retlaw enterprises , originally walt disney miniature railroad , then walt disney , inc. ( wdi ) , and then wed enterprises ( wed ) , was a privately held company owned by the heirs of entertainment mogul walt disney .

disney formed the company to control the rights to his name and to manage two disneyland attractions that he personally owned .

the name , retlaw , is walter spelled backwards .

retlaw enterprises

retlaw broadcasting co subsidiary of retlaw enterprises inc kjeo tv 47 v . american federation of television and radio artists , respondent - intervenor .
retlaw broadcasting co subsidiary of retlaw enterprises inc kjeo tv 47 v . american federation of television and radio artists , respondent - intervenor . | findlaw
retlaw broadcasting co . , a subsidiary of retlaw enterprises , inc . d / b / a kjeo - tv , channel 47 , petition . . .
and an officer of retlaw enterprises inc . , a successor to the corporation her father organized in 1952 for certain
how walt disney used wed enterprises , inc . as a private family holding company
disney enterprises , inc . , copyright and trademark holder of disney - branded properties
description : granted renewal application filed by retlaw enterprises , inc . , for station kima - tv , yakima , wa ; denied naacp ' s petition to deny .
the wonderful world of disney ' s other firm : entertainment : walt disney created a separate company for his family . retlaw enterprises inc . is now worth hundreds of millions .
six miles from disney ' s burbank headquarters , in an unlabeled two - story office building in north hollywood , is the late disney ' s other , more obscure corporate offspring : retlaw enterprises inc . ( retlaw is
walter
spelled backward . )
the wonderful world of disney ' s other firm : entertainment : walt disney created a separate company for his family . retlaw enterprises inc . is now worth hundreds of millions . - latimes
if you ' re curious , the remaining real estate and tv stations assets of wed enterprises remained with walt , and later his family , and were renamed retlaw enterprises . ( spell that backward . ) long after walt ' s death , the family sold the tv stations and some of the real estate and eventually folded the remaining retlaw assets into the walt disney family foundation .
you have # 2 all wrong . at that time , the parent company was walt disney productions and not twdc . also , it was retlaw enterprises and not wed that walt privately held .
neil k . roman , michael x . imbroscio , jonathan r . galst , natacha steimer , james wrathall , jay t . smith , ( see above ) , for retlaw enterprises , inc .
retlaw broadcasting co . , a subsidiary of retlaw enterprises , inc . d / b / a kjeo - tv , channel 47 , petitioner - cross - respondent , v . national labor relations board , respondent - cross - petitioner , american federation of television and radio artists , respondent - intervenor .
wed enterprises employed the original imagineers who designed disneyland . and wed enterprises — not disneyland — owned the disneyland railroad , monorail , viewliner , and mark twain riverboat attractions in the park . the disney company didn ' t own those rides or the employment contracts of the park ' s designers until 1965 , when walt disney productions ( later renamed the walt disney company ) bought the design division of wed enterprises .
the one sam walton used , walton enterprises , to hold his shares of wal - mart stores , inc . , after the discount retailer’s ipo
retlaw broadcasting co . , a subsidiary of retlaw enterprises , inc . d / b / a kjeo - tv , channel 47 , petitioner - cross - respondent , v . national labor relations board , respondent - cross - petitioner , andamerican federation of television and radio artists , respondent - intervenor , 172 f . 3d 660 ( 9th cir . 1999 )
retlaw broadcasting co . , a subsidiary of retlaw enterprises , inc . d / b / a kjeo - tv , channel 47 , petitioner - cross - respondent , v . national labor relations board , respondent - cross - petitioner , andamerican federation of television and radio artists , respondent - intervenor , 172 f . 3d 660 ( 9th cir . 1999 ) : : justia
negotiations in the summer of 1993 on a new cba reached a deadlock over the psc provision . retlaw and the union agreed on most of the language , but could not reach agreement on the italicized portions below that retlaw wanted to add :
the disneys all lead very private lives , and they are especially reticent when it comes to retlaw . they declined to be interviewed or to provide photographs for this story . the one retlaw officer they allowed to speak , vice president and treasurer robert l . wilson , read from a statement that he could not discuss retlaw ' s finances or the disneys individually .
3 . specifically , the parties stipulated that retlaw negotiated pscs with two employees who were hired after the date of the purported impasse , and that retlaw had begun implementing a “merit increase” proposal that the union refused to accept before negotiations broke off .
[ 1 ] cbs broadcasting inc . , fox broadcasting co . , group w / cbs television stations partners , cbs television affiliates association , post - newsweek stations florida , inc . , kpax communications , inc . , lwwi broadcasting , inc . , and retlaw enterprises , inc . ( collectively
plaintiffs
)
fisher cos . , a seattle - based company with businesses ranging from broadcasting stations to flour milling , is expected to announce today that it has agreed to buy the tv broadcasting assets of retlaw enterprises , a walt disney family - owned company , for $ 215 million in cash , according to those familiar with the deal .
cbs broadcasting inc . ; fox broadcasting co . ; group w / cbs television stations partners , cbs television affiliates association ; post - newsweek stations florida , inc . ; kpax communications , inc . ; lwwi broadcasting , inc . ; and retlaw enterprises , inc . , plaintiffs , v . primetime 24 joint venture , defendant .
cbs , inc . ; fox broadcasting co . ; group w / cbs television stations partners , cbs television affiliates association ; post - newsweek stations florida , inc . ; kpax communications , inc . ; lwwi broadcasting , inc . ; and retlaw enterprises , inc . , plaintiffs , v . primetime 24 joint venture , defendant .
retlaw operates kjeo , a television station in fresno , california . 1 this appeal stems from a labor dispute between retlaw and its employees ' exclusive bargaining representative , the american federation of television and radio artists , afl - cio . the union represents the station ' s performing artists .
by 1965 , the conflict of interest had grown so bad , and walt disney productions , now a public company with many public stockholders , so dependent upon wed enterprises , that it demanded wed sell it certain assets , as well as change its name . in 1965 , the transaction closed , and wed no longer owned those assets , which were now the property of the public walt disney productions . armed with cash , wed changed its name as required in the buyout contract . it settled on retlaw enterprises , and began diversifying .
* retlaw operates kjeo , a television station in fresno , california . 1 this appeal stems from a labor dispute between retlaw and its employees ' exclusive bargaining representative , the american federation of television and radio artists , afl - cio . the union represents the station ' s performing artists .
the disneyland railroad ( along with the disneyland monorail and the disneyland viewliner ) was privately owned by walt when disneyland first opened . the company that operated them was retlaw ( walter , spelled backwards . ) it wasn’t until the mid - 1980’s that the disney company took control of retlaw’s operations in the park .
question : what company takes its name from walt disney and has mushroomed in size since disney started it years ago ? if you said walt disney co . - - operator of disneyland , creator of memorable children ' s movies - - you ' re only half right . six miles from disney ' s burbank headquarters , in an unlabeled two - story office building in north hollywood , is the late disney ' s other , more obscure corporate offspring : retlaw enterprises inc . ( retlaw is
walter
spelled backward .
sarah a . wolfe , the law firm of thomas e . campagne & associates , fresno , california , for petitioner - cross - respondent retlaw broadcasting company .
retlaw was first called walt disney inc . , then wed enterprises . it was initially endowed with the merchandising rights to walt disney ' s name and likeness . wed licensed the rights back to the disney company in exchange for 5 % to 10 % of the income from each of disney ' s merchandising deals , and it could invest up to 15 % in new disney projects .
in 2005 , 39 years after walt disney’s death , retlaw had been wound down to a fraction of its former self , with walt’s heirs having taken hundreds upon hundreds of millions in capital distributions and dividends out of the firm for their own personal lives and investment portfolios . at this point , they transferred retlaw enterprises to a non - profit called walt disney family foundation , which runs a museum in san francisco filled with details , items , and collectibles from disney’s life . it is run by walt’s daughter , who is now 80 years old .
today retlaw owns six television stations , about 1 , 150 acres of land in california and a jet leasing firm , and it still gets a share of the income from old disney films released by the studio . retlaw used to own the monorail and steam railroad at disneyland before walt disney co . bought them back in 1982 .
