in a computer file system , and primarily used in the unix and unix-like operating systems , the root directory is the first or top-most directory in a hierarchy .

it can be likened to the trunk of a tree , as the starting point where all branches originate from .

the root file system is the file system contained on the same disk partition on which the root directory is located ; it is the filesystem on top of which all other file systems are mounted as the system boots up .

root directory

the root directory is the first directory in your filesystem hierarchy . all other directories are subdirectories of the root directory .
the root server returns a root referral to the client . the root referral contains the single root target .
all files and directories on your system stem from one main directory : the root directory . there are no directories
above
the root directory ; all other directories are
below
the root directory .
tree root system invading public footpath - metaphor for tripping up , concept of root cause analysis and computer root directory .
missing is / root . there’s a difference between the / directory and the / root 🙂
please note that / root is root user’s home directory , which is not same as / .
exercise : create a directory called bar , within the directory called foo , within your home directory .
the directory / root is a standard first tier directory in the root directory , and it is referred to as the root user ' s home directory ( and not as the root directory ) . / root contains configuration files for the root user ' s account , and it is analogous to the home directories , which contain configuration and personal files for ordinary users .
traverse two directories up the directory tree . in other words , move into the directory which contains the directory which contains the current working directory .
in windows server 2003 and later , the active directory–integrated dns zones that support active directory domains can be stored in active directory application directory partitions . by default , the dns root domain of a new active directory forest is stored in the domain - wide application directory partition for the forest root domain .
/ is the top level directory in linux . all the subdirectories is under the / . the / root is default home directory of root user .
creates a new domain - based root . if the domain - based root already exists , the function adds the specified root target to the root .
create a directory only for the project . we ' ll refer to that in the following parts as the root directory
find a directory where you want to start your app . we ' ll call this your ' super root ' , as mean scaffold will create a root directory within this directory for your app .
a physical server that hosts a dfs namespace . a domain - based dfs root can have multiple root targets , whereas a stand - alone dfs root can only have one root target . root targets are also called root servers .
the root directory is a specific directory on the server file system in which the users are confined . users are not able to access anything above this root .
in active directory . also stored in a memory cache on the root server .
takes you back to the root directory ( c : in this case ) .
the root directory is represented by a single slash (
/
) .
the root directory , or root folder , is the top - level directory of a file system . the directory structure can be visually represented as an upside - down tree , so the term
root
represents the top level . all other directories within a volume are
branches
or subdirectories of the root directory .
this page contains a technical definiton of root directory . it explains in computing terminology what root directory means and is one of many computing terms in the techterms dictionary .
removes the specified root target from a domain - based root . if the target is the last target of the root , the function also deletes the root .
when you sign in as the root user , you have a separate home directory . this is it . note , / root is different from / , which is also referred to as your root directory .
the number 2 is the square root of 4 , the cube root of 8 , and the fourth root of 16 .
if the first character of a directory name is a slash , that denotes that the directory path begins in the root directory . so , in contrast to the example above , the directory name
/ documents / work / accounting
( note the beginning slash ) means
the directory named accounting , which is in the directory named work , which is in the directory named documents , which is in the root directory .
i ' m trying to extract a download to a program and it is supposed to be extraceted to the root directory of the progam . what is a root directory ?
website - related applications might also need to know your website ' s root directory .
moves you to the directory called ' chairs ' under the directory called ' furniture ' .
a type of referral that contains a list of root targets for a particular root .
the directory you are standing in is called the working directory . to find the name of the working directory , use the pwd command .
another is / root ( pronounced slash root ) , which is the root user ' s home directory . a home directory is the primary repository of a user ' s files , including that user ' s configuration files , and it is usually the directory in which a user finds itself when it logs into a system . / root is a subdirectory of the root directory , as indicated by the forward slash that begins its name , and should not to be confused with that directory . home directories for users other than root are by default created in the / home directory , which is another standard subdirectory of the root directory .
the parent directory of the current directory — in other words , the directory one level up from the current directory , which contains the directory we ' re in now — is represented by two dots (
. .
) .
i am trying to create a batch script to copy multiple directories in different locations into one single directory in another location . the problem is that robocopy is copying the internal contents of the root directory and not the root directory itself
one of these is the root directory , which is the top level directory on a system . that is , it is the directory in which all other directories , including their subdirectories , and files reside . the root directory is designated by a forward slash ( / ) .
resolve . root is usually the root of your project . all paths in the sourcemap for example will be relative to this root .
the root server sends a change notification message to all other root servers hosting the namespace .
the domain controller provides a root referral that contains three root servers , \ \ root - dfs - 03 \ public , \ \ root - dfs - 02 \ public , and \ root - dfs - 01 \ public .
removes the specified root target from a domain - based root , even if the server is offline . if the target is the last root target , the function also deletes the root .
if you type cd followed by nothing , cd will change the working directory to your home directory .
/ root : specifies the root level of the specified view . the default is to use the normal namespace root ( the desktop ) . whatever is specified is the root for the display .
the starting point in a hierarchical file system . in modern operating systems , access to the root directory ( root folder ) requires administrator privileges ( see
pwd — print the name of the working directory . ln — create a link , or a symbolic link , to a file or directory . mkdir — create a directory . rmdir — remove a directory .
an absolute pathname begins with the root directory and follows the tree branch by branch until the path to the desired directory or file is completed . for example , there is a directory on your system in which most programs are installed . the pathname of the directory is / usr / bin . this means from the root directory ( represented by the leading slash in the pathname ) there is a directory called
usr
which contains a directory called
bin
.
the root folder also called the root directory or sometimes just the root , of any partition or folder is the
highest
directory in the hierarchy . you can also think of it in general as the start or beginning of a particular folder structure .
the above example would traverse up one level to the parent directory and then down into the directory computerhope .
a user can change its current directory ( i . e . , the directory in which the user is currently working ) to the root directory from wherever it is on the system by using the cd ( i . e . , change directory ) command with the root directory as an argument , again assuming that such user has the proper permissions , as follows :
permission denied when trying to view var / root in osx10 . 9 . 5 with root user enabled
in the registry of the root server . also stored in a memory cache on the root server .
import the project with existing maven projects and the root directory will be the same as the workspace path .
the root server updates the dfs metadata in the dfs object in active directory on the pdc emulator master .
in windows 2000 server and windows server 2003 , the directory service is named active directory . in windows server 2008 and windows server 2008 r2 , the directory service is named active directory domain services ( ad ds ) . the rest of this topic refers to active directory , but the information is also applicable to active directory domain services .
root servers host shared folders that act as the root ( known as the root folder ) and subfolders ( under the root folders ) that correspond to every link ( known as link folders ) in those namespaces .
the client establishes a connection with the first root server in the referral , root - dfs - 03 .
sets or modifies the information associated with a link in the named root , or with the root itself .
the root directory contains all other folders in the drive or folder , and can of course also contain files .
your website ' s root directory depends on whether the domain name is your primary domain name or another type .
for example , the root directory of the main partition on your computer is probably c : \ . the root folder of your dvd or cd drive might be d : \ . the root of the windows registry is where hives like hkey _ classes _ root are stored .
- projectname = the name of the project . it will be the name of the directory in the results directory .
any directory contained inside another directory is called a subdirectory . subdirectories
branch
off the
root
of the directory
tree .
unlike a real tree , directory trees are upside - down : the root is at the top and the branches reach down . when you move into a subdirectory , you are moving
down
the tree ; when you move into a directory ' s parent directory , you are moving
up
the tree .
it is initially confusing to some that unix uses the slash character
/
to denote the filesystem root directory , and as a directory separator in paths . just remember , when the slash is the first thing in the path to the file or directory , the path begins at the root directory . otherwise , the slash is a separator .
if a domain - based root has root targets running windows 2000 server and windows server 2003 , root servers running windows 2000 server poll the pdc emulator master every hour .
directories are separated by a forward slash (
/
) . for instance , the directory name
documents / work / accounting
means
the directory named accounting , which is in the directory named work , which is in the directory named documents , which is in the current directory .
you can create a jar file with maven with mvn package command . you have to start command line in toolchain - repository / sources directory and type the command . then there will be a target directory in every project’s directory and this target directory contain the created jar and a lib directory , which is also required to generate cities . it is recommended to copy all jar files to a common directory with the lib directory , which has to contain all lib directory content of each tool .
the current directory , regardless of which directory it is , is represented by a single dot (
.
