 64 - bit ) .
for most of us waiting breathlessly on the sidelines , the 64 - bit battle is between intel’s ia - 64 and amd’s hammer architectures . separately , we’ll evaluate the pros and cons of the “other” 64 - bit processors used in workstations and servers , such as sparc , power , mips , and alpha .
intel® 64 architecture refers to systems based on ia - 32 architecture processors which have 64 - bit architectural extensions , for example , intel® core tm 2 processor family ) , running a 64 - bit operating system such as microsoft windows xp * professional x64 edition or microsoft windows vista * x64 . if the system is running a 32 - bit version of the windows operating system , then ia - 32 architecture applies instead . systems based on amd * processors running a 64 - bit version of windows are also supported by intel compilers for intel® 64 architecture applications .
note : this change document applies to all intel® 64 and ia - 32 architectures software developer’s manual sets ( combined volume set , 4 volume set , and 10 volume set ) .
stefan rusu and gadi singer . the first ia - 64 microprocessor . ieee journal of solid - state circuits , 35 ( 11 ) : 1539 - 1544 , november 2000 . bibtex entry
my understanding is that ia - 64 is a subclass of x64 , so i ' m curious why it would have a separate installer . if possible , a succinct explanation would be appreciated .
many people also call this stuff x86 - 64 , to have a vendor - independent name and to stress the fact that it ' s the 64 bit evolution of the x86 architecture . all the
regular
pcs that are sold with
64 bit processors
run on x86 - 64 architecture .
t2450 is an ia - 32 architecture . for more information about specific processors you can search here to get the details :
april : amd releases opteron , the first processor with x86 - 64 extensions .
february : intel announces it has been working on its own x86 - 64 implementation ( which it will eventually market under the name
intel 64
) .
this section contains some general tips for making your code 64 - bit clean .
note : the intel 64 architecture , otherwise known as x86 - 64 , should not be confused with the ia64 architecture . the ia64 architecture , short for intel architecture 64 , is the architecture used by itanium processors . despite their similar names , the intel 64 architecture is not related to the itanium ( ia64 ) architecture .
i was on microsoft ' s website and noticed two different installers , one for x64 and one for ia - 64 . reference : installing the . net framework 4 . 5 , 4 . 5 . 1
an internal audit ( ia ) is an organizational initiative to monitor and analyze its own business operations in order to determine . . .
jerry huck , dale morris , jonathan ross , allan knies , hans mulder , and rumi zahir . introducing the ia - 64 architecture . ieee micro , 20 ( 5 ) , september 2000 . bibtex entry , pdf comments : this a reference that shows how the ideas from [ 11 ] were implemented by the ia - 64 architects . needless to say that the paper is very interesting on its own . paper importance : 10 / 10
ia - 64 processors will have massive computing resources including 128 integer registers , 128 floating - point registers , and 64 predicate registers along with a number of special - purpose registers . instructions will be bundled in groups for parallel execution by the various functional units . the instruction set has been optimised to address the needs of cryptography , video encoding and other functions that will be increasingly needed by the next generation of servers and workstations . support for intel’smmx technology and internet streaming simd extensions is maintained and extended in ia - 64 processors .
x86 _ 64 is the normal 64 - bit architecture that is used by processors inside every laptop / desktop in today ' s computers . this processor is a dynamic processor .
on intel - based macintosh computers , 64 - bit code uses the intel 64 ( formerly em64t ) extensions to the intel assembly language isa . this section summarizes the differences between intel 64 code and ia32 code in terms of their impact on registers and instruction sets .
x64 is short for x86 - 64 which is an extension of the x86 instruction set .
i had one of those early amd x86 - 64 chips ( on the desktop side ) . i believe it was an athlon 64 x2 ? i was running the 64 - bit version of windows xp ( it must have been dual boot ) . if you think windows me was bad , 64 - bit xp was unusable . it was fun , though .
hp thought that it was not good for individual enterprise system companies like hp to make proprietary processors , so hp worked with intel in 1994 to create the ia - 64 architecture , made with epic ' s ideas . intel wanted to make a large effort in creating ia - 64 in the expectation that the resulting processor would be used by most enterprise systems . hp and intel had a large design effort to make the first itanium product , merced , in 1998 .
