dental cements are hard , brittle materials formed by mixing powder and liquid together .

they are either resin cements or acid-base cements .

in the latter the powder is a basic metal oxide or silicate and the liquid is acidic .

an acid base reaction occurs with the formation of a metal salt which acts as the cementing matrix .

dental cements are used for a variety of dental and orthodontic applications , including use as luting agents , pulp-protecting agents or cavity-lining material .

furthermore , they are used to form an insulating layer under metallic or ceramic restorations , and protect the pulp from injury .

this helps in sealing or fixing and casting inlays , onlays , or any such substance to both dentin and enamel .

dental cements that contain an acid component may have an intense sour taste .

dental cement

dental glue is basically a slang term for over - the - counter dental cement .
dental implant cement crown & bridge adhesive self / light curing resin 8 . 6gr
fixed dental restorations are permanently attached to the abutment teeth with specific dental cement ( either resin cement or acid - base cement ) . these are hard , brittle materials formed by mixing powder and liquid together .
a related discussion , dental cement toxicity , more biocompatible under way ? was started .
dentemp max strg os tooth fill filling dental teeth cement caps 12 + repairs 2 . 2g
unfortunately , the resistance decreases when the thickness of the dental cement layer is too high .
n the materials used in dentistry as luting agents , bases , and temporary restorations . see also cement , acrylic resin dental ; cement , zinc .
the dental cement is prepared by mixing the powder and liquid together according to manufacturer ' s instructions .
the primary role of dental cement is to act as luting agents by filling the space between the inner walls of the dental crown and the prepared tooth .
they develop a strong bond with both the restoration and especially the teeth . it is argued that quality dental cement form a very resistant chemical bond with dental tissues .
a well - explained slide on every dental cements product . a good read article on types of dental cements : urltoken
15 . based on the bonding mechanism ( williams o ' brien . 2002 & richard van noort )  phosphate based :  zinc phosphate cement  modified zinc phosphate cement  fluoridated cement  copper cement  silicophosphate cement  phenolate based :  zinc oxide eugenol cement  reinforced zinc oxide eugenol  eba and other chelate cements  calcium hydroxide chelate cement  polycarboxylate based :  zinc polycarboxylate cement  glass ionomer cement  methacrylate based :  acrylic cements  bis - gma type cements
2 any of a variety of dental materials used to fill cavities or to hold bridgework or other dental prostheses in place .
provide the complete dental cement formulation , identifying the individual chemical components by percentage , to a sum of 100 % .
n ( kryptex cement ) , a combination zinc phosphate and silicate cement . less translucent , less irritating , and less soluble than silicate and stronger than zinc phosphate cement .
there are 2 types of cementation depending on the type of dental cement utilized : temporary and permanent ( or definitive ) .
on the other hand , if a restoration is perfectly adjusted , high - quality dental cement greatly increase the lifespan and prognosis .
look for “how to use” videos for your selected product and look through reviews to find special tips for the dental cement you selected .
after the primary setting , the excess cement that squeezes out from underneath the crowns is removed with the help of a dental explorer .
there are several classifications of professional dental cement . however , it takes technical knowledge to understand the differences between these types . just know that the highest quality dental cements can be found at your dentist’s office .
dental products . for professional dental use only . • easy removal of excess material . auctiva free image hosting . auctiva ' s free counter .
i am varun , a dentist from hyderabad , india trying my bit to help everyone understand dental problems and treatments and to make dental education simplified for dental students and dental fraternity . if you have any doubts feel free to contact me or comment in the post , thanks for visiting .
21 . manipulation1 . preparation of tooth surface2 . proportioning & mixing3 . protection of cement during setting4 . finishing5 . protection of cement after setting
any patient suspected of having an allergy to dental materials should be referred to a healthcare professional capable of performing and interpreting allergy tests prior to dental treatment .
these factors serve as our measuring stick for our reviews of dental cement products . we use them to evaluate what real users say about each product .
dental glue for teeth . how to diy repair crown , bridge or retainer ?
small bite adjustments can still be performed after the dental cement sets . it is vital not to leave the restoration too high ( or too low ) .
if a dental restoration doesn ' t perfectly fit onto the abutment teeth , the space between the tooth and the inside of the crown increases . dental cement , as quality materials as they are , cannot fully compensate this lack of adjustment .
at home tooth repair is becoming more and more popular . the mixture of rising dental costs and “how to” internet culture have coupled together to create a shift . new dental glues , dental cements , and dental adhesives have facilitated the movement as well . we found that temptooth is the best temporary tooth replacement for the most people .
n a dental cement used for cementation of cast restorations and orthodontic appliances and as bases . prepared by mixing a zinc oxide powder with a liquid of polycarboxylic acid .
other safer eugenol free temporary restorative cement should use to avoid such unusual occurrence .
still , we advocate dental visits as the number one course of action for teeth that need repair or replacement . the reason is because most over - the - counter dental adhesives are difficult to use and don’t always work that well . dental professionals use stronger compounds .
a ready to use temporary cement which re - fixes dental crowns , inlays and bridges . it is not glue - it is cement which sets only if it comes into contact with water or saliva and takes approximately 15 - 20 minutes to set .
a temporary crown is usually cemented in place with a soft temporary dental cement . this allows for easy removal when fitting the definitive restoration and re - fixing between appointments .
we love diy solutions though . so , we’ll still provide you with reviews of the best dental cements on the market and some tips to make your chosen dental glue more effective .
dental cements for definitive luting : a review and practical clinical considerations . - pubmed - ncbi
16 . classification based on setting reaction ( skinners )  acid base reaction – zinc phosphate zinc polycarboxylate zinc oxide eugenol glass ionomer cement  light / chemical activities  polymerization and acid base reaction resin modified glass ionomer cement  compomer  resin cement .
dental cement is used for a variety of dental and orthodontic applications , including use as luting agents , pulp - protecting agents or cavity - lining material . furthermore , they are used to form an insulating layer under metallic or ceramic restorations and protect the pulp from injury .
n a dental cement , dispensed as a powder and a liquid , that is mixed as is any other cement . the powder contains polymethyl methacrylate , a filler , plasticizer , and polymerization initiator . the liquid monomer is methyl methacrylate with an inhibitor and an activator .
dental cement any of various bonding substances that are placed in the mouth as a viscous liquid and set to a hard mass ; used in restorative and orthodontic dental procedures as luting ( cementing ) agents , as protective , insulating , or sedative bases , and as restorative materials .
below , we have taken some of the best dental cements on the market and compared them .
note : these dental cement reviews are created by unbiased analysis of real customer reviews . we take into account not just overall rating , but what things people actually say about the product .
n a zinc phosphate cement to the powder of which has been added a copper oxide .
research and markets : u . s . end - user dental hygiene survey report ( executive summary )
fig . 27 . 1 diagram illustrating the way in which a cavity lining protects the dental pulp .
1 department of pedodontics and preventive dentistry , k . m . shah dental college and hospital , india
anusavice k . phillips ' science of dental materials . 11th ed . saunders : usa . 2003 .
provide a descriptive or table comparison of the similarities and differences to a legally marketed predicate dental cement in terms of intended use , chemical composition , physical characteristics and mechanical properties , safety and effectiveness .
a summary should be provided of the methodology and results of all bench testing that has been conducted . the quantitative results for your materials testing should be compared to those of predicate dental cement materials .
dental products . for professional dental use . free auctiva image hosting . auctiva ' s free counter . ce approved . • non - sticky . • optimum wetting of powder and liquid . •high adhesion values .
 figure 28 . an explorer was used to remove any remaining excess cement away from the margins of the restorations . dental floss was then used to clear any remaining cement from the proximal areas . light - curing around the margins could then be done to accelerate the set time if desired .
for details on how to conduct these tests , refer to an appropriate international standard such as : american national standard / american dental association document no 41 for recommended standard practices for biological evaluation of dental materials , 1982 ; or iso / tr : 1984 ( e ) , biological evaluation of dental materials , 1984 .
2 . introductionglass ionomer cement is a tooth coloured material , introduced by wilson & kent in 1972 . material was based on reaction between silicate glass powder & polyacrylicacid . they bond chemically to tooth structure & release fluoride for relatively longperiod . glass ionomer cements ( a . k . a . glass polyalkenoate ) silicate cement polycarboxylate fluoride release cement tooth color adhesion to tooth translucency structure glass ionomer cement
dental cements are class i devices if composed of zinc oxide - eugenol intended to serve as a temporary tooth filling or as a base cement to affix a temporary tooth filling , to affix dental devices such as crowns or bridges , or to be applied to a tooth to protect the tooth pulp . however , a dental cement is a class ii device if it is composed of various materials other than zinc oxide - eugenol intended to serve as a temporary tooth filling or as a base cement to affix a temporary tooth filling , to affix dental devices such as crowns or bridges , or to be applied to a tooth to protect the tooth pulp . see 21 cfr part 872 . 3275 . ( fda product code
ema
)
22 . zinc phosphate cement  introduced over a century ago it is the oldest luting cement .  longest clinical track record to compare with newer systems .  synonyms ` crown and bridge’ and “zinc oxyphosphate’
hopefully , you have a good idea of which dental glues you’d like to try for your diy tooth repair .
n an insulating layer of cement placed in the deeper portion of a prepared cavity to insulate the pulp .
$ an advanced formulation designed as a mult - purpose nal cement for the cementation of crowns , bridges , inlays and onlays , as well as certain orthodontic applications . the cement chemically bonds to en . . .
6 ) remove any excess cement from around the base of the crown . the setting of the cement takes approximately 15 - 20 minutes in contact with oral moisture . do not chew for the next 3 hours .