) .
the root directory is the directory on unix - like operating systems that contains all other directories and files on the system and which is designated by a forward slash ( / ) .
is another root exploit app that is compatible with a large range of devices . the root exploit itself is built around
see “root folder and link folder creation process” for information about how dfs - related folders are created on root servers .
the term root directory is used in the vms operating system to define where all the user ' s files are stored .
this command removes a directory . it is only possible to execute this command if the directory you wish to remove is empty .
the
.
notation refers to the working directory itself and the
. .
notation refers to the working directory ' s parent directory . here is how it works . let ' s change the working directory to / usr / bin again :
the unix mkdir command is used to make directories . the basic syntax is mkdir directory - name . if you do not specify the place where you want the directory created ( by giving a path as part of the directory name ) , the shell assumes that you want the new directory placed within the current working directory .
the term root directory can also refer to the uppermost directory in a branch of the directory tree that is on a separate partition or on separate media ( e . g . , a separate hdd ) from the root directory of the entire system . for example , if the / usr directory ( inclusive of all its subdirectories ) is housed on a separate partition or on a separate hdd , / usr becomes the root directory for all of its subdirectories , such as / usr / bin , / usr / etc , / usr / local and / usr / sbin .
root servers ( also called root targets ) are the servers on which administrators create stand - alone and domain - based namespaces . a root server can be a member server or a domain controller . root servers play the following roles in dfs :
the client selects the first root target in the referral and sends a query to the root server for the requested link .
by default , root servers store these domain - based root referrals in a memory cache for 15 minutes ; this period is defined by the rootreferraltimeoutinseconds registry entry on the root server . restarting the dfs service on the root server will cause this cache to be cleared . if root targets are added or removed , or if settings are changed on the root , these changes are reflected in domain - based root referrals ( provided by root servers ) after 15 minutes or after the cache is cleared .
root scalability mode allows organizations to use more than the recommended 16 root targets per domain - based root . when root scalability mode is enabled , dfs root servers do not send change notification messages to other root servers when the namespace changes or poll the pdc emulator master every hour . instead , they poll their closest domain controller every hour to discover updates to the namespace .
based on the default values in the previous table , domain controllers and root servers can provide updated domain - based root referrals after 15 minutes , assuming that the domain controller or root server has received the most recent version of the dfs object in active directory . any latency in active directory replication could cause additional delay .
is not the top - level directory of the volume , but rather the top - level directory of the website folder . on an
exercise : specify the relative path from the directory named
student
to the directory named
jon
in the tree diagram .
a dfs namespace that has configuration information stored in active directory . the path to access the root or a link starts with the host domain name . a domain - based dfs root can have multiple root targets , which offers fault tolerance and load sharing .
to find a subdomain ' s root directory , click the
parent
domain name . all of that domain name ' s subdomains display , along with their root directories in the folder field .
( a single forward slash ) . as you move up directories within a file system , you will eventually reach the root directory .
the contents of the root directory can be viewed , assuming the user has the proper permissions , by issuing the ls ( i . e . , list ) command with the root directory as an argument ( i . e . , input file ) as follows :
your website ' s root directory depends on whether the domain name is your primary domain name or another type ( more info ) .
active directory is dependent on dns as a domain controller location mechanism and uses dns domain naming conventions in the architecture of active directory domains . there are three components in the dependency of active directory on dns :
in a computer file system that is organized as a hierarchy or tree , the root directory is the directory that includes all other directories . ( unlike a real tree , a tree file system has only one root ! ) in unix - based as well as in other operating system s , the root directory has no name . it is simply represented by the special character that separates directories in a file system .
the dfs metadata cache on root servers contains information about the root , root targets , links , link targets , and settings defined in a namespace . for domain - based namespaces , this metadata is also stored in the dfs object in active directory . for stand - alone namespaces , this metadata is also stored in the root server’s registry .
when a dfs client first attempts to access a domain - based namespace , a domain controller provides a list of root servers to the client . this list of root servers is known as a root referral .
changes made to a stand - alone namespace are updated immediately in the dfs metadata in the root server’s registry and in the root server’s in - memory dfs metadata cache . therefore , stand - alone root servers typically provide up - to - date root referrals and link referrals .
root servers and domain controllers running windows server 2003 ignore any site information in the dfs metadata . they obtain site information dynamically from active directory .
a root can have one or more root targets . a root target , also known as a root server , is a physical server that hosts a namespace . a domain - based root can have multiple root servers to provide redundancy and high availability , whereas a stand - alone root can only have one root server . ( stand - alone roots created on server clusters provide high availability . ) root servers are transparent to users , who see only a single folder , whereas administrators can view the physical root servers by using the distributed file system snap - in , the dfscmd . exe command - line tool , or the dfsutil . exe command - line tool ( available as part of the windows support tools ) . the following figure illustrates roots and root servers .
the unix rmdir command removes a directory from the filesystem tree . the rmdir command does not work unless the directory to be removed is completely empty .
dns zones stored in active directory replicate to active directory domain controllers according to different replication scopes . in windows 2000 server , a dns zone stored in active directory is replicated to all domain controllers in the active directory domain . windows server 2003 and later have added application directory partitions , which enable the dns zone to be stored in different replication scopes . the following table describes all of the replication scopes available to a dns zone stored in active directory .
the root directory of your website is the content that loads when visitors access your domain name in a web browser . the most obvious consequence of this is that you need to put your
index file
in your website ' s root directory for visitors to see your site at all .
properly controlling access to web content is crucial for running a secure web server . directory traversal or path traversal is an http attack which allows attackers to access restricted directories and execute commands outside of the web server’s root directory .
welcome to the xda - developers root directory . here , you can find root tutorials for most devices that are on the xda forums . learn how to root any android device ! if you don’t see your device listed or you see a misplaced link , send a pm to pg101 , with the device details and a link to the root thread on xda .
the active directory forest root domain is also the name of the active directory forest . the forest root name is a dns name that consists of a prefix and a suffix in the form of prefix . suffix . for example , an organization might have the forest root name corp . urltoken . in this example , corp is the prefix and urltoken is the suffix .
a virtual view of shared folders on different servers as provided by dfs . a dfs namespace consists of a root and many links and targets . the namespace starts with a root that maps to one or more root targets . below the root are links that map to their own targets .
resolve . root is an absolute path to a directory containing modules . resolve . moduledirectories is an relative path to a tree of directories containing modules .
the client chooses the first root target in the domain - based root referral . the client connects to the root server and navigates the subfolders under the root folder . when a client encounters a link folder , the root server sends a status _ path _ not _ covered status message to the client , indicating that this is a link folder that requires redirection .
the in - memory copy of dfs metadata maintained in dfssvc . exe on root servers . dfs metadata consists of information about entire namespace , including the root , root targets , links , link targets , and settings .
a domain - based root referral contains a list of root targets that host a given domain - based namespace . domain controllers provide domain - based root referrals to clients that attempt to access a domain - based namespace .
force symbolic links to be followed . in other words , if you tell cd to move into a
directory
, which is actually a symbolic link to a directory , it moves into the directory the symbolic link points to .
after you change directory , you can change back to the previous working directory by representing it with a dash (
-
) . when you do this , the shell will automatically tell you what directory you just changed to .
like that legacy operating system , the files on a linux system are arranged in what is called a hierarchical directory structure . this means that they are organized in a tree - like pattern of directories ( called folders in other systems ) , which may contain files and other directories . the first directory in the file system is called the root directory . the root directory contains files and subdirectories , which contain more files and subdirectories and so on and so on .
- resultsdir = the path of the directory where the results will be stored .