[ 1 ] plaintiffs consist of : cbs inc . , fox broadcasting co . , group w / cbs television stations partners ( included as a plaintiff in the amended complaint , d . e . # 100 ) , cbs television affiliates association ; post - newsweek stations florida , inc . ; kpax communications , inc . ; lwwi broadcasting , inc . ; and retlaw enterprises , inc .
natacha steimer , james wrathall , wilmer cutler & pickering , washington , dc , neil k . roman , jonathan r . galst , michael x . imbroscio , jay t . smith , covington & burling , washington , dc , for cbs television affiliates association , post - newsweek stations florida inc . , kpax communications , inc . , lwwi broadcasting , inc . , retlaw enterprises , inc .
retlaw appeals , contending that the nlrb erred in concluding that ( 1 ) pscs are a permissive subject of collective bargaining , and ( 2 ) retlaw had no right to refuse to produce copies of pscs to the union . we have jurisdiction under 29 u . s . c . §§ 160 ( e ) - ( f ) .
according to the l . a . times , the first asset the disney family bought through the now - renamed retlaw enterprises was a television station in fresno , which started an acquisition spree that ultimately resulted in the disney family’s private holding company owning a jet charter airline , more than half a dozen cbs affiliates , and nearly 1 , 200 acres of farmland and undeveloped real estate in southern california .
retlaw initially owned the merchandising rights to walt disney ' s name , the engineering division that designed disneyland , and the two disneyland trains . but the privately held retlaw has since cut most of its ties to walt disney co . and become a conservative broadcasting and real estate firm . it is probably worth in excess of $ 150 million .
and shares of retlaw enterprises to effectively make sure his grandchildren inherited a vast fortune , and that it was tied up in a way nobody could screw it up . this man was a shrewd , ruthless business titan . it’s hard not to respect how he marshaled the limited resources he had to create something bankers and investors thought insane . this was not some pie - in - the - sky animator . he knew
wed also held walt ' s creative team , which designed disneyland and many of its attractions , including the monorail . in 1965 , however , walt sold wed enterprises ' design and architectural group to what was then known as walt disney productions .
by the late 1990’s , retlaw sold off its remaining television and media assets , which the l . a . times says in the related story were worth $ 215 million in cash .
after the purported impasse , the union by letter dated august 24 demanded that retlaw produce copies of “all existing [ pscs ] with bargaining unit employees and the names and addresses of the bargaining unit , ” explaining that this information was needed to prepare for further negotiations . after retlaw did not reply , the union repeated this request several weeks later in a second letter . by letter dated october 19 , retlaw through counsel responded with a list of names and addresses of all bargaining unit employees , including whether they were employed under pscs . however , asserting that “strong confidentiality and relevancy concerns , as well as employee privacy issues” barred disclosure , retlaw refused to produce copies of the pscs themselves . retlaw maintained in the letter that this information was “irrelevant to the bargaining process” and suggested that the union ' s request was in bad faith because it came after negotiations had stalemated . the nlrb concluded that retlaw ' s refusal to produce copies of the pscs to the union was an unfair labor practice , also in violation of sections 8 ( a ) ( 1 ) and 8 ( a ) ( 5 ) of the act .
basically , walt disney setup wed enterprises and gifted shares of it to his heirs . for example , here are stock certificates that he gave to one of his young grandsons for 10 shares , and 2 1 / 2 shares , in the private company :
retlaw ' s small jet charter service is at van nuys airport , where the company leases out its one corporate jet when its executives aren ' t using it . retlaw also is planning to move its headquarters to a new $ 18 - million three - story office complex and aircraft hangar it is scheduled to begin building early next year on the airport ' s west side .
after the purported impasse , the union by letter dated august 24 demanded that retlaw produce copies of
all existing [ pscs ] with bargaining unit employees and the names and addresses of the bargaining unit ,
explaining that this information was needed to prepare for further negotiations . after retlaw did not reply , the union repeated this request several weeks later in a second letter . by letter dated october 19 , retlaw through counsel responded with a list of names and addresses of all bargaining unit employees , including whether they were employed under pscs . however , asserting that
strong confidentiality and relevancy concerns , as well as employee privacy issues
barred disclosure , retlaw refused to produce copies of the pscs themselves . retlaw maintained in the letter that this information was
irrelevant to the bargaining process
and suggested that the union ' s request was in bad faith because it came after negotiations had stalemated . the nlrb concluded that retlaw ' s refusal to produce copies of the pscs to the union was an unfair labor practice , also in violation of sections 8 ( a ) ( 1 ) and 8 ( a ) ( 5 ) of the act .
silverman , 880 f . supp . at 255 - 56 . because of these differences , analysis of mandatory and permissive subjects in professional sports is not necessarily amenable , as retlaw suggests , to wholesale application in other economic spheres . retlaw certainly has not shown that the psc in broadcasting is on par with free agency ' s influence in baseball in setting players ' salaries and other contract terms .
this factual overview is taken from the nlrb ' s findings . retlaw broad . co . , 324 n . l . r . b . no . 18 , 1997 wl 428577 ( 1997 )
silverman , 880 f . supp . at 255 - 56 . because of these differences , analysis of mandatory and permissive subjects in professional sports is not necessarily amenable , as retlaw suggests , to wholesale application in other economic spheres . retlaw certainly has not shown that the psc in broadcasting is on par with free agency ' s influence in baseball in setting players ' salaries and other contract terms .
the walt disney company ended up having to buy wed enterprises after walt’s death for a reported $ 46 . 2 million in shares in 1981 . the company named after walt disney could have saved a huge sum of money if it had only believed in its founder in the first place .
disney formed retlaw in 1953 to give his family a slice of income from some of his other company ' s lucrative operations , including disneyland . the slice turned out to be worth hundreds of millions of dollars .
1 . this factual overview is taken from the nlrb ' s findings . retlaw broad . co . , 324 n . l . r . b . no . 18 , 1997 wl 428577 ( 1997 ) .
we conclude that the nlrb correctly interpreted the act and its findings of fact are supported by substantial evidence . retlaw ' s petition for review is denied and the nlrb ' s cross - application for enforcement is granted .
north hollywood - based retlaw , whose primary shareholders are members of the disney family , sold the rights to the walt disney name and likeness to walt disney co . in 1982 , but had held on to its television stations .
benjamin w . tucker , jr . , 57 | mr . tucker has been acting president & ceo of fisher communications , inc . since january 2005 and has been president | | | of fisher broadcasting company since 2001 . mr . tucker was executive vice president of broadcasting operations of | | | fisher broadcasting company during 2001 . he also served as senior vice president of fisher television regional | | | group - - fisher broadcasting company from 1999 to 2001 and was vice president of retlaw enterprises , inc . , a | | | broadcasting com . . .
a collective bargaining agreement ( “cba” ) that went into effect in 1990 expired on july 1 , 1993 . 2 negotiations in the summer of 1993 aimed at a new cba broke down over personal service contracts ( “pscs” ) . pscs are employment agreements negotiated directly between retlaw and an individual employee , who is often represented in the negotiations by his or her attorney or agent . a psc allows retlaw and the employee to craft specific terms and conditions of employment that are more favorable to the employee than under the cba . pscs had been a feature of the previous cba . indeed , the union had long accepted pscs as a general proposition to enable retlaw to attract particularly talented or coveted employees . the cba had acted as a floor on terms and conditions of employment that could be exceeded on an individual basis via a psc . retlaw and the union had followed a practice of allowing the union to be present during psc negotiations , but only on the employee ' s request .
the dispute here is over how these well established principles apply to pscs . in sum , the nlrb concluded that the psc provision was permissive because direct dealing between retlaw and employees via pscs , unless accepted by the union in advance , would undermine the act ' s mandate that retlaw bargain collectively with the union on “wages , hours , and other terms and conditions of employment . ” 29 u . s . c . §§ 158 ( a ) ( 5 ) , ( d ) .
benjamin w . tucker , jr . , 57 | mr . tucker has been acting president & ceo of fisher communications , inc . since january 2005 and has been president | | | of fisher broadcasting company since 2001 . mr . tucker was executive vice president of broadcasting operations of | | | fisher broadcasting company during 2001 . he also served as senior vice president of fisher television regional | | | group - - fisher broadcasting company from 1999 to 2001 and was vice president of retlaw enterprises , inc . , a | | | broadcasting company , from 1991 to 1999 .
the dispute here is over how these well established principles apply to pscs . in sum , the nlrb concluded that the psc provision was permissive because direct dealing between retlaw and employees via pscs , unless accepted by the union in advance , would undermine the act ' s mandate that retlaw bargain collectively with the union on
wages , hours , and other terms and conditions of employment .
29 u . s . c . §§ 158 ( a ) ( 5 ) , ( d ) .
a collective bargaining agreement (
cba
) that went into effect in 1990 expired on july 1 , 1993 . 2 negotiations in the summer of 1993 aimed at a new cba broke down over personal service contracts (
pscs
) . pscs are employment agreements negotiated directly between retlaw and an individual employee , who is often represented in the negotiations by his or her attorney or agent . a psc allows retlaw and the employee to craft specific terms and conditions of employment that are more favorable to the employee than under the cba . pscs had been a feature of the previous cba . indeed , the union had long accepted pscs as a general proposition to enable retlaw to attract particularly talented or coveted employees . the cba had acted as a floor on terms and conditions of employment that could be exceeded on an individual basis via a psc . retlaw and the union had followed a practice of allowing the union to be present during psc negotiations , but only on the employee ' s request .
walt disney died in 1966 , and today retlaw is owned by his widow , lillian , 91 , and their two publicity - shy daughters , diane disney miller , 56 , and sharon disney lund , 53 , who is the only one of the three on the walt disney co . board of directors . lillian and sharon each own 30 % of retlaw ; the remaining 40 % is owned by diane , her husband , former walt disney co . chief executive ronald w . miller , and their children .
retlaw ' s real estate includes 580 acres of farmland worth more than $ 8 million on the eastern edge of palmdale in the mojave desert ; 220 acres of vacant land in riverside county , and 330 acres of avocado groves in escondido and riverside county .
the conclusion that confidentiality in this case was a red herring is consistent with nlrb precedent turning back similar claims . the nlrb stressed here that it had “previously rejected the same arguments advanced by [ retlaw ] - i . e . , that the disclosure of similar wage information would violate employee confidentiality and privacy interests - when raised by other employers in the broadcasting industry . ” retlaw broad . co . , 324 n . l . r . b . no . 18 , 324 nlrb 138 n . 1 , 1997 wl 428577 ( 1997 ) ( collecting cases ) . see also king broad . co . , 324 n . l . r . b . no . 57 , 1997 wl 566244 ( 1997 ) ( rejecting , shortly after decision in retlaw , claim of confidentiality as ground for non - disclosure of pscs ) . retlaw has not set forth any reason for overturning the nlrb ' s determination that its refusal to produce copies of pscs to the union was an unfair labor practice . we hold , therefore , that the nlrb did not err . 7
the conclusion that confidentiality in this case was a red herring is consistent with nlrb precedent turning back similar claims . the nlrb stressed here that it had
previously rejected the same arguments advanced by [ retlaw ] - - i . e . , that the disclosure of similar wage information would violate employee confidentiality and privacy interests - - when raised by other employers in the broadcasting industry .