whilst ia - 64 is emphatically not a 64 - bit version of intel’s 32 - bit x86 architecture nor an adaption of hp’s 64 - bit pa - risc architecture , it does provide investment protection for today’s existing applications and software infrastructure by maintaining compatibility with the former in processor hardware and with the latter through software translation . however , one implication of isa is the extent to which compilers will be expected to optimise instruction streams – and a consequence of this is that older software will not run at optimal speed unless it’s recompiled . ia - 64’s handling of 32 - bit software has drawn criticism from amd whose own proposals for providing support for 64 - bit code and memory addressing , codenamed sledgehammer , imposes no such penalties on older software .
be sure to control alignment of shared data . the alignment of long long ( 64 - bit ) integers has changed from 32 - bit to 64 - bit . this alignment change can pose a problem when you are exchanging data between 32 - bit and 64 - bit code .
\ windows server 2003 . this package is designed for the supported 64 - bit operating system .
rakesh krishnaiyer , dattatraya kulkarni , daniel lavery , wei li , chu cheow lim , john ng , and david sehr . an advanced optimizer for ia - 64 architecture . ieee micro , 20 ( 6 ) , november 2000 . bibtex entry , pdf
64 - bit cpu support requires the latest 64 - bit version of either windows xp professional \ windows server 2003 . this framework is designed for the supported 64 - bit operating system . it contains both the 64 - bit and 32 - bit runtime in one convenient setup . for 32 - bit operating systems , please click the related resource link for the 32 - bit framework download page .
jay bharadwaj , william y . chen , weihaw chuang , gerolf hoflehner , kishore menezes , kalyan muthukumar , and jim pierce . the intel ia - 64 compiler code generator . ieee micro , 20 ( 5 ) , september 2000 . bibtex entry , pdf
at present , downloadable pdfs of all volumes are at version 067 . the downloadable pdf of the intel® 64 and ia - 32 architectures optimization reference manual is at version 040 . additional related specifications , application notes , and white papers are also available for download .
use 64 - bit types for pointer arithmetic results . because the size of pointers is a 64 - bit value , the result of pointer arithmetic is also a 64 - bit value . you should always store these values in a variable of type ptrdiff _ t to ensure that the variable is sized appropriately .
in 64 - bit - capable versions of gcc ( 4 . 0 and later ) , the size of a long double will be 128 bits instead of 64 bits . this change is not limited to code compiled as a 64 - bit executable , but it is a toolchain change you should be aware of .
for more information , you may have a look at the wikipedia articles on x86 - 64 and itanium .
after 64 - bit itanium chips were introduced in 2001 , intel upgraded its x86 cpus to 64 bits , and over the years added advanced security and fault detection features into high - end x86 xeon chips . see
most ia32 instructions can take 64 - bit arguments . all ia32 instruction set extensions up through sse3 are included as part of the intel 64 architecture . in addition , a number of new instructions have been added .
amd invented the amd64 extensions ; intel was more or less forced to implement them , and called them first ia - 32e , then em64t and finally intel 64 ( actually , the amd and intel extensions aren ' t exactly the same , but they are almost identical ) .
note : if you would like to be notified of updates to the intel® 64 and ia - 32 architectures software developer ' s manuals , you may utilize a third - party service , such as urltoken to be notified of changes to this page ( please reference 1 below ) .
june : intel releases its first processor with x86 - 64 extensions , a xeon processor codenamed
nocona
.
conversion of shorter types to 64 - bit longs may yield unexpected results in certain cases . be sure to read
can you make computers do amazing things ? are you excited about exploring areas of computing never explored before ? we are continuously looking for volunteers willing to spend some of their free time on this project . in return for your work , you get the respect of the ia - 64 community .
not the answer you ' re looking for ? browse other questions tagged 64 - bit or ask your own question .
itanium , a family of 64 - bit microprocessors by intel that implement the ia - 64 architecture originated by hewlett - packard ( hp ) and later jointly developed by hp and intel . while the early development started in 1989 by hp , intel officially announced the name of the processor , itanium , on october 4 , 1999 [ 1 ] . the itanium merced was released on june 2001 , itanium 2 mckinley and madison in 2002 and 2003 respectively , the so far most recent poulson ( itanium 9500 ) in november 2012 , and kittson planned for 2015 [ 2 ] . initially intended as intel ' s successor for x86 aka ia - 32 architecture , amd forced intel to change priorities with x86 - 64 .