figure 1 : intraoral examination revealed unusual allergic reaction on the gingiva and buccal mucosa caused by zoe cement .
so while it may actually hold you tooth , you’re much better off going using a product specifically made for dental repairs .
24 . 5 . protection of cement after setting : - • before dismissing the patient , restoration is again coated with the protective agent to protect trimmed area . • failure to protect for first 24hrs results in weaken cement .
citation : deshpande a , verma s and macwan c . allergic reaction associated with the use of eugenol containing dental cement in a young child . austin j dent . 2014 ; 1 ( 2 ) : 1007 . issn : 2381 - 9189
great post related to classification on dental cements . thanks for sharing . turned out to be a quite interesting article . thanks varun
 figure 15 . the restoration was firmly seated with finger pressure , extruding the excess cement around the margins of the abutment teeth . this was easily accomplished due to the thin film thickness ( 6 µm ) of the rmgi cement .
 figure 24 . self - etching resin cement ( g - cem [ gc america ] ) with automix delivery .
all dental crowns are cleaned and disinfected . a dental suction device is placed inside the mouth and teeth are isolated from saliva or other fluids with a rubber dam or cotton rolls . the abutment teeth are carefully dried with air or small pieces of cotton wool .
4 ) apply a small amount of the cement around the inner edge of the crown or cap . do not fill the crown . for bridges , apply a small amount of the cement around the inner edge of each crown of the bridge .
17 . introduction  zinc polyacrylate cement  first - adhesive bond to tooth structure .  supplied as  powder and liquid
23 . mechanical properties  comprssive strength : 55 - 67 mpa  tensile strength : 2 . 4 - 4 . 4 gpa  modules of elasticity is lower then zinc phosphate cement 5 . 1gpa  more soluble than zinc phosphate cement 0 . 06 %  more soluble in organic acids .  not as brittle as zinc phosphate cement  excess removal is difficult .
 figure 6 . after spatulation , the gi provisional cement was placed into the provisional restoration using a plastic filling instrument .
figure 2 : iopa showing radio - opaque cement in contact with the soft tissue distally to the crown of 65 with .
this strong adhesive is a glass ionomer restorative cement that comes in a powder and liquid kit . the only negative comments seem to come from those who had hard time following directions . this is a powerful dental adhesive : one you don’t want to make mistakes with .
care should be taken to avoid tissue contact and manufacturer ' s instructions should be followed when eugenol containing zoe cement is used .
, impression materials , gypsums , removable and fixed prostheses , dental implants , specialty materials , polishing materials , tooth whitening , and oral appliances .
conclusion protocols have been presented for the use of commonly used dental cements for the definitive placement of indirect restorations . following manufacturer ' s instructions is instrumental in maximizing clinical success , and following recommendations precisely will lead to predictable and reliable placement of many of today ' s dental restorative materials .
bhalla m , thami gp . acute urticaria due to dental eugenol . see comment in pubmed commons below allergy . 2003 ; 58 : 158 .
dental cement used to attach an indirect restoration to a prepared tooth is called a luting agent . a clinically relevant discussion of conventional and contemporary definitive luting agents is presented in this article . physical properties are listed in table form to assist in comparison and decision - making . additional subtopics include luting agent requirements , classifications , retention and bonding , cement considerations for implant - supported teeth , and fatigue failure .
temptooth doesn’t contain any cement . it actually a total tooth replacement solution . temptooth actually replaces any missing teeth or parts of teeth . it is surprisingly easy to use and comes with free dental tools . it’s a great stop - gap solution , just don’t expect professional results .
 figure 18 . after complete set , the excess rmgi cement around the margins of the restoration was easily removed using an explorer .
weiner r . an advanced self - etching resin cement : clinical application . dent today . 2008 ; 27 : 82 , 84 .
a composite dental cement composition that is suitable for application with dental posts for either post insertion in a tooth or during core formation is provided , the cement composition includes a polymer matrix in an amount between about 15 and 50 weight percent , a filler in an amount between about 35 and 80 weight percent , and a lanthanide series compound in an amount between about 1 and 20 weight percent . the lanthanide series compound chemically interacts or pushes the air voids out between with the polymer matrix in order to increase compressive strength of the cement composition . titanium powder may be added in order to increase compressive strength . a fluoride compound may further be added in order to substantially eliminate caries and further tooth decay .
dentistry today is the nation ' s leading clinical news magazine for dentists . here you can get the latest dental news from the whole world quickly .
a part of the contents of this article was firstly reported in the japanese - written magazine named dental diamond ( 2012 ; 37 : 145–6 ) .
 figure 8 . after the setting of the gi provisional cement , the excess at the margins was removed using an explorer . the cement has a
rubberized
consistency that makes it easy to peel away from the provisional material without smearing or sticking to the plastic .
 figure 14 . an rmgi cement ( fujicem ) was extruded from the cartridge with mixing tip directly into the abutments of the restoration .
 figure 23 . self - etching resin cement was applied to the internal surface of the restorations through the tip of the triturated capsule .
grade ac , martens bp . chronic urticaria due to dental eugenol . see comment in pubmed commons below dermatologica . 1989 ; 178 : 217 - 220 .
dental cements have multiple uses in dentistry based on the requirement from patient to patient , and it also differs from tooth to tooth in the same patient . the front or anterior teeth ( incisors , canine ) require aesthetics more than strength and it is the opposite in the posterior or the molars . so it is essential to know which type of cement should be used in which scenario . some of the common uses of dental cements in dentistry are :
40 .  non eugenol zinc oxide cement  suitabe for patients sensitive to eugenol .  eugenol acts as an inhibitor for free redical polymerized materials
 figure 26 . after 90 seconds and prior to the gel set , a sable brush was used to remove excess cement at the margins .
dental implant metal : i am allergic to nickel ; is there any nickel in the material used for implants ? . . . visitor from ca ( answer )
glass ionomer and resin - modified cements gi cement has been an excellent performer for many years , and this category of cements is used primarily in the cementation of metallic and pfm restorations . gi cement has a very thin film thickness , is extremely moisture tolerant , and due to fluoride release , can have a remineralization effect with demineralized tooth structure . rmgi cements were made to create an insoluble version of gi for cementation . the clinical benefit of a rmgi cement is that it has many benefits of the gi cement , but is insoluble in the oral fluids . rmgi cement is used primarily for the cementation of metallic and pfm restorations ; particularly in clinical situations where moisture control is difficult . this type of cement has also been successfully used with zirconia - and alumina - based ceramics as well as lithium disilicate pressed and milled ( cad / cam ) inlays and onlays . 3 - 8
 figure 5 . a glass ionomer ( gi ) provisional cement ( fuji temp lt [ gc america ] ) was extruded onto a mixing pad .
dental cements play an integral part of all branches of dentistry and based on the requirement different types of cements are used as seen in the classification table mentioned above .
wiliams , billington , pearson , dental materials , vol . 18 , no . 5 , july 2002 ( 2002 - 07 - 01 ) , pages 376 - 379
thank you for the info . the dental work was done using acupuncture . i will discuss the problems with her at my next visit . again , thank you .
wiltshire wa , ferreira mr , ligthelm aj . allergies to dental materials . see comment in pubmed commons below quintessence int . 1996 ; 27 : 513 - 520 .
after the gel set was initiated , an explorer was carefully used to remove the last amounts of excess from around the margins of the restoration ( figures 27 and 28 ) . complete light - curing of the restoration was carried out . next ( and this process was done to definitively cement the adjacent restoration , dental tape was used interproximally to make sure all of the excess cement had been removed . figure 29 shows both maxillary central incisor restorations after definitive cementation was completed .
these dental cements are not advertised as long - term solutions . however , they are pretty effective at temporary fixes for chipped teeth , broken crowns , or damaged veneers .
after exposures to neutral versus acidic ph solutions by using regular toothbrushes loaded onto 4 mm ( 4000 [ micro ] m ) wide slots of the cement .
when the cement reaches optimum consistency ( a
creamy
consistency ) , it is placed inside the crowns , carefully , so it covers all interior walls .
 figure 27 . the restoration on tooth no . 8 is shown after the gel set and prior to removal of the marginal excess . while the cement sets , the restoration on tooth no . 9 was set on the preparation ( without cement ) to hold the crown no . 8 in its proper spatial orientation .
restoration of dental cavities . 1 x 15g powder jar . 1 x spoon . powder - liquid kit . 1 x 10ml liquid bottle . translucent shade . 1 x mixing pad .
allergic to crown cement : i ' ve had 2 reactions to cements that had clove oil in them . i had burning in my mouth and throat and a burning , pins and needles sensation on my face and neck . the cement was durelon and had to be removed . the tempgrip used worked fine . the last cement used was maxcem and i ' m having the same reaction . it is most uncomfortable . what do i do now ? . . . visitor from sc ( answer )
71 . references  theodore m . roberson : sturdevant’s art and science of operative dentistry 4th & 5th edition .  skinners  kennith j anusavice : phillips’ science of dental materials 11th edition & 9th edition .  s mahalaxmi : materials used in dentistry , 2013 .  robert g . craig and john . m : restorative dental materials 11th edition & 12th edition .  joyre reese , thomas valege : restorative dental materials : an overview , 2nd edition  williams o ' brien . 2002 & richard van noort  e c combe 6th edition .
this is a godsend if you can ' t afford a dentist at the moment . i used it to cement a bridge that came loose , surprisingly easy to use !
34 . zinc polycarboxylate cement  it is the 1st adhesive material developed in dentistry .  advantages over the traditional znpo4 • compatibility with pulpal tissue • adhesion to tooth structure .
12 . biological properties  acidity of cement is quite high during the time of application - presence of phosphoric acid 2 min after the start of mixing , ph is 2 increases rapidly reaches about 5 . 5 in 24 hrs  pulpal damage can occur during first few hours .  high heat production during setting of the cement can also cause pulpal injury .
4 . introduction • oldest of the luting cement • longest clinical track record • serves as a standard with which newer materials can be compared • supplied as a powder and liquid .
is a unique , no mix cement made especially to help replace loose caps and crowns . clinically tested ; recapit® is safe and so effective
you can eat on it
.
under the influence of saliva , temporary cement dissolute in a short time . for this reason , definitive restorations that are temporarily cemented must be permanently fixed in 3 to 6 weeks .