retlaw broad . co . , 324 n . l . r . b . no . 18 , 324 nlrb 138 n . 1 , 1997 wl 428577 ( 1997 ) ( collecting cases ) . see also king broad . co . , 324 n . l . r . b . no . 57 , 1997 wl 566244 ( 1997 ) ( rejecting , shortly after decision in retlaw , claim of confidentiality as ground for non - disclosure of pscs ) . retlaw has not set forth any reason for overturning the nlrb ' s determination that its refusal to produce copies of pscs to the union was an unfair labor practice . we hold , therefore , that the nlrb did not err . 7
on july 26 , negotiations broke off over this and several other sticking points not at issue in this appeal . by letter dated august 18 , retlaw declared that the parties were at a “good - faith” impasse and that it would exercise its “right” to implement unilaterally its “last , best , and final” collective bargaining proposal . retlaw then implemented that proposal in several respects . 3 as discussed further below , the nlrb found that no valid impasse existed because the psc provision was a “permissive” subject of collective bargaining . it followed from this conclusion that retlaw ' s bargaining to impasse over the psc provision , and implementing part of its final contract proposal , was an unfair labor practice , in violation of sections 8 ( a ) ( 1 ) and 8 ( a ) ( 5 ) of the national labor relations act ( “act” ) . see 29 u . s . c . §§ 158 ( a ) ( 1 ) , ( 5 ) .
this strategic transaction takes us to a new level ,
said william w . krippaehne jr . , president and chief executive of fisher .
. . . with the acquisition of the retlaw stations , we are achieving our objective of growing in a region with the type of affiliate stations we know how to operate .
walt disney productions gave retlaw 818 , 461 shares of stock to be done with the entire arrangement , which the disney family members who owned retlaw took for themselves instead of reinvesting it back in the business ; that way , they could each hold shares of the public disney business individually instead of as a group . roy disney once again objected strongly , saying the transaction was overvalued and it was simply a way for walt’s heirs to take even more cash and ownership out of the public business . he was overruled . again . i think walt disney productions just wanted to be done with the heirs . at least , that is what the evidence looks like .
on july 26 , negotiations broke off over this and several other sticking points not at issue in this appeal . by letter dated august 18 , retlaw declared that the parties were at a
good - faith
impasse and that it would exercise its
right
to implement unilaterally its
last , best , and final
collective bargaining proposal . retlaw then implemented that proposal in several respects . 3 as discussed further below , the nlrb found that no valid impasse existed because the psc provision was a
permissive
subject of collective bargaining . it followed from this conclusion that retlaw ' s bargaining to impasse over the psc provision , and implementing part of its final contract proposal , was an unfair labor practice , in violation of sections 8 ( a ) ( 1 ) and 8 ( a ) ( 5 ) of the national labor relations act (
act
) . see 29 u . s . c . §§ 158 ( a ) ( 1 ) , ( 5 ) .
retlaw ' s tv stations , all cbs affiliates , are kjeo in fresno ; kmst in monterey , calif . ; kepr in pasco , wash . ; kima in yakima , wash . ; kidk in idaho falls , ida . , and klew in lewiston , ida . , the town where walt and lillian were married in 1925 .
walt created yet another company with just the money that could be made off of having his name and likeness attached to a product or service . it says everything about the man that his sign of approval alone was worth millions , because that’s how much people trusted him to consistently deliver quality entertainment . the company created was originally called walt disney , inc . , but would later change its name to wed enterprises to avoid confusion with the walt disney company .
the rights were obviously valuable in light of disney ' s phenomenal growth . between 1953 and late 1981 , disney paid wed / retlaw a total of $ 45 . 6 million in
name
royalties , with $ 25 . 6 million representing merchandise and $ 20 million covering the company ' s projects , namely walt disney world in florida .
family - run disney foundations . for example , more than $ 10 , 000 , 000 was given to the walt disney family foundation ( the now - parent of retlaw enterprises ) . by structuring the wdff as a private foundation and not a public charity , the disney family can get around the disclosure laws so people can’t know what they are taking in salaries and benefits . apparently walt taught them well . i have absolutely no evidence for this , and am not indicating that i think the disney family is doing it , but one technique for wealth preservation is to hire the heirs to run the foundations like this so that you can pay them very large , six or seven figure salaries , while lowering your overall tax bill . if they are doing it , it’s perfectly legal so i see no problem .
so now it ' s time for that history lesson . wdi started not as walt disney imagineering , but as walt disney inc . — a separate company from walt disney productions that walt formed personally to license his name and work on side projects . . . such as the design of disneyland . after the disney productions board of directors balked at the name of walt disney inc . , walt changed it in 1953 to wed enterprises ( for his initials : walt elias disney ) .
creating retlaw reflected walt disney ' s vision for providing riches for his family . but it also strained relations between him and his brother , the late roy o . disney , and later between walt disney ' s heirs and roy disney ' s son , roy e . disney , who today oversees shamrock holdings inc . , a big investment firm in burbank .
in 1982 , the public walt disney productions wanted to be done with retlaw entirely , and offered to buy everything related to the disney theme parks so they could go their separate ways . at this point , walt had been deceased for 16 years . it was tiresome and insulting that the namesake , enormous , publicly traded disney empire didn’t even own its own iconic monorail .
the nlrb ' s order will be enforced if it correctly applied the law and its factual findings are supported by substantial evidence . nlrb v . district council of iron workers , 124 f . 3d 1094 , 1098 ( 9th cir . 1997 ) . retlaw advances no serious claim that the nlrb ' s findings of fact are not adequately supported by the record . rather , at issue is the scope of retlaw ' s obligation to bargain collectively in good faith over “wages , hours , and other terms and conditions of employment . ” 29 u . s . c . §§ 158 ( a ) ( 5 ) , ( d ) . the nlrb ' s conclusions as to matters falling within “terms and conditions of employment” are not lightly disturbed :
the nlrb ' s order will be enforced if it correctly applied the law and its factual findings are supported by substantial evidence . nlrb v . district council of iron workers , 124 f . 3d 1094 , 1098 ( 9th cir . 1997 ) . retlaw advances no serious claim that the nlrb ' s findings of fact are not adequately supported by the record . rather , at issue is the scope of retlaw ' s obligation to bargain collectively in good faith over
wages , hours , and other terms and conditions of employment .
29 u . s . c . §§ 158 ( a ) ( 5 ) , ( d ) . the nlrb ' s conclusions as to matters falling within
terms and conditions of employment
are not lightly disturbed :
in support of its position on this issue , retlaw contends that california law bars disclosure of pscs on privacy grounds . even if california law would have that effect , any state - law authority must yield to the act due to federal preemption . brown v . hotel & restaurant employees & bartenders int ' l union local 54 , 468 u . s . 491 , 503 , 104 s . ct . 3179 , 82 l . ed . 2d 373 ( 1984 ) . retlaw ' s assertion that its employees ' psc information was confidential under united states department of defense v . federal labor relations authority , 510 u . s . 487 , 114 s . ct . 1006 , 127 l . ed . 2d 325 ( 1994 ) is also unconvincing . that case dealt with whether the home addresses of a particular group of federal employees were protected from disclosure under an exception in the freedom of information act . the nlrb has specifically rejected a confidentiality claim based on united states department of defense . see pacific physicians servs . , inc . , 315 n . l . r . b . 108 , 1994 wl 541495 ( 1994 ) . retlaw does not challenge the nlrb ' s interpretation of that decision
7 . in support of its position on this issue , retlaw contends that california law bars disclosure of pscs on privacy grounds . even if california law would have that effect , any state - law authority must yield to the act due to federal preemption . brown v . hotel & restaurant employees & bartenders int ' l union local 54 , 468 u . s . 491 , 503 , 104 s . ct . 3179 , 82 l . ed . 2d 373 ( 1984 ) . retlaw ' s assertion that its employees ' psc information was confidential under united states department of defense v . federal labor relations authority , 510 u . s . 487 , 114 s . ct . 1006 , 127 l . ed . 2d 325 ( 1994 ) is also unconvincing . that case dealt with whether the home addresses of a particular group of federal employees were protected from disclosure under an exception in the freedom of information act . the nlrb has specifically rejected a confidentiality claim based on united states department of defense . see pacific physicians servs . , inc . , 315 n . l . r . b . 108 , 1994 wl 541495 ( 1994 ) . retlaw does not challenge the nlrb ' s interpretation of that decision .
retlaw has other revenue sources as well . it draws annual payments - - often $ 600 , 000 or more - - from walt disney co . for 26 disney live - action movies , notably
mary poppins .
the films were produced by disney in the 1960s , and the payments reflect 10 % equity stakes walt disney bought in the films as part of his management contract with walt disney co .
whether retlaw was entitled to declare an impasse over the psc provision and implement its final offer turns on the distinction between “mandatory” and “permissive” subjects of collective bargaining . considerable scholarly effort has been invested explaining the difference and it is not easily characterized . see generally 1 patrick hardin , the developing labor law 851 - 947 ( 3d ed . 1992 & supp . 1998 ) . nonetheless , a few general principles are relevant .
