linois 's expedition to the indian ocean was a commerce raiding operation launched by the french navy during the napoleonic wars .

contre-admiral charles-alexandre durand linois was ordered to the indian ocean in his flagship marengo in march 1803 accompanied by a squadron of three frigates , shortly before the end of the peace of amiens .

when war between britain and france broke out in september 1803 , marengo was at pondicherry with the frigates , but escaped a british squadron sent to intercept it and reached isle de france ( now mauritius ) .

from isle de france , linois and his frigates began a series of attacks on british commerce across the eastern indian ocean , specifically targeting the large convoys of east indiamen that were vital to the maintenance of trade within the british empire and to the british economy .

although he had a number of successes against individual merchant ships and the small british trading post of bencoolen , the first military test of linois squadron came at the battle of pulo aura on 15 february 1804 .

linois attacked the undefended british china fleet , consisting of 16 valuable east indiamen and 14 other vessels , but failed to press his military superiority and withdrew without capturing a single ship .

in september 1804 , linois attacked a small british convoy at vizagapatam in the bay of bengal and captured one ship , but was again driven off by inferior british forces .

the damage marengo suffered on the return to isle de france was so severe that she had to be overhauled at grand port , and after subsequent cruises in the red sea and in the central indian ocean , where linois was again driven away from a large british convoy by inferior british forces , he attempted to return to europe via the cape of good hope .

on the return journey , linois 's ships sailed into the cruising ground of a british squadron participating in the atlantic campaign of 1806 and was captured by overwhelming forces at the action of 13 march 1806 , almost exactly three years after leaving france .

linois 's activities in the indian ocean had caused panic and disruption across the region , but the actual damage inflicted on british shipping was negligible and his cruise known more for its failures than its successes .

in france , napoleon was furious and refused to exchange linois for captured british officers for eight years , leaving him and his crew as prisoners of war until 1814 .