restoration of dental cavities . 1 x 15g powder jar . 1 x spoon . powder - liquid kit . 1 x 10ml liquid bottle . translucent shade . 1 x mixing pad . high fluoride release .
the purpose of this document is to provide guidance to the manufacturers of dental cements on the information desired for a more thorough and consistent preparation of a premarket notification submission ( 510 ( k ) ) .
these reactions can be either acute or chronic . clinical presentations vary based on the nature of reaction , type of allergen site and duration of contact . in present case constant contact of zoe cement caused localised reaction of soft tissue and buccal mucosa contacting the tooth . amount of cement used was less hence the concentration of eugenol was lower so it caused localised contact stomatitis .
28 . frozen slab technique  practical way to increase the working time and reduce the setting time of zinc phosphate cement .  50 % increased powder / liquid ratio .  mixing in a frozen glass slab at 210 c .  effective when multiple castings are to be cemented .  excess of cement is easy to clean up .  but decrease in compressive strength .
23 . 3 . protection of cement during setting : - • glass ionomer cement is extremely sensitive to air & water during setting . • immediately after placement into cavity , preshaped matrix is applied to it . 4 . finishing : - excess material should be trimmed from margins . hand instruments are preferred to rotary tools to avoid ditching . further finishing is done after 24hrs .
are you unhappy with your smile ? can’t afford dental work for yourself and your family ? get this free report delivered to your email and discover little - known , clever ways to save money on dentist .
· lost dental fillings . universal shade . a permanent solution to a vexing problem . · permanent fixation of veneers . · coefficient of expansion similar to tooth structure . · permanent fixation of crown . . .
24 . biological consideration  pulpal response termed as mild  ph of liquid is 1 - 1 . 7  freshly mixed cement – 3 - 4  after 24 hrs – 5 - 6
· lost dental fillings . universal shade . a permanent solution to a vexing problem . · permanent fixation of veneers . · permanent fixation of crowns & bridges . · coefficient of expansion similar to toot . . .
· self curing and self adherent . · lost dental fillings . universal shade . a permanent solution to a vexing problem . · permanent fixation of veneers . · coefficient of expansion similar to tooth structu . . .
tooth - fil is a zinc oxide based temporary filling material . for very large or painful fillings , seek dental advice . place onto tooth which requires filling and gently bite using moderate pressure . avo . . .
41 . zinc oxide eugenol  extensively used in dentistry since 1890’s .  least irritant of all the dental materials .  poor strength when compared to zinc phosphate .  it has sedative effect on exposed dentin .
the patient attended the dental hospital approximately 5 weeks after the dressing had been placed . her medical and dental histories were unremarkable , she had no known allergies and her only medication was ibuprofen for the relief of pain from the oral ulcer . intra - oral examination revealed a shallow ulcer with surrounding erythema in the buccal mucosa . this lay adjacent to the ul7 ( 27 ) when the mouth was closed ( fig . 1 ) .
13 . cement structure• cored filler is bound together by a hydrogel of calcium and aluminium polyacrylates that contains fluorine as fluoroaluminium polyacrylate . • filler particles contain a glassy core pitted by a siliceous hydrogel .
a nonmetallic material used for luting , filling , or permanent or temporary restoration , or as an adherent sealer in attaching various dental restorations in or on the tooth made by mixing components into a plastic mass that sets .
today , dental implants are the state - of - the - art tooth replacement systems and are now more common than ever before . this comprehensive guide deals with all the important aspects of implant dentistry . . . more
most definitive indirect dental restorations today are luted to the preparations using one of 4 types of dental cements : ( 1 ) glass ionomer ( gi ) cements , ( 2 ) resin - modified glass ionomer ( rgmi ) cements , ( 3 ) self - etching resin cements , or ( 4 ) resin cements , requiring the use of total - etch technique and placement of dentin adhesives on the preparation prior to luting the definitive restoration .
* corresponding author : macwan chirag , department of pedodontics and preventive dentistry , k . m . shah dental college and hospital , sumandeep vidyapeeth , at & po pipariya , waghodia , vadodara , gujarat - 391760 , india
23 . zinc phosphate cement composition  powder zinc oxide - principle ingredient magnesium oxide - reduces the temp . of calcification process 2 . 10 % aids in sintering . oxides of bismuth , calcium or - impact a smoothness to freshly mixed barium cement mass . in large quantities lengthen the s . t silicon dioxide - in active filler  liquid phosphoric acid - 45 - 64 % reacts with zno water - 30 – 55 % increases rate of reaction aluminum - 2 . 3 % essential to the cement forming reaction – zinc - 0 . 9 % moderates reaction between powder and liquid allows adequate working time
it may surprise you how often superglue comes up as a possible solution to dental problems . when we say superglue , we refer to any of the cyanoacrylate - based adhesives with brand names like super glue or krazy glue .
32 . variations in zinc phosphate cement fluoridated cement : o small % of stannous fluoride . o lower strength & higher solubility than zinc phosphate . o fluoride release continues over long period & uptake . reduces enamel solubility , increases harness . o this activity should reduce the incidence of enamel decalcification under orthodontic bands . o used in orthodontic band cementation . copper / silver cement : o consists of proportion of red or black cuprous oxide or copper salts or silver salts to zinc oxide powder . o liquid same as conventional . o used in past due to germicidal action . o were discontinued due to staining of teeth .
69 . summary  zinc phosphate cement has long served as the universal luting cement . its advantages includes good handling characteristics and a proven longevity in the oral cavity when it is used for cementation of well designed and well fitting restorations .  its disadvantages include pulp irritation , lack of adhesiveness to tooth structure , and lack of anticariogenic properties . znpo4 is not suitable when the mechanical retention poor or when the aesthetic demand is high .  the main advantage of improved zinc oxide eugenol cement is their biocompatibility . the physical and mechanical properties and the handling characteristics generally inferior to those of other long term luting cements .
29 . modifications1 . water settable glass ionomer cement : - • liquid is delivered in a freeze dried form , which is incorporated into the powder . • liquid used is clean water . 2 . resin modified glass ionomer cement : - powder component consist of ion leachable fluroalumino silicate glass particles & initator for light curing . liquid component consist of water & poly acrylic acid with methacrylate & hydroxyl ethyl methacrylate monomer .
manufacturers are advised to begin discussions with the dental devices branch prior to the initiation of expensive , long - term testing of any new device materials to ensure that the proper testing will be conducted , and to avoid unnecessary tests .
it is important to the consumer that the labeling for dental cements bear clear , accurate , and complete information for use concerning any relevant components , indications , method of preparation , hazards , contraindications , and precautions in their use .
18 . biocompatibilty : - • pulpal response to glass ionomer cement is favorable . • pulpal response is mild due to - high buffering capacity of hydroxy apatite . - large molecular weight of the polyacrylic acid , which prevents entry into dentinal tubules . a ) pulp reaction – zoe < glass ionomer < zinc phosphate b ) powder : liquid ratio influences acidity c ) manufacturer recommends using a ca ( oh ) 2 liner when within 0 . 5 mm’s of the dental pulpsolubility & disintegration : - initial solubility is high due to leaching of intermediate products . the complete setting reaction takes place in 24 hrs , cement should be protectedfrom saliva during this period .
the development of this document is based on information recommended for a complete and adequate review by the dental devices branch . the use of this document for the preparation of a 510 ( k ) for dental cements does not ensure fda clearance of a device , and certain 510 ( k ) submissions may require additional information not contained in this document . however , use of this document will ensure that the basic elements are present to conduct an evaluation of substantial equivalence .
allergy to materials used in dentistry is a topical issue and has been the subject of recent papers 1 , 2 and an editorial . 3 this interest may be due to an increasing public / practitioner awareness of the ability of dental materials to cause adverse reactions or a reflection of an increase in the population ' s potential for hypersensitivity type reactions . some reports concern reactions to increasingly used materials such as hydroxyethyl methacrylate , 2 however traditional materials such as dental amalgam 1 also have the potential for allergic and other adverse reactions , although rarely . this paper describes two cases of adverse reactions to eugenol , another traditional dental material , and serves to remind colleagues of the need for care in its use .
15 . setting stepscalcium poly salts are formed first , then followed by aluminum poly salts which crosslink with poly anion chain . set cement consist of unreacted powder particle surrounded by silica gel in amorphousmatrix of hydrated calcium & aluminum poly salts . calcium poly salts are responsible for initial set . aluminum poly salts form the dominant phase .  water plays an important role in structure of cement .  after hardening , fresh cement is extremely prone to the cracking & crazing , due to drying of loosely bound water .  hence these cements must be protected by application of varnish . setting time type i 4 - 5 minutes type ii 7 minutes
54 . non - eugenol cement ( cavit )  a premixed non eugenol paste used for temporary restorations & cavity bases .  contains – zinc oxide zinc sulphate calcium sulphate glycol acetate poly vinyl acetate triethanolamine red pigments
one week later the temporary crown was removed , the tooth was prepared , an impression with an elastomeric material was taken , and the existing temporary crown was recemented as before with the same zinc - oxide eugenol cement .
oil of cloves ( eugenol in its unrefined form ) has been a popular remedy for toothache for over a century . chisholm 4 in 1873 described its mixture with zinc oxide to form a plastic mass and its therapeutic uses . it has sedative and anodyne effects 5 as well as antibacterial properties . 6 eugenol is found as a major ingredient in a variety of dental materials such as impression materials , filling materials , dental cements , endodontic sealers , periodontal dressing materials and dry socket dressings .
if a dental cement contains a fluoride releasing agent , then a fluoride release rate profile should be provided . the profile testing should be performed at 37 ºc in distilled water . the test duration may range from one to four weeks . fluoride release rates typically fall exponentially after a few days and so seven days may be sufficient to define the release profile . claims of cavity prevention or other therapeutic benefits are permitted if supported by clinical data developed by an ide investigation .
