air ceylon was founded in 1947 as the flag carrier airline of sri lanka ( known as ceylon until 1972 ) .

the airline discontinued flights to europe in early 1978 and finally ceased all local services on 31 august 1979 , when it was replaced by air lanka .

air ceylon

opening of ceylon air academy by prime minister hon . d . s . senanayake
air ceylon was the flag carrier airline of sri lanka ( known as ceylon until 1972 ) from 1947 until 1978 , when it was replaced by air lanka .
file : air ceylon douglas dc - 8 at zurich airport in june 1977 . jpg
to supplement the avro 748 , air ceylon bought a nord 262 for domestic routes in 1967 .
when vernon and the family left sri lanka for england , they flew on air ceylon’s sleek dc8 aircraft with several stops enroute to london’s heathrow airport . air ceylon’s dc8 jetliner was based at katunayake airport .
air ceylon was ceylon ‘s ( later sri lanka’s ) national carrier , commencing scheduled operations in december 1947 , and was fully state - owned . it ceased operations in 1978 and was replaced by air lanka .
becoming air ceylon ` s fourth international partner in 25 years , uta provided a douglas dc - 8 jet for the long - haul services . originally operated by uta pilots with sri lankan cabin attendants , the dc - 8 was subsequently bought outright by air ceylon and flown with a 100 percent air ceylon crew .
before ending operations in 1979 , air ceylon had 1 hawker siddeley hs 748 and 1 hawker siddeley trident .
so , air ceylon management had no option but to go into partnership with boac to conduct air ceylon flights to london . the comet 4s were not painted in air ceylon colours but merely had an ‘air ceylon’ sticker placed over the door each time they operated an air ceylon service , the sticker being removed when that particular airplane was next rostered to fly a regular boac service . this pattern was repeated when boac upgraded the equipment to the vickers ( bac ) vc10 commencing in 1965 . on all boac / air ceylon services the flightdeck crewmembers were all britishers , while some of the cabin attendants were ceylonese ( although first class was handled by boac’s own cabin crew ) .
in 1972 , union de transports aériens ( uta ) became air ceylon ' s partner , introducing french - made aircraft into the fleet . uta ended the partnership on 31 march 1977 , leaving air ceylon without a european aide . [ 1 ] in 1978 , air ceylon was shut down by the sri lankan government due to bankruptcy , and air lanka was established as new national carrier .
sri lankan broadcaster vernon corea wanted his family to experience flying for the first time . he arranged for his wife and children to fly on air ceylon in way back in 1962 . the family travelled to ratmalana airport also known as colombo airport ( where air ceylon was based ) and boarded a special one hour flight – the aircraft was a air ceylon dc3 .
in 1972 , union de transports aériens ( uta ) became air ceylon ' s partner , selling one douglas dc - 8 to the airline and giving technical support . uta ended the partnership in september 1976 , leaving air ceylon without a european aide . [ 14 ] in 1979 , air ceylon was shut down by the sri lankan government due to bankruptcy , and air lanka was established as new national carrier .
lord louis mountbatten , supreme allied commander south east asia , visits british fleet air arm and royal air force dutch catalina flying boat squadrons in ceylon ( sri lanka ) .
the fleet air arm was formed on 1 april 1924 from the royal air force squadrons operating at sea .
during that period , air ceylon offered multiple - stopover flights , which were leaving colombo on three routes : to europe , to australia , and a regional one to india . klm was the important partner airline , serving as general sales agent for air ceylon . [ 2 ] [ 3 ]
during that period , air ceylon offered multiple - stopover flights , which were leaving colombo on three routes : to europe , to australia , and a regional one to india . klm was the important partner airline , serving as general sales agent for air ceylon . [ 15 ] [ 16 ]
this purchase was applauded as a breakthrough in air ceylon ` s struggle to shed the shackles of foreign influence . air ceylon had , at last , come of age . as the last of the airline ` s faithful dc - 3s were phased out , a second avro hs 748 was bought .
the royal naval air service was the original air force of the royal navy . in april 1918 it merged with the royal flying corps to become the royal air force .
bharat rakshak : indian air force - indian air force history for incident [ www . bharat - rakshak . com ]
s ri lanka ' s first national airline , air ceylon , began life in december 1947 with a small fleet comprising three douglas dc - 3 dakota aircraft . when air ceylon was disbanded 32 years later , it boasted a fatality - free record , a distinction few airlines could claim then or now . but one of air ceylon ' s original trio of dc - 3s came close to ruining that record - not once but twice - by the time the fledgling airline was scarcely two years old .
( 1 ) there shall , on the appointed date or as soon as may be thereafter , be established a corporation to be called and known as
air ceylon limited” .
before ending operations in 1978 , air ceylon had 3 douglas dc - 8 ' s . 2 of them were sold to biman bangladesh airlines and pomair . the other was scrapped .
lanka ' s new - found confidence and optimism provided the answer . the country now had a small but growing naval force , the ceylon royal naval volunteer reserve ( crnvr ) , derived from men who had served during the war with britain ' s royal navy , the fleet air arm and the ceylon naval volunteer force . and didn ' t ceylon also possess its own national airline ? so why not use air ceylon to fly out a group of ceylonese naval officers and other ranks to sydney , where they would take over the trawler and sail it back on an 8 , 000 - mile voyage to colombo ?
sir john kotelawala , then minister for transport and works promoted private flying through the aero club of ceylon in the 1930s .
in 1972 ceylon became sri lanka and yet again switched its partner , this time to uta of france . a dc - 8 was leased and subsequently purchased so that for the first time air ceylon operated its own long - haul services . a second hs748 also arrived allowing the final retirement of the dc - 3s .
from the mid - 1960s , the hawker siddeley hs 748 became the aircraft mainly used on air ceylon ' s short - haul routes , along with the aérospatiale n 262 . when bandaranaike international airport was completed in 1967 , air ceylon opened its hub there . a hawker siddeley trident jet airliner was purchased in 1969 and it was operated on regional routes until it was withdrawn in july 1978 .
soon , air ceylon faced competition from british overseas airways corporation ( boac ) and twa , who had also extended their flights through colombo using more advanced aircraft . boac was using the de havilland comet – which was a pressurised airplane and also the world’s first jet airliner – while twa operated the four - engine lockheed constellation , another pressurised aircraft built to compete with pan american airways at the behest of the eccentric millionaire howard hughes who was then a major stakeholder in twa . the unpressurised dc - 4 was no match for the comet and constellation , and by the summer of 1953 all of air ceylon’s international dc - 4 operations had ceased . ana too was facing problems in australia , probably because they had overstretched themselves . they were reduced to a sleeping partner while the ceylon air academy and air ceylon operated their internal and regional services , respectively .
hope thivya will not come and start the history of air peelam . . .
browse the websites of the fleet air arm museum and the royal aeronautical society .
indian air force accidents and incidents [ www . bharat - rakshak . com ]
dan - air changed its policy of employing exclusively female flight attendants in 1986 .
, of the 81st air base squadron , piloted by gordon h . fleisch ,
official site of the u . s . air force – history milestones
lieutenant colonel elmer d . perrin , a native texan , and the district supervisor , eastern air corps procurement district , since 1939 , and air corps representative to the
initial services , which were domestic and regional , used douglas dc - 3 dakotas . the home base was colombo ratmalana airport . on 21 december 1949 , an air ceylon douglas dc - 3 crashed at trichinopoly , india .
f ifty years ago , the then national airline air ceylon was a thriving , buoyant outfit . after a quiet start in december 1947 , two years later it was making steady progress not only as a domestic and regional carrier but on overseas routes too . in february 1949 , air ceylon ' s fleet of four douglas dc - 3 dakota aircraft had been augmented with the purchase of two large four - engine douglas dc - 4 skymasters . carrying the names laxapana and ratmalana , the pair of skymasters began international services between ceylon and britain , a first for lanka ' s fledgling airline .
an avro ( hawker siddeley ) 748 turboprop was obtained in 1964 . a second hs 748 was added later . the type became the mainstay of air ceylon’s regional and domestic routes and would continue until the airline was closed down .
mueller , robert ,
air force bases volume 1 : active air force bases within the united states of america on 17 september 1982
, united states air force historical research center , office of air force history , washington , d . c . , 1989 , isbn 978 - 0 - 912799 - 53 - 7 , p . 471 .
mueller , robert ,
air force bases volume 1 : active air force bases within the united states of america on 17 september 1982
, united states air force historical research center , office of air force history , washington , d . c . , 1989 , isbn 978 - 0 - 912799 - 53 - 7 , p . 5 .
mueller , robert ,
air force bases volume 1 : active air force bases within the united states of america on 17 september 1982
, united states air force historical research center , office of air force history , washington , d . c . , 1989 , isbn 978 - 0 - 912799 - 53 - 7 , p . 117 .
from 1964 the hawker siddeley hs 748 became the aircraft mainly used on air ceylon ' s short - haul routes to madras and bombay , along with the aérospatiale n 262 , that was bought in 1967 . when bandaranaike international airport was completed in 1967 , air ceylon opened its hub there . a hawker siddeley trident jet airliner was purchased in 1969 and it was operated on regional routes to until it was withdrawn in august 1979 . [ 12 ] [ 13 ]
the situation continued until february 1 , 1956 , when air ceylon entered into another partnership with klm - royal dutch airlines , who bought out ana’s shares . the chairman of air ceylon was mr . j . l . m . fernando (
jlm and klm
! ) . the next year ana itself was history when it was taken over by ansett airways , another progressive australian domestic airline . soon , air ceylon was flying its colours internationally again , this time with a lockheed 749 constellation leased from klm , to bombay , karachi , bahrain , cairo , rome , and london to the west ; and bangkok and singapore to the east . a few ceylonese captains , first officers , flight engineers , and radio officers were trained on the constellation , but the numbers were not enough to make the difference . however , the cabin crewmembers were mostly ceylonese . the ground engineers and other air ceylon staff were trained to klm standards .