for more details on this topic , see linois ' s expedition to the indian ocean .
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in 1803 she sailed to the indian ocean as linois ' flagship , notably taking part in the battle of pulo aura and the battle of vizagapatam .
was a commerce raiding . . . . . . s - alexandre durand linois was ordered to
, linois was wounded and captured . napoleon had ended the practice of exchanging officers and linois remained a prisoner of war until napoleon fell in 1814 . in 1810 , while held by the british , linois was named comte de linois by napoleon .
linois ' s expedition to the indian ocean was a commerce raiding operation launched by the french navy during the napoleonic wars . contre - admiral charles - alexandre durand linois was ordered to the indian ocean in his flagship marengo in march 1803 accompanied by a squadron of three frigates , shortly before the end of the peace of amiens . when war between britain and france broke out in september 1803 , marengo was at pondicherry with the frigates , but escaped a british squadron sent to intercept it and reached île de france . the large distances between naval bases in the indian ocean and the limited resources available to the british commanders in the region made it difficult to concentrate sufficient forces to combat a squadron of this size , and linois was subsequently able to sustain his campaign for three years . from île de france , linois and his frigates began a series of attacks on british commerce across the eastern indian ocean , specifically targeting the large convoys of east indiamen that were vital to the maintenance of trade within the british empire and to the british economy .
< p > 978 - 613 - 0 - 05704 - 6 < / p > < p > please note that the content of this book primarily consists of articles available from wikipedia or other free sources online . 2004 indian ocean earthquake . indian ocean , plate tectonics , countries affected by the 2004 indian ocean earthquake , humanitarian response to the 2004 indian ocean earthquake , earthquake , megatsunami , tsunami , may 2006 java earthquake , july 2006 java earthquake , tsunami : the aftermath , tsunami evaluation coalition , 2005 sumatra earthquake , tsunami warning system , library damage resulting from the 2004 indian ocean earthquake < / p >
, attention turned to the dutch east indies . a expedition was dis . . . . . . ed to the dutch east indies . a expedition was dispatched from india in april
, he harried british merchant ships across the ocean and into the china seas .
during his squadron ' s return to france , linois encountered a large british squadron under admiral warren off cape verde . in their engagement , known as the action of 13 march 1806 , linois was wounded and captured again . napoleon had ended the practice of exchanging officers and linois remained a prisoner of war until napoleon fell in 1814 . in 1810 , while held by the british , linois was named comte de linois by napoleon .
< p > 978 - 613 - 4 - 93983 - 6 < / p > < p > please note that the content of this book primarily consists of articles available from wikipedia or other free sources online . linois ' s expedition to the indian ocean was a commerce raiding operation launched by the french navy during the napoleonic wars . contre - admiral charles - alexandre durand linois was ordered to the indian ocean in his flagship marengo in march 1803 accompanied by a squadron of three frigates , shortly before the end of the peace of amiens . when war between britain and france broke out in september 1803 , marengo was at pondicherry with the frigates , but escaped a british squadron sent to intercept it and reached île de france . the large distances between naval bases in the indian ocean and the limited resources available to the british commanders in the region made it difficult to concentrate sufficient forces to combat a squadron of this size , and linois was subsequently able to sustain his campaign for three years . from île de france , linois and his frigates began a series of attacks on british commerce across the eastern indian ocean , specifically targeting the large convoys of east indiamen that were vital to the maintenance of trade within the british empire and to the british economy . < / p >
) the atlantic 1803–1806 royal navy blo . . . . . . ian ocean
the company ' s trade for twenty years . howeve . . . . . . n to indian subcontinent while the dutch establishing themselves firmer in
< p > 978 - 620 - 1 - 18480 - 0 < / p > < p > please note that the content of this book primarily consists of articles available from wikipedia or other free sources online . the 2012 north indian ocean cyclone season is an event in the annual cycle of tropical cyclone formation . the north indian ocean cyclone season has no official bounds , but cyclones tend to form between april and december , with peaks in may and november . these dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the northern indian ocean . there are two main seas in the north indian ocean — the arabian sea to the west of the indian subcontinent , abbreviated arb by the india meteorological department ( imd ) ; and the bay of bengal to the east , abbreviated bob by the imd . < / p >
since pulo aura , linois had been cruising the indian ocean , and during august and september 1804 had seized a number of valuable merchant ships as his squadron travelled north from ceylon along the indian coast of the bay of bengal . linois learned of the presence of the east indiamen at vizagapatam and determined to attackt . arriving off the port at 06 : 00 , linois advanced on the convoy , causing one of the east indiamen to drive ashore in panic . the other merchant vessel failed to support the outnumbered centurion and was captured , but centurion continued fighting alone . after an engagement lasting four hours marengo withdrew , the badly damaged centurion attempting to pursue but without success . linois ' s squadron was forced to return to île de france in the aftermath of the engagement , where marengo required six months of repairs .
into canada , acting as guide or pilot for the expedition . he had t . . .
. . . liforngi al los angeles library canadian fisheries expedition , 1914 - 15 .
j . . . . . . for the year , on the ocean . or them . it was in vain to urge the dlatter the
< p > 978 - 613 - 0 - 20277 - 4 < / p > < p > please note that the content of this book primarily consists of articles available from wikipedia or other free sources online . the indian ocean is the third largest of the world ' s oceanic divisions , covering about 20 % of the water on the earth ' s surface . it is bounded on the north by south asia ( including india , after which it is named ) ; on the west by africa ; on the east by indochina , the sunda islands , and australia ; and on the south by the southern ocean ( or , traditionally , by antarctica ) . one component of the all - encompassing world ocean , the indian ocean is delineated from the atlantic ocean by the 20° east meridian running south from cape agulhas , and from the pacific by the 147° east meridian . the northernmost extent of the indian ocean is approximately 30° north in the persian gulf . the indian ocean has asymmetric ocean circulation . this ocean is nearly 10 , 000 kilometres ( 6 , 200 mi ) wide at the southern tips of africa and australia ; its area is 73 , 556 , 000 square kilometres ( 28 , 400 , 000 mi² ) , including the red sea and the persian gulf . the ocean ' s volume is estimated to be 292 , 131 , 000 cubic kilometres ( 70 , 086 , 000 mi³ ) . small islands dot the continental rims . island nations within the ocean are madagascar , the world ' s fourth largest island ; comoros ; seychelles ; maldives ; mauritius ; and sri lanka . < / p >
in 1803 napoleon bonaparte appointed him to command the french forces in the indian ocean and , flying his flag aboard the 74 - gun - ship marengo , he harried british merchant ships across the ocean and into the china seas . at the battle of pulo aura in 1804 , a squadron of french naval ships commanded by linois encountered the british china fleet of lightly armed merchant ships . the british ships outnumbered linois ' forces , manoeuvred as though preparing to defend themselves , and some flew naval ensigns . the tactics of the convoy commodore nathaniel dance fooled linois into believing that the british fleet was defended by naval escorts and he retired without attacking the virtually defenceless british .
the p . . . . . . y had sent a double expedition to seize canada . and later made three other
the british indian army . the regiment was , in effect , the indian equival . . . . . . e egyptian campaign that removed a french force that had invaded egypt . in
from i860 to 1867 , the limits . . . . . . - had sent a double expedition to seize canada , and later made three other
rom 1860 to 1867 , the limi . . . . . . y had sent a double expedition to seize canada , and later made three other
this size , and linois was . . . . . . od hope . on
congeess , in the year 1857 , by henry s . randall , in the clerk ' s office . . . . . . year 1857 , by henry s . randall , in the clerk ' s office
charles - alexandre léon durand , comte de linois ( 27 january 1761 – 2 december 1848 ) was a french admiral during the time of napoleon bonaparte . in 1803 napoleon appointed him to command the french forces in the indian ocean and , flying his flag aboard the 74 - gun - ship marengo ( ex - jean - jacques rousseau )
born in brest , linois joined the french navy as a volunteer in 1776 , when he was 15 years old . [ 1 ] he was promoted to lieutenant in 1791 after participating in the american war of independence . [ 1 ] from 1791 to 1793 he was posted to isle de france ( now mauritius ) where he served in the french forces in the indian ocean . [ 1 ]
< p > 978 - 613 - 7 - 25684 - 8 < / p > < p > please note that the content of this book primarily consists of articles available from wikipedia or other free sources online . the men ' s association football tournament at the 2011 indian ocean island games ( french : jeux des îles de l ' océan indien 2011 ) is being held in seychelles . the draw for the football tournament was made in february 2011 . for more details on this topic , see football at the 2011 indian ocean island games - team squads . each association presented a list of at most twenty players to compete in the tournament . football at the indian ocean island games < / p >
mr wedderburn ' s letters will show you who ' s care you ought to put your prize concerns in - at the same time ask them to let the admiral ' s agent be joined with yours .