' s home directory . if you do not want this expansion for a relative
the value of this buffer - local variable is the default directory for the current buffer . it should be an absolute directory name ; it may start with ‘
. . . we would be placed in the directory / home / username .
in the second solution , two unix commands are given , separated by a semicolon . the first part of the command makes foo the current working directory . the second part of the command creates the bar directory in the current working directory .
a dfs namespace whose configuration information is stored locally in the registry of the root server . the path to access the root or a link starts with the root server name . a stand - alone dfs root has only one root target . stand - alone roots are not fault tolerant ; when the root target is unavailable , the entire dfs namespace is inaccessible . you can make stand - alone dfs roots fault tolerant by creating them on server clusters .
typically , a windows server 2003 and later dns namespace is deployed to mirror an active directory forest and domain infrastructure . in such a deployment , a partition of the dns namespace is set aside for active directory , where a dns domain name such as urltoken is used support the active directory forest root domain , and then subdomains of this name are created to suit additional active directory domains as needed .
the root directory of your website is the content that loads when visitors access your domain name in a web browser . the most obvious consequence of this is that you need to put your
index file
in your website ' s root directory for visitors to see your site at all ( more info ) .
each root and link in a namespace has a physical representation on an ntfs volume on each root server that hosts the namespace . the dfs root corresponds to a shared folder , known as the root folder , on the root server . when you use the dfs tools to add links to the root , dfs creates special folders under each root folder . these folders , called link folders , are actually reparse points , and they display an error message similar to the following message if you try to access them on the local server :
active directory uses dns as its domain controller location mechanism and leverages the namespace design of dns in the design of active directory domain names . as a result , dns is positioned within the discoverability and logical structure components of active directory technology components .
see “how root scalability mode works” for information about a special mode in which domain - based root servers discover namespace changes by contacting the closest domain controller .
root scalability mode reduces network traffic to the pdc emulator master at the expense of faster updates to all root servers . updates are still made to the dfs object in active directory on the pdc emulator master , but root servers do not discover those changes until the updated dfs object replicates ( using active directory replication ) to the closest domain controller for each root server . after root scalability mode is enabled , clients might have an inconsistent view of the namespace until the most up - to - date version of the dfs object is replicated to all domain controllers and the dfs root servers poll a domain controller to discover the changes .
the microsoft - specific subdomain enables location of domain controllers that have specific roles in the active directory domain or forest . resource records for the dns root domain of a new active directory forest are stored in a _ msdcs zone instead of a subdomain , and that zone is stored in the forest - wide application directory partition .
l + f is not part of the filesystem hierarchy standard and is not actually a standard directory for linux setups , just a directory the filesystem creates for recovery .
a related shortcut is to type cd ~ user _ name . in this case , cd will change the working directory to the home directory of the specified user .
the term root used here shouldn ' t be confused with the / root folder found on some unix operating systems , where it ' s instead of the home directory of a specific user account ( which is sometimes called the root account ) . in a sense , though , since it ' s the main folder for that specific user , you could refer to it as the root folder .
root is the user name or account that by default has access to all commands and files on a linux or other unix - like operating system . it is also referred to as the root account , root user and the superuser .
content of the files that are expected to grow can be found under this directory .
active directory resolves domain object names to object records through requests that are received by domain controllers either as ldap search requests or as modify requests to the active directory database .
the following table describes the physical components in the active directory / dns physical structure .
the above example would change the working directory to the hope subdirectory if it exists .
for a file , read permission allows you to view the contents of the file . for a directory , read permission allows you to list the directory ' s contents .
the dfs object is not up - to - date when the root server polls a domain controller . this can be caused by active directory replication latency or failure .
your primary domain name ' s root directory is the root of the hosting account , which can be symbolized as a single forward slash ( i . e .
/
without the quotation marks ) , or as an entirely blank field .
the unix account , having the username “root , ” that allows administrator privileges .
any universal naming convention ( unc ) path that starts with a dfs root .
the following sections describe each of the physical structures and caches on root servers .
the domain controller returns a list of root targets defined for the requested namespace .
adding , changing , or removing root targets , links , and link targets .
when you add a new root target to an existing domain - based namespace , you specify an existing shared folder or create a new shared folder to use as the root . dfs creates the link folders on the new root target after the root server obtains the dfs metadata by polling the pdc emulator master ( or the closest domain controller if root scalability mode is enabled ) . when a root server obtains the dfs metadata after polling and detects that a link has been removed , the root server removes the reparse point and the link folder for the deleted link .
the client checks its referral cache to determine if an existing stand - alone root referral is in the cache . if the root referral is in the cache , the client proceeds to step 5 . if the referral is not in the cache , the client connects to the ipc $ shared folder of the root server in the context of the localsystem account and sends a root referral request . the root server responds with a root referral so that all future requests are funneled through dfs .
in biology , the part of a plant that grows downward and holds the plant in place , absorbs water and minerals from the soil , and often stores food . the main root of a plant is called the primary root ; others are called secondary roots . the hard tip is called the root cap , which protects the growing cells behind it . root hairs increase the root ' s absorbing surface .
the starting point of the dfs namespace . the root is often used to refer to the namespace as a whole . a root maps to one or more root targets , each of which corresponds to a shared folder on a separate server . the dfs root must reside on an ntfs volume . a dfs root has one of the following formats : \ \ servername \ rootname or \ \ domainname \ rootname .
in some operating systems , files can be stored in the root directory , like the c : / drive in windows , but some oss don ' t support that .
) . gaining access to a file in the hierarchy requires identifying all the directories / folders in the path from the root directory / folder to that file . in dos and windows , the command line symbol for the root directory is a backslash ( \ ) . in unix / linux , it is a slash ( / ) . see
is a root for “rooting beginners” and those who want to keep as close to stock as possible . cf - root is meant to be used in combination with stock
anyone - when using a mac client , i am continuously getting the
couldn & # 39 ; t stat remote file : no such file or directory
error at the root directory . how would i fix this ? hope to hear from anyone . thanks
for stand - alone namespaces , the dfs metadata is stored in the registry of the root server . for domain - based namespaces , dfs metadata is stored in active directory . root servers also keep the dfs metadata for each namespace in a memory cache .
the physical structure of active directory information in dns is represented in dns zones and resource records , which , in turn , are typically stored in active directory as active directory–integrated dns zones . the dns zones that support active directory domains can also be stored in standard , file - based , dns zones . in addition , the dns dynamic update protocol is utilized by active directory in order to make the registration of domain controller dns resource records automatic .
dns zones stored in application directory partitions cannot be accessed by windows 2000 server domain controllers .
the directory command lists the names and sizes of all files located on a particular disk .
in this lesson , i will introduce your first three commands : pwd ( print working directory ) , cd ( change directory ) , and ls ( list files and directories ) .
explanation : starting from the student directory , we would first have to move up the filesystem tree ( using the
. .
notation ) to the directory called
users
before we could descend to the directory called
jon
. the path would be :
dns application directory partition for each domain in the forest . dns zones stored in this application directory partition are replicated to all dns servers running on domain controllers in the domain . for the forest root domain , this dns application directory partition is created when you first install the dns server service on a windows server 2003 or later domain controller in the forest .
you can find the generated world in the output directory . you have to copy this folder to the “saves” folder in root of minecraft . you can usually find it at “c : \ users \ < username > \ appdata \ roaming \ . minecraft
directory .
for more information about how domain - based root servers discover changes to the dfs object in active directory , see “how dfs discovers changes to the namespace” later in this section .
the term root may also be relative to whatever location you ' re talking about .
the word root , when used by itself , refers to the root user or root account , i . e . , the system administrator ' s account , which is the only user that has complete access to every command and file on the system .
so bower _ components should rather be part of resolve . root instead of modulesdirectories ?
dfs administrators must be members of the local administrators group on each of the root servers to add or delete links , link targets , roots , and root targets . *
for a file , execute permission allows you to run the file , if it is an executable program , or script . note that file execute permission is irrelevant for non executable files . for a directory , execute permission allows you to refer to the contents of the directory . without execute permission on a directory , read and write permissions within that directory are limited .
if the pdc emulator master is unavailable when a root server attempts polling , the root server will poll its closest domain controller . if the dfs object has replicated from the pdc emulator master to the domain controller closest to the root server , the root server receives the up - to - date version of the dfs object at the next polling .
the net logon service registers dns resource records on behalf of the active directory domain controller in the dns zone with the same name as the active directory domain hosted by the domain controller .
for example : the default root directory of iis on windows is c : \ inetpub \ wwwroot and with this setup , a user does not have access to c : \ windows but has access to c : \ inetpub \ wwwroot \ news and any other directories and files under the root directory ( provided that the user is authenticated via the acls ) .
you can now run the command ' mean - scaffold ' from the directory of your choice .
environment variable ( usually your home directory ) . if the part before the first slash is ‘
common linux commands you need to use in single - user modes are located under this directory .
sir could you please explain the difference between base _ directory and home _ directory . i’m getting confused in the switches ( - b , - d and - m ) of “useradd” command .