during its life span from 1947 to 1978 , air ceylon entered into partnership with four international airlines viz . australian national airways ( ana ) , klm royal dutch airlines , british overseas airways corporation ( boac ) and french airline uta .
an excellent document on air stations is available through the cloud observers website ; scroll down the page to downloads for 100 royal naval air stations ; available as . pdf or powerpoint .
dan air carried 500 , 000 passengers in one year for the first time in 1969 .
war department , u . s . army air forces report of aircraft accident # 43–2–17–11 .
freeman army air field . indianamilitary . org . retrieved on 2010 - 08 - 05 .
jet services began using boac comet 4s operating to london via karachi , cairo and rome a well as singapore via kuala lumpur . vc - 10s were later used but none of these aircraft wore the full colours of air ceylon unlike the constellations .
footnote 1 : dixon kotelawala was later appointed director of civil aviation . his cousin , sir john kotelawala , was prime minister of ceylon at the time .
werrell , kenneth p . ,
the evolution of the cruise missile
, air university , maxwell air force base , montgomery , alabama , first printing 1985 , second printing 1998 ,
( 5 ) the head office of the corporation shall be at colombo or at such other place in ceylon as may be approved by the minister in that behalf .
enactment of air navigation ( special provisions ) act no . 2 of 1982 making provisions appointment of agent
rnas cardington , bedfordshire was the centre for naval air ship development , moving from pulham in 1919 .
, flown by f / o j . c . hawley , breaks up in mid - air over
, england , killing royal air force pilot victor william gunther , service number 113404 , age 31 .
due to more modern aircraft with a longer range , fewer stops were required on the long - distance routes , reducing travel time . air ceylon passengers could reach additional destinations ( in europe and towards australia ) with co - operative boac or qantas flights . [ 4 ]
due to more modern aircraft with a longer range , fewer stops were required on the long - distance routes , reducing travel time . air ceylon passengers could reach additional destinations ( in europe and towards australia ) with co - operative boac or qantas flights . [ 17 ]
lodger facilities from 01 . 08 . 1940 on an raf station in ceylon with the air section borne on the books of hms lanka , the local naval base . the faa base moved to mombassa after the japanese strike on ceylon , easter 1942 but faa squadrons continued to use the station and these came under hms highflyer ( naval base at trincomalee ) until 01 . 01 . 1944 when hms bambara commissioned to comprise the rn section . . .
in 1972 , air ceylon leased a douglas dc - 8 from union des transports aériens for its european services , which also included paris . this aircraft was replaced in 1977 by another unit of the same make purchased by the airline . also leased was a boeing 720 jet .
on 21 december 1949 , an air ceylon douglas c - 47 dakota ( registered vp - cat ) was damaged beyond repair in a crash landing at tiruchirapalli airport following a scheduled passenger flight from jaffna . the 21 passengers and three crew members survived the accident . [ 8 ]
on 21 december 1949 , an air ceylon douglas c - 47 dakota ( registered vp - cat ) was damaged beyond repair in a crash landing at tiruchirapalli airport following a scheduled passenger flight from jaffna . the 21 passengers and three crew members survived the accident . [ 21 ]
the experienced technical staff in air ceylon contended that they could ‘go it alone’ , without australian involvement , as the non - pressurised dc - 4 was effectively a dc - 3 with two extra engines , whose maintenance and operation was well within the capabilities of ceylonese nationals . but the protests of air ceylon pilots and engineers , over the proposed australian tie - up , fell on deaf ears . in fact it almost turned into a diplomatic incident . for their part , the australians insisted that they came to teach
your boys
to fly the dc - 4s and that it was an act of good faith . in reality , ana wanted to get involved with air ceylon purely to be able to use ceylonese traffic rights between australia and england so that they ( ana ) could compete with qantas airways on the lucrative ‘kangaroo route’ between those two countries . ceylon had been one of the original signatories to the chicago convention of the international civil aviation organisation ( icao ) and that spurred the australians’ interest .
air ceylon came into being even before independence in 1948 when the airline was setup the year before with a trio of war surplus dc - 3s . the aircraft were used for route proving trials , pilot training and flood relief operations prior to the december 10th start of scheduled operations .
the co - operation with boac and qantas was reduced at that time , instead a codeshare - like agreement was signed with indian airlines . as a consequence , air ceylon re - launched services to australia and expanded its european network . [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ 7 ]
the co - operation with boac and qantas was reduced at that time , instead a codeshare - like agreement was signed with indian airlines . as a consequence , air ceylon re - launched services to australia and expanded its european network . [ 18 ] [ 19 ] [ 20 ]
and air ceylon was no exception . in early 1947 , the former raf dakota identified as fl566 joined two other douglas dakotas , also sourced from surplus stocks in india , to form the nucleus of ceylon ' s new national carrier . re - designated as a dc - 3 dakota ( ' dc ' stands for ' douglas commercial ' ) , the airplane received the ceylonese civil registration vp - cat and was given the fleet name sunethra devi . for the record , the other two air ceylon dakotas were named sita devi ( vp - car ) and viharamaha devi ( vp - cas ) . later , in 1948 , a dc - 3 from scotland boosted the fleet to four , and became sri lanka devi ( vp - cba ) .
you ` ve got it wrong . that ` s the catchphrase of prabha ` s takaran air force .
ana ' s influence in air ceylon was not confined to overseas operations . from early 1949 onwards , a few australians occupied senior positions in the lankan airline ' s hierarchy . based in colombo , w . w . doyle served as chairman , while operations manager was capt . peter gibbes , a pilot with great skill and vast experience . even today , gibbes is fondly spoken of by former air ceylon pilots who flew dc - 3s on domestic and regional services under his watchful supervision . they remember him as a stickler for operational correctness while remaining an amiable colleague .
air ceylon discontinued all long - haul fights and gave up its partnership with ana in september 1953 after boac had introduced de havilland comet between london and colombo . [ 6 ] [ 7 ] the 49 percent stake held by ana was taken over by klm in 1955 . [ 8 ]
air ceylon was formed by the ceylonese government in 1947 , and in the same year two l - 749 were ordered for use on an international route to london . the order was canceled and dc - 4 ' s leased from australian national airways operated the route from 1949 until 1953 . boac comet ' s and twa connies ' had lead to a severe drop in traffic . air ceylon restarted its weekly colombo to london service in february 1956 with a l - 749a leased from klm . the aircraft carried ph - registration but was fully painted in air ceylon ' s attractive livery . the l - 749a was replaced by a ( klm ) l - 1049g in november 1958 . the former ph - registration was replaced by a 4r - ceylonese registration later that year . the super connie was in use until november 1960 when a leased klm l - 188 replaced it .
this month the civil aviation authority of sri lanka ( caasl ) is commemorating 100 years of aviation in ceylon / sri lanka . but the first flight of an aeroplane in ceylon took place on december 25 , 1911 . that’s right – 101 years ago . so why are sri lankan ‘aerocrats’ celebrating the centenary in 2012 ? are they living up [ . . . ]
the crew consisted of capt . dixon kotelawala , first officer ( co - pilot ) simon rasiah , radio officer hector fernando and air hostess ranee ranawake ( later mrs . ranee raymond ) . dixon kotelawala began his aviation career as an assistant aerodromes officer at ratmalana . he later joined air ceylon as a first officer on dc - 3s , and not long before this fateful flight had been appointed as captain .
air navigation regulations of 1956 ( gazette no 10946 15 jun 56 ) [ pdf - 2 . 5 mb ]
air navigation regulations of 1957 ( gazette no 11128 7 jun 57 ) [ pdf - 1 . 2 mb ]
( 2 otu raaf ) collide in mid - air becoming locked together . a successful emergency landing was made at
. accident is reported to naval aeronautical headquarters , the naval aeronautical technical establishment , and the yokosuka air corps .
, the ferrying of combat aircraft from the u . s . to england by air , a flight of two
ultimately , it was all deemed to be an innocent misunderstanding , but not before much huffing and puffing by the british colonial powers - that - were , with even the governor of ceylon , sir henry mccallum , becoming involved . with the frenchman released from interrogation , the ‘times of ceylon cup’ went ahead the next day as planned , and georges verminck was declared the victor .
“air lanka” added it’s first “airbus” aircraft to the fleet and registered as “4r –aba” . it was a a320 aircraft .
during the 1970s ias cargo airlines sub - contracted dan - air to operate zambia airways ' weekly scheduled heathrow - lusaka all - cargo service with a small fleet of 707 freighters in hybrid dan - air / ias cargo airlines livery .
5th ferrying group , air transport command , piloted by captain james m . treweek , is on a routine flight from
a later report stated that the b - 25 was en route to greenville army air base from meridian , mississippi .