* whether retlaw was entitled to declare an impasse over the psc provision and implement its final offer turns on the distinction between
mandatory
and
permissive
subjects of collective bargaining . considerable scholarly effort has been invested explaining the difference and it is not easily characterized . see generally 1 patrick hardin , the developing labor law 851 - 947 ( 3d ed . 1992 & supp . 1998 ) . nonetheless , a few general principles are relevant .
in the 1920s , walt and roy o . disney co - founded the disney studio , with walt the creative partner and roy the financial man . according to john taylor ' s 1987 book
storming the magic kingdom ,
an account of takeover threats against walt disney co . in the mid - 1980s , roy vehemently objected to retlaw ' s creation . he felt betrayed that walt was diverting a portion of the company ' s income to walt ' s side of the family .
was originally called walt disney inc . it was created in 1953 when walt and some of his design engineering employees formed a new corporation . after the ipo of walt disney productions ( later named the walt disney company in the 1980’s to honor its founder ; this is the business that you can buy shares of on the new york stock exchange under the ticker symbol dis ) , the firm changed its name to wed enterprises so it wouldn’t be confused with the main , publicly traded business . walt’s brother and co - founder , roy , strongly opposed walt’s creation of the company and thought that it was a crooked , selfish move designed to drain the coffers of the main business .
disney renamed wed enterprises as walt disney imagineering in 1986 . but for those first 10 years of disneyland ' s existence , imagineering wasn ' t even legally part of what we now know as the walt disney company . and wdi retained its independent spirit for decades later , including a disdain for the
disney look
grooming guidelines that ruled every other cast member who stepped foot in the parks . when i worked at walt disney world in the early 1990s , if we saw someone with a mickey name tag and a mustache walking in the park , we knew it was an imagineer on site . that ' s how we found out about new projects , in the days before online rumor boards .
we hold that the psc provision is permissive because it would have allowed “the employer , in effect , to deal with its employees rather than with their statutory representative . ” borg - warner , 356 u . s . at 350 , 78 s . ct . 718 . retlaw ' s declaration of impasse over this issue violated the act because it amounted to a refusal “to bargain collectively with the representatives of [ the ] employees . ” 29 u . s . c . § 158 ( a ) ( 5 ) .
we hold that the psc provision is permissive because it would have allowed
the employer , in effect , to deal with its employees rather than with their statutory representative .
borg - warner , 356 u . s . at 350 , 78 s . ct . 718 . retlaw ' s declaration of impasse over this issue violated the act because it amounted to a refusal
to bargain collectively with the representatives of [ the ] employees .
29 u . s . c . § 158 ( a ) ( 5 ) .
because the nlrb properly found that no valid impasse existed in this case , we have no occasion to address the scope of retlaw ' s right to implement its final contract proposal after impasse . cf . colorado - ute elec . ass ' n , inc . v . nlrb , 939 f . 2d 1392 ( 10th cir . 1991 ) ( declining to enforce nlrb order finding that employer ' s decision to implement merit wage plan after impasse was an unfair labor practice ) . like the nlrb , we voice no opinion on this issue
6 . because the nlrb properly found that no valid impasse existed in this case , we have no occasion to address the scope of retlaw ' s right to implement its final contract proposal after impasse . cf . colorado - ute elec . ass ' n , inc . v . nlrb , 939 f . 2d 1392 ( 10th cir . 1991 ) ( declining to enforce nlrb order finding that employer ' s decision to implement merit wage plan after impasse was an unfair labor practice ) . like the nlrb , we voice no opinion on this issue .
if you dig into the old securities and exchange commission filings around the time , you find out how shocking the figures were . between 1955 when walt disney productions began to get ready to go public and the end of fiscal 1981 , retlaw had charged walt disney productions $ 75 million for use of the monorail and disneyland railroad . it was absolutely ridiculous . roy disney was right – the public company , walt disney productions , should have owned those assets from the outset . it really was just a way for walt to pocket more cash and , just as importantly after
under our narrow standard of review , we are not quick to override the nlrb ' s judgment that a matter is a permissive subject of collective bargaining . the nlrb ' s finding that the psc provision was permissive withstands judicial scrutiny because it is a “reasonably defensible” construction of the act . ford motor co . v . nlrb , 441 u . s . 488 , 497 , 99 s . ct . 1842 , 60 l . ed . 2d 420 ( 1979 ) . therefore , we hold that the nlrb ' s conclusion that retlaw committed an unfair labor practice by declaring an impasse and implementing part of its final contract proposal was not error . 6
under our narrow standard of review , we are not quick to override the nlrb ' s judgment that a matter is a permissive subject of collective bargaining . the nlrb ' s finding that the psc provision was permissive withstands judicial scrutiny because it is a
reasonably defensible
construction of the act . ford motor co . v . nlrb , 441 u . s . 488 , 497 , 99 s . ct . 1842 , 60 l . ed . 2d 420 ( 1979 ) . therefore , we hold that the nlrb ' s conclusion that retlaw committed an unfair labor practice by declaring an impasse and implementing part of its final contract proposal was not error . 6
in silverstar enterprises , inc . v . aday , 537 f . supp . 236 , 238 ( s . d . n . y . 1982 ) , the court concluded that the copyright act was not implicated because it was undisputed that plaintiff ' s claim arose from the license agreement . finally , in kiwanis int ' l v . ridgewood kiwanis club , 806 f . 2d 468 , 472 ( 3d cir . 1986 ) , cert . dismissed , 483 u . s . 1050 , 108 s . ct . 362 , 97 l . ed . 2d 812 ( 1987 ) , the plaintiff brought suit specifically to enforce its rights under contract . as opposed to these two cases , plaintiffs have specifically asserted that primetime has exceeded its authority pursuant to the shva . as the license between foxnet and primetime is limited to
unserved households
as defined by the shva , the court rejects primetime ' s position that fox does not have standing to present a federal copyright infringement claim .
atlanta gas light is resuming the removal of soil contamination from under the former trinity cme church and under walton way since the church was relocated last month to another augusta site .
choose the plan that ' s right for you . digital access or digital and print delivery .
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under the agreement reached wednesday , fisher would buy 11 television stations , including kjeo - tv , the cbs affiliate in fresno - visalia , and stations in the pacific northwest and georgia . the deal would boost to 13 from two the number of tv stations fisher owns . it also owns 25 radio stations .
once the deal closes , fisher would become one of the leading tv station groups in the west . it would also bring the reach of fisher ' s broadcasting division to more than 5 % of u . s . households .
fisher , founded in 1910 , operates subsidiaries in flour milling and food distribution and real estate development in addition to broadcasting . on wednesday , the company ' s stock rose $ 2 a share to close at $ 67 in over - the - counter bulletin board trading .
once the deal closes , fisher will have nine cbs stations , two abc and two fox stations .
fox tv stations buy reruns of charlie sheen ' s ' anger . . .
if you said walt disney co . - - operator of disneyland , creator of memorable children ' s movies - - you ' re only half right .
it ' s just a desire of theirs to keep their private lives separate ,
wilson said .
walt disney introduces disneyland , as construction on the theme park begins in 1954 .
as the disney studio struggled to get back on its feet after world war ii , disneyland became walt disney ' s great postwar venture . spending years trying to find backing for the park , disney perceived that television could provide the financing and exposure necessary to get such a massive undertaking off the ground .
in september 1953 , roy disney , took the wed concept sketches and six - page prospectus to new york to meet with television industry leaders . the two main networks cbs and nbc both expressed interest in a disney - produced tv show but were unable to commit to the theme park as extra baggage in the deal .
running out of options , roy disney returned to his waldorf astoria suite , and phoned leonard goldenson who , after two years of courting the disney studio , was still enthusiastic about a deal between them and abc . desperately trying to become a major broadcaster , abc was also willing to take a risk on the unusual disney project . goldenson immediately came to the hotel to discuss the proposal .
film trade headline for january 11 , 1954 . roy disney had announced to stockholders , in a controversial move , that a disney television show would be
designed not only to produce revenue but also to publicize all of the company ' s product .
in exchange for walt disney ' s commitment to produce a weekly television series , abc - paramount would contribute $ 500 , 000 to the park , guarantee $ 4 . 5 million in loans , and become a 34 percent owner in disneyland , inc . ( the company walt disney organized in 1951 ) . walt disney productions also invested in a one - third interest ; and the remaining stock was split between walt disney himself and a publishing company that worked closely with disney .
the press photo used by disney to announce the 1954 deal with abc tv .
the abc - paramount board approved the disney deal on march 29 , 1954—one week after a memorable academy award ceremony where disney came away from the night with an unmatched feat as the personal recipient of four oscars . but in the walt disney production board , last minute opposition within the company nearly killed the disneyland deal . eventually the contract with abc was signed on april 2 , and walt disney planned to begin his show for the fall season .
the abc - paramount deal put the independent producer walt disney in an interesting situation . his new commitments to abc now made him the associate of the paramount theaters whose ruthless tactics over the years had been the bane of the independents . goldenson ' s active role in the detroit monopoly made the dilemma even more awkward , as did earl hudson ' s position as head of abc west coast operations . not only was hudson still a defendant in simpp v . united detroit , but walt disney productions sought millions of dollars in damages from the united paramount theaters . the disney company decided it was no longer prudent to be in a position of suing its television partner .
walt disney pressed for a settlement in the detroit case in which simpp had invested several years trying to reclaim damages from the michigan theater chain that had been owned by paramount pictures . simpp designed the case as the opening gun of their fight against the old hollywood theater chains . instead , the independent producers walked away without the pomp and balyhoo that accompanied the most public of simpp ' s activities . though the case had had a number of difficulties , the undesirable conclusion disappointed some of the producers—in particular sam goldwyn , who would leave simpp the following year .