. . . and we can always access the subdirectories of our home directory by placing the tilde as the first component of the directory name . for instance , if your documents folder is named / home / username / documents , you can always move into that directory using the command :
to the shell . the tilde character ( ~ ) is unix shorthand for your home directory .
active directory domains have two types of names : dns names and netbios names . in general , both names are visible to end users . the dns names of active directory domains include two parts , a prefix and a suffix . the dns prefix is the first label in the dns name of the domain . the suffix is the name of the active directory forest root domain .
when all root servers and domain controllers are running windows server 2003 , you can use the / purgewin2kstaticsitetable parameter in dfsutil . exe to remove site information from the dfs object in active directory . we recommend using this method to decrease the size of the dfs object in active directory .
in summary , delegation enables name resolution in a descending direction from the root of the hierarchy , and forwarders enable name resolution in a ascending direction toward the root of the hierarchy .
the client requests a root referral for the \ \ contoso . com \ public namespace .
creates a new dfs link or adds targets to an existing link in a dfs root .
modifies information about cached referrals on a client for a given dfs root or link path .
when the dfs service starts on the root server ( when the server reboots , for example ) , the dfs service polls the pdc emulator master . on the next polling interval , the root server polls the closest domain controller to get an initial copy of the dfs metadata . this behavior occurs because the root scalability setting is stored in the dfs object in active directory , so when a root server first starts up , it polls the pdc emulator master , determines that root scalability mode is enabled , and begins polling the domain controller at regular intervals .
i apologize for the delay in responding , it seems i missed this topic & # 39 ; s unread status & # 33 ; sorry about that . the error you are getting usually results from an ntfs permissions issue . perhaps your account at the server doesn & # 39 ; t have full read / list directory filesystem rights to the sftp root . have you checked that the ntfs permissions for this directory are set correctly ? also , the above assumes that an sftp root directory is configured at the server in the first place . i . e . , that your sftp root is somewhere in the filesystem , and not the
super - root
in which the sftp server presents you with a list of drives ( a : , c : , d : , etc ) . do you experience this problem in the super - root directory , i . e . that root where you expect to see a list of drives ?
to accomplish the task with the rmdir command . note that you have to rmdir the bar subdirectory before you can rmdir the foo directory . alternately , you could remove the foo directory with the command
we can go on about the virtues of root access ad infinitum , but we’ll stop for now because we sense you salivating at the prospect of root access and what you can do with your device once root is achieved . head to the links below to begin the journey .
a tree metaphor is utilized to describe file system paths within a directory ( levine , & young , 2004 ) . a directory on a computer’s hard drive begins at “root” ( levine , & young , 2004 ) . the root directory is “the” directory on the computer’s “hard drive” and , as such , it is the storage unit for all the information on the computer’s “disk” ( levine , & young , 2004 , p . 93 ) . a file system path name begins at “root” ( levine , & young , 2004 ) . following a file system path , a computer’s operating system , is able to locate a specific file ( levine , & young , 2004 ) .
root scalability mode is enabled . in this case , root servers obtain the dfs metadata from the closest domain controller every hour , so you must factor in an additional one - hour delay plus the time required for active directory replication to replicate the updated dfs object to each domain controller .
the client connects to the root server and navigates the subfolders under the root folder . when a client encounters a link folder , the root server sends a status _ path _ not _ covered status message to the client , indicating that this is a link folder that requires redirection .
dns application directory partition for any domain controller that is enlisted in its replication scope . this type of dns application directory partition does not exist by default and must be created . dns zones stored in this application directory partition are replicated to all dns servers running on domain controller that enlist in the partition .
network hosts and services use the dns locator mechanism to locate domain controllers in the active directory forest .
active directory clients and domain controllers can dynamically register their dns names using a dns server that is not authoritative for the dns name of the active directory domain . the dns server used by these clients will refer the registration to the dns server that is authoritative for the name of the active directory domain .
what ' s actually happening is the dot represents the
assumed
directory ; it ' s a placeholder , and you can use the dot anywhere in a directory name . so , the command :
. . . which will place us in the directory one level above the subdirectory documents — in other words , the current directory . note that this will only work if the subdirectory documents already exists .
concept : the unix filesystem is hierarchical ( resembling a tree structure ) . the tree is anchored at a place called the root , designated by a slash
/
. every item in the unix filesystem tree is either a file , or a directory . a directory is like a container . a directory can contain files , and other directories . a directory contained within another is called the child of the other . a directory in the filesystem tree may have many children , but it can only have one parent . a file can hold information , but cannot contain other files , or directories .
the update process for domain - based namespaces is more complex because there are multiple locations of the dfs metadata — the dfs metadata is stored in the dfs object in active directory on each domain controller and is stored in a memory cache on multiple root servers . to ensure that all root servers discover changes to the namespace , dfs uses two methods of keeping root servers up to date :
the part of a tooth below the gum . the root anchors the tooth to the jawbone .
resolve . root should work as expected . i think there is another problem in your config .
the distributed file system ( dfs ) service is running on all domain controllers and root servers .
the following figure illustrates volume e : \ on the local storage of a root server . the volume contains root folder and link folders for the \ \ contoso . com \ public namespace .
the cluster service creates an smb shared folder on the root folder in the shared cluster storage .
dfs creates the internal data structures necessary for the dfs service to provide referrals for this root .
returns the information about cached referrals on a client for a given dfs root or link path .
the name of any of these top level directories in the root directory is typically preceded by a forward slash when discussing them . this absolute pathname designation is used in order to avoid confusion with directories with similar names located elsewhere in the system , e . g . , / bin and / usr / local / bin . an absolute pathname , also called a full pathname , specifies the location of a directory or file in relation to the root directory and thus always begins with a forward slash .
the following example shows how to walk a directory tree by using recursion . the recursive approach is elegant but has the potential to cause a stack overflow exception if the directory tree is large and deeply nested .
the rm command , used with the - r option can also be used to remove directories . the rm - r command will first remove the contents of the directory , and then remove the directory itself .
this update process can cause an increased load on the pdc emulator master in namespaces that have more than 16 root targets and in namespaces that change frequently . in these environments , we recommend enabling root scalability mode . for more information , see “how root scalability mode works” later in this section .
even if the dfs metadata ( stored in a memory cache on root servers and present in the dfs object in active directory on domain controllers ) is identical and up - to - date , dfs root servers and domain controllers can provide outdated domain - based root referrals until those referrals expire or are cleared from the domain - based root referral cache . on the other hand , link referrals are up - to - date as soon as the root server receives an updated copy of the dfs object . after the root servers and domain controllers begin providing up - to - date referrals , clients might continue to use outdated referrals until the referrals expire or are flushed from the client’s referral cache .


infibulation is the surgical removal of the external female genitalia and the suturing of the vulva .

it can also refer to placing a clasp through the foreskin in men .