, international air power review , volume 1 , airtime publishing inc . , westport , connecticut , summer 2001 ,
war department , u . s . army air forces form 14 , report of aircraft accident , 25 may 1943 .
air lanka was set up by the government of sri lanka in july 1979 following the closure of air ceylon in 1978 . initially , the new air carrier operated 2 boeing 707 jets on lease from singapore airlines , but air lanka ended up keeping the boeing 707s , which were purchased in 1979 , while a boeing 737 was acquired for shorter routes . during the 1980s , the airline increased the number of destinations served and made additions to its fleet . during the mid - 1980s the airline operated two boeing 747 - 200 aircraft to a number of european destinations . the airline’s golden aircraft was the lockheed l1011 tristar , which served the airline from 1980 to 2000 .
on 7 september 1978 , an air ceylon hawker siddeley hs 748 ( registered 4r - acj ) was destroyed in a fire while parked at ratmalana airport . two pilots had been carrying out pre - departure checkups , when the fire started by the explosion of a bomb in the aircraft cargo hold . [ 9 ]
on 7 september 1978 , an air ceylon hawker siddeley hs 748 ( registered 4r - acj ) was destroyed in a fire while parked at ratmalana airport . two pilots had been carrying out pre - departure checkups , when the fire started by the explosion of a bomb in the aircraft cargo hold . [ 22 ]
initially operating scheduled domestic flights using douglas c - 47 dakota aircraft . international services with douglas dc - 4s commenced in 1949 , in a co - operation with australian national airways ( ana ) , which acquired a 49 percent stake in air ceylon . the longest route flown at that time was to london heathrow airport .
later , klm upgraded the 749 constellation to a 1049 super constellation , and later still – in 1960 – supplied a modern lockheed 188 electra four - engine turboprop for air ceylon services . however , by then klm’s share holding in air ceylon had been reduced to 24 % . nevertheless , klm had plans to further upgrade the equipment to the mcdonnell douglas dc - 8 four - engine jetliner . unfortunately , our runways at ratmalana and katunayake were not long and strong enough to accommodate these heavy , new - generation airplanes . sadly , it became apparent that the ceylonese policy makers had blundered and not kept up with worldwide developments in civil aviation .
that flight was the catalyst for many more from across palk strait over the next few years . on april 8 , 1932 vintcent flew india’s director of civil aviation , f . w . tymms , to colombo , again in a puss moth , for talks with the government about a proposed air service between india and ceylon .
( air 50 ) . the records mainly consist of either a printed personal combat report or a fighter command combat report .
in may 1983 dan - air became the first to put the four - engine bae 146 regional jetliner into commercial service .
this month the civil aviation authority of sri lanka ( caasl ) is commemorating 100 years of aviation in ceylon / sri lanka . but the first flight of an aeroplane in ceylon took place on december 25 , 1911 . that’s right – 101 years ago . so why are sri lankan ‘aerocrats’ celebrating the centenary in 2012 ? are they living up to that unkind tag bestowed on srilankan airlines and its predecessor air lanka : ‘ul’ ( usually late ) ? or is there a good reason ? let’s look at the facts , then you be the judge .
hmas albatross aka naval air station ( nas ) nowra , in nsw , australia , 1946 - to present . before and during most of wwii it was known as royal australian air force ( raaf ) base nowra . it was lent to the rn 2 . 1 . 45 housing a mobile operational naval air base , monab i aka hms nabbington which was replaced 15 . 11 . 45 by monab v aka hms nabswick until 18 . 3 . 46 when the air station became hmas albatross home . . .
factsheet : lockheed uc - 40d .
national museum of the united states air force . retrieved : 8 january 2010 .
, when it suffers engine failure on take - off from air support command base , near colorado springs , colorado . field is renamed
and that , it seems , is how air ceylon lost the first of two aircraft during its 32 - year existence ( the second , an avro 748 , was destroyed by a bomb in 1978 but again with no loss of lives ) . for sunethra devi it was the end of a colourful military and commercial career that began just six years before .
the expansion of dan - air ' s scheduled operation at gatwick continued throughout 1992 , resulting in the resumption of former air europe routes from gatwick to stockholm arlanda in february and from gatwick to rome fiumicino in april . in addition , dan - air launched gatwick - athens in march and re - launched gatwick - barcelona in may . during that period dan - air became gatwick ' s largest resident , short - haul scheduled operator controlling 18 % of all slots ( 21 % of all morning peak time slots between 8am and 9am . )
although a progressive step , it also meant that it would take longer for young ceylonese pilots to be promoted on the dc - 4 aircraft . in fact , no local flyers were cleared to operate the dc - 4s , so the australian pilots had the international skies to themselves , flying our air ceylon aircraft while our own pilots were confined to internal and regional services .
in 1949 an agreement was signed with australian national ( ana ) by which a pair of dc - 4 were leased to operate the colombo to london via karachi , tel aviv and rome route . later the service was extended to sydney via singapore and jakarta however in 1953 air ceylon dropped the partnership after twa connies and boac comets led to a serious drop in passengers .
sunethra devi was chosen for the australian flight , its aircrew some of air ceylon ' s most experienced flyers of that time . othe crew compsised captain peter fernando ; first officer ( co - pilot ) p . b . mawalagedera ; radio officer john vethavanam ; flight engineer w . a . e
bunny
molamure and relief radio officer / purser d . l srimanne
law , bernard a . , lt . col . , usaaf ,
report of aircraft accident
, accident 45 - 7 - 20 - 39 , u . s . army air forces , waycross army air field , waycross , georgia , 26 july 1944 , page 2 .
2015 . 02 . 11 - air china airlines commence four weekly direct flights from chengdu to bandaranaike international airport , colombo using airbus a330 aircraft .
commencement of air service between australia and united kingdom with a stop in sri lanka department of civil aviation took over the control of ratmalana airport .
in addition to scheduled services on its own account , dan - air was also contracted by other airlines to operate scheduled passenger and cargo services .
killing pilot james h . toal . the army air force decides at the end of march that the airframe is beyond repair and scraps it .
plane facts
, air international , bromley , kent , uk , june 1975 , volume 8 , number 6 , p . 309 .
soon , 1947 gave way to 1948 . on february 4 of the new year , just two months after giving birth to a new national airline , ceylon was itself reborn as an independent nation . prosperity and progress were uppermost in the nation ' s consciousness . in early 1948 , the fisheries department purchased a 75 - foot , 55 - ton fishing trawler , the m . v . halpha , from a company in australia . but how would they get the boat from australia to ceylon ?
chewning was awarded the navy and marine corps medal for his actions . the commander of vf - 2 ' s air group , famed fighter pilot
in an area enclosed by high walls mountbatten meets british officers of a fleet air arm squadron ; camera pans . speaking to an officer . seen through a barbed wire barrier the anti - aircraft gunners of a battery of 40mm bofors guns run to hear mountbatten . mountbatten meeting fleet air arm officers . …
after air ceylon ' s inaugural flight by sita devi on december 10 , 1947 , its three dc - 3s commenced duty on the new domestic and regional network . on december 26 , making a change from scheduled services , sunethra devi left ratmalana on a charter flight to the indian subcontinent commanded by capt . peter fernando and with olga de silva as stewardess . on board were ceylon ' s prime minster - elect , d . s . senanayake and the minister for transport and works , john kotelawala . spanning several days , the flight called in at madras ( now chennai ) , bombay ( now mumbai ) , bhopal , delhi and karachi ( in the newly - created pakistan ) , for talks between mr . senanayake and mr . kotelawala and their indian and pakistani counterparts concerning air traffic rights between the respective countries .
second xp - 77 prototype , 43 - 34916 , which was lost during air proving ground tests on 22 october 1944 , at eglin field , florida .
bignozzi , giorgio .
the italian ' fortress ' ( part 1 ) .
air international vol . 31 no . 6 , december 1986 . pp . 298–305 , ( part 2 ) . air international , vol . 32 no . 1 , january 1987 . pp . 29–31 , pp . 47–49 .
mireles , anthony j . , fatal army air forces aviation accidents in the united states , 1941–1945 , vol . 2 : july 1943 – july 1944 .
these services were flown in partnership with australian national airways ( ana ) , a company with a sizeable dc - 4 fleet of its own . in an agreement struck between the government of ceylon and ana , the australian company promised technical and managerial assistance , and importantly , training of ceylonese flight crew on its international services . history shows , however , that the australians did not fulfill their agreement in its entirety . even after air ceylon ' s international flights extended eastwards to singapore , jakarta and australia in january 1950 , only one ceylonese pilot , capt . peter fernando , was licenced on the dc - 4 ; and that too in a supernumerary capacity as second officer .
hardly three months into his command , commander mendis was summoned by telephone to temple trees where the prime minister , the hon sirimavo bandaranaike announced the outbreak of a southern - led insurgency in the island . this was the first serious internal threat faced by ceylon .
air ceylon achieved the distinction of one of the world ` s safest airlines , never recording a single passenger fatality throughout its 32 - year history , apart from an accident on 21 december 1949 in which douglas c - 47 dakota ( registered vp - cat ) was damaged beyond repair in a crash landing at tiruchirapalli airport following a scheduled passenger flight from jaffna . the 21 passengers and three crew members survived the accident .
, virginia , modified to test hot air de - icing equipment , is written off in a landing accident at langley field . pilot was dwight divine ii .
editors ,
grumman ' s willing wildcat
, air enthusiast quarterly , bromley , kent . , uk , number 3 , 1976 , p . 51 .
editors ,
tupolev ' s tractable twin
, air enthusiast quarterly , bromley , kent . , uk , volume 4 , 1976 , pp . 175 .
copp , dewitt s . ,
forged in fire
, the air force historical foundation , doubleday & company , garden city , new york , 1982 ,
last of the wartime lavochkins
, air international , bromley , kent , uk , november 1976 , volume 11 , number 5 , p . 247 .
last of the wartime lavochkins
, air international , bromley , kent , uk , november 1976 , volume 11 , number 5 , pp . 245–246 .
the flight was a special one – during the wesak festival in ceylon . the dc3 flew over the city of colombo enabling the passengers to see the sights of the capital . vernon’s children were excited , this was their first ever flight . they thoroughly enjoyed the occasion .