disneyland provided an economic and creative turning point for walt disney productions which had struggled for many years as an independent production company in hollywood . but as walt disney moved into the theme park business , several other disney activities were reevaluated .
the disney food division was one example . during the early 1950s walt disney had originated an extensive line of food products from bread to soft drinks . in addition to bringing further exposure to his name and company , disney also considered this kind of diversification financially sound . unfortunately when entering television , he was forced to curtail his food and beverage operation to avoid competition with potential advertisers . only one significant remnant of the food line remained—donald duck orange juice .
disneyland showed the film industry that walt disney was expanding beyond his film roots , and moving into areas that were foreign to even the studios themselves . part of the price for this expansion was a redirection of the independent movement embodied by simpp . walt disney became the leading figure in simpp even while walt disney productions less - and - less resembled the typical independent company . as the independent producers no longer shared common goals , it would only be a short time before these differences would divide the society of independent motion picture producers , and to bring about its demise .
disneyland and wed : thomas , building a company , pp . 178 - 185 ; schickel , the disney version , p . 313 - 314 , thomas , walt disney , pp . 248 - 249 and mosely , disney ' s world , p . 233 .
disney deal with abc - paramount : thomas m . prior ,
disney to enter tv field in fall ,
nyt , march 30 , 1954 , p . 24 ; thomas m . prior ,
disney pact delayed ,
nyt , march 31 , 1954 , p . 38 ; thomas m . prior ,
disney and a . b . c . sign tv contract ,
nyt , april 3 , 1954 , p . 19 .
you’re receiving limited access to d23 . com . remember to sign in or join d23 today to enjoy endless disney magic !
you ain’t never had a friend like me , but the link to view this page has expired .
plus , stay connected to d23 every day at d23 . com , featuring exclusive member - only disney news , feature stories , event info , merchandise and more . d23 memberships are non - refundable and non - transferable .
children protest at disney studio : land : topanga canyon group opposes proposed development . but company ' s link to plan is called remote at best .
dozens of topanga canyon schoolchildren and their parents took up placards tuesday and marched outside walt disney studios in burbank to protest a luxury housing project and golf course proposed for their rural community . problem was , they were in the wrong place .
disney has nothing to do with the project ,
said bob wilson , president of the partnership proposing the project called canyon oaks estates .


bill bridges ( born september 17 , 1965 ) is an american role-playing game developer and fantasy author .

he designed the role-playing games werewolf : the apocalypse , mage : the ascension , and promethean : the created .

he additionally worked on a video game based on his fading suns role-playing game emperor of the fading suns .

he is currently a developer at holistic design .

bill bridges ( game designer )

bill bridges bill bridges is a writer and game designer , most known for developing white wolf’s world of darkness setting and hdi’s fading suns science - fiction universe .
source : wikipedia ,
bill bridges ( game designer )
, available under the cc - by - sa license .
mythic imagination institute - bill bridges . retrieved on 2007 - 03 - 06 .
bill bridges is a writer and game designer , most known for developing white wolf’s world of darkness setting and hdi’s fading suns science - fiction universe .
bill bridges’ new designer diary for fading suns 4th edition is now up at ulisses north america’s site . check it out .
bill bridges is a writer and game designer , most known for developing white wolf’s * world of darkness * setting and hdi’s * fading suns * science - fiction universe .
you can also sign - up to receive email notifications whenever bill bridges releases a new book .
white wolf publishing , inc . bill bridges biography . retrieved on 2007 - 03 - 06 .
we’d love your help . let us know what’s wrong with this preview of fading suns by bill bridges .
1996 : mtas : technocracy : void engineers : bill
ronin
bridges , for turning glass walker on us .
writer / game designer - white wolf ' s world of darkness and hdi ' s fading suns . sign up for emails about new releases from bill here .
1995 : mtas : technocracy : new world order : bill
stomach pumper
bridges , for marking territory from virginia on down .
bill bridges is a writer and game designer , most known for developing white wolf’s world of darkness setting and hdi’s fading suns science - fiction universe . he is currently creating a new dark fantasy setting to be featured in novels and rpgs .
kate and her brother and oliver are estranged from their biological father bill hudson .
bill bridges is a writer and game designer , most known for developing white wolf’s * world of darkness * setting and hdi’s * fading suns * science - fiction universe . he is currently creating a new dark fantasy setting to be featured in novels and rpgs . bill serves as a fellow at atlanta’s mythic imagination institute , and sits on the boards of the c . g . jung society of atlanta and the broadleaf writers association . visit him at bill - bridges . com .
game designer cedric kerr developed an architectural engine that allows for the rapid creation of buildings to fill out virtual landscapes .
the doom that came to providence : call of cthulhu live rpg ( moderator : bill bridges ) 10 : 00 am friday bill bridges leads a brave group of stoker con panelists through a live tabletop rpg game of call of cthulhu . something’s not right in providence ! can the players solve the mystery before they all go stark - raving mad ?
bill bridges is an award - winning writer and game designer . he was one of the original developers of white wolf ' s world of darkness and is the co - creator and developer of the fading suns science - fiction universe . he is a fellow at atlanta ' s mythic imagination institute . visit him at bill - bridges . com . want to hear from bill whenever he has a new book or story available ? sign up at : urltoken check out a kindle preview of
my time among the stars
: urltoken
dr . allan fowler fowler is an academic , game developer , and award winning author . he is known for dropping words of game development wisdom on current and future game developers .
ginger holley ginger holley is a costume designer , wardrobe supervisor and creature fabricator for film .
bill bridges is a roleplaying game developer and author who helped create some of the world of darkness ' best known games . an original developer on werewolf : the apocalypse from 1992 to 1995 , bill was also part of the original mage : the ascension design team and has numerous writing credits encompassing most of the second edition world of darkness games . he also helped design the werewolf trading card game , rage . [ 1 ]
bill bridges is an award - winning writer and narrative designer of numerous games . he was one of the original developers of white wolf’s world of darkness and is the co - creator and developer of the fading suns science - fiction universe . he is a fellow at atlanta’s mythic imagination institute .
the bridge challenge the city of craggy rock needs your help to build four new bridges .
kristin jackson kristin jackson is an accomplished print and web graphic designer , working as a freelancer in the visual communications , set photography and social media aspects of the film industry . she is the director of communications and graphic designer for frostbite pictures and the graphic designer / communications consultant for the vancouver webfest .
giuliana rancic takes a hike with bill . . . as the couple vacation with friends ahead of her return to e ! news
kate hudson reveals her ' weird ' celebrity crush during a fun round of glamour games with designer michael kors .
eno ' s death is nothing short of a tragic loss for the game industry , which has lost one of its most inspirational independent creators , someone who was never afraid to torch bridges and build new ones to make exactly the kind of game he wanted to .
there’s a short article by kathleen kaufman about stokercon 2017 on huffington post . it includes a paragraph about our werewolf game : “a particularly unique event was a game of werewolf , hosted by white wolf creator and writer bill bridges . the game participants were none other than george r . r . martin , fellow white wolf creator and author chuck wendig , maria alexander , who would go on to garner her second bram stoker award for ya novel , stephen graham jones , a nominee for the wer
real–time 3 - d designer nominated by dave miller , recruiter , artefact virtual and augmented realities are on the forefront of design and technology explorations . interaction design and game design will collide and integrate . any design team tasked with creating a full experience in this realm will be in need of a 3 - d designer .
alison carrier alison carrier is the senior ux designer for certain affinity , an independent game studio in austin , tx . as a seasoned developer , she is currently working on an unannounced third - person action game . alison is a passionate advocate for diversity and inclusion in video games .
as one of the original crew behind the landmark world of darkness property , bill helmed the werewolf : the apocalypse line of books and games . he served as senior content designer on ccp games’ world of darkness mmo , and was the lead designer of the award - winning storytelling system rules for white wolf’s chronicles of darkness . he created the mage : the awakening and promethean : the created settings , and developed numerous books in the mage : the ascension game series .
bridges moved back to white wolf publishing on february 12 , 2002 , replacing jess heinig as the developer for the revised edition of mage : the ascension . bridges saw the game he created through to its conclusion in the time of judgment . bridges and ken cliffe developed the book , the world of darkness ( 2004 ) , which combined the new setting and rule system into a single game book . for the new world of darkness edition , he worked on the new core rules and was a designer , author , and developer on mage : the awakening . he later moved on to promethean : the created , which won several awards .
urltoken a nice review of hdi’s classic strategy game , emperor of the fading suns .
you belong here ! become a member of crystal bridges and join a vibrant community supporting the region’s leading cultural institution .
bill mulligan bill mulligan is an active member of the north carolina indie film community where he works as a special effects technician , writer , director , actor and producer . his two dozen credits include several award winning films . he is a contributing writer to gruesome magazine and the decades of horror podcast .
' sure , i get the blues , ’ jeff bridges said , and there was a moment’s pause . jeff bridges gets the blues ? bridges looks like a man who hasn’t a care in the world , for whom every day is a good day , who is just happy to be alive , whose conversation can seem like one long , beaming smile .
2018 will see the release of a new edition of fading suns , developed by me , your humble designer . you can keep up with my monthly designer diaries at the publisher’s site . ulisses is a talented and dedicated game publisher and i’m beyond pleased to be working with them to bring back the 51st century . find out more here : urltoken
wright built a prototype of the game and worked on it for broderbund , but the company could not see the commercial potential for a game you couldn’t win . eventually , broderbund gave back the game’s rights to wright , and he set out to find a backer .