understanding the importance of the indian ocean trade and seeking to threaten it from the start of the inevitable war , first consul napoleon bonaparte ordered a squadron to sail for india in march 1803 . this force was under the command of contre - admiral charles - alexandre durand linois and consisted of the ship of the line marengo and three frigates . linois operated from the island base of île de france with orders to attack british shipping once war had begun . sailing initially to pondicherry in india , linois had a close encounter with a british squadron under rear - admiral peter rainier during july , but was at île de france in august when news arrived that the napoleonic wars had started on 16 may . determined to fortify the french raiding bases in the region , linois landed troops and supplies at réunion and batavia . during the operation he despatched the frigate atalante to muscat , captured numerous individual country ships , and burned the british trading post of bencoolen . on 10 december he anchored at batavia for the winter . shortly thereafter , informants passed to batavia the composition and date of departure of the british
china fleet
, leading linois to set out to intercept it . on 28 december , linois ' s squadron—consisting of marengo , frigates belle poule and sémillante , the corvette berceau and the dutch brig aventurier —departed batavia . the ships carried six months worth of provisions as linois had anticipated an extended patrol in the approaches to the strait of malacca in the south china sea .
by the beginning of the 19th century britain ' s navy was the most powerful in the world and ruled the waves . this text charts the nation ' s rise to mastery of the ocean . it tells the story not just of the great voyages and battles , but also describes how ordinary men and women lived and worked at sea .
towards the end of the month , the situation remaining unchanged , it was troubridge ' s turn to write . the following letter is addressed to sidmouth .
he fooled linois into believing that the british fleet was defended by naval escorts and he retired without attacking the virtually defenceless british .
please note that the content of this book primarily consists of articles available from wikipedia or other free sources online . the 2007 indian ocean island games commonly known as les septieme jeux des iles de l ' ocean indien in french was the 7th edition of the competition , held in antananarivo , madagascar . the last edition was held in 2003 in mauritius . the next edition will take place in victoria in 2011 . it was the second time madagascar organized these games after the 1990 indian ocean islands games . the mascot of the games was a ravinala plant ( which is a symbol of madagascar ) named ravi
the command of the ocean : a naval history of britain , 1649 - 1815 / n . a . m . rodger
at the battle of pulo aura in 1804 , a squadron of french naval ships commanded by linois encountered the british china fleet of lightly armed merchant ships . the british ships outnumbered linois ' forces , manoeuvred as though preparing to defend themselves , and some flew naval ensigns . the tactics of the convoy commodore nathaniel dance fooled linois into believing that the british fleet was defended by naval escorts and he retired without attacking the virtually defenceless british .
when the service shall be performed upon which i have judged it necefsary to collect the principal force under my command i shall proceed to the completion of those arrangements which the right honourable the lords commifsioners of the admiralty have directed , according to my judgment of the circumstances under which their lordship ' s instructions can be carried into effect for the welfare of his majesty ' s service in the indian seas .
at the same time as writing to the admiralty he wrote again to lord sidmouth .
holland by france during na . . . . . . e country . he mounted a military expedition against the dutch and french in
charles - alexandre léon durand , comte de linois ( 27 january 1761 – 2 december 1848 ) was a french admiral during the time of napoleon bonaparte . he won a victory over the british at the battle of algeciras in 1801 [ 1 ] and led an unsuccessful campaign against british trade in the indian ocean and south china sea in 1803 . [ 2 ] [ 3 ]
< p > 978 - 3 - 639 - 29977 - 9 < / p > < p > the study on this publication is connected with the intensity variation of southern hemispheric equatorial trough and its impact on the intensity on the cyclonic storms over indian ocean based on satellite cloud data which has a significant impact on operational cyclone forecasting . the study leads to the analysis of the variation in the activity of the shet and its influence on the intensity of the cyclonic storms of various categories over north indian ocean such as cases of cyclonic storms , which has dissipated over the sea , cyclonic storms weakens in intensity just before landfall and cyclonic storms keep on intensifying till it crosses the coast . the variations in intensity of the shet , inferred from the satellite cloud imageries , can be used as an important forecasting tool for cyclone predictions . the study reveals that the intensity of the shet is inversely proportional to the intensity of the cyclonic storms in the north indian ocean . similarly , the shet intensity and its variations can be used as a tool for foreshowing the northeast monsoon rainfall activity . < / p >
the command of the ocean : a naval history of britain , 1649 - 1815 / n . a . m . rodger - details - trove
< p > 978 - 613 - 7 - 25701 - 2 < / p > < p > please note that the content of this book primarily consists of articles available from wikipedia or other free sources online . the 2007 indian ocean island games commonly known as les septieme jeux des iles de l ' ocean indien in french was the 7th edition of the competition , held in antananarivo , madagascar . the last edition was held in 2003 in mauritius . the next edition will take place in victoria in 2011 . it was the second time madagascar organized these games after the 1990 indian ocean islands games . the mascot of the games was a ravinala plant ( which is a symbol of madagascar ) named ravi < / p >
this promise to reach madras as soon as possible has reference to a letter wellesley had written to him on his arrival in india , and also to wellesley ' s intention of returning to england shortly . certain extracts from the governor - general ' s letter ought , perhaps , to be quoted .
languages and countries around the world . our mission is to serve the . . . . . . cators by providing public access to the world ' s most complete collection
enemies ' territory . in june , 1775 . montgomery was or dered . . . . . . h a naval ex pedition to syria in 1858 , and a proposed naval expedition to
enemies ' territory . in june , 1775 , montgomery was or dered . . . . . . h a naval ex pedition to syria in 18s8 , and a proposed naval expedition to
troubridge accepted the blenheim , which was accordingly detailed to escort the opium to china . the rest of the squadron sailed on the 4th under pellew ' s command . and ( 348 ) troubridge was left in full possession - of his majesty ' s sloop rattlesnake .
linois actually had no further designs on english trade in the east . he ' took himself off ' permanently and spent the rest of the year off the cape of good hope . when the cape was taken by the english , the marengo was captured in an attempt to reach france .
in pellew ' s day , the strategy of the indian ocean was dominated by the monsoons . whereas in the extreme south of his command , the wind blew almost invariably from the west ; and whereas the south - east trade wind prevailed to the eastwards , the wind about india itself blew part of the year from one direction and the rest of the year from the opposite quarter . it still does so , but without attracting quite so much attention . the south - west monsoon blew from may to the middle of september and rendered the west side of india unsafe , owing to the lack of secure harbours . to go from madras to bombay during the north - east monsoon was impossible - indeed , it was impossible at any time except between the middle of august and the middle of september . it was only possible to go from bombay to china during the southwest monsoon . to these rules the exceptions were negligible , except for ships of war .
2000 season bulletin no . 86 cg - 1 88 - 55 ( s - 6 u . s . department
from canada again ; the third was that the navy took the world by s . . . . . . ministration
the advanced search uses custom search algorithms to get you the best possible results . here ' s a few notes on using the advanced ebook finder .
, served rather to expose him to ridicule than the island to dang . . . . . . e islands
enemies ' territory . in june , 1775 , montgomery was or - canada , . . . . . . a naval ex - pedition to syria in 1858 , and a proposed naval expedition to
now , the reader who recalls to mind the peculiar conditions in the indian ocean with the naturally resulting migration of warships from one side of india to the other , will see why pellew thought the division of the command nothing less than raving lunacy . his private objections are partly obvious but we are quite justified in assuming that the public danger struck him more forcibly . this division of the command prevented either commander - in - chief from sheltering during the monsoon . if the squadron to the eastward could survive this , which it probably could , the squadron to the westward could not . the whole west side of india contained no single port capable of sheltering ships of the line in safety during the south - west monsoon . then , as regards more personal considerations , the assignment to him of the western station had the effect of giving the senior officer all the work and the junior officer all the profit . before the digging of the suez canal , or rather before the steamship came to render the red sea navigable , the western half of the indian ocean was practically deserted . ( 342 ) the commander - in - chief on the western station would have the valueless privilege of escorting a part of the china fleet from bombay to the rendezvous appointed by his junior . he might have to protect a few grain ships coming round to bombay from the other side of india . of trade to the westward there was none . some worthless local craft came and went on their dubious occasions , and that was all . the western command contained nothing ; nothing , that is to say , except mauritius .
from this it is perfectly clear why mauritius was allowed to remain in french hands for so long . the government and the east india company each thought the other would take it . the result was that france won the game and persisted in winning it for years . the excuse barlow offered concerning the impoverished state of the finances comes to less than nothing . the company lost far more in shipping and insurance than the expedition could possibly have cost . but it was the nightmare of the east india company that the government might use the company ' s funds for imperial purposes . in this instance , the shareholders lost heavily through an attempt to place their burden on the taxpayer . but they were not the only sufferers . pellew and his officers suffered as keenly , for they were prevented from striking the one blow the navy could hope to strike in the indian seas .
and immediately involved himself in efforts to strength . . . . . . mediately involved himself in efforts to strengthen the colony ' s defenses .
in the general rush to intercept linois , pellew had taken no part . the culloden sailed on august 22nd , but merely to convey some treasure to vizagapatam . pellew did not ( 340 ) go with it , having by this time taken up his residence ashore . on the same day as the culloden sailed , the blenheim came into the harbour .