. keller ' s colleague succeeded in bringing his damaged machine back to base and alerted the air - sea rescue service , and he was rescued 90 minutes later .
editors ,
the corpulent long islanders
, air international , bromley , kent , uk , march 1976 , volume 10 , number 3 , pp . 131–133 .
a reduced domestic and regional operation soldiered on valiantly with the trident and two avros . on 7th september 1978 , air ceylon suffered a cruel blow . one of the avros , just back from a trip to jaffna , which parked at ratmalana was exploded by a bomb planted inside aircraft , reducing it to a charred , twisted hulk . miraculously no lives were lost . the surviving avro and trident struggled to maintain a semblance of an operation .
angell , joseph w . ,
history of the army air forces proving ground command – part one : historical outline 1933–1944
, the historical branch , army air forces proving ground command , eglin afb , florida , reprint by office of history , munitions systems division , eglin afb , florida , circa 1990 , p . 111 .
as well as the comets and 727s , dan - air mainly operated bac one - elevens and hawker siddeley 748s during its most successful period in the 1970s and 1980s .
dan - air ' s last chairman , david james , said weak marketing and its charter mentality , even after the decision to make high - profile scheduled services the focus of commercial activities , was a reason it failed to achieve results . that meant that instead of making dan - air the airline of choice for high - yield business travellers on prime scheduled routes where it had become a major force in the wake of british caledonian ' s and air europe ' s demise - such as gatwick to paris charles de gaulle - through marketing and publicity , dan - air continued selling to consolidators and discount travel agencies , in the way it had sold its charter inventory to package tour operators . the airline saw this as risk minimisation to fill seats on scheduled services . however , dan - air surrendered control over its scheduled seats to third parties whose sales were volume - driven . this deprived dan - air of the opportunity to boost the profitability of its scheduled operation by concentrating on maximising revenues from high - yield travellers .
chicago , illinois ,
gas tank quiz promised in air disaster – bomber crash kills 12 on board
, chicago daily tribune , 21 may 1943 , page 1 .
one of the more noteworthy visits to ceylon by british military seaplanes occurred on december 31 , 1927 when four supermarine southampton twin - engine biplanes of the royal air force ( raf ) alighted at colombo harbour . they were on a record - breaking long - distance flight , for flying boats , from england to australia , stopping at numerous ports along the way ; after circumnavigating australia the ‘flying flotilla’ reached its ultimate destination , singapore , 14 months since leaving england .
dan - air ran its first transatlantic charter flight in october 1969 from gatwick to trinidad with a comet . dan - air was one of the first uk airlines to employ female pilots , with up to four among 450 during the second half of the 1970s . it was also the first uk airline to have a female pilot in command of jet aircraft , yvonne sintes , who became a dan - air ' s one - eleven captain in 1975 . she flew one - elevens and comets until her retirement in 1980 .
piloting the first aeroplane to take off from ceylonese soil on christmas day 1911 was an itinerant german named franz oster . but the story of lankan aviation did not start with herr oster , because his airplane wasn’t the first to arrive on ceylon’s shores . that distinction went to a bl�riot monoplane similar to the one flown by french aviator louis bl�riot when he made the first aerial crossing of the english channel on july 25 , 1909 . ceylon’s first aeroplane arrived in colombo on september 12 , 1911 , aboard the ss rabenfels , imported by an englishman named colin browne ( not ‘brown’ ) .
browse discovery , our catalogue , for fleet air arm squadron diaries in adm 207 . you will need to know the squadron number . the diaries sometimes mention people by name .
final report on accident of saudi air flight sv781 , boeing b747 - 368 , registration hz - aip on 08th sept . 2005 at bandaranayake international airport , katunayake , sri lanka
during dive tests to determine why wrinkles are appearing on the surface plates of the wings , lt . manbei shimokawa , squadron leader at yokosuka naval air corps , is killed in
van alstine , d . bruce ,
talkback
, air international , bromley , kent , uk , may 1979 , volume 16 , number 5 , p . 245 .
18 killed in air accident .
times [ london , england ] 19 oct . 1942 : 4 . the times digital archive . web . 30 dec . 2013 .
peacock , lindsay .
boeing b - 29 . . . first of the superbombers
. air international , august 1989 , vol 37 no 2 . p . 70 .
veronico , nicholas a . ,
' failure at the factory
, air enthusiast , stamford , lincs , uk , number 124 , july–august 2006 , pp . 31–33 .
abolition of the airports authority and appointment of airport and aviation services ( sri lanka ) ltd . , for development , operation and maintenance of civil airports including provision of air navigation services
when complete , the list below will include both the parent ship name in capitals , and the air station name with only an initial capital letter . for example heron and yeovilton .
throughout dan - air ' s 39 years the airline suffered six accidents involving the loss of aircraft and lives , three of which killed fare - paying passengers . these accidents were :
, of 209 sqn , piloted by plt . off . fyfe , goes missing . extensive air and sea searches turn up no trace , nor any of 14 on board , including
, on the 19th . final action taken on 26 january when the air member for supply and equipment approves
conversion to components
for what remains of the ca - 4 .
isaacs , grp . capt . keith ,
wackett ' s wonder
, air enthusiast quarterly , number one , bromley , kent , uk , 1976 , p . 58 .
jones , lloyd s . ,
u . s . fighters , army : air force 1925 to 1980s
, aero publishers , inc . , fallbrook , california , 1975 ,
base at trincomalee in ceylon , commissioned 01 . 01 . 1944 to comprise rnas china bay ( later called trincomolee ) , rn aircraft maintenance yard clappenburg bay , and naval accommodation camp nachchikunda . took over transit and holding camp task from hms mayina ( in colombo ) on 18 . 03 . 1946 .
the prospect seemed daunting at first . for its part , air ceylon was just a small domestic and regional carrier . the airline was still at least nine months away from commencing long - haul international services using larger dc - 4 skymasters in collaboration with australian national airways ( ana ) . the naval personnel too had little experience of navigating vessels over vast expanses of ocean . but typical ceylonese guts and determination won the day , and a decision to proceed was taken by the parties concerned .
march 1983 saw dan - air take over british airways ' loss - making heathrow - inverness route and made it profitable . this was the first time the airline had operated a scheduled service out of heathrow . in may 1983 the company flew the world ' s inaugural bae 146 scheduled service between gatwick and berne , the first commercial jet service into the small airport serving the swiss capital . the same year the company started scheduled gatwick - zürich flights , the second time it had launched daily scheduled services on a european trunk route . in november 1983 dan - air joined travicom , the crs used by travel agents in the uk . in january 1984 dan - air took over touraine air transport ' s scheduled internal german operation between berlin and saarbrücken , the first time the airline had operated a scheduled route entirely within another country . that year also saw dan - air assuming british midland ' s scheduled route between gatwick and belfast international airport as well as launch a scheduled manchester - zürich service . in may 1984 dan - air began stationing an aircraft in jersey , increasing the frequency of its scheduled service to gatwick and convert it into a year - round operation . in addition , 1984 was the year metropolitan took over dan - air ' s remaining link city schedules between bristol , cardiff , leeds and glasgow .
sri lankan mega star mariazelle goonetilleke , paid a tribute to vernon corea at the thanksgiving service and sang ' wind beneath my wings . ' vernon was one of the first to write about mariazelle in his emcee column in the ceylon daily news in the 1960s . click on the picture to see the you tube film .
willis , david ,
first time around – hawker ' s frustrated tornado
, air enthusiast , stamford , lincs . , uk , number 125 , september–october 2006 , p . 69 .
green , william , and swanborough , gordon ,
brewster ' s benighted buffalo
, air enthusiast quarterly , number one , bromley , kent , uk , 1976 , p . 71 .
taylor , h . a . ,
fiasco or foretaste ?
, air international , bromley , kent , uk , december 1974 , volume 7 , number 6 , p . 280 .
taylor , h . a . ,
fiasco or foretaste ?
, air international , bromley , kent , uk , december 1974 , volume 7 , number 6 , pp . 280–281 .
white , ian ,
nocturnal and nautical : fairey firefly night - fighters
, air enthusiast , stamford , lincs . , uk , number 107 , september–october 2003 , p . 61 .
brown , j . ,
rct armament in the boeing b - 29
, air enthusiast quarterly , bromley , kent . , uk , number 3 , 1976 , p . 80 .
from out of the past
, naval aviation news , chief of naval operations and the naval air systems command , arlington , virginia , march 1971 , volume 52 , page 3 .
cooper , peter j . ,
picking up the pieces
, air international , stamford , lincs . , uk , november 1998 , volume 55 , number 5 , p . 280 .
bussy , geoffrey ,
' forgotten ' flying boat : saro ' s unfortunate lerwick
, air enthusiast , stamford , lincs , uk , number 124 , july–august 2006 , p . 25 .
bussy , geoffrey ,
' forgotten ' flying boat : saro ' s unfortunate lerwick
, air enthusiast , stamford , lincs , uk , number 124 , july–august 2006 , pp . 25–26 .
bussy , geoffrey ,
' forgotten ' flying boat : saro ' s unfortunate lerwick
, air enthusiast , stamford , lincs , uk , number 124 , july–august 2006 , p . 27 .
thomas , andrew ,
light blue fishes – fairey albacores in raf and rcaf service
, air enthusiast , stamford , lincs , uk , number 125 , september–october 2006 , p . 59 .