if you wish specific advice on the applicability to your device of the fda labeling regulation ( 21 cfr part 801 ) , please contact the office of compliance at ( 301 ) 594 - 4618 . also , for questions on the promotion and advertising of your dental cement , please contact the office of compliance at ( 301 ) 594 - 4639 . additionally , note the regulation titled
misbranding by reference to premarket notification
( 21 cfr part 807 . 97 ) .
- like fibres to absorb shock and which assists in holding the teeth in sockets . part of the enamel of the crown of the teeth in some mammals , e . g . ungulates , is also covered by cement .
crisp et al . :
glass ionomer cement formulations . ii . the synthesis of novel polycarboxylic acids
, j . dent . res . , vol . 59 , no . 6 , 1980 , pages 1055 - 1063
cross - reactions with mp may occur to colophonium ( rosin ) , fragrance mix 1 , balsam of tolu , wood and coal tars , resorcin monobenzoate , turpentine , propolis , coniferyl benzoate and benzoin ( table 2 ) . occupations at risk for sensitization include dentists ( dental cement ) , bakers ( flavoring agents ) , beekeepers ( to beeswax ) , painters ( turpentine ) , violinist ( rosin ) and laboratory technicians ( fixatives used in the preparation of histology slides ) .
11 . role of waterreaction medium into which the cement forming cations are leached and transportedto react with poly acid to form a matrixhydrates siliceous hydrogel and metal polyacrylate salts formed . water can be of two forms : 1 . loosely bound water – readily removed by dessication2 . tightly bound water - cannot be removed and is associated with the hydration shellof the cation - polyacryate bond , particularly that of aluminium and some silica gelwater . with aging , tightly bound water increases , increasing the strength , modulus ofelasticity and decreasing the plasticity . cement is stable in an atmosphere of 80 % relative humidityhigh humidity absorbs water hygroscopic expansiondry conditions loses water shrinking and crazingloss of water also retards cement formation .
( suitable for : dental shaping . item included : 5 x tooth shaping pen ( different shape nib ) . 2 ) color may slightly due to the color setting of each individual monitor . color : black & silver . other countrie . . .
the restoration is positioned on the abutment teeth , applying gentle pressures until it reaches the final position . any small mistake here can jeopardize the entire operation because , after the cement sets , the restoration is very hard to remove .
5 .  these different applications make varying demands on manipulative properties , working and setting times , and resistance to mechanical breakdown and dissolution . thus some materials are better suited to some application than others .  many of these materials are supplied in powder / liquid form and set by an acid - base reaction , but this is not universally true .  as yet , there is no ideal dental cement . each material must be used on its merits with knowledge of its limitations .
2 . in dentistry , a nonmetallic material used for luting , filling , or permanent or temporary restorative purposes , made by mixing components into a plastic mass that sets , or as an adherent sealer in attaching various dental restorations in or on the tooth .
many of these products have been on the market for years . but only recently has the average person had so much confidence doing work usually reserved for professionals . dental price tags certainly play a role—especially considering problems can sometimes still persist after an expensive procedure .
 figure 16 . after holding the restoration with firm finger pressure for 30 to 45 seconds , and while the cement had still not reached a set , the patient was asked to close firmly on the restoration to ensure complete seat .
e l , irie m , nagaoka n , et al . mechanical properties of a resin - modified glass ionomer cement for luting : effect of adding spherical silica filler . dent mater j . 2010 ; 29 : 253 - 261 .
with this product and the three after it , you’re looking at about the same thing . this is where the traditional dental glues you might find in the pharmacy or supermarket begin . none of them rated very well , but dentek’s seems to be the best .
49 . properties  film thickness - 25 - 75 um  compressive strength - 35 - 55 mpa  tensile strength - 4 mpa  modulus of elasticity - 2 - 3000 mpa  water immersion reduces the mechanical properties due to loss of eugenol .  mechanical retention of crowns of zoe cement is less than zinc phosphate cements .  an 83 . 5 % success rate was noted for polymer reinforced cement after 7 years . wtst mt 5 min7 - 9 min 2 min
 figure 11 . a precementation view of the maxillary right quadrant . a five - unit pfm bridge is about to be cemented to place using a resin - modified glass ionomer ( rmgi ) cement ( fujicem [ gc america ] ) .
munhoz t , karpukhina n , hill rg , et al . setting of commercial glass ionomer cement fuji ix by ( 27 ) ai and ( 19 ) f mas - nmr . j dent . 2010 ; 38 : 325 - 330 .
37 . biological properties  least irritating of all dental cements  ph is 6 . 6 – 8  pulp response is termed as mild  they inhibit the growth of bacteria , have an anodyne or soothing effect on pulp , in deep cavities , hence reduces pain
the typical dental cements include zinc oxide - eugenol ( class i ) ; and zinc phosphate , zinc silico - phosphate , zinc - polyacrylate , zinc - polycarboxylate , glass ionomer , resin - based , silicate - based cements , etc . ( class ii ) .
 figure 2 . gingival surgery was performed using a diode laser ( nv laser [ philips discus dental ] ) to create a gingival zenith above the central incisors at the distolabial line angles , at a level slightly apical to the gingival crest above the lateral incisors .
in the cases reported here , the history of the lesions , their clinical relationship to eugenol containing dental material , coupled with the evidence of a positive patch test result would indicate that a genuine hypersensitivity reaction to eugenol was involved in the aetiology of the oral lesions .
on his return to the surgery a further week later , the patient complained of acute pain in his gums that had started soon after his last visit . on examination the gdp noted marked erythema and destruction of the interdental papillae . the temporary crown was removed and the permanent pjc cemented with a polycarboxylate cement . the patient was prescribed a short course of metronidazole . upon review a further 2 days later , the patient was only a little improved and so was referred to the university dental hospital of manchester for further management .
dr . susan runner branch chief u . s . food and drug administration center for devices and radiological health office of device evaluation dental devices branch , hfz - 480 9200 corporate blvd . rockville , md 20850 phone : 301 - 827 - 5283 fax : 301 - 480 - 3002
it is kind of curious that this product rates almost as highly as number three on this list and so much better than dentemp’s main product . that is because this cement requires the user to mix it and it only contains enough for a single application .
rarely , eugenol when placed in the mouth , can cause a more significant generalised allergic response . 12 one particularly sensitive patient is reported to have developed anaphylactic - like shock subsequent to a pulpotomy in which zinc - oxide and eugenol cement was used . 22
44 . zinc oxide eugenol cement manipulation  temporary cements ( type i ) & liners ( type iv ) a typically two paste systems . dispense equal lengths of the accelerators and base pastes on a paper pad / glass slab continue mixing until a uniform colour is achieved .  long term zinc oxide eugenol cements ( type – ii ) a powder & liquid system . shake the powder bottle gently , then dispense the powder with the supplied scoop and the liquid with a dropper . mix on a glass slab or treated paper pad with a metal spatula . incorporate the powder into the liquid all at once and mix for 30 sec .  coat the patient’s lips and adjacent teeth with petroleum gel before application of the cement . oil of orange is a solvent useful in removing set cement .
the cavity lining or base is often expected to form a thermally insulating barrier in order to protect the pulp from sudden intolerable changes in temperature . the insulating properties of the cement are characterised by its value of thermal conductivity or thermal diffusivity ( see chapter 2 ) .
4 . introduction in last 20 years there has been an explosion of different types of dental cements that have become available to practicing dentist , many of them tailored for specialized types of restoration . in fact , there are so many products to choose from the task , can become confusing . dental cements , in the recent years has become restricted to those materials which are employed to bond inlays , crowns , bridges , posts and facings in or on the tooth and to retain orthodontic bands and retainers , however secondary applications of these cements include cavity linings , bases and temporary fillings , endodontic sealer .
1 ) remove as much as possible of the old , loose cement from inside the bridge or crown . do not use under force that may damage the crown . clean the inside of the crown with warm water and soap or detergent and rinse it under running water .
biological evaluation of medical devices is performed to determine the potential toxicity resulting from contact of the component materials of the device with the body . the device materials should not , either directly or through the release of their material constituents : ( 1 ) produce significant adverse local or systemic effects ; ( 2 ) be carcinogenic ; or ( 3 ) produce adverse reproductive and developmental effects . therefore , evaluation of any new device intended for human use requires data from systematic testing to ensure that the benefits provided by the final product will exceed any potential risks produced by dental cement materials .
1 . in dentistry , nonmetallic material used for luting , filling , or permanent or temporary restorative purposes , made by mixing components into a plastic mass that sets , or as an adherent sealer in attaching various dental restorations in or on the tooth . synonym ( s ) : cementum [ ta ] .
31 . advantages  most popular for cast restorations  adequate strength  reasonable working time  excess material can be easily removed  acceptable effect over the dental pulp  manipulation less critical than other cements . disadvantages  pulp irritation  lack of antibacterial action  brittleness  lack of adhesion  solubility in acid fluids
possible allergy to dental material : since having a crown replaced , i am constantly uncomfortable and suspect an allergy to either the material in the crown or the adhesive . will the reaction eventually fade or do i need to actually have the crown removed and replaced ? . . . visitor from chicago ( answer )
17 . classification ( e . c . combe 6th edition )  acid base reaction cements . zinc phosphate zinc polycarboxylate zinc oxide eugenol silicate glass ionomer cement  polymerising materials acrylic polymer cyanoacrylates dimethacrylate polymers polymer ceramic composites  other materials i ) calcium hydroxide ii ) guttapercha iii ) varnishes .
 figure 17 . after confirming complete seat with a full closure of the mandible into maximum intercuspation , cotton rolls were then placed bilaterally in the posterior areas and the patient was asked to close tightly . this holds the restoration firmly and undisturbed until initial set of the cement is reached .
33 . silicophosphate cement : combination of zinc phosphate & silicate cement . contains small amounts of mercury compounds . composition : silicate glass & minor amount of zinc oxide , 13 - 25 % fluoride liquid contains 50 % phosphoric acid , 45 % water , 4 - 9 % zinc , 2 % al . advantages : better & toughness than zinc phosphate . fluoride release & degree of translucency . lower solubility & better bonding . disadvantages : less satisfactory mixing & rheological properties leading to higher film thickness & greater potential for pulp irritation . used for cementation orthodontic bands & restoring non vital teeth