infibulation

eighteenth century : doctors such as campe , jaeger and vogel support infibulation as a means to stop masturbation . male infibulation by dingwall m . a .
my foreskin has an infibulation piercing and is connected to the front of my lori . masturbation is still possible with infibulation piercings and with locking rings in place ,
westley , david m . ( 1999 )
female circumcision and infibulation in africa ,
infibulation and female circumcision : a study of a little - known custom . - pubmed - ncbi
perhaps infibulation represents a primitive effort to prevent evil spirits from entering the woman ' s body her vagina . belief in evil spirits is part of almost every religion , and infibulation may be an example of an ancient superstitution .
data on the 167 deliveries showed that 94 women had undergone infibulation , 36 had undergone different forms of fgm , and 37 had no form of fgm . for women with infibulation or an intermediate form of fgm , defibulation was performed before every birth . re - infibulation was carried out between 2 hours and 40 days after the birth .
the researchers also pointed out that the practice of re - infibulation represented “a considerable source of income for the midwives” .
when deliveries are performed in a hospital , the infibulation is spared by enlarging the vaginal orifice with one or more deep episiotomies . to preserve the infibulation , the physician often has to perform an episiotomy when , ordinarily , it would be unnecessary .
once the bargain has been made , the bridegroom ' s mother or sister examines the prospective bride to be sure the infibulation is intact . little attention is given to the hymen , which , indeed , would be difficult to visualize behind the infibulation .
since 2014 though , the most severe form of infibulation has been illegal in the puntland region - thanks to a presidential decree .
the cutting ranges from a clitoridectomy , partial to total removal of the clitoris , to infibulation , removal of all the external genitalia .
what made you want to look up infibulation ? please tell us where you read or heard it ( including the quote , if possible ) .
hemorrhage and infection sometimes occur when infibulation is carried out in the bush . fortunately , despite the crude methods employed , both complications are rare .
large , painful suprapubic inclusions cysts sometimes form after infibulation and can be easily excised . in similar fashion , unsightly hypertrophic scars also may require excision .
pieters g , lowenfels ab . infibulation in the horn of africa . n y state j med 1977 ; 77 ( 5 ) : 729 - 31 .
the article is originally from urltoken accessed on 2005 - 12 - 30 . the title may be “infibulation explained” , written by robert pinkerton , dated about 1999 .
twelfth century b . c . e . : per mensius , infibulation was at least in practice to the time of the siege of troy . chastity safeguards by anonymous .
why was this mutilative procedure adopted by a whole population group ? hygienic reason seem unlikely because , if anything , infibulation makes personal hygiene more difficult . cosmetic reasons can be discounted since the operation does nothing to increase the attractiveness of the pudendal region . the operation would certainly make the woman less sexually active , since satisfactory coitus is almost impossible after infibulation .
mustafa , a . z . : female circumcision and infibulation in the sudan , journal . obs . & gynaec . brit . comm . , v73 : 302 ( 1966 ) .
as might be expected , accidental injuries to the vagina and the bladder during separation of the infibulation at the time of the delivery are frequent and these injuries often cause troublesome vesicovaginal fistulas .
the only source for male infibulation that can be considered reliable , that i have encountered , is eric john dingwall ' s male infibulation ( 1925 ) . the anonymous praeputii incision , new york ( panurge press : 1931 ) , discusses it in two chapters . but after that , reliability drops off in favor of titillation . in any event , it is of no consequence .
1 . berggren v , salam ga , bergström gs et al . an explorative study of sudanese midwives’ motives , perceptions and experiences of re - infibulation after birth . midwifery 2004 ; 20 : 299–311 .
1876 - 1892 : dr . yellowees declared that he performed infibulation operations by passing metal safety pins through the foreskin . masturbation , the history of a great terror by jean stengers and anne van neck .
up to fourth century c . e . : fragmented accounts given in the second century and after by celsus and oribasius , giving descriptions of the reasons and operation . male infibulation by dingwall m . a .
other ritual sexual operations sometimes performed in africa include male and female circumcision , clitoridectomy , and ritual excision of the labia . these operations differ from infibulation in that they do not attempt to cover the vaginal orifice .
seventeenth century : surgeon , dionis , describes the “bouclement de garcons” ( the male ring ) piercing chastity during the reign of louis xiv , written beginning of eighteenth century . male infibulation by dingwall m . a .
1991 , will self , the quantity theory of insanity : when janner wasn’t telling me about infibulation among the tuareg or shan propitiation ceremonies , he was sharing with me the fruits of his concerted observation of reigate society .
these example sentences are selected automatically from various online news sources to reflect current usage of the word ' infibulation . ' views expressed in the examples do not represent the opinion of merriam - webster or its editors . send us feedback .
. inspection of the genitals reveals the typical partially closed vaginal orifice and the patient will give a history of a ritual operation in childhood . separation of the infibulation will be necessary to alleviate the gynecologic problem or to allow vaginal delivery .
where did such an unusual custom arise ? since early arabian writers do mention infibulation and clitoridectomy , it seems likely that infibulation originated in southern arabia and from there spread to africa . for hundreds of years these two regions , although separated by the gulf of aden , have had close contact so that the custom could have spread along well - established trade route . high mountains and an almost impenetrable desert would have prevented this strange procedure from spreading into northern arabia and the yemen .
the piercing or piercings involved getting two piercings , one on either side of the foreskin both running in my case from left to right . the idea being that a single ring can eventually be used as a form of foreskin infibulation , once the piercings are fully healed .
as it stands my cock is quite sensitive after years of denial and chastity of one form or another , so i do climax quite easily even with the infibulation but it ' s not exactly completely satisfying and can often feel more like ruined orgasm rather than a full and satisfying climax .
type iii — narrowing of the vaginal orifice with creation of a covering seal by cutting and appositioning the labia minora and / or the labia majora , with or without excision of the clitoris ( infibulation ) . when it is important to distinguish between variations in infibulations , the following subdivisions are proposed :
in somali the usual age of girls at the time of marriage is from 12 - 16 years , or nearly a decade after infibulation . polygamy is still practiced and divorce is easy to obtain . marriages are arranged by the family of the bride in exchange for a gift , usually money or livestock .
it seems that the resurgence of infibulation was most widely practiced in germany around the end of the eighteenth century . doctors campe and vogel felt piercing the flesh of the foreskin and , once healed , installing an iron ring was appropriate for “difficult cases . ” keep in mind , that these operations were performed non - consensually on children .
1910 : “self pollution : when everything else fails , we have no hesitation in recommending surgical treatment . this is of various kinds , from repeated blistering to that ancient operation which latin writers tell was practiced upon singers of the roman stage , called infibulation . ” know thyself : nature’s secrets revealed by bishop fallows and dr . truitt .
the practice of fgm is painful , harmful and incredibly dangerous in any form , but the most severe and debilitating type – infibulation – is so shocking , it ' s difficult to even read about . i travelled to addis ababa in ethiopia to meet with victims of the horrific practice - and the campaigners who are desperately trying to stop it .
infibulation is the term given to a primitive sexual operation in which the labia are approximated to obstruct the vagina . the custom persists in the horn of africa and southern arabia despite the obvious psychologic , obstetric , and gynecological problems that it creates . it can only be hoped that with increasing education and social enlightenment this mutative procedure will soon be abandoned .
the most destructive type of female genital mutilation or cutting in the world heatlth organisation classification is type iii , which is also called infibulation . it is estimated that about 15 % of all women who have undergone fgm / c have been infibulated . in order for infibulated women to give birth vaginally , the stitched area must be opened with a knife or scissors .
although only an estimated 15 - 20 % of all women who experience genital mutilation undergo type iii , in certain countries such as djibouti , somalia and sudan the proportion is 80 - 90 % . infibulation is practised on a smaller scale in parts of egypt , eritrea , ethiopia , gambia , kenya and mali , and may occur in other communities where information is lacking or still incomplete .
the interviews and observations indicate that most of the midwives performed re - infibulation . even midwives who expressed their dislike of the practice claimed that , if they did not perform it , somebody else would do so and would make a poor job of it . the midwives said that the procedure was often performed outside the hospital , in the home of the midwife or in the woman’s home .
true infibulation is , of course , both older and more widely - spread than ancient rome . indeed , its origins are lost in the mists of the past . it is reported , with varying degrees of reliability , in ancient egypt , in western india up to the turn of the 20th century , common era , and in southeast asia up to the turn of the twentieth century , common era .
given that i have gone through a range of cbxxxs and a birdlocked i feel that even though infibulation isn ' t foolproof it can be a good form of chastity in the sense that is a constant reminder that your cock does not belong to you , it also makes having a fully satisfying orgasm next to impossible and it will also makes any attempt to have penetrative sex an uncomfortable if not painful experience .
the operation is performed by a male nurse who has been recognized as having the necessary skill to do the procedure . usually about a dozen children from four to eight years old are treated per session . the operations are often done on sunday , a working day for moslems . quite frequently , as infibulation is proceeding in one corner of the operation room , a group of young boys will be circumcised in the same room by a second team .