in 1981 dan - air launch a scheduled route linking gatwick with cork , its first scheduled service from gatwick to ireland , as well as a new , seasonal scheduled service linking newcastle with jersey and a new , year - round combined gatwick - newcastle - aberdeen weekend schedule . during that year the airline inaugurated scheduled services between berlin and amsterdam schiphol , the company ' s first scheduled route from berlin as well as its first scheduled route not to touch the uk . furthermore , in november , dan - air withdrew its application to the caa to take over british airways ' highland and islands scheduled operation . during 1981 and 1982 dan - air leased three hs 748s to british airways to supplement its 748 fleet on scottish internal routes . the partial liberalisation of the anglo - irish bilateral agreement during the early 1980s enabled dan - air to commence scheduled operations on gatwick - dublin in 1982 . as the recession began to bite and passengers for link city dwindled , the company contracted them to regional airlines operating smaller aircraft . 1982 saw metropolitan airways , a subsidiary of alderney air ferries ( holdings ) , take over dan - air ' s bournemouth - cardiff / birmingham - manchester - newcastle schedule .
from november 1 , 1961 , all air ceylon international fights ceased . boac was the only international airline operating scheduled flights into colombo , and that too to katunayake only . the aircraft used was the de havilland comet 4 , an uneconomical , over - powered aircraft which was designed by the british to serve their former colonies in such places as nairobi ( kenya ) , johannesburg ( south africa ) , colombo , singapore , and hong kong . these aircraft were designed to operate from short runways , unlike the boeing 707 and dc - 8 which needed much longer ones . in contrast , india had extended the runways at its major airports , and air india commenced operating boeing 707 jetliners , thus becoming the world’s first all - jet airline .
the addition of the y8 to the fleet also introduced the capabilities of air lifting more than 150 personnel in a single flight , whilst the y12 could land and take off , even on grass fields .
green , william , and swanborough , gordon ,
fighter a to z
, air international , bromley , kent , uk , october 1995 , volume 49 , number 4 , p . 253 .
green , william , and swanborough , gordon ,
fighter a to z
, air international , bromley , kent , uk , december 1976 , volume 11 , number 6 , p . 292 .
bussy , geoffrey ,
' forgotten ' flying boat : saro ' s unfortunate lerwick
, air enthusiast , stamford , lincs , uk , number 124 , july–august 2006 , pp . 25 , 27 .
bussy , geoffrey ,
' forgotten ' flying boat : saro ' s unfortunate lerwick
, air enthusiast , stamford , lincs , uk , number 124 , july–august 2006 , pp . 23 , 25 .
martin , bernard . the viking , valetta and varsity . tonbridge , kent , uk : air - britain ( historians ) ltd . , 1975 . isbn 978 - 0 - 85130 - 038 - 2 .
at inception , the rcyaf owned no aircraft . early recruits had to make do with pt and drill routines , until the first four chipmunks arrived , and later the oxfords and balliols as well . the rcyaf ' s first trainer , the chipmunk was ordered in 1950 and the first batch of four aircraft arrived in ceylon in october the same year .
for much of the information below , we would like to acknowledge shore establishments of the royal navy compiled by lt cdr ben warlow rn and the squadrons of the fleet air arm by ray sturtivant and theo ballance .
.
n . b . poe , who lives two miles from the crash scene , pulled the three bodies from the burning wreckage and called air corps officials at maxwell field [ sic ] , ala .
another sbd dauntless recovered from lake michigan
, centennial of naval aviation – naval air forces official publication , san diego , california , fall 2009 , volume 1 , number 2 , p . 5 , via
weber , eberhard - dietrich , ing ( grad ) ,
dora - 9 and the tank fighters
, air enthusiast quarterly , number one , bromley , kent , uk , 1976 , pp . 106–107 .
weber , eberhard - dietrich , ing ( grad ) ,
dora - 9 and the tank fighters
, air enthusiast quarterly , number one , bromley , kent , uk , 1976 , pp . 106–108 .


the extreme light infrastructure ( eli ) is a new research infrastructure ( ri ) of pan-european interest and part of the european esfri roadmap .

it is a laser facility that aims to host the most intense beamline system worldwide , develop new interdisciplinary research opportunities with light from these lasers and secondary radiation derived from them , and make them available to an international scientific user community .

it will be the world 's biggest and first international user facility in beamline and laser research .

three of them are presently being implemented in the czech republic , hungary and romania , with an investment volume exceeding € 850 million , mostly stemming from the european regional development fund ( erdf ) .

in dolní břežany , near prague , czech republic , the eli-beamlines facility will mainly focus on the development of short-pulse secondary sources of radiation and particles .

the eli attosecond light pulse source ( eli-alps ) in szeged , hungary is establishing a unique facility which provides light sources within an extremely broad frequency range in the form of ultrashort pulses with high repetition rate .

in măgurele , romania , the eli nuclear physics ( eli-np ) facility will focus on laser-based nuclear physics .

the location of eli 's fourth pillar , the highest-intensity pillar , is still to be decided .

its laser power is expected to exceed that of the current eli pillars by about one order of magnitude .

extreme light infrastructure

the extreme light infrastructure ( eli ) project is dedicated to the investigation of light–matter interactions at high laser intensities and on short timescales .
kansai photon science institute | ”osaka univ . to eli - np” eli - np：extreme light infrastructure - nuclear physics
the laser will be operational at the extreme light infrastructure – nuclear physics’ site , romania , in 2018 .
the extreme light infrastructure attosecond light pulse source ( eli - alps ) laser research centre is one of the pillars of this infrastructure was built in szeged and is one of the largest scientific investments in europe , with support from the european union amounting to over 70 billion huf .
”osaka univ . to eli - np” eli - np：extreme light infrastructure - nuclear physics kazuo a . tanaka , osaka univ . , osaka japan & eli - np , bucharest romania abstract .
gaining and maintaining a strong foothold in the european and global technology markets is high on the eu agenda . helping meet this goal is the eli ( ' extreme light infrastructure ' ) project , which clinched eur 6 million under . . .
known as
extreme light infrastructure - nuclear physics
( eli - np ) , it will serve as a pan - european laboratory and host a broad range of scientific disciplines including fundamental physics , new nuclear physics and astrophysics but also life sciences .
as part of his state visit to romania , french president françois hollande accompanied the romanian head of state , klaus w . iohannis , on a visit of the extreme light infrastructure – nuclear physics’ site , where the world’s most powerful laser system will be installed .
the eli – extreme light infrastructure – or as it is commonly referred to : the superlaser will be one of the large research facilities of the european union . through this , the first structure in the world for studying the interaction between light and matter with ultrahigh intensity laser will be created with hungarian cooperation . the most significant centre for attosecond pulse light research will operate in szeged , the administrative centre for the county of csongrád .
a european esfri project for the investigation of light - matter interactions at highest intensities and shortest time scales .
eli is a new research infrastructure ( ri ) of pan - european interest and part of the european esfri roadmap .
listed on the esfri roadmap as one of the priority research infrastructure projects for europe , the extreme - light - infrastructure ( eli ) will bring a revolution to laser science by paving the way to new regimes of optics and physics by producing light intensities higher by 3 to 6 orders of magnitude than today’s levels . based on a new generation of laser technologies delivering ultra - short ultra - intense pulses , eli will open exciting research opportunities in a wide range of disciplines , from material sciences , biochemistry , medicine , nanotechnologies , to nuclear physics , astrophysics , and cosmology . resulting from a pan - european effort , eli will be the first international laser infrastructure fully dedicated to external users and will provide best conditions of access for world - class experiments .
this is a very interesting project . but eli ( extreme light infrastructure ) involves not just romania . there are 3 eu countries which will build giant superlaser facilities . eventually a fourth one should be build as well . the very first superlaser is to build near prague with a goal of achieving exawatt class , which would make it at least a hundred times more powerful then anything that exists today .
what is eli ? it stands for extreme light infrastructure , which is a new research infrastructure of pan - european interest . it is a laser project that aims to host the most intense beamline system in the world . the eli project will be located in four sites . one will be in dolní břežany , near prague . it will focus on the development of short - pulse secondary sources of radiation and particles . eli - alps ( attosecond light pulse source ) will be in szeged , which will be “a unique facility which provides light sources within an extremely broad frequency range in the form of ultrashort pulses with high repetition rate . ” in măgurele , romania , the eli - np ( nuclear physics ) facility will focus on laser - based nuclear physics . the fourth facility’s location is still undecided .
the european research infrastructure consortium ( eric ) is a legal framework created by the european commission to allow the operation of research infrastructures of pan - european interest .
in the field of science and technology , thales is supporting romania’s contribution to the european laser research project eli - np ( extreme light infrastructure - nuclear physics ) . the company is providing romania’s nuclear physics institute ( ifin - hh ) with an ultra high - power laser system delivering 2x10 petawatts ( 20 million billion watts ) of power . this is more powerful than any other laser system to date , including the petawatt systems previously installed by thales . a special technical and scientific training programme will also be provided through thales university .
the scientific and technological eli - np development activities are distributed in 5 research activities , each of them aiming to realization of a significant part of the new research infrastructure .
thales has made innovation a core strategic priority and believes that real innovation hinges on the ability to harness creativity to meet actual customer needs and develop disruptive technologies . based on this vision , the company is taking part in the extreme light infrastructure for nuclear physics ( eli - np ) project to develop the world’s most powerful laser system . this 2x10 petawatt laser will support research in nuclear physics and help advance human understanding of the physics of matter . it will be operational in 2018 . thales has operated in romania for 40 years and is now addressing the country’s transport needs while expanding its areas of focus to include defence , security , aerospace and science and technology .
it is for the first time that structural funds will finance a basic research infrastructure project ,
he added , stressing that the eu earmarked 150 million euros ( $ 199 . 9 million ) for it .