2018 will see the release of a new edition of fading suns , developed by me , your humble designer . you can keep up with my monthly designer diaries at the publisher’s site . ulisses is a talented and dedicated game publisher and i’m beyond pleased to be working with them to bring back the 51st century . find out more here : urltoken .
bill also serves as the lead developer for hdi’s fading suns setting , featured in segasoft’s emperor of the fading suns computer game , a line of rpg books , fiction anthologies , miniatures games , as well as the forthcoming tablet and phone app , noble armada .
( 2004 ) , which combined the new setting and rule system into a single game book .
of course , she meant jeff bridges , 67 , who bears more than a passing resemblance to her stepfather kurt russell , 65 .
ohio : a fantastic fury bill wilson , editorial director located in northwest ohio , the city of toledo has just as many university of michigan devotees as it . . . more
bill also serves as the lead developer for ullisses na / hdi’s fading suns setting , featured in segasoft’s emperor of the fading suns computer game , a line of rpg books , fiction anthologies , miniatures games , as well as the forthcoming tablet and phone app , noble armada .
search board game artists designers publishers accessories families forums geeklists honors tags wiki users podcast podcast ep . accessory
i’ll be doing a writing panel once again at siege ( southern interactive entertainment & gaming expo ) . the conference is october 8 - 11 , at the marriott nw atlanta galleria , in atlanta , ga . check out urltoken writing for games 3 : 30 pm – 4 : 30 pm , saturday salon d & e designtrack speakers : warren spector , paul jenkins , bill bridges , michelle menard description : you’ve heard the fancy words — “narrative design , ” “content designer” — but wha
intelligent system designer nominated by john rousseau , executive director , artefact the intelligent system designer doesn’t design discrete objects or experiences , so much as the software systems that make possible the design solutions of others . this designer works as part of a large and diverse network of specialists to create a continually evolving lingua franca of aesthetic production . the systems this person designs will integrate multiple domains , and those domains will themselves be the product of designers , artists , and technologists .
timothy brown ( studio director ) is the award - winning designer of dark sun and 2300ad , and was director of creative services at tsr supervising the best of the ad & d game worlds , including ravenloft and planescape . he is a brand manager for pinnacle entertainment group and recently ran his own successful kickstarter campaign to launch an original new game world , dragon kings .
i aim to be at stokercon this year , in providence ri ( march 1 - 4 ) . i’ve got some panels to speak on , as well as a live tabletop call of cthulhu game ! see you there . word games : writing fiction vs . games ( moderator : danielle delisle ) 6 : 00pm thursday how do writing fiction and writing games differ ? how are they the same ? map out the venn diagram of game writing with our panelists . the doom that came to providence : call of cthulhu live rpg ( moderator : bill bridges
it ' s the third episode in the fun series which sees the dress designer recruit a stylish woman from his address book to go head to head with .
the best content for your style of play—“the right kind of ecosystem for your creature , ” as wright puts it—spore builds a model of how you play the game , and searches for other players’ content that fits that model . if you create a hyper - aggressive darwinian monster , for example , the game might download equally cutthroat opponents to test you . in other words , while you are playing the game , the game is playing you .
they have three daughters . isabelle , 28 , is a child psychologist and yoga teacher ; jessie , 26 , is a musician , and worked as bridges’ assistant while he was filming true grit , which also afforded them the opportunity to play music together . hayley , 24 , is studying to be a designer .
walter dean walter dean is a premiere costume designer who specializes in custom - made costumes . he brings characters to life . he has been featured in marvel studio’s m arvel becoming : dora milaje , and yaya hahn’s book , 1000 incredible costume & cosplay ideas . he was cited in huffington post as a “designer to watch . ”
below are lists of the publications to which i contributed writing , development ( content editing ) , and / or game design . the list includes novels , computer games , roleplaying game books , miniatures games , and downloadable content .
hey , my new fading suns designer diary for june is now up at the ulisses site . get a sneak peek at the some of the callings practiced by nobles !
his fiction works include my time among the stars for fading suns , and the silver crown and last battle novels for werewolf . bill contributed to world design for segasoft’s emperor of the fading suns computer game , and co - wrote the scripts for viacom’s interactive horror movie dracula unleashed and interplay’s star trek : starfleet academy .
i was the lead designer and writer on this new vision of the modern - day occult roleplaying game , part of the “new” world of darkness game lines . available as digital downloads from drivethrurpg . mage : the awakening boston unveiled guardians of the veil legacies : the ancient legacies : the sublime magical traditions reigns of the exarchs sanctum & sigil secrets of the ruined temple tome of mysteries tome of the watchtowers
ross watson ( product line manager ) is an award - winning game designer and author . he helped design games like star wars : edge of the empire , savage rifts , and torg : eternity . ross was the senior rpg developer supervising several game lines at ffg , including dark heresy , rogue trader , and deathwatch . ross also helped successfully kickstart accursed , his own unique setting for savage worlds .
bill ruprecht was unanimously elected chairman of the board of directors of sotheby’s in december 2012 , assuming those duties in addition to his role as president and chief executive officer , which he has held since 2000 .
jose p zagal josé zagal is faculty at the university of utah ' s top - ranked game development program . he wrote ludoliteracy and edited the videogame ethics reader and role - playing game studies , a book on the study of role - playing games . he was also honored as a distinguished game scholar by the digital games research association ( digra ) .
she granted a rare interview to adventure classic gaming in 2006 , in which she talked about her legacy and her thoughts on the genre . though she’s no longer active as a game designer , williams made it clear that she considers this work to be one of the greatest achievements of her life .
bridges moved back to white wolf in 2002 , replacing jess heinig as the developer for the revised edition of mage : the ascension , [ 3 ] seeing the game he created through to its conclusion in the time of judgment . for the new world of darkness , he worked on the new core rules and was a designer , author and developer on mage : the awakening . he later moved on line edit promethean : the created , which has won several awards .
“my definition of an adventure game is really an interactive story set with puzzles and obstacles to solve and worlds to explore . i believe that the ‘true’ adventure game genre will never die any more than any type of storytelling would ever die . ”
formerly senior content designer on ccp games’ world of darkness mmo , he is now a full - time freelance writer . he was the lead designer of the award - winning storytelling system rules for white wolf’s world of darkness games , and designed and developed the award - winning games mage : the awakening , promethean : the created , and werewolf : the apocalypse .
spore isn’t a multiplayer game , like the immensely popular world of warcraft , which runs on “massively parallel” computers ( a distributed system employing many networked machines ) ; it’s what wright jokingly calls a massively parallel single - player game . if you enable an internet feature , spore servers will “pollinate” your copy of the game with content created by other players . in order to create
in america , the film – and more particularly bridges’ character – has spawned a cult following along the lines of the rocky horror show or the sound of music , with an annual big lebowski festival where participants arrive in dressing - gowns and bermuda shorts . it seems typical of bridges that he should have embraced all this in good part , sometimes turning up in person , naturally wearing his jelly shoes . once asked to explain the phenomenon , bridges replied , ' i just think it’s a weird dream i’m having , man…’ it is ironic , perhaps , that bridges said he had given up smoking pot for the role , ' because i wanted to have a clear head’ .
the july 2018 issue of roads & bridges features our winners for the contractor ' s choice awards for 2018 , where our contractor readership has voted for . . . more
in the end kate was the overall winner of glamour games 3 as she seems to know the designer very well and didn ' t need too many clues to guess his favourite things .
shae williams dr . williams is an aerospace engineer and spacecraft propulsion designer at moog , inc . who has designed , built , and tested in - space propulsion systems at multiple companies .
she lost the first game , and began stretching her right wrist . then she struggled again in a rematch . “ah ! ”
hirezfish daniel fishman ( hirezfish ) grew up loving games , and after getting his masters in computer science from clemson university , was lucky enough to be hired by hirez studios in alpharetta , georgia . he began there as a gameplay programmer , and now works as a senior game designer on smite and smite : adventures .
his fiction works include my time among the stars for fading suns , and the silver crown , the last battle , and the song of unmaking novels for werewolf . bill contributed to world design for segasoft’s emperor of the fading suns computer game , and co - wrote the scripts for viacom’s interactive horror movie dracula unleashed and interplay’s star trek : starfleet academy .