infibulation also reciprocally impinges upon the monthly problem of menstrual sanitation : if tampons are to be used for menstrual sanitation , this inflexibility dictates that the fibule be a padlock . the key holder must release the padlock to allow tampons to be inserted and removed / replaced . on the other hand , a solid fixed ring equally inflexibly dictates the use of external napkins , for what bars entry to a penis or dildo , also bars entry to a tampon .
in the arid , poverty - stricken
horn of africa
a remarkable gynecological custom called infibulation persists . jutting out into the indian ocean , this part of africa is separated from the remainder of the continent by desert to the north , mountains to the west , and by the tsetse - fly belt in the south . here , some 5 million isolated inhabitants of somalia eke out a marginal living by following their herds of sheep , camel , and cattle in search of pasture and water .
the objective of this study was to explore midwives’ motives for re - infibulation after delivery and to assess the context of this practice [ 1 ] . the principal investigator performed daytime observations of the overall context of 167 deliveries and took field - notes of what took place in the delivery wards of two public hospitals in the khartoum area during regular visits between september 2001 and may 2003 . these observations were followed by in - depth interviews with 17 women who worked as midwives at the same two hospitals .
male infibulation involves pulling the foreskin of the penis over the glans and piercing the foreskin through both sides , vertically or horizontally . in theory , this type of foreskin piercing secures the prepuce like a hood over the glans , making arousal painful and erection impossible . the procedure was usually performed with needle followed by thread until healed , at which point a ring or fibula pin would be directly inserted . ( sometimes , the “jewelry” would be inserted immediately after or as part of the piercing process . )
how infibulation was invented or discovered , no one knows . as was said , supra , it is known to be older and more widely - spread than the roman empire at its height . obviously , it has had to wait for lock technology to catch up , to make it fully a practical proposition , for it is to be inferred that usually it was an affair of a fixed ring , hence a long - term proposition . though this need no longer be the case , certain considerations govern the selection of a padlock for this purpose .
as do many other medical terms , infibulation derives from latin roots , here the transitive first - conjugation verb “infibulare” meaning to fasten with a fibula . a “fibula” was a metal clasp like our modern safety pin . indeed , fibulae were used for most of the purposes for which we use safety - pins today , and for two other purposes as well : the first was to set the folds in the flowing garments of roman antiquity . the second was to preserve “chastity” by temporarily preventing sexual intercourse ; how that is done , is the theme of this paper .
true infibulation prerequisitely requires piercing . full technics of piercing at the necessary points , including full sterilization / sanitation protocol , are set forth in piercing fans international quarterly ( p . f . i quarterly ) : for the labia majora # 9 , page 10ff , and # 45 page 26ff ; for the labia minora also known as the nymphae , # 37 page 18ff . failure to fulfill these scrupulously , entrains risk to the subject of infection , and the lesser risk that the procedure shall be unsuccessful . if the services of a professional piercer are available , it were better to utilize these .
as a footnote , it would seem logical that the “prince albert” was first practiced as a form of infibulation on circumcised men , however a clear cut example , describing the practice or of the use of the name prince albert , has not been traced prior to the art of pierced penises and decorative tattoos by doug malloy . so far , american books on the history of circumcision ( where the operation is widely practiced ) have yielded no concrete references . exploration of lgbt archives and the leather archives in chicago — a museum dedicated to the leather and sm communities — should be under taken for possible references prior to the 1970s . the smoking gun is out there — it just hasn’t been found .
it ' s almost unimaginable that a practice so agonising and so brutal still goes on in parts of the world . but it does , and tomorrow , the uk will host the first ever girl summit – aimed at ending all forms of fgm and forced marriage ( in the uk and worldwide ) within a generation . for some girls however , it will be too late . one of these girls is uban , 16 , from the somali region of ethiopia , who i met in addis ababa . here , she shares her personal experience of fgm – and tells us why she is fighting on behalf of other girls for this inhumane procedure to be eradicated once and for all .
i was circumcised at 10 years old . it was a shock – i had no idea it was going to happen to me . i was playing with my friends , when the adults asked one friend to leave . she went first . all four of us went through it on the same day . i was given a ' sunna ' circumcision , which meant skin was cut from around my clitoris , and the tip of my clitoris was removed . it ' s widely practised in the somali region of ethiopia ( where i come from ) and was done in a medical centre .
because of my experience , i want to study and become a doctor . i ' m in school now and run a club there – and on weekends too . girls from different schools and areas join – sometimes up to 350 girls attend each weekend club . during the sessions , i tell them about my experiences and why we should try and stop harmful practices like fgm once and for all .
when i asked my mother why she allowed this to happen to me , she said she did it so i could find a husband . but now , i don ' t want to focus on husbands or men – my education is what matters to me . i want to teach other young girls the same thing too .
across the world , 8000 women and girls are at risk of mutilation every single day . in england and wales , an estimated 66 , 000 women are living with the consequences of fgm and more than 20 , 000 girls are at risk every year .
as part of the summit , the government is asking people to pledge their support through social media with the hashtag # girlsummit and they have created the world ' s first
instagram documentary
in honour of girls affected by child , early and forced marriage and fgm .
international development secretary justine greening said :
it ' s fantastic to see so many people coming together to show their support for girls . there are too many girls around the world who are being denied the freedom to control their bodies and their futures . the girl summit is helping to drive momentum towards this unique opportunity that we have to end harmful practices such as fgm and child marriage within a generation .
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the story of an imaginary word that managed to sneak past our editors and enter the dictionary .
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urltoken
type 1 fgm clitoridectomy : partial or total removal of the clitoris ( a small , sensitive and erectile part of the female genitals ) and , in very rare cases , only the prepuce ( the fold of skin surrounding the clitoris ) . this practice is extremely painful and distressing , damages sexually sensitive skin and is an infection risk .
type 2 fgm excision : partial or total removal of the clitoris and the labia minora , with or without excision of the labia majora ( the labia are the ‘lips’ that surround the vagina ) . this practice is extremely painful and distressing , damages sexually sensitive skin and is an infection risk .
type 4 fgm other : all other harmful procedures to the female genitalia for non - medical purposes , e . g . pricking , piercing , incising , scraping , stretching and cauterising the genital area . daughters of eve are interested in furthering understanding and recognition of the forms of mutilation which are currently categorised as
type 4
. by developing better descriptions and definitions we believe we can help women and healthcare workers to deal with rarer forms of fgm . if you have expertise or information which could help , please contact us .
the stitching together of the vulva , often after a clitoridectomy , leaving a small opening for the passage of urine and menstrual blood .
urltoken unabridged based on the random house unabridged dictionary , © random house , inc . 2018
of girls , as it is a substance not subject to corruption , they use the fibres of the asbestos .
was practiced in two ways , —by a ring through the prepuce or by a bandage around it .
new york state journal of medicine , volume 77 , number 6 : pages 729 - 31 , april 1977 .
guy pieters , m . d . albert b . lowenfels , m . d . , f . a . c . s .
in somaliland and the southern tip of the arabian peninsula , the procedure has been freely performed on prepubertal girls and , therefore , at present there are millions of women whose external genitalia have been altered . indeed , anthropologists call the
the land of the sewn women
.
a local anesthetic is injected into the labia and the base of the clitoris . then , using curved scissors , a small strip of labia is cut away on both sides leaving two raw surfaces about 2 to 3 cm . in length and 3 to 4 mm . in width . the labia are then sutured together with catgut and silk so that the vaginal orifice is narrowed to about the size of a pencil . complications such as infection or hemorrhage are rare , although sometimes the raw surfaces do separate .
no matter how virile the husband , consummation of the marriage is nearly impossible because of the surgically created barrier . therefore , in most marriages , the husband or one his female relatives will enlarge the vaginal opening with a small knife so that sexual intercourse can take place . it is the responsibility of the husband ' s female relatives to examine the bride a few weeks after the marriage , and if necessary , to enlarge the vaginal opening to permit intercourse .
following a hospital delivery the patient insists that the vaginal orifice be tightly closed so that her husband will not repudiate her . if the resuturing of the episiotomy is unsatisfactory or if the opening is too large , the woman will invariably return for a plastic surgery .
if the vagina has been closed too tightly hematocolpos will develop at the time of onset of menstruation and must be relieved by opening the adherent labia .
urinary retention is another complication that results from obstruction of the external orifice . stones formed in the vagina and the patient also suffered from pyelonephritis .
de villeneuve , a . : etude sur une coutome somalie , les femmes cousues ,
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the practice of excising the clitoris and labia of a girl or woman and stitching together the edges of the vulva to prevent sexual intercourse . it is traditional in some north - eastern african cultures but is highly controversial .