describes the operating - system support environment of an ia - 32 and intel® 64 architectures , including : memory management , protection , task management , interrupt and exception handling , and multi - processor support . this volume also contains the table of contents for volumes 3a , 3b , 3c and 3d .
yes , exactly . 64 - bit addressing is a moot point because both x86 - 64 and ia64 solve the problem . i ' m more interested if there is some technical benefit ia64 would have graced us with if it had become the standard rather than x86 - 64 . expanded addressing is about all i ' ve seen in difference between x86 32 and 64 bit ; would ia64 have given us anything on top of the addressing issue that would have made its adoption more beneficial ?
itanium , due toward the middle of next year , will be the chipmaker ' s first 64 - bit processor , which means that the chip can process information in 64 - bit chunks . current intel processors work with 32 - bit chunks .
amd decided on an easier idea , creating x86 - 64 , a 64 - bit addition to the x86 architecture , which microsoft soon supported in microsoft windows , so intel had to include the same type of 64 - bit addition in intel ' s x86 processors . x86 - 64 can use existing 32 - bit applications at full hardware speed , but has 64 - bit memory addressing and other additions to new applications . this architecture has now become the most used 64 - bit architecture in the desktop and laptop market , with the 64 - bit armv8 architecture powering many mobile devices , used in today ' s iphones , ipads , ipod touches , and now many android phones and tablets such as the nexus 6p and nexus 9 . ssome itanium - based workstations were initially introduced by companies such as sgi , but they are no longer available . because amd made the first x86 - 64 chip , the architecture is commonly referred to as
amd64
inside of operating systems .
in the code , note that the upper bits in the mask are filled with ones in the 64 - bit case .
x64 is a vendor - neutral / microsoft term for 64 - bit cpus . a lot of linux people will use the term
amd64
instead because amd was the one that first came out with cpus that extended the intel
x86
32 - bit instruction set and architecture to 64 bits ( rather than developing a new , incompatible 64 - bit processor ) .
at about the same time the ilp work began , hp labs started a separate program to build an epic architecture to replace pa - risc . what emerged by 1993 was the pa - wideword architecture - - the basis of the hp - intel alliance and the itanium processor specification ( formerly known as ia - 64 ) .
note : we are no longer offering the intel® 64 and ia - 32 architectures software developer’s manuals on cd - rom . hard copy versions of the manual are available for purchase via a print - on - demand fulfillment model through a third - party vendor , lulu ( please reference 1 and 2 below ) : urltoken .
if you want the mask value to contain zeros in the upper 32 bits on a 64 - bit architecture , the usual fixed - width mask will work as expected , because it will be extended in an unsigned fashion to a 64 - bit quantity .
to be honest , x86 - 64 has been in a word , underwhelming , to me . yes , it adds the ability to address larger amounts of memory and hard drive space , but beyond that my 64 - bit cpu has just been another cpu .
in 2003 , amd released the opteron , which implemented the first x86 - 64 architecture ( called amd64 at the time ) . opteron was much more successful because it was an easy upgrade from x86 . intel implemented x86 - 64 in its xeon processors in 2004 .
in addition to adding general - purpose registers , the intel 64 architecture instruction set has eight additional vector registers . in the ia32 instruction set , the vector registers are numbered xmm0 through xmm7 . the intel 64 architecture instruction set extends this by adding xmm8 through xmm15 .
solution : to fix this problem , you should cast the initial value to a long prior to the shift . thus , the short will be promoted only once—this time , to a 64 - bit type ( at least when compiled as a 64 - bit executable ) .
the first nail in itanium ' s coffin came in 2003 , when amd ( then in its heyday ) released its first 64 - bit opteron chip based on the amd k8 architecture . that chip ' s amd64 instruction set introduced 64 - bit support but didn ' t break compatibility with regular 32 - bit x86 code , letting it shops make the jump to 64 - bit hardware without also having to switch to 64 - bit software all at once . amd ' s approach was so successful that intel actually adopted amd ' s extensions , cementing what is now usually called x86 - 64 as the dominant industry standard . this left itanium to die a long , slow death .