natives from the dutch to . . . . . . e to be found in
it will be seen from the above account that the importance of the ile de france was purely political . as a naval base , a base for privateers , and the last foothold of the french in the indian ocean , it performed an important negative function . although of no great use to france it was a perpetual annoyance to england . cruisers could issue from it to prey upon the immensely important trade of the indies or intrigue with the native powers of india and persia . and so vast is the indian ocean that the pursuit of these ( 35i ) raiders was a hopeless task . they were sometimes caught by sheer accident and they sometimes mistook warships for indiamen and so came to an untimely end . but , in general , the mere chasing of them did little to reduce their numbers . some nine privateers , with a few frigates , were enough to keep nearly thirty english warships very fully occupied for as long as the english saw fit to run after them .
games and implements for divination exhibited by the u . s . national mu . . . . . . on exhibited by the u . s . national museum in connection with the departement
< p > 978 - 613 - 6 - 97599 - 3 < / p > < p > please note that the content of this book primarily consists of articles available from wikipedia or other free sources online . library damage resulting from the 2004 indian ocean earthquake has been reported in six asian countries . on december 26 , the massive 2004 indian ocean earthquake struck off of the northwest coast of the indonesian island of sumatra . the resulting tsunamis killed more than 180 , 000 people . in addition to the loss of human lives , cultural institutions were destroyed in several asian nations . libraries on the eastern coast of sri lanka and the northern province of aceh on sumatra were most severely affected by the disaster . < / p >
waters by w . j . sandstrom . a > • . . . . . . geles library canadian fisheries expedition , 1914 - 15 .
languages and countries around the world . our mission is to serve th . . . . . . ducators by providing public access to the world ' s most complete collection
< p > 978 - 613 - 3 - 99410 - 2 < / p > < p > please note that the content of this book primarily consists of articles available from wikipedia or other free sources online . the indian ocean tsunami warning system is a tsunami warning system set up to provide warning to inhabitants of nations bordering the indian ocean of approaching tsunamis . it was agreed to in a united nations conference held in january 2005 in kobe , japan as an initial step towards an international early warning programme . nanometrics and results marine division delivered and successfully installed 17 seismic vsat stations with 2 central recording station to provide the seismic event alert to the scientists through sms and e - mail automatically within 2 min . the system became active in late june 2006 following the leadership of unesco . it consists of 25 seismographic stations relaying information to 26 national tsunami information centers , as well as three deep - ocean sensors . however , unesco warned that further coordination between governments and methods of relaying information from the centers to the civilians at risk are required to make the system effective < / p >
on the day after the destruction of the shipping , on the 28th , that is to say , the two frigates which had covered the boat attack , commanded by pellew ' s two sons , worked nearer the town and set fire to the dockyard . almost the only losses incurred were the result of accidentally blowing up a powder magazine among the dutch store - houses on the isle of onroost .
up to the pres ent time he has served the union in the v . . . . . . r the future audibly announced in the past in the splendid victories over the guerriere ,
there is a certain similarity between the letters written by pellew and troubridge . the two baronets had somewhat the same circle of friends and the letters they wrote to the same people centred on the same topic . but the parallelism between the following letters to admiral markham verges on the absurd . it is necessary to explain that the events they refer to are the taking of the bellone , privateer , by the powerful , and the dutch frigate pallas by the greyhound and harrier . the first capture was made by pellew ' s ships . the second - which included the taking of two valuable dutch spice ships , was made by ships of troubridge ' s squadron . by august , it may be noted , the rumours of pitt ' s death had been confirmed .
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my dear general sir ed . p . has thought proper to set the admiralty ' s instructions on side , and carve out the command as he finds most pleasing and advantageous to himself , and has retained madras in order to control the civil department , which i was determined to set to rights , while he tried all in his power to get me to resign .
sir i am favoured with your letter of yesterday ' s date , in answer to which i beg to acquaint you that the motives upon which i judged it expedient to take you under my command on your arrival are grounded upon the information i have received of the enemy ' s intention to unite for the purpose of a concerted attack upon the china convoys of the present season , and that this resolution has been made known to the board of admiralty previous to your arrival on this station .
. general dugua marched on rosetta , with orders to seize and hold the entrance to the port housing the french fleet , which had to follow the route to cairo down the river ' s left bank and rejoin the army at rahmanié . on 8 july , bonaparte arrived at demenhour , where he found the forces had met up , and awaited the fleet with their provisions . the fleet arrived on 12 july and the army began to march again at night , followed by the fleet .
the french revolution had significantly reduced the knights of malta ' s income and their ability to put up serious resistance . half of the knights were french , and most of these knights refused to fight .
the french were formidable and mischievous because they possessed a base in the indian seas . this base , their sole remaining possession , was mauritius ; the isles , to be exact , of france and of bourbon , situated to the east of madagascar . from here they sent out a number of cruisers and a great number of privateers , which operated on the various trade routes . the possession of this base enabled them also to intrigue with the native powers in india , and to foster a growing interest in the sea of arabia and the persian gulf . the french officer in command of the ships at the ile de france was rear admiral durand linois , who had come out in 1803 with one ship of the line and three frigates . he had begun the war badly by a defeat at the hands of some east indiamen sailing without any naval protection . but he was undaunted by the english superiority as to numbers , and had written in 1803 that ' as they have many points to guard , their force must necessarily be divided , and i hope to be able to do them considerable mischief by directing my course successively to very distant parts of the indian ocean . ' linois was on bad terms with decaen , the governor of the ile de france , and out of favour with napoleon since his defeat at the hands of the indiamen . he should have had another base , in pondichery , which france obtained by the peace of amiens , but the english had refused to surrender it when called upon to do so . as it was , he was driven to use the cape of good hope as a base when anxious to avoid decaen . pellew ' s difficulties in dealing with the french cruisers will be discussed on a later page .
and to have confined hi ~ efforts to levying pro , oh ; ions aud for . . . . . . s ; loss
when the ottomans in constantinople received news of the french fleet ' s destruction at aboukir , they believed this spelled the end for bonaparte and his expedition . sultan selim iii decided to wage war against france , and sent two armies to egypt . the ottomans planned two offensives against cairo : from syria , across the desert of salhayeh - belbays - el kankah , and from rhodes by sea landing in the aboukir area or the port city of damietta .
on 22 july , the notables of cairo came to giza to meet bonaparte and offered to hand over the city to him . three days later , he moved his main headquarters there .
linois is a minor , but highly respected , character in the aubrey–maturin series by patrick o ' brian . frederick marryat describes the battle of pulo aura in his 1832 novel newton forster , or the merchant service .
this site provides three historical series pertaining to the average worker in the united kingdom . the series are :
on june 29th , linois , unexpectedly appearing off ceylon , took the brunswick east indiaman . he had with him the marengo , bearing his flag , and the frigate belle poule ( 44 ) . as soon as the news reached madras , frantic efforts were made to prevent further damage . pellew sent ships out in ( 336 ) every direction to intercept the raiders or prevent merchant ships from sailing . he himself awaited further intelligence at madras . the french ships were seen off point de galle on july 11th , and the sarah of bombay ran ashore in attempting to escape from them . linois , satisfied with his prize and the general uproar and confusion he had caused , set off for his base while the way was clear . the flying squadrons thirsted for his blood in vain . he was miles to the southward before they began to arrive . it was not in his power , however , to regain harbour at once . the southwest monsoon which had taken pellew up to madras had brought linois to the scene of action from the ile de france . it now prevented him returning there by the way he had come . he had to make a long detour to the south and east in the hope of picking up the trade wind to carry him westwards to mauritius . meanwhile , troubridge was on his way from england . he had sailed early in the year with eleven indiamen under the protection of his flagship . he was already in indian waters .
on the 28th the two admirals separated . rainier escorted ( 332 ) a part of the china fleet to madras , and pellew took the remainder to bombay . when writing to the marquis wellesley from penang , he stated what his immediate movements were to be :
i take the liberty of sending two fans which i request lady sidmouth ' s acceptance .
chicago ; the s . j . clarke publishing co . ; new york ; public library
simply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .
< p > 978 - 620 - 0 - 71985 - 0 < / p > < p > please note that the content of this book primarily consists of articles available from wikipedia or other free sources online . the 2011–12 south - west indian ocean cyclone season is an event in the annual cycle of tropical cyclone formation . it began on november 15 , 2011 , and will end on april 30 , 2012 , with the exception for mauritius and the seychelles , for which it will end on may 15 , 2012 . these dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the region . the basin is defined as the area west of 90°e and south of the equator in the indian ocean , which includes the waters around madagascar westward to the east coast of africa . tropical cyclones in this basin are monitored by the regional specialised meteorological centre in réunion . < / p >