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closure of the vaginal vestibule by creating a fusion of the labia majora ; typically done after excision of the labia minora and clitoris and incision of the labia majora to create raw surfaces that can be surgically joined by pinning so that they will eventually grow together ; done for cultural , not medical , reasons . see also : female circumcision .
[ l . infibulo , to pin or clasp together , to join surgically ( celsus ) , fr . in - + fibula , pin , clasp ]
) the act of buckling or fastening as if with buckles , particularly the practice of fastening the prepuce or labia minora together to prevent coitus .
( 1 ) the masochistic stabbing of oneself with sharp objects ( e . g . , pins , needles , razors , etc . ) in the genitals to evoke sexual pleasure and pain .
closure of the vaginal vestibule by creating a fusion of the labia majora ; typically done after excision of the labia minora and clitoris and incision of the labia majora to create raw surfaces that can be surgically joined by pinning so that they will eventually grow together ; done for cultural , not medical , reasons . see also : female circumcision
a procedure where the tissue around the vagina is sewn shut , leaving only a small opening for the passage of urine and menstrual blood .
, where the clitoris is removed and both the inner and outer labia are stitched together , leaving a small opening for menstrual / urine flow .
appeared in the form of apposition of the labia minora and majora reducing the vaginal opening into a sluice that would just let menses trickle out ( figure 2 and figure 3 ) .
and reinfibulation ( usually after giving birth ) are forms of female genital mutilation and therefore illegal , an opposite intervention to female genitals , called defibulation , is legal and may be necessary .
of females : a general consideration of the problem and a clinical study of the complications in sudanese women .
, or who type iii , ( 6 ) sunna cutting corresponds to who type i , meaning the clitoris is partly or totally removed .
, and i inwardly wept as i read what is done to girls there and saw photos of this inhumane practice .
, which is severe cutting all the way to the labia , and these practices are not all in the same place and have different histories .
, or ' pharaonic circumcision ' , is usually performed on underage girls by traditional practitioners , who have no medical training .
all content on this website , including dictionary , thesaurus , literature , geography , and other reference data is for informational purposes only . this information should not be considered complete , up to date , and is not intended to be used in place of a visit , consultation , or advice of a legal , medical , or any other professional .
in the commonest form of this procedure the clitoris is held between the thumb and index finger , pulled out and amputated with one stroke of a sharp object . bleeding is usually stopped by packing the wound with gauzes or other substances and applying a pressure bandage . modern trained practitioners may insert one or two stitches around the clitoral artery to stop the bleeding .
type iv female genital mutilation encompasses a variety of procedures , most of which are self - explanatory . two procedures are described here .
the term
angurya cuts
describes the scraping of the tissue around the vaginal opening .
gishiri cuts
are posterior ( or backward ) cuts from the vagina into the perineum as an attempt to increase the vaginal outlet to relieve obstructed labour . they often result in vesicovaginal fistulae and damage to the anal sphincter .
while the clitoris is the analogue of the glans penis , it should not be assumed that it is innervated in the same way . the evidence is that the glans clitoris is far more sensitive than the glans penis , and that the nearest analogue to the clitoris in sensitivity is the male foreskin .
among the bedouins of israel none of the 37 women examined was mutilated . they all had only small scars on the prepuce of the clitoris and / or the upper 1 cm of the labia minora near the clitoral prepuce .
asali a , khamaysi n , aburabia y , letzer s , halihal b , sadovsky m , et al . ritual female genital surgery among bedouin in israel . arch sex behav 1995 ; 24 : 571 - 5 .
upon physical examination of the other group , ethiopian jews , which resides now in israel and performed female genital mutilation in ethiopia , 63 % of the women , who all claimed to have been circumcised , did not even have a scar ! 20 % had scars , in 7 % , one square centimeter of the labia minora was removed from beneath the clitoris and only 10 % demonstrated a real and severe form of female genital mutilation , total amputation of the clitoris .
this does not speak about the severity of fgm in any other community , and it does not in any way mitigate the human rights abuse of fgm .
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communities that practice female genital mutilation report a variety of sociocultural reasons for continuing with it . seen from a human rights perspective , the practice reflects deep - rooted inequality between the sexes , and constitutes an extreme form of discrimination against women .
female genital mutilation is nearly always carried out on minors and is therefore a violation of the rights of the child . the practice also violates the rights to health , security and physical integrity of the person , the right to be free from torture and cruel , inhuman or degrading treatment , and the right to life when the procedure results in death .
female genital mutilation comprises all procedures involving partial or total removal of the external female genitalia or other injury to the female genital organs for non - medical reasons ( who , unicef , unfpa , 1997 ) .
the who / unicef / unfpa joint statement classified female genital mutilation into four types . experience with using this classification over the past decade has revealed the need to sub - divide these categories to capture more closely the variety of procedures .
although the extent of genital tissue cutting generally increases from type i to iii , there are exceptions . severity and risk are closely related to the anatomical extent of the cutting , including both the type of fgm performed and the amount of tissue that is cut , which may vary between the types .
type iv comprises a variety of practices that do not involve removal of tissue from the genitals . though limited research has been carried out on type iv fgm , in general , these forms appear to be less associated with harm or risk than the types i , ii and iii , that all involve removal of genital tissue .
type i — partial or total removal of the clitoris and / or the prepuce ( clitoridectomy ) . when it is important to distinguish between the major variations of type i mutilation , the following subdivisions are proposed :
type ii — partial or total removal of the clitoris and the labia minora , with or without excision of the labia majora ( excision ) . when it is important to distinguish between the major variations that have been documented , the following subdivisions are proposed :
type iic , partial or total removal of the clitoris , the labia minora and the labia majora .
— all other harmful procedures to the female genitalia for non - medical purposes , for example : pricking , piercing , incising , scraping and cauterization .
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new brunswick , n . j . : transaction books , 1993 . 298 pp . $ 34 . 95
the above text may be reposted , forwarded , or translated so long as it is presented as an integral whole with complete information about its author , date , place of publication , as well as the original url .
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all materials by daniel pipes on this site : © 1968 - 2018 daniel pipes . daniel . pipes @ urltoken and @ danielpipes
( editor’s note : this article was first published on october 17 , 2001 , in the point , the publication of the association of professional piercers . since part of bme’s mandate is to create as comprehensive and well rounded an archive of body modification as possible , we feel these are important additions .
that explore the anthropological history behind many modern piercings . this is the first in that series . )
ironically , in recent times the male foreskin piercing is usually performed to enhance aesthetics and pleasure . most modern piercers find that typical foreskin piercings heal more quickly and with fewer complications when using barbells instead of rings .
remember : the arabs , greeks and romans were not prudes . they infibulated not for fear of sin , but out of superstition and control . they believed young singers’ voices could be kept pure and unchanged , that athletes and gladiators performed better chaste and , of course , slaves’ sex members needed to be controlled for breeding , protection from stds , and the safety of non - slave women .
1822 : a detailed account of dr . marx’s encounter with a patient who had been infibulated several times appears in the gazette de sante .