—information about 64 - bit optimization . note that the abi information at this location is windows oriented , so those portions do not apply .
no , for general purpose computing , ia64 is a disadvantage over
traditional
speculative execution super - scaler processors like x86 - 64 .
during creation , intel , hp , and other industry analysts thought that ia - 64 would be very popular in servers , workstations , and desktops , and one day replace risc and complex instruction set computing ( cisc ) architectures for multi - purpose applications . compaq and silicon graphics stopped working on their alpha and mips architectures to move to the itanium architecture .
electronic versions of these documents allow you to quickly get to the information you need and print only the pages you want . the intel® 64 and ia - 32 architectures software developer ' s manuals are now available for download via one combined volume , a four volume set or a ten volume set . all content is identical in each set ; see details below .
and microsoft moved to the standard being 64 - bit os for its servers for this among many other reasons . 64 - bit apps simply are much easier to write , and much less clunky ( read easier to maintain , less buggy ) , than page - based 32 - bit apps .
the result is that the processor can simply grab as large a chunk of instructions as possible and execute them simultaneously , with minimal pre - processing . increased performance is realised by reducing the number of branches and branch mis - predicts , and reducing the effects of memory - to - processor latency . the ia - 64 instruction set architecture – published in may 1999 – applies epic technology to deliver massive resources with inherent scaleability not possible with previous processor architectures . for example , systems can be designed to slot in new execution units whenever an upgrade is required , similar to plugging in more memory modules on existing systems . according to intel the ia - 64 isa represents the most significant advancement in microprocessor architecture since the introduction of its 386 chip in 1985 .
it killed many competing architectures that would have died any way as soon as x86 - 64 started scaling up into that world with or without itanium .
this document describes planned extensions to the intel 64 architecture to expand the size of addresses that can be translated through a processor’s memory - translation hardware .
although intel has not officially released the speed or price of the chip , it will provide details about the internal structure of the chip tomorrow , according to steve smith , vice president and general manager of the ia - 64 division . if anything , the structure of the chip makes it apparent that the processor will indeed be more powerful than any previous intel processor , he said .
there is a performance cost associated with pragmas , however ; memory accesses to unaligned data fields result in a performance penalty . because there are no existing 64 - bit os x gui applications with which to be compatible , it is not necessary to preserve binary compatibility for these data structures in 64 - bit applications . thus , to improve overall performance , when compiling 64 - bit executables , the os x version of gcc ignores requests for mac68k alignment .
any assembly code needs to be rewritten because 64 - bit intel assembly language is significantly different from its 32 - bit counterpart . for more information , see
be careful when mixing integers and long integers . the size and alignment of long integers and pointers have changed from 32 - bit to 64 - bit .
intel® 64 and ia - 32 architectures optimization reference manual provides information on intel® core™ processors , netburst microarchitecture , and other recent intel® microarchitectures . it describes code optimization techniques to enable you to tune your application for highly optimized results when run on intel® atom™ , intel® core™ i7 , intel® core™ , intel® core™2 duo , intel® core™ duo , intel® xeon® , intel® pentium® 4 , and intel® pentium® m processors .
osx now defaults to 64 - bit mode on newer hardware . the primary issue there was first , drivers , then when driver support matured , older 32 - bit efi
bios '
. older hardware with 32 - bit efi won ' t boot a 64 - bit kernel . all the newer machines will .
as the itanium market is still limited to hpc and ( ultra ) high - end servers , microsoft is losing interest in the itanium . ia 64 versions of longhorn are low priority and only the future of the high performance computing version for itanium seems certain . visual studio 2005 does not even support the itanium platform . dell and ibm are no longer interested . it is not going too well for itanium .
what hardware or architectural changes are in store for 64 bits ? quite a lot , although few of them have to do with 64 - bittedness , per se . but 64 - bit processors are at today’s very high end , and they showcase all the best thinking in microprocessor design . this is the cutting edge , where silicon manufacturing , computer architecture , compiler technology , and marketing wizardry all come together . in the words of calvin and hobbes , scientific progress goes “boink ! ”
code that looks for only the _ _ ppc _ _ or _ _ i386 _ _ definition will break if you compile for the related 64 - bit architecture .