linois ' s officers and the emperor napoleon personally castigated the french admiral for his failure to press the attack against a weaker and extremely valuable enemy . although he remained in command of the squadron for another two years and had some minor success against undefended merchant ships , he suffered a string of defeats and inconclusive engagements against weaker british naval forces .
in the same year , seem to have turned buchanan ' s head ; for he came . . . . . . hegira
in the same year , seem to have turned buchanan ' s head ; for he came . . . . . . gira
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we were at the admiral ' s side when his gallant prisoner was presented to him on the culloden ' s quarter - deck . they embraced with lively feelings of sympathy ; and the manly tears then shed found an honest welcome in every heart which witnessed the interview .
going to cambridge unive . . . . . . active service in 1792 he transferred to the light dragoons with the rank
rumors became rife as 40 , 000 soldiers and 10 , 000 sailors were gathered in french mediterranean ports . a large fleet was assembled at toulon : 13 ships of the line , 14 frigates , and 400 transports . to avoid interception by the british fleet under nelson , the expedition ' s target was kept secret . it was known only to bonaparte himself , his generals .
tropical cyclones from 1600 to 1699 . although record . . . . . . s all known and suspected
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in the same year , seem to have turned buchanan ' s head ; for he came bef . . . . . . egira
the battle of vizagapatam was a minor naval engagement fought in the approaches to vizagapatam harbour in the coastal andhra region of british india on the bay of bengal on 15 september 1804 during the napoleonic wars . a french squadron under contre - admiral charles - alexandre durand linois in the ship of the line marengo attacked the british royal navy fourth rate ship hms centurion and two east indiaman merchant ships anchored in the harbour roads .
< p > 978 - 613 - 6 - 97652 - 5 < / p > < p > please note that the content of this book primarily consists of articles available from wikipedia or other free sources online . malaysia was affected by the indian ocean earthquake on 26 december 2004 . despite its proximity to the epicentre of the earthquake , malaysia escaped the kind of damage that struck countries thousands of miles further away . since the epicentre was on the western coast of sumatra , the island largely shielded the country from the worst of the tsunami . the country ' s worst affected areas were the northern coastal areas and outlying islands like penang and langkawi . the simple red flag warning system used by lifeguards on beaches in some resort areas in penang was credited to reducing the number of fatalities . < / p >
. . . to take bilateral relations to new heights . [ 4 ] both nations are the member
the squadron sailed on the 1st of december . three ships , suffering wretchedly from scurvy while becalmed , went to trincomalee ; two were left to cruise in the eastern seas ; and the flagship and another went to madras . the end of the expedition was somewhat marred by the escape of the dutch convoy from japan . these ships went , by mistake , outside bankar island , while pellew was waiting for them inside . consolation came in the form of the official restitution to the whole command , which reached him at malacca on january 1st , 1807 . it was while still there that pellew wrote an account of his affairs to broughton .
during the latter half of july , troubridge and linois were , without knowing it , steadily approaching each other . as troubridge testily drove his convoy northwards , linois was winging his way southward and away from the hornets ' nest he had overturned . as they were steering they were bound to meet ; and meet , in the end , they did . it was on august 6th that they met , to their mutual astonishment . it was in a fog and they all but ran into each other ' s arms . the fog happened to clear a little at midday and linois suddenly found himself almost on top of a fleet of indiamen . the marengo was not particularly well handled or trained , and the surprise was complete . with a good deal of confusion the men , who were having their dinner at the moment , were set to clear the decks . the prisoners from the brunswick , who were patronizingly watching the process , were bundled forward into the cable - tier . the french opened fire as soon as their guns were run out .
i propose sailing immediately with the whole force of line of battle ships to take a station most advantageous for the execution of their lordship ' s instructions , leaving you here in your command , and with the entire direction of the convoy to china .
( reflecting the political change from the revolutionary republic inspired by jean - jacques rousseau to the advent of general ( soon to be emperor ) napoleon ) .
earth ' s rotation upon circulat . . . . . . m islands into sir charles hamilton ' s sound , bonavista , trinity and conception
. ' s gravenhage , 1891 . deventer , s . van , editor . bijdragen tot de kenni . . . . . . nsiderable knowledge
the indian archipelago , and his role in founding singapore . early life . . . . . . gapore . early life he was born on islay , in argyll , scotland , the son
in october 1796 , under captain racord , she was part of the villeneuve ' s squadron that sailed from toulon to brest . on 2 december 1802 , she was renamed to
the first hint of the government ' s intention to divide the command had reached india in july . his first protest arrived in london early in january 1806 , and the full flood of correspondence from him and from his rival burst on the town shortly afterwards , continuing throughout the spring and summer . the disciplinarian in st . vincent recoiled in horror from the crime pellew proposed to commit . he answered pellew ' s letter on the day he received it .
< p > 978 - 613 - 6 - 97615 - 0 < / p > < p > please note that the content of this book primarily consists of articles available from wikipedia or other free sources online . this article lists the countries affected by the 2004 indian ocean earthquake and the resulting tsunami in alphabetical order – for detailed information about each country see their individual articles . countries with a smaller number of casualties , as well as those that lost citizens who were travelling abroad , are listed further on in the article . the 2004 indian ocean earthquake was an undersea megathrust earthquake that occurred at 00 : 58 : 53 utc on sunday , december 26 , 2004 , with an epicentre off the west coast of sumatra , indonesia . < / p >
inscribed :
to the commander of the honorable east india company ' s homeward bound ships from china this view of the attack on them by the french squadron . . . on 15th february 1804 . . .
sea ; but , after attempting to beat to the west - ward for three days , . . . . . . d bango - insoons , the md all the 1854 . ] to cape
is a columbus to himself , no matter how many voyages by other navig . . . . . . voyage . to discover for one ' s self that there is really another side to
the same name , see governor general ' s body guard . . . . . . engagements french
. . . the very alarming succefses of the enemy ' s cruizers have of late occupied my most serious attention , and i have been for some time collecting every species of information as to the situation and defences of the island of mauritius , from whence under the afsistance of neutral and other clandestine intelligence , they ifsue with every advantage , upon the defencelefs vefsels employed in the british trade , and very materially harrafs and interrupt the commerce of our indian settlements . . . under the present situation of the french naval force . . . ( i propose ) . . . with the afsistance of the six ships proposed to be added to the squadron by purchase . . . to equip two flying squadrons for the protection of the bay of bengal , and its entrance . . . the honourable company ' s frigate cornwallis is still absent . . . the want of ships at this port eligible for the service of the royal navy , at present , will i fear prevent me from equipping the entire force so to be added to the squadron , but i am now in treaty for the purchase of two ships . . . .
' to the honorable . . . east india company . this print of the action between the china fleet . . . & a squadron of french ships of war . . . linois , in the china sea , on the 15th feby 1804 representing the commencing of the attack led on by capt . i . f . timmins in the royal george is . . . dedicated by . . . george andrews ' .
pellew ' s proposals were at once put before sir george barlow , the new governor - general , who replied at the end of the month . he agreed that the enterprize was desirable ' i entirely concur in the opinion stated by your excellency with regard to the absolute impossibility of obviating the depredations of the french . . . by any other means than the capture of the french islands . ' he agreed that it was feasible - ' with the aid of your excellency ' s able exertions , approved skill , and gallantry . ' but the plan was nevertheless impossible . to begin with , there was no money . the finances were in such a hopeless state that it was hoped to economize ' by placing the troops in cantonments and retrenching all field equipment . ' what was more decisive , the company would not do it . the orders from the court of directors were such as ' to preclude the british government from undertaking such an expedition . ' the letter concludes with a hint as to why such orders should have come . after doubting whether it would ever be possible to spare the troops he conjectures that ' an expedition against the french islands could alone be prudently undertaken by an armament from england , dispatched express for that purpose . ' he thought it ' by no means improbable that this object . . . will engage the attention of the legislature at home . '
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wherever a british army chose to disembark ; in a word , thatwe s . . . . . . in favor
waters by w . j . sandstrom . a > • . , ^ »• i > t 655a— . . . . . . y canadian fisheries expedition , 1914 - 15 .
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this could however not prevent the growing anti - french sentiments because the use of alcohol and unveiling of woman was introduced to a muslim community . ultimately this led to a revolt in which the ‘infidels’ were to be slaughtered . napoleon drove the insurgents back to the main mosque of caïro using his artillery .
this frustrated bonaparte ' s goal of strengthening the french position in the mediterranean sea , and instead put it totally under british control .
ava mahrajapore moodkee f . . . . . . the governor general ' s bodyguard was a cavalry regiment