implemented as a distributed infrastructure in the czech republic , hungary and romania , eli will be the first infrastructure identified by the european strategy forum on research infrastructures ( esfri ) to be located in new member states . with an implementation budget of over €845 million largely co - financed by structural funds , the project represents an unprecedented example of how research infrastructures can bridge the objectives of scientific excellence , regional development and european cohesion .
this infrastructure will create a new european laboratory with a broad range of science covering frontier fundamental physics , new nuclear physics and astrophysics as well as applications in nuclear materials , radioactive waste management , material science and life sciences .
it is a laser facility that aims at hosting some the most intense lasers world - wide , develop new interdisciplinary research opportunities with light from these lasers and secondary radiation derived from them , and make them available to an international scientific user community .
in june ' s edition of physics world portugal ' s former science and technology minister , josé mariano gago , calls for more investment in , and engagement with , national science budgets in light of the european union ' s ( eu ) stagnated . . .
the eli attosecond light pulse source ( eli - alps ) in szeged , hungary is establishing a unique facility , which provides light sources between thz ( 10 12 hz ) and x - ray ( 10 18 - 10 19 hz ) frequency range in the form of ultrashort pulses with high repetition rate . eli - alps will be dedicated to extremely fast dynamics by taking snap - shots in the attosecond scale ( a billionth of a billionth of second ) of the electron dynamics in atoms , molecules , plasmas and solids . it will also pursue research with ultrahigh intensity lasers . urltoken
the eli project intends with a trans - european cooperation the construction of a research super - laser with ultra - short pulses , which has considerably higher power density than the largest laser currently in existence and is of extreme scientific importance . it is one of the significant large facilities included in the european strategic forum on research infrastructures ( esfri roadmap : urltoken ) .
one key milestone of this fast development was the decision of the 13 european funding agencies represented in the project on the location and conditions of implementation of eli . in october 2009 , the steering committee of the eli preparatory phase consortium gave the mandate to the czech republic , hungary and romania to implement eli as a distributed infrastructure consisting of three complementary facilities to be implemented by end 2015 respectively in dolní břežany ( south of prague ) , szeged ( hungary ) , and măgurele ( south - west of bucharest ) . the eli facilities plan to form a single research infrastructure operated under the legal umbrella of a european research infrastructure consortium ( eric ) . an interim structure , the eli delivery consortium , will be set up by the host countries to take over the preparatory phase consortium , to coordinate actions at the european level , and to organise negotiations with partner countries on the establishment of the eli - eric .
but canceling the undertaking in szeged would have endangered the eli enterprise in the czech republic and in romania as well . the decision in 2006 to place the eli facilities in former soviet - bloc countries which had joined the union only two years earlier was a sign of trust in these countries’ ability to create and run first - rate research facilities that were important for the european union as a whole . so , finally in december 2012—not in 2011 as orbán claims—the government came to the conclusion that forcing through their original plan and abandoning the project would cast hungary in a very bad light . it would prove that the former communist countries cannot , after all , be trusted with an important pan - european project of extreme scientific importance . so , they reluctantly gave their blessing .
the purpose of eli - alps is to establish a unique , laser - based european user research facility where ultrashort laser pulses and light sources will be accessible for international researchers . eli - alps’ lasers will able to generate the shortest and greatest number of laser pulses per second so far . this allows researchers to examine elementary intramolecular physical processes and also provides unparalleled infrastructure to carry out basic and applied research on an ultrafast timescale for outstanding research results in biology , medicine and material sciences . there is a cooperation agreement between eli - alps and the university resulting in the collaboration in the organisation of research projects and training programmes . the entire complex was opened in may 2017 and the facility will become fully operational in 2019 .
eli - dc coordinates the transition from the implementation to the operation phase , leading to the creation of a european research infrastructure consortium : eli - eric . eli - dc supports the three pillars during the implementation phase , ensures the character of eli as one unified pan - european project , conducts the negotiations towards the eli - eric and prepares the conditions for the establishment of eli’s fourth pillar , planned to push the frontiers of laser power by yet another order of magnitude into the sub - exawatt regime . the scientific profiles of the eli pillars will be complementary , and the operation of the research infrastructure , starting progressively from 2018 , will be unified under one single legal umbrella of the eli - eric .
the eli will be the first facility in the world to enable the investigation of the interaction between light and matter with the highest intensity , in the so called ultra - relativistic range . it will open a doorway into new territories within physics as well as establishing such new technical developments as relativistic microelectronics and small laser particle accelerators . the eli will have a considerable impact on numerous fields of material sciences , medicine and environment protection .
in magurele , romania , the eli nuclear physics ( eli - np ) facility focuses on laser - based nuclear physics . it will host two machines , a very high intensity laser , where beams from two 10 pw lasers are coherently added to get intensities of the order of 10 23 - 10 24 w / cm 2 , and a very intense , brilliant gamma beam , which is obtained by incoherent compton back scattering of a laser light off a brilliant electron beam from a conventional linear accelerator . applications include nuclear physics experiments to characterize laser – target interaction , photonuclear reactions , and exotic nuclear physics and astrophysics . urltoken
with the three site solution , the scientific programme of eli has widened . each research centre site is planned to be built with approximately 250 - 280 m€ investment costs . in each laser centre , probably approximately 200 - 300 local and foreign specialists will work . according to the plans the activities of the sites will be coordinated by the european research infrastructure consortium ( eric ) , an international consortium based on the new legal framework of the european union . the members shall include in addition to the three site - countries ( the czech republic , hungary and romania ) , member states with a strong background in laser technology ( primarily france , great - britain , germany ) . the consortium will be open to other eli - pp project partners , and later also to third countries .
european commission president jose manuel barroso ( r ) and eu commissioner for regional policy johannes hahn talk at the european parliament in strasbourg on january 15 , 2013 . the european union and romania laid friday the cornerstone of a research hub due to host the world ' s most powerful laser .
the european union and romania laid friday the cornerstone of a research hub due to host the world ' s most powerful laser .
the project is of particular importance not only for romania and also for europe as a whole . ,
european commissioner for regional policy johannes hahn told a press conference alongside romania ' s prime minister victor ponta .
its cutting - edge technology will be used by researchers all over the world ,
he added .
eli - np , the most important research project in the newer eu member states , will create jobs and
turn brain - drain into brain circulation
in the region , hahn stressed .
from 13 eu countries are involved in the programme which includes two other pillars , in the czech republic and hungary .
( physorg . com ) - - as part of the european union ' s commitment to remaining at the forefront of technology , the european commission ( the governing body of the european union ) has laid out plans for three initial high powered . . .
romania ' s centre - left government on tuesday adopted a decree cutting incentives for renewable energy , which experts say could drive investors away and put on hold a booming industry .
the frenzy to build hydropower stations across the carpathian mountains poses an
imminent
threat to biodiversity in eastern europe , conservationist group wwf warned monday .
an international team of experts are developing a revolutionary laser system by investigating the use of fibre lasers in ground - breaking particle accelerator technologies , such as the large hadron collider ( lhc ) , which is . . .
fluorescence - based biosensing and bioimaging technologies are widely used in research and clinical settings to detect and image various biological species of interest . while fluorescence - based detection and imaging techniques . . .
physicists have experimentally demonstrated 18 - qubit entanglement , which is the largest entangled state achieved so far with individual control of each qubit . as each qubit has two possible values , the 18 qubits can generate . . .
how do insects survive harsh northern winters ? unlike mammals , they don ' t have thick coats of fur to keep warm . but they do have antifreeze . antifreeze proteins ( afps ) prevent ice from forming and spreading inside their . . .
the struggle to keep drinks cold during the summer is a lesson in classical phase transitions . to study phase transitions , apply heat to a substance and watch how its properties change . add heat to water and at the so - called . . .
directly converting electrical power to heat is easy . it regularly happens in your toaster , that is , if you make toast regularly . the opposite , converting heat into electrical power , isn ' t so easy .
scientists at ucla , for the first time , experimentally realized a new compound single crystal , boron arsenide ( bas ) and explored its thermal conductivity limit when crystals are free of defects . they observed the highest . . .
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the facility will be based on four sites . three of them are presently being implemented in the czech republic , hungary and romania , with an investment volume exceeding 850 mio . euro , mostly stemming from the european regional development funds ( erdf ) .
after a 3 - year preparatory phase ( 2008 - 2010 ) of the eli project , the eli consortium was set up , and on 11 april 2013 became the eli delivery consortium international association ( eli - dc aisbl ) . the association was established in order to promote sustainable development of the project , establishing partnerships and collaborations with national , european and international structures and organizations .
the goal of the elitrans project is to complement the final implementation stage of eli - parallel to the completion of the three construction sites - by preparing and undertaking the back - transformation from three legally independent construction projects towards the governance , operation and financing under a single international legal entity , the eli - eric .
the unique l3 - hapls laser system , developed by the lawrence livermore national laboratory ( llnl ) for eli beamlines , was ceremonially launched on july 2 , 2018 .
information notice about the company ' s public procedures planned can be found on eli - alps’ website .
while the implementation of the eli projects is nearing completion in the three host countries , much effort is put into creating the necessary conditions for the future operation as a single , multi - site international laser user facility of european and global dimension .
read about proton acceleration at eli - alps , proton - boron nuclear fusion inside cancer cells at eli beamlines and the upcoming field of nuclear photonics at eli - np .
the coming months , several large conferences , workshops and meet - ups are organized by or with the aid of eli .
nuclear photonics 2018 aims to bring together leading scientists , researchers and research scholars from around the world .
the subject of the next training course organized in the framework of it - elli is optical thin film coatings .