64 bit
means that addresses , memory , busses . . . everything is organized with 64 bits . x86 is an instruction set architecture , which defines the sets of commands available to the programmer . it defines the assembly language in which all software , from bios to os to c / c + + , python , java . . . is written in . you literally can ' t go below the isa as a programmer ; for that , you have to change the physical structure of the processor itself .
pure 64 bit
as opposed to an isa like x86 is not really a meaningful comparison . 64 bit is simply a property of an isa .
64 - bit chips are designed for use in servers that handle real - time financial transactions , manage large databases and perform complex scientific tasks , according to the company .
in 2005 , itanium systems accounted for about 14 % of hpc systems revenue , but the percentage has declined as the industry shifts to x86 - 64 clusters for this application .
note : casting 64 - bit pointers to integer types is also required when passing a pointer via a mach port . in these cases , use the caddr _ t type .
when working with bits and masks with 64 - bit values , you must be careful to avoid getting 32 - bit values inadvertently . here are some tips to help you :
the 64 - bit registers on intel have different names than their 32 - bit counterparts do . in addition , there are more of them . these register names are listed in
i ' m curious myself , but people keep failing to answer the question . you keep talking about pae and 64 - bit and whatnot - when the question really was : does ia - 64 , as an architecture , actually offer us something more advanced than x86 * ? too much branch prediction ( was that the right word ? ) came up as an issue where you need specialised , predictable applications to really get good performance , but other than that , no responses so far . instead people are talking about whether x86 is
good enough
and drivers and osx and . . . good lord cindy what is this .
problem : the expected result ( and the result from a 32 - bit executable ) is 0x80000000 . the result generated by a 64 - bit executable , however , is 0xffffffff80000000 .
when an ia - 64 compiler finds a branch statement in the source code , it analyses the branch to see if it’s a candidate for predication , marking all the instructions that represent each path of the branch with a unique identifier called a predicate for suitable instances . after tagging the instructions with predicates , the compiler determines which instructions the cpu can execute in parallel – for example , by pairing instructions from different branch outcomes because they represent independent paths through the program .
september : hp , novell , and sco announce plans for a
high volume unix operating system
to deliver
64 - bit networked computing on the hp / intel architecture
.
it’s the peak , the top , it’s the mona lisa . it’s the $ 64 , 000 question : what processor will dominate 64 - bit computing ? sixty - four bits holds the promise of new performance , new architectures , new compilers , and a new balance of power in cpu realpolitik . a clean break with the old , a new chance for the new .
64 - bit sizeof returns size _ t . note that sizeof returns an integer of type size _ t . because the size of size _ t has changed to 64 bits , do not pass the value to a function in a parameter of size int ( unless you are certain that the size cannot be that large ) . if you do , truncation will occur .
ia - 32 architecture refers to systems based on 32 - bit processors generally compatible with the intel pentium® ii processor , ( for example , intel® pentium® 4 processor or intel® xeon® processor ) , or processors from other manufacturers supporting the same instruction set , running a 32 - bit operating system .
when first released in 2001 , itanium ' s speed was disappointing compared to other processor types . using existing x86 applications and operating systems was especially bad , with one test in 2001 showing that it was as fast as a 100 mhz pentium ( 1 . 1 ghz pentiums were on the market at that time ) . itanium did not have success compared to ia - 32 or risc , and was even worse when x86 - 64 was released , which worked with older x86 applications .
let me re - phrase the question . disregarding all compatibility issues , recompile issues , etc . what would ia64 afford us that x86 - 64 doesn ' t ? to be honest , x86 - 64 has been in a word , underwhelming , to me . yes , it adds the ability to address larger amounts of memory and hard drive space , but beyond that my 64 - bit cpu has just been another cpu . beyond the addressing issue , i haven ' t found any real world examples where x86 - 64 has improved my computing experience . would ia64 have given us anything that x86 - 64 doesn ' t ? anything noticeable by a user ? greater stability ? greater self - healing ? greater security ( encrypt everything ) ? to me , speed is still the ' thing ' that improves my computing experience but that is having diminishing returns since processors are so fast nowadays . would ia64 have been better able to utilize these insanely fast processor speeds and how ?
volume 3 : includes the full system programming guide , parts 1 , 2 , 3 , and 4 . describes the operating - system support environment of intel® 64 and ia - 32 architectures , including : memory management , protection , task management , interrupt and exception handling , multi - processor support , thermal and power management features , debugging , performance monitoring , system management mode , virtual machine extensions ( vmx ) instructions , intel® virtualization technology ( intel® vt ) , and intel® software guard extensions ( intel® sgx ) .