loki entertainment software , inc. was a video game developer based in tustin , california , united states , that ported several video games from microsoft windows to linux .

it took its name from the norse deity loki .

although successful in its goal of bringing games to the linux platform , the company eventually closed due to financial troubles , with it declaring chapter 11 bankruptcy protection in august 2001 , and finally being disbanded in january 2002 .

loki entertainment

marvel entertainment on twitter :
surprise . he’s back . # loki # thorragnarok # thorsday urltoken
© 2000 loki software , inc . | contact us | webmaster loki is a registered trademark of loki software , inc .
loki software , inc . ( sometimes also called loki games or loki entertainment software ) was a software firm based in tustin , california , united states , that ported several computer games from microsoft windows to linux , including heroes of might and magic iii . it took its name from the norse deity loki
01 . 31 . 02 1 : 00 pm pst loki store closes . please find a reseller if you would like to purchase a loki title .
various tracks from so loki’s v are available to stream on major digital platforms .
just secured my advanced screening ticket ! so excited . i love loki ! !
the latest round of marvel legacy reveals teases a major confrontation between doctor strange and loki .
this latest incarnation of the popular game was originally developed by activision for ms windows - based systems . the native x11 port to linux was performed by loki entertainment software , a relatively new company , started in 1998 , devoted to porting the most popular pc games to linux . as scott draeker ( pictured at left below ) , president and founder of loki , says ,
headquartered in orange county , california , loki entertainment software , inc . ported games to the linux os . the company was established in august , 1998 , and was in business until august 2001 , when it filed for bankruptcy . in january 2002 , the company was officially closed .
many of you have asked about support and maintenance for loki products . we have taken the following steps :
to read more from our fall movie preview , pick up the new issue of entertainment weekly on stands now , or buy it here . don’t forget to subscribe for more exclusive interviews and photos , only in ew .
loki software was founded on november 9 , 1998 by scott draeker , a former lawyer who became interested in porting games to linux after being introduced to the system through his work as a software licensing attorney . loki software , although a commercial failure , is credited with the birth of the modern linux game industry . loki developed several free software tools , such as the loki installer ( also known as loki setup ) , and supported the development of the simple directmedia layer . they also started the openal audio library project ( now being run by creative technology and apple inc . ) . these are still often credited as being the cornerstones of linux game development .
to read more on star wars : the last jedi , pick up the new issue of entertainment weekly on stands friday , or buy it here now . don’t forget to subscribe for more exclusive interviews and photos , only in ew .
the first discussions about implementing openal as an audio api complimentary to opengl started around 1998 . there were a few aborted attempts at creating the headers and a specification , but by late 1999 loki entertainment software was in need for an api of exactly this type and pursued both a specification and a linux implementation . at around that time , loki started talking with creative labs about standardizing the api and expanding platform support . the openal 1 . 0 specification was released in early 2000 and compliant openal libraries were released in the same year for linux , macos 8 / 9 , windows , and beos . loki entertainment also shipped several games using openal in 2000 : heavy gear 2 and heretic 2 ( both under linux ) . in 2001 , creative labs released the first hardware - accelerated openal libraries . the libraries supported the soundblaster live on macos 8 / 9 and windows .
in mythology : like hiddleston’s version of the character , the mythological loki is a complicated guy , whose allegiances are hard to pin down — but the similarities are pretty limited after that . the norse version of loki is not thor’s adopted brother . also , while in early stages of loki’s story he’s more mischievous than straight - up bad , his transition from puckish to evil takes place over time .
as with thor , loki ' s costume has also received a redesign , featuring less of the accents and accessories seen in past costumes ( via entertainment weekly ) . judging from the surroundings , it appears loki is with thor and valkyrie in a foreign world ( most likely sakaar ) . as for what role he will play in the film , that is still unknown , but the story is drawing major inspiration from the planet hulk storyline seen in the comics , as well as previous ragnarok stories seen in thor .
the efforts of groups like loki software have greatly improved things by porting many popular windows games to linux . others projects , such as the
loki is active in supporting and initiating open source development projects . find out how you can participate and make a difference . use the source !
fans already know that marvel legacy will see loki replacing doctor strange as the marvel universe’s new sorcerer supreme . it would make sense then that loki would take up residence in the sanctum sanctorum . however , it ' s unclear why the 117 bleeker street fixture is floating above greenwich village in the preview page . could loki be moving the sanctum to someplace new , or is he just putting some space between himself and the mortals of midgard ?
striking the perfect balance between powerful , off - kilter beats and an achingly cool swagger , baggage shows why so loki is beginning to command international respect .
a woman ' s loki cosplay may have saved her life after she was struck by a chair thrown from a tenth - floor balcony at dragon con this weekend .
i talked with scott and sam latinga ( pictured at right below ) , lead programmer for loki , as they prepared the linux release of civilization : call to power for distribution .
loki had gambled that linux was soon to become a major gaming platform , but as the transition moved on rather slowly , they were unable to generate sufficient revenue to stay in business .
10 . 8 . 2001 loki goes loco for postal ! 8 . 27 . 2001 kohan : immortal sovereigns now available for linux 8 . 10 . 2001 immortals can now wear tuxedos too !
the first official image from the anticipated thor : ragnarok dropped earlier this morning , and now the studio is releasing even more photos from the film , including the first look at tom hiddleston ' s loki .
it seems that the new feature thor : ragnarok might have a shift in the relationship between the two brothers whose squabbles tend to endanger entire planets . according to comicbook ,
while thor has been primarily concerned with both loki’s wellbeing as well as his thirst for power over the course of three separate films , actor chris hemsworth indicates that might change in the latest film .
at a spotlight panel for the supanova comic con in sydney , australia , actor chris hemsworth hints that thor will be ambivalent toward his brother and his schemes when ragnarok comes around . urltoken urltoken this video was produced by yt wochit entertainment using urltoken
most of the distribution information was pretty plain ; however , the description of loki ' s setup program stands out . i didn ' t realize it was released under the gpl , and i had never considered using it before .
finally , some have asked about the actual process of closing down . as you may know , loki filed a voluntary chapter 11 petition on august 3 , 2001 . we will be filing a motion to convert the case to a chapter 7 - - a liquidation . at that time all of loki ' s assets will be transfered to a u . s . trustee appointed by the court . the trustee ' s job will be to sell those assets to the highest bidder .
john studied computer science at the georgia institute of technology and was the author of programming linux games , which he wrote at age 19 while interning with loki software . he later worked at treyarch . his other interests included flying , gaming and music .
now we move on to the midtown prison breakout , fighting loki again with unknown villains / heroes . i can ' t wait to show her the dark city expansion . so far , we must have at least 30 games under our belts and she ' s enjoying this game immensely . ( we ' ve been playing each mastermind / scheme in the base game , moving up in power after each set of schemes are defeated . so far loki is the most difficult with doom in 2nd place . )
the loki webstore will remain open until 12 : 00 pm pst january 31s placed on the webstore will be filled . even though we are officially closing on the 31st , several of us are going to be in the office to make sure all orders ship .
this fall’s highly anticipated superhero flick , thor : ragnarok , not only finds the return of the god of thunder ( chris hemsworth ) and his brother loki ( tom hiddleston ) but also features the debut of valkyrie , a new warrior played by creed’s tessa thompson .
drawing on a palette of influences that differs wildly from most rap groups , so loki already has a head start in the race for originality . blending the best aspects of different genres , the duo synthesizes everything from specific production techniques to musical ideologies into their work .
thor : ragnarok is directed by taika waititi and returns chris hemsworth starring as thor and tom hiddleston reprising his role as loki . they are joined by cate blanchett , idris elba , jeff goldblum , tessa thompson and karl urban , with mark ruffalo and anthony hopkins .
all patches , faqs , newsgroups and other online support services will continue to operate with a third party host . the loki domains will be redirected to point to the new host , so you won ' t need to make any changes to continue to use these services .
loki did an excellent job bringing the world of heretic ii to the linux operating system . the graphics are beautiful and the game itself becomes engrossing after playing through a level or two . while there were some bugs and glitches present in the original release of the game , these have been resolved in a patch one can download from loki ' s web site . i ' d highly recommend this game to anyone looking for a first - person adventure game ( kind of a tomb raider in a fantasy setting , although it uses the quake ii 3d engine ) to play on their linux box .
fortunately , rap duo so loki seems to agree . with their clever lyrics and esoteric instrumentation , vocalist sam lucia and producer geoffrey millar have spent the last few years stepping away from hip - hop clichés and cementing their status as vancouver’s next big thing . the pair’s latest album , baggage , continues this trajectory .
standout single “liquid luck”—which racked up more than 100 , 000 plays on youtube in a single week , as well as being featured on vevo’s home page—sees so loki artfully weave heavy bass rumbles into aggressive snares and polished synth lines , while following track “golden” shifts the mood , augmenting lucia’s tight vocal bars with metallic rings and smooth rhythms .
experimental rap duo so loki have been working together for just over a year , but they’ve already solidified their status as one of the city’s most innovative partnerships . releasing their debut album , v , this month—the follow - up to february’s well - received mix tape supermanic—producer geoffrey millar and rapper sam lucia have achieved a cohesion often missing from experimental projects .
thor : the dark world hits theaters this week , and now comedy central has made a video featuring your boyfriend tom hiddleston as thor’s fraternal nemesis loki . the short clip finds the trickster god having a frank exchange of ideas with some adorable children . the spot debuts tomorrow , but you can watch it in all its cute - kid - despising glory below :
: sam evaluated the loki code , making sure their proprietary libraries could be either ported or emulated on linux . the library we used is sdl , the simple directmedia layer . sam authored sdl with an eye toward creating a cross - platform media layer for games . all the graphics and sound in the game have been ported to sdl , replacing the equivalent directx calls from the windows version .
“i played in a punk - pop band before i got into production , ” millar remembers , “and i was really into screamo and hard rock . people say that so loki is a departure from that , but i think it’s very similar . punk has a lot in common with rap . they should both be very aggressive and radical , and that’s what a lot of rap is missing—that pure energy . ”
please watch in hd !
well , i ' m about to turn up the heat .
this video is a bit made for fun . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _  _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ artist : adam lambert ~ for your entertainment . movies : thor , loki clint deleted scenes , avengers , thor the dark world , batman : the dark knight . programmes : pinnacle studios 17 & adobe premiere pro cc 2014 speeds : normale and 309x faster . copyright disclaimer under section 107 of the copyright act 1976 , allowance is made for
fair use
for purposes such as criticism , comment , news reporting , teaching , scholarship , and research . fair use is a use permitted by copyright statute that might otherwise be infringing . non - profit , educational or personal use tips the balance in favor of fair use .
thompson says that initially valkyrie seems to share more in common with loki than the more heroic thor . “eventually she figures out lok’s not to be trusted , ” says the actress . “i just think there’s something about two folks that kind of come from the same place in a sense , that have the same chip on their shoulder in a way . there’s a thin line between how much they hate and love each other . ”
in the very first issue of the avengers , originally published in 1963 , marvel ' s founding team of avengers is put together by teenager rick jones to assist the hulk and thor in a battle against loki . the avengers have grown significantly over the decades that they have spent protecting the earth from all manner of foes , but we ' ve been led to believe that their existence is purely the direct result of jones ' initial gathering .