1926 : regarding prevention of masturbation : “other physicians perforate the foreskin and introduce a ring . ” the sexual life of our time by i . bloch , m . d .
my usual disclaimer : i am not an anthropologist . from time to time , there will be errors . please be understanding and forth coming if you have information you would like to share .
please consider buying a membership to bme so we can continue bringing you articles like this one .
to view photos of travels , tribal piercing and tattooing artifacts . he can also be found at
great to see this here . it should be added that all of paul’s articles and many more excellent features are available in the app’s free archive of the point issues . here is the link : urltoken
a fascinating little article . i always enjoy a scholarly look at body modifications .
unfortunately doug malloy’s book is beyond out of print . i’ve only known of one person who had a copy and he can’t find it now . ( even jim ward doesn’t have a copy ) .
umm… dear dreamy paul king ™ . . i have a copy of the art of pierced penises and decorative tattoos at my lovely xanadont estate… if you want to come over and look at it , i’m sure i could arrange it . and by it , i mean the book . not… you know . . my weenie .
i am currently liquidating most of my personal possessions as part of my leaving the business world and continuing my commitment to helping others in these difficult times through a non - profit organization i founded last year . as such , i would love to sell my copy to a generous person to whom it would matter that the funds would be supporting a good cause and who also might choose to publish online ( or assist me in doing so ) a scanned copy of the work so that it may be shared by all who seek it out . screw the copyrights i guess , and say hello to pirate bay !
bme / news and modblog highlight only a small fraction of what bme has to offer . take our free tour and subscribe to bme for access to over 3 million body modification related photos , videos , and stories .
{ i would like it done to myself as well . it just turns me on so much . that little head has controlled my life and now that . . . } –
{ i desperately want to have this beautiful body - enhancement but cannot do this myself as i am not skilled that way . is there anywhere to get . . . } –
{ this dude is amazing hot ! ! ! i ' m really into his tats , piercings and manboobs , and he has some of most incredible tits i ' ve ever seen on . . . } –
{ if he ' s happy that ' s what matters . if i could find someone to surgically remove my pinkies and the part of the hand they are attached . . . } –
{ i ' ve been at 1 inch for two years . no change in the jewelry i ' m using and i woke up this morning to my right love . . . } –
{ nice , is what i want to me… . . a clean and safety amputation . could you send me a contact to do my surgery ? } –
{ i met him in2011 and he was a great person i wish he was still alive and here r . i . p . catman } –
{ as a male in my 50s , i like this look and may decide on this than a ring . i have suggested to my wife we . . . } –
{ that ' s navel is huge ! ! ! ! i thought mine was big at 10 g . } –
{ i want to learn more about the eyeball tattoo . im incredibly intrigued and down to go where it is needed . i personally want a dark . . . } –
{ is me in the pic n no shit invilved as the piercing is not even close to the ass . n yes if i try to . . . } –
{ am very interrested in europe . . . . can u get me into a contact pls ? } –
{ hey kelly wells i see you said you have a bifurcation and dont regret it . i turn 33 in a few days and want to . . . } –
{ hope you ' re still around and ok , newsight . . . . . . } –
{ just wanted to say that have subscribed to bme , several times and posted pix . have a bifurcation of cock , numerous piercings , suspension , branding , cutting , etc . . . . } –
{ hi i just recently ask my gay friend to use his cigarette to burn my penis frenulum and what will happen to the skin it . . . } –
{ angers me how people are getting microdermals instead of a wedding ring . you get married for love , not for a trend . } –
{ looks great . i keep trying to convince my wife to get it done . i would too of course . as a middle aged couple it would . . . } –
{ great pic of a split penis . i wouldn ' t have any problem peeing or ejaculating my cum } –
{ op here ! 10 + years later . . . here ' s a short update : the reaction got worse ! it itched like hell . i couldn ' t stop scratching it and therefore it scabbed . . . } –
{ i ' m alive . . . didn ' t die . . . had a friend i worked with at the time cut the excess off and sewed me closed . my ears now don ' t . . . } –
{ how much would it cost , in theory , for both eyes tatted black by an experienced professional . and where could i get it done . . . i ' m down . . . } –
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i ' ve had my foreskin pierced for almost 12 months now but haven ' t as yet used the piercing as an active form of chastity , which was the original intention .
the foreskin can be infibulated by using a single ring through both piercings making impossible to fully retract the foreskin and therefore in theory making difficult and uncomfortable to reach a pleasurable climax from masturbation .
it is advisable to go to a fully trained piercer who is happy to do the piercings . a good piercer will tell you there is a chance of migration due to the constant movement that the foreskin . however after 12 months mine hasn ' t moves and has healed well .
the piercing took about 6 months to fully heal due to the constant movement of the foreskin . during the first 3 months the healing was itself a good form of chastity as any form of stimulation was be quite uncomfortable . i would suggest that until the piercings are full healed that you continue to wear the 2 separate rings that the piercer will use .
once fully healed and with separate rings in each piercing it is possible to have pleasurable sex and or stimulation . with one ring through both piercings however it would be uncomfortable if not painful to try and have penetrative sex , although i wouldn ' t know as i haven ' t tried , the times when i do ' give ' then the piercing is usually taken out all together .
after about 3 months i did stretch the piercing from the original 2 small diameter rings straight up to about 2mm ( 12g ) . recently i stretch the piercing again to 3 . 2mm ( 8g ) which was surprisingly easy due the the elasticity of the foreskin .
infibulating my foreskin hasn ' t made pleasurable climax all together impossible , however if you take some time to climax or enjoy feeling of having your cock stimulate from bottom to top then any form of climax you do eventually get from stimulating your infibulated cock will be less than satisfactory .
now that chastity is back on the mind ' s of master and i after a bit of a break from the d / s lifestyle the plan is to replace the ring i have now with a lockable piercing ring which means master will have control over the removal of the piercing .
or for those with a little more to spend there is a german site that offers attractive looking and more secure piercing rings .
at £70 a pair it wasn ' t cheap but if you do not wish to wear a device or like me haven ' t had much success with them then it could be a good alternative .
master has just closed the padlock on my infib piercing . i stretched the holes up to 4mm on friday , was a bit painful but was actually quiet easy . seeing as the holes are now quite large i thought i ' d see if an ordinary padlock would go through .
i ' ve put the padlock through both holes so in to infibulate the foreskin and through the pa piercing that i already had which should reduce movement thus further reducing the ability to pleasure myself .
will let you know how i get on with an ordinary padlock . i may upgrade to a lustlock which are specially designed for chastity piercings , look much nicer and can be engraved by the company .
yeah you can still get some sort of release even with the foreskin infibulated . trying to masturbate is fairly unpleasant but master can get me off by rubbing the head through the foreskin .
it ' s only a temporary measure until i can find a suitable device , so far i ' ve gone through a cb3000 , 2000 and birdlocked .
geez . . what a yummy cock . . . i just finished infibulating myself with two 10 gauge 5 / 8 inch barbells ( purple plastic ) . .
hardly hurt at all . . i now consider myself permanently cockless , especially since my foreskin was pierced down low . . the barbells are about 1 / 2 inch down the shaft ( what ' s left of it ) . . love the feeling . . . smooches jackie
. well done , take your time enlarging the piercings ( don ' t hang anything heavy on them ) and you ' ll have no problem with migration .
@ jackiep . well done , take your time enlarging the piercings ( don ' t hang anything heavy on them ) and you ' ll have no problem with migration .
thanks chastity . . did i mention what a gorgeous cock you have . . love that shaft device . . exactly what is it , and where can i get one ?
thanks jackie , i got both rings from
wildcat
a british piercing suplier quite a few years ago . try googling them .
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1 to prevent singers from losing their voice , 2 to keep youths from masturbating themselves , 3 to conceal the organ of generation through modesty .
2 . the easterns perforate the penis and insert in the hole thus made various objects , with the view , however , not of preventing coition but of enlarging the size of the penis , and thus doubling the woman ' s pleasure . ]
( the term , fibule , takes in either a ring , which can be opened and closed , or an appropriate padlock . professional piercers speak of stock diameter in terms of gauge , which is not necessarily the same as gauge in terms of thickness of sheet - metal . for a fibule , because of where it is placed in the subject ' s body , weight is also important : as a rule - of - thumb , the lighter the better so long as security is not compromised . )
consideration of sterility and sanitation dictate that the optimal time to pierce for this purpose , is immediately after a menstrual period has ceased , or while she is pregnant . these same considerations dictate that , if she is sexually active , her partner in intercourse must invariably wear a condom during intercourse for the duration of the healing time . further , it is a good idea for the subject to bathe as frequently as possible while the training rings are in place . finally , it is a good idea for the lower undergarment that the subject wears to be loose during this time .