' i don’t consider myself a hard - ass , ’ bridges said . ' i like people . i’m light and airy . but i can play a hard - ass . ’
curator chad alligood joined crystal bridges in july , 2013 , working with crystal bridges president don bacigalupi in curating state of the art : discovering american art now . beyond state of the art , alligood’s ongoing work at crystal bridges focuses on the collection , presentation , and scholarship of modern and contemporary american art , with an emphasis on the postwar period . alligood’s research and exhibitions have focused on american art since 1900 , and his areas of particular interest include contemporary art , art of the 1960s and ‘70s , and art of the west coast .
hey , in case you’ve missed them , ulisses is running monthly designer diaries for the relaunch of the fading suns rpg . check them out here : urltoken , and then check out the ulisses forums for ongoing discussion among the fan community . and then come back here for andrew’s updates on the fading suns noble armada computer game !
developer of werewolf : the apocalypse . later , mage : the ascension , then designer of the world of darkness storytelling system reboot , along with mage : the awakening and promethean : the created .
a renewed interest in craft , textiles and women artists has brought the work — and the legacy — of the modernist designer , artist , writer and teacher to the forefront of art historical discourse .
instead of direct conflict , german - style games tend to let players win without having to undercut or destroy their friends . this keeps the game fun , even for those who eventually fall behind . designed with busy parents in mind , german games also tend to be fast , requiring anywhere from 15 minutes to a little more than an hour to complete . they are balanced , preventing one person from running away with the game while the others painfully play out their eventual defeat . and the best ones stay fresh and interesting game after game .
bridges prefers to keep his distance from hollywood . he moved his family to santa barbara from los angeles following the big earthquake in 1994 . he also has a ranch in montana , made up of some of the buildings , including the whorehouse , used for the film heaven’s gate , which bridges had dismantled log by log and moved the 300 miles to their present location .
i walked up the steps , and watched from the road . the shot called for bridges to stroll along the beach , the pacific ocean behind him – a man at one with nature , enjoying a moment of solitary reflection . the make - up girl ran a comb through his hair , then bridges walked 20 or so yards up the beach , turned and began to walk back . the crew crab - walked backwards , careful not to stray into shot . bridges walked barefoot towards them , assuming the look of a man without a care in the world .
bill bridges was an original developer for white wolf publishing from 1992 to 1995 , where he contributed to werewolf : the apocalypse . bridges was the line editor for werewolf and as one of the early world of darkness developers , he was central to defining the look and feel of white wolf ' s world of darkness productions . he worked on the storytelling system rules for all the world of darkness games . it was his goal to present werewolves as something besides accursed humans , an idea which has since been echoed in some popular contemporary novel series . he was a part of the original mage : the ascension design team . he has many writing credits encompassing most of the second edition world of darkness games , and helped design rage , the werewolf collectible card game .
roads & bridges visited the project neon site in las vegas in early june . at the time , prime contractor kiewit was pushing to reopen i - 15 to full capacity . . . more
bridges stretched . the girl from the film company had appeared at the door . there were more interviews to be done . we walked downstairs . ' you’ll be breaking for lunch afterwards , ’ the publicity girl told him . ' do you want to order now ? ’ she passed him a menu . bridges stopped , and studied it carefully . we waited . ' ummm…’ this seemed to
merle s robinson lead wargame designer national security decision - making game ( dod - like geopolitical live action roleplay ) . with broad dod experience in information technology , analysis and process improvement has lead over 400 events exploring past , present and future geopolitical challenges and delivered over 200 presentations on historic / contemporary topics . graduate : military operations research wargaming certificate program .
michael latini michael latini is a designer , fabricator , puppeteer and co - founder of monkey boys productions . recently michael puppeteered with the muppets for late night with jimmy fallon and on saturday night live ! urltoken urltoken
alligood received the kress foundation fellowship from smith college institute for art museum studies , and came to crystal bridges from cranbrook art museum where he was serving as the jeanne and ralph graham collections fellow .
teuber ' s plan for overcoming this challenge is , oddly enough , computers . he hopes that digital versions of settlers will help conquer ( sorry , liberate ) the us market . he and his son guido are convinced that moving the game online and onto platforms like xbox 360 and nintendo ds is the best way to win converts outside the board game world . the idea is that after getting to know the game and its rules on the pc and game consoles , people will be more likely to buy the analog version—still the most fulfilling and social settlers experience—to play with friends .
game designer cedric kerr had a brilliant idea for a video game called project sprawl where specialized teams of players would attempt to pull - off high - stakes heists in a stylish , unscripted , neo - noir city governed by emergent npcs . imagine a cross between ocean’s 11 , grand theft auto , and 1980s paper - and - pencil cyberpunk rpgs and you’ve got the rough outline . the only problem was this vision required a sprawling cg city populated with 3 - d buildings to keep the gameplay fresh .
andrew greenberg best known for his work on roleplaying and computer games , andrew greenberg runs the georgia game developers association and georgia esports league . he chairs the dekalb entertainment commission . greenberg has credits on more than 100 game products and is currently developing fading suns : noble armada for the pc .
in fearless he took the trouble to dry out his mouth before certain scenes in order to slur his voice , reasoning that a dry mouth was one side - effect of stress . robert benton , the director of bad company ( 1972 ) , in which bridges played a civil war draft dodger , once described shooting a scene that required bridges to pretend to skin a rabbit , the rabbit itself being out of camera - shot . bridges insisted on skinning a real rabbit , in order to capture the feeling of a knife cutting through flesh , and the expression of queasy concentration that couldn’t be faked .
bridges had misheard me – or perhaps he hadn’t . ' delight ? ’ he savoured the word for a moment , as if discovering it for the first time . ' that’s right ! delight ! ’
whether this embodiment is physical or virtual , this new designer is concerned with virtual and augmented reality , as well as the computers embedded into things and spaces . therefore , this role is expert in interface pattern languages and touch - points that have largely been considered as alternative or merely subservient to screen - based guis . this designer will borrow practices from industrial design and architecture , so that she can model interactions that are oriented in space .
lately , some of that stupid stuff has escalated into what is known as gamergate . this controversy arose after a jilted gamer wrote an online screed accusing his ex - girlfriend , a game designer , of trading sex for favorable press coverage . hordes of angry young men turned their pitchforks on women ( and feminist supporters ) throughout the gaming industry , in some cases threatening them . a bomb threat was sent to organizers of the game developers choice awards , because they planned to honor anita sarkeesian , a feminist media critic .
in the late nineties , sony’s playstation console replaced the n . e . s . as the dominant home game - playing system , and microsoft’s xbox , introduced in 2001 , is now the second - best - selling machine . but neither sony nor microsoft has had nintendo’s influence on basic game design .
after releasing a few games at warp , eno took a long break from game creation and from media appearances . he famously refused to give interviews for many years , finally breaking his silence in the aforementioned extensive talk with 1up ' s editors . by the late 2000 ' s , eno had returned to game design . he teamed with his friend , fellow indie creator kenichi nishi , to produce a series of puzzle games for the fledgling ios platform called newtonica . he later published a wii downloadable game called you , me and the cubes with nintendo , and another popular iphone game called one - dot enemies .
randy w blades randy blades is currently the department head of drama at jacksonville state university in jacksonville , al . he holds a mfa from penn state in costume design and has designer and constructed costumes for theaters across the country .
released in 1995 , the settlers of catan only recently caught fire in the u . s because of this enthusiasm , board game design has become high art—and big business—in germany . any game aficionado will tell you that the best - designed titles in the world come from this country . in fact , the phrase german - style game is now shorthand for a breed of tight , well - designed games that resemble monopoly the way a porsche 911 resembles a chevy cobalt .
in may , i joined some twenty thousand members of the game industry—developers , marketers , distributors , buyers , press—in downtown los angeles for the industry’s big trade show , electronic entertainment expo , or e3 . electronic arts , which had hoped in vain that wright would have the game ready for the convention , was instead offering conventioneers the opportunity to see wright demonstrate the game , inside a special spore hut that was set up next to e . a . ’s enormous pavilion .
bakhtanians replied , “you can’t , because they’re one and the same thing . this is a community that’s , you know , fifteen or twenty years old , and the sexual harassment is part of a culture , and if you remove that from the fighting - game community it’s not the fighting - game community—it’s starcraft . ”
bridges’ new film is a western , true grit , written and directed by the coen brothers , with whom he last worked in 1988 on the big lebowski . it will inevitably be described as a remake of the john wayne classic from 1969 , but bridges says that the first piece of direction the coens gave him was to forget the wayne film ; this was a return to the source material , the 1968 novel by charles portis .
darrell hayhurst ( product line manager ) is a freelance writer and designer who has worked on both tactical games and roleplaying games . he helped design hard vacuum , the wwii retro - futurist space combat game by fat messiah . he has written for savage rifts and codex infernus for the savage worlds system . and he has worked with third eye games on ninja crusade and the upcoming amp : year three .
ok , way back when . . . . in the 80 ' s , william bridges published this landbreaking book . i read it then and loved it and have hauled it out to read to my daughter who is now 50 . i ' ve ordered the 25th anniversary update . heck , after all that time , i can ' t wait to ready what bridges added to the update . colossal thoughts and his writing his down to earth . frankly , ivory tower psychology doesn ' t work too well when wading through life ' s transitions . bridges has written a true winner . by the way , a the original edition is still absolutely spot on after al these years .
before crazy heart bridges had been nominated four times for an oscar , but some of his best performances have gone largely unrecognised : the college professor who discovers that his next - door - neighbour is a terrorist in arlington road ; the irrepressibly optimistic car - designer preston tucker in tucker : the man and his dream ; and the architect who is vividly awakened to a sense of his own invincibility and to the beauty of life after miraculously surviving an air crash in fearless .
current first lady michelle obama — with a little help from designer michael s . smith and white house curator william allman — has put a decidedly modern stamp on the home , adding art by robert rauschenberg , anni and josef albers and alma thomas .
blair macintyre blair macintyre is a professor teaching ar / vr and video game design , and a research scientist at mozilla leading the effort to bring ar to the web .
for clinton , loew saw a yellow oval room that mixes influences from the candidate’s current home state of new york with those of the south , her husband’s homeland . the designer also wanted to introduce work by female creatives , both contemporary ( such as sculptor
bill lives near atlanta , ga , wondering how in the world he survives the humidity . when he’s not playing rpgs or reading comics , he serves as a fellow at atlanta’s mythic imagination institute , and sits on the boards of the c . g . jung society of atlanta and the broadleaf writers association .
bill lives near atlanta , ga , wondering how in the world he survives the humidity . when he’s not playing rpgs or reading comics , he serves as a fellow at atlanta’s mythic imagination institute , and sits on the boards of the c . g . jung society of atlanta and the broadleaf writers association .