at run time , the cpu encounters the speculative load instruction first and tries to retrieve the data from memory . here’s where an ia - 64 processor differs from a conventional processor . sometimes the load will be invalid – it might belong to a block of code beyond a branch that has not executed yet . a traditional cpu would immediately trigger an exception – and if the program could not handle the exception , it would likely crash . an ia - 64 processor , however , won’t immediately report an exception if the load is invalid . instead , the cpu postpones the exception until it encounters the speculative check instruction that matches the speculative load . only then does the cpu report the exception . by then , however , the cpu has resolved the branch that led to the exception in the first place . if the path to which the load belongs turns out to be invalid , then the load is also invalid , so the cpu goes ahead and reports the exception . but if the load is valid , it’s as if the exception never happened .
x64 is used as a short term for the 64 bit extensions of the
classical
x86 architecture ; almost any
normal
pc produced in the last years have a processor based on such architecture .
sir i ' m confused whether i can install windows 7 64 bit on my pc . . . . . . . . . . is my pc compatible with 64 bit . . . . i have installed 2gb ram & 1gb graphics card . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . please help me . . . . . . . . . . . thank u .
the microsoft . net framework version 2 . 0 ( ia64 ) redistributable package installs the . net framework runtime and associated files required to run 64 - bit applications developed to target the . net framework v2 . 0 .
gentoo is unique because of its interpretation of the meta - distribution notion : all architectures share the same ' generic ' meta - data ( information about how to build packages - how to build a distribution ) . the ia - 64 developers are responsible for building and testing packages using this meta - data . the meta - data gets marked ' tested ' or ' stable ' afterwards , depending on the building and testing experience . our users can use ( but don ' t have to use ) this information to build a system that suits their needs .
i was in the semiconductor industry when rumors of
project yamhill
were filtering down from intel in oregon . it soon became known that intel was acknowledging the failure of the ia64 architecture and move toward x86 - 64 .
processor family architecture , co - developed by hp and intel® . this design philosophy will one day replace risc and cisc . it is a gateway into the 64 - bit future but it still remains completely 32 - bit compatible .
although the sse and velocity engine c and assembly language interfaces have not changed for 64 - bit , if you are using these technologies , you should review any code that attempts to align pointers to 16 - byte addresses for processing .
first , the pointer is cast to an int value , which results in truncation . even after this problem is fixed , however , the pointer will still be truncated because the constant value 0xfffffff0 is not a 64 - bit value .
note : when you assign a value to the 32 - bit version of these registers , the value is automatically zero extended to fill the corresponding 64 - bit register . to sign extend during assignment , use the movsx instruction instead .
to put it another way , for most general purpose programs , computers would be
stuck
at a maximum of 4gb to this day , with no real hope of going further if we didn ' t have x86 - 64 .
to be clear , this 64 - bit computing architecture series is not performance testing focused . it’s architecture focused , and discusses long - term potentials . we will , however , point you to a few itanium performance studies on the web .
if intel had tried to switch its desktop architecture to itanium , we would all be using macs now , probably with powerpcs ( yes , apple switched from 68xx to ppc and again to x86 , but the architectural changes involved were less severe and they had a much smaller developer and user base , so they were able to transition relatively well with a combination of compilers and emulators ) . also , the current generation tukwilla ia - 64 chips run at up to 185w for a 1 . 86 ghz quad core chip , so it ' s not necessarily true that shifting to vliw will automatically bring power savings .
itanium is aimed at the enterprise server and high - performance computing ( hpc ) markets . other enterprise - and hpc - focused processor lines include oracle corporation ' s sparc m7 , fujitsu ' s sparc64 x + and ibm ' s power8 . measured by quantity sold , itanium ' s most serious competition comes from x86 - 64 processors including intel ' s own xeon line and amd ' s opteron line . since 2009 , most servers were being shipped with x86 - 64 processors .
cristina cifuentes and mike van emmerik . uqbt : adaptable binary translation at low cost . ieee computer , 33 ( 3 ) : 60 - 66 , march 2000 . bibtex entry , pdf comments : describes a generic framework that translates ( at compile - time ) binaries from one os / processor to another . the paper presents an important application of binary translation , but i think that the efficiency of the approach is limited : the approach produces good results when translating for the same os and different processors ( e . g . solaris / sparc to solaris / ia - 64 ) . paper importance : 7 / 10
this section describes some of the issues involved in porting assembly language code to a 64 - bit application . on the intel architecture , in addition to the issues described in this section , you must considerably modify any assembly language code that deals with the stack directly , because the 64 - bit abi differs significantly from the 32 - bit abi . the subject of stack frames is beyond the scope of this section . for more information , see os x abi mach - o file format reference .