in dolni brezany , near prague , czech republic , the eli - beamlines facility mainly will focus on the development of short - pulse secondary sources of radiation and particles , and on their multidisciplinary applications in molecular , biomedical and material sciences , physics of dense plasmas , warm dense matter , laboratory astrophysics . in addition , the pillar will uitilze its high - power , high - repetition - rate lasers for high - field physics experiments with focused intensities of about 10 23 w / cm 2 , investigating exotic plasma physics , and non - linear qed effects . urltoken
unikátní laserový systém l3 - hapls , který pro eli beamlines vyvinula americká národní laboratoř lawrence livermore national laboratory ( llnl ) , byl dnes 2 . července 2018 slavnostně spuštěn . na základě evaluce mezinárodní vědeckou kontrolní…
v česku jsou vědci , kteří jsou skutečně jedni z nejlepších na světě , říká carlos moedas . eurokomisař pro výzkum , vědu a inovace přijel minulý týden do česka na pozvání ministra školství…
po evaluaci mezinárodní vědeckou kontrolní skupinou byl pokročilý laserový systém l3 - hapls shledán jako plně funkční a integrovatelný ve výzkumném centru eli beamlines v dolních břežanech . v rámci hodnocení se vědci…
dolní břežany , 18 . 4 . 2018 - laserová centra eli beamlines a hilase v dolních břežanech již podruhé nabízí středoškolským studentům možnost přihlásit se do talentové akademie . umožní tak dvanácti vybraným…
eli beamlines je evropské výzkumné centrum , v rámci kterého vyvíjí mezinárodní tým vědců nejintenzivnější laserový systém na světě . po jeho instalaci a spuštění budeme mít k dispozici unikátní nástroj umožňující průkopnický výzkum nejen v oblasti fyziky a materiálových věd , ale také v biomedicíně a laboratorní astrofyzice .
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eli - np is going to be the most advanced research facility in the world focusing on the study of photonuclear physics and its applications , comprising a very high intensity laser of two 10pw ultra - short pulse lasers and the most brilliant tunable gamma - ray beam .
this unique experimental combination will enable eli - np to tackle a wide range of research topics in fundamental physics , nuclear physics and astrophysics , and also applied research in materials science , management of nuclear materials and life sciences .
γ / s ) , brilliant γ beam , ~ 0 . 1 % bandwidth , with e
during the first phase of implementation ( 2013 - 2015 ) , there were accomplished : recruitment of specialized staff , the components of the first 10pw laser in the world , the first part of gamma beam system and civil constructions .
at eli - np , two well - established scientific communities , high - power lasers and nuclear physics , have joined their efforts to build a new interdisciplinary facility and to define its research program . the scientific case for eli - np , based on the unique features of the high - power laser and gamma beams , was elaborated by an international collaboration of more than 100 scientists from 30 countries and published as the eli - np white book .
1 . investigation of the high - power laser - matter interactions using nuclear physics methods in order to study the possibilities of obtaining high quality proton and heavy ion accelerated beams using lasers . 2 . the extremely high intensity of the laser beam will allow the study of fundamental physics phenomena anticipated by theory , such as vacuum birefringence and pair creation in intense electric fields . 3 . investigation of nuclear structure and cross sections of interest for astrophysics using photonuclear reactions . 4 . new methods of identification and remote characterisation of nuclear materials will be investigated with application for homeland security ( remote automatic scanning of transport containers ) and nuclear material management . 5 . new ways of producing more efficiently radioisotopes currently used in medicine and the producing of newly proposed ones . 6 . simultaneous use of the high intensity gamma and laser beams will enable fundamental physics studies as pair production in vacuum .
- research activity 2 , both with specifications well beyond existing facilities and offering , through their combination , unique features among all the other world - wide planned facilities .
the directions of research to be studied at the new facility , mainly in the field of nuclear physics and related areas , are grouped in three other research activities . strong local teams , continuously growing during implementation phase , will develop state - of - the - art instrumentation for experiments in the emerging field of laser - driven nuclear physics .
the five research activities ( high - power laser system , high - brilliance gamma beam , nuclear physics with high - power lasers , nuclear physics and applications with high - brilliance gamma - beams and fundamental physics with combined laser and gamma beams ) emerged naturally , as a logical division between the r & d ; related to the experimental systems and the research pursued employing them , during the debates within the scientific community . more at :
situated in magurele , only 12 km away from downtown bucharest , the users of the eli - np facility benefit from all of the infrastructures and services provided within the metropolitan area .
concentrating 8 research infrastructures of national interest , magurele has the highest scientific visibility in romania , with five national r & d ; institutes ( nuclear , laser , plasma & space sciences , material physics , optoelectronics , seismology ) , one faculty of physics and two engineering companies ( optoelectronics & design of nuclear facilities ) .
the eli - np facility covers an area of approx . 33 , 000 m
of high quality , energy efficient buildings , mostly dedicated to the high - power laser system , gamma - beam production system and instrumentation for experiments .
eli - np will be an open access facility . the civil construction comprises an office building , a guest house and a canteen .
eli - np is overseen by the horia hulubei national institute of physics and nuclear engineering ( ifin - hh ) , dedicated to the research and development in nuclear physics & nuclear engineering and in related areas including astrophysics and particle physic , field theory , mathematical and computational physics , atomic physics , life & environmental physics .
the content of this document does not necessarily represent the official position of the european union or of the government of romania .
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the first operational laser , built in 1960 at the hughes research laboratory was only capable of emitting a series of irregular spikes within each pump pulse . lasers have come a long way since then . the method of chirped - pulse amplification ( cpa ) in the mid - 80s managed to drive lasers from terawatt to petawatt powers ( d . strickland & g . mourou opt . commun . 56 , 219–221 ; 1985 ) . a number of facilities around the world are hosting this class of powerful lasers : notably , the petawatt aquitaine laser ( petal ) at the laser megajoule facility in france ( 1 . 2 pw ; urltoken ) and the laser for fast ignition experiments ( lfex ) at osaka university in japan ( 2 pw peak power with picosecond pulses ; urltoken ) . however , most of the current facilities are at the low multi - petawatts level with repetition rates — with some exceptions — significantly below 1 hz .
the eli project is expected to push those limits even further . considered by many as the most ambitious research effort for laser technology in recent years , the project began in 2005 and was approved by the european strategy forum on scientific research infrastructures ( esfri ) the following year ( urltoken ) . this pan - european effort will outperform existing laser facilities by at least a factor of ten with regard to laser peak and average powers . according to wolfgang sandner , who served as director general and ceo of the eli delivery consortium international association ( urltoken ) , eli marks the onset of the next generation of high - peak and high - average - power systems , through a combination of new disruptive technologies : high - power optical parametric chirped pulse amplification , all - diode - pumped systems , coherent beam coupling , advanced active materials , optical surfaces and grating technologies .
these ultra - intense lasers will not only provide high electromagnetic fields but will also make possible the generation of ultrashort and ultrahigh energy beams of particles and radiations up to the tev range . as such , they are expected to primarily impact fundamental physics ; gérard mourou , initiator of eli and coordinator of the preparatory phase , comments that these facilities will permit studies of cosmos acceleration , vacuum nonlinearities , dark matter and dark energy , nonlinear quantum electrodynamic and chromodynamic fields , and radiation physics in the vicinity of the schwinger field ( urltoken ) . however , eli is expected to affect other disciplines , including materials research ( for example , the dynamics of reactions such as protein activity and protein folding , radiolysis , monitoring of chemical bonds and catalysis processes , as well as the investigation of defect creation and materials aging in nuclear reactors ) and medical applications ( such as , the production of new medical isotopes relevant to cancer chemotherapy ) .
eli was the first esfri project funded by european regional structural funds and national contributions from the host countries , with the total cost for the first three sites approaching €1 billion ( urltoken ) . eli constitutes a bold move towards a more balanced distribution of research capacities in the eu , at the same time placing the european research area at the forefront of laser technology worldwide and opening exciting possibilities for fundamental science .
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a scientific industrial park is planned in a 80 - hectare area surround the eli - alps facility and is welcoming all start - up and successful businesses that could utilize the laser research centre and are drawn to szeged by the inspirational atmosphere of the city . the hungarian molecular medicine centre of excellence will also operate in the eli science park and will be established as a large scientific investment of the eu . an automotive industry competence centre may also be formed in conjunction with the university of kecskemét . the first facilities are expected to open in 2019 .
my first impression about szeged was , that it is „a standard lovely western city . you can see colourful buildings everywhere ; enjoy the sunshine , walk in the nature , study in the bright , high - tech library” . i think this is a perfect place for students where they can experience sparkling culture diversity , enjoy the peacefulness of everyday life , meet a lot of kind and motivating people , enjoy the inspiring academic atmosphere , taste the food not only from hungary but also from the world . i can call szeged my second home .
i came from a city where young women have recently successfully fought against the mentality that had not allowed them to go to study abroad . 5 years ago families were extremely protective over their daughters , but nowadays it has been changed into a new perception which allows girls to have the freedom to choose their way of life : career and personal development .
university of szeged , hungary h - 6720 szeged , dugonics square 13 . phone : ( + 36 - 62 ) 544 - 000 fax : ( + 36 - 62 ) 546 - 371
university of szeged faculty of science and informatics 6720 szeged , aradi vértanúk tere 1 . e - mail : ttkdh @ urltoken
the government is providing support for the innovative project to be implemented in szeged amongst national programmes within the framework of the new széchenyi plan . due to its key significance the implementation will be directly supervised by the ministry of national development . the national programmes of the new széchenyi plan include large projects resulting in considerable benefits to the union and take account of all regions . we backed the eli programme with the hope and the definite idea that it could become the engine for significant regional economic and social developments .
the eli - programme reflects the spirit expressed in the new széchenyi plan : the cooperation of the hungarian scientific and economic sphere is essential for the successful operation of the research base . the key return of the project is the knowledge transfer , which could develop the region into an economic , innovative and scientific centre .
the programme that will be implemented in a european cooperation will not end with the completion of the facility and the international research centre : the eli represents a huge opportunity for the hungarian and international scientific world , potentially influencing higher education in hungary and having a beneficial effect on the economy in the szeged region – including cross - border areas with serbia and romania .
besides hungary , the czech republic , france , great britain and romania also applied to build the facility . after careful consideration , the management of the preparatory project made the final decision on 1 october 2010 to have the eli built on three sites focusing on slightly differing but complementing scientific programmes :
the completion of the laser centre in szeged will act as a magnet ( stimulating force ) for the technical - scientific development of hungary and the competitiveness of the background industries , as well as strengthen the economy of the region . by becoming one of the regional centres of international scientific life it will be a contributory factor in attracting foreign experts and in the resettlement of hungarian researchers .