the near east foundation ( nef ) , formerly the american committee for armenian and syrian relief ( acasr ) , then the american committee for relief in the near east ( acrne ) , and later near east relief , is a syracuse , new york-based american international social and economic development organization .

founded in 1915 , it is the united states ’ oldest nonsectarian international development organization and the second american humanitarian organization to be chartered by an act of congress .

near east relief organized the world 's first large-scale , modern humanitarian project in response to the armenian genocide .

known as the near east foundation since 1930 , nef pioneered many of the strategies employed by the world ’s leading development organizations .

in the past 100 years nef has worked with partner communities in more than 40 countries .

the foundation had organised the world ’s first great humanitarian project of the united states , in the beginning of the 20th century .

near east foundation

the near east foundation is always happy to answer your questions about the near east relief digital museum .
near east foundation has received 3 consecutive 4 - star ratings from charity navigator .
ner shifts its focus from humanitarian relief to development and becomes the near east foundation .
all data for financial performance metrics calculations was provided by near east foundation on recent 990s filed with the irs .
boys in near east relief orphanages would be taught vocational skills to prepare them for life beyond the orphanage , a precursor to the development techniques used by the modern day near east foundation .
for nearly 100 years , the near east foundation has pioneered innovative solutions to social and economic development challenges impacting communities throughout the middle east and africa .
the near east foundation helps build more sustainable , prosperous , and inclusive communities in the middle east and africa through education , community organizing , and economic development .
eric trager , esther k . wagner fellow , washington institute for near east policy
the committee that would become near east relief met for the first time on september 16 , 1915 . one hundred years later , the near east foundation continues ner’s legacy of helping vulnerable populations through sustainable development programs .
the following information is based on near east foundation ' s audited financial statements - consolidated for the year ended june 30 , 2015 .
the near east foundation ( nef ) , formerly the american committee for armenian and syrian relief ( acasr ) , [ 1 ] then the american committee for relief in the near east ( acrne ) , and later near east relief , is a syracuse , new york - based american international social and economic development organization .
the agers programme is funded by the european union and implemented by the near east foundation uk in partner with the gegharkunik chamber of commerce and industry .
the near east foundation’s move into crouse hinds hall signals a partnership that will mix su’s academic programs and resources with the foundation’s experience in providing solutions for struggling communities in the countries it serves , officials said .
group of near east relief orphan girls at summer camp polygon orphanage massed drill , october , 1925 “story of near east relief” by james l . barton , new york , 1930 , p . 21
due to the efforts of the near east relief and humanitarian aid of american government and americans hundreds of thousands of armenians and thousands of other nationalities of the near east were rescued from extermination . the activities of the near east relief became one of the glorious pages of the history of the humanitarian movement .
near east relief relied on gripping media to inspire action . our archive features these photos and prints , as well as documents and other materials that tell the story of the armenian genocide and near east relief .
the near east relief digital museum preserves the memory of america ' s historic response to the armenian genocide . we honor the brave men and women of near east relief for their heroic aid of the survivors .
have a question , need help with donating or would like to know more about the near east foundation ? send us a note and we’ll get back to you .
the near east relief digital museum preserves the memory of america ' s historic response to the armenian genocide .
for almost a century , the near east foundation ( nef ) has helped the most vulnerable communities in the middle east and africa improve their conditions in the face of chronic poverty , conflict , migration and environmental hazards .
every day , the near east foundation advances its work in supporting the livelihoods and sustainable development of communities in the middle east and africa . news from our eight country offices and success stories from our beneficiaries are updated frequently .
protestant diplomacy and the near east : missionary influence on american policy , 1810 - 1927 , joseph l . grabill
the committee organized relief in more than 300 centers in the near east , and 100 more in eastern armenia .
in 1930 , near east relief was renamed the near east foundation ( nef ) [ 4 ] to reflect the organization ' s shift in focus from emergency relief to long - term social and economic development . nef expanded its geographic focus to include north africa , sub - saharan africa , and the area now known as the middle east . nef launched the near east relief historical society in 2014 in an effort to preserve and share the organization ' s history .
by 1919 , nef had grown to include operations throughout the middle east and west asia , and consequently changed its name to “near east relief” to capture this expansion . the organization’s subsequent name change in 1930 to the current “near east foundation” reflected a shift in emphasis away from relief work to more sustained , long term development - oriented involvement in the region .
men and women from all walks of life volunteered to work with near east relief . doctors , nurses , engineers , and educators served overseas . domestic volunteers mounted grassroots fundraising campaigns . together they helped near east relief to save a nation .
as project participants , 12 palestinian and israeli mill operators will receive support from usaid and the near east foundation to make similar upgrades that will increase the quality and quantity of their oil production .
for over two decades , the near east foundation ( nef ) has worked with communities across morocco to create opportunities for jobs and income , education , and participation in public decision - making .
new york , ny ( april 16 , 2014 ) — the near east foundation ( nef ) is pleased to announce that ian bremmer , distinguished political scientist and author , has joined its president’s council .
the near east foundation ' s mission is to help build more sustainable , prosperous , and inclusive communities in the middle east and africa through education , governance , and economic development initiatives . every member of the nef field staff is from the region in which they work .
when she learned about the near east foundation’s palestinian women’s microenterprise development ( pwmd ) project funded by the rangoonwala foundation , she saw an opportunity to turn her passion and experience into a business endeavor—an alternative teaching center . she submitted an application and completed the project’s five - day training course .
over 2011 , hosna abker has participated in the near east foundation’s sustainable gum arabic production project—a project that has changed her life . she joined in trainings , participated in discussions , and benefited from the project’s microcredit funds .
committee leader abdullah and others are making their vision for peace a reality using conflict resolution skills learned from the near east foundation ( nef ) through a project funded by the darfur community peace & security fund ( dcpsf ) .
they shall not perish : the story of near east relief features high quality reproductions of photographs and documents from the nef archival collection . the exhibition chronicles the launch and legacy of near east relief ( known as the near east foundation since 1930 ) , which was founded in direct response to reports of genocidal acts against armenians and other minorities in the ottoman empire in 1915 . the organization raised more than $ 110 million through grassroots campaigns , saving more than 1 million lives and caring for 132 , 000 orphans over fifteen years .
beginning in the mid - 1920s , the near east relief leadership made a conscious shift from emergency relief to sustainable long - term development projects . the organization changed its name to the near east foundation ( nef ) in 1930 to reflect this expanded mission . the foundation’s first project helped young adults in greece to transition from the orphanage system to careers in agriculture . nef has maintained a presence in the middle east and north africa since its inception . to learn more about nef’s mission and current projects , please visit the nef website .
in august 1919 , the committee received a congressional charter ( the second humanitarian organization to receive this recognition , after the american red cross ) and was renamed near east relief . from 1915 to 1930 , near east relief saved the lives of over a million refugees , including 132 , 000 orphans who were cared for and educated in near east relief orphanages . near east relief also mobilized the american people to raise over $ 116 million for direct relief . nearly 1 , 000 u . s . citizens volunteered to travel overseas . near east relief workers built hundreds of orphanages , vocational schools , and food distributions centers . overseas relief workers were responsible for the direct care of orphans and refugees , including the organization of vast feeding and educational programs . thousands of americans volunteered throughout the u . s . by donating money or supplies and hosting special events to benefit near east relief ' s work .
the near east relief historical society is grateful to the following individuals and businesses for their support during the formative period of july 2014 – june 2015 .
mr . abu - eisheh joined the near east foundation in 2004 as project manager . since 2010 he has served as nef’s palestine country director and regional advisor . prior to joining the near east foundation , mr . abu - eisheh worked as program coordinator for the land - o - lakes foundation and as technical supervisor for the palestinian ministry of agriculture - veterinary services . a native of nablus , mr . abu - eisheh holds an undergraduate degree in agriculture and a master’s in business administration ( mba ) from an - najah national university in nablus .
since october the 1st of 1915 armenian relief committee started contributing to this project . there were two more committees operating in the near east : syrian and palestinian relief committee and persian war relief foundation . in november , 1915 , these two committees united with armenian relief committee functioning as armenian and syrian relief committee , later known as the american committee for relief in the near east . on august 6 , 1919 , the u . s . congress issued a charter signed by the u . s . president incorporating the near east relief .
founded as a temporary committee near east relief became a large organization which put a goal to meet $ 100 . 000 , but raised $ 110 million for refugees and orphans in the near east . that humanitarian aid was contributed by american missionaries , 30 of whom fell victims to various diseases and accidents .
they are the reason many of us were born in the west . i am most grateful for what the near east relief did for those armenian orphans .
the near east foundation has recently added eleven student interns and assistants to its staff , bringing together graduate and undergraduates across a variety of programs to work together in the foundation’s syracuse headquarters . interns come from a wide variety of educational and professional backgrounds—between them they hold seven foreign citizenships and speak eight languages—but all were drawn to the nef’s mission to promote sustainable development in the middle east and north africa .