mcdaniel later told atlanta ' s wsb - tv that she had been walking in the first - floor area when she heard loud , gunfire - like pops then felt blood on her face . paramedics rushed her to the hospital where she received two staples for her injuries . macdonald was dressed loki from the thor and avengers movies at the time of the incident and credits her helmet for lessening the blow of the chair and saving her life .
i recently purchased this to run on ubuntu 9 . 04 _ 64 game can not be installed on a 64bit system . loki no longer exists and activision / id do not support linux . this product is too outdated to use . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - amd athlon 3gig dual - core asus m4a78 + motherboard 4g memory geforce 9500 gt 512meg graphics
¢ in dogma , you ' ll see the chain all over the place : bartleby and loki visit the mooby headquarters , they eat at mooby restaurant , silent bob wears a mooby hat throughout the movie , and rufus can be seen wearing mooby pajamas .
¢ in jay and silent bob strike back , sb is still wearing his mooby hat . a mooby character gets shot during the backlot chase scene .
¢ clerks ii features the clerks relocating to a mooby location after their quick stop burns down .
is well written , often amusing and never stuns the brain the way some computer books do . hall and the loki staff clearly know their stuff , and they have scattered great hints and tips throughout . for example , the description of the bresenham algorithm is , by far , the cleanest and most comprehensible that i have ever seen . likewise , i thought the suggestion to use pov - ray to automatically create the needed graphics was incredibly useful . i ' m sure you will find handfulls of your own helpful tidbits .
in the exclusive image below , valkyrie and loki square off in an intimate hand - to - hand battle . “that fight was so much fun . so much fun , ” says thompson . “first of all . the choreography was really punchy and physical , not as much sword work which sort of keeps you at arm’s length with people . i think because tom’s character is involved there’s a cheekiness to that fight that made it just really fun — it just felt like a tennis match . i don’t know if it remains but there were a lot of one - liners between us . so it has a real sort of sense of humor . ”
after we ' d finished our telephone interview , scott , sam and i started talking candidly about playing the game . i mentioned to them how engrossed i ' d become in the game during the week after i ' d received the pre - release copy sent to me to prepare for this interview . i spent several nights glued to the computer until 3am . perhaps it ' s a good thing i live alone—where does one find a spouse who actually understands and accepts such behaviour ? sam chuckled at this . “we have an in - house joke at loki that with games on linux , we ' re going to bring kernel development to a standstill . ”
the book also does not contain a cd - rom . this was a deliberate decision - - the authors intended to make a web site for the book , containing links to all the necessary libraries . while the preface claims that this site can be reached through either urltoken or www . nostarch , i was not able to find a link on the loki site . the only link i found on the no starch site was a download link for a tarball containing the complete source code for the samples . ironically , my copy of konqueror did not like this link and gave me fits when i first tried to download it . there was no web page of links to the libraries ; however , the needed urls are listed throughout the book , so that is not really necessary .
i haven ' t had as much success as some people . i ' ve been unable to install the game since the day i bought it . i ' ve been all over the web looking for a clue as to why the install doesn ' t work . it appears to work - but no binaries are installed , and i can ' t play the game . the documentation on the cd says nothing about it , the loki website says nothing about it , and i haven ' t been able to find any solutions . if you think you can gamble $ . . . , then go for it . it may work for you . but i ' ve got a worthless game here , i ' ve been trying to get it working for over a year . it says one star , but only because i was * required * to rate this game . i think it deserves 0 stars .
learn why loki is the lynchpin of norse mythology in this collection of scenes from
giants and beasts .
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the sound of marching soldiers thunders through the cobbled streets as citizens bask in the glory of their triumphant leaders . no , this isn ' t a post - election day republican fantasy , it is just one of many scenes from the animated movies which introduce you to the first award - winning , top - selling computer game to be ported and run natively under linux—civilization : call to power .
civilization : call to power is the latest in a series of games based on the original civilization game . civilization i hit the streets in 1991 and was an instant classic . in 1996 the sequel , civilization ii , won
game of the year award and was named the “strategy game of all time” . together , civilization i and ii have sold over 2 , 500 , 000 copies , in an industry where a “hit” has to sell only 100 , 000 copies . since its release in april , and up to the time of this writing , civilization : call to power for windows has been the number one selling pc game .
one way to put this success in perspective is to compare the pc game industry with the movie industry—both gross about $ 5 billion a year . getting the rights to civilization : call to power is like getting the rights to the next star wars sequel .
: although i ' m a software developer by trade , i ' ve never really been much of a game player , so this is somewhat new to me . why don ' t you both give us some background information . how did you get into the world of gaming ?
: well , i am not technical , but i am a game player . i came up through stints at apple and lsi logic and a few other places . after that , i went over to the “dark side”—law school . while working as a software licensing attorney at an accounting firm , i got involved with some game companies and was introduced to linux . dan kegel at activision introduced me to sam .
: my background is mostly in systems administration , but i ' ve been interested in game system portability for a long time . i ' ve worked on things like the maelstrom port . when scott came to me with the idea of porting games , i was a bit skeptical . when it became apparent to me that the idea was
: i first thought about games on linux in 1998—much has happened since then . we were lucky and in the right place at the right time . when looking at civilization , we were fairly sure we were going to lose money on it initially . then , as i became more familiar with linux , i heard about the gnome and kde projects . knowing those sorts of familiar interfaces would be available along with the usual benefits of running on linux convinced me a consumer market would develop for linux and linux products . i knew that if red hat could get a distribution on the shelf , i could certainly get a game there .
: the game was originally developed by activision . did you contact them about doing the port , or had they been looking for someone to do it ? how much cajoling was involved in getting them to sign on ?
: i talked to many game companies , and i ' m still doing so . we were actually focusing on another game when dan kegel suggested we look at civilization . we did , looking at both demos and code . the more we looked at it and worked with activision , the more we drifted away from the other game . i think activision had the better title , and they certainly have their act together . phillip erwin , in the licensing department at activision , was instrumental in getting the project completed . microprose , a hasbro company and developer of the original civilization , had to sign off on this port along with activision . phillip woke the president of hasbro at midnight on december 31 in order to get the licensing signed . he ' s definitely gone to bat for us .
: we are already working on three additional titles , none of which is from activision . of course , i would love to do more activision titles and we are pursuing that too .
: yes , it is the same game . the game play didn ' t change at all . however , we did add a few minor tweaks to the user interface which we feel make it a “real” linux game . this is a true linux application ; that is , it ' s not a windows game running under an emulator—it ' s native to linux . the installation is native to linux . ( see “game review” . )
: the game also uses freetype for font rendering . activision did this on their own , which was really cool . it ' s one of the things they did to make the game more portable .
: basically , we had all the tools we needed from the start , with a few exceptions . none of the available off - the - shelf installers and video playback tools were adequate for our needs .
we evaluated the available open - source video playback tools , brought them in , updated them and put them into the game with our modifications . we will release the playback tool back to the open source community .
: the community will appreciate that , i ' m sure . how long did it take for this first port ? will it take as long for future ports , or did you spend some time during the original port building infrastructure for the porting efforts ?
: we started the port in december 1998 , and coding began in january 1999 . it didn ' t take that long—roughly four months . part of the reason the port went so fast was the great support we received from activision . they responded quickly to our questions and requests . with future games it may not take as long , but each game is unique . it depends on how tightly coupled the game is to the windows api .
: much of the user interface was provided in the game , so that part of porting wasn ' t difficult . however , in places where there was a tight tie - in to the windows api , the port was a real pain .
: i can imagine . when i got ready to install the pre - release version you sent me , i noticed that the game requires 400mb of disk space . is it common to have such large installation requirements for games ? additionally , 43mb is a large footprint for a runtime binary from a linux perspective . will these sizes ( installation and runtime ) go down eventually ?
: games are always hardware - intensive . the game binary is only 7 . 8mb . the rest is just as activision designed it . large installations ( disk requirements ) are common for games under windows .
the game is designed to run from a cd , but due to space limitations on the cd , it can ' t currently be run that way . the files on the cd are compressed and would have to be uncompressed on the cd to run from there . we have no release plans for a cd - based civilization , but we are aware of the need for such features and will be looking into that possibility for future games .
: yes . we ' re talking to people on both sides—hardware and software—about hardware acceleration . we ' re working on a 3 - d game right now that will be hardware - accelerated .
civilization is truly a breakout product . it is a triple - a product released hot on the heels of the windows version going into stores . that includes suse in europe and macmillan publishing in north america . we intend to place it in all the big stores—all the places that sell software . wherever you see red hat , you ' ll see our game . that ' s not true for the average linux game at this time . by doing this , we ' ve shown there is a market for this game , and games in general , on linux . many announcements are being made by 3dfx , creative and other people . they are coming on board because they realize games draw hardware sales .
: so there will be many changes in the gaming market down the road . with all those games coming , how hard is it to do these ports ? what are the biggest areas of work in porting a game from windows to linux ? is it on the technical side or in the business details ( including things like documentation ) ?
: from the programmer ' s perspective , it ' s probably 50 - 50 .
: the programmers had a few things they were doing for the very first time : compiler debugging and a few infrastructure issues . having done that work , we can leverage it in the future . on the business side , the first time is much harder . this is the first shrink - wrapped game for linux that can be found in best buy , fry ' s and compusa . a fair bit of work was needed just to contact game companies with both a great product in good shape for porting and an interest in exploring this market ! in addition , we are working on three other products right now and that will just keep increasing . much of our past work will carry over—it was necessary only because it was the first time .
: although each game will be unique , the business side stays more stable . it does not change much after the first game .
: with linux becoming more commercial , you have to justify your products to the free software community and to the business world . in the business world , you pay to put your product on the shelves , do co - marketing , and pay for ads , bundling and so forth . that ' s a great deal of work and an important part of legitimizing the linux platform for other games .
: i get the occasional e - mail from someone else who wants to port games to linux . we know we ' re not going to be the only ones doing this . several other games , not necessarily ports , are available already , for example , hopkins fbi and quake 3 . we ' ve picked our niche for now by doing top - 20 games . since so many games come out each year , it ' s self - evident that we cannot port everything or even everything considered good .
we came in fairly early to prove to the computer industry , the game market and the linux market we could do this . we wanted to position ourselves as the people who are doing the triple - a products . it ' s not quick and dirty . it ' s not contract programming . we ' re taking the source , re - implementing it for linux and publishing it for the linux community .
we ' re a godsend for game companies . at a time when they ' re laying people off , we offer another market for games already making money for them .