while these new materials force the designer to be intensely concerned with formal and spatial qualities , they belie a behind - the - scenes complexity that is also paramount . the embodied interactions designer must be comfortable wading neck - deep through datasets to mine value while protecting privacy . she must be adept at persuading disparate business stakeholders of a product’s value and able to fight for the resources required to design it well . she must have foresight to uncover the biases in algorithms and large - scale systems that can negatively impact people .
jinglebooboo professional costume designer , costume model , and internet personality . she has appeared on syfy channels cosplay melee as well as worked on costuming jobs for blizzard entertainment and the magazine cosplay culture . she has created / worn a costume for an hbo original series .
simcity was slow to catch on , but seventeen years later the game has earned the company two hundred and thirty million dollars . a sizable number of players who first became interested in urban design as a result of the game have gone on to become architects and designers , making simcity arguably the single most influential work of urban - design theory ever created .
one german genius has engineered a faster , smarter board game . * photo : baerbel schmidt * in 1991 , klaus teuber was well on his way to becoming one of the planet ' s hottest board game designers . teuber ( pronounced
toy - burr
) , a dental technician living with his wife and three kids in a white row house in rossdorf , germany , had created a game a few years earlier called barbarossa and the riddlemaster , a sort of ur - cranium in which players mold figures out of modeling clay while their opponents try to guess what the sculptures represent . the game was a hit , and in 1988 it won the spiel des jahres prize—german board gaming ' s highest honor .
bridges takes the role of a us marshal , rooster cogburn ( originally played by wayne ) , hired by a 14 - year - old girl , mattie ross ( hailee steinfeld ) , to track the down the man who killed her father .
most impressive of all , though , settlers is actually inducting board - game - averse americans into the cult of german - style gaming . last year , settlers doubled its sales on this side of the atlantic , moving 200 , 000 copies in the us and canada—almost unheard - of performance for a new strategy game with nothing but word - of - mouth marketing . it has become the first german - style title to make the leap from game - geek specialty stores to major retailers like barnes & noble and toys
r
us .
he takes a similarly playful view of another recently completed film , tron : legacy – the sequel to the 1982 film tron , an early example of computer - generated spectacle cinema , in which bridges played a hacker who is sucked into a perilous computer game . ' we were cutting - edge when we did the first one , but that was like an old black - and - white tv thing compared to this one . ’
for the past six years , wright has been working on a new game , which will be released in 2007 . it is anticipated with something like the interest with which writers in paris in the early twenties awaited joyce’s “ulysses . ” at first , wright called the project sim everything , but a few years ago he settled on the name spore . the game draws on the theory of natural selection . it seeks to replicate algorithmically the conditions by which evolution works , and render the process as a game . conceptually , spore is radical : at a time when most game makers are offering ever more dazzling graphics and scenarios and stories , wright and his backer , electronic arts , are betting that players want to create the environments and
at the age of 61 , bridges’ rugged good looks have taken on a little more flesh , the folds under his chin – what he calls his ' goitre’ – disguised by a salt - and - pepper beard . he was casually dressed in a worn blue shirt , a bulge of stomach spilling out over the waistband of his blue jeans . he looked as if he had just walked out of his back yard , which in a sense he had ; bridges lives five minutes along the beach .
in the late nineteen - eighties , a new type of video game quietly emerged—the god game . computer animation is a brute - force project of converting graphic art into two - dimensional pixels , and , more recently , into three - dimensional polygons , the building blocks of digital pictures . but to create a truly absorbing simulation , one that offers some insight into the nature of real life , is a much more difficult proposition . the designer must play god , or at least the notion of god in boethius’ “consolation of philosophy”—a god that can anticipate the outcome of the player’s actions and yet allows the player the feeling of free will .
he has made westerns before – notably heaven’s gate and wild bill . ' did you play cowboys growing up ? ’ he slapped me on the knee and laughed . ' of course , man ! ’ he remembers when his father , the actor lloyd bridges , would be doing a western and come home with ' all that good stuff’ – chaps , sharp - shooter , waistcoats and stetsons – ' and i’d get to put on the real thing and play with my buds ! ’ he thought about this . ' and it’s always great to get up on a horse . ’
until winning the best actor oscar this year for his role as bad blake , the hard - drinking failed country star in crazy heart , bridges had enjoyed the reputation as one of hollywood’s most popular and most dependable but also most under - rated actors .
the film critic pauline kael wrote that bridges ' may be the most natural and least self - conscious screen actor that ever lived’ . but he is a man who works hard to make acting look effortless , and is painstaking in his attention to detail .
here are 18 of the most important design jobs of the future , as identified by the men and women who will no doubt do much of the hiring . most looked three to five years out , but some peered farther into the future ( see : organ designer ) .
every once in a while , he would bring the new game upstairs to test it out on his family . they would play along , but teuber could tell that the game wasn ' t working . sometimes , in the middle of a match , he would notice his youngest son , benny , reading a comic under the table . other times his wife would suddenly remember a load of laundry that needed immediate attention . after each of these sessions , teuber would haul the game back downstairs for further refinement . he repeated this process over the course of four years .
not the author of a world view ; he tailors his ideas according to the technical parameters of the simulation and the logic of games . whether the game involves fighting intergalactic battles or modelling climate change , the simulation works according to a logic of its own . wright may be the game industry’s greatest auteur , but to a large extent he has abdicated authorship of his own creation .
bridges also co - chairs the presenter programming for the biannual myth - based academic conference and performance festival , mythic journeys . his published novels include the silver crown , and the last battle , both of which are set in the werewolf : the apocalypse setting .
bridges also co - chairs the content committee for the biannual myth based academic conference and performance festival , mythic journeys . [ 2 ] his published novels include the silver crown and the last battle , both of which are werewolf : the apocalypse tales featuring jonas albrecht .
happier the people . wright told me , “i don’t believe any one theory of human psychology is correct . the sims just ended up being a mishmash of stuff that worked in the game . ”
wright belongs to the last generation of game designers ( and , indeed , human beings ) who grew up before personal computers and game consoles existed . he built models of things as a kid : “ships , cars , planes—i loved to do that , ” he told me . when will was ten , he built a balsa - wood replica of the flight deck on the enterprise , which won an award at a star trek convention . he was also fond of the board games made by avalon hill , such as panzerblitz , a strategy game loosely based on tank warfare on the eastern front .
cara santa maria cara santa maria is an award - winning science communicator , television personality , producer , and podcaster . cara is a correspondent on national geographic ' s “explorer” and netflix ' s “bill nye saves the world . ” she hosts the weekly science podcast “talk nerdy with cara santa maria” and cohosts the “skeptics ' guide to the universe” podcast .
teuber nailed all these traits using a series of highly orchestrated game mechanics . instead of a traditional fold - out board , for example , settlers has the 19 hexagonal tiles , each representing one of five natural resources—wooded forests , sheep - filled meadows , mountains ripe for quarrying . at the beginning of every game , they ' re arranged at random into an island . next , numbered tokens marked from 2 to 12 are placed on each tile to indicate which dice rolls will yield a given resource . because the tiles get reshuffled after every game , you get a new board every time you play .
sim designer nominated by rob girling , co - founder and principal , artefact the sim designer pulls together customer data , behavioral models , and statistical models to design simulated people that can be used to help predict future customer behavior . in this way future products , ad campaigns , software , environments , and services are extensively “experienced” by artificial sim users who give sim reviews , tweets , recommendations , and predicted user data . these simulations help drive improvements into the design of all things before the product is ever realized . but would these sim insights replace talking to real people ? i doubt it .
i guess i was lucky in that i started out when the industry was young and full of small developers doing lots of games who often had need of writers . i began in the tabletop roleplaying game field , which is very good experience ( but is not as thriving an industry as it once was ) . if you could cut your teeth on roleplaying game sourcebooks , that certainly couldn’t hurt . it hones your craft , gives you something tangible to show ( even if it’s just a pdf ) , and some of the people in a position to hire you might well play the game you wrote for .
conductor nominated by bill buxton , principal researcher , microsoft research carrying on with the musical analogy , design has typically been preoccupied with creating new instruments . however wonderful any one of those instruments might be , the true potential is only realized when they play well together–essentially as one . it is the creativity and skill of the conductor that is essential to that happening .
embodied interactions designer nominated by matt schoenholz , head of design , teague screens have demanded a lot of attention from designers over the past 30 years . after all , they have been the source of so much content and so many interactions . they still require our thoughtful attention , but we will also see the rise of software that only rarely manifests on a screen . or , perhaps it very much manifests on a screen , but the screen is an overlay on reality or it is outright virtual reality . these new modes of interaction require a new type of designer : one that is focused on embodied interactions .
he has enjoyed that rarest of things in hollywood : a long and happy marriage . he met his wife , susan , in 1974 when he was filming rancho deluxe in montana – she was working at the dude ranch where the film was shot . after three months , susan moved into the house where bridges was then living in malibu , but he continued to prevaricate over marriage . it was not until she threatened to move back to montana , telling bridges that ' my biological clock is going off’ , that he proposed to her . they finally married in 1977 .
one day teuber began tinkering with a new theme for a game : an uncharted island . in his original vision , players would slowly discover the island by flipping over tiles , then establish colonies using the indigenous natural resources . the game incorporated elements of other ideas teuber was working on , but for some reason this one seemed special .
i felt like i was discovering something rather than inventing it ,
teuber says .
her impact on technology : network engineer radia perlman helped make ethernet technology a household name . her spanning tree protocol ( stp ) made it possible to build massive networks using ethernet by creating a mesh network of layer - 2 bridges and then disabling the links that aren’t part of that tree .