. now chipzilla is upping the ante - - moving to 32nm process , adding up to four more cores , and tacking on more than one billion additional transistors . poulson also adds a new feature called intel instruction replay technology , which adds a buffer for more quickly recovering from errors , allowing the chip to pick up from the last known good instruction instead of having to completely flush the pipeline . those looking to upgrade will also be happy to hear that the upcoming ia - 64 cpu is pin compatible with tukwila , so customers can simply drop the new processor in to existing systems . check out the full pr after the break .
the microsoft visual c + + 2005 redistributable package ( ia64 ) installs runtime components of visual c + + libraries required to run 64 - bit applications developed with visual c + + on a computer that does not have visual c + + 2005 installed .
this document contains the full system programming guide , parts 1 , 2 , 3 , and 4 , in one volume . describes the operating - system support environment of intel® 64 and ia - 32 architectures , including : memory management , protection , task management , interrupt and exception handling , multi - processor support , thermal and power management features , debugging , performance monitoring , system management mode , virtual machine extensions ( vmx ) instructions , intel® virtualization technology ( intel® vt ) , and intel® software guard extensions ( intel® sgx ) . this document allows for easy navigation of the system programming guide through functional cross - volume table of contents , references , and index .
predication is central to ia - 64’s branch elimination and parallel instruction scheduling . normally , a compiler turns a source - code branch statement ( such as if - then - else ) into alternate blocks of machine code arranged in a sequential stream . depending on the outcome of the branch , the cpu will execute one of those basic blocks by jumping over the others . modern cpus try to predict the outcome and speculatively execute the target block , paying a heavy penalty in lost cycles if they mispredict . the basic blocks are small , often two or three instructions , and branches occur about every six instructions . the sequential , choppy nature of this code makes parallel execution difficult .
all of the new registers ( r8 through r15 ) added in the intel 64 architecture instruction set can also be accessed as 32 - bit , 16 - bit , and 8 - bit registers . for example , register r8 can be addressed in the following ways :
a major benefit of a 64 - bit computer architecture is the amount of memory that can be addressed . in the mid - 1980s , the 4gb addressable memory of 32 - bit platforms was more than sufficient . however , by the end of the millennium large databases exceeded this limit . the time taken to access storage devices and load data into virtual memory has a significant impact on performance . 64 - bit platforms are capable of addressing an enormous 16 tb of memory – 4 billion times more than 32 - bit platforms are capable of handling . in real terms this means that whilst a 32 - bit platform can handle a database large enough to contain the name of every inhabitant of the usa since 1977 , a 64 - bit one is sufficiently powerful to store the name of every person who’s lived since the beginning of time ! however , notwithstanding the impact that its increased memory addressing will have , it is its explicitly parallel instruction computing ( epic ) technology – the foundation for a new 64 - bit instruction set architecture ( isa ) – that represents itanium’s biggest technological advance .
any assembly code that directly deals with the structure of the stack ( as opposed to simply using pointers to variables on the stack ) must be modified to work in a 64 - bit environment . for more information , see os x abi mach - o file format reference .
problem : when this code is executed on a 32 - bit architecture , the result is - 1 ( 0xffffffff ) . when the code is run on a 64 - bit architecture , the result is 4294967295 ( 0x00000000ffffffff ) , which is probably not what you were expecting .
eventually most desktop computer apps will make good use of the extra data crunching potential of 64 - bit cpus , but it ' s like how the internet has changed in the last ten years - some elements have had radical upgrades , but many aren ' t that different .