“the near east foundation represents a spirit and commitment to political stability and economic well - being needed now more than ever in the world , ” said mr . bremmer . “i’m honored to join the president’s council and support nef’s critical efforts . ”
do you have a story to share about a relief worker or a survivor whose life was touched by near east relief ? feel free to share a brief essay written by a family member , or by you and about a family member . we also welcome your family’s photos and documents related to near east relief’s work .
the releasing of orphans from the orphanages started in 1925 and continued till 1929 - 1930 , when orphanages were closed down . no orphan with disputable status left the orphanage . they were under control of the organization for some period . the adults were working and creating armenian families . but this part of the job was controlled by a new organization - near east foundation - the descendant of the near east relief .
“while olive oil production is a critical economic industry for both israelis and palestinians , palestinian producers have lagged behind because of barriers to the transfer of supplies and technical expertise , ” said salah abu - eisheh , near east foundation director for the palestinian territories .
in an effort to expand her cheese making business , hana sought help from the near east foundation . this help included business and marketing training , as well as capital . she hopes to increase her cheese production and move into the production of other dairy products .
in 2011 , mahdi abu participated in the near east foundation’s sustainable gum arabic production project . he benefitted from trainings offered to the gum arabic producer association to which he belongs . the trainings provided him with new techniques and skills for harvesting and selling gum arabic .
one hundred years later , the near east foundation continues near east relief’s legacy . nef has worked to improve health and livelihood in nearly 50 countries since 1915 . our work has impacted countless lives . yet , as we embark upon our second century , the world is once again engulfed in a devastating refugee crisis . let the memory of that first meeting on sept . 16 , 1915 be a renewed call to action for us all .
“i was scared in the beginning , ” she said . “i was just practicing my skills as a hobby . i never had the motivation to turn it into a business , but the near east foundation ( nef ) opens the door for us to participate . ”
syracuse , ny ( august 22 , 2011 ) . two students from syracuse university’s maxwell school are gaining substantive experience in international development through summer internships with the near east foundation ( nef ) . the internships are made possible through a continuing partnership between su and nef .
the washington institute : improving the quality of u . s . middle east policy
islamists are bankrolling terrorist groups across the middle east and calling it aid work .
a 95 - year - old charitable foundation that works to improve living conditions in the middle east and north africa has moved its headquarters from new york city to syracuse university .
the near east foundation ( nef ) traces its history to 1915 when prominent new yorkers formed the
committee for armenian and syrian relief
to raise money for armenian , syrian , greek and other refugees from the ottoman empire . chartered by the u . s . congress in 1919 as
near east relief ,
the organization was designated as the primary channel for u . s . postwar aid in the region . it undertook major nationwide campaigns to raise funds for its relief work and operated orphanages and other relief agencies in the region . in 1930 the organization was reorganized as the near east foundation and altered its focus from providing relief to providing technical assistance in agriculture and public health in rural communities . in
although in november , 1920 , armenia passed under soviet rule , the near east relief was allowed to continue its efforts as it had no political objectives , motives or purpose .
north kordofan , sudan ( march 25 , 2014 ) — in the first few months of 2014 , sudanese farmers who participated in near east foundation ( nef ) trainings increased their average income from 200 sdg to 900 sdg per month – or nearly usd $ 120 per month .
jean newsom is former executive director of the foundation for middle east peace . a graduate of the university of california / berkeley , she has also been editor of the middle east journal and publications director at the center for strategic and international studies in washington , dc .
as part of our ongoing partnership with the near east foundation ( nef ) , we are excited to announce four paid or per - credit internships at the nef syracuse headquarters . based on qualifications , the interns will be placed in the communications , program development or program support areas .
strong micro - enterprise growth continues throughout rural armenia , where nef and its partners have helped 30 businesses bring economic development to their struggling communities . rural armenia economic development project is a collaborative initiative of the near east foundation , the gegharkunik chamber of commerce and industry , and business pareta .
the near east relief digital museum commemorates america’s historic response to the armenian , assyrian , and anatolian greek genocide by preserving , reconstructing , and sharing the rich history of the relief effort .
the president of the united states , woodrow wilson , was keenly aware of the situation in the near east and firmly believed that america should do its part in humanitarian effort to relieve the distress among the war - stricken people overseas . through his personal friendship with mr . dodge and mr . crane he assured the committee on the near east issue was formed and acting .
the near east foundation ( nef ) is offering five paid or per - credit internships in its syracuse headquarters for summer 2016 . based on qualifications , the interns will be placed in the communications and development , program development , or program support areas . all open internship position descriptions are below .
then , through the support of the united states agency for international development / office for foreign disaster assistance ( usaid / ofda ) , the near east foundation distributed vouchers for food aid , fertilizers , and seeds to hundreds of households like the tangura’s and worked with local leaders to repair vandalized infrastructure .
the final entry in the initiatives we love series here at 100 years , 100 facts is devoted to a very special organisation , one known today as the near east foundation . as we covered in our fact 24 , the american committee for syrian and armenian relief was established to look after the survivors of the armenian genocide . near east relief , as it was later known , “quite literally kept an entire nation alive” by saving a million people , including caring for 132 , 000 armenian orphans . now the near east relief historical society is archiving its materials about the armenian genocide and its aftermath , during the period 1915 - 1930 . an online museum is in the works , in fact .
most of the items in this series relate to the agency near east relief ( ner ) and its efforts to provide humanitarian aid in anatolia and surrounding regions during and after the first world war .
the near east foundation’s communications and development team is looking for a summerdesign and communications intern . s / he is a dynamic , creative , and organized individual who supports core marketing and communications functions by designing web based and print marketing materials as well as written content when needed . s / he is attentive to details
when israeli olive oil producer ayala noy upgraded her mill to improve the quality of her oil , she never dreamed that one day it would serve as a model for palestinian producers . however that is exactly what happened when she joined a usaid and near east foundation project to promote cross - border cooperation in the olive sector .
“with the support of the near east foundation , i have learned new ways to increase my income and improve my family’s well - being through gum arabic , agriculture , and micro - credit projects , ” mahdi abu said . “we have also learned the value of gum arabic trees and the importance of protecting this resource . ”
the near east relief took not only the responsibility of the vocational education of orphans but also of finding a work place for them , allocating them to proper families , and supporting them by any other means necessary .
acrne was incorporated by a special act of the u . s . congress in august 1919 , as the near east relief , and for roughly the next decade , supported by a vigorous funding drive in the united states , ner dispensed food , clothing , and other material items to refugees , cared for orphans , provided medical treatment , and offered vocational training in anatolia and its surroundings . abcfm missionaries were heavily involved in these activities , both as administrators and field workers , and abcfm properties in these areas were often used to house ner facilities . the records of the amerikan bord heyeti clearly reflect the intersection and blending of efforts by ner and the abcfm . in 1930 , near east relief changed its name to the near east foundation ( nef ) , when it altered its aims from providing postwar assistance to carrying out ongoing development work in the middle east .
the advancing gender equality and the rights of the survivors of gender - based violence in armenia ( agers ) project , funded by the european union and implemented by the near east foundation uk ( nef uk ) and gegharkunik chamber of commerce and industry ( gcci ) , brings positive change to the families of gender - based violence survivors .
in late 1918 acasr changed its name to the american committee for relief in the near east ( acorne ) . as world war i drew to a close , acorne turned its attention to the thousands of refugee children scattered across the former ottoman territories . the organization raised an unprecedented $ 30 million for direct relief . by 1919 acorne had outgrown the resources of a volunteer committee . the organization was chartered by congress and incorporated as near east relief in august 1919 .  by 1930 , near east relief had saved more than one million lives . the organization had raised and educated more than 132 , 000 children in its vast system of orphanage schools .
the africa , near east , and south asia ( anesa ) region includes a large number of countries across three continents . the anesa regional group enables research and education collaborations with scientists and engineers in all of africa , the near eastern countries including turkey , and the countries of south asia , primarily india , pakistan , and bangladesh .
qatar and the muslim brotherhood’s global affiliates : new u . s . administration considers new policies | foundation for defense of democracies
then , with support from the united states agency for international development / office for foreign disaster assistance ( usaid / ofda ) , the near east foundation began implementing the restoring economic capacity of populations affected by the crisis in northern mali ( recape ) project to address the immediate recovery needs of people in northern mali to restore livelihoods and food security .
panarmenian . net - on dec 2 , the armenian national committee of america - western region initiative , “america we thank you : an armenian tribute to near east relief , ” will be hosting a “golden rule sunday” lunch and assembly program in several armenian middle schools and high schools , in an effort to educate students on the role of the united states in their near east relief effort , during and after the tragic days of the armenian genocide .
children taken in by near east relief tessa hofmann & gerayer koutcharian armenian review , spring / summer , 1992 , vol . 45 , no . 1 - 2 / 177 - 178 , p . 119 , fig . 56
ambassador ( ret . ) arthur hughes is a retired u . s . foreign service officer . after his retirement from the foreign service in 1997 , he was appointed director general of the multinational force and observers by egypt and israel in august 1998 , serving as head of this peacekeeping operation until july , 2004 . since then he has been a scholar at the middle east institute , board member of the foundation for middle east peace and of the washington institute of foreign affairs , and senior advisor to the jerusalem old city initiative . his most senior positions in government service were united states ambassador to yemen , deputy assistant secretary of defense for near east and south asia , and deputy assistant secretary of state for near east affairs . he is a recipient of the president’s distinguished service award .
mr . gismalla joined the near east foundation in 1993 as finance manager . he took on progressively more responsibility with nef - sudan and , in 2007 , mr . gismalla was named nef - sudan country director . mr . gismalla oversees the foundation’s work in khartoum , darfur and kordofan states . prior to joining nef , mr . gismalla worked for mobil - sudan . a native of south kordofan , he holds a degree in accounting and business administration from the university of khartoum .
near east relief raised $ 110 million to help refugees from the ottoman empire . this is equivalent to $ 1 . 25 billion today . nearly one thousand men and women served overseas from 1915 to 1930 . thousands more volunteered throughout the country . near east relief efforts led to the building of scores of orphanages , vocational schools and food distributions centers and saved the lives of over a million armenian , greek and syrian refugees , including 132 , 000 orphans .
aaron y . zelin is the richard borow fellow at the washington institute for near east policy where his research focuses on sunni arab jihadi groups in north africa and syria as well as the trend of foreign fighting and online jihadism .
with support from the united states agency for international development / office for foreign disaster assistance ( usaid / ofda ) , the near east foundation began implementing the restoring economic capacity of populations affected by the crisis in northern mali ( recape ) project . the project addressed the immediate recovery needs of people in northern mali to restore livelihoods and food security—including those of pastoralists .
cash grants have helped 1 , 900 people to begin to reestablish livelihoods activities after liberation from the takeover by armed rebel groups in 2012 . near east foundation economic recovery agents provided guidance to grantees in designing ( or redesigning ) income - generating activities for rapid recovery . project beneficiaries reported improved living conditions and financial autonomy , as well as increased working capital and economic activity .
berkoukess - figuig , a town located on the moroccan border with algeria , is economically dependent on the cultivation of date palms . this is also true for resident , mohamed nosser , a farmer who has recently experienced unprecedented success cultivating healthy date palms because of his participation in the agricultural water management ( awm ) program , a partnership between the near east foundation and usaid .
after meeting with many local organizations , the near east foundation decided to support 4 projects to improve the lives of dayr al kahf’s inhabitants—a supermarket , cooking gas distributor , party supply company , and a sewage truck . following this decision , in april 2010 the near east foundation and a local cooperative rented a small space to build the town’s first and only supermarket . this new store is now frequented by nearly all the town’ residents , who no longer need to take a time - consuming bus ride to buy groceries—basic necessities such as chickpeas , rice , oil , laundry detergent , and frozen meat are now readily available . the supermarket’s revenue is enough to cover its running costs , the rental space , and a salary for the employee who serves as cashier and accountant .
mr . dème joined the near east foundation in 1991 . he is an internationally recognized expert in rural development and natural resource management . mr . dème has spoken about and published an article on poverty reduction in the region of mopti . he is member of the mali delegation to the unfccc . mr . dème holds an msc in public law from the national school of administration in bamako .
the near east foundation’s institutional records are housed at the rockefeller archive center in tarrytown , ny . our collection consists of documents and images from 1915 to the late 1990s . the bulk of our materials relate to nef’s work from the 1940s – 1980s . however , there are several boxes of materials from the near east relief era . these include photographs , documents , letters , drawings , scrapbooks , and assorted publications . some of the materials are extremely fragile , and their use is at the discretion of the archivists . the collection has not yet been arranged by date or subject matter . the nef collection is open to researchers by appointment .
the near east foundation helps build more sustainable , prosperous , and inclusive communities in the middle east and africa through education , governance , and economic development initiatives . nef is an operational ngo with projects in seven countries - - armenia , egypt , jordan , mali , morocco , palestine , and sudan . working with local partners , our programs directly improve the lives of tens of thousands of vulnerable people across the region through initiatives in peacebuilding , civic engagement and education , sustainable agriculture , and microenterprise development .
she and other local women were traveling a few kilometers to a neighboring village every time they needed to buy spices for cooking . latifa realized that there was a demand for these products in her community – and that she had the potential to meet this need . less than five months later , latifa turned her idea into an operational business with support from the near east foundation ( nef ) .
our records contain very little information on the armenian , assyrian , and anatolian greek genocide itself . while that event gave rise to the founding of our organization , near east relief focused on rescue , rehabilitation , and development in the aftermath of the genocide .
the near east foundation is a u . s . - based international ngo leading innovative social and economic development in the middle east and africa since 1915 . for nearly 100 years , nef has worked to empower citizens in disadvantaged , vulnerable communities . nef field staff – all of them from the countries in which they work – partner with local organizations to find grassroots solutions to their development challenges . nef’s “knowledge , voice , and enterprise” approach is helping build more prosperous , inclusive communities throughout the region . to learn more visit urltoken
we have almost no information on individual children . we do not have lists of names of children that lived in specific orphanages . however , the archives provide an excellent overview of near east relief’s work and are always of great interest to family historians and researchers .
the near east foundation ( nef ) is a private new york nonprofit corporation with projects in seven countries - - armenia , egypt , jordan , mali , morocco , palestine , and sudan . nef helps build more sustainable , prosperous , and inclusive communities in the middle east and africa through education , governance , and economic development initiatives . working with local partners , our programs directly improve the lives of tens of thousands of vulnerable people across the region through initiatives in peacebuilding , civic engagement and education , sustainable agriculture , and microenterprise development .
governmental as well as international support was essential to provide shelter and feed hundreds of thousands of refugees . in 1922 american red cross provided $ 3 . 000 . 000 to the near east relief . later this sum increased up to $ 6 . 000 . 000 .
[ 1 ] “near east relief has saved 1 , 000 , 000 ; report to congress says operations have amounted to total of $ 70 , 000 , 000 , ” the new york times , july 16 , 1922 . urltoken [ 2 ] badeau , john and stevens , georgiana , “bread from stones : fifty years of technical assistance , ” englewood cliffs , nj : prentice hall , 1966 . page 11 . [ 3 ] “barton , james , “story of near east relief , ” new york : macmillian , 1930 . page xii
philip sweigart is director of programs and philanthropy at the foundation for middle east peace . he holds an m . a . in international affairs from american university’s school of international service , and received a b . a . in foreign affairs and middle east studies from the university of virginia , where he wrote his thesis on the role of ethno - sectarian identity and class differences in the 2011 arab uprisings . he has traveled extensively throughout the middle east , studying arabic in syria in 2010 and living in oman from 1994 to 2008 .
sept . 13 two bold ideas four years later : the connective corridor and near westside initiative featuring marilyn higgins , vice president for community engagement and economic development at syracuse university ; linda hartsock , syracuse university’s director of the connective corridor ; and maarten jacobs , director of the near westside initiative .
ms . ryan collaborates with the controller , cfo , and international teams to ensure accurate financial reports , records and general ledgers . prior to joining the near east foundation , ms . ryan worked as an internal audit manager at acs web design & seo and as a staff accountant at driver’s village , inc . she holds a bachelor of science in finance from the state of new york college at oswego , school of business .
these flagship courses seek to stimulate dialogue on strategic issues affecting the near east south asia region among national security professionals . topics include u . s . foreign policy ; the current and future regional strategic issues ; counterterrorism ; the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction , and disaster management .
kristin mccarthy is the director of policy & operations at the foundation for middle east peace . prior to joining fmep , kristin was the policy director at the arab american institute where she served from 2014 - 2017 . before that , she worked with israeli and palestinian human rights experts to do advocacy in washington , d . c . kristin has travelled extensively throughout the middle east she is a graduate of seattle pacific university .
nora is a grandmother of outward fragility and internal strength who was inspired to start her own chocolate business by watching chocolatiers on tv . “i was fascinated by how much you can do with chocolate , and i wanted to experiment with it , ” she said . nora lacked the capital needed to start her own business , but after receiving a start - up grant from the near east foundation nora was finally able to launch her chocolate shop .
basis of this page is in wikipedia . text is available under the cc by - sa 3 . 0 unported license . non - text media are available under their specified licenses . wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation , inc . wiki 2 is an independent company and has no affiliation with wikimedia foundation .
in order to help them american consul in tiflis , willoughby smith , turned to the committee for help . as a response the rockefeller foundation made large contribution .
in 2010 , the near east foundation moved its headquarters to syracuse university in syracuse , new york . at syracuse university , nef engages faculty and students in its international development work through strategic partnerships with the maxwell school of citizenship and public affairs , the s . i . newhouse school of public communications , and the whitman school of management . nef works frequently with experts in the program for the advancement of research on conflict and collaboration ( parcc ) .
peter beinart is a non - resident fellow at the foundation for middle east peace . he is also associate professor of journalism and political science at the city university of new york , a contributor to the atlantic and national journal , a senior columnist at the forward , and a cnn political commentator .
the near east foundation recently held two workshops to launch the empowering youth through entrepreneurship in morocco ( eyem ) project , which addresses high youth unemployment and engages young people in becoming drivers of regional economic and enterprise development . the $ 1 . 9 million project , funded by the u . s . department of state’s middle east partnership initiative ( mepi ) and implemented in partnership with the moroccan association for the support and promotion of small businesses and the moroccan social solidarity economy network , will build upon nef’s long - standing work with existing youth associations to leverage and bridge critical resources in the region .
the near east foundation ( nef ) leads innovative , grassroots social and economic change in impoverished communities throughout the middle east and africa . nef empowers citizens to take control of their futures , giving them the tools they need to combat poverty and to thrive independently of foreign aid . this approach brings “knowledge , voice , and enterprise” to the region’s most vulnerable populations – among them women , at - risk youth , the rural poor , and urban slum - dwellers . our vision is simple : help build a more prosperous region , with equality and economic opportunity for all , one community at a time .
firm understanding of and familiarity with africa and the middle east as well as language competency in french and / or arabic are a plus .
in 1997 , employees of the al - haramain islamic foundation ( ahif ) , a saudi - based charity , were mulling how best to strike a blow against the united states in east africa . according to the u . s . treasury department , one employee indicated that the plan they hatched
would be a suicide bombing carried out by crashing a vehicle into the gate at the embassy .
a wealthy foundation official from outside the region agreed to fund the operation .
nef , in partnership with the rangoonwala foundation , has trained over 300 palestinian women in entrepreneurial and business development , and has helped launch over 140 businesses in the region .
mohammad first became involved in the near east foundation ' s olive sector work in 2007 , one of 450 farmers who worked closely with nef to improve and expand palestine’s burgeoning olive oil industry . as a participant in the program , mohammad attended workshops and training to learn how to derive the highest possible olive oil yield from his crops . he also benefitted from the equipment and tools that nef distributed to farmers to control parasites , which often infect olive fruits during the harvest season .
to help build more sustainable , prosperous , and inclusive communities in the middle east and africa through education , governance , and economic development initiatives .
the washington institute seeks to advance a balanced and realistic understanding of american interests in the middle east and to promote the policies that secure them .
syracuse university and the near east foundation ( nef ) have announced a historic affiliation that joins the national research university with the oldest nondenominational international development organization in the united states . the affiliation brings together su’s rich mix of academic programs , institutes and other resources with nef’s 95 years of experience in social and economic development to find creative solutions to the challenges of vulnerable communities in the middle east and africa . nef has relocated its headquarters to the su campus in syracuse while remaining an independent organization . this unprecedented affiliation between a major higher education institution and an international nonprofit development organization places su and nef at the cutting edge of innovative philanthropic partnerships .
the “golden rule sunday” program will consist of a comprehensive presentation about near east relief by members of the anca - wr’s america we thank you committee to grades 6 - 12 . the presentation will convey the impact the ner movement had on armenians , and make it into a teachable moment for students to learn about how the armenian genocide , which is still being denied by the turkish government , was such a critical part of the american history . the assembly will be followed with a simple orphan style lunch for students , in the spirit of near east relief’s golden rule sunday , taking place on the same date as it did in 1923 .
jawaher bani shamsi is a farmer who has been working on the land in and around nablus , the west bank , since she was a child . before receiving assistance from the palestinian women’s microenterprise development project ( pwmd ) , a joint initiative of the rangoonwala foundation and the near east foundation ( nef ) , she owned two sheep and depended primarily on the produce from her backyard garden to support her husband and 10 children . the pwmd project has equipped jawaher , and 200 other women’s association members , with the skills and resources they needed to launch small agricultural microenterprises . so far , the women have established 150 businesses and contributed 300 new jobs to the west bank economy .
among the founders and members of the near east relief were cleveland h . dodge , woodrow wilson’s friend and the chairman of the board of trustees of robert college at constantinople , james l . barton , charles r . crane , president of the board of trustees of the constantinople college for women , samuel t . dutton , treasurer of the constantinople college for women and the secretary of world peace foundation , stanley white , edwin m . bulkley , william i . chamberlain , charles vickrey and many other prominent individuals .
to continue the 103 - year mission of the near east foundation , we need your help ! consider supporting nef as it continues to deliver effective programs that help thousands of people in need every year . thanks to our generous donors , we are only $ 4 , 000 away from meeting our $ 100k goal ! if all of our nerhs facebook followers make a $ 5 donation you will help us reach and surpass our goal ! together , we can make an impact ! click here to make your donation : urltoken
the near east foundation’s communications and development team is looking for a summer research and reporting intern . s / he is an organized and systematic individual who can ( 1 ) research corporate and foundation grants , individual prospects , funding pipelines , and relevant fundraising events and provide their findings in a clear , organized , and timely manner ; ( 2 ) assist with data entry and reporting ; ( 3 ) assist with communication and development tasks as needed including copy editing and producing original content ; ( 4 ) has a working knowledge of online research and social media ; ( 5 ) assist with mailing and distribution of print and online communications materials as needed . knowledge of the international development sector is a plus .
the source code for the wiki 2 extension is being checked by specialists of the mozilla foundation , google , and apple . you could also do it yourself at any point in time .
mr . yazbeck joined nef uk with nearly 15 years of experience in the non - profit and social entrepreneurship sectors in africa , the middle east , and the united kingdom . previously he was the executive director of human concern international middle east region ( hci me ) where he was responsible for developing and managing over 70 innovative , quick - impact interventions to address socio - economic issues in post - conflict zones . from 2000 to 2008 , he worked for the near east foundation regional offices in cairo and amman , where he worked on multi - million dollar social and economic development programmes in six countries in the middle east . rabih holds a b . sc . in civil engineering with specialisation in public work from the lebanese university ; a m . sc . in it for e - commerce with focus on rural development from sussex university , uk ; and , a m . a . in social entrepreneurship from goldsmiths university of london . a native of lebanon , he is now based in london .
the near east foundation uk ( nef - uk ) and its morocco - based partners , nef morocco and tichka association aim to improve access to and quality of primary education for poor girls and boys in 14 villages in the ouarzazate province of southern - central morocco . building on a successful model piloted by nef morocco , we will achieve this by strengthening parent - teacher associations , designing child - led extra - curricular activities , and engaging disadvantaged parents to send their children regularly to school and enroll children who would not otherwise enroll .
founded in 1915 , the near east foundation ' s mission is to help build more sustainable , prosperous , and inclusive communities in the middle east and africa through education , governance , and economic development initiatives . nef is an operational ngo with projects in seven countries - armenia , sudan , senegal , jordan , lebanon , mali , morocco , palestinian territories and egypt - where we work to directly improve the lives of tens of thousands of vulnerable people through programs in peacebuilding , civic engagement , education , sustainable agriculture , and business development . in the field , approximately 50 nef staff members - all of them from the countries in which they work - partner with local o . . . read more
this massage was transmitted to james l . barton , foreign secretary of the american board of commissioners for foreign mission in boston . on september 14 barton wrote to cleveland h . dodge , the long time friend of the benevolent and missionary organizations working in the near east in new york and offered him to convene a comprehensive conference on armenian matters .
cleveland h . dodge leads the creation of the american committee for armenian and syrian relief ( acasr ) after henry morgenthau , american ambassador to the ottoman empire , sent a plea to help armenians , greeks and other minorities in the near east who were forced from their homes following violent upheavals in the ottoman empire at the outbreak of world war i .
“i regained a lot of hope when i started training at the * siraj center . our lives have changed permanently . my young children were able to see the changes in our way of life . i am very happy with how things are going , and i hope that i can own a special store for my work instead of working at home , because it would open up many new opportunities . i want to thank the near east foundation for being honest and helping us in all of our work even after the conclusion of the training sessions . ”
to end the presentation , each student will be asked to take action and prepare a thank you note to the white house , including facts about near east relief and america’s active role during the genocide – a role which undeniably saved the armenian people from total annihilation by rescuing 132 , 000 armenian orphans and hundreds of thousands of refugees from the throes of genocide .
mr . pritchard oversees the accounting functions of the organization by monitoring and assessing the internal controls of the foundation . in his role he supports the chief financial officer in implementing effective accounting systems and processes as well as helping in facilitating policy formulation to enhance financial integrity for the organization at the global level . prior to joining the near east foundation , mr . pritchard worked as a senior auditor at dannible & mckee and as an audit associate at fust charles chambers . he holds a bachelor of science in accounting and a master in business administration from the state of new york college at oswego , school of business . mr . pritchard is a certified public accountant and a member of the american institute of certified public accountants and of the new york state society of public accountants .
ms . baghdoyan joined the near east foundation as armenia country director in 2013 . prior to joining nef , ms . baghdoyan worked as project coordinator at the gegharkunik chamber of commerce , anti - corruption center . ms . baghdoyan has received numerous recognitions for her work against corruption in the public sector , including the prestigious certificate of appreciation for public activity awarded by the us ambassador in armenia and the certificate of appreciation for fighting corruption awarded by the prosecutor general of armenia to honorable citizens . ms . baghdoyan holds a master degree in economics from gavar state university in gavar .
your gift to nef supports education , peacebuilding , job and income creation , and community empowerment for people in some of the middle east and north africa’s most impoverished areas .