: well , the game market for linux is fairly large . but how do you find out where that market is and what they want ? you mentioned in an interview with linuxtoday that you read
: there is a market right now just with current linux users . as it grows , it will bring in more and more people , more and more diversity . right now you can go to
and hit a good percentage of linux users . in two or three years , that might not be the case—not because
has gotten smaller , but because the market is going to keep broadening . right now , we focus on the technically savvy linux market—there is a tar file on the cd , for example . on the other hand , we ' re aware that non - traditional users will be coming over . the gui installer is there , specifically for the newbies .
: i did the installer and am rather proud of it , since i wrote it specifically for the newbies .
: i must admit it was quite easy to use . what about getting the games in the hands of users ? i noticed urltoken (
) has a linux area , and ctp is the only product there currently . the typical linux user wouldn ' t look for a product here , however . does this mean you see a different market than typical linux users ? do you plan on selling through traditional channels ( linux mall , linuxberg . com , through red hat or suse , etc . ) ?
: a good deal of interest in linux products is showing up in many places it hasn ' t been in the past . as an experiment , costco made red hat available in their stores , and it outsold windows 98 . i understand you can even buy linux products at some wal - marts . these aren ' t traditional unix / linux outlets . we ' re excited about where our games might show up . obviously , it will be at the superstores and the game stores like software etc . , but it will be in bookstores , too . a great synergy exists with bookstores , since they already sell linux products . selling our game will be an incredible add - on .
: no announced titles , but we have 3 - d and strategy games in the works , and we ' re very close to doing an rpg ( role playing game ) . we ' re going to hit as many genres as we can , with all the best titles . you won ' t see twenty rpgs , but you will see the best ones .
: seems like a good bit of work for a start - up . do you have enough staff to work these projects in parallel ?
: we have enough to work two in parallel now , and we want to ramp up to three or four by the end of the year . we plan on having four to eight titles by the end of the year and doubling that next year .
: well , that ' s great . thanks for taking the time to chat with me , scott and sam .
we all laughed a bit more about this possibility . i don ' t actually think kernel development will slow because of such high - powered games as civilization : call to power . still , kernel developers may find they are getting fewer hours of sleep each night . i wonder—does this mean the next thing to come to linux will be an open - source caffeine supplement ?
( mjhammel @ graphics - muse . org ) is a graphic artist wanna - be , a writer and a software developer . he wanders the planet aimlessly in search of adventure , quiet beaches and an escape from the computers that dominate his life . michael writes the monthly “graphics muse” column in linux gazette , maintains the graphics muse web site and the linux graphics mini - howto . his book ,
linux journal , currently celebrating its 24th year of publication , is the original magazine of the global open source community .
more details are surfacing over the delay of prey 2 . apparently developer human head has not been working on the game since late last year .
news that prey 2 had not been cancelled , but rather delayed , was relieving to fans of the original . however , why has there been such secrecy surrounding the project over the last several months ?
according to a shacknews source who asked not to be identified , human head was not happy with the terms of its contract with zenimax , and deliberately stopped work on the game in november so it could try to negotiate a more favorable deal . while doing that , many on the development team were laid off , with the hope they would be rehired if the contract issue was resolved favorably . the process seemed to be gathering some positive momentum until january when zenimax ' s responses all but stopped , causing some of the laid - off prey 2 team to wonder if the game would ever see the light of day .
by march 1 , the source said , things had progressed a bit , leaving the prey 2 team hopeful that they would return to work soon . but that quickly soured the following day . the source could provide no further first - hand details after march 2 .
when contacted for a response , an official at zenimax responded that
we aren ' t commenting on the game ' s development beyond what was said in the statement that was released this morning .
in light of the new information , the official stance that
the delay is due to the fact that game development has not progressed satisfactorily this past year , and the game does not currently meet our quality standards
seems to throw human head under the creative bus . with development stalled for months , it ' s no surprise that the game would be unable to meet so - called
quality standards .
it is unclear at this point what zenimax will do with the title now . a new developer certainly looks likely , and it would not be the first time bethesda had changed developers on a game , namely shifting rogue warrior from zombie studios to rebellion in 2009 .
the source did say that one thing that kept the human head studio in a positive frame of mind was that they were working on a new high - profile project and negotiations for that game were going quite well . while they didn ' t give us any further details , the developer did recently admit they were
considering
a sequel to rune .
john keefer is a curmudgeon that has been in journalism for 35 years , the last 16 in the video games industry . he loves real - time strategy games and prefers old - school total annihilation to starcraft . he also loves isometric rpgs , and has been addicted to world of warcraft for more than 10 years . he sucks at shooters and multiplayer and is purely a pc guy . and being a former member of shack , he also likes chatty . go figure .
devil ' s advocate part three : the terms they wanted to negotiate were most likely the penalties associated with a big del . . .
i bet everyone on that dev team has at least 5yrs more experience than whatever
manager
is making this decision . leave . . .
here ' s a little demo of me running a multiplayer game across multiple platforms with the new checksum / cheat prevention code . i say a few dumb things in here , like ' net player code ' when i mean ' network play code ' and ' cheat code prevention ' instead of ' cheat prevention code ' but you get the idea .
let ' s play : descent 2 - 94 - level 24 final boss . . . take 1
john r . hall , a respected programmer , writer and linux advocate , passed away on september 17 at age 24 .
john chronicled his battle with cancer on his blog , war . he and friends also formed an american cancer society relay for life team , team melanoma . john ' s web page is available here .
although linux receives a lot of praise as a rock - solid server and , recently , as an up - and - coming desktop , games have never been its strong suit . sure , we all have our favorite diversions ; i ' ve spent more than my share of hours playing
. but quite a few linux users still keep a windows partition around just to play games .
, allow you to play windows games without having to reboot your computer . but let ' s face it , few ( if any ) quality games are initially released for linux .
marketing issues aside , there are no technical reason for this lack of linux games - - the tools are out there . which brings us to this book .
discusses some of the major apis you can use to create professional - quality games for linux . the book seems to be geared as an introductory text . as the author writes ,
i assume you know the basics of working with linux ; if you know enough to start x , open a terminal , copy files around , and fire up a text editor , you ' re good to go . i also assume that you have a reasonable grasp of the c programming language .
i ' d also recommend having at least a cursory familiarity with the make utility and the build process . these topics are covered , but very briefly . and this could be a real source of frustration to programmers coming from other operating systems .
as far as appearances , well , they often say first impressions are the most important . unfortunately , this book is unlikely to raise any eyebrows .
the layout is typical of no starch press books . if you ' ve seen one , you ' ve seen them all : black and white , mostly text , with a clean ( some might say stark ) appearance . no trendy layouts . no sidebars or elaborate graphical elements . as the no starch motto says ,
more stuff , less fluff .
in general , i am a big proponent of simplicity , but i feel the no starch approach goes a little too far . the simplicity actually makes this book harder to use . a prime example is chapter tabs . dark rectangles printed along the outer edge of the page , chapter tabs are used typically in almost all computer books and for good reason . they add simple visual cues that make it much easier to scan quickly for information . i tend to use indexes the same way i use my vcr ' s instruction manual - - only when all else fails . tabs are a feature i greatly appreciate , but one that is missing in this book .
similarly , the book provides references to the important structures and functions discussed in the text , but this material is mixed into the chapter - - usually just after the function is introduced . while this makes the book very easy to understand when reading from cover to cover , it is not the best design for a reference book . things are just a little too hard to find .
it would be nice if the reference material was all grouped together ( or at least grouped at the end of each chapter ) . an ideal compromise might involve repeating the reference material in an appendix - - but then the book would be bigger and probably more expensive .
the content can be divided into roughly three sections : the introduction , the apis and the wrap - up . the introduction ( roughly a sixth of the book ) is a quick survey of game archetypes , tools of the trade and useful apis .
the chapter on games compares and discusses a variety of game types , including simulations , first - person shooters , real - time strategy , turn - based strategy , role - playing , puzzles and muds .
the tools chapter introduces vi , emacs and nedit and discusses the basics of using make , static libraries and shared libraries . debugging with gdb , ddd and bug tracking is also covered . other topics include version control using cvs and other useful utilities , including grep , diff and patch . oddly , autoconf is not discussed here but is briefly mentioned at the end of the book .
the introductory material finishes off with a quick survey of the apis that game programmers may find useful . this is sort of an everything - but - the - kitchen - sink list , with a brief description of each item . only a few of the apis mentioned here are actually discussed again in later chapters .
while it doesn ' t tell you how to use the apis , i believe the introduction is one of the most useful chapters in the book . one of the largest challenges i ' ve found when working with linux is just finding the right tools for the job . given the sheer breadth of applications , apis and libraries out there , finding the best tool is often much more difficult than learning to use it .
the bulk of the book is dedicated to explaining a few apis in more detail , covering sdl , audio programming , network gaming , scripting engines and even gaming for the linux framebuffer . obviously , they don ' t give you a complete description of the apis , but the information provided is more than enough to get you started .
the first api chapter ( filling almost a quarter of the book ) describes sdl and covers a variety of topics , includes drawing pixels , blitting bitmaps , processing user input , multithreaded programming and sdl audio programming . it also introduces a sample game that is slowly built throughout the book ,
while primarily focused on 2 - d gaming , this chapter provides a brief overview of using opengl with sdl . if you plan on doing any real 3d programming , however , you will want to consult additional sdl and opengl resources .
linux audio is somewhat schizophrenic , and the chapter on audio programming mirrors that . it discusses the differences and uses of oss , alsa and esd , including an introduction to all three apis and a sample sound program demonstrating their uses . the audio chapter ends with a description of openal and a discussion of playing background music using ogg vorbis files .
while informative , this chapter seemed to be somewhat overkill . as the authors pointed out , using a high - level library like sdl or openal is probably better than messing with oss , alsa or esd directly . so i ' m left feeling that the space they used to describe these apis could have been better spent covering some of the many topics that did no make it into the book .
the chapter on game scripting , on the other hand , was one of the most interesting . this is a subject that most game programming books do not even touch . as such , it is one of the real gems of
. it is disappointing , however , the discussion focuses on tcl , a decision that seems to be based on the library ' s ease of use , rather than its appropriateness as a game scripting engine .
given that games generally need as much ( or more ) performance as you can pack in , i really wish they had picked a scripting engine based on performance . i also wish they had included a comparison of the different scripting engines . given the number available to a linux game programmer , it would be nice to have some advice on how to chose between them .
like almost every current book on game programming , this book contains the mandatory chapter on networked game programming . here , this amounts to a basic description of socket programming , covering both tcp and udp . if you ' ve already read any other descriptions on socket programming , this chapter probably won ' t add anything new .