cindy zheng and carol thompson . pa - risc to ia - 64 : transparent execution , no recompilation . ieee computer , 33 ( 3 ) : 47 - 52 , march 2000 . bibtex entry , pdf comments : the objective of the system described in the paper is to execute binaries of os / processor a on a os / processor b with the highest possible speed . in this case , the os / processor a is the legacy architecture and the os / processor b is the new native architecture . the ideas presented in this paper can also be applied to binary translation as a generic run - time optimization technique . it would be useful if the paper contained more quantitative results . paper importance : 10 / 10
the microsoft . net framework version 2 . 0 ( ia64 ) redistributable package installs the . net framework runtime and associated files required to run 64 - bit applications developed to target the . net framework v2 . 0 . the . net framework version 2 . 0 ( ia64 ) improves scalability and performance , improved caching , application deployment and updating with clickonce , support for the broadest array of browsers and devices with asp . net 2 . 0 controls and services and 64 - bit support . for more information on the . net framework 2 . 0 , click here .
second when the shift completed , the result was stored into a long . thus , the 32 - bit signed value represented by ( a < < 31 ) was sign extended ( rule 4 ) when it was promoted to a 64 - bit value ( even though the resulting type is unsigned ) .
avoid truncating file positions and offsets . although file operations have always used 64 - bit positions and offsets , you should still check for errors in their use . errors will become more and more important as common file sizes grow . use fpos _ t for file position and off _ t for file offset .
use inverted masks if needed . be careful when using bit masks with variables of type long , because the width differs between 32 - bit and 64 - bit architectures . there are two ways to create a mask , depending on whether you want the mask to be zero - extended or one - extended :
if you are using this pragma only to access apple data structures , you should not need to make any code changes to your code . when compiling 64 - bit code , the compiler ignores the pragmas and your code works correctly . if , however , you currently use the mac68k alignment pragma in your own data structures that will be shared between 32 - bit and 64 - bit versions of your application ( or if you use the mac68k pragma for a data structure that corresponds with the register layout of a physical device ) , you must rewrite the data structure to use a packed alignment and pad the structure appropriately .
for code that is truly architecture - specific ( such as assembly language code ) , you should continue to use architecture - specific tests . be aware , however , that when compiling for a 64 - bit architecture , code wrapped in a test for a 32 - bit architecture is not compiled into the executable .
vb : how do you look back at itanium [ intel’s 64 - bit microprocessors ] ? it didn’t take off as expected . it left an opening for amd with the opteron [ which was less drastic a change and more power efficient and thus became amd’s first success in server chips ] . did you make mistakes ?
remember itanium ? intel ' s first crack at 64 - bit server processors from circa the turn of the millennium ? well , two things : intel is releasing four new 9700 - series itanium cpus based on the
kittson
architecture , and the chips are the last new itanium processors that the company plans to ship .
when this code is compiled with a 32 - bit compiler , the variable bar begins 12 bytes from the start of the structure . when the same code is compiled with a 64 - bit compiler , the variable bar begins 16 bytes from the start of the structure , and a 4 - byte pad is added after foo2 .
@ pacerier : it means that the basic structure of everything you use ( available instructions , most addressing modes , down even to most of the instructions encoding ) stays the same , but you have wider registers ( rax / rbx / rcx / . . . are the 64 - bit extensions of the 32 bit eax / ebx / ecx / . . . , which you can still use as
the lower half of the 64 bit registers
) . plus , you get some extra registers ( r8 to r16 ) , some new instructions , guaranteed presence of some instruction sets , new addressing modes ( rip - addressing ) plus a bunch of other stuff .
fix format strings . print functions such as printf can be tricky when writing code to support 32 - bit and 64 - bit platforms because of the change in the sizes of pointers . to solve this problem for pointer - sized integers ( uintptr _ t ) and other standard types , various macros exist in the inttypes . h header file .
it was in june 1994 that hewlett - packard announced their joint research - and development project aimed at providing advanced technologies for end - of - the - millennium workstation , server and enterprise - computing products and october 1997 that they revealed the first details of their 64 - bit computing architecture . at that time the first member of intel’s new family of 64 - bit processors – codenamed merced , after a californian river – was slated for production in 1999 , using intel’s 0 . 18 - micron technology . in the event the merced development programme slipped badly and was estimated at still nearly a year from completion when intel announced the selection of the brand name itanium at the october 1999 intel developer forum .