© national research , development and innovation office h - 1077 bp , kéthly anna tér 1 . , phone : ( + 361 ) 795 9500
funded by directorate - general for research & innovation of the european commission and involving more than 40 european academic and research institutions , the preparatory phase of eli ( €6 million : 2007 - 2010 ) proved successful in gaining growing interest and support from the international scientific community and in bringing the project to a level of scientific , technical , legal and financial maturity enabling its implementation .
eli’s novelty goes beyond science . funded by means of structural funds , the project represents a remarkable example of how the instruments of the eu’s regional policy can be used to serve both the objective of economic cohesion and the development of the european research area . the three eli facilities will be co - funded by structural funds from the european regional development fund ( erdf ) . the eli beamlines facility , located in the czech republic , was approved for funding by the european commission on 20 april 2011 ( € 236 million , out of the total € 278 million budget , being funded by structural funds ) . the eli nuclear physics facility is granted € 180 million funding by the european commission for its first phase until 2015 ( ec decision on 18 september 2012 ) . it is located in măgurele ( south of bucharest ) in romania and is expected to be operational in 2015 . the total budget of eli - np amounts to € 356 . 2 million . the eli attosecond facility , with a total budget of about € 245 million , in szeged , hungary , will submit a grant application to the european commission in autumn 2012 .
resulting from a truly pan - european effort , the project is expected to deliver high scientific and economic impact at both european and regional levels : the development of the local scientific communities of course , but also numerous opportunities of technological collaboration and knowledge transfer between the research community and the industry , with huge potential economic impact for the hosting regions , but also for society at large , in particular in the field of material sciences and medicine . collaboration with the local authorities and the actors of the research and innovation system will be a key success factor in the three countries to develop an environment enabling the diffusion of eli’s benefits and their sustainable appropriation by the region . at the level of the european research area , eli will represent a significant and long - term contribution for the integration of europe’s research system , for a more balanced distribution of research capacities in the eu and , eventually , an opportunity for more and better mobility of researchers and knowledge throughout the continent .
contact persons : eli beamlines facility : vlastimil růžička ( ruzickav @ fzu . cz ) eli nuclear physics facility : nicolae - victor zamfir ( dirgen @ nipne . ro ) eli attosecond laser pulse source facility : lorant lehrner ( lorant . lehrner @ eli - hu . hu ) eli delivery consortium : florian gliksohn ( florian . gliksohn @ eli - laser . eu )
save the date : launch of the esfri roadmap 2018 event | 11 . 09 . 2018 | aula der wissenschaften , vienna
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talking about viktor orbán’s stamina . after the grueling five - day trip to beijing and a busy last week and weekend , today orbán went to the city of szeged to open the eli laser center .
it was on october 1 , 2009 that the eu decided to give these three former communist countries a mandate to proceed with the construction of eli facilities . being a pan - european project , 85 % of all costs would be covered from the european regional development fund . there was only one caveat : these governments didn’t receive extra resources from the european union for these facilities . they had to use a small portion of their seven - year budget that came from the european union . it was gordon bajnai’s government that signed the agreement , but the whole project , including the decision to construct the center in szeged , began in 2006 during the second gyurcsány government .
with this timetable in mind , let’s turn to viktor orbán’s speech at the ribbon cutting . first , he made sure that his audience understands that “this facility is not a gift” from the european union . it was paid partly from the country’s own resources and partly from monies hungary received from the european union . and since , in his opinion , hungary is entitled to the money it receives from the european union , orbán considers the money coming from brussels to be part of the country’s own resources , which could be used in any way he wants . it was a hard decision , he said , because 70 - 80 billion forints for a single project is a lot . yet “in 2011 we decided , i believe correctly , to build the largest scientific institution in hungary’s modern history . ” ( the ferenc puskás stadium will cost hungarian taxpayers 200 billion forints , and the cost of the world aquatic games has reached 100 billion and counting . )
what happened between october 1 , 2009 , when the bajnai government gave its blessing to the project , and 2012 , when the orbán government decided to build the facility ? well , one obvious event was the may 2010 national election when viktor orbán again became prime minister of hungary . without dwelling on this three - year gap , orbán said that “today at the time of success , it is unnecessary to recall disputes at the time , but it was seriously debated whether to concentrate on one large investment or not . ” the truth is that the orbán government refused to honor the bajnai government’s offer of 200 million euros for its construction . shortly after the election , it withheld one billion forints promised earlier for the planning stage of the project .
before the municipal elections in october 2010 , lajos kósa , vice chairman of fidesz , and the fidesz candidate for the mayoralty in szeged held a joint press conference during which they accused the socialist mayor , lászló botka , of misleading the people of szeged . they claimed that no money whatsoever will be coming from the european union . but , they added , the orbán government is all in favor of the project and is trying to find the necessary funds , which is not easy under the present financial circumstances .
of course , all this was just a charade to mislead the people of szeged , who were naturally keen to have this prestigious project built in their city . the government wanted to use the eu monies for something else , and behind the scenes they were trying to convince the european union to allow them to abandon the project . as late as august 2012 there was still no decision . lászló botka , in an interview at the time , expressed his fear that the project would be cancelled . “some people are convinced that orbán is reluctant to spend 10 billion forints on szeged . apparently he is thinking of spending this amount of money on fidesz - led cities . for example , he could divide the amount among 3 , 000 bakers , ” he said sarcastically , since apparently the government was thinking of subsidizing small - and medium - size businesses from the money .
orbán now talks about the laser center as being of “tremendous value” and proudly claimed in his speech that the very existence of the eli center is proof of fidesz’s even - handedness . too bad that some people have a good memory .
angela merkel antal rogán anti - semitism attila mesterházy bernadett szél budapest corruption demokratikus koalíció dk donald trump education european commission european parliament european union ferenc gyurcsány fidesz george soros gordon bajnai györgy matolcsy gábor vona holocaust jean - claude juncker jobbik jános lázár lajos simicska lmp lászló botka lászló kövér magyar nemzet media mszp mária schmidt orbán government politics péter szijjártó refugee crisis refugees russia u . s . - hungarian relations ukraine united states viktor orbán vladimir putin zoltán balog zsolt bayer
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since dana strickland and gerard mourou have invented the cpa scheme [ 1 ] , ultra - intense laser systems have been developed and have been deployed all over the world covering many physics applications such as particle acceleration , laser fusion , eos etc . fast ignition in laser fusion involves a short laser pulse within 1 - 10 pico seconds in the experiments at laser intensities at 10 18 w / cm 2 or high above and has been my major research subject for more than 15 years [ 2 ] .
how high can we reach in the laser systems ? what kind of physics can be tested ? to answer these questions 10 23 w / cm 2 intensity has been recently claimed to be built as an experimental platform at eli - np [ 3 ] where i am going to be deeply involved as the science director as of sept 2016 .
the eli - np will be introduced after my brief review of laser plasma physics history .
1 . d . strickland and g . mourou : opt . commun . 56 ( 1985 ) 219 .
2 . m tabak , d hinkel , s atzeni , em campbell , and ka tanaka , fus . sci . tech . , 49 , 254 ( 2006 )
on the eli - np project , thales is not only responsible for the turnkey development and supply of a complex scientific instrument delivering unprecedented levels of power , but will train romanian engineers and technicians to install and operate the system for european research programmes .
the field of the uncharted territory of high - intensity laser interaction with matter is confronted with new exotic phenomena and , consequently , opens new research perspectives . the intense laser beams interacting with a gas or solid target generate beams of electrons , protons and ions . these beams can induce nuclear reactions . electrons also generate ions high - energy photons via bremsstrahlung processes which can also induce nuclear reactions . in this context a new research domain began to form in the last decade or so , namely nuclear physics with high power lasers . the observation of high brilliance proton beams of tens of mev energy from solid targets has stimulated an intense research activity . the laser - driven particle beams have to compete with conventional nuclear accelerator - generated beams . the ultimate goal is aiming at applications of the laser produced beams in research , technology and medicine . the mechanism responsible for ion acceleration are currently subject of intensive research in many laboratories in the world . the existing results , experimental and theoretical , and their perspectives are reviewed in this article in the context of izest and the scientific program of eli - np .
these keywords were added by machine and not by the authors . this process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves .
see the review article by g . mourou , t . tajima , s . bulanov , rev . mod . phys .
k . w . d . ledingham , w . galster , new j . phys .
d . habs , t . tajima , v . zamfir , nuclear phys . news
( eds . ) , d . habs et al . ( 2010 ) ,
e . l . clark , et al . , phys . rev . lett .
r . a . snavely , et al . , phys . rev . lett .
a . p . l . robinson , et al . , new j . phys .
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l . o . silva , et al . , phys . rev . lett .
see for ex . s . s . bulanov , et al . , phys